AndreaBozzo/ceres-open-data-index huggingface dataset:
LBA-ECO CD-01 Simulated Atmospheric Circulation, CO2 Variation, Tapajos: August 2001

We have investigated mesoscale variations of atmospheric CO2 over a heterogeneous landscape of forests, pastures, and large rivers during the Santarem Mesoscale Campaign (SMC) of August 2001. The variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration were simulated using the Colorado State University (CSU) Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with four nested grids that included a 1-km finest grid centered on the Flona Tapajos. Surface fluxes of CO2 were prescribed in the model using idealized diurnal cycles over forest and pasture vegetation derived from flux tower observations, and over surface water using a value suggested by in situ measurements in the Amazon region. The distribution of vegetation types was derived from the 1-km International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land-cover dataset version 2.0. Our simulation ran from the 1st through the 15th of August 2001, which was concurrent with the SMC. Evaluation against flux tower observations and the SMC field measurements shows that, in many respects, the model captures observed meteorological variables and CO2 concentrations reasonably well. The results also suggest that the local topography, differences in roughness length between water and land, the T shape juxtaposition of Amazon and Tapajos Rivers, and the resulting horizontal and vertical wind shears, all facilitated the generation of local mesoscale circulations. Possible mechanisms producing a lower level convergence line near the east bank of the Tapajos River during strong trade-wind conditions are also explored. Our modeling study is helping us to understand observed patterns of CO2 fluxes and concentration distribution obtained from flux towers and light aircraft.

Tags: earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-carbon-and-hydrocarbon-compounds-atmospheric-car, earth-science-atmospheric-winds-atmosphere-surface-winds, earth-science-atmospheric-winds-atmosphere-upper-level-winds
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO CD-02 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Atmospheric CO2 in the Amazon: 1999-2004

This data set reports carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) collected at several forest and pasture sites and in the free troposphere over Amazonia. There are three comma-delimited ASCII files with this data set. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and isotope signatures were measured at ten different forest and pasture canopy sites across the states of Amazonas, Para, and Rondonia within the Brazilian Amazon between March 1999 and March 2004. Both daytime and nighttime profile samples were collected. Samples of CO2 in the troposphere were collected during aircraft flights over the Amazon/Tapajos Rivers, FLONA Tapajos, and pasture/agriculture areas during five days in May 2003 (wet season). Samples were analyzed for carbon and oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO2. Flights ranged from low altitudes to above the diurnal tropospheric boundary layer. Measurements of carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are a powerful indicator of large-scale CO2 exchange on land across multiple spatial scales. Stable carbon isotope composition of leaf tissue and CO2 released by respiration (delta r) can be used as an estimate of changes in ecosystem isotopic discrimination that occur in response to seasonal and interannual changes in environmental conditions, and land-use change (forest-pasture conversion). Understanding of carbon dioxide stable isotope composition can play a central role in influencing our understanding of the extent to which terrestrial ecosystems are carbon sinks.

Tags: earth-science-atmospheric-chemistry-atmosphere-carbon-and-hydrocarbon-compounds-atmospheric-car, earth-science-ecological-dynamics-biosphere-ecosystem-functions-biogeochemical-cycles
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO CD-01 Meteorological Data, Tapajos and Amazon Rivers, Santarem, Brazil: 2001

This data set contains meteorological data collected around the confluence of the Tapajos River with the Amazon River in the Amazon Basin near Santarem, Brazil, in July and August 2001. Boundary layer and upper air measurements were collected with an acoustic sounder-sodar instrument, pilot balloons with optical theodolites, and radiosondes. Radiosondes also measured pressure, temperature, and relative humidity in addition to wind speed and direction. Measurements were made from five local stations at varying frequencies. There are 41 comma-delimited data files with this data set. Supporting information provided with the data set as companion files include: Weather forecasts: Weather forecasts were used to determine the presence of favorable conditions for the balloon flights during the CIRSAN experiment, as well as to help decide the radiosonde launch frequency. The daily observed and forecast weather descriptions for the study period (Weather_forecasts_Santarem.txt) are included. Satellite images: All the satellite images during the CIRSAN period are provided. This is a compilation of images from various instruments and satellite platforms. (See readme_sat.txt). There are 42 images in .gif format. CPTEC Analysis files: The CIRSAN measurement data were used in the CPTEC Global Analysis modeling activity. Model output results for the Pacific and South American region are provided in GRIB format. (See readme_GPSA.txt)

Tags: earth-science-aerosols-atmosphere-aerosol-radiance, earth-science-atmospheric-pressure-atmosphere, earth-science-atmospheric-temperature-atmosphere-atmospheric-stability, earth-science-atmospheric-temperature-atmosphere-surface-temperature-air-temperature, earth-science-atmospheric-temperature-atmosphere-upper-air-temperature-vertical-profiles, earth-science-atmospheric-water-vapor-atmosphere-water-vapor-indicators-humidity, earth-science-atmospheric-winds-atmosphere-upper-level-winds
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Iron in the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUCFe)

Measurements made by the RV Kilo Moana in 2006 of the EUCFe (Iron in the Equatorial Undercurrent) in 2006.

Tags: earth-science-ocean-chemistry-oceans, earth-science-ocean-optics-oceans, earth-science-ocean-temperature-oceans, earth-science-salinity-density-oceans
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional River Discharge Data (Coe and Olejniczak)

This data set is a subset of a global river discharge data set by Coe and Olejniczak (1999). The subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W). The global river discharge data set (Coe and Olejniczak 1999), formerly known as the "Climate, People, and Environment Program (CPEP) Global River Discharge Database," is a compilation of monthly mean discharge data for more than 2600 sites worldwide. The data were compiled from RivDIS Version 1.1 (Vorosmarty et al. 1998), the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Brazilian National Department of Water and Electrical Energy. The period of record for the sites varies from 3 years to greater than 100. The purpose of the global compilation is to provide detailed hydrographic information for the climate research community in as general a format as possible. Data are given in units of meters cubed per second (m**3/sec) and are in ASCII format. Data from stations that had less than 3 years of information or that had a basin area less than 5000 square kilometers were excluded from the global data set. Thus, the data sources may include more sites than the data set by Coe and Olejniczak (1999). Users should refer to the data originators for further documentation on the source data. More information, a map of discharge sites, and a clickable site data table can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/surf_hydro_and_water_chem/sage/comp/sagedischarge_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. Further information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

Tags: earth-science-surface-water-terrestrial-hydrosphere-surface-water-features-rivers-streams, earth-science-surface-water-terrestrial-hydrosphere-surface-water-processes-measurements-discha
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional Wetlands Data Set, 1-Degree (Matthews and Fung)

This database, compiled by Matthews and Fung (1987), provides information on the distribution and environmental characteristics of natural wetlands. The database was developed to evaluate the role of wetlands in the annual emission of methane from terrestrial sources. The original data consists of five global 1-degree latitude by 1-degree longitude arrays. This subset, for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America, retains all five arrays at the 1-degree resolution but only for the area of interest (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N). The arrays are (1) wetland data source, (2) wetland type, (3) fractional inundation, (4) vegetation type, and (5) soil type. The data subsets are in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.The data base is the result of the integration of three independent digital sources: (1) vegetation classified according to the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) system (Matthews, 1983), (2) soil properties from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil maps (Zobler, 1986), and (3) fractional inundation in each 1-degree cell compiled from a global map survey of Operational Navigation Charts (ONC). With vegetation, soil, and inundation characteristics of each wetland site identified, the data base has been used for a coherent and systematic estimate of methane emissions from wetlands and for an analysis of the causes for uncertainties in the emission estimate.The complete global data base is available from NASA/GISS [http://www.giss.nasa.gov] and NCAR data set ds765.5 [http://www.ncar.ucar.edu]; the global vegetation types data are available from ORNL DAAC [http://www.daac.ornl.gov].

Tags: earth-science-soils-land-surface-soil-classification, earth-science-surface-water-terrestrial-hydrosphere-surface-water-features-wetlands, earth-science-surface-water-terrestrial-hydrosphere-surface-water-processes-measurements-inunda, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-cover
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO CD-02 Leaf Water Potential, Forest and Pasture Sites, Para, Brazil: 2000-2001

Data are reported for leaf water potential of leaves of seven species of trees and lianas from the primary forest at the km 67 Tower Site, Tapajos National Forest, and measurements of five sapling tree species and the grass Brachiaria brizantha from a pasture site located near the km 77 Pasture Tower Site, approximately 10 km from the primary forest site. The research area is situated within the Tapajos National Forest reserve, south of the city of Santarem, Para, Brazil. Measurements were made quarterly between March 2000 and March 2001. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

Tags: earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-leaf-characteristics
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional Potential Vegetation, 5-min (Ramankutty and Foley)

The data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the 5-min resolution Global Potential Vegetation data set developed by Navin Ramankutty and Jon Foley at the University of Wisconsin. Data are available in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.The original map was derived at a 5-min resolution and contains natural vegetation classified into 15 types. This data set is derived mainly from the DISCover land cover data set, with the regions dominated by land use filled using the vegetation data set of Haxeltine and Prentice (1996). The data set represents the world's potential vegetation (i.e., vegetation that would most likely exist now in the absence of human activities), and not necessarily natural pre-settlement vegetation. This is because human activities such as fire suppression have modified the stages of succession at which vegetation communities exist.More information can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_change/potential_vegetation/comp/README.

Tags: earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-cover
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional Land Cover from AVHRR, 1-km, Version 1.2 (IGBP)

The data set consists of a LBA study area subset of the IGBP DISCover Data Set. The DISCover data set is one data set contained within the Global Land Cover Characteristics Data Base. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) have generated a 1-km resolution global land cover characteristics data base for use in a wide range of environmental research and modeling applications. The global land cover characteristics data base was developed on a continent-by-continent basis. All continental data bases share the same map projections (Interrupted Goode Homolosine and Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area), have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, and are based on 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data spanning April 1992 through March 1993. Each data base contains unique elements based on the geographic aspects of the specific continent. In addition, a core set of derived thematic maps produced through the aggregation of seasonal land cover regions are included in each continental data base. The continental data bases are combined to make six global data sets, each representing a different landscape based on a particular classification legend. The following derived data sets are included in the global land cover data base: * Global Ecosystems (Olson, 1994a, 1994b) * IGBP Land Cover Classification (Belward, 1996) * U.S. Geological Survey Land Use/Land Cover System(Anderson &amp; others, 1976) * Simple Biosphere Model (Sellers and others, 1986) * Simple Biosphere 2 Model (Sellers and others, 1996) * Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (Dickinson and others, 1986) The legends for each of these derived data sets can be found in the documentation accompanying the data. For a description of the methodology for the global data base, see the global readme file found under the EROS Data Center DAAC home page (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html).

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-cover
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional Tree Cover from AVHRR, 1-km, 1992-1993 (DeFries et al.)

The data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the 1km Global Tree Cover Data Set developed at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at the University of Maryland. Data are available in both ASCII GRID and binary image files formats.Characterization of terrestrial vegetation from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the global to regional scale has traditionally been accomplished using classification schemes with discrete numbers of vegetation classes. Representation of vegetation into a limited number of homogeneous classes does not account for the variability within land cover, nor does the portrayal recognize transition zones between adjacent cover types. An alternative paradigm to describing land cover as discrete classes is to represent land cover as continuous fields of vegetation characteristics using a linear mixture model approach. This prototype data set, created by researchers at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at the University of Maryland, contains 1-km cells estimating: 1) Percent tree cover; 2) Percentage cover for two layers representing leaf longevity (evergreen and deciduous); and 3) Percentage cover for two layers estimating leaf type (broadleaf and needleleaf).Data acquired in 1992-93 from NOAA's AVHRR at a 1-km spatial resolution and processed under the guidance of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) were used to derive the tree cover, leaf type and leaf longevity maps. Each pixel in the layers has a value between 10 and 80 percent. These layers can be directly used as parameters in models or aggregated into more conventional land cover maps. For the latter, the product offers the flexibility to derive land cover maps based on user's requirements for a particular application. The product is intended for use in terrestrial carbon cycle models, in conjunction with other spatial data sets such as climate and soil type, to obtain more consistent and reliable estimates of carbon stocks.

Tags: earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-deciduous-vegetation, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-evergreen-vegetation, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-leaf-characteristics, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-cover
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional Historical Croplands, 5-min, 1900-1992 (Ramankutty and Foley)

This data set is a subset of a global croplands data set (Ramankutty and Foley 1999a). The subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W). The data are in ASCII GRID format at 5-min resolution. Navin Ramankutty and Jonathan Foley, of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) at the University of Wisconsin, developed a global, spatially explicit data set of reconstructed historical croplands from 1700 to 1992. The method for historical reconstruction used a simple algorithm that linked contemporary satellite data and historical cropland inventory data. A spatially explicit croplands data set for 1992 was first derived by calibrating a satellite-derived land cover classification data set against cropland inventory data for 1992. This derived data set was then used within a simple land cover change model, along with historical cropland inventory data, to derive spatially explicit maps of historical croplands. The global data set was restricted to a representation of permanent croplands (i.e., excluding shifting cultivation), which follows the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition of arable lands and permanent crops. Data values represent fraction of grid cell in croplands. Data for the LBA study area are available for the years 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 1992. Although the global croplands data set contains data representing croplands since 1700, essentially no croplands were in the LBA study area until 1900. Data from previous years were excluded at the suggestion of the data originator. More information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_land_cover_change/historical_croplands/comp/uwcrop_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

Tags: earth-science-ecosystems-biosphere-anthropogenic-human-influenced-ecosystems-agricultural-lands, earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA-ECO CD-02 Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Stable Isotopes in Organic Material, Brazil

This data set reports the measurement of stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios in organic material (plant, litter and soil samples) in forest canopy profiles and pasture (grasses and shrubs) as well as corresponding carbon and nitrogen tissue concentrations in a number of different sites across Brazil. The sampling design captured the temporal variation in rainfall over the course of several years. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios can act as a proxy for interpreting aspects of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in Amazonian rainforests. Data are in three comma-delimited ASCII files.

Tags: earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-carbon, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-leaf-characteristics, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-litter-characteristics, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-nitrogen
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LBA Regional Land Cover from AVHRR, 1-Degree, 1987 (Defries and Townshend)

This data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the University of Maryland (UMD) 1-degree Global Land Cover product in ASCII GRID and binary image formats.The UMD 1-degree Global Land Cover product was produced by researchers at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at UMD. The product is based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) maximum monthly composites for 1987 of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values at approximately 8-km resolution, averaged to one-by-one degree resolution. This coarse- resolution data set was used as the basis for a supervised classification of eleven cover types that broadly represent the major biomes of the world. Because of missing values at high latitudes, the Pathfinder AVHRR data set for 1987 for summer monthly NDVI and red reflectance values were used to distinguish the following cover types: tundra, high latitude deciduous forest and woodland, coniferous evergreen forest and woodland.The 1-degree global land cover product is available for download from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF)[http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landcover/index.shtml] web site. The data are available as a global coverage in both binary and ASCII format. Additional information and references on this data set can be found at the GLCF web site as well as at the LGRSS web site (link provided at the GLCF web site ) and in the readme file found along with the data [ ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_change/land_cover_data_1deg/comp/README].

Tags: earth-science-ecosystems-biosphere-anthropogenic-human-influenced-ecosystems-agricultural-lands, earth-science-land-use-land-cover-land-surface-land-use-land-cover-classification, earth-science-vegetation-biosphere-vegetation-index
Organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration