Elevation of the lava lake in Halema`uma`u crater, Kilauea Volcano, from 2009 to 2018

This data release includes measurements of the surface elevation of the lava lake within Halema`uma`u crater, at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, during the 2008-2018 summit eruption.  The data were measured by several instruments (laser rangefinders, webcams, lidar) and are compiled here to provide the most complete dataset yet available on the elevation of Kilauea’s summit lava lake.   
The measurement intervals range from 1 s to 1 day, with most of the 9-year period covered by hourly measurements.  The dataset begins with daily measurements of the emergent lake in 2009 and 2010.  After 2010, continuous lake activity was tracked with hourly measurements of lava level that continued into 2018.  The dataset ends with a high-precision (1 Hz) record of the lake draining as the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption drew magma from the summit reservoir, terminating the summit lava lake activity in May 2018.    
Lava lake level provides unique insight into the deeper magmatic system, as well as constraints on shallow outgassing processes (Anderson et al. 2015; Patrick et al. 2016, 2019a).  As a proxy for the pressure of the underlying magma reservoir, lava level can be a useful monitoring tool for eruption forecasting (Orr et al. 2015; Patrick et al. 2015).  This data release provides a record of lava lake level at Kīlauea’s summit that encompasses numerous flank eruptive events and several intrusions (Orr et al. 2015; Patrick et al. 2019c), as well as hundreds of deflation-inflation cycles in the summit reservoir (Anderson et al. 2015).  The lake level changes reflect not only local changes in the summit reservoir, but also influence from the Pu`u`o`o eruption on Kilauea’s East Rift Zone (ERZ) that was concurrent with the summit eruption.  These interactions between the summit and ERZ magmatic systems provide a series of complex controls on lake level and a rich dataset for new insight (Patrick et al. 2019a,b).   
As only a handful of lava lakes exist on Earth, just a few long-term datasets of lava lake level exist.  These are reviewed in Patrick et al. (2019a) and include 1) the early 1900s era of lake activity in Halema`uma`u, 2) several years of lake activity during the Mauna Ulu eruption on the ERZ (Tilling et al. 1987), 3) lake level during the 1990s (Denlinger et al. 1997) and 2009-2018 for the Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption (Orr et al. 2015; Patrick et al. 2019c), and 4) a record from 1953 to 2011 for Nyiragongo’s lava lake, which includes two major, destructive flank eruptions (Burgi et al. 2014).  The dataset included in the current data release provides a record of lava lake level that is unique for its combination of long duration and high measurement rate.   
The data compiled here have been presented previously, in parts, in the following publications: Anderson et al. (2015, 2019), Orr et al. (2015), and Patrick et al. (2014, 2015, 2018, 2019a,b,c).  These studies have addressed some of the main processes driving lava lake fluctuations, but many other aspects of the lake level behavior are not fully understood and deserve further study.   
A small portion of the measurements were collected by the following colleagues: Steve Anderson, Adam Lewinter, David Finnegan, Gerald Bawden, Lil Desmither, Lopaka Lee, and Carolyn Parcheta.  
References: 
Anderson SW, LeWinter AL, Finnegan DC, Patrick MR, Orr TR. 2014. Repeat terrestrial LiDAR scanning at Kīlauea Volcano reveals basaltic lava lake surface slope, structure and micro-pistoning. Abstract V43A-4851 at AGU fall meeting, December 2014. 
Anderson, K. R., M. P. Poland, J. H. Johnson, and A. Miklius (2015), Episodic deflation-inflation events at Kīlauea Volcano and implications for the shallow magma system, Chapter 11 in Hawaiian Volcanism: From Source to Surface, edited by R. Carey, M. Poland, V. Cayol and D. Weis, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series vol. 208, pp. 229-250, doi:10.1002/9781118872079.ch11 
Anderson KR, Johanson IA, Patrick MR, Gu M, Segall P, Poland MP, Montgomery-Brown EK, Miklius A. 2019. Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018. Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6470/eaaz1822 
Bawden GW, Patrick MR, Orr TR, Howle J, Bond S, Thelen WA, Kauahikaua JP, Angeli K, Pelkie A, Molnia BF. 2013. 4D micro-piston motion of Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake surface measured with ground-based tripod LiDAR, Kīlauea, Hawaii. Abstract V53F-07, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2013. 
Burgi P-Y, Darrah TH, Tedesco D, Eymold WK (2014) Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 119: 4106-4122. doi:10.1002/2013JB010895 
Denlinger RP (1997) A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i. Journal of Geophysical Research 102:18091-18100 
Neal CA, Brantley SR, Antolik L, Babb J, Burgess M, Calles K, Cappos M, Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., Fisher, G. 2018. The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science, eaav7046. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7046 
Orr T, Poland MP, Patrick MR, Thelen WA, Sutton AJ, Elias T, Thornber CR, Parcheta C, Wooten KM. 2015. Kīlauea’s 5-9 March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption and its relation to 30+ years of activity from Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. In: Carey R, Poland M, Cayol V, Weis D, (eds) Hawaiian Volcanism: From Source to Surface: Hoboken, New Jersey, Wiley, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 208, p. 393-420. 
Patrick M., Orr T., Antolik L, Lee L., Kamibayashi K. 2014. Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras. Journal of Applied Volcanology, 3:1. http://www.appliedvolc.com/content/3/1/1 
Patrick M.R., Anderson K.R., Poland M.P., Orr T., Swanson D.A. 2015. Lava lake level as a gauge of magma reservoir pressure and eruptive hazard. Geology, 43:831-834. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/early/2015/07/28/G36896.1.full.pdf 
Patrick M.R., Orr T., Sutton A.J., Lev E., Thelen W., Fee D. 2016. Shallowly driven fluctuations in lava lake outgassing (gas pistoning), Kīlauea Volcano. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 433:326-338. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15006883 
Patrick MR, Orr TR, Swanson DA, Elias T, Shiro B. 2018. Lava lake activity at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano in 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5008, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185008. 
Patrick MR, Swanson DA, Orr T. 2019a. A review of controls on lava lake level: insights from Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, Kīlauea Volcano. Bulletin of Volcanology 81:13. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-019-1268-y 
Patrick MR, Younger EF, and Tollett W. 2019b. Lava level and crater geometry data during the 2018 lava lake draining at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MJY24N. 
Patrick MR, Orr T, Anderson K, Swanson DA. 2019c. Eruptions in sync: improved constraints on Kīlauea Volcano’s hydraulic connection: Earth and Planetary Science Letters 507:60-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.030 
Tilling RI (1987) Fluctuations in surface height of active lava lakes during the 1972-1974 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii.  Journal of Geophysical Research 92:13721-13730 
Wilson, D., T. Elias, T. Orr, M. Patrick, J. Sutton, D. Swanson.  2008. Small explosion from new vent at Kīlauea’s summit, EOS, 89, 203.

Tags: halemaumau, halemaumau-overlook, klauea-crater, usgs-5f8feb0e82ce06b040f1ffa4, volcanic-activity
Organization: Department of the Interior