AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Sea Level Rise: American Samoa: High-Tide Flooding: 2060 Intermediate-Low Scenario

This high-tide flooding layer provides a prediction of future sea level rise (SLR) inundation and was produced using a passive flooding model, often referred to as a "bathtub" model. It provides an assessment of flooded areas according to a specific water level. These water levels are determined using projections from the U.S. Interagency Task Force (ITF) (Sweet et al., 2022) in combination with land subsidence projections modeled by Han et al. (2019). The latter is included only for Tutuila, Aunuu, and Manua Islands (Ofu, Olosega, and Tau). In contrast, SLR projections for Swains Island and Rose Atoll only include the climate-related processes (ITF). The projections are modeled following both scenarios and time. The five scenarios range from low to high depending on the amount of greenhouse gases emissions, while time is divided by decade from 2030 to 2100.

We apply this model to the 2022 National Geodetic Survey (NGS) lidar DEM for American Samoa with 1-meter resolution. The DEM was leveled from NAD83 (PA11) to mean sea level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005. The adjustment of the DEM may lead to inaccuracies due to the lack of historic information. It is also important to acknowledge that any inaccuracies in the DEM will lead to inaccuracies in the flooding estimates.

In the 2060 intermediate-low scenario represented here, the modeled water level is 56 cm (21 cm for Rose and Swains). In this scenario, world-wide society limits increase of emissions, and sea level rises without reaching any tipping points, i.e. large and sudden changes such as a rapid increase in ice sheets melting. It is recommended to use this scenario only for planning construction of non-critical infrastructure that owners can afford to lose, such as a beach "fale".

Flood depth is provided in centimeters above the 2005 mean higher high water (MHHW) tide level.

It is essential to emphasize that the passive flooding model used to produce this data layer does not include the effects of waves on flooding. As a result, the extent and impacts of future flooding under high-wave conditions are not represented, which should be accounted for in planning efforts. In addition, the DEM is assumed to be unchanged as sea level rises, but in fact there will be erosion and changes in the shape of the land surface, and continued subsidence. This also must be considered, and it is best practice to consider any flooding extent or depth represented in this data layer as a best-case scenario, with the effects of dynamic shoreline processes leading to greater flood extent and depth than presented.

Tags: american samoa, atmospheric/ocean indicators, aunuu, climate indicators, coastal processes, earth science, environmental impacts, floods, human dimensions, inundation, manua, natural hazards, ocean, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, rose atoll, sea level rise, south pacific ocean, swains, tau, tutuila
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Maximum Monthly Climatological Mean, 2003-2018 - American Samoa

Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for photosynthesis. This layer represents the maximum monthly climatological mean of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.

Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.

A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly climatologies were calculated from monthly time series averaging for all same-months (e.g., January). Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.

Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph

Tags: american samoa, aquatic ecosystems, biosphere, coastal areas, coastal processes, coral reef, coral reefs, earth science, ecosystems, human dimensions, human settlements, manua, marine ecosystems, ocean, ocean optics, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, photosynthetically active radiation, polynesia, reef, reef habitat, rose atoll, south pacific ocean, swains, tau, tutuila, vegetation
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Chlorophyll-a Average Annual Frequency of Anomalies, 1998-2018 - American Samoa

Chlorophyll-a, is a widely used proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an indicator for changes in phytoplankton production. As an essential source of energy in the marine environment, the extent and availability of phytoplankton biomass can be highly influential for fisheries production and dictate trophic structure in marine ecosystems. Changes in phytoplankton biomass are predominantly effected by changes in nutrient availability, through either natural (e.g., turbulent ocean mixing) or anthropogenic (e.g., agricultural runoff) processes. This layer represents the annual average number of anomalies of chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) from 1998-2018, with values presented as fraction of a year.

Data products generated by the Ocean Colour component of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. These files are 8-day 4-km composites of merged sensor products: Global Area Coverage (GAC), Local Area Coverage (LAC), MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua, Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).

The chlorophyll-a average annual frequency of anomalies was calculated by taking the average number of times that the 8-day time series exceeded the maximum monthly climatological chlorophyll-a value from 1998-2018 for each pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.

Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/esa-cci-chla-8d-v5-0.graph

Tags: american samoa, aquatic ecosystems, biosphere, chlorophyll, coastal areas, coastal processes, coral reef, coral reefs, earth science, ecosystems, human dimensions, human settlements, manua, marine ecosystems, ocean, ocean chemistry, ocean color, ocean optics, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, reef, reef habitat, rose atoll, south pacific ocean, swains, tau, tutuila
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Average Annual Frequency of Anomalies, 2003-2018 - American Samoa

Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for photosynthesis. This layer represents the annual average number of anomalies of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018, with values presented as fraction of a year.

Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.

The PAR average annual frequency of anomalies was calculated by taking the average number of weeks that exceeded the maximum monthly climatological PAR value from 2003-2018 for each pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Time series of anomalies were calculated by quantifying the number and magnitude of events from the 8-day time series that exceed the maximum climatological monthly mean. Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.

Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph

Tags: american samoa, aquatic ecosystems, biosphere, coastal areas, coastal processes, coral reef, coral reefs, earth science, ecosystems, human dimensions, human settlements, manua, marine ecosystems, ocean, ocean optics, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, photosynthetically active radiation, polynesia, reef, reef habitat, rose atoll, south pacific ocean, swains, tau, tutuila, vegetation
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Coral Resilience By NOAA NCRMP Sector - American Samoa

Records of coral cover from the recent past can inform management strategies for reef restoration and protection. When combined with data on where current or future environmental conditions are most favorable, we can learn where corals are thriving because of or in spite of a healthy marine environment. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) regularly surveys the health of coral reefs in the Pacific Islands as part of the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP). Divers record coral cover at a series of sites across different reef zones and depths. These surveys are then aggregated across spatial sectors, which divide the waters around the island into ecological units useful for management and monitoring.

Resilience can be defined as the ability of a system to resist change during a disturbance or as the ability to recover quickly after a disturbance-induced change. This project analyzed trends in coral cover from the NCRMP from 2009 to 2018 to identify sectors that demonstrated either of these criteria for resilience. Coral sectors that maintained stable coral cover at relatively high levels were considered highly resilient. Sectors that demonstrated relatively rapid increases in coral cover over time were considered moderately resilient, and sectors that lost coral cover were considered to have low resilience. This project examined how the spatial distribution of highly resilient sectors related to areas with high environmental favorability.

This layer represents geospatial polygons of the NCRMP coral sectors divided into three categories: high, moderate, and low coral resilience.

Tags: american samoa, aquatic ecosystems, biosphere, coastal areas, coastal processes, conservation, coral reef, coral reef assessment, coral reefs, earth science, ecosystems, environmental impacts, environmental sustainability, human dimensions, human settlements, manua, marine ecosystems, ocean, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, reef, reef habitat, south pacific ocean, sustainability, tau, tutuila
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Shoreline - Manua, American Samoa

Shoreline of the Manu'a Islands (Manu'a, Ofu, Olosega, and Ta'u), American Samoa.

Tags: american samoa, boundaries, coastal landforms, coastal processes, earth science, gemorphic landforms/processes, human dimensions, manua, ocean, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, shorelines, solid earth, south pacific ocean, tau
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Sea Level Rise Inundation: 5-ft Scenario: Honolulu, Hawaii

This map shows coastal flooding around Honolulu, Hawaii due to 5 feet (1.524 m) of sea level rise. This scenario was derived using a National Geospatial Agency (NGA)-provided digital elevation model (DEM) based on LiDAR data of the Honolulu area collected in 2009. This "bare earth" DEM (vegetation and structures removed) was used to represent the current topography of the study area above zero elevation for the urban corridor stretching from Honolulu International Airport to Waikiki and Diamond Head along the south shore of Oahu. The accuracy of the DEM was validated using a selection of 16 Tidal Benchmarks located within the study area. The single value tidal water surface of mean higher high water (MHHW) modeled at the Honolulu tide gauge was used to represent sea level for the purposes of this study. Water levels are shown as they would appear during the highest high tides (excluding wind-driven tides).

Data produced in 2014 by Dr. Charles "Chip" Fletcher of the department of Geology & Geophysics (G&G) in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Supported in part by the NOAA Coastal Storms Program (CSP) and the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. These data do not consider future changes in coastal geomorphology and natural processes such as erosion, subsidence, or future construction. These data do not specify timing of inundation depths and are not appropriate for conducting detailed spatial analysis. The entire risk associated with the results and performance of these data is assumed by the user. These data should be used strictly as a planning reference and not for navigation, permitting, or other legal purposes.

Tags: atmospheric/ocean indicators, central pacific ocean, climate indicators, coastal processes, continent, earth science, hawaii, hawaiian islands, honolulu, inundation, north america, oahu, ocean, oceans, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, sea level rise, united states of america
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Predicted Coral Cover in the Hawaiian Islands

Output from a model to predict the total benthic cover of six coral species (Montipora capitata, Montipora flabellata, Montipora patulla, Porites lobata, Porites compressa, Porites meandrina) in the Hawaiian Islands as a proportion (0-1.0). Coral cover was modeled with boosted regression trees (BRT) in R software using data from coral cover surveys and environmental covariates derived from models and/or observations including wave height, benthic geomorphology, and downwelled irradiance. The best performing BRT model was used to predict coral cover for the entire geographic study domain. Data and model output represent conditions for shallow coral reefs in the Hawaiian Islands from 0 m to -30 m depth over the time period 2000-2009. Further details on methodology and results are contained in Franklin et al. (2013).

Tags: animals/invertebrates, anthozoans/hexacorals, biological classification, central pacific ocean, cnidarians, coastal landforms, coastal processes, continent, coral reefs, earth science, fringing reef, geomorphic landforms/processes, hard or stony corals, hawaii, hawaiian islands, montipora capitata, montipora flabellata, montipora patula, north america, ocean, oceans, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, porites compressa, porites lobata, porites meandrina, solid earth, united states of america
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Turbidity (Kd490) Long-term Mean, 1998-2018 - American Samoa

Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean color) and inferred chlorophyll concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics at seasonal and inter-annual scales, for a better understanding of the role of phytoplankton in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon cycle; and the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability, change, and feedback processes. Ocean color data also have a critical role in operational observation systems monitoring coastal eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and sediment plumes. The contiguous ocean color record reached 21 years in 2018. However, it is comprised of a number of one-off missions such that creating a consistent time series of ocean color data requires merging of the individual sensors without introducing artifacts.

The diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd490) indicates the turbidity of the water column: i.e., how well visible light in the blue to green region of the spectrum penetrates the water column. The value of Kd490 represents the rate at which light at 490 nm is attenuated with depth. For example, a Kd490 of 0.1 per meter means that light intensity is reduced by one natural log within 10 meters of water. Thus, for a Kd490 of 0.1, one attenuation length is 10 meters. Higher Kd490 values mean shallower attenuation depths and thus higher turbidity, or lower clarity, of ocean water. This layer represents the mean of the 8-day time series of Kd490 (m-1) from 1998-2018.

Data products generated by the Ocean Colour component of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. These files are 8-day 4-km composites of merged sensor products: Global Area Coverage (GAC), Local Area Coverage (LAC), MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua, Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).

The long-term mean was calculated by taking the average of all 8-day data from 1998-2018 for each pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.

Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/esa-cci-kd-8d-v5-0.graph

Tags: american samoa, aquatic ecosystems, biosphere, coastal areas, coastal processes, coral reef, coral reefs, earth science, ecosystems, human dimensions, human settlements, kd490, manua, marine ecosystems, ocean, ocean optics, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, reef, reef habitat, rose atoll, south pacific ocean, swains, tau, turbidity, tutuila, water quality
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Marine Survey Locations: Pacific Islands

A compilation of the general locations of marine areas where surveys were conducted in 2012 by the Pacific Islands Office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), including those in American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI).

Tags: american samoa, animals/vertebrates, aquatic ecosystems, aquatic sciences, biological classification, biosphere, central pacific ocean, coastal processes, continent, coral reefs, earth science, environmental assessments, environmental governance/management, fish, fisheries, hawaii, hawaiian islands, human dimensions, kwajalein, marine environment monitoring, marshall islands, micronesia, north america, ocean, oceans, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, reef habitat, republic of the marshall islands (rmi), south pacific ocean, tutuila, united states of america, western pacific ocean
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Sea Level Rise: American Samoa: High-Tide Flooding: 5-Ft Scenario

This high-tide flooding layer provides a prediction of future sea level rise (SLR) inundation and was produced using a passive flooding model, often referred to as a "bathtub" model. It provides an assessment of flooded areas according to a specific water level. As an alternative to the SLR scenarios in other data layers that we provide, our project also provides the ability to select specific amounts of SLR in increments of one foot, independent of any particular scenario. This information can be used if guidance for a project requires planning for a specific amount of SLR rather than a time horizon. The present layer models a sea level rise of 5 feet (152 cm).

We apply this model to the 2022 National Geodetic Survey (NGS) lidar DEM for American Samoa with 1-meter resolution. The DEM was leveled from NAD83 (PA11) to mean sea level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005. The adjustment of the DEM may lead to inaccuracies due to the lack of historic information. It is also important to acknowledge that any inaccuracies in the DEM will lead to inaccuracies in the flooding estimates.

Flood depth is provided in centimeters above the 2005 mean higher high water (MHHW) tide level.

It is essential to emphasize that the passive flooding model used to produce this data layer does not include the effects of waves on flooding. As a result, the extent and impacts of future flooding under high-wave conditions are not represented, which should be accounted for in planning efforts. In addition, the DEM is assumed to be unchanged as sea level rises, but in fact there will be erosion and changes in the shape of the land surface, and continued subsidence. This also must be considered, and it is best practice to consider any flooding extent or depth represented in this data layer as a best-case scenario, with the effects of dynamic shoreline processes leading to greater flood extent and depth than presented.

Tags: american samoa, atmospheric/ocean indicators, aunuu, climate indicators, coastal processes, earth science, environmental impacts, floods, human dimensions, inundation, manua, natural hazards, ocean, oceans, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, rose atoll, sea level rise, south pacific ocean, swains, tau, tutuila
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
Flood Hazard Zones - Ofu and Olosega, American Samoa

FEMA Flood hazard zones for the islands of Ofu and Olosega, American Samoa

Tags: american samoa, earth science, earth science services, flood plain, floods, fluvial landforms, geomorphic landforms/processes, hazards management, human dimensions, manua, natural hazards, ocean, ofu, olosega, pacific islands ocean observing system, pacific ocean, pacioos, polynesia, solid earth, south pacific ocean
Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce