AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
LBA-ECO LC-13 GIS Coverages of Logged Areas, Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil: 2002

We combined a detailed field study of canopy gap fraction with spectral mixture analysis of Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery to assess landscape and regional dynamics of canopy damage following selective logging in an eastern Amazon forest. Our field studies encompassed measurements of ground damage and canopy gap fractions along multitemporal sequences of post-harvest regrowth of 0.5-3.5 yr. Areas used to stage harvested logs prior to transport, called log decks, had the largest forest gap fractions, but their contribution to the landscape-level gap dynamics was minor. Tree falls were spatially the most extensive form of canopy damage following selective logging, but the canopy gap fractions resulting from them were small. Reduced-impact logging resulted in consistently less damage to the forest canopy than did conventional logging practices. This was true at the level of individual landscape strata such as roads, skids, and tree falls as well as at the area-integrated scale. A spectral mixture model was employed that utilizes bundles of field and image spectral reflectance measurements with a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate high spatial resolution (subpixel) cover of forest canopies, exposed nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils in the Landsat imagery. The method proved highly useful for quantifying forest canopy cover fraction in the log decks, roads, skids, tree fall, and intact forest areas, and it tracked caopy damage up to 3.5 yr post-harvest. Forest canopy cover fractions derived from satellite observations were highly and inversely correlated with field- and satellite-based measurements. A 450-km^2 study of gap fraction showed that approximately one-half of the canopy opening caused by logging is closed within one year of regrowth following timber harvests. This is the first regional-scale study utilizing field measurements, satellite observations, and models to quantify forest canopy damage and recovery following selective logging in the Amazon.

Tags: earth-science-landscape-land-surface-landscape-patterns
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-13 GIS Coverages of Logged Areas, Cauaxi, Para, Brazil: 1996, 1998

We combined a detailed field study of canopy gap fraction with spectral mixture analysis of Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery to assess landscape and regional dynamics of canopy damage following selective logging in an eastern Amazon forest. Our field studies encompassed measurements of ground damage and canopy gap fractions along multi-temporal sequences of post-harvest regrowth of 0.5-3.5 yr. Areas used to stage harvested logs prior to transport, called log decks, had the largest forest gap fractions, but their contribution to the landscape-level gap dynamics was minor. Tree falls were spatially the most extensive form of canopy damage following selective logging, but the canopy gap fractions resulting from them were small. Reduced-impact logging resulted in consistently less damage to the forest canopy than did conventional logging practices. This was true at the level of individual landscape strata such as roads, skids, and tree falls as well as at the area-integrated scale. A spectral mixture model was employed that utilizes bundles of field and image spectral reflectance measurements with a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate high spatial resolution (sub-pixel) cover of forest canopies, exposed non-photosynthetic vegetation, and soils in the Landsat imagery. The method proved highly useful for quantifying forest canopy cover fraction in the log decks, roads, skids, tree fall, and intact forest areas, and it tracked canopy damage up to 3.5 yr post-harvest. Forest canopy cover fractions derived from satellite observations were highly and inversely correlated with field- and satellite-based measurements. A 450-km^2 study of gap fraction showed that approximately one-half of the canopy opening caused by logging is closed within one year of regrowth following timber harvests. This is the first regional-scale study utilizing field measurements, satellite observations, and models to quantify forest canopy damage and recovery following selective logging in the Amazon.

Tags: earth-science-habitat-conversion-fragmentation-human-dimensions-deforestation, earth-science-landscape-land-surface-landscape-patterns
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO CD-08 Tropical Forest Ecosystem Respiration, Manaus, Brazil

Understanding how tropical forest carbon balance will respond to global change requires knowledge of individual heterotrophic and autotrophic respiratory sources, together with factors that control respiratory variability. We measured leaf, live wood (tree stem), and soil respiration, along with additional environmental factors over a 1-yr period in a Central Amazon terra firme forest. Scaling these fluxes to the ecosystem, and combining our data with results from other studies, we estimated an average total ecosystem respiration (R-eco) of 7.8 mumol(.)m(-2.)s(-1). Average estimates (per unit ground area) for leaf, wood, soil, total heterotrophic, and total autotrophic respiration were 2.6, 1.1, 3.2, 5.6, and 2.2 mumol(.)m(-2.)s(-1), respectively. Comparing autotrophic respiration with net primary production (NPP) estimates indicated that only similar to30% of carbon assimilated in photosynthesis was used to construct new tissues, with the remaining 70% being respired back to the atmosphere as autotrophic respiration. This low ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUE) differs considerably from the relatively constant CUE of similar to0.5 found for temperate forests. Our R-eco estimate was comparable to the above-canopy flux (F-ac) from eddy covariance during defined sustained high turbulence conditions (when presumably F-ac = R-eco) of 8.4 (95% CI = 7.59.4). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that similar to50% of the nighttime variability in Fa, was accounted for by friction velocity (u*, a measure of turbulence) variables. After accounting for u* variability, mean F-ac varied significantly with seasonal and daily changes in precipitation. A seasonal increase in precipitation resulted in a decrease in F-ac similar to our soil respiration response to moisture. The effect of daily changes in precipitation was complex: precipitation after a dry period resulted in a large increase in F-ac whereas additional precipitation after a rainy period had little effect. This response was similar to that of surface litter (coarse and fine), where respiration is greatly reduced when moisture is limiting, but increases markedly and quickly saturates with an increase in moisture.

Tags: earth-science-ecological-dynamics-biosphere-ecosystem-functions-respiration-rate, earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-moisture-water-content, earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-respiration, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-leaf-characteristics
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-15 JERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar, 1- km Mosaic, Amazon Basin: 1995-1996

This data set contains two image mosaics of L-band radar backscatter and two image mosaics of first order texture. The two backscatter images are mosaics of L-band Radar Backscatter at Horizontal-Horizontal (HH) Polarization created from 1,500 images collected by the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) over the Amazon River Basin as part of the Global Rainforest Mapping Project (GRMP). These backscatter image mosaics were developed using data collected over 62 days from August to November of 1995 for the peak of the dry season and for 62 days from May to June of 1996 during the peak of the wet season. The two image mosaics are at 3 arc-sec resolution. Data provided under this project are resampled images at 30 arc-sec resolution (or about 1 km resolution). For each radar backscatter image, first order texture statistical information was derived and is distributed along with the image mosaic. This data set contains four images each in both geotiff and ENVI formats, provided in eight zip files. The four files in ENVI file format contain “_envi” in their file name and when extrapolated contain an envi image (*_envi.dat) and an envi image header file (_envi.hdr). The four files in geotiff format contain “_geotiff” in their file name and when extrapolated contain *.tif and *.tfw file pairs. See Section 2 for more information about the characteristics of these data files.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-classes, earth-science-radar-spectral-engineering-radar-imagery
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-24 Land Cover Classes from Landsat TM, Uruara, Para: 1986-1991

This data set provides course land cover classifications derived from Landsat TM images for 1986, 1988, and 1991 for the area surrounding the municipality of Uruara, Para, Brazil. Five land cover classes (Water, Clouds/Shadow, Forest, Not Forest, and Background) were derived (Aldrich et al. 2006). The Land Cover is in a compressed (*.zip) GeoTIFF file for each year.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-22 Post-deforestation Land Use, Mato Grosso, Brazil: 2001-2005

This data set provides (1) areal estimates of deforestation events (>25 ha) that were identified from 2001-2004 in Mato Grosso by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) as part of the Program for the Estimation of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (PRODES) and (2) the classification of the post-deforestation land use as either cropland, cattle pasture, or not in production (deforested areas that were never fully cleared or returned immediately to secondary forest) in the years after the large deforestation events from 2001-2005. Data are provided in ESRI shapefile format. There are five compressed (*.zip) data files with this data set. Each shapefile represents one year of post-deforestation land use. Land use in the years following deforestation was estimated using annual time series of MODIS NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and EVI (enhanced vegetation index). Metrics of vegetation phenology derived annual time series of MODIS NDVI and EVI data were analyzed using a decision-tree classifier to characterize the major cover type in each area of new deforestation. Post-deforestation land use for each large deforestation event was classified based on the classification of MODIS phenology metrics for all years following deforestation during 2002-2005.

Tags: earth-science-habitat-conversion-fragmentation-human-dimensions-deforestation
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-15 Vegetation Cover Types from MODIS, 1-km, Amazon Basin: 2000-2001

This data set contains proportional estimates for the vegetative cover types of woody vegetation, herbaceous vegetation, and bare ground over the Amazon Basin for the period 2000-2001. These products were derived from all seven bands of the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard NASA's Terra satellite. A set of MODIS 32-day composites were used to create the vegetation cover types using the Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) (Hansen et al., 2002) approach which shows how much of a land cover such as "forest" or "grassland" exists anywhere on the land surface. The VCF product may depict areas of heterogeneous land cover better than traditional discrete classification schemes which shows where land cover types are concentrated. The original MODIS products are 500-m spatial resolution and are derived from 2000-2001 data products. The data were resampled to 1-km resolution for the regional study under this project, and provided as 3 separate cover type files in ENVI and GeoTIFF file formats that are provided in six zipped files. These products are registered to the rest of the regional data sets over the Amazon basin. These data are also available for download from the Global Land Cover Facility Website (http://modis.umiacs.umd.edu/).

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-classes, earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-24 Forest Cover Map from MODIS, 500-m, South America: 2001

This data set, LBA-ECO LC-24 Forest Cover Map from MODIS, 500-m, South America: 2001, contains forest cover information for 2001 for all of South America. The data were collected by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the Earth Observing System, TERRA (AM-1) satellite platform and released by the MODIS science team as an image showing percent canopy cover. This information was then reclassified so that all pixels with a percent canopy cover greater than 40% (40% after the 1973 UNESCO standard) were classified as forest (a value of 1), and all other pixels were classified as non-forest (a value of 2). Water features were given a value of 3. This data has a pixel resolution of 500 meters and is unprojected with the WGS-1984 datum (Hansen et al. 2006). There is one GeoTIFF data file for this data set.

Tags: earth-science-ecosystems-biosphere-terrestrial-ecosystems-forests, earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-classes, earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-cover
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-24 AVHRR Derived Fire Occurrence, 5-km Resolution, Amazonia: 2001

This data set provides the number of hot spots detected across the legal Amazon Basin at 5- km resolution by the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) on NOAA 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 satellites for the entirety of 2001 (January 1 - December 31). Only hot spots detected at night are included. This data is useful for modeling fire events and evaluating human impacts on the Amazon Basin using fire as an indicator of anthropogenic disturbance (Arima et al., 2007).

Tags: earth-science-ecological-dynamics-biosphere-fire-ecology-fire-occurrence
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-24 Cadastral Property Map of Uruara, Para, Brazil: ca.1975

This data set contains a shapefile of a digitized map of the land parcel information of the original properties of the Uruara colonization site, Para, Brazil, acquired from the Instituto de Colonizacao e Reforma Agraria, or the Colonization and Agrarian Reform Institute (INCRA). The Uruara settlement geometry was initially designed by INCRA, and consists of mostly 100 hectare lots (400 x 2500 meters, and 500 x 2000 meters), running north and south of the Trans-Amazon Highway, as a fine network of small, narrow rectangles. The other parcels in the landscape are the so-called glebas that range up to 3,000 hectares. The map was in the form of a paper map without a projection (a spherical geographic coordinate system) in the South American 1969 datum (SAD 1969). This paper map was digitized in Environmental Science Research Institute (ESRI) ArcInfo 8.1 using a digitizing table, and the digital cadastral data were geo-referenced and projected to match the Universal Transverse Mercator projection (Zone 22 South, World Geodetic System 1984 datum) of Landsat imagery (Landsat.org). There is one compressed (*.zip) file with this data set.

Tags: earth-science-habitat-conversion-fragmentation-human-dimensions-deforestation
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO LC-21 Soil Characteristics, Logged Areas, Tapajos Forest, Para, Brazil: 2003

This data set provides measurements for soil nutrients from areas that were selectively logged and from control areas in the Tapajos National Forest, Para Western Santarem, Brazil. Data are included for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), carbon 13, nitrogen 15, and potassium (K) concentrations. In addition, data are included for Phosphorus fractionation which was performed on a subset of the soils, and soil bulk density measurements. The samples were from clay-dominated (oxisols) soils.

Tags: earth-science-soils-land-surface-calcium, earth-science-soils-land-surface-carbon, earth-science-soils-land-surface-magnesium, earth-science-soils-land-surface-micronutrients-trace-elements, earth-science-soils-land-surface-nitrogen, earth-science-soils-land-surface-organic-matter, earth-science-soils-land-surface-phosphorus, earth-science-soils-land-surface-potassium, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-nutrients
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO ND-02 Cation Leaching from Forest and Pasture Soils, Para, Brazil

This data set provides a time series of calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations extracted from soil samples from a laboratory column extraction study conducted in 2002. Soils used in the columns were originally collected in 1998 in Fazenda Vitoria, a cattle ranch 6 km north of the town of Paragominas, Para, Brazil. The soils were from contrasting land uses of primary forest (mata), secondary forest (capoeira), or pasture (pasto). Water equilibrated with increasing concentrations of CO2 was used to extract cations from the soil columns. Data represent the time series of cation concentrations in the extract solutions as well as the total content of cations removed from the soils. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-soils-land-surface-calcium, earth-science-soils-land-surface-cation-exchange-capacity, earth-science-soils-land-surface-magnesium, earth-science-soils-land-surface-potassium, earth-science-water-quality-water-chemistry-terrestrial-hydrosphere-solids-total-dissolved-soli
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
MASTER: Airborne Science, California-Nevada, August, 2004

This dataset includes Level 1B (L1B) data products from the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) instrument. The spectral data were collected during one flight aboard a DOE B-200 aircraft over California and Nevada, U.S., on 2004-08-18 to 2004-08-29. Objectives of this deployment included mapping geological faults in southern California. This deployment was coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy's Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) located at Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas, Nevada. Data products include L1B georeferenced multispectral imagery of calibrated radiance in 50 bands covering wavelengths of 0.460 to 12.879 micrometers at approximately 20-meter spatial resolution. The L1B file format is HDF-4. In addition, the dataset includes flight paths, spectral band information, instrument configuration, ancillary notes, and summary information for each flight, and browse images derived from each L1B data file.

Tags: earth-science-infrared-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-infrared-radiance, earth-science-infrared-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-thermal-infrared, earth-science-visible-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-visible-radiance
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO ND-01 Primary Forests Land Cover Transition Maps, Rondonia, Brazil: 1975-1999

This data set provides classified land cover transition images (maps) derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery for Ariquemes, Luiza, and Ji-Parana¡ areas in Rondonia, Brazil, at 30-m resolution. Images depict the age relative to the year 2000, of cleared land from the date the land was cut, to the date when primary forests transitioned into nonforest class (for example, 25 = cut by 1975, or 25 years before the year 2000). Temporal changes in three regions are represented by 31 TM scenes acquired between 1984 and 1999, and a pair of MSS scenes from 1975 and 1978. Data are provided as three GeoTiff (*.tif) images, one for each of the three areas.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
MASTER: Airborne Science, California-Nevada, March, 2002

This dataset includes Level 1B (L1B) data products from the MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) instrument. The spectral data were collected during six flights aboard a DOE B-200 aircraft over California and Nevada, U.S., on 2002-03-08 to 2002-04-07. This deployment was coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy's Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) located at Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas, Nevada. Data products include L1B georeferenced multispectral imagery of calibrated radiance in 50 bands covering wavelengths of 0.460 to 12.879 micrometers at approximately 10-meter spatial resolution. The L1B file format is HDF-4. In addition, the dataset includes flight paths, spectral band information, instrument configuration, ancillary notes, and summary information for each flight, and browse images derived from each L1B data file.

Tags: earth-science-infrared-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-infrared-radiance, earth-science-infrared-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-thermal-infrared, earth-science-visible-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-visible-radiance
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO ND-01 Georegistered Landsat Imagery for Rondonia, Brazil: 1975-2000

This data set provides a time series of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scenes for five (Path/Row) areas in Rondonia, Brazil. The scenes are from the period June 1975 through June 2000, but all areas do not have scenes for all the years. The areas and Landsat Path/Rows included are as follows: Ariquemes (P232,R67), Ji-Parana (P231, R67), Luiza (P231, R68), Cacoal (P230, R68), and Porto Velho (P232, R66). TM images are available for all five areas. Because of a paucity of digital Landsat MSS imagery from the 1970s, only two scenes could be included, a 1975 scene from Ariquemes and a 1978 scene from Ji-Parana. Each of the Landsat scenes has been coregistered to a Path/Row-specific georectified PRODES Landsat file obtained from the Brazilian Government's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) program. For each scene, the coregistration is accurate to within (plus or minus)1 pixel (30-m Landsat resolution) in most places. The five INPE PRODES Landsat scenes used in the georectification process are included with this data set. There are five compressed files (tar.gz format) with this data set. When expanded, each compressed file (which corresponds to one of the five areas) contains a directory for each scene with GeoTIFF files for individual Landsat bands, a text file of tie points, and another text file of slope and intercept values for converting radiance to reflectance. There are two dates for Landsat MSS scenes, 45 dates for TM scenes, and six dates for ETM+ scenes.

Tags: earth-science-infrared-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-infrared-imagery, earth-science-visible-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-visible-imagery
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO ND-02 Landsat Imagery, Para, Brazil: 1984, 1994, and 1999

This data set provides Landsat images of the county of Sao Francisco do Para located in the Bragantina region of Para, Brazil, the oldest agriculture frontier in Amazonia. These images are subsets for the municipio (county) and immediate region. There are seven GeoTIFF files (.tif) with this data set which includes two for July 24, 1984 multispectral scanner (MSS), one for June 21, 1994 thematic mapper Landsat 5 (TM5), three for July 13, 1999 thematic mapper Landsat 7 (TM7), and one TM for June 21, 1994.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration