AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
SAFARI 2000 AERONET-derived Diffuse Spectral Irradiance for Eight Core Sites

This data set contains monthly mean values of diffuse irradiance fraction [f(Ediff), or ratio of diffuse-to-total irradiance] at ground level for a 30-degree solar zenith angle and in seven spectral bands (MODIS bands 1-7) as well broadband visible (400-700 nm), near-infrared (700-3000 nm) and shortwave (400-3000 nm). Values are provided for eight SAFARI 2000 core sites, including Ghanzi/Okwa River Crossing, Maun (Main and Floodplain Towers), Pandamatenga, and Tshane, Botswana; Skukuza, South Africa; Etosha National Park, Namibia; and Mongu, Zambia. The fractions were estimated with the 6S radiative transfer model, given the mean aerosol optical depth (AOT) values from AERONET sunphotometer measurements. Where sunphotometers were not deployed at a SAFARI 2000 core site, the nearest neighbor sunphotometer data were used. A rough estimate of the likely spatial extrapolation error is provided. These data can be used to estimate typical surface albedo (blue sky conditions) from the theoretical black-sky and white-sky albedo values provided in the MODIS albedo product (MOD43), as well as in other applications.Data for all eight sites are contained in one ASCII file, in csv format. The data file provides the ratio of diffuse (atmospherically-scattered) irradiance to total irradiance, both at ground level, for the eight sites in southern Africa. Mean values are provided for each of 12 months in 10 spectral bands between 0.4 and 4.0 microns, computed for a 30-degree solar zenith angle. The native resolution of the AERONET sunphotometer data varies, but is typically less than 1 hour. Information about the site location, IGBP classification, and nearest AERONET sunphotometer site is also provided.

Tags: earth-science-aerosols-atmosphere-aerosol-optical-depth-thickness, earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-albedo, earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-solar-irradiance
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Cloud Absorption Radiometer BRDF, Dry Season 2000

This record links to the web page for the Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) data for the SAFARI 2000 project. Twenty-one flights were undertaken over Southern Africa during the study. Flight track maps, browse images, and Convair CV-580 flight logs are available on this web site.The Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) is an airborne multi-wavelength scanning radiometer that can perform several functions including: determining the single scattering albedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared; measuring the angular distribution of scattered radiation; measuring bidirectional reflectance of various surface types; and acquiring imagery of cloud and Earth surface features. The CAR instrument was developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center by Dr. Michael King. The CAR now operates from a position mounted in the improved nose cone on a Convair CV-580. In addition to its traditional starboard viewing mode, the CAR instrument can be operated in zenith viewing, nadir viewing, and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) mode; and can be switched between each of these four modes during flight.The CAR has been deployed on a regular basis in field campaigns around the world including deployments to Portugal (Azores), Brazil, Kuwait, the conterminous United States, Alaska, and various countries in southern Africa. During typical research field campaigns, the CAR is flown in concert with an array of cloud microphysics, aerosol, atmospheric chemistry, and general meteorological instruments under the direction of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington.

Tags: earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-reflectance
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 BRDF Measurements at Sua Pan and Skukuza, Dry Season 2000

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) Portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisition of Bidirectional Observation of the Land and Atmosphere (PARABOLA), version III, instrument collected radiance data covering both the upwelling and downwelling hemispheres at the Sua Pan salt playa in the Magkadigkadi region of Botswana and at the Skukuza tower site in the Kruger National Park, South Africa between August 25 and October 2, 2000 during in the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Aircraft Campaign. PARABOLA III is a sphere-scanning radiometer that provides multi-angle measurements of sky and ground radiances on a spherical grid of 5 degrees in the zenith-to-nadir and azimuthal planes in eight spectral channels (444, 551, 581, 650, 860, 944, 1028, and 1650 nm). The experiment was designed to collect data necessary for multi-angle top-of-atmosphere radiance predictions for a vicarious calibration of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument aboard the Terra satellite. Four of the PARABOLA channels (444, 551, 650, and 860 nm) are similar to those of the MISR sensor. Measurements were made on cloud-free days of Terra satellite overpasses.Each data file contains radiance counts (ASCII integer values) for 8 bands for each 3-minute data collection. Zenith and azimuth angles are implied by radiance count positions in file. Additional files contain average dark current readings, empirically determined by covering the detectors. The data can be processed to radiance using a series of second order polynomial fit coefficients, provided in the documentation file, and dark current offset. Site-specific auxiliary information is also provided, for each date of PARABOLA data collection.

Tags: earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-anisotropy, earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-incoming-solar-radiation, earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-reflectance
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Digital Elevation Model, 1-km (GLOBE)

This data set consists of a southern African subset of the Global Land One-Kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) digital elevation model (DEM) data in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats. The Global Land One-Kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) digital elevation model (DEM) is a global data set with horizontal grid spacing of 30 arc-seconds (0.008333... degrees) in latitude and longitude, resulting in dimensions of 21,600 rows and 43,200 columns. At the Equator a degree of latitude is about 111 kilometers. GLOBE has 120 values per degree, giving GLOBE slightly better than 1-km gridding at the Equator, with progressively finer gridding longitudinally toward the Poles. The horizontal coordinate system is seconds of latitude and longitude referenced to World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84). The vertical units represent elevation in meters above Mean Sea Level. The elevation values range from -407 to 8,752 meters on land. In GLOBE Version 1.0, ocean areas have been masked as no data and have been assigned a value of -500. Because of the nature of the raster structure of the DEM, small islands in the ocean less than approximately 1 square kilometer (specifically, those that are not characterized by at least one 30 grid cell and/or do not have coastlines digitized into Digital Chart of the World or World Vector Shoreline) may not be represented. More information about the procedure used to create the southern African subset is described in the accompanying file ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/safari2k/almanac/globe_dem/comp/so_africa_dem_readme.pdf.

Tags: earth-science-topography-land-surface-terrain-elevation
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Biomass Burning Emissions, Selected Sites, Dry Season 2000

Biomass burning is a major source for gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollution over southern Africa and globally. The purpose of this study was to quantify biomass burning emissions in an attempt to better understand and predict associated environmental impacts. Sixty biomass burning experiments were carried out November 2000-January 2001 in three regions of southern Africa that are representative of major regional ecosystem types: Etosha National Park (Namibia), Kruger National Park (South Africa), and woodland sites in Zambia and Malawi. Organic halogen-containing gases were measured in the exhaust of these fires as well as the smoke mixing ratios of CO, CO2, NOx, CH4 and N2O. Fuel and ash samples were analyzed for elemental composition. These data allow investigators to assess the elemental mass balance for each experimental burn as well as the corresponding emission factors for individual compounds as functions of the biofuel composition.This data set contains four types of data:Baseline data for individual fires (time-series engineering data and mixing ratios and mass fluxes of CO, CO2 and NOx);Elemental analyses of fuel and ash (C, N, S, P, Cl, Br, I, K, Ca, Na, and Mg content of biofuel samples and ash);Flux data (integrated mass fluxes of CO, CO2, NOx and total mass of burned elements relative to the fuel element and the above fuel analyses);Emissions data (emissions of NH3, SO2, CH3COOH, HCOOH, HCl, HONO, and HNO3 and inorganic Cl and Br; ionic and elemental compositions of particles; and emissions of CO2, CO and NOx for different types of biofuel).

Tags: earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-carbon-and-hydrocarbon-compounds-atmospheric-car, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-carbon-and-hydrocarbon-compounds-methane, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-halocarbons-and-halogens-halocarbons, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-nitrogen-compounds-nitrogen-oxides, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-nitrogen-compounds-nitrous-oxide, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-sulfur-compounds-sulfur-dioxide, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-trace-elements-trace-metals, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-trace-gases-trace-species, earth-science-ecological-dynamics-biosphere-fire-ecology-fire-dynamics, earth-science-ecological-dynamics-biosphere-fire-ecology-fire-occurrence, earth-science-environmental-impacts-human-dimensions-biomass-burning
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 AOT and Column Water Vapor, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000

The data presented here include the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and column water vapor measurements taken at sites along the Kalahari Transect using a Microtops sunphotometer. Data were collected every 30 minutes at 4 sites that were visited during the SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Wet Season Campaign between March 3, 2000 and March 18, 2000. AOT values are provided at 340, 440, 675, 870, and 936 nm wavelengths. An estimate of the Angstrom Coefficient is also provided to allow the estimation of AOT at other wavelengths.The purpose of this data collection was primarily for documentation of the conditions at each site and to aid in the correction of remote sensing data, for validation of Earth Observation System (EOS) products such as MODIS and MISR aerosol products, and for modeling of canopy productivity.

Tags: earth-science-aerosols-atmosphere-aerosol-optical-depth-thickness, earth-science-atmospheric-water-vapor-atmosphere-water-vapor-indicators-water-vapor
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Derived Soil Properties, 0.5-Deg (ISRIC-WISE)

The data set consists of a southern Africa subset of the ISRIC-WISE global data set of derived soil properties. The World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials (WISE) database currently contains data for over 4300 soil profiles collected mostly between 1950 and 1995. This database has been used to generate a series of uniform data sets of derived soil properties for each of the 106 soil units considered in the Soil Map of the World (FAO-UNESCO, 1974). These data sets were then linked to a 1/2 degree longitude by 1/2 degree latitude version of the edited and digital Soil Map of the World (FAO, 1995) to generate GIS raster image files for the following variables: total available water capacity (mm water per 1 m soil depth); soil organic carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-30 cm depth range); soil organic carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-100 cm depth range); soil carbonate carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-100 cm depth range); soil pH (0-30 cm depth range); and soil pH (30-100 cm depth range). More information can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/safari2k/soils/ISRIC-WISE_soil_properties/comp/isric_readme.pdf.

Tags: earth-science-soils-land-surface-carbon, earth-science-soils-land-surface-organic-matter, earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-chemistry, earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-moisture-water-content, earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-ph, earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-porosity
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 JRA Aerocommander Trace Gas, Aerosol, and CCN Data, Dry Season 2000

As part of the 3rd Intensive Campaign of SAFARI 2000, the South African Weather Bureau Aerocommander, JRA, flew 19 missions, for a total of 28 separate flights conducted between August 15th and September 7th, 2000. JRA worked closely with the other Aerocommander, JRA, and was dedicated to the measurement of trace gas and aerosol properties. A suite of trace analyzers (for O3, SO2, CO and NO), laser aerosol probes and atmospheric probes were present for all flights. Other instruments and sampling units present for some of the flights included, a nephelometer (Elias), CO flasks (Novelli) for MOPITT validation purposes, and VOC canisters for the collection and characterization of volatile organic compounds present over various land surface types.

Tags: earth-science-aerosols-atmosphere-aerosol-extinction, earth-science-aerosols-atmosphere-aerosol-particle-properties, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-carbon-and-hydrocarbon-compounds-atmospheric-car, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-nitrogen-compounds-nitric-oxide, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-oxygen-compounds-atmospheric-ozone, earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-sulfur-compounds-sulfur-dioxide, earth-science-atmospheric-pressure-atmosphere-atmospheric-pressure-measurements, earth-science-atmospheric-temperature-atmosphere-surface-temperature-air-temperature, earth-science-atmospheric-water-vapor-atmosphere-water-vapor-indicators-humidity
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Carbon in Live Vegetation, 0.5-Deg (Olson)

This data set is a subset of Olson's Major World Ecosystem Complexes for southern Africa in ASCII GRID and binary image files formats. Olson's Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation is a computerized database, used to generate a global vegetation map of 44 different land ecosystem complexes (mosaics of vegetation or landscapes) comprising seven broad groups. The map is derived from patterns of preagricultural vegetation, modern areal surveys, and intensive biomass data from research sites. Work on the database was begun in 1960 and completed in 1980. Ecosystem complexes are defined for each 0.5-degree grid cell, reflecting the major climatic, topographic, and land-use patterns. Numeric codes are assigned to each vegetation type. Classifications include natural as well as human managed/modified complexes such as mainly cropped, residential, commercial, and park. The complexes are ranked by estimated organic carbon in the mass of live plants given in units of kilograms of carbon per square meter. Counting the cells of each type and adding their areas give total area estimates for the ecosystem complexes. Multiplying by carbon estimates gives corresponding estimates of global carbon by ecosystem complex. The results help define the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle. Information about the ecosystem classifications, as well as the procedure used to create the southern Africa subset can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/safari2k/vegetation_wetlands/olson/comp/olson_README.pdf.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-biomass, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-carbon, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-cover
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 AVHRR-derived Land Surface Temperature Maps, Africa, 1995-2000

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a key indicator of land surface states, and can provide information on surface-atmosphere heat and mass fluxes, vegetation water stress, and soil moisture. A daily, day and night, LST data set for continental Africa, including Madagascar, was derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Area Coverage (GAC; 4 km resolution) data for the 6-year lifetime of the NOAA-14 satellite (from 1995 to 2000) using a modified version of the Global Inventory Mapping and Monitoring System (GIMMS) (Tucker et al., 1994). The data were projected into Albers Equal Area and aggregated to 8 km spatial resolution. The data were cloud-filtered with CLAVR-1 algorithm (Stowe et al., 1999). The LST values were estimated with a split-window technique (Ulivieri et al., 1994) that takes advantage of differential absorption of the thermal infrared signal in bands 4 and 5. The emissivity of the surface was generated using a land cover classification map (Hansen et al., 2000) combined with the FAO soil map of Africa (FAO-UNESCO, 1977) and additional maps of tree, herbaceous, and bare soil percent cover (DeFries et al., 2000). Collateral products include cloud mask, time-of-scan, latitude and longitude, and land/water mask files.The data are in flat binary files. Each data file contains 1152 columns and 1152 rows, in signed integer format (2 bytes), with 8 km by 8 km spatial resolution. A unique map exists for each day and each night of the 6-year NOAA-14 lifetime. The data are best used to infer broad temporal and spatial trends rather than pixel-by-pixel values.

Tags: earth-science-atmospheric-radiation-atmosphere-emissivity, earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-surface-thermal-properties-land-surface-land-surface-temperature
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Daily Rainfall Estimates, 0.1-Deg, Southern Africa, 1993-2001

The Microwave InfraRed Algorithm (MIRA) is used to produce an imagery data set of daily mean rain rates at 0.1 degree spatial resolution over southern Africa for the period 1993-2001. MIRA combines passive microwave (PMW) from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) on board the DMSP F10 and F14 satellites at a resolution of 0.5 degrees and infrared (IR) data from the Meteosat 4, 5, 6, and 7 satellites in 2-hour slots at a resolution of 5 km. This approach accounts for the limitations of both data types in estimating precipitation. Rainfall estimates are produced at the high spatial and temporal frequency of the IR data using rainfall information from the PMW data. An IR/rain rate relationship, variable in space and time, is derived from coincident observations of IR and PMW rain rate (accumulated over a calibration domain) using the probability matching method. The IR/rain rate relationship is then applied to IR imagery at full temporal resolution. The results presented here are the daily means of those derived rain rates at 0.1 degree spatial resolution.The rainfall data sets are flat binary images with no headers. They are compressed band sequential (bsq) files that contain all of the daily images for the given year. Each image is an array of 341 lines, each with 401 binary floating-point numbers, containing rainfall at 0.1 degree resolution for the area 10 to 50 degrees longitude and 0 to -34 degrees latitude. The number of band sequential images in each annual file and the associated dates can be found in the file MIRA_data_dates.csv.

Tags: earth-science-infrared-wavelengths-spectral-engineering-brightness-temperature, earth-science-microwave-spectral-engineering-microwave-imagery, earth-science-precipitation-atmosphere-liquid-precipitation-rain
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 ETA Atmospheric Model Data, Wet and Dry Seasons 2000

With modern computer power now capable of making mesoscale model output available in real time in the operational environment, increased attention has been given to utilizing these models in order to improve the forecasting ability of meteorologists. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) has developed a step-mountain eta coordinate model generally known as the ETA Model.This NCEP ETA data assimilation and prediction system (see Mesinger et al., 1988; Black, 1994) has been used by the South African Weather Bureau/Service (SAWS) to provide operational regional forecast guidance since November 1993. SAWS used this model to produce the basic meteorological data for the SAFARI project. The SAWS ETA model is a hydrostatic model with a horizontal grid spacing of approximately 48 km and 38 vertical levels, with layer depths that range from 20 m in the planetary boundary layer to 2 km at 50 mb. There have been several major ETA Model upgrades at SAWS: in March 1996, August 1998, November 1999, and August 2001.

Tags: earth-science-altitude-atmosphere-geopotential-height, earth-science-atmospheric-pressure-atmosphere-atmospheric-pressure-measurements, earth-science-atmospheric-temperature-atmosphere-surface-temperature-air-temperature, earth-science-atmospheric-temperature-atmosphere-surface-temperature-potential-temperature, earth-science-atmospheric-water-vapor-atmosphere-water-vapor-indicators-humidity, earth-science-atmospheric-water-vapor-atmosphere-water-vapor-indicators-total-precipitable-wate, earth-science-atmospheric-winds-atmosphere-surface-winds-u-v-wind-components, earth-science-atmospheric-winds-atmosphere-upper-level-winds, earth-science-clouds-atmosphere-cloud-properties-cloud-frequency, earth-science-precipitation-atmosphere-precipitation-amount
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
SAFARI 2000 Historical Fire Maps, Kruger National Park, 1992-2001

Kruger National Park (KNP) was established in 1898 to protect wildlife on nearly 2 million hectares of the South African Lowveld. The climate in this region of South Africa is subtropical, with hot summers and warm, dry winters. Summer rains fall between October and March.Savanna fires are common in the South African Lowveld during the dry season. The two primary sources of fire ignition, historically and currently, are human activity and lightning.This data set contains a record of all fires observed in the Kruger National Park for each of the 10 fire years from 1992 to 2001. The data were compiled from various sources, including old fire records in hardcopy and vector form, as well as satellite imagery. The data product consists of a polygon map (GIS shapefile format) of Kruger National Park and a cross-referenced database of fire information associated with all mapped units. The fire information includes the date and time when the fire started (if known); the cause of the fire; the person, group or phenomenon (e.g. lightning) that started the fire; the purpose for which the fire was lit (if relevant); an estimate of the fire intensity aggregated over the whole fire; the extent of the area burnt in hectares; and the perimeter of the area burnt in kilometers. The database file can be viewed with a text editor and can also be imported into common spreadsheet applications.

Tags: earth-science-ecological-dynamics-biosphere-fire-ecology-fire-occurrence, earth-science-ecosystems-biosphere-terrestrial-ecosystems-savannas, earth-science-natural-hazards-human-dimensions-wildfires
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration