Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ consumers ᎦᎪ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎧᏫ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎾ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Korea. ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ varieties ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ, ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Korean ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᎯ, ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. Japanese ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ availability ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-bottled ᎧᏫ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-blended ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎣᏂ, ᎦᎾ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ institutional ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ robusta ᎧᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 500 ᏗᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ 1,000 ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ preheated.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏂᎦᏛ nonemergency ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ aircraft ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Nitrate ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ nitrogen ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ nitrogen ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ Dioxide ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ, Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ denitrification. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, denitrification ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ aerobic ᎠᎴ anaerobic ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ seeps ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ anaerobic. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎪᎯ aerobic, anaerobic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙ mounted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 2, 1957, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ traversed ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Dallas, ᏅᏓᎩ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ filmed ᎠᎴ photographed ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ footage ᎠᎩᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ flung ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 170 mph. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ mesocyclone approaches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ RFD ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, creating ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ causing ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ) ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ RFD ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎨᎯᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ-jacketed ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ-helmeted ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎸ.

Northerners resisted slavery ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ideological, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎠᎴ democratic ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ; ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Lincoln, Seward, Chase ᎠᎴ Greeley warned Ꮎ oligarchy ᎤᏪᎾᎢ planters, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ", dominated ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ corrupted ᎠᎴ controlled ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

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ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ cardioprotective ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ glycemic ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (Ꭹ). ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, dietitians ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ insulin ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2 diabetes mellitus.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ centuries, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎠᎴ Ute ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏧᎳ nomadic ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Utes ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ Utes ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Uinta ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ-kee-dee-Agie, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎢᎪᏗ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ."

ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ 7 WTC ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ (NIST). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 6, 2005, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ WTC ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ:

1366 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ (1 WTC): ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ [2], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ trapped ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ counterrorism ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Richard . Clarke, ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11. ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Egypt, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ' ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ religiosity ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Muslim ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Sayyid Qutb, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Muslim ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Australian ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ salmonidae. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ coastline Australia ᎠᎴ Tasmania. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Secession" ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ legalistic ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ slavery, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, claiming Ꮎ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ weren't fulfilling ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ explored ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ C. Fremont ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1840s. Fremont ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ cartographic ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Miera, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ surveyed ᎠᎴ mapped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Wesley Powell ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869 ᎠᎴ 1871, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ canyons, geographic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ.

ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏱᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 23, 1836, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ) ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 1836, ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 6,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 16,000 ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ; ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.

ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎦᏐᎯ-ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ", ᎠᎴ viewed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ, viewed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ Netherlands, ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 5th, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hungary ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ (Hungarian: Mikulás) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎪᎳ (Hungarian: Télapó) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Krampusz. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24th, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hungary, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎠᏲᎵ) ᏥᏌ (Hungarian: Jézuska), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spain, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ magi ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ (ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Poland, ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ (ᎦᎶᏂᏗ: Święty Mikołaj) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ: ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 5th (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 6th) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24th, (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland, Joulupukki ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24th. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏂᎢ, ᎤᏚᏚ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland, ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ Hogmanay, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1967 - ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ exchanging ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ.

F4 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏒᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ airborne, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ flung ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ European aquatic ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ mammalian ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ RODENTIA, ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ-ᎤᏔᎾᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏊ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ-Ꭿ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ 98% ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏚᏝᎢ. ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏣ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏂᎬᎢ 14,000,000 km2.
ᎯᎠ Kroni, ᎯᎠ primordial manifestation ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fragmented ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ successive Yuga; ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, Kaliyan (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ) ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ sentenced ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ judgement ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ Ayyavazhi ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ dualism. Kaliyan ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ commonly accepted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ maya (ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ symbolised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ commonly concerned ᎬᏙᏗ Ultimate Oneness ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dualistic ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ contrasted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ monistic narration. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ Arul Nool, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Vaikundar, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ belived ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ arulalarkal ᎠᎴ Citars, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ monistic.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ municipalities. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ gayatohvsdi Ꮎ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-opted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ developers ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ welcoming ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ 20 ᎠᎴ 30-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Westwood ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Los Angeles.

ᏐᎢ historians, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮝ independence. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James McPherson ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ defensive, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ strategic offensive, faced ᎤᎪᏗᏗ manpower ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ. ᏓᏄᏩ weariness ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ civilians mounted ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ casualties, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ advantages ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ decisive. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ inevitability ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ hotly contested ᏄᎾᏛᏅ scholars.

ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏗᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ standstill ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ, immobilizing ᎦᎨᏛ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ cryptanalytic ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ Hypo.

ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ participants ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1867 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1871 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre), ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ, Genoa ᎠᎴ Lübeck, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏠᏱ phenomena existed ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Sakai, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏰᎵ.

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Wohlwill ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ inquartation ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ cuppelation, ᎠᎴ refining ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ regia.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 2005, ᏑᏓᎵ European ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏤᏍᏖᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᎦᏥᎳᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏏ.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ thicknesses. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ thicknesses ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ otsel igvnelv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ:

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ tactic, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᏔᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ flawed, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎪᎯ clashes ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎳ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ-coated ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᎾ ᏓᏂᏒᎾᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᏤᎵ Bondi ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ. ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ bada ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ("ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦ"), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ Korea, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ.

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ; ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ--ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ stereophonic ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ--ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. Pheromones ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ trophallaxis, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎥ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ (e.g. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ pheromone ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ.

ᎪᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, unnerving ᏓᏯᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᎿᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ depiction ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ᎠᎴ Exorcist: The Beginning, ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏃᏛ. ᎪᎯ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏴᏫ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ hobbyist, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ oncoming ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1990.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ interrelation ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ, .. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.

ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏗᏤᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ morale. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Samuel Worcester ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.

ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ (ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎺᎢ") ᎤᏴᏢᎢ-ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 290,000,000 ᎠᏂᎤᏁᎦ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (Judicial) ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎾᏓ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1854, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ-ᏎᎷᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ Whig ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ disappeared, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ sectional ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ commitment ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ Dred Scott ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ 1857, John ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Democratic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 polarized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ Lincoln ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ trigger ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ secession. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ secession crisis, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ "Crittenden ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ.

ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi followers ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ faculties too recognise Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ practiced ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu too, ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli ᎠᎴ Tuticorin ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu. Ayyavazi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ texts Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ Arul Nool.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ - Spanish ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ glossaries ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ English to Spanish Dictionary of Finance Terms ᎠᎴ Spanish to English Dictionary of Finance Terms

ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏫᏚᏁᏋ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎠᏁᎿᎢ. ᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᏂᏴᏌᏛ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏠᏱᏭ ᏧᏃᏰᎾ. ᎠᎹ ᎠᏂᎫᎩᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᏃᏊᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎹ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏜ ᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏃᎴ ᏑᎵᏍᏚᏒ ᏱᏓᏂᎾᏌᏁᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏌᏛᎢ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ updated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ. 911 Memorials ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ newest ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: "ᏣᏂ Marshall ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ; ᎾᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ!" ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎥᏝ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1830, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ endangerment. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ takeover ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎤᏍᏗ resurgence ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏯ; ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ utilized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.

[[File:Beavertracks.JPG|thumb|right|150px|ᏙᏯ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ontario. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ approx 20cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.]]ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Brittannica.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ" ᎧᏫ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ robusta ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ contributing ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ arabica ᏚᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa, Indonesia ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ coca ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎦᎴᏴᏛ 'Max Havelaar' ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎧᏫ growers negotiated ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ roasters ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ & ᏗᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Starbucks ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ecological: ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sustainably harvested, ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᏫ vs. ᎯᎠ newer mono-cropped ᎧᎵ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ varieties, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ deforestation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᎯᎢᎾ ᎤᏂᏍᎦᏎᏗ ᎠᎾᏝᎢᏙᎯ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏐ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎪᎢ. ᎠᏂᎨᎯᏙᎰ ᎠᏂᏃᎵᏙᎯ (ᎠᏫ, ᎠᏫᎡᏆ) ᎢᏅᎯᏴᎢ ᎩᎳ ᎠᏂᎨᎯᏙ ᏱᏚᏯᏪᏣ, ᎿᏊ ᎠᏂᏂᏱᏍᎪ. ᏗᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᎾᎳᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎾᏥ ᏱᎩ. ᎤᎾᏛᎪᏗ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎨᏐ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏩᏅᏃ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏩᎭᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ, ᎾᏂᏪᏒᎢ.

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ honour ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ" ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.

ᏴᎩ ᎠᏍᏗᏃ ᏙᎩᏅᏔᏅ ᏗᏯᏟᏗ ᏙᎩᏃᏢᏅᎢ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏥᏃ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏍᏗᏆᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏔᎷᏦ ᏕᎦᏝ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏌᏊᎭ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏊᎴ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎠᏕᎳᎠᏯᏟᏗ ᏂᏓᏅᏁᎭ. ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎪ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲ ᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. (ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥ yᏂᏍᎩᎴ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏥᏃ ᏓᎾᏎᎮᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏩᎾᎬᏙᏍᏗ.) ᎠᏆᏯᏠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏯᏟᏗ. ᏂᎦᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎸᏈᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎤᎾᏚᎵᏍᎪ ᏗᎦᏥᏲᏢᎾᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏯᏟᏗ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏂᏚᏅᏃ ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᏱᏚᎾᏯᏝ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᎾᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏗᎩᏓᏃ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ ᏚᎾᏯᏝ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᎾᏤᏣᏍᏗᏃ.

ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ differentiated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ designated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "downtown" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ centre".

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ meteorologists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎢᎵᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏂᏗᏰᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 18, 1925, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 219 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (352 km). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 160 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (260 km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 22, 1992.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ economists ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ microeconomic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001 ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ $4 ᎯᏍᎩ deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ complicating ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ microeconomic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ classified ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ) Ꮎ al-Qaeda ᎠᎴ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ,, ᎠᎴ Fatwa ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ motivation ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ cartoonist ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ Oz, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ Dorothy ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ Oz, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ oppressed ᎤᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ Munchkin. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1894 ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎯᎳᎢᏳ, ᎤᏓᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎾᏗᏯ ᎠᏁᎮᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏅᏃ ᏧᎾᏚᎵᏍᎨᎢ. ᏃᏉ ᎤᏓᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ, ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ, ᏃᏉᏃ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᎰᎢ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᎰᎢ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ: ᎠᏂᎶᎻ ᎳᏘᏂ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎮᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏃᏉ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᏤᏍᏗ ᎳᏘᏂ ᏳᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ, ᎳᏘᏂ ᏃᎴ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᎵᏘᎦ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᏉᏏᏓᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎦᏓᎧ - ᎯᎳᎢᏳ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏯᎹᎼᏙ, ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎲ predicted Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎡᏆ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ stationed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ: ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, Lexington ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Saratoga ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ San Diego ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Puget ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ Shipyard. ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ battleships ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ regarded—in ᎢᏧᎳ Navies ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ worldwide—as ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ.

ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Homeland ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ restructuring ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ liberties ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎭ criticized ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ invoked 9/11 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Awareness), "eavesdrop ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ overseas ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ."
ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ Fascist ᎢᏔᎵ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 11th, ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Hitler ᎠᎴ Mussolini ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ European ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ leadership ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ lyudetiyvda ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1937. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎯᎠ Nazis ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ 1943; ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ" ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Roosevelt ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ Chicago ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. Hitler ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Roosevelt ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ focused ᎾᎿ European ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ contributed. Hitler ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ underestimated ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ adatolasdodi adatolasdv, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ Barbarossa ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ Nazis ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ collaboration ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Eurasia. ᎾᎪᎲᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ enraged ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ European theatre ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ theatre ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ; ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ Americans—ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ them—undermined cooperative ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Soviet ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ' ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 2006, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ tallest ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Los Angeles, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.[8]

ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Brian Jacques' Redwall ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 'Brock' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎤᎫᎾ (1975 ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ), ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎠᏓ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏧᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Merlyn, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ Narnia. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ, Hufflepuff, ᎨᏒᎢ symbolized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Erin ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ Warriors: The New Prophecy ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ; ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ conifer, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ conifers.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ (2001) ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ (ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ) ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004 ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ.
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏥ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏩᏥ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ cloca, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ. ᏩᏥ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏩᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ salty, ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ 1.8 °C. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ blocked ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏧᏆᎫᎣᏔᏅᏒ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ floe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 10 kilometers (ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. Wider ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ.

ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ lifestyle ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏌᏊ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Pentecostal ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ trimming ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ centimeters) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ (midpoint ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ thigh), ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-thigh. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ, ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ overall ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎡᏆ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ lifestyle.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᏛᎦ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ pheromone(chemicals Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ) ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ. ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎣᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.

ᎺᎵᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ pro-Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎦᎪ tolerated anti-ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ rioting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Baltimore ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ bridges. Lincoln responded ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ arrested ᎯᎠ pro-Confederates.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ obscured ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ meteorologists ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎠᏂ.
Ayyavazhi legends ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ Yugas, ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ruled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏁᎳ yugas ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ linear ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎾᎥᎢ narrating Dharma Yukam ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. .ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ingredient ᎯᎠ theories karma ᎠᎴ rebirth. ᎠᎴ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ karma ᎠᎴ rebirth ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ Dharma Yukam ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Dharma Yukam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ, "ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ruled ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ discriminations caste creed ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ". Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Santror ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Virgins ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ dividing ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ π; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ cited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ dbh (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏔᏬᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦ predators ᎪᎦ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ predators, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎫ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎦ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ. Presumably ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ color ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ nighttime ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ. ᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎤᎫᎫ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ "ᏗᏁᎶᏗ" ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ "ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᏳᏊ" ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ raptor ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎫᎫ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dermis. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ" (trichome) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ arthropod, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ varieties ᏪᏌ, ᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.

ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ nomadic ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏀᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ mining, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ hydroelectric ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1963, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ conservationists. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ Canyon, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ conservationist ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ traded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎯᎠ Sierra ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎩᏒ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ outgrew ᎯᎠ Christological ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏡᏡ," ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Charlemagne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crowned ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ, 800.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ enrichment ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ: ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ chemical ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ processes ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ metamorphism, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sulfide ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ termed ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᎦᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ eroded, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ placer ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎬᎿᎨ shale ᎠᎴ limestone ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ disseminated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ platinum ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.

ᎧᏫ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮎ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2002 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 22.1 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.

ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ EuropeᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ jumbled ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ unplanned ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ perceived ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ impractical ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᏌᏊ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ albinism, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ:

ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, [[Swedish ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ (julefrid) ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ. ᎾᎿ Knut ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ (ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 13), Swedish ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ (julgransplundring).

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ tohi adedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ: "Stadtluft macht frei" ("ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ") ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ weren't ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ , ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ countryside, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arabica ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎧᎸᎬ Africa/ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Asia/ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ (ᎠᏑᏴᏗ criteria ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "citrus-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏙᎯ"), ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ"), ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ mouthfeel, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ tangy ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ processed ᎧᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ pH ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ pH yvwatuwidv 5). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ subspecies ᎠᎴ varietal.
Teastas Mor ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ gameness ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎩᏟ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ensured ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Teastas Mor. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1968.

ᎯᎠ officially neutral ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎺᎵᏂ) ᎨᏒᎩ unaffected ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏕᎳᏪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ slavery. ᏂᎦᏛ abolished slavery ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation technically ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863, Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ areas ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏓᏚᎸᏁᎸ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ. ᎯᎠ 13th ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ratified 6 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1865, ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ abolished slavery ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.

BirdLife International (2004). Buteo buteo. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Muslims ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Persia, Egypt, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Africa ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ cafeteria, Kiva Han, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1475 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Constantinople. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎧᏫ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ Europe, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎩᎵᏏ coffeehouses ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. Lloyds London, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ coffeehouse.

ᎯᎠ USS ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ torpedoes. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏲᎷᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ. ᎯᎠ disarmed ᏳᏔ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ holed ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ torpedoes. ᎯᎠ USS ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ torpedoes, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ USS ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᎩ torpedoes, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ USS Maryland ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ 40 cm ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ strident ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ. ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏚᏥᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏔᎦ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ". ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s. ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏣᏥᏱ.

ᏲᏂᎢ banned ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1917 ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 1992. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏱᎰᏩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ fundamentalists, ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 0.03 g/1000 kg (0.03 ppm ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ). Hydrothermal ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ metamorphic ᏅᏯᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏅᏯ; ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᎴ placer ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Col. Lafayette Baker, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 3, 1868, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ spectrophotometer ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Wally Pollack, Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎠᏨᏍᏛ . Neff, Pollack ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ. Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ suitcoat ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ridged outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ chorion. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ micropyles; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ.

ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ Dolly Parton ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sevierville. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Dollywood ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ glands, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ urticating ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ chemicals ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; e.g., ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ chemical ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn ᏏᎵᎩ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Lonomia ᎨᏒᎢ anticoagulant ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, causing ᎠᏂ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Lonomiasis; [1]) ᎪᎯ chemical ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ investigated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎬ clotting).

Despite ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tactical blunders ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate generals, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ miscalculations ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Gettysburg ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ—ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Confederates ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ losses.

Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ 101st-105th ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 685 ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ. ᎤᎯᏌᏛ Inc., ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ Cantor Fitzgerald ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ 101-93 (ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ), ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 295 ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 37 consultants.

ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ specialized ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centralized. Societies Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ culture. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ decades ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ "waved ᎯᎠ ᎦᎢᎭ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏄᏬ," ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ wartime casualties ᏥᏄᏍᏗ electoral tactic. ᏗᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ Reconstruction ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ segregated ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Democratic ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ—ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ"—ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ Civil ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ roots ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ Reconstruction. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎦᏲᎵ debates ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ legacy ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ memorials ᎠᎴ celebrations Confederate heroes ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ flags. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ troubling ᏌᏊ: Americans ᎬᏙᏗ Confederate ancestors cherish ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ bravery ᎠᎴ determination, ᎩᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎬᎿᎨᎢ slavery.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ industrialized ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ aided ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, munitions ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ graph ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ USA ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ CSA ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ advantages widened ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎠᎴ Confederate ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ shrank ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ weakened.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ extremities ᏭᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎠᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ accessories ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ. ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ coloring ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ– ᎯᎠ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ “gold;” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ-ᎿᏛᎦ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, platinum (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ-ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ-ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᏍᎩ polysynthetic ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎳ Iroquoian ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᏃ, ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏗᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ. ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏧᏃᎯᏳ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏮᏏ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ. 1820Ꮫ, ᏍᏏᏉᏯ, ᎠᎴ George Gist, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎨᎢ. ᏃᏉ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎢᎩᎭ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎯᎠᏃ ᎦᏓᎧ, ᎡᎵᏉ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ ᏄᏓᎴᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎵᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎮᎢ: 2007 ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎥᎭᏴᎵ ᏗᏰᎴᎩ (Myrtle Driver Johnson) ᎠᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎧᏔ 1800Ꮝ ᏥᎨᏒ, Charles Frazier ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ, ᏦᎦᏚ ᏅᏙ: ᏥᎨᎬᏬᎥᏗᏍᎨᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎨᎢ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎤᎭ exoskeleton, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ skeletal ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ vertebrate. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏪᎳ. ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎥᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ exoskeleton - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ; ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎩᎬ, ᎯᎠ hemolymph, ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ventral ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 188 ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ 155 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ parked wingtip wingtip ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᎳᏦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏜ. ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ airmen ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳ submariners ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ 441 ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (350 ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ), 29 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ (ᏐᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ 20 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ) ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ 74 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ flak ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20 ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ salvaged.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ heroes ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Keith Kaseman ᎠᎴ Julie Beckman KBAS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩk ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ 2006. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ Heroes ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, 2002 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ restricted ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ (1914). ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ afterward. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ soccer ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ 133rd ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ bested [[Britain|ᎩᎵᏏᏲ] ᎤᏤᎵ Seaforth Highlanders 3-2.

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ +1 (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎠᏯ) ᎠᎴ aurous ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ) ᎠᎴ +3 (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᎴ auric ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ precipitated ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ oxidized ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Bethlehem, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏌ. ᏥᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ (paidion), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᎵ (brephos). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏥᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ. (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎢᏎᎢᏯ 60:1-7, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ.) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Egypt. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ Bethlehem ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2 ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nazareth (ᎹᏚ 2:1-23).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎦᏳᎳ differed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ haircuts. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ henna ᎠᎴ sprinkled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. Men’s ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ shaved. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ hairdressing ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩes ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏍᏙᏰᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ al-Qaeda. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ motivation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ Al-Qaeda togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998 fatwa ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'ᎠᏯ Ahmad Taha, Shaykh ᎦᏁᎳ Hamzah, ᎠᎴ Fazlur Rahman (Amir ᎯᎠ Jihad ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bangladesh, Fazlur Rahman). ᎯᎠ fatwa ᏠᎨᏏ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ:

ᏥᏳ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᎬᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ whitewater, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Cataloochee ᎠᎴ Ober Gatlinburg.