AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Oregon Mule Deer Biggs Annual Ranges

Most of the Biggs mule deer herd is nonmigratory. Annual ranges are scattered throughout the relatively flat, low-elevation landscape near rivers such as John Day River, Deschutes River, Buck Hollow Creek, Ward Creek, and Hay Creek. Northern seasonal ranges occur in unforested expanses of grassland and Artemisia tridentata tridentata (basin big sagebrush), which are interspersed with farmland, nonnative annual grasses, and portions of intact sagebrush steppe. Grain and hay are economically important crops in the north where many mule deer ranges overlap winter wheat fields. Areas around the John Day Canyon and Deschutes River Canyon allow mule deer to access unfarmed habitat. Compared to the northern ranges, the southern ranges are more mountainous and feature higher proportions of Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper). Only 6.5 percent of the Biggs mule deer herd tracked for &gt;100 days exhibited migratory behavior and distinct seasonal ranges. These three GPS-collared mule deer in the southern region of the Biggs herd management unit migrated to TV Ridge, Shoestring Ridge, and Ward Creek where Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), western juniper, and mixed-conifer forests overtake herbaceous grasslands.
Most land occupied by the Biggs herd is privately owned. Farmers can enroll fields in the Conservation Reserve Program and receive a yearly rental payment from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to remove land from agricultural production, thus reducing habitat loss (Farm Service Agency, 2023). Along with habitat degradation from the intrusion of invasive grasses and western juniper, Biggs mule deer are also negatively affected by U.S. Highway 97. From 2010 to 2022, the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) recorded an average 30.5 deer-vehicle-collisions (DVCs; all local deer species) annually for a 77-mi (124-km) section of U.S. Highway 97 (ODOT, 2023).
These mapping layers show the location of the annual ranges for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Biggs population in Oregon. They were developed from 168 annual sequences collected from a sample size of 52 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 5-13 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, kent, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, united-states, usgs-6791763cd34ea6a4002bfabe
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Deschutes Migration Corridors

The Deschutes mule deer herd winters near Deep Canyon, the Deschutes River, and U.S. Highway 20 in areas dominated by western juniper, ponderosa pine, and big sagebrush. In spring, mule deer migrate southwest to summer ranges near Wickiup Reservoir, Mount Bachelor, and Oregon Route 242. These summer ranges are covered by mixed-conifer forests including ponderosa pine, Abies amabilis (pacific silver fir), Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock), and lodgepole pine. Winter ranges are frequented by small wildfires, which help improve habitat quality by reducing canopy cover, thereby promoting the growth of palatable shrubs and forbs. Most of this region is forested with some scattered patches of sagebrush-steppe. Mule deer tend to migrate along the wide, steep-sloped Deschutes River rather than attempting to cross, creating a high-use corridor where multiple migratory paths overlap on the western side of the Deschutes River.
In addition to western juniper encroachment, Deschutes mule deer are also affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Multiple mule deer traverse or have seasonal ranges adjacent to a 32-mi (51-km) stretch of U.S. Highway 20, which recorded 155 DVCs (all local deer species) on average each year between 2010 and 2022 (ODOT, 2023). Several mule deer winter ranges also overlap agricultural land in low-elevation areas where hay, grain, chickpeas, and grass seed are economically important crops.
These mapping layers show the location of the migration corridors for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Deschutes population in Oregon. They were developed from 48 migration sequences collected from a sample size of 11 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 2-5 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, tumalo, united-states, usgs-679176e3d34ea6a4002bfac6
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Fossil-Grizzly Migration Corridors

The majority of the Fossil-Grizzly mule deer herd winters near Bear Creek and the fork of John Day River and Bridge Creek, in habitats composed of big sagebrush, western juniper, and grassland. Another group winters to the southwest, near U.S. Highway 26, in areas with higher proportions of western juniper. In spring, both groups migrate to ponderosa pine, western juniper, and mixed-conifer forests around the Ochoco Mountains. Other Fossil-Grizzly mule deer winter to the north, near Arrastra Canyon, Dry Hollow, and the fork of John Day River and Muddy Creek, and use a mix of grassland, western juniper, and big sagebrush habitats interspersed with nonnative annual grasses. Summer ranges for migratory individuals comprise higher proportions of big sagebrush, ponderosa pine, and mixed-conifer forest near Eagle Valley and Bald Mountain. One Fossil-Grizzly mule deer in this area only migrated once before remaining on the summer range for multiple years. Mule deer traveling to summer ranges on the Ochoco Mountains often cross U.S. Highway 26 where ODOT recorded an annual average of 74.2 DVCs from multiple deer species from 2010 to 2022 along a 45-mile (72-km) section of road (ODOT, 2023). In 2014, the Pine Creek Complex and Bailey Butte fires burned 30,257 acres (12,245 ha) and 10,277 acres (4,159 ha) of winter and summer habitat, respectively (BLM, 2023a). In 2018, the Jennie’s Peak fire affected an additional 45,975 acres (18,605 ha) of winter habitat. These fires occurred in a mosaic of habitat types, potentially spreading invasive grasses in areas without sufficient perennial plant cover, but also beneficially reducing dense canopy cover in heavily forested areas.
These mapping layers show the location of the migration corridors for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Fossil-Grizzly population in Oregon. They were developed from 40 migration sequences collected from a sample size of 15 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 5-13 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, migration-organisms, migratory-species, mitchell, oregon, united-states, usgs-67917717d34ea6a4002bfacc
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Fossil-Grizzly Winter Ranges

The majority of the Fossil-Grizzly mule deer herd winters near Bear Creek and the fork of John Day River and Bridge Creek, in habitats composed of big sagebrush, western juniper, and grassland. Another group winters to the southwest, near U.S. Highway 26, in areas with higher proportions of western juniper. In spring, both groups migrate to ponderosa pine, western juniper, and mixed-conifer forests around the Ochoco Mountains. Other Fossil-Grizzly mule deer winter to the north, near Arrastra Canyon, Dry Hollow, and the fork of John Day River and Muddy Creek, and use a mix of grassland, western juniper, and big sagebrush habitats interspersed with nonnative annual grasses. Summer ranges for migratory individuals comprise higher proportions of big sagebrush, ponderosa pine, and mixed-conifer forest near Eagle Valley and Bald Mountain. One Fossil-Grizzly mule deer in this area only migrated once before remaining on the summer range for multiple years. Mule deer traveling to summer ranges on the Ochoco Mountains often cross U.S. Highway 26 where ODOT recorded an annual average of 74.2 DVCs from multiple deer species from 2010 to 2022 along a 45-mile (72-km) section of road (ODOT, 2023). In 2014, the Pine Creek Complex and Bailey Butte fires burned 30,257 acres (12,245 ha) and 10,277 acres (4,159 ha) of winter and summer habitat, respectively (BLM, 2023a). In 2018, the Jennie’s Peak fire affected an additional 45,975 acres (18,605 ha) of winter habitat. These fires occurred in a mosaic of habitat types, potentially spreading invasive grasses in areas without sufficient perennial plant cover, but also beneficially reducing dense canopy cover in heavily forested areas.
These mapping layers show the location of the winter ranges for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Fossil-Grizzly population in Oregon. They were developed from 73 winter sequences collected from a sample size of 32 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 5-13 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, migration-organisms, migratory-species, mitchell, oregon, united-states, usgs-67917739d34ea6a4002bfad0
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Keno Migration Corridors

The Keno mule deer herd primarily winters between Oregon Route 66 and the Oregon-California border along the slopes of the Cascade Range, but smaller wintering grounds also lie at lower elevations west of Klamath Falls, Oregon . Winter ranges are characterized primarily by oak woodland with mixed-conifer, ponderosa pine, and early shrub-tree forests at higher elevations. In spring, mule deer migrate north across Oregon Route 66 to forested summer ranges higher along the eastern slope of the Cascade Range. One GPS-collared mule deer traveled south to summer near Snag Hill, almost 46 mi (73 km) into California.  
In 2014, the Oregon Gulch fire burned 35,302 acres (14,286 ha) of forested winter habitat (BLM, 2023a), including critical seasonal ranges near Grizzly Mountain. The fire reduced tree cover, prompting the growth of more palatable early-seral forbs and shrubs. In addition, a largely residential population of O. hemionus columbianus (black-tailed deer) inhabits the Keno region. Although typically preferring habitats not frequented by mule deer, black-tailed deer can hybridize with mule deer where ranges overlap. Keno mule deer also experience extended periods of severe drought during which they can compete for resources with elk and feral horses in summer where the Pokegama HMA intersects the summer ranges of resident mule deer. The Pokegama HMA contains approximately 295 feral horses, surpassing the maximum AML of 50 horses (BLM, 2023b).
These mapping layers show the location of the migration corridors for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Keno population in Oregon. They were developed from 17 migration sequences collected from a sample size of 11 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 13-26 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, keno, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, united-states, usgs-679177afd34ea6a4002bfad8
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Keno Stopovers

The Keno mule deer herd primarily winters between Oregon Route 66 and the Oregon-California border along the slopes of the Cascade Range, but smaller wintering grounds also lie at lower elevations west of Klamath Falls, Oregon . Winter ranges are characterized primarily by oak woodland with mixed-conifer, ponderosa pine, and early shrub-tree forests at higher elevations. In spring, mule deer migrate north across Oregon Route 66 to forested summer ranges higher along the eastern slope of the Cascade Range. One GPS-collared mule deer traveled south to summer near Snag Hill, almost 46 mi (73 km) into California.  
In 2014, the Oregon Gulch fire burned 35,302 acres (14,286 ha) of forested winter habitat (BLM, 2023a), including critical seasonal ranges near Grizzly Mountain. The fire reduced tree cover, prompting the growth of more palatable early-seral forbs and shrubs. In addition, a largely residential population of O. hemionus columbianus (black-tailed deer) inhabits the Keno region. Although typically preferring habitats not frequented by mule deer, black-tailed deer can hybridize with mule deer where ranges overlap. Keno mule deer also experience extended periods of severe drought during which they can compete for resources with elk and feral horses in summer where the Pokegama HMA intersects the summer ranges of resident mule deer. The Pokegama HMA contains approximately 295 feral horses, surpassing the maximum AML of 50 horses (BLM, 2023b).
These mapping layers show the location of the stopovers for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Keno population in Oregon. They were developed from 17 migration sequences collected from a sample size of 11 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 13-26 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, keno, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, united-states, usgs-679177bdd34ea6a4002bfada
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Keno Winter Ranges

The Keno mule deer herd primarily winters between Oregon Route 66 and the Oregon-California border along the slopes of the Cascade Range, but smaller wintering grounds also lie at lower elevations west of Klamath Falls, Oregon . Winter ranges are characterized primarily by oak woodland with mixed-conifer, ponderosa pine, and early shrub-tree forests at higher elevations. In spring, mule deer migrate north across Oregon Route 66 to forested summer ranges higher along the eastern slope of the Cascade Range. One GPS-collared mule deer traveled south to summer near Snag Hill, almost 46 mi (73 km) into California.  
In 2014, the Oregon Gulch fire burned 35,302 acres (14,286 ha) of forested winter habitat (BLM, 2023a), including critical seasonal ranges near Grizzly Mountain. The fire reduced tree cover, prompting the growth of more palatable early-seral forbs and shrubs. In addition, a largely residential population of O. hemionus columbianus (black-tailed deer) inhabits the Keno region. Although typically preferring habitats not frequented by mule deer, black-tailed deer can hybridize with mule deer where ranges overlap. Keno mule deer also experience extended periods of severe drought during which they can compete for resources with elk and feral horses in summer where the Pokegama HMA intersects the summer ranges of resident mule deer. The Pokegama HMA contains approximately 295 feral horses, surpassing the maximum AML of 50 horses (BLM, 2023b).
These mapping layers show the location of the winter ranges for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Keno population in Oregon. They were developed from 53 winter sequences collected from a sample size of 19 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 13-26 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, keno, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, united-states, usgs-679177cbd34ea6a4002bfadc
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Mid-Columbia Winter Ranges

The Mid-Columbia mule deer herd inhabits a highly variable landscape, featuring annual precipitation ranging from 112 inches (in; 285 cm) near Red Hill in the western part of this herd range to 14 in (36 cm) near The Dalles, Oregon, in the eastern part (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021). Mule deer wintering in the east usually occupy altered grassland and agricultural habitats interspersed with patches of basin big sagebrush, nonnative annual grasses, and both native and planted grassland (Conservation Reserve Program fields). Most of these mule deer are nonmigratory and reside year round near Fifteenmile Creek, Eightmile Creek, and Deschutes River. The mule deer that do migrate travel south to similar types of vegetation near Summit Ridge. Habitats to the west, however, contain more forested cover and winter ranges primarily feature a combination of grasslands, Purshia tridentata (antelope bitterbrush), oak,  ponderosa pine, and mixed-conifer forest. Mule deer in the western region are more migratory, containing individuals that travel west to the foothills of Fir Mountain, Lookout Mountain, and Mount Hood in spring. Summer ranges are dominated by mixed-conifer forests featuring pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock, T. heterophylla (western hemlock), and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir). Pastures and farmland are prevalent in the east where dryland wheat, alfalfa hay, and cherries are economically important crops. Black-tailed deer co-occur with mule deer west of U.S. Highway 197 and the two can hybridize in this area. 
Along with frequent smaller wildfires, in 2018, the South Valley Road fire burned 20,026 acres (8,104 ha) of winter habitat near U.S. Highway 197, and the Substation and the Long Hollow fires scorched a combined 111,881 acres (45,277 ha) along the northern portion of the Deschutes River (BLM, 2023a). The 2020 White River fire and 2022 Miller Road fire also respectively burned 17,405 acres (7,044 ha) and 10,847 acres (4,390 ha) of seasonal range and migration corridor habitat outside of Pine Grove, Oregon.  Depending on location, these large fires can have positive or negative impacts on the Mid-Columbia mule deer herd. In the east, fires reduce shelter and allow invasive grasses to proliferate in habitats lacking perennial plant cover, but in the west, they can beneficially open canopy cover in heavily forested areas, exposing the understory to sunlight and invigorating valuable forage species.
These mapping layers show the location of the winter ranges for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Mid-Columbia population in Oregon. They were developed from 232 winter sequences collected from a sample size of 82 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 5-13 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, the-dalles, united-states, usgs-6791782ad34ea6a4002bfae2
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer North Blues Annual Ranges

The North Blues mule deer herd is primarily nonmigratory. Most GPS-collared mule deer were captured on annual ranges along Oregon Route 206, Oregon Route 74, and U.S. Highway 395. High mule deer densities also occur in annual ranges along Butter Creek, East Birch Creek, and Rock Creek. In these areas, native herbaceous grassland is interspersed with patches of nonnative grasses such as Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead rye). In spring, less than 21 percent of North Blues mule deer tracked for &gt;100 days migrated between distinct seasonal ranges. These few migratory mule deer usually migrated southeast to scattered summer ranges near Little Butter Creek and the foothills of the Blue Mountains in spring; one traveled as far as 45 mi (72 km) to Chicken Hill. Multiple summer ranges in these areas are infested by invasive Ventenata dubia (ventenata).
Although no GPS-collared North Blues mule deer crossed Interstate 84, the roadway accounted for an average 61.5 DVCs annually from 2010 to 2022 between mile points 210 and 237. Many mule deer winter along or migrate across Oregon Route 74 and U.S. Highway 395, which respectively contributed to averages of 22.4 DVCs and 53.1 DVCs each year from 2010 to 2022 for 16-mi (25-km) and 44-mi (71-km) sections of road (ODOT, 2023). Both summer and winter ranges also overlap agricultural fields near Oregon Route 74 and Oregon Route 206 where grain and hay are common crops, which can further attract mule deer.
These mapping layers show the location of the annual ranges for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the North Blues population in Oregon. They were developed from 395 annual sequences collected from a sample size of 143 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 5-13 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, heppner, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, united-states, usgs-67917890d34ea6a4002bfae4
Organization: Department of the Interior
Oregon Mule Deer Northeast Annual Ranges

Most of the Northeast mule deer herd is nonmigratory and annual ranges are dispersed throughout the northeastern Blue Mountains. Only 23 percent of mule deer tracked for &gt;100 days exhibit clear migratory behavior between summer and winter ranges, and when migrations do occur, they are often elevational with timing dependent on snow depth. In general, migratory Northeast mule deer travel east or south in spring. On the western slopes of the Blue Mountains, mule deer reside near the Umatilla River, South Fork Walla Walla River, and Meacham Creek with some traveling to summer ranges near Oregon Route 204 and Mount Emily. Annual ranges primarily contain mixed-conifer forest, ponderosa pine, and grassland. Some of the mule deer south of Oregon Route 82 and Oregon Route 350 summer on the Wallowa Mountains. These mule deer use herbaceous grassland and mixed-conifer forest with more montane-foothill shrubland and ponderosa pine at lower elevations, and more riparian habitat and conifer forest at higher elevations. Other mule deer reside along Joseph Creek, Crow Creek, Chesnimnus Creek, and the Grande Ronde River in ranges characterized by grasslands, mixed-conifer forest, and ponderosa pine; in spring, some of these mule deer migrate to grassland-dominated habitat near Greenwood Butte, Findley Buttes, and Flora, Oregon. 
This herd faces several challenges, including mortalities from busy roads and habitat degradation from wildfires. Many annual ranges border agricultural crops and fields along Oregon Route 82 and Oregon Route 350. From 2010 to 2022, Oregon Route 82 experienced an average 132 DVCs annually; the majority were located near Enterprise, Oregon (ODOT, 2023). Oregon Route 204 contributed an additional 24 DVCs annually on average during the same time span. Interstate 84 creates an effective barrier to the south, preventing successful crossings for this herd. The Northeast mule deer herd also experiences frequent summer wildfires, such as the Double Creek fire, which burned 171,312 acres (69,328 ha) of forest and grassland east of Imnaha River in 2022. Large wildfires like the Double Creek fire allow invasive grasses to proliferate in areas without sufficient perennial plant coverage.
These mapping layers show the location of the annual ranges for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Northeast population in Oregon. They were developed from 211 annual sequences collected from a sample size of 116 animals comprising GPS locations collected every 0.6-13 hours.

Tags: animal-behavior, biota, enterprise, migration-organisms, migratory-species, oregon, united-states, usgs-679178ddd34ea6a4002bfae6
Organization: Department of the Interior