Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎠᎨᏴ dragonflies ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ emergent digakohidi. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵl (ᎠᏲᎵ) ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎪᏍᏓᏱᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ invertebrateᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ vertebrates ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏖᎦᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ) ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ holometabolous ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ larvae ᎠᎴ dissected, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ "ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ thoracic ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Dickens'. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ H. C. Andersen' ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ, ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᏂᎩᎠ ᏂᏚᎳᏑᎸᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ matches, ᎠᎴ peeking ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏔᎲ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Anglophone ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ.

ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᎩᏓᎡ, ᎠᏜ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢᎾ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏌᎩᎠᏏᏍ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ availability ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵese ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ gantlai ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ sashimi (ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏑᏏ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ multi-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tokyo (encoded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ cryptographic ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ), ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Cordell ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ 1 ᏒᎯᏱᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (ie, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ decryption ᎠᎴ typing ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᏤᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ("ᎠᎬᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ... ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ nvwato hiyadv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ"), ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ TV ᎤᏤᎵᏛ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1980s, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ video ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ resold ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. Ꮝ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, George Bailey, ᎨᏒᎢ businessman ᎦᎪ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ committing ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏣᎵ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ Charlie ᏬᏗᎨ tries ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ deeper ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ (1983) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎣᎾᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, deployment ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ (ᎯᎠ TOtable ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ meteorologists.

Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ótr ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏯ. (ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Icelandic ᎧᏁᏨ otr ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᏥᏯ"; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Indo-European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ "ᎠᎹ", "ᎦᏚᎵᏓ" ᎠᎴ "ᎪᎳ".)

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎳ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎩᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏂ.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᎨᏂᏍᏖᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎯᎠ Pakistan ᎠᏯ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ align ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ Al-Qaeda. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ airports ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ arrested ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᏄᏪᎵᏒ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎦᎪᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ stemmed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Wartime ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ effectiveness, ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ" ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ southerners ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ cranberry ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ Northeasterners.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Jerdon ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (Harpegnathos saltator). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ.

ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ 3,859 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ 3,754 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ 105 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ.
ᏧᏁᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 3, 1999, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ (ᏌᏊ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ 36 ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Moore, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ). ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7 pm, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ 318 mph , 50 mph ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ F6 ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎯᎠ Catawba ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ rosebay ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ- ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ-flowered ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ azalea ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Catawbas. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

Akilam ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ideological regeneration Hinduism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ Vaikundar ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ incarnation Vishnu, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Nizhal Thangals ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Narayana Swami Pathi ᎤᏠᏱ Hindu, Vaishnavism. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ follwers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Kali ᎠᎴ folk deities ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ.

Pathis ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ centres congregational ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ structures ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ significance ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ activities ᎨᏒᎩ historically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ specialised ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ metabolic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ: ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 15% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ-ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎢᎦ; ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ, 20 25%, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10 °C ᏥᏯ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ 100 g ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ: ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 3 5 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ, nursing ᏧᏂᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ.

ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ briefcases, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ airfoil ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Kutta ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.
ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Yarnell ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1932 ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ-ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏩᏱ. Yarnell, ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ, ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ Oahu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ launched 'ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ' ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ, 7 ᎧᎦᎵ 1932. ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ Yarnell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ 'ᎤᏲᏨᎯ' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 24 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ) ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ battleship ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ stationed ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ dismissed Yarnell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ impractical ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.

[[File:Biber_2_db.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ontario, ᎧᎾᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏙᏯ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ castoreum, ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ gland ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Elbe, ᎯᎠ Rhone ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Scandinavia. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏉᎳᏂ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ reintroduced ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bavaria ᎠᎴ ᏛᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏗᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ: Giraldus Cambrensis ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1188 (Itinerarium ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Teifi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wales ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.

Arabica ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ exported ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Mocha, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Yemen, ᎠᎴ Java, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Indonesia. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎧᏫ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᎧᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. Varietal ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ denoting taxonomic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ arabica ᎠᎴ robusta ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎧᏫ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᏴᏫ varietal, bourbon, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ: Rwanda ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Bourbon). ᎧᏫ aficionados ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ auctioned ᎧᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ.

ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ achieved ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.5 g/1000 kg (0.5 ppm) ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ mined ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ 1–5 g/1000 kg (1-5 ppm), ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ 1802, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Alabama ᎠᎴ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ). ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ/Collared/ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎪᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Australian/Melanesian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎨᏴ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ holometabolous, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pupae ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ exarate) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎯᎠ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ – ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ – ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎨᏴ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ larvae ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ trophallaxis ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. Larvae ᎠᎴ pupae ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ.

ᎯᎠ geographies ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ harbourᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ. ᎠᎹ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ) ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ: Akagi, Hiryu, ᎧᎦ, Shokaku, Soryu, ᎠᎴ Zuikaku. ᏔᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ battleship, ᏔᎵ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, 9 ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ 3 ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 423 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Mitsubishi ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 0 "ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ" ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, Nakajima ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 97 "Kate" ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ bomber, ᎠᎴ Aichi ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 99 "Val" ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ bomber. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ 8 tankerᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ refueling. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Expeditionary ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 20 ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ko-hyoteki-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᎩ-ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎠᏚᎷᎳ" ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ cranberry ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎠᏑᏯᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏑᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏆᎸ, mashed ᏄᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏆᎸ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuyaᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuya casserole, ᎠᎴ Waldorf ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏯ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ, ᏒᎦᏔ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎯ ᎠᏂᏅᎯᏓ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ safer ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ controllable, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hatcheries iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Sweden ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Norwegians ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ kanquotsegi ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ overharvest ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ "ᎠᎹ" ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. variant ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ fishermen ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᏂ.

F1 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ F0 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ pushed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏦᏔ.

ᎾᎿ 17 ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1968, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-tiered pricing ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ $35.00 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ($1.13/g) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ; ᎪᎯ ᏔᎵ-tiered pricing ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1975 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᏙᎢ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ.

ᎥᏳᎩ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏘᎾ. ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ (2002) ᎠᏍᏆᏛ “The ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ salmonid ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏘᎾ-infested ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᏓᎵ.” ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Scientific Evidence.

ᎯᎠ USS ᏁᏩᏓ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᏁᏩᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ targeted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ bombers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒ underway. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 250 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (113 kg) ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ beached.

Damselflies (Suborder Zygoptera) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ dragonflies, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ damselflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lestidae), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ dragonflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎾᎿ damselfly ᎠᎴ separated; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ dragonflies ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Petaluridae (Petaltails) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Gomphidae (Clubtails). ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ Odonata, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1830s, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳᏊ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏁᎩ abolitionist ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏚᎴᏅ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏂᎬᎿᎨᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, ᎠᎴ Lucretia Mott. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ slavery ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1840s ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ abolitionists ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ owning ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ abolished. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ bitterly resented ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Pleistocene ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏙᏯ, Trogontherium cuvieri, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.

ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏦᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏐᏈᎵᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎢᎦᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ/ᎠᏕᏲᎲ (ᎩᎵᏏ: Our Own Little Coup); ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ - ᎹrᎢᎣ, ᎢᏌbᎡl, DrᎡw CᎠᏍᏍ, D. H. TᎣrᎧᎥᎢᎠn, ᎠᎴ JᎠᏐn ᏩgᎪᏁr. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏦᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎹrᎢᎣ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏌbᎡl.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ, Coffea arabica ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Ethiopia, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Kefa, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏛ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, Coffea canephora (robusta). Robusta, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40-50% ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ caffeine, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ arabica ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Uganda. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ arabica ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ arabica, robusta ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ "ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏚᎵᏓ cardboard" ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ robustas ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ "crema" (foamy ᎠᏍᎪᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏔᎵ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-roasted robusta. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ roasters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ robusta ᏚᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-marketed ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Coffea liberica ᎠᎴ Coffea esliaca, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎳᏈᎵᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Sudan ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conditioner, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ conservators ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ artifact ᎬᏙᏗ lyadvnehi chemicals, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ parameters ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ Atlantic ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎪᏢᎯ, NATO ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ 5 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ NATO ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏗᎴᎩ" ᏓᏄᏩ.

ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎴ assessed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ F-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎡᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ F0 F12 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ capped ᎾᎾᎢ EF5, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ≥ 200 mph (≥ 320 km/h)". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᎦᎵ 2, 2007.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ aerating ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏦᏤᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.

Residents ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎤᏠᏱ secessions ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ suppressed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Jefferson Davis arrested ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ restoration ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ contentious postwar ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Reconstruction. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 970,000 casualties (3% ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 620,000 ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ deaths — ᏔᎵ-thirds ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ lingering ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ restoration ᎠᎴ strengthening ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Arul Nool, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ mythology. Ayyavazhi ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Hari Gopalan Citar ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ Akilam ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Narayana ᎤᏤᎵ consort Lakshmi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ origin Arul Nool; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Citars ᎠᎴ Arulalarkal (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ possessed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ prayers, hymn ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, rituals, prophesies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ekam, ᎢᎦᏛ followers ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pantheistic, sticking ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ekan (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ oneness ᎠᎴ Ekam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᎦᎵᏉᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ, ᎯᎠ Akilam lays ᎯᎠ groundwork ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ viewing Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pantheistic ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kappu, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ Akilam ᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ Akilam ᎠᏗᎭ, "ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏌ, ᎰᏩᏧ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ".Akilam1:12.

ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ inaugurated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ symbolizing ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ; ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ nineteenth ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, Ayyavazhi ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, albeit ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Travancore ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tirunelveli. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏎᏍᏗ followers ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ significantly ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1840s. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Vaikundar, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ Arul Nool. ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ Citars, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ deciples Ayya Vaikundar, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ descendants travelled ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Ayyavazhi. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎠ Payyan dynasty ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Swamithoppe pathi, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏐᎢ Pathis ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ followers Ayya. ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ Nizhal Thangals (ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ Bala Prajapathi Adikalar ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ descendant Payyan dynasty. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ foundations ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ Nizhal Thangals. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ incarnation Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Tirunelveli ᎠᎴ Tuticorin, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ Kanyakumari ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ eponymous ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ Hugin ᎠᎴ Munin, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ Celtic goddesses ᎯᎠ Mórrígan ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Badb (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mórrígan), ᎠᎴ Shani, Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏜᏪᏤᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Athena, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏔᎳᏬᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ WWII, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Attacks on United States territory in North America during ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎳᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ.)

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (150 m) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 5 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (8 km). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ inhibited ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ priorities. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Bloomberg ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ 2012 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2002 ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-2005, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Pataki ᎡᏆᏯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ criticized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.

Allergy ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎯ allergy, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (e.g. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏐᎯ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ) ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ anaphylactic ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ.

ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ nitrogen ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. Starbucks, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ acidic, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ chemical processes Ꮎ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᎪᎬ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎧᏫ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi Ꮝ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tomatoes, chili ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, blueberries, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ Opana ᎪᏍᏓᏱ radar ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ detected ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ 6 ᎠᎹᏰᏟ B-17 bombers ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ" ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ approached ᎦᏙᎯ; ᏌᏊ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, radioed ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ tohi adedi ᎾᎿ. ᏐᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ processed, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗᏱ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ forewarnings ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ interpreted ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ 10 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎲ attacked ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ.

Brazil ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ flooded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ robusta ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Vietnam. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏫ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ 1975-1989 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ pricing ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2001 2004. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997 ᎯᎠ "c" ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$3.00/ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 2001 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$0.43/ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. Robusta ᎧᏫ (traded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ London ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏤᎵ Arabica) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ (multinational roasters, ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏫ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.

ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, George W. ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ soared 86% . ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 20, 2001, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏁᏨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Rudy Giuliani ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.

ᎯᎠ Masai ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎦᏘᏴ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Siafu ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ predators Ꮎ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ.

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ tallest ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ) ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ verified ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ laser rangefinders ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎫᎴᎦ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ U.S. Eastern Native Tree Society ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ 5% 15% ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ 114 m, 117 m, 130 m, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ 150 m, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ tallest reliably ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ:

ᎤᏣᏘ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ labour ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᏫ berries ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ processed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎧᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ consumers ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ. ᎧᏫ berries ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ, defruited, ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ—ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ processes—ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ.
ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Elizur ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 2,000 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ 2,000 ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 4,000 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1973 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 2,000 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ; ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1984, ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 8,000 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎹᏚ, Biblical magi ᎤᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ, "ᎭᏢᏃ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ? ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ." (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Numbers 24:17.) ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ." ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ Babylon ᎦᎪ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏕᏂᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᏂᎵ. ᏕᏂᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ (ᏕᏂᎵ 9:24-27), ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎪ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᏴᏫ.

ᎯᎠ penetration Ayyavazhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ territories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tamil Nadu ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Kerala. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Nadar ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ followers Ayyavazhi. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognise ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Hindues ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ. ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ Arul Nool, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ texts ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ayyavazhi, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, Ꮝ mythology, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practices ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practices Hinduism ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Advaita ᎠᎴ Smartism.

ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nowy Sącz, Poland (ᏀᎢᏳᎢ Neu Sandec, Austrian Galicia). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, Anton, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᎾᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ, Anton ᎠᎴ Max, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏁᏦᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Prague ᎠᎴ Vienna ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Jagiellonian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kraków. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Lemberger Zeitung ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lwów, Ukraine ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Wiener Zeitung ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vienna.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ anti-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ dismayed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ admired, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ territories ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accepted ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1945.

Ꮎ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ (1861–1865) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ sectional ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ("ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ") ᎠᎴ 11 ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Jefferson Davis. ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ", ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery, rejected ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ secession. ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ 12 ᎫᏬᏂ, 1861 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ attacked ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏐᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 600 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ trapped ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ (2 WTC). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 18 ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ collapsed. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11, John Ogonowski, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ hijackers ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ callers ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ hijacked aircraft Ꮎ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ, sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ imago. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lepidoptera, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᎠᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ- ᎠᎴ hindwings ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ prolegs. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ tvga ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ unfolded. ᏧqᎠᎫᏔᏅᏒ-emerged ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 'inflating' Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predator.

Polyrhachis sokolova, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australian ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎸᏱ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏠᏱ.

ᎯᎠ goals ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ symmetric. ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ independence ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ invade ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ stretches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ evenly matched. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᎲ advantages Ꮎ increasingly ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ diplomatic ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ.

ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Roosevelt ᎠᏑᏰᏛ investigating ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ, ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Owen Roberts ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ asgahah aninela E. Kimmel, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ), ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ 'ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Roberts ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ evaluation ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ. ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 25, 1999, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ.

ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1838 ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 4,000 ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Nunna daul Isunyi—"ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᏫᏔ, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ .
ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏳᏓᎵ, ᎿᏊ ᏱᏗᎦᏁᏌᏴᏜᏗᎠ, ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏍᏆ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏓ ᎠᎾᏂᎩᏍᎪ Ꮲ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ. ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏂᎷᎪ, ᎠᏁᎬ Ꮲ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎠᏓᏁᏍᏗᎵ ᎠᎾᏣᎢᏍᎪ ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏕᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏣᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹᎢ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ stages, Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ assassinated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ plot ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate sympathizers. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ targets ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ plot, ᎠᎴ William H. Seward ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, F0 ᎠᎴ F1 (T0 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ T3) ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 80% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ (ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ F4, T8), ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1%. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Bangladesh.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ nonetheless ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ larvae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ/ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.

Accoriding Akilam, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ incarnations ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏯᏛᎿ beliefs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏊ, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Kaliyan, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Akilam, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ incarnation ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Ekam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 'ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ Ayyavazhi rejects ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ scriptures ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Akilattirattu Ammanai.

ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎸᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ biotope ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ rainforest ᎠᎴ taiga (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ecozone). ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᏡᎬ scattered ᎠᎴ spaced ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ grassland (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ grazed ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎬᏅ.

ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏯᎹᎼᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎾᏛᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ botched timing ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "ᎠᏯ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ awakened ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ" . ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ uttered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᎹᎼᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Ꮎ "ᎠᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ … ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ."
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Tudor ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Dickens ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.

ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ (NWS) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ." ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Bernoulli ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ) ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. Latte ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ espresso-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. Arfé ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disruptive; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ roadbed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ derailments ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ-ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ dish—so ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijacked ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ hijackers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI, ᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 93 ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ (ᎤᏴᏜ Kansas) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 37) "ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏯᏕᏁᏗ ᎣᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ "ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᏁᎭ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ." ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ geographic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Turkey ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sicily.

ᏥᏯ ᎠᏁᎰ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᏧᏍᏗ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᎠᎹᏱᏃ ᎤᎦᏄᎸᏒ, ᎤᎿᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎰ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏱ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᏃ ᏗᎾᏓᏍᏛᏍᎩ. ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏓᏂᎾᏙᎦ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎵᏙᎸ. ᏥᏯ ᎡᎵᏊ ᏱᏓᎳᎬᏯ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎿᏊ ᎤᎭᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴᎢ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ linked Ꮎ Hinduism. Akilam ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ yugas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kali, shares ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, mythical characters, ᎠᎴ concepts ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎨᏒᎩ engendered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ Yugas ᎠᎴ Avatars differs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism. ᎯᎠ personification ᎯᎠ entity ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, Kali ᎨᏒᎢ unique Ayyavazhi, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. Akilam ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ concepts ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ scriptures ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kali.

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ dormancy. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ millimeter ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏦᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ pubic ᎠᎴ armpit ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ dormancy, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ pushes ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1.25 centimeters, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.5 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛes, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏏᏅᏙ. Anthropologist ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, byproduct ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Fisherian ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ marker ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ—ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ 39 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ—ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏛᏍᎬ). ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes) ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: twister, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, willy-willy, ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᏍᏕᏱᏛ, ᎠᎴ stovepipe. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, willy-willy ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ.

ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ (ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ unfused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏐᏴ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pistilᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ovaries (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ indehiscent (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ - ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ - ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ digakohidi-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Fagales. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ (e.g. ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, alder, hornbeam, wingnut) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ (e.g. tanoak) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shaved, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egyptian ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎪᎯ "sidelock". ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ shaved ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏘᎾ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.

ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. ᏕᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏯᎸ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ strategist ᎠᎴ tactician ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ victories ᎾᎾᎢ: Forts Henry ᎠᎴ Donelson, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ Cumberland Rivers; Shiloh; ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Vicksburg, cementing ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ Rosecrans ᎠᎴ defeated Bragg ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᏱᎵᏒ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Atlanta ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎤ ᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ, 730 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (1,175 km) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏳᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎫᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 40 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (64 km) ᎾᎾᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ. ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ canyon ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ armies ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏤ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outlawed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Boston, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ (1659-81). ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ". ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᎾᎥᎢ Washington Irving ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ homecomings ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1870.

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ Tchaikovsky' ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Nutcracker ᎠᎴ Charles Dickens ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ Nutcracker ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ nutcracker Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ' ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. Charles Dickens' ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Scrooge. Scrooge ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijacking ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliners ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ airports, fueled ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ California. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ capacities ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 24,000 ᎠᎹ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (91,000 liters) ᎠᎴ 144,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (65,455 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ), ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ aircraft ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ guided ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

ᏣᎵ ᏙᎹᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Burma ᎠᎴ Siam, ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (Oecophylla smaragdina) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ. Saville Kent, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ “Beauty, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ-ᎠᏍᏛᎩ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.” ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎴᎹᏂ ᏍᏆᏏ, “these ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.”

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎢᏅ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1500 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏔᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100,000 ᎦᏁᎳ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1700 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ, ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 300 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10,000 ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ.