AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
HRIR/Nimbus-3 Images of Daytime and Nighttime Brightness Temperature on 70 mm Film V001 (HRIRN3IM) at GES DISC

HRIRN3IM is the Nimbus-3 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) data product containing scanned negatives of photofacsimile 70mm film strips. The images contain orbital daytime (0.7 to 1.3 microns) and nighttime (3.4 to 4.2 microns) brightness temperature values showing cloud cover and the Earth's surface temperature. Each orbital swath picture is gridded with geographic coordinates and covers a distance approximately from the south pole to the north pole (day) and the north pole to the south pole (night). The images are saved as JPEG 2000 digital files. About 7 days of images are archived into a TAR file. The processing techniques used to produce the data set and a full description of the data are contained in section 3.4.1 of the "Nimbus III Users' Guide."

The HRIR instrument was designed to perform two major functions: first to map the Earth's cloud cover at night to complement the television coverage during the daytime portion of the orbit, and second to measure the temperature of cloud tops and terrain features. The HRIR instrument was launched on the Nimbus-3 satellite and was operational from April 22, 1969 through January 31, 1970.

This product was previously available from the NSSDC with the identifier ESAD-00223 (old ID 69-037A-02B).

Tags: earth-science, infrared-wavelengths, spectral-engineering
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Designing Resource-Bounded Reasoners using Bayesian Networks

In this work we are concerned with the conceptual design of large-scale diagnostic and health management systems that use Bayesian networks. While they are potentially powerful, improperly designed Bayesian networks can result in too high memory requirements or too long inference times, to they point where they may not be acceptable for real-time diagnosis and health management in resource-bounded systems such as NASA's aerospace vehicles. We investigate the clique tree clustering approach to Bayesian network inference, where increasing the size and connectivity of a Bayesian network typically also increases clique tree size. This paper combines techniques for analytically characterizing clique tree growth with bounds on clique tree size imposed by resource constraints, thereby aiding the design and optimization of large-scale Bayesian networks in resource-bounded systems. We provide both theoretical and experimental results, and illustrate our approach using a NASA case study.

**Reference:**

O. J. Mengshoel, “Designing Resource-Bounded Reasoners using Bayesian Networks: System Health Monitoring and Diagnosis”, In Proc. of the 18th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis (DX-07), Nashville, TN, May 2007.

**BibTex Reference:**

@inproceedings{mengshoel07designing,
    author = "Mengshoel, O. J.",
    title = "Designing Resource-Bounded Reasoners using {Bayesian} Networks: System Health Monitoring and Diagnosis",
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis (DX-07)},
    year = {2007},
    pages     = {330--337},
    address = {Nashville, TN},
}

Tags: ames, dashlink, nasa
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
DC-8 Navigation Data CPEX V1

The DC-8 Navigation Data CPEX dataset is a subset of airborne measurements that include GPS positioning and trajectory data, aircraft orientation, and atmospheric state measurements of temperature, pressure, water vapor, and horizontal winds. These measurements were taken from the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign. The CPEX campaign collected data to help explain convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation in the North Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. These data files are available from May 25, 2017 through June 28, 2017 in ASCII format.

Tags: earth-science, platform-characteristics, spectral-engineering
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
BUV/Nimbus-4 Level 1 Radiance Data V001 (BUVN4L1RUT) at GES DISC

The Nimbus-4 BUV Level-1 Radiance data collection was derived from the Primary Data Base (PDB) product and contains the calibrated and geolocated backscattered ultraviolet radiances measured every 32 seconds at 12 wavelengths between 250 and 340 nm during the daylit orbit portion. The data collection also contains quality flags, dark current analyses of the data, orbital information, and housekeeping data.

The data were originally created on IBM 360 machines and archived on magnetic tapes. The data have been restored from the tapes and are now archived on disk in their original IBM binary file format. Each file contains about one orbit of data. The data files consist of 100 4-byte word records which are blocked with up to 25 records. The first record is the header record, followed by a series of data records, and ended with two trailer records. A typical orbit file is about 70 kB in size.

The BUV instrument was operational from April 10, 1970 until May 6, 1977. In July 1972 the Nimbus-4 solar power array partially failed such that BUV operations were curtailed. Thus data collected in the later years was increasingly sparse, particularly in the equatorial region.

This product was previously available from the NSSDC with the identifier ESAC-00055 (old ID 70-025A-05B).

