Estimated Annual Recharge to the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio Area, by Stream Basin or Ungaged Area, 1934–2023

The Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas is one of the most permeable and productive aquifers in the United States and is the major source of public water supply for Bexar, Comal, Hays, Medina, and Uvalde Counties. The Edwards aquifer also supplies large quantities of water for use in agriculture, business, and industry in the region. The major artesian springs of the Edwards aquifer provide water for recreational activities, businesses, and downstream users, and provide habitat for several threatened or endangered species.
The areas pertinent to the recharge process are the catchment area and the recharge zone. The catchment area consists of the parts of river basins upstream from the recharge zone. Streams in the catchment area generally gain water as they flow toward the recharge zone. As the streams flow across the recharge zone, which is essentially the outcrop of the Edwards aquifer, they lose substantial amounts of water through infiltration into the highly permeable, faulted and fractured rocks of the outcrop. Direct infiltration of rainfall also occurs in the interstream areas within the recharge zone.
Annual recharge estimates are based on data collected from a network of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations at sites upstream and downstream from the recharge zone and on assumptions related to applying runoff characteristics from gaged areas to ungaged areas, Puente (1978). Runoff is affected by the distribution of rainfall, which historically has been estimated from a network of rain gages, some operated by the USGS, some by the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA), and some by the National Weather Service. Since 2004, the distribution of rainfall has been estimated from calibrated NEXRAD (NEXt-generation weather RADar) data provided by the EAA. The annual estimation of recharge to the Edwards aquifer is part of a continuing program of the USGS in cooperation with the Edwards Aquifer Authority.
This data release is formatted as a tab-delimited file (.txt) that contains the estimated annual recharge to the Edwards aquifer for 1934 through 2023. The estimated annual recharge is divided into eight major river basins within the catchment area and for some of those basins will also include estimates of recharge from adjacent ungaged areas.

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Organization: Department of the Interior