AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Repeat Offender Unit in Phoenix, Arizona, 1987-1989

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a
Repeat Offender Unit in Phoenix. Repeat Offender Programs are
police-initiated procedures for patrolling and apprehending likely
offenders in communities. These units typically rely on the cooperation
of police and prosecutors who work together to identify, convict, and
incarcerate individuals who are judged likely to commit crimes,
especially serious crimes, at high rates. For this study, previous
offenders were assigned either to a control or an experimental group.
If an individual assigned to the experimental group was later arrested,
the case received special attention by the Repeat Offender Program.
Staff of the Repeat Offender Program worked closely with the county
attorney's office to thoroughly document the case and to obtain victim
and witness cooperation. If the individual was in the control group and
was later arrested, no additional action was taken by the Program
staff. Variables include assignment to the experimental or control
group, jail status, probation and parole status, custody status, number
of felony arrests, type of case, bond amount, number of counts against
the individual, type of counts against the individual, number of prior
convictions, arresting agency, case outcome, type of incarceration
imposed, and length of incarceration imposed.

Tags: criminal-justice-programs, criminality-prediction, police, program-evaluation, prosecuting-attorneys, recidivists
Organization: Department of Justice
Changing Patterns of Drug Abuse and Criminality Among Crack Cocaine Users in New York City: Criminal Histories and Criminal Justice System Processing, 1983-1984, 1986

This data collection compares a sample of persons arrested
 for offenses related to crack cocaine with a sample arrested for
 offenses related to powdered cocaine. The collection is one of two
 parts of a study designed to examine the characteristics of crack
 users and sellers, the impact of large numbers of crack-related
 offenders on the criminal justice system, and their effects on drug
 treatment and community programs. Official arrest records and
 supplementary data bases are used to analyze the official arrest,
 conviction, and incarceration histories of powdered cocaine and crack
 defendants. Questions addressed by the collection include: (1) How
 are defendants charged with crack-related offenses different from
 defendants charged with offenses related to powdered cocaine? (2) Is
 there a difference between the ways the criminal justice system
 handles crack offenders and powdered cocaine offenders in pretrial
 detention, charges filed, case dispositions, and sentencing? (3) How
 do the criminal careers of crack offenders compare with the criminal
 careers of powdered cocaine offenders, especially in terms of total
 arrest rates, frequencies of nondrug crimes, and frequencies of
 violent crimes? (4) Is violence more strongly associated with crack
 dealing than with powdered cocaine dealing? and (5) How does the
 developmental history of powdered cocaine sales and possession compare
 with the history of crack sales and possession? Variables include
 demographic information such as gender, residence, and race, arrest,
 conviction, and incarceration histories, prior criminal record,
community ties, and court outcomes of the arrests.

Tags: arrest-records, case-processing, convictions-law, crack-cocaine, criminal-histories, criminal-justice-system, criminality, disposition-legal, drug-abuse, drug-offenders, imprisonment
Organization: Department of Justice
Comparing Court Case Processing in Nine Courts, 1979-1980

This study looks at the characteristics of officials who are
involved in court case processing. Data were collected on the cases and
defendants, the officials involved in the cases, personality
characteristics of the officials and the perceptions that these
officials have of each other.

Tags: attorneys, civil-service, court-cases, court-system, criminal-justice-system, defendants, defense-counsel, government-employees, legal-representation, plea-negotiations, prosecuting-attorneys
Organization: Department of Justice
Effects of Cognitive Interviewing, Practice, and Interview Style on Children's Recall Performance in California, 1989-1990

This data collection, designed to improve the quality of
 children's testimony in court, evaluates how different types of
 interview formats affect the completeness and accuracy of children's
 recall performance. Specifically, the study assesses the impact of a
 "practice interview" about an event on the completeness and accuracy
 of later reports about a second, unrelated event. Three interview
 conditions were employed, and each condition consisted of both a
 practice interview and a target interview. The three conditions were
 RS, RC, and CC, where "R" represents a practice session with
 rapport-building only, "S" represents a target interview that
 contained all components of the standard interview procedure, and
 "C" represents either a practice or target interview that contained
 all components of the cognitive interview procedure. In
 rapport-building sessions, interviewers talked about school
 activities, family life, and favorite games with the child. In
 standard and cognitive interview sessions, the rapport-building
 sessions were followed by a request from the interviewer for the child
 to verbalize a narrative account of "what happened" during an event
 that had been previously staged by the experimenter. This narrative
 account was then followed by the interviewer's request for additional
 information about the event. Cognitive interviews also included
 several additional questions that were hypothesized to improve recall
 performance. The number of correct items recalled and the number of
 incorrect items generated were used to compare the performance of
children in the three interview conditions.

Tags: children, court-cases, courts, testimony
Organization: Department of Justice
Alternative Probation Strategies in Baltimore, Maryland

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative
cost-effectiveness of supervised probation, unsupervised probation,
and community service. Data were collected from several sources:
input-intake forms used by the State of Maryland, probation officers'
case record files, Maryland state police rap sheets, FBI sources, and
interviews with Maryland probationers. Non-violent, less serious
offenders who normally received probation sentences of 12 months or
less were offered randomly selected assignments to one of three
treatment methods over a five-month period. Baseline data for
probationers in each of the three samples were drawn from an intake
form that was routinely completed for cases. An interim assessment of
recidivism was made at the midpoint of the intervention for each
probationer using information drawn from police records. Probationers
were interviewed six and twelve months after probation
ended. Demographic information on the probationers includes sex, race,
age, birthplace, marital status, employment status, and education.

Tags: alternatives-to-institutionalization, community-service-programs, cost-effectiveness, criminal-justice-system, inmate-release-plans, offenders, postrelease-programs, probation-services, probationers, program-evaluation, recidivism, sentencing
Organization: Department of Justice
Felony Prosecution and Sentencing in North Carolina, 1981-1982

This survey assesses the impact of a determinant sentencing
law, the Fair Sentencing Act, which became effective July 1, 1981, in
North Carolina. Specific variables include information from official
court records on witness testimony and quality of evidence, information
from prison staff and probation/parole officers, and social,
demographic, and criminal history for defendants. In this dataset it is
also possible to trace defendants through the criminal justice system
from arrest to disposition.

Tags: criminal-justice-system, sentencing, sentencing-guidelines
Organization: Department of Justice
Adult Criminal Careers, Michigan:  1974-1977

These data, taken from the computerized criminal history 
 files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, were collected to develop 
 estimates of the extent and variation of individual offending. Included 
 are the adult criminal records of individuals 17 years of age and older 
 arrested in Michigan from 1974 to 1977. The primary criterion for 
 inclusion in the sample was at least one arrest in Michigan for murder, 
 rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, or auto theft. Once 
 sampled, the arrest history includes data on all recorded arrests 
 through 1977, regardless of offense type. The full dataset includes 
 records for 41,191 individuals for a total of 200,007 arrests. The 
 dataset is organized by individual and includes demographic 
 characteristics of the individual (birth date, state of birth, sex, and 
 race) followed by information from the individual's arrest record in 
 chronological order. The arrest records include the date of arrest, the 
 offenses charged, the disposition (convicted, dismissed, or acquitted), 
 and the sentence. Because the data are organized by individual, they 
 are suitable for longitudinal analyses of individual offending patterns 
over time.

Tags: arrests, assault, auto-theft, burglary, convictions-law, crime, defendants, demographic-characteristics, murder, rape, robbery
Organization: Department of Justice
Improving Prison Classification Procedures in Vermont:  Applying an Interaction Model, 1983-1985

The purpose of this data collection was to develop and test
 an interactive model for classifying prisoners. The model includes
 person variables, environmental or situation variables, and
 prison-environmental interaction variables in order to study the
 interactions between individuals and their environments and to predict
 offender behaviors such as escape, misconduct, and violence. The model
 was designed to enhance the predictive validity of the National
 Institute of Corrections' classification system that was being used in
 Vermont prisons. Included are scores from the National Institute of
 Corrections' custody classification and reclassification instruments,
 scores from a needs assessment, sentencing information, and
characteristics of the prison in which the inmate was housed.

Tags: correctional-facilities, criminal-justice-system, inmates, living-conditions, sentencing, socioeconomic-indicators, united-states, vermont, violence
Organization: Department of Justice
Relationship of Mental Disorder to Violent Behavior in the United States, 1983-1984

This study investigates the relationship between mental
 disorder and violent behavior. Detailed interviews were conducted with
 inmates in the North Carolina prison system. Each respondent was given
 a psychological assessment using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule,
 Version III. Conditions of particular interest were schizophrenia,
 mood disorders (depression and dysthymia), traumatic stress disorder,
 and alcohol disorders. The data supply information on the respondent's
 criminal history, psychological status at the time of interview, and
 history of rule infractions while incarcerated for the current
 offense. In addition to the psychological assessment, questions were
 also asked covering areas of general health status, criminal history,
 and drug and alcohol use.  Demographic information includes age,
education, marital status, and race.

Tags: alcoholism, criminal-histories, depression-psychology, health-status, mental-disorders, prison-inmates, psychological-evaluation, schizophrenia, violence
Organization: Department of Justice
Effects of Prior Record in Sentencing Research in a Large Northeastern City, 1968-1979:  [United States]

This data collection examines the impact of defendants' 
 prior criminal records on the sentencing of male and female defendants 
 committing violent and non-violent crimes. The collection also provides 
 data on which types of prior records most influenced the sentencing 
 judges. Variables deal specifically with the defendant, the judge and 
 the characteristics of the current case. Only cases that fell into one 
 of 14 categories of common offenses were included. These offenses were 
 murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, assault, minor assault, burglary, 
 auto theft, embezzlement, receiving stolen property, forgery, sex 
 offenses other than rape, drug possession, and driving while 
intoxicated.

Tags: arrests, assault, auto-theft, burglary, court-system, crime, criminal-justice-system, defendants, drug-law-offenses, judges, murder, rape, robbery, sentencing, violence
Organization: Department of Justice
Longitudinal Study of Biosocial Factors Related to Crime and Delinquency, 1959-1962: [Pennsylvania]

This study was designed to measure the effects of family
background and developmental characteristics on school achievement and
delinquency within a "high risk" sample of Black youths. The study
includes variables describing the mother and the child. Mother-related
variables assess prenatal health, pregnancy and delivery
complications, and socioeconomic status. Child-related variables focus
on the child at age 7 and include place in birth order, physical
development, family constellation, socioeconomic status, verbal and
spatial intelligence, and number of offenses.

Tags: academic-achievement, african-americans, child-development, crime, delinquent-behavior, family-background, mothers
Organization: Department of Justice
Prison Crowding and Forced Releases in Illinois, 1979-1982

These data were collected in the Illinois prison system
 where, in response to a prison overcrowding crisis, approximately
 two-thirds of the inmates released by the Illinois Department of
 Corrections (IDOC) were discharged prior to serving their expected
 sentences. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an early
 release program on prisoners, prison populations, offense rates, local
 criminal justice systems, and the general public. The files contain
 extensive Federal Bureau of Investigation arrest history information
 and other personal and social indicators describing inmates released
 from the state prison system. Data are available for three comparison
 groups: (1) a sample of prisoners who served their regular sentences
 prior to the "forced release" program, (2) a group that served regular
 sentences after implementation of the program, and (3) a group of
 inmates who were released early under the program (i.e., before
 serving their full sentences). The "inmate jacket file," which is the
 comprehensive institutional file maintained for all inmates, contains
 variables for each inmate on social and personal characteristics,
 criminal history, risk scales, court decisions for each offense,
 institutional conduct, prior release and return records, method of
 release, condition of supervision, and parole violation records. The
 arrest file includes variables that describe the type and number of
 charges at arrest, case disposition of each charge, probation length,
incarceration length, admission and release dates, and release type.

Tags: arrests, correctional-facilities, criminal-justice-system, demographic-characteristics, inmates, parole-system, probation, socioeconomic-indicators, united-states
Organization: Department of Justice
Differential Use of Jail Confinement in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Yolo Counties, 1981

This study provides detailed information on inmate
characteristics, length of time in jail, methods of release, conditions
of release, disciplinary violations, and types of program participation
while in jail. The file contains variables for each inmate, including
information about inmates' demographic characteristics, current
offenses, prior records, confinement conditions, disciplinary problems,
and nature and time of disposition.

Tags: arrests, correctional-facilities, criminal-justice-system, demographic-characteristics, inmates, united-states
Organization: Department of Justice
Supervised Pretrial Release Programs, 1979-1982:  Miami, Milwaukee, and Portland

This data collection effort was designed to assess the
effects of different types of supervised pretrial release (SPR). Four
major types of effects were examined: (1) defendants' behaviors while
awaiting trial (failure to appear and arrests for new offenses), (2)
the costs of SPR to victims and the criminal justice system, (3)
pretrial release practices, and (4) jail populations. This study
provides detailed information for a selected group of defendants
awaiting trial on criminal histories and arrests while awaiting trial.
Data are also available on services provided between arrest and
disposition. The study produced four different data sets. The first,
Supervised Release Information System (SRIS), contains intake
information on current arrest, criminal record, socio-economic status,
ties with the community, contact with mental health and substance abuse
facilities, and pretrial release decisions. The release section of this
data base contains information on services provided, intensity of
supervision, termination from program, personal characteristics at
termination, criminal charges at disposition, and new charges resulting
from arrests while under pretrial status. The Arrest Data Set includes
variables on type and number of crimes committed by SPR defendants,
property costs to victims, personal injury costs, and court disposition
for each offense. The Retrospective Data Set supplies variables on
charges filed and method of release, personal characteristics, length
of pretrial incarceration, bail, whether the defendant was rebooked
during the pretrial period, charge at disposition, sentence, total
court appearances, and total failures to appear in court (FTAs). The
Jail Population Data Set contains monthly counts of jail population and
average daily population.

Tags: arrests, court-system, criminal-justice-system, demographic-characteristics, drugs, mental-health, sentencing, trials
Organization: Department of Justice
Criminal Violence and Incapacitation in California, 1962-1988

These data were gathered to investigate the usefulness of
 statistical methods, particularly multiple-regression analysis, in
 predicting repeat criminal activity subsequent to an individual's
 release from prison. The data collection consists of follow-up
 information, collected in 1988, on a sample of males released from
 California prisons. The follow-up study identified criminal activity
 subsequent to individuals' release from prison through 1988.
 Predictor variables include age, prior periods of arrest, history of
 drug use, seriousness of original offense, and number of arrests for
nuisance, person, property, and fraud offenses.

Tags: criminal-histories, criminality-prediction, imprisonment, inmates, male-offenders, parole, recidivism, recidivists
Organization: Department of Justice
Effects of Prison Versus Probation in California, 1980-1982

This study was divided into two phases. The first assessed the effects of different sanctions on separate criminal populations, focusing on probation as a sentencing alternative for felons. The second phase used a quasi-experimental design to address how imprisonment affects criminal behavior when criminals are released. Specific issues included: (a) the effect that imprisonment (vs. probation) and length of time served have on recidivism, (b) the amount of crime prevented by imprisoning offenders rather than placing them on probation, and (c) costs to the system for achieving that reduction in crime.

Tags: arrests, correctional-facilities, crime, criminal-justice-system, government-performance, inmates, probation, sentencing, social-accounts, social-expenditures
Organization: Department of Justice
Women Correctional Officers in California, 1979

This study examined women correctional officers working in
the 11 institutions for men operated by the California Department of
Corrections in 1979. For Part 1, Census, researchers conducted a
census of all 386 female correctional officers working in these
institutions to collect demographic characteristics and baseline
data. For Parts 2 (Staff) and 3 (Inmate), a survey was administered to
staff and inmates asking their opinions about differences in
performance between male and female correctional officers. Part 4,
Profile, contains demographic and background data for the officers
participating in the Part 2 survey. For Parts 5 (Female) and 6 (Male),
researchers gathered job performance data for female correctional
officers in 7 of the 11 institutions, as well as a matched sample of
male correctional officers. Variables in Parts 1 and 4-6 include
demographic information such as age, ethnicity, marital status, number
of children, and educational and occupational history. Other variables
measure attributes such as age, weight, and height, and record career
information such as date and location of permanent assignment as a
correctional officer, any breaks in service, and other criminal
justice work experience. Additional variables in Parts 5 and 6 include
job performance measures, such as ratings on skills, knowledge, work
habits, learning ability, overall work habits, quality and quantity of
work, and commendations. Parts 2 and 3 present information on staff
and inmate evaluations of male and female correctional officers
performing specific roles, such as control work officer, yard officer,
or security squad officer. Additional variables include opinions on
how well male and female officers handled emergency situations,
maintained control under stress, and used firearms when
necessary. Questions were also asked about whether inmates' or
officers' safety was endangered with female officers, whether women
should be hired as correctional officers, and whether female officers
were gaining acceptance in correctional facilities.

Tags: correctional-facilities, criminal-justice-system, gender-roles, women
Organization: Department of Justice
Participation in Illegitimate Activities:  Ehrlich Revisited, 1960

This study re-analyzes Isaac Ehrlich's 1960 cross-section
data on the relationship between aggregate levels of punishment and
crime rates. It provides alternative model specifications and
estimations. The study examined the deterrent effects of punishment on
seven FBI index crimes: murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery,
burglary, and auto theft. Socio-economic variables include family
income, percentage of families earning below half of the median income,
unemployment rate for urban males in the age groups 14-24 and 35-39,
labor force participation rate, educational level, percentage of young
males and non-whites in the population, percentage of population in the
SMSA, sex ratio, and place of occurrence. Two sanction variables are
also included: 1) the probability of imprisonment, and 2) the average
time served in prison when sentenced (severity of punishment). Also
included are: per capita police expenditure for 1959 and 1960, and the
crime rates for murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and
auto theft.

Tags: assault, auto-theft, burglary, crime, crime-prevention, criminal-justice-system, demographic-characteristics, education, income, larceny, low-income-groups, murder, police-protection, rape, robbery, sentencing, unemployment
Organization: Department of Justice