Tags: earth-science, spectral-engineering, ultraviolet-wavelengths
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) IMPACTS V1

The Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) IMPACTS dataset consists of a variety of ground-based observations during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. IMPACTS was a three-year sequence of winter season deployments conducted to study snowstorms over the U.S Atlantic coast. IMPACTS aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. This ASOS dataset consists of 176 stations within the IMPACTS domain. Each station provides observations of surface temperature, dew point, precipitation, wind direction, wind speed, wind gust, sea level pressure, and the observed weather code. The ASOS data are available from December 29, 2019 through February 29, 2020 in netCDF-4 format.

Tags: air-quality, atmosphere, atmospheric-pressure, atmospheric-temperature, atmospheric-winds, earth-science, precipitation
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glacial and Fast Ice Distributions in Southeast Greenland Fjords V001

This data set provides spatial distributions of fast ice and glacial ice in eight fjords spanning the Southeast Greenland coast: Nansen, Kangerlusruaq, Ikertivaq, Skjoldungen, Tingmiarmiut, Napasorsvaq, Anoritup, and Kangerlluluk. Temporal coverage is discontinuous, depending on the availability and quality of images.

Fjord data were sourced from USGS EarthExplorer, Copernicus Open Access Hub, and the NSIDC. Landsat-8 and MODIS imagery for ice identification were collected from NASA Worldview and USGS EarthExplorer. Fjord, fast ice, and glacial ice boundaries were manually delineated using ArcGIS. Glacial ice was further categorized as dense glacial melange (Type 3), substantial glacial ice with large icebergs (Type 2), low-density glacial ice with large icebergs (Type 1), consistent small ice surface without large icebergs (Type 0), or glacier surface (Type 99).

Tags: cryosphere, earth-science, geomorphic-landforms-processes, glaciers-ice-sheets, land-surface, national-geospatial-data-asset, ngda, sea-ice
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
GPM Ground Validation NASA ER-2 Navigation Data IPHEx V1

The GPM Ground Validation NASA ER-2 Navigation Data IPHEx dataset was gathered during the GPM Ground Validation Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) in North Carolina. The ER-2 Aircraft flew during the IPHEx field campaign to aid in GPM validation. The science instruments onboard the aircraft acted as a proxy for GPM satellite instruments. Twenty-one ER-2 flights occurred during May 1, 2014 through June 14, 2014. The dataset consists of navigation data, as well as meteorological parameters collected by an on-board navigation recorder every second of the flight. The data are available in ASCII  and XML formats.

Tags: atmosphere, atmospheric-temperature, atmospheric-winds, earth-science, platform-characteristics, spectral-engineering
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
OCO-3 Level 2 geolocated XCO2 retrievals results, physical model, Forward Processing V11 (OCO3_L2_Standard) at GES DISC

Version 11 is the current version of the data set. Older versions will no longer be available and are superseded by Version 11.

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory -3 (OCO-3) was deployed to the International Space Station in May, 2019. It is technically a single instrument, almost identical to OCO-2.

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory is the first NASA mission designed to collect space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to characterize the processes controlling its buildup in the atmosphere.

OCO-3 incorporates three high-resolution spectrometers that make coincident measurements of reflected sunlight in the near-infrared CO2 near 1.61 and 2.06 micrometers and in molecular oxygen (O2) A-Band at 0.76 micrometers. The three spectrometers have different characteristics and are calibrated independently. 

Oxygen-A Band cloud screening algorithm is one of the primary cloud screening tools implemented in the operational OCO processing pipeline. The algorithm was introduced and applied to early GOSAT data  with further analysis performed on OCO-2 simulations.

The OCO ABO2 algorithm employs a fast Bayesian retrieval to estimate surface pressure and surface albedo from high resolution spectra of the molecular oxygen (O2) A-band, near 0.765 µm. The radiative transfer forward model (FM) assumes a clear-sky condition, i.e. Rayleigh scattering only, such that differences between the modeled and measured radiances are apparent when the measurement scene contains cloud or aerosol.

Tags: atmosphere, atmospheric-chemistry, earth-science
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus: 1:10 million-scale Altimetry Quadrangles: Helen

This set of maps diplays altimetric radar images of Venus approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Tags: altimetry, imagery, images, planets, quadrangles, radar, usgs, venus, working-group-for-planetary-system-nomenclature
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) CPEX V1

The Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) CPEX dataset consists of ice probability, wind speed, and wind direction estimates collected by the ASCAT. The ASCAT is onboard the MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites and uses radar to measure the electromagnetic backscatter from the wind-roughened ocean surface, from which data on wind speed and direction can be derived. These data were gathered during the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign. CPEX collected data to help answer questions about convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation in the North Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. These data files are available from May 24, 2017 through July 16, 2017 in netCDF-3 format.

Tags: atmosphere, atmospheric-winds, earth-science, precipitation
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Suomi-NPP VIIRS Level-3 Global Mapped 11µm Daytime Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Data, version R2016.2

The Visible and Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a multi-disciplinary instrument that is being flown on the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series of spacecraft, including the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) that launched in October 2011.  JPSS is a multi-platform, multi-agency program that consolidates the polar orbiting spacecraft of NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).  S-NPP is the initial spacecraft in this series, and VIIRS is the successor to MODIS for Earth science data product generation.  VIIRS has 22 spectral bands ranging from 412 nm to 12 nm.  There are 16 moderate-resolution bands (750m at nadir), 5 image-resolution bands (375m), and one day-night band (DNB).

Tags: earth-science, ocean-temperature, oceans
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Distributed Diagnosis in Uncertain Environments Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks

This paper presents a distributed Bayesian fault diagnosis scheme for physical systems. Our diagnoser design is based on a procedure for factoring the global system bond graph (BG) into a set of structurally observable bond graph fac- tors (BG-Fs). Each BG-F is systematically translated into a corresponding DBN Factor (DBN-F), which is then used in its corresponding local diagnoser for quantitative fault detec- tion, isolation, and identification. By construction, the ran- dom variables in each DBN-F are conditionally independent of the random variables in all other DBN-Fs, given a subset of communicated measurements considered as system inputs. Each DBN-F and BG-F pair is used to derive a local diag- noser that generates globally correct diagnosis results by lo- cal analysis. Together, the local diagnosers diagnose all single faults of interest in the system. We demonstrate on an electri- cal system how our distributed diagnosis scheme is compu- tationally more efficient than its centralized counterpart, but without compromising the accuracy of the diagnosis results.

Tags: ames, dashlink, nasa
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
BUV/Nimbus-4 Level 1 Radiance and Housekeeping Data in Telemetry Units V001 (BUVN4L1PDB) at GES DISC

The Nimbus-4 BUV Level-1 Radiance and Housekeeping Data in Telemetry Units collection contains the raw counts measured by the Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer every 32 seconds at 12 wavelengths between 250 and 340 nm during the daylit orbit portion. The data collection also contains ephemeris data, experiment subsystem status information, and spacecraft housekeeping and orbit data. This data collection was used to create the Level 1 Radiance U-Tape or RUT product.

The data were originally created on IBM 360 machines and archived on magnetic tapes. The data have been restored from the tapes and are now archived on disk in their original IBM binary file format. Each file contains about one orbit of data. The data files consist of 850 2-byte word records which are blocked in up to ten records. The first record in the file is the header record, followed by a series of data records, and ends with a trailer record. A typical orbit file is about 260 kB in size.

The BUV instrument was operational from April 10, 1970 until May 6, 1977. In July 1972 the Nimbus-4 solar power array partially failed such that BUV operations were curtailed. Thus data collected in the later years was increasingly sparse, particularly in the equatorial region.

This product was previously available from the NSSDC with the identifier ESAC-00024 (old ID 70-025A-05E).

Tags: earth-science, spectral-engineering, ultraviolet-wavelengths
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
COMPLEX NETWORKS IN CLIMATE SCIENCE: PROGRESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

COMPLEX NETWORKS IN CLIMATE SCIENCE:
PROGRESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
KARSTEN STEINHAEUSER, NITESH V. CHAWLA, AND AUROOP R. GANGULY

Abstract. Networks have been used to describe and model a wide range of complex systems,
both natural as well as man-made. One particularly interesting application in the earth sciences
is the use of complex networks to represent and study the global climate system. In this paper,
we motivate this general approach, explain the basic methodology, report on the state of the art
(including our contributions), and outline open questions and opportunities for future research.

Tags: ames, dashlink, nasa
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
AMSR-E/AMSR2 Unified L3 Global Monthly 25 km EASE-Grid Snow Water Equivalent V001

This AMSR-E/AMSR2 Unified Level-3 (L3) data set provides monthly mean estimates of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE). SWE was derived from brightness temperature measurements acquired by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) instrument on board the JAXA GCOM-W1 satellite. 

The SWE data is rendered to an azimuthal 25 km Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE-Grid) for both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

Note: This data set uses JAXA AMSR2 Level-1R (L1R) input brightness temperatures that are calibrated, or unified, across the JAXA AMSR-E and JAXA AMSR2 L1R products.

Tags: cryosphere, earth-science, snow-ice, terrestrial-hydrosphere
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
GPM GROUND VALIDATION PLUVIO PRECIPITATION GAUGE GCPEX V1

The GPM Ground Validation Pluvio Precipitation Gauge GCPEx dataset contains both one minute measurements and a cumulative record of the accumulation and intensity for liquid, solid, and mixed precipitation collected during the GPM Cold-season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx). GCPEx addressed shortcomings in the GPM snowfall retrieval algorithm by collecting microphysical properties, associated remote sensing observations, and coordinated model simulations of precipitating snow.  GCPEx took place in Ontario, Canada uring the winter season of December 2011 through February 2012 where data was collected at five sites: CARE, Huronia, Steamshow, Skydive and Morton.

Tags: atmosphere, earth-science, precipitation
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
High-contrast Nulling Interferometry Techniques Project

"We are developing rotating-baseline nulling-interferometry techniques and algorithms on the single-aperture Hale and Keck telescopes at near-infrared wavelengths, aimed at the detection of faint emission close to bright stars. Our experiments are aimed at developing simple and robust nulling interferometer systems, that will be useful in the short term for unique observations of faint exozodiacal emission and exoplanets very close to nearby stars, and in the long term for refining and simplifying potential nulling-interferometer-based space missions. Here we propose significant sensitivity, stability, dispersion-reduction and statistical-analysis upgrades to  our nulling interferometer systems so as to take our nulling work from the earlier ""basic physics demonstration"" phase to the ""ultimate limiting performance"" stage.



 Several planned upgrades to our nulling systems will enable forefront nulling capabilities at very low cost.  First, we plan to improve the sensitivity of our Palomar Fiber Nuller by two orders of magnitude by replacing our current very modest detector with a much more sensitive IR camera inherited from the Palomar Testbed Interferometer. Second, we plan to improve our fringe stability through a series of upgrades. We will make use of the P3K extreme adaptive optics capability to come on line at Palomar mid-2011 to enable ~ 70 -100 nm stability between subapertures, and also extremely good fiber-coupling stability, together allowing very deep nulls to be measured. We will also upgrade our own post-adaptive optics fringe tracker and implement a novel fluctuation-tolerant fringe tracker algorithm.  Third, we will further develop and test novel data reduction algorithms based on the statistics of the null-depth fluctuations to measure accurate astrophysical nulls to levels much deeper than our stabilization level would otherwise allow. Finally, we will also implement a number of dispersion reduction techniques to improve broadband operation an

Tags: active, project
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Sentinel-3A OLCI Level-4 Global Mapped Apparent Visible Wavelength (AVW) Data, version 2022.0

The Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) is the successor to ENVISAT's Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) having additional spectral channels, different camera arrangements and simplified on-board processing. The OLCI is a push-broom instrument with five camera modules sharing the field of view. The field of view of the five cameras is arranged in a fan-shaped configuration in the vertical plane, perpendicular to the platform velocity. Each camera has an individual field of view of 14.2° and a 0.6° overlap with its neighbors. The whole field of view is shifted across track by 12.6° away from the sun to minimize the impact of sun glint. OLCI is equipped with on-board calibration hardware based on sun diffusers. There are three sun diffusers--two 'white' diffusers dedicated to radiometric calibration and one dedicated to spectral calibration, with spectral reflectance features. The native resolution is approximately 300m, refered to as Full Resolution (FR). A Reduced Resolution (RR) processing mode provides Level-1B data at sampling rates decreased by a factor of four in both spatial dimensions resulting to resolution of approximately 1.2 km.

Tags: earth-science, spectral-engineering, visible-wavelengths
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Sentinel-3A OLCI Level-2 Regional Earth-observation Full Resolution (EFR) Inherent Optical Properties (IOP) - Near Real-time (NRT) Data, version R2022.0

The Ocean Biology DAAC produces near real-time (quicklook) products using the best-available combination of ancillary data from meteorological and ozone data. As such, the inputs and the calibration used are less than optimal. Quicklook products provide a snapshot of the data during a short time period within a single orbit.

Tags: earth-science, ocean-optics, oceans
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Aqua MODIS Level-3 Global Binned 11µm Nighttime Sea Surface Temperature (NSST) - Near Real-time (NRT) Data, version R2019.0

The Ocean Biology DAAC produces near real-time (quicklook) products using the best-available combination of ancillary data from meteorological and ozone data. As such, the inputs and the calibration used are less than optimal. Quicklook products provide a snapshot of the data during a short time period within a single orbit.

Tags: earth-science, national-geospatial-data-asset, ngda, ocean-temperature, oceans
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
IceBridge LDEO Gravimeter Suite L1B Geolocated Free Air Gravity Anomalies V001

This data set contains gravity measurements taken over Greenland and Antarctica by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) Gravimeter Suite. The data were collected as part of Operation IceBridge funded campaigns.

Tags: earth-science, gravity-gravitational-field, solid-earth
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration