AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Calculations of the Total Number of Electrons Along a Ray Path Extending from the Transmitter to the Receiver

Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) is the total number of electrons in a column of unit cross section extending from the transmitter to the receiver. TEC is calculated from observations of the rotation of a polarized signal (faraday rotations) transmitted from the satellite. There are several specific techniques for obtaining TEC by using Faraday rotation. Estimates of accuracy for these data range from 2 percent to 30 percent, depending on the technique and the validity of assumptions for the particular observational conditions. These data consist of publications or computer printouts. Listed below are the available stations. The dates may not be inclusive. Ahmedabad 196411-196712 Bangkok 196411-196612 Delhi 196410-196612 (Explorer 22) Report 32 196410-196512 Report 33 196601-196612 Report 66 196506-196709 (Explorer 27) Lunping 197703-198312 (Some of these data are available in digital form.) Hamilton, Mass. 196801-196812 (Medians only.) Hamilton, Mass. 196711-197212 Hawaii 196409-197312 (only plots) Haifa (Israel) 198103-198303 Fort Monmouth 198302-198303 Florence(Italy) 196401-196606 Puerto Rico 197601-197603 San Jose 196412-196512 Dos Campos Slough 197511-197607 Tucuman 197606-197610 Urbana, Ill. 196712-197012 Val-Joyeux 196505-196712 (Solar times used. Area is from 40-52N and 7E-3W.)

Tags: earth science, faraday rotations, global, ionospheric science, particle density, solar energetic particles, solar physics, space physics, tec, total electron content
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Measurement of Incoherent Scatter

For radio waves transmitted through the ionosphere with frequencies much larger (50 to 1300MHz) than the plasma frequency (up to 15MHz), very small-scale fluctuations of electron density will scatter a portion of the signal back toward the transmitter. These fluctuations are caused by the random thermal motions of the electrons. The height at which the scattering occurs can be determined by either a pulse technique or by the use of two intersecting cylindrical radar beams. The height resolutions of a backscattered pulse or beam can vary from 4 to 35 km at a height of 100 km to about 300 km at altitudes above 1000 km, depending on the equipment used and the geographical location of the station. From analysis of the backscattered signals, electron density profiles, electron and ion temperature profiles, and ion composition and ionospheric drift can be determined. The equipment used for the observations determines the vertical extent of the backscattered profiles and the resolution, as well as influencing the procedures used to convert the scattered return to measures of meaningful ionospheric parameters. Radar installations that can make these observations are complex and expensive to operate; consequently, these observations are scheduled on an "as needed" basis, and the equipment is shared for other uses. Although the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National Geophysical Data Center) has several data tapes, each one is an independent experiment with its own parameters and data format. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) now archives these data. Their collection includes the NCEI data and newer Incoherent Scatter data that they receive. NCAR has done significant development work on these data sets. They have created a common archive data format and converted all data to this new format. For additional details about this data set, contact one of the people at the address listed below. NCAR HAO, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA. FAX: 303-497-1589. Barbara Emery: 303-497-1596, emery@ncar.ucar.edu. Roy Barnes: 303-497-1230; bozo@ncar.ucar.edu.

Tags: earth science, global, ionosphere/magnetosphere particles, particle density, solar-terrestrial interactions
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Ovation Prime Real-Time

The Ovation Prime Real-Time (OPRT) product is a real-time forecast and nowcast model of auroral power and is an operational implementation of the work by Newell et al (2009). OPRT is run every 5 minutes producing precipitating energy flux for 4 distinct auroral types in 240 distinct geomagnetic latitude / longitude bins for each hemisphere. The model's output is latitudinally bound to polar latitudes greater than 50 degrees geomagnetic latitude.

Tags: earth science, high latitude north & south polar regions, ionosphere/magnetosphere dynamics, solar energetic particle flux, solar wind, sun-earth interactions
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Ionospheric Oblique Incidence Soundings by Satellites

The oblique incidence sweep-frequency ionospheric sounding technique uses the same principle of operation as the vertical incidence sounder. The primary difference is that the transmitter and receiver are located at different places so that the signal is reflected at an angle. The most common use of these sounders is to operationally investigate optimum conditions for radio propagation. According to Rawer (1969), no attempts are known to have been made to compute electron density versus height profiles from oblique incidence ionograms. These oblique incidence soundings do not adequately substitute for the vertical soundings. These data are static and receipt of new data is not anticipated.

Tags: earth science, global, ionospheric science, oblique incidence, particle density, solar energetic particles, solar physics, space physics, sweep frequency
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Measurements of the Absorptive Properties of the Ionosphere

Absorption of radio waves occurs when electrons responding to the wave fields collide with and transfer energy to the neutral particles. A study of ionospheric absorption yields information on both the D and E regions, where both electrons and neutral particles exist in sufficient quantity to produce significant absorption. Knowledge of D region characteristics is unattainable from normal sweep-frequency ionograms because absorption prevents the return of a detectable reflected signal. In practice, absorption characteristics are studied primarily in connection with radio communications applications. A riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) is a detector that measures the absorptive properties of the ionosphere. This directional detector is oriented in a fixed direction relative to the Earth (usually vertical) and measures the incident cosmic radio noise at a single frequency between 8 MHz and 120 MHz (usually 20, 30, or 60 MHz). During the course of each sidereal day, the riometer receives noise from all celestial longitudes. Due to the general constancy of cosmic radio noise, the signal will be constant except for a large-scale, small-amplitude, daily solar effect which regresses through the observations at the rate of 1 day per year (4 minutes earlier each day). Deviations of observed riometer signal power are primarily attributable to ionospheric variations particularly in the D and E regions. This method is particularly useful during radio blackout (high absorption) since it involves the use of higher frequency signals that are not completely absorbed. The Alaskan Chain Riometer data was discontinued, in analog form, December 31, 1990. The Data Center still receives riometer data from Kiruna. The publication includes magnetograms, k-indices, all-sky camera data, and riometer data. It is published quarterly. We also receive some riometer data from Syowa Station. The data are collections of several years of data and the publication (JARE DATA REPORTS) are sent by the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo Japan. These publications only have numeric values. All riometer data are in paper form and are stored off site. Most of the data are ''strip charts'' which record the variations on paper rolls. This data base is mostly a collection of the different charts and publications. No additional quality control is done by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National Geophysical Data Center) here in Boulder. Data requested are electrostatic copies of the appropriate portion of a chart of publication.

Tags: absorption, earth science, ionosphere, ionosphere/magnetosphere particles, particle composition, particle density, solar-terrestrial interactions
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SID)

Sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID) are caused by solar flare enhanced X-rays in the 1 to 10 angstrom range. Solar flares can produce large increases of ionization in the D-region of the ionosphere over the daylit hemisphere of the Earth. SID's typically begin simultaneously or a few minutes after the start of a solar flare, and can have a time duration somewhat longer than the flare with a rise time more rapid than the decay time.Types of SIDs are SCNA--sudden cosmic noise absorption is a riometer-detected sudden daytime absorption increases; SEA--sudden enhancement of atmospherics are increases in signal strength on wideband equipment operated in the VLF, 10 to 50 KHz frequency range; SES--sudden enhancement of signal, observed on VLF frequencies in the 15 to 50 KHz range are nearly identical to SEA except that the receivers are narrow-band receivers designed to pick up man-made VLF transmission. Like SEA, signal strength increase is the SID indicator; SFD--sudden frequency deviation is the sudden increase of high frequency radiowaves which reaches a peak, and then decays back to the transmitting frequency; SPA--sudden phase anomaly is an abrupt shift in the phase of a radio signal on VLF frequencies received by ionospheric reflection; SWF--short wave fadeouts are abrupt decreases of radio signal strength observed at VLF frequencies.Tables of SIDs include the date; beginning, maximum and ending times; type of SID; importance on a scale of 1- to 3+ and the corresponding solar flare, if known.

Tags: d region, earth science, ionosphere, short wave fade, soft x-rays, solar activity, solar flare atmospherics, solar physics, solar radio waves, sudden phase anomaly, sun-earth interactions
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
DMSP OLS - Operational Linescan System

Visible and infrared imagery from DMSP Operational Linescan System (OLS) instruments are used to monitor the global distribution of clouds and cloud top temperatures twice each day. The archive data set consists of low resolution global and high resolution regional, imagery recorded along a 3,000 km scan, satellite ephemeris and solar and lunar information. Infrared pixel values correspond to a temperature range of 190 to 310 Kelvins in 256 equally spaced steps. Onboard calibration is performed during each scan. Visible pixels are relative values ranging from 0 to 63 rather than absolute values in Watts per m^2. Instrumental gain levels are adjusted to maintain constant cloud reference values under varying conditions of solar and lunar illumination. Telescope pixel values are replaced by Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) values at night. A telescope pixel is 0.55 km at high resolution (fine mode) and 2.7 km at low resolution(smooth mode). Low resolution
               values are the mean of the appropriate 25 high resolution values.

Tags: atmosphere, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric water vapor, biosphere, brightness temperature, clouds, dmsp, earth science, ecological dynamics, electron flux, fire occurrence, global, global change, hydrosphere, infrared wavelengths, ionosphere/magnetosphere particles, lakes, meteorological satellites, microwave, ocean winds, oceans, particle density, particle speed, particle temperature, polar orbiters, precipitation, proton flux, rivers/streams, satellite meteorology, sea ice, snow/ice, spectral/engineering, sun-earth interactions, surface water, visible wavelengths, water vapor
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Pathfinder Climate Data

The NOAA/NASA Pathfinder climate data CD-ROM contains seven data sets: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)Land and Ocean, TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Paths A, C1, C2, Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) Precipitation and Atmospheric Moisture for the Benchmark Period of April 1987 to December 1988. These data sets can be viewed with a variety of applications including GeoVu, the NCEI multi-platform data browse and visualization software application, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Collage, IMDISP, Spyglass, and Idrisi.

Tags: air temperature, atmosphere, atmospheric moisture, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric water vapor, avhrr land, avhrr ocean, biosphere, brightness temperature, climate studies, cloud liquid water, cloud top pressure, clouds, earth science, global, infoterra, microwave, ocean temperature, oceans, outgoing longwave radiation, pathfinder, precipitable water, precipitation, precipitation rate, radiance or imagery, radiation budget, satellite, sea surface temperature, skin temperature, ssm/i, subject disciplines, surface air temperature, temperature, tovs a, tovs c1, tovs c2, vegetation, vegetation index, water vapor, weather studies
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Film

The United States Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) is a polar orbiting meteorological sensor with two spectral bands (visible and thermal infrared) capable of acquiring global coverage on a daily basis at .27 km spatial resolution. Until 1992, there was no digital archive for DMSP-OLS data. Air Force meteorologists did their analysis using visible and thermal band film strips. The National Snow and Ice Data Center maintained an archive for OLS film from 1972-1992 through a cooperative institute with NOAA. In 1992, a digital archive for the OLS data was established at the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). In 1996, NGDC had the film archive shipped to the Federal Records Center at the Denver Federal Center due to storage limitations.

Tags: atmosphere, biosphere, clouds, dmsp, earth science, ecological dynamics, environmental impacts, film, fire occurrence, human dimensions, infrared wavelengths, nighttime lights, ols, spectral/engineering, thermal infrared, visible wavelengths
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites collect visible and infrared cloud imagery as well as monitoring the atmospheric, oceanographic, hydrologic, cryospheric and near-Earth space environments. The DMSP program maintains a constellation of sun-synchronous, near-polar orbiting satellites. The orbital period is 101 minutes and inclination is 99 degrees. The atmospheric and oceanographic sensors record radiances at visible, infrared and microwave wavelengths. The solar geophysical sensors measure ionospheric plasma fluxes, densities, temperatures and velocities. DMSP visible and infrared imagery of clouds covers a 3,000 km swath, thus each satellite provides global coverage of both day night time conditions each day. The field view of the microwave imagers and sounders is only 1,500 km thus approximately 3 days data are required for one instrument to provide global coverage at equatorial latitudes. The solar geophysical instruments make in-situ measurements of ionospheric parameters, some of which vary very rapidly. The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National Geophysical Data Center) receive the complete DMSP data stream from the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), Offutt Air Force Base, Omaha, Nebraska. Data are currently transmitted in near realtime from AFWA directly to the archive via a designated T1 line. Archive processing prepares orbital data sets of calibrated, quality assessed data organized as a time-series, restores data lost during transmission,and accurately computes satellite positions. NCEI maintains an archive of all data recorded on DMSP satellites as relayed to The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National Geophysical Data Center) by the Air Force Weather Agency. Data from March 1992 to March 1994, are considered to be experimental. After March 1994, the system was fully operational. NCEI archives contain data that are post process reconstructed, positioned and geolocated using the same software.

Tags: atmosphere, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric water vapor, biosphere, brightness temperature, clouds, dmsp, earth science, ecological dynamics, electron flux, fire occurrence, global, global change, hydrosphere, infrared wavelengths, ionosphere/magnetosphere particles, lakes, meteorological satellites, microwave, ocean winds, oceans, particle density, particle speed, particle temperature, polar orbiters, precipitation, proton flux, rivers/streams, satellite meteorology, sea ice, snow/ice, spectral/engineering, sun-earth interactions, surface water, visible wavelengths, water vapor
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
DMSP SSMT/2 - Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler

The SSM/T-2 sensor is a five channel, total power microwave radiometer with three channels situated symmetrically about the 183.31 GHz water vapor resonance line and two window channels. This instrument was flown on all DMSP Block 5D-2 satellites starting with F11 launched in 1991. SSM/T-2 is designed to provide global monitoring of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere under all sky conditions by taking advantage of the reduced sensitivity of the microwave region to cloud attenuation.

Tags: earth science, electron flux, global, ionosphere/magnetosphere particles, sun-earth interactions
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Nighttime Lights Annual Composites V4

The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National Geophysical Data Center) maintain an archive of all data recorded on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites as relayed to the archive by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), previouly referred to as Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC). The Nighttime Lights Time Series files are cloud-free composites made using all the available archived DMSP-OLS smooth resolution data for calendar years. In cases where two satellites were collecting data - two composites were produced. The products are 30 arc second grids, spanning -180 to 180 degrees longitude and -65 to 75 degrees latitude.

Tags: atmosphere, atmospheric radiation, earth science, incoming solar radiation, satellite orbits, solid earth
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
L02363: NOS Hydrographic Survey

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has the statutory mandate to collect hydrographic data in support of nautical chart compilation for safe navigation and to provide background data for engineers, scientific, and other commercial and industrial activities. Hydrographic survey data primarily consist of water depths, but may also include features (e.g. rocks, wrecks), navigation aids, shoreline identification, and bottom type information.
							NOAA is responsible for archiving and distributing the source data as described in this metadata record.

Tags: bathymetry, bathymetry/seafloor topography, continent, earth science, great lakes, hydrographic surveys for selected locations within the united states (hydro_bathy_2006), in situ ocean-based platforms, marine sediments, north america, oceans, seafloor topography, sediment composition, ships, united states of america, water depth
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
L02124: NOS Hydrographic Survey , 1948-12-31

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has the statutory mandate to collect hydrographic data in support of nautical chart compilation for safe navigation and to provide background data for engineers, scientific, and other commercial and industrial activities. Hydrographic survey data primarily consist of water depths, but may also include features (e.g. rocks, wrecks), navigation aids, shoreline identification, and bottom type information.
							NOAA is responsible for archiving and distributing the source data as described in this metadata record.

Tags: acoustic sounders, bathymetry, bathymetry/seafloor topography, continent, earth science, great lakes, hydrographic surveys for selected locations within the united states (hydro_bathy_2006), in situ ocean-based platforms, in situ/laboratory instruments, marine sediments, north america, oceans, profilers/sounders, seafloor topography, sediment composition, ships, sonar, sound navigation and ranging, united states of america, water depth
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
L02044: NOS Hydrographic Survey , 1948-12-31

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has the statutory mandate to collect hydrographic data in support of nautical chart compilation for safe navigation and to provide background data for engineers, scientific, and other commercial and industrial activities. Hydrographic survey data primarily consist of water depths, but may also include features (e.g. rocks, wrecks), navigation aids, shoreline identification, and bottom type information.
							NOAA is responsible for archiving and distributing the source data as described in this metadata record.

Tags: acoustic sounders, bathymetry, bathymetry/seafloor topography, continent, earth science, great lakes, hydrographic surveys for selected locations within the united states (hydro_bathy_2006), in situ ocean-based platforms, in situ/laboratory instruments, marine sediments, north america, oceans, profilers/sounders, seafloor topography, sediment composition, ships, sonar, sound navigation and ranging, united states of america, water depth
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
L02342: NOS Hydrographic Survey

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has the statutory mandate to collect hydrographic data in support of nautical chart compilation for safe navigation and to provide background data for engineers, scientific, and other commercial and industrial activities. Hydrographic survey data primarily consist of water depths, but may also include features (e.g. rocks, wrecks), navigation aids, shoreline identification, and bottom type information.
							NOAA is responsible for archiving and distributing the source data as described in this metadata record.

Tags: bathymetry, bathymetry/seafloor topography, continent, earth science, great lakes, hydrographic surveys for selected locations within the united states (hydro_bathy_2006), in situ ocean-based platforms, marine sediments, north america, oceans, seafloor topography, sediment composition, ships, united states of america, water depth
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce