Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
Ti kaadu ti danum nga ibbatan ti Amasona idiay Taaw Atlantiko ket adu unay: aginggana iti 300,000 kubiko metro kada segundo (11,000,000 cu ft/s) iti panawen ti katuduan, nga adda ti katimbengan ti 209,000 kubiko metro kada segundo (7,400,000 cu ft/s) manipud idi 1973 agingana idi 1990. Ti Amasona ket karebbengan para iti agarup a 20% ti nasadiwa a danum iti Daga a sumsumrek iti taaw . Ti karayan ket agidurduron iti adu a pluma ti nasadiwa a danum iti taaw. Ti pluma ket 400 kilometro (250 mi) ti kaatiddogna ken baetan ti 100 ken 200 kilometro (62 ken 124 mi) a kalawa. Ti nasadiwa a danum, a nalaglag-an, ket agayus ti rabaw ti danum ti baybay, a mangnawnaw ti kaapgad ken mangbalbaliw ti maris ti rabaw ti taaw iti kalaw ti lugar iti 1,000,000 kuadrado milia (2,600,000 km2). Para kadagiti napalabas a siglo dagiti barko ket nagirepreportada a ti nasadiwa a danum idiay asideg ti sabangan ti Amasona nga adayo a makitkita manipud iti daga ket nangipagpagarupda a daytoy ket ti taaw.

Ti pagsasao a Kilivila (Kiriwina) ket maysa kadagiti sasao a Kilivila–Louisiades iti pamilia nga Austronesio, a naisasao idiay Is-isla Trobriand, Papua Baro a Guinea. Daytoy ket inus-usar kadagiti lokal nga eskuela.

Manipud ti ili ti Canaria idiay nalatak a tikor ti Amasona aginggana iti Negro, dagiti nawatiwat a lugar ti daga ket lumnedda iti nagato a danum, nga iti ngato ket agparang laeng dagiti tuktok dagiti kayo ti kabakiran. Idiay asideg ti sabangan ti Rio Negro aginggana idiay Serpa, ken gangani a kasumbangir ti karayan Madeira, dagiti igid ti Amasona ket ababa, aginggana intono umasideg idiay Manaus, ngumatoda tapno agbalinda kadagiti agkupkupin a turod. Idiay Óbidos, ti derraas iti 17 m (56 ft) iti ngato ti karayan ket nalikudan babaen dagiti ababa a turod. Ti ab-ababa nga Amasona ket mabalin idi a maysa a golpo ti Taaw Atlantiko, ken dagiti danumna ket dinalusanna dagiti derraas idiay asideg ti Óbidos.

Ti plano ti panangibilang ti telepono ket maysa a kita iti pamay-an ti panangibilang nga inus-usar iti telekomunikasion tapno maikkan dagiti numero ti telepono kadagiti agsuskribir ken ti panagidalan dagiti panagtawag ti maysa a reddek ti telepono. Ti maysa a nametmet a plano ti panagibilang, a kasla ti mabirukan idiay Amianan nga Amerika, ket pasirukan na ti maysa a agtatalinaed a dagup ti kaatiddog dagiti numero. Ti maysa a naluktan a panggep a panggep ti panag-numero ket addaan ti langa a sabsabali iti kaatiddog dagiti numero ti telepono.

Smallhorn, Jacinta Mary. 2011. The Binanderean languages of Papua New Guinea: reconstruction and subgrouping. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Ti karayan ket maysa a masna a dalan ti danum, a kadawyan a nasadiwa a danum, nga agayayus a mapan iti taaw, ti maysa a danaw, maysa a baybay, wenno ti sabali a karayan. Iti bassit a kaskaso, ti karayan ket simple laeng nga agayayus iti rabaw ti daga ken kompleto a mamagaan sakbay a makaabot ti sabali a bagi ti danum. Dagiti bassit a karayan ket mabalinda pay a matawagan kadagiti sabsabali a nagan, a mairaman ti waig, sariap, baresbes, ribule, ken tributario. Awan ti opisial a para iti sapasap a panangipalpalawag ti termino, a kas ti karayan, a kas naipakat kadagiti heograpiko a langa, urayno dagiti sabali a pagilian wenno komunidad ti waid ket mabalin a maipalpalawag iti kadakkelna. Adu kadagiti nagan para kadagiti bassit a karayan ket naisangsangayn kadagiti heograpiko a lokasion; maysa kas pagarigan ket "uram" iti Eskosia ken amianan a daya nga Inglatera. Sagpaminsan a ti karayan ket mainagbaga a dakdakkel ngem ti maysa waig, ngem daytoy ket saan a kankanayon ti kastoy a kaso, gapu ti saan akinalawag ti pagsasao.

Kas maysa a representatibo a demokrasia nga addaan iti naibatay iti linteg a monarkia, daytoy ket indauluan babaen ti nalatak a duke, ni Henri, Nalatak a Duke ti Luxembourg, ken isu laengen daytoy ti nabati a nalatak a dukado iti lubong. Ti Luxembourg ket maysa a naparang-ay a pagilian, ken addaan daytoy iti napasayaat nga ekonomia ti kangatuan a GDP (PPP) tunggal maysa a tao iti lubong, segun ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian idi 2014. Ti sentral a lokasionna ket nangaramid daytoy nga estratehiko a nangruna kadagiti nadumaduma a bileg, manipud idi pannakapundarna a kas pagsammakedan ti Roma, ti panagsangailina iti nangruna a kastilio ti Pranko idi las-ud ti Nasapa a Tengnga a Panpanawen, ken ti papelna a kas bastion para iti Kalsada Espania idi baetan ti maika-16 ken maika-17 a sigsiglo.

Ti pagsasao a Kaugel (Gawigl) ket maysa kadagiti pagsasao a naisasao idiay probinsia ti Akin-abagatan a Kabambantayan ti Papua Baro a Guinea.

Iti kinaudi, ti panagrakit ti parokpok a danum idiay karayan Cagayan ket makagungun-od ti kinadayeg babaen kadagiti napalabas a panawen kalpasan ti panagpadas a panagkarit ti panagrakit ti parokpok a danum ti karayan babaen ni Presidente Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ken dagiti nadayeg a personalidad.

Ti Agtaltalinaed idiay Mesopotamia, a daytoy ti panagbanbaniaga ti opisial nga artista iti Hardin ti Eden, babaen ni Donald Maxwell, 1921 (ti mabirukan a paksimilia kadagidiay Biblioteka ti Unibersidad ti Georgia; DjVu & natuonan a PDFPDF (7.53 MB) a pormat)

Ad-adu ngem maysa a pagkatlo kadagiti amin nga ammo a sebbangan iti lubong ket agnanaed idiay katuduan a bakir ti Amasona, ti higante a tropikal a kabakiran ken labneng ti karayan nga addaan iti maysa a kalawan a gumay-at iti ad-adu ngem 5,400,000 kuadrado kilometro (2,100,000 sq mi). Daytoy ti kabaknangan a tropikal a kabakiran iti lubong kadagiti termino iti biodibersidad. Adda dagiti sumurok a 3,000 sebbangan ti ikan nga agdama a mabigbigan iti labneng ti Amasona, ken adu pay dagiti agdama a madukduktalan iti tinawen. Iti pay maipatinayon kadagiti rinibu a sebbangan ti ikan, ti karayan ket mangsuporta pay kadagiti kappi, algas, ken dagiti pag-ong.
Ti Nalabbasit a Kamara ket naipammatian a daytoy ket semi-autobiograpiko, a kapadpada ti iyu-ungar ken pannkarunot ti bukod a pamilia ti mannurat a ni Cao Xueqin ken, babaen ti panagpaatiddog, iti Qing a Dinastia. Kas ti pannangisalaysay ti mannurat ti umuna a kapitulo, daytoy ket naikeddeng a pammalagipan kadagiti babai a nakaamammo iti kinaubingna: dagiti gayyemna, kabkabagian ken dagiti katulong. Ti nobela ket naisangayan gaputa saan laeng iti dakkel a grupo dagiti karakterna ken sikolohiko a sakop, ngem ti pay apag-isu ken naisalaysay a panagpalpaliiw iti biag keb dagiti sosial nga estruktura a kadawyan iti maika-18 a siglo nga aristokrasia ti Insik.

Ti nangruna a karayan ket malayag dagiti dakkel a barko ti taaw a mapmapan idiay Manaus, iti 1,500 kilometro (930 mi) iti ngato ti karayan manipud iti sabangan. Dagiti babbabassit a barko ti taaw iti 3,000 a tontonelada wenno 9,000 a tontonelada ken 5.5 metro (18 ft) a kalado et makaabot iti kaadayo a kas idiay Iquitos, Peru, ken 3,600 kilometro (2,200 mi) manipud iti baybay. Dagiti babbabassit a bangkag ti karayan ket makaabot iti 780 kilometro (480 mi) iti nangatngato ken ad-adayo a kas idiay Puntos Achual. Iti labes iti dayta, dagiti bassit a bangka ket kankanayonda a sumalog idiay Pongo de Manseriche, iti ngato bassit ti Punto Achual.

Ikeddeng ti klase dagiti amin a kadawyan a dalan manipud ti puntos ti p iti sabali a puntos iti q. Ikaan kadagiti nagsasabtan ti espera tapno ti p ket maipada iti amianan nga ungto. Ti aniana a killo iti espera a saana a maisabat kadagiti ungto, mabalin a malaksid laeng dagiti patingga a puntos, ket mabalin a maiparametro babaen ti

Midia a mainaig kenni Geoffrey Chaucer iti Wikimedia Commons Dagiti inadaw a sasao a mainaig kenni Geoffrey Chaucer iti Wikiquote (iti Ingles)

Ti opisial a nagan ti Filipinas ket nagbalbaliw kadagiti adu a beses iti kurso ti pakasaritaan. Idi las-ud ti Rebolusion ti Filipinas, inrangarang ti Kongreso ti Malolos ti pannakabangon ti República Filipina wenno ti Republika Filipina. Manipud iti paset ti panawen ti Gubat ti Espaniol–Amerikano (1898) ken ti Gubat ti Filipino–Amerikano (1899–1902) aginggana iti paset ti panawen ti Mankomunidad (1935–46), dagiti turay ti kolonia ti Amerika ket tinawtawaganda ti pagilian a kas Is-isla ti Filipinas, ti maysa a panangipatarus iti nagan nga Espaniol. Mnaipud iti Tulag ti Paris idi 1898, nangrugrugi a nagparparang ti nagan a Filipinas ken isun ti nagbalin a kadawyan a nagan ti pagilian. Manipud idi panagpatingga ti Sangalubongan a Gubat II, ti opisial a naganen ti pagilian ket ti Republika ti Filipinas.

Ti eskolar a displina ti diplomatika, a maipanggep ti panagadal kadagiti duog a dokumento, ket nakaala ti naganna ti isu met laeng a taudan, ngem ti moderno a kabuksilanna ket sabali manipud ti aktibidad ti diplomasia.

Iti abagatan nga igid, iti ngato ti Xingu, ti linia dagiti ababa a deraas a nagbeddengan dagiti tanap tilayus ket gangani a gumay-at idiay Santarém kadagiti serye ti naulumaymay a bakkog sakbay nga agsikkoda iti abagatan a laud, ken dumenna iti akin-baba a Tapajós, ken tumipon dagiti deraas a mangporma ti pagbaetan ti teresa ti ginget ti karayan ti Tapajós.
Iti abagatan a laud ken abagatan. Manipud iti akin-amianan a punto ti pulau Nuhuyut (Groot Kai) babaen ti Is-isla Watubela ken Gorong aginggana iti akin-abagatan a daya unay a patingga ti Ceram, iti gid ti akin-amianan nga aplayana aginggana iti Tanjung Tandurubesar , ti amianan a laud a puntot, kalpasanna ti linia aginggana iti Tanjung Baturuhan, ti akin-abagatan unay a patingga ti Buru [Buru], ken iti igid ti aplaya a mapan iti Tanjung Palpetu, ti amianan a laud a punto ti Isla.

Ni D. M. Dunlop ket nangisingsingasing a mabalin a ni Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ket isu met laeng idi ti tao a kas ni Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir, ti kalakayan kadagiti tallo nga annak a lallalki ti Banū Mūsā.

Adda kagiti agdama a kompiuter ti sistema ti panangpaandar tapno makapatarayda iti sabsabali a programa, kas pagarigan sopwer ti aplikasion. Ti Microsoft Windows, MacOS ken Linux ket sistema ti panangpaandar kadagiti kabukbukudan (personal) a kompiuter.
ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏌᏊ lyudetiyvda Caribbean ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.

ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ invertebrate(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, abalone, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 1 2 m (2.5 6 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ 30 kg (25 60 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ California ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎥᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ responded ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1939, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ upped ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ terminating ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎠᎹᏰᏟ/ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ embargoes. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ Anti-Comintern ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ declaring ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1940, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ Fascist ᏲᎶ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Santa ᎧᎵᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏓᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Santa ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏏᏩ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Santa ᎧᎵᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas ᎧᎵᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 5th, ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ. ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ 110-ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ 7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Marriott ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏲ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎾᎿ Manhattan ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, 25 ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ razed. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏥ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ demolished ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arlington ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ collapsed.

ᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ: ᎠᏯ-9 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᎠᏯ-19, ᎠᏯ-15 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯ-26 refuel ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ-23 ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯ-23 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, ᎯᎠ "ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi" ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, stemmed "ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ unigatohvsv ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Israel." ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ motivation ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ imputed ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ WTC: Mohamed Atta ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Ralph Bodenstein—ᎦᎪ traveled, ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ—ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᎪᏗᏗ imbued ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ... ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Israeli atogiyadv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ." Marwan al-Shehhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ humorless ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: "ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine?"
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ techniques Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ (entities) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.

ᎾᎥᎢ 240, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ equinox. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏫ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ Jewish ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ," ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠtᎤᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ resell ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎫᏴᎲᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏙᏯ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (C. canadensis), ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Siluriformes) ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ "barbel", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏪᏌ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ freshwater ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Antarctica. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ Ariidae ᎠᎴ Plotosidae ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏜ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ vertebrates, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ candiru, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ vertebrate ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pangasius gigas, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ freshwater ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ armour ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ barbels; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Siluriformes ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ swimbladder.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᎵᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ losses, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᏕᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ involving ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ, ᎤᏗᏔᎲ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ fatalities ᎧᏁᏉᎩ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, evacuated, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ locked ᎡᎳᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ shielded ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ ᎠᎴ Connecticut, ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ evacuated. Scarsdale, ᏄᏯᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Greenwich, Connecticut, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Greenwich ᎠᎴ nearby ᎢᏤ Canaan, ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ wealthiest ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ Atlantic ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ European ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ:

ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ cultural ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ influenced ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ-ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ponytail. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-haired ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Oliver Cromwell, George Washington ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ Napoleon Bonaparte ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ flamboyant ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ 1914 ᎠᎴ 1918 ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏣᏑᎦ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ prompted ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ persisted.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Midtown Manhattan ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Chicago ᎫᏓᎸᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ devastated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ (28.7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ sq. ft) ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ 41-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏥ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan. ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ SoHo ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗᏱ. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ- ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-2001 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan Midtown ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accelerated. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ questioned ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ alenvdidsv ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1970s, ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾes ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Hermès, Prada, Gucci, ᎠᎴ Louis Vuitton. ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᏌᏌ ᏂᎯ" ᎭᎦᏔ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi. Acidic ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎪᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ humidities, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏗᏲᏛᎯ Ꭺ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ motifs ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ motifs ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, poinsettia, ᎤᏓᎳ, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᏥᎸᏓᏙᏗ, ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, carolers, nutcrackers, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ, ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏂᏧᏣ, ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ, candies, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ, snowmen, ᎠᎴ penguins.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᏱ ᎤᏪᏴ, Oconaluftee ᎤᏪᏴ, Nantahala ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Smokies. Norfolk ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎢᏤ Urbanism" Ꮎ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ-ᎬᏙᏗ zoning ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲᎾ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ-ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ effectiveness ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎯ.
ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2006. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Michael Arad. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2009.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᏱ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ jackdaw(Eurasian ᎠᎴ Daurian) ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ Holarctic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓtᎤᏅ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Ethiopia.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878 ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᏳᏔ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Jeremiah ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ survived diphtheria ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Meeker ᏕᎨᏥᎢᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.

ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ commodities ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-traded ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ #1. ᎧᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ environmental ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.

Dragonflies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏙᏌes, ᎢᎦᎢᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ anitvga, ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ butterflies. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ wetlandᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵe, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏲᎵ", ᎠᎴ aquatic. Dragonflies ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ grasped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ); ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ predator Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mosquitoes.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎮᎵᏤᏘ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ senders ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ .

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏙᏯ (C. canadensis) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎧᎾᏓ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏓ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ postage ᎦᏯᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ favorite ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ furry ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ 1976 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Montreal ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "Amik" ("ᏙᏯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Algonquin). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏓ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ 22e Régiment ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏓ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎭᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ grid, favoured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. Derry ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1613, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ 5 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1618. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ walled ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ defence. ᎯᎠ grid ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ copied ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ colonies ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ grid ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ colonies yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ grid. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Priene. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ France ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Dutch ᎠᎴ Flemish ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ adatudi - ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. - ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏆ subfield ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ (Lontra canadensis) ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ hunted ᎠᎴ trapped ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ aquaria, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ adel didiyi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ gantlai, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 1 m (3 4 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5 15 kg (10 30 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ colorless. ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ aging. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ 75 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ.

ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎸᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ centimeter) varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ successes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ crucially ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Pea ᏣᎴᎩ. Leonidas Polk ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎬᏅᏓᎩ enraged ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ neutrality ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎲ decrypted ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ , ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ typed ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ decrypt ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ decryption ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ prompted Gen. George Marshall ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏩᏱ Ꮎ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏩᏅᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, Gen. Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᎦᎥ Marshall ᎤᎶᏐᏅ decryption ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ), ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮝ "ᎤᏚᎳᏗ" ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎯᎠ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (Silurus glanis) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Aristotle ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Greece. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ scientifically ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.2 m - 1.6 m, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2 m ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ digotsaledg digovhi ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.5 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ exeeded 100 kg. ᎯᎠ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Britain, Italy, Spain, Greece ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ flourished ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Po ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ebro ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spain ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 2 m. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predators.

Focus ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ slavery ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ cyclical. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1900 1955, historians ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ anti-slavery agitation ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ constitutional, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ cultural ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s historians ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏇ emphasized slavery ᎠᎴ antislavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, constitutional ᎠᎴ ideological dimensions.

ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ.

ᏩᏘᏯᏍᎪᎢ. ᎤᏩᏅᏒ ᎠᎹᎨ ᏗᏟᏍᏛ ᏩᏑᏴᏗ ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏙᏓ ᎠᎹᎨ ᎤᏂᎸᏈᏙ ᎤᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏗᎵᏆ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎣᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏅᏗ ᎥᎪᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎹᎭᏱ ᏝᎴᏱᎩ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏍᏊ ᏴᏑᏴᎥᎦ. ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᏴᏗᏔ ᎤᎦᎹ ᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏴᎦ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ correlation ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ plantations ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ secession. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ concentration plantations ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ secede. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ plantations ᎠᎴ rejected secession until ᎯᎠ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter crisis ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ plantations ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ sided ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquatic ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ pinniped ᎠᎴ ᏥᏯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ). ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ centimeter). ᎡᏆ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎳᏃᏏᎳ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ overheating) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1968 ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ranged ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ $850/oz ($27,300/kg) ᎾᎿ 21 ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1980, ᎡᎳᏗ $252.90/oz ($8,131/kg) ᎾᎿ 21 ᏕᎭᎷᏱ]] 1999 (ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ). ᎾᎿ 11 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006 ᎯᎠ London ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ $715.50/oz.

ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ ᏗᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ roots, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ unpopular. ᎯᎠ Confederacy deliberately ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ retelling ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏴ fundraising ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ charities.
Winfield Scott, ᎯᎠ commanding ᏂᎦᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, devised ᎯᎠ Anaconda ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ports ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ strangle ᎯᎠ rebel ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. Lincoln ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ overruled Scott ᎤᏤᎵ warnings ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Richmond.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ Hindu sect ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ autonomous ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practises ᎠᎴ mythology resembles Hinduism ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ followers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ incarnation ᎯᎠ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Vishnu. Ayyavazhi followers ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ gods Brahma, Vishnu, ᎠᎴ Siva ᎬᏙᏗ Hindus. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ mystic practices posessions ᎠᎴ divinations ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ tribal religions Tamil Nadu. ᎯᎠ widespread ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏓᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ (ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ widespread ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ degenerated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎩᎳ ᏄᏓᎴ Hindu sect.

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Ashley ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ [1], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ shale ᎪᎢ.

ᎯᎠ aquatic (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏜ) ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ gantlaiᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mustelidae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᎦᏥ ᏓᎶᏂ, ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎤᎫᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎬᏙᏗ 13 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 genera, ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.

ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ Sinterklaas, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. Dutch ᎦᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. Irving ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas "ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ." ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ " ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas" (1822) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Clarke Moore, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ Santa ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ distributing ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902), ᎦᎪ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1880s, Nast ᎤᏤᎵ Santa ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ standardized ᎾᎥᎢ advertisers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s. ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Victorian ᎩᎵᏏᏲ remade ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ Santa.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ dragonflies ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ agatoli, termed ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ camouflage, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎢᏤ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎯᎳᎪ dragonflies ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ camouflaging techniques ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ.

ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11 crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ (WTC) ᎾᎾᎢ 8:46:30 ᏌᎾᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ 12:46:30 ᎢᎢᎢ).

Braxton Bragg ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ Confederate invasion ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ repulsed ᎾᎥᎢ Don Carlos Buell ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎢᎭ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Perryville, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ narrowly defeated ᎾᎥᎢ William S. Rosecrans ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎾᏏ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175 crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ 9:02:59 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (13:02:59 ᎢᎢᎢ), ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ broadcasters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎦᏙᎯ-locked ᏎᎼᏂ (Salmo salar sebago) ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎪᎯ subspecies ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ.

ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ geographical ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏐᏅᎯ shared ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ anniversaries ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᏎᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏨᎢᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏄᏬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏐᏗ Halford ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏚᏄᏩ synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ).

Napa ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ Nappa ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, toiletry ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ-ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ Montezuma ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ Taxodium mucronatum ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ angiosperm ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Australian ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎯᎠ 'ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Grande' ᏡᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 380 m³ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tasmania.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ pupation ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ underside ᎤᎦᎶᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎠᏲᎵ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ usable ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ pupal ᎪᏯᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ mitosis ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ nutrients. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ surgically ᎠᎲᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ unfolded Ꮝ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ boundaries ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏲᎵ.

ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ European ᎦᎪᏘ Taxus baccata (ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar Thuja plicata.

ᏡᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ 1.3–1.5 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ alenvdidsv (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ"). ᎯᎠ 7 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ saleable ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꭺ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 30 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ alenvdidsv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sawlogs. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ pathogens ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ arboreal ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.
ᎯᎠ theology Ayyavazhi differs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ monistic religions. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Ekam, ᎯᎠ ultimate Oneness ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ oneness Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Sivam ᎠᎴ Sakthi ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, Sivan, Vethan ᎠᎴ Thirumal. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi Gods. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kali Yukam, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ boons offered Kaliyan, Thirumal ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ fragment Kroni ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ unified ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ekam, ᎠᎴ Ekam Incarnated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Trinity (Ekam, Narayana ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ) ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ boons ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Kali. Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Dharma Yukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Vaikundar ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ unified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vaikundar, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kali Yukam Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ worshipable ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monotheistic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ insurgencies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ). ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮝ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862 ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ mediation — ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ risked ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᎤᏗᏗᏢ reinforced ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ supporting ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᎥᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ focused increasingly ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ. Napoléon III ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ mediation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ dismissed ᎾᎥᎢ Seward. Despite ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ seizure ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ultimately deterred ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. Confederate ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ ᎠᎴ Paris.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ convention ᎾᎿ secession ᏚᏑᏰᏒ decisively ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ pro-Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Claiborne F. Jackson ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ militia, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ Nathaniel Lyon, ᎦᎪ chased ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ southwestern ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: ᏨᎫᎵ secession). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ resulting vacuum ᎯᎠ convention ᎾᎿ secession reconvened ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Unionist provisional ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏨᎫᎵ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ $238 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ mining ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, global ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᏨᎩ 2,604 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ, ᎠᎴ 67% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 2001, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ mined totaled 145,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ.

ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ invaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᎩ tracheae ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ markers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ alloyed ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ karat ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎬᏙᏗ 24 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0 1, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ fineness, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.995.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 7. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ determining ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.

ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ commander, ᏂᎦᎥ Philip Sheridan, aggressive ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ Campaigns 1864. Sheridan ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Jubal ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎠᎴ defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ battles, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ decisive ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ. Sheridan ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ tactics Sherman ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ; ᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ 300 ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ redder ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, aluminium ᎩᎨᏍᏗ, platinum ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ bismuth ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ — ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20% ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ electrum. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ whiter ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ.

ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ leadership ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1942, Saburo Kurusu, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ inevitability ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ longstanding ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Kurusu, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ San Francisco ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ' racist ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ" ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ.

ᏣᏂ Muir, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sierra ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᎤᎬᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎫ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ gasters ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ-ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ-ᏧᎳᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (Myrmecocystus).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, 2005, researchers ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ 37th ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, Lacantuniidae, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᏤ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 70 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ coelacanth ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1938 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ megamouth ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1983). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lacantuniidae, Lacantunia enigmatica, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Lacantun ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chiapas, ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Tudor ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Dickens ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎪᎦ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ afterlife, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ mythologies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎳᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎠᎴ b) ᎾᎾᎢ cemeteries, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ.

ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, 80,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ fingerprinted ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1940. 8,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ interviewed, ᎠᎴ 5,000 ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ detained ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 107-40 authorizing ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ." [11] [12]

ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fueled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ displayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Peru, ᎠᎴ Colombia.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ, ᎨᏒᎢ purposeful ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ" ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏓᎾᎵᎲ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ matches. ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ unilateral, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ implies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢously.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, replacing ᎯᎠ battleship ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ, Ꮎ ᎪᎯ breakthrough ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏂ Ross ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ: ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬ: ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎫᏫᏍᎫᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

When secessionists protested in 1861 that they were acting to preserve traditional rights and values, they were correct. They fought to preserve their constitutional liberties against the perceived Northern threat to overthrow them. The South's concept of republicanism had not changed in three-quarters of a century; the North's had.... The ascension to power of the Republican Party, with its ideology of competitive, egalitarian free-labor capitalism, was a signal to the South that the Northern majority had turned irrevocably towards this frightening, revolutionary future. –James McPherson,"Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (Sept. 1983)

Historians ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James G. Randall ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ breakdown ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ hardened Constitutional ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ increasingly hostile sectional rhetoric ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ Crittenden ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rejected ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ "ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎯ secession ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1860—ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ abolitionists—ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rejected ᎾᎥᎢ James Buchanan ᎤᏤᎵ conservative Democrats ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏜ leadership.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ Australian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ motifs disseminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, television, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ media.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ramesses ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Libyans. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ determinded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BC, 11,341 loaves ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ 385 ᎫᎫ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Sed ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎯᎠ thirtyth ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ pharaohᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ banks ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎵ phosphates, nitrates ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ cellulose, polymer ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ molecules (polyglucose?). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ cellulase ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ algae ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sunlight, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ cellulose ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ molecule nitrogen ᎠᎴ phosporous ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂᏯᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1830, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ Ꭴ.. ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ v. ᏣᏥᏱ (1831), ᎯᎠ Marshall ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ "ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ," ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ "ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ, ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Court's ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ,Worcester v. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏣᏥᏱ (1832), ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ, ᏚᏂᏴᏒ Ꮎ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ Court's ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ.

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ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ 12 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ 1 (12,000,000:1). ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ factually ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ injuries ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ avatars Vishnu ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Kalki, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ denominations ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ moksha, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ liberation ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi Trinity ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Narayana ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ unique monotheistic ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ unknown ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.