Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ chronosubspecies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.

"ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Tisbury ᎤᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 1.5 m ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ dilated ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: 11.28 m (1834 Loudon), 9.3 m (1892 Lowe), 10.67 m (1903 Elwes ᎠᎴ Henry), 9.0 m (1924 E. Swanton), 9.45 m (1959 Mitchell) .... ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ".

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ societies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ haircut ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ.

ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ swirling ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ phenomena ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ weakest ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ skies. ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

deeper ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ conspiracies ᎨᏒᎩ afoot Ꮎ threatened ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1850s ᏔᎵ loomed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ threatening: ᎯᎠ sectional antislavery ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ (ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ aristocratic slaveholding ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ digatoli ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ predators Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 'ᎣᏂᏗᏢ' ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ attacked. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Jumala ompi linnamme (ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᏡᏡ Luther ᎤᏤᎵ Ein` feste Burg ist unser Gott) ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Confederate ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᎧᎹᎩ. Bragg, reinforced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ corps James Longstreet (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ), defeated Rosecrans, despite ᎯᎠ heroic defensive ᎦᏙᎬ George Henry Thomas. Rosecrans retreated ᏣᏔᏄᎦ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Bragg ᎾᎯᏳᎢ besieged.

ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ cultural ᎣᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Italian-ᏴᏩᏁᎬᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ lasagna ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ Ashkenazi atogiyadvᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏅᎯ kugel, ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᎸᎯ. ᎦᏁᎳ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ ᏩᎦ ᎦᎵᏣᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ vegan ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ centerpieces ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ stuffed ᎠᎴ baked ᎢᏯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Danaidae, Heliconiidae, Libytheidae ᎠᎴ Satyridae, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ subfamilies ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nymphalidae.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ Panentheism, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ quotes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦagatudesdi Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monistic. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Vinchai, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, Narayana, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ Vaikundar, ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ "ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ Sivan, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ Thirumal, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ Nathan, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Tapas, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ omnipresent ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ". ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Vaikundar ᎨᏒᎢ jailed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thiruvananthapuram ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ alleviates ᎯᎠ Santror ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ "ᎠᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Ekam ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ omnipresent ᏂᎬᎾᏓ". -- (Akilam 13:395).

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ sgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ.

ᎯᎠ nvwatohiyadv ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎡᏆ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Philadelphia, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 4, 1776 ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎦᏴᏖᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ "ᎢᎦᎢ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ radar ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ updraft, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ 4 ᎠᎴ 8 pm, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ thickest ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᏒᏃᏱ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ.

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ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ advisors ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ Bethlehem, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ David, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎹᎢᎧ 5:2-4. "ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ," ᎤᏓᎶᏄᎮᏌᏘ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ (ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 8, 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ), ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ invaded ᎩᎵᏏ Malaya. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ Territories Hong Kong ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ, ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Thailand ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ HMS ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Wales ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ unregulated. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Geneva ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ), lyudetiyvda ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ Arthurian ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Marquess Queensberry ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ).
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ responded ᎾᎥᎢ promoting ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ oriented ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ triumphed ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Charles ᎠᏯ England, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ banned (1647). ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎦᎪ decorated ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ shouted royalist ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (1660) ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835, ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏣᏂ F. Schermerhorn ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎧᎻᏏᏂ. ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ 4.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ) ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 1835 ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ Schermerhorn.

ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ' ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ severed ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏬᏚ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ (ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎳᎩᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏙᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.

ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ (Enhydra lutris) ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ Bering ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ Kamchatka, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ 200,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ cm ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ hunted ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ cautious McClellan ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ Antietam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Fredericksburg ᎾᎿ 13 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1862, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, Burnside ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. Joseph "ᏓᎾᎵᎲ Joe" Hooker. Hooker, too, ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ; despite outnumbering ᎯᎠ Confederates ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ humiliated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chancellorsville ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. Meade defeated Lee ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Gettysburg (1 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ—3 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863), ᎯᎠ bloodiest ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sometimes ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ 28,000 casualties (versus Meade ᎤᏤᎵ 23,000). Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ Ꮎ Meade ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ intercept Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1864 ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ leadership.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ (1914). ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ afterward. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ soccer ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ 133rd ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ bested [[Britain|ᎩᎵᏏᏲ] ᎤᏤᎵ Seaforth Highlanders 3-2.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ delegations ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎠᎴ offered ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ properties ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. Lincoln rejected ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ Confederate ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ legitimate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ tantamount ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sovereign ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ generalisation ᎾᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ paperwork ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ. Britons ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᏍᎬ kalil ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ (ᎠᎴ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hempstead, ᎢᏤ York, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 755,785 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ stridulation ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ gaster ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏍᏥ ᎠᎴ cardiovascular ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᎳ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ. ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ unclear ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ caffeine ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ chemical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ decaffeinated ᎧᏫ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ).

ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ idiophone. Ꮝ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ clapper, ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ.

Sigismund ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Wawel Cathedral ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kraków, Poland, ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1520. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Paul ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ aircraft, ᎬᎿᎨ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ–ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ-- ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ rocked ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ 9-1-1 ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, Todd Beamer, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ aircraft. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ." (ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Beamer ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ," ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ Al-Qaeda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᎨᏂᏍᏖᏂ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ afterward, ᎯᎠ aircraft crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Shanksville, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Stonycreek ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ, ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ, ᎾᎾᎢ 10:03:11 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (14:03:11 ᎢᎢᎢ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ timing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ seismic ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 10:06 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ captured Al-Qaeda ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ Khalid Shaikh Mohammed ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ."

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ geologically; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, 75% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1910. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏦᎢ 20 m (66 ft) ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ (8000 m³).

ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ), ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ), ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ activities ᎠᎴ achieved ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ institutional ᏗᏫᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ mislabeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ), drupe (ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ endocarp ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎦᏔ) ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ (ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ).

ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ organizing ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᎳᏛᎢ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏉ.

Kroni, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Kali Yuga, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ omnipresent ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Hindus, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ yuga, Kali Yuga, ᎨᏒᎢ decadent.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ consolidating ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ shared ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ centralized ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ adatolasdisgi ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ illuminated ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, snowmen, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ awoke ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ exploding ᎠᎴ cries "ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ" ᎠᎴ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ're ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ bombed." ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ locked ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, undispersed ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Isaac C. Kidd, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Franklin ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Valkenburgh, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ USS ᎡᏩᏐᎾ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏩᏅᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏇ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Joe Taussig ᎤᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ USS ᏁᏩᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ onboard, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. Ꮎ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Ꮝ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Mervyn Bennion, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ, ᏙᎯᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ USS ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ adatudi ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎯᎠ USS Tautog, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ attacker downed. ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ Doris "Dorie" ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ, African-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᎶᏇ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ hitting ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, 14 ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Manu avatar Trimurthi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ayyavazhi shares ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ mythology ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ differs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ concepts "ᎣᏍᏛ vs ᎤᏐᏅᎢ", Dharma ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 17th ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏔᏅ Saturn, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ recalled ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Saturn ruled. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17-23). ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ feasted. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ anaditsgv, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ," ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Catallus. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏔᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ Saturnalian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ). ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎠ "ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ).

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ geographically isolated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ battles ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. Confederate incursions ᎾᎾᎯ Arizona ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ repulsed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862. Guerilla ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ) ᎾᎾᎯ battleground. ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ. ᏅᏓᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Confederate ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ Vicksburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ comemorate ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ , ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'Fests'. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ fests ᎠᎴ:

ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Appalachia, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. Tourism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏬᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Gatlinburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1838, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 15,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏀᎾ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᏀᎾ ᎫᏬᏂ 23, 1838, Ralph Waldo Emerson ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Jackson's ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏡᏡ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Buren, ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ."

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ RFD ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏅᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ (ᏖᎾᏏ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏥᏂ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, ᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ Richmond, ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ vulnerable ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ resistance ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Manassas, ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1861, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ halted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ Manassas, whereupon ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, D.C., ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Generals Joseph E. Johnston ᎠᎴ P.G.T. Beauregard. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Ꮎ Confederate ᏂᎦᎥ Thomas Jackson ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "Stonewall" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. Alarmed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Crittenden-Johnson ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ 25 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 25 Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ asbestos, ᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ dioxin ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ debilitating illnesses ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ NYPD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ James Zadroga. ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᎠᎴ nearby Chinatown.

ᎯᎠ favorite ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ-ᎤᎾᏥ (Nuphar luteum), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏆᏅᏕᎾ-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, poplar ᎠᎴ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᏕᏡᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ berries, ᎨᏒᎢ consumed.
ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ nadvndhvgi ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2003. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ, "ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Saddam Hussein ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ?" ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 32% ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, 37% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, 12% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ 3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ. ᎪᎯ unsubstantiated ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ promoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 2003 ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Iraq, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ Cheney ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ Iraq ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ , "ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ" ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ: Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ, "ᎯᎠ geographic alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ 9-11." Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᎭ emerged ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ. (Unsubstantiated ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: (1) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Czech ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ 9/11 ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ Mohammed Atta ᎠᎴ Iraqi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Prague ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ Atta ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Florida; ᎠᎴ (2) ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ Ahmed Hikmat Shakir, ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ Iraqi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malaysia ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 9/11 hijacker Khalid ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Mihdhar ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ CIA ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ.)

ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ aircraft ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᏰᎲ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ Leatherman multi-ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ chemical ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 11 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 175 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ. ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ aircraft, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 77. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ.

ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 4, 1941, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ:

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᏆ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏀᎾᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎠᏍᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ.

ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ shamanic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ folk. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ shamanic ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ exhort ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ, practiced divination (Kanakku) discern ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ misfortunes, ᎠᎴ 'foretold ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ happenings'. ᎢᎦᏛ LMS ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ attest ᎯᎠ prevalence shaman ᎠᎴ shamanistic practices ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ centers Ayyavazhi. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. ᎯᎠ Akilattirattu Ammanai recognizes shamanic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arul Nool ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ imparting ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ divination ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ temples." ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ shamanism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ practiced ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ scriptures ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ beginner ᎯᎠ metaphysics.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators, e.g., ᏩᏯ, ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ spillways ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎹ.

ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ substituting ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏤᎵᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ gantlai ᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎪᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ farmed ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. Intensive ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.

ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏦᎢ: Balthassar, Melchior, ᎠᎴ Caspar. Balthassar ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Babylonian ᏚᏙᎥ Belshazzar. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏂᎵ. Melchior ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Aramaic. Caspar ᎨᏒᎢ Latinized ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ Gondophares, Parthian (ᎠᏯ.e. Persian) ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ prophecies Ꮎ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ (ᎢᏎᎢᏯ 60:3, Psalms 72:11).

ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ conurbation (ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ) ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wider ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Petersglocke, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Decke Pitter" (ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ Peter), ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ Cathedral. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᏗ 24 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1922. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Petersglocke ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎴ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Doppler ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.

ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎫᎾ (Meles, Arctonyx, Taxidea ᎠᎴ Mellivora ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ locked ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎿᎢ embargoes ᎾᎿ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ Panama ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ worsen, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Indochina. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ resource, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ 80% ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1908) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏓᏗ ᎡᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Bigelow Paine.

Is Something Fishy Going On? ᎾᎥᎢ Judith E. Foulke, FDA Consumer, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1993 - ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ consumer ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. Southerners argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ cited ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ jurisdiction ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. Anti-slavery ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ reversed stances ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ instars. ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ undergoes ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ apolysis, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ chitin ᎠᎴ specialized ᏤᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ moults ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ, "ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ," ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Mecca. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ redesigned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Islam.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ responded ᎾᎥᎢ promoting ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ oriented ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ triumphed ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Charles ᎠᏯ England, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ banned (1647). ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎦᎪ decorated ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ shouted royalist ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (1660) ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ).
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ blaireau ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎤᎫᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ brock (ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ brocc), Celtic loanword (Gaelic broc, ᎦᏁᎳ broch, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Proto-Celtic *brokko). ᎯᎠ Proto-ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ *þahsu- (ᎠᏓᏥ Dachs), ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ *tek'- "ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮝ digging ᎫᏓᎸᏙ(ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ).

ᏀᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Cephalotes atratus. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᏩᏂᎦᎳ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᎠᏓᏥ, ᎠᎴ Spanish ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. Ictalurids ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏙᏗ Mississippi ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ictalurus ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ European ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ resource, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ catfishes ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ achieved ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fishes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ecological ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ European gantlai, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Clariids ᎠᎴ Pangasiids ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ cultured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Asia. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corydoras, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquaria.

ᏫᎵ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏩᏲ (PRYOR), ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎤᏕᏅ1946 ᎾᎿ Casper, WY. ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ ᎧᏬᏂ 9, 2012. ᎤᏲᏏᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ Vietnam ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1967. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏥᏰᎸᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏍᏊ Traci Rabbit ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎢᏴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏚᏅᏁᎳ ᏒᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ.

ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ-ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎳᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᏲᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂ, contributing ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 1945. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ declaring ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ectoparasite ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᎦ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ", "ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ hairlessness ᎨᏒᎢ adaptation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ectoparasite ᎠᎧᎵᎢ." ᎠᏗᎭ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Pagel, evolutionary biologist, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Walter Bodmer ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ, UK. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ 'ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎪᎯ adaptation ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ gene/ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ" ᎠᏗᎭ Pagel. "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ scenario sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏝᏊ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 2,200 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (3,540 km) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎠᎠᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ onto ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ectoparasites.

ᏈᎵᎩ ᎩᎵᎪᎶᏫ (ᏊᎵᎨᎵᏱ: Фи́лип Бедро́сов Кирко́ров Philipp Bedrosov Kirkorov; ᏲᏂᎢ: Филипп Бедросович Киркоров Philipp Bedrosovich Kirkorov) ᎠᏲᏂᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏊᎵᎨᎵᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli (ᏓᎪᎥᎩ 'Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏯ' ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Gavin Maxwell ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎹ) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tigris-Euphrates ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ Iraq. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lede ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ 110 mph (175 km/h) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 250 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (75 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6 km) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ dissipating. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Santa, Père Noël, ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Santa ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ Knecht Ruprecht, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ Peter. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, elves ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ. Claus. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ.

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᎤᏩᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏝᏬᏚ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ wolverine ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ comprised ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ northernmost ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎺᎵᏂ, ᏕᎳᏪᎢ, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏅᏓᎩ). ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Lincoln ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, militia units Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ drilling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏩᏅᏨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎠᎴ Baltimore. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, Lincoln ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎺᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ Columbia.

ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ. ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᏃ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ hilvsgi iyatvni.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ - ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, varieties, polymorph ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, mimetic ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, sexual dimorphism, ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ sexual ᎢᎦᏛᎭ.
ᎧᏫ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ coffeehouses ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ cafés, ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ impacted ᎯᎠ lifestyle ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Yemen, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ intoxicant. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Islam ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mecca ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ "ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ repressed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ. Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎬᏙᏗ rebellious ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ activities ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ banning ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.

ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ Humpback ᏎᎼᏂ (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ California ᎠᎴ Korea, ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Mackenzie ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎯᎠ Lena ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏞᏗ chemicals ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ formic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎦᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Paraponera), ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Schmidt ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᏤᎩ ᏗᎵᏔᏕᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, (Myrmecia pilosula) ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ hospitalizations ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

Charles Francis Adams ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ adept ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reluctant boldly challenge ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ maritime ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners — ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏓᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎾᎥᎢ slipping ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ crews ᎨᏒᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ captured ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ warships ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ comercial ᏥᏳ builders ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏆᎹ, ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ postwar disputes. ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᏓᏅᏒ journalists Henry Hotze ᎠᎴ Edwin De Leon ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ propaganda ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ media ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Paris ᎠᎴ ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ slavery ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ European politicians, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ. ᏓᏄᏩ loomed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1861 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Trent ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, involving ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏔᎾ seize ᏔᎵ Confederate diplomats. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Lincoln ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ diplomats.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ larvae ᎦᏓᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, larvae ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Colombian ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Santander Hormigas Culodnas (ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. : "ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ") Atta laevigata ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Guanes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Thailand, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Khorat ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏓᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thai ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, Yum (ยำ), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Yum Khai Mod Daeng (ยำไข่มดแดง) ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Issan ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Thailand. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎢᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (TORRO), ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1974, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ 12 ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ broader ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ tighter ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ T0 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ T11 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Sublette ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏩᏲᎻ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Bridger-Teton ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ southwest ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏃᏯᎭ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Sweetwater ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏩᏲᎻ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ tsuqagutanvsv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern ᏳᏔ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ fictional ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ varies. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ, vole ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎫᎫᏣ. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏧᏣᏯᏍᏘ ᎤᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ), ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ wetted ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ seep ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ slowed ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ.

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ capabilities, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, Oregon ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Toronto. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ London ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮝ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ - ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ.
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ perceived ᏩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ victories. ᎩᎳ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ devastating ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏦᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ battleships ᎡᏩᏐᎾ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ battleship Utah (ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ); ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᏣᏘ usable ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ salvaged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ. ᎦᎨᏛ casualties ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ'ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ exploding ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ capsizing. ᏅᎩ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ battleships ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏁᏩᏓ. ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, enabling ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ battleships ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ refitted, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outdated ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ anti-ᎦᏚᎢ 5" ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ turreted DP ᏗᎦᎶᏇ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Cassin ᎠᎴ Downes ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ salvaged ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Shaw ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kali Yukam (ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ manifestation Kroni. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnates ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Vaikundar ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ mythology ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mythical ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎩ woven ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Muthirikkinaru, ᏙᏄᏭᎢ Headgear ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, Thuvayal Thavasu ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.

ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cyclonic ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ (counterclockwise ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ). ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ cyclonically ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Coriolis ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1 ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 100 ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ anticyclonic ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ landspouts ᎠᎴ gustnados ᎠᏕᏲᎲ anticyclonically. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, anticyclonic supercell ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ F5 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (150 m) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, spanning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, evolutionary ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (Boggs ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., 2003). ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ aposematism ᎠᎴ mimicry ᏚᎴᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ nineteenth ᏍqᎣᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ lepidopterists ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ H. F. Nijhout ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ.

ᎯᎠ "ᏐᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, (Aesculus hippocastanum), ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conker. Conkers ᎠᎴ inedible ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conkers, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ threaded onto ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ conker ᎾᎥᎢ hitting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, Aesculus californica, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᎠᎪᏄᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ leached ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏰᎵᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ? significant ᏎᏍᏗ scholars ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ insurmountable ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ determination ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. Confederate ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ historian Shelby Foote ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ succinctly ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ken Burns ᎤᏤᎵ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: "ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ.... ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ victories, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎠᏯ don't ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ."

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ controlled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80% ᎯᎠ shipyards, steamships, ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ augmented ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ massive shipbuilding ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ systems ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ coastline.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,008 petalled lotus ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ-shaped ᎤᏁᎬ 'Namam'. ᎯᎠ lotus ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ 1,008-petalled Sahasrara (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil, Ladam ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Namam ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ Aanma Jyothi ᎠᎴ atman, sometimes translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ" ᎠᎴ "ᎣᏩᏒ". ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Thirunamam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ secondary scriptures, Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ Arul Nool. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, 'Lotus ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ Namam', ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ scriptures. ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ legends ᎪᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ forties ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.

ᏗᎦᏚᎴᎾ - ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏪᏍᎪ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏯᏂᏃᎮᎭ. ᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏥᏂᏕᎬᏅᏛ ᏗᏨᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᎦᏚᎴᎾ ᎠᏃᏎᎲᎢ. ᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏂ ᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎥᏍᏊ ᏱᏅᎦᏪᏏ. "Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏚᎴᎾ."

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1872 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᏙᏙᎥ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Vienna ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1873 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 33.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 22 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ 9 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1861; ᎯᎠ disparity ᎤᏛᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ controlled ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ garrisons, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ trans-ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Nuremburg ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ–ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ–ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎩᎵᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ masssive ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Nazis ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ-accepted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ landspouts, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ vortices. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ—ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ.