Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᏥᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticideᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ-ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ 1999 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 1,000 ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎯᎠ UK Biodiversity ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ envisages ᎯᎠ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ UK ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1960. Roadkill ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ centres ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ Alexandria, Antioch ᎠᎴ Seleucia ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Tigris ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece, Carthage, Changan (ᎾᏊ Xi') (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ), ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome, Ꮝ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ Constantinople (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Istanbul), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ Chinese, Islamic, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬn ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ yvwatuwidv 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BCE, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ. Alexandria ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Rome ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 32 CE, Alexandria ᎠᏰᎲ 180,000 ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ). ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ centres emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Baghdad, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Rome.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ seasonal ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ; ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-seasonal ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ heartwood ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ extrapolating ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

Anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ alerted. ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ.

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi proposes emancipatory utopia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ banner Dharma Yukam. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ Kali Yukam ᎾᎥᎢ sentencing Kroni ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ judgement ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ Dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ 'uplift ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ--ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Canyon, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 120 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (192 km). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Canyon, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ canyon ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏳᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ San Rafael ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏳᏔ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Wayne ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏳᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Canyonlands ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ examining ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Mohs' ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ purer ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎶᏄᎮᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ softer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ 30 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, DC, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Kichisaburo Nomura, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ Saburo Kurusu, ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ Indochina ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ.

ᏐᎢ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Saeed al-Ghamdi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ hijacker ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ), Mushabib al-Hamlan, Zakariyah Essabar, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, ᎠᎴ Tawfiq bin Attash. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎨᎳ—Khalid al-Mihdhar—ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ overruled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pollen, ᏡᎬ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ dissolved ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ecological ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollinator.

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ chemical ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ) ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎢ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛᎠᎴ sulfide ᎪᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ sulfide ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, stibnite ᎠᎴ pyrrhotite. Rarer ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, muthmannite, nagyagite ᎠᎴ krennerite.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ Lepidoptera ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (lepidos = ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ pteron = ᎪᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ). ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ camouflage ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tᎥᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎢᎦᏛ lepidopterans ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ Clearwing ᏩᏐᎳ (Sesiidae) ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Glasswing ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ tattered ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ properties, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ developmental ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ processes Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.

ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ (ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ) ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ – ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ – ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᏡᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ Alan Mitchell ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ:

ᎯᎠ mythology Ayyavazhi acombination ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mythical accounts. history Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ unfolds ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv Santror, Kali Yukam ᎠᎴ Dharma Yukam. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ concepts ᎠᏓᏁᏗ symbolic ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ.

Ayyavazhi ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ayya Vaikundar. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ marginalised ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Tamil ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries ᎾᏍᎩ posed ᎡᏆ challenge ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ proselytising ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ inception. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ followers ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Chanar ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ castes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.

ᏄᏬᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ chemotherapy ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, noticeable ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ eyebrow, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ dividing ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ cancerous ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏐᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ traumaᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ patches.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ chemical ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ aurum) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ 79. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ auric ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ chemicals ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ attacked ᎾᎥᎢ chlorine, ᏩᎶᏫᏂ, aqua regia ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nitric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. Nitric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᎢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ "tawed" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia ᎠᎴ Alaska ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Skeena ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ fisheries, ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ fisheries, ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ fisheries ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ wildlife ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ watershed.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎬᏗ uniyatolv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ awakened ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏂᎬᎢ", ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ mobilized, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ Atlantic ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ.

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏩᎦ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏄᏬᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᎶ. ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ motorcyclists ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏩᎦ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎾᏛᎠᎴ gantlaiᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ.

ᎯᎠ timing ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ. ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ techniques ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.

Toynbee, Arnold (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ), ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎢᏤ York: McGraw-ᎦᏚᏏ, 1967. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ/geographical ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎡᎵᏉ", ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-Ecumenopolis".

ᎭᏩ Ꮭ Ꮳ ᎣᏍᏲ ᎩᎦᎨᎢ Ꮩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏕᏣᏙᎠ ᎣᏍᏲ ᏗᏤᏲᏟ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᏂᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᎵᏆᏍᎪᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ. ᏌᏚ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎭᏂ. ᎣᏏᏲ ᎧᏂᎦ ᎠᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᎦ ᎤᎾᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᎢᎦᏓ Ꮟ ᏓᎾᏕᏠᏆᏍᎦ ᎪᎯᏴᏥᎩ ᎯᎾ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗ 2009. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎣᎨᏲᎲᎦ. ᎣᏏᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏕᏠᏆᎥᎢ. ᏗᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᏂᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏃᏪᎶᏗ ᏙᏤᏲᎲᏍᎪᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Newport, ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Paccard France. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎦᏙᏗ 66,000 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ clapper ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ tolled ᎨᏒᎢ 89,390 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.

ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎴ grainy ᏗᎦᎪᏗ untanned ᎦᏃᏥ, ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Taranto), ᎭᏢᏃ 20 ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎠᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ (Fairey Swordfish) launched ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Alexandria ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ Italian ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Italian ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Naples. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Isoroku Yamamoto dispatched ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎢᏔᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ" -— ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎧᎸᎬ Indies, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ boffins ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ conventional Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ significant guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ Confederate ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ; Davis ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ captured ᎠᎴ imprisoned ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1776, ᎯᎠ Spanish ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Dominguez ᎠᎴ Escalante ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Rio ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ San Buenaventura. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Spanish ᎠᎴ Mexican ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Rio Verde, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spanish. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Spanish ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏳᏔ.

Note that many sign languages currently use the same template with language code "sgn", with the exception of users who should use the American Sign Language template. Other sign languages can be specified within the {{User sgn}} template itself. The use of this parameter requires the user to perform an extra step when using the {{Babel-#}} templates, described.

ᎾᎿ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 26, 1941, ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Chuichi Nagumo (南雲忠一) ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Hitokappu ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kuril ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏩᏱ.

Ayyavazhi (Tamil:அய்யாவழி "ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ"), Tamil monistic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. Ayyavazhi ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ followers ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ autonomous ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Ꮝ followers ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ.

ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ baobab ᎠᏓᏂᏐᏉᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ baobabs ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏕᏡᎬ, Ꮭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 10-11 m ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. Alaskan ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ. Smoked ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ smoked. Lox ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ smoked ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ cured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ gravlax).
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ encompass ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ goals: Confederate nationalism ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ repudiated, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ slavery ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ eliminated. ᎤᏅᏌ disagreed sharply ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ criteria ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ goals. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ disagreed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ imposed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ reintegrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ/ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ overall 'ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ' ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ aging. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ doesn't ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏃᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ afterward ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ medula ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ thinning ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accompanies aging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ baldness ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ 50. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ baldness ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ evolutionary ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.

Freshwater ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ estuaries ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ aquatic ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, amphipods, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ crustaceans ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deeper ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ (ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predation ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ siltation, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. Estuaries ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ wetlands ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. Wetlands ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, Schermerhorn ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, ᏣᏥᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ) ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᏀᎾ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 30, 1835, ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏌᏊ proponents ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ "X" ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎤᏓᏱᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᎸᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ (ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ urging ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Lincoln ᎠᎴᏅᏗ offensive operations, McClellan attacked ᏩᏥᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1862 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ Peninsula ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ York ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ James ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Richmond. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ McClellan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ gates Richmond ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Peninsula ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, Joseph E. Johnston halted ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Pines, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Robert E. Lee defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ Battles ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. McClellan ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ stripped ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ reinforce John Pope ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ. Pope ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ spectacularly ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ.
ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi devotees, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Pathi, ᎬᏙᏗ "Panchappathis" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ Swamithoppepathi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ headquarters ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Vakaippathi, ᎭᏢᏃ 700 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ Thuvayal Thavasu ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accredited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ site ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ activities Muthukutty. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ disagreement ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ holiness ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Avatharappathi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thiruchendur ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Akilam ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ Ayya Vaikundar incarnated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ disagree ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ devotees. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ followers ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Thiruchendur ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ secondary ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ site. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Pathis ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ headquarters Ayyavazhi ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Avatharappathi.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.

Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, thinned ᎾᎥᎢ desertion, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ smaller ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ'. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ decisive ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᏍᎩ Forks ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 1, forcing Lee evacuate Petersburg ᎠᎴ Richmond. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richmond surrendered ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ 5th ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ Cavalry. ᎯᎠ remaining Confederate units ᎤᎵᏘᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ Sayler ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Lee surrendered ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎾᎿ 9 ᎫᏬᏂ 1865, ᎾᎾᎢ Appomattox ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ untraditional gesture ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ folding ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, Lee ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ sabre ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-legendary ᏐᏈᎵ, Traveller. Johnston surrendered ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ Sherman ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Durham, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ. ᏂᎦᏛ Confederate ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ surrendered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1865.

ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1858, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ chromium sulfate ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹ chromium. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ drastically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ.

ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Odonata, ᎯᎠ suborder Epiprocta ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ infraorder Anisoptera. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ multifaceted digatoli, ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ elongated ᎠᏰᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ conifers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ forestry ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ documentation ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ boundaries ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ foresters:

ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 9 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ[1]. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Nantahala ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, Pisgah ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎠᏗᏟᏙᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏯ (Google ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 29 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006 ᏠᎨᏏ 63 ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᎠᏗᏟᏙᎯ ᏥᏯ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ OED ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ).

Myrmecophilous (ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ) ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lycaenidae (e.g., ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎠᎴ hairstreaks) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ' ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ gland ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ myrmecophagous ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ pheromone ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏫᎵ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ' ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ larvae.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ anti-consumerists, ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ commercialization ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Christmastime ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ, ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (), ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸes, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ (xylem ᎠᎴ phloem). ᎠᏓ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ xylem ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ phloem ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ cambium.

ᎡᏆ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏗᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ techniques ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ robotics ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ-ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ biomimetics ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Langton ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ optimization)

ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ reincarnation ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ caste ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ murti ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ayya Vaikundar ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ focus ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ non-anthropomorphic ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Nizhal Thangal).

CherokeeLessons.com (Hosts Creative Commons licensed materials including a textbook covering grammar and many hours of challenge/response based audio lesson files).

ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ logistical ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ risked ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ unacceptably ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ.

ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ grouped ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ (ᏂᎦᏛ conifer, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ broadleaf ᏕᏡᎬ), ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ monocotyledon (e.g. ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ), ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏤ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
Reconstruction, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ complex ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ "Civil ᏓᏄᏩ" amendments ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ (ᎯᎠ XIII, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished slavery, ᎯᎠ XIV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ protections ᎠᏁᎲᎢ regardless ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ XV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished racial restrictions ᎾᎿ voting). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877 ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ intervention ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "Jim ᎪᎦ" ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ masculinity; ᏐᎢ societies ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ youthfulness.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ generals ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ—ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ulysses S. Grant ᎠᎴ Robert E. Lee, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ 1846 ᎠᎴ 1848. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.

ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ involving ᏙᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ activities ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ stimuli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ Wilson (1971) ᎠᎴ Richard (1967, 1980) ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ loudspeaker ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ plugging ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ upstream ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1850 ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ, ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ bitterly resented ᎾᎥᎢ anti-slavery ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ mechanism ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Northerners — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ abolitionist ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "ᎯᎠ Liberator" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ novels ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influential ᎡᏚᏥ Tom ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ — ᎤᎴᏅᎲ objecting ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ legally ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ disagreement.

ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ consumed. ᎧᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ supplier; ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ roasted.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ currencies (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ properties (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎪᏪᎵ). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ-ᏗᎦᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎷᏨ, ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏅᏯᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ-ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ tsuqagutanvsv ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ Protodonata ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Meganeura monyi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Permian ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ wingspan 70–75 cm (27.5–29.5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 19 cm (7.5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ odonates, ᎯᎠ Hawaiian ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, Anax strenuus. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ libellulid ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, Nannophya pygmaea ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎬᏙᏗ wingspan ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 20 mm, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3/4 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎦᏂᏗᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Carboniferous ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ; ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Triassic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, conifers, ginkgo, cycad ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gymnosperm ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ conifers. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ classified.

ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ (ᎠᎴ misapplied, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ viewpoint) ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ, ᎪᎢᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ prized ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, sprouted, ᎠᎴ roasted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ, ᎣᏍᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎫᎴᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.

Emboldened ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᎥ Ꮅ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ 45,000 ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Potomac ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎺᎵᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 5th. Lincoln ᎾᎯᏳᎢ restored Pope ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ McClellan. McClellan ᎠᎴ Ꮅ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Sharpsburg, ᎺᎵᏂ, ᎾᎿ 17 ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11862, ᎯᎠ bloodiest ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏂ, ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ McClellan ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Antietam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ halted Lee ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Lincoln ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ Emancipation Proclamation.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᎳᏕᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ. ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Antz, ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Aardvark ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎹ" ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ(ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ). ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, irradiated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ neutron ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ exploding thermonuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ isotope ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ-198 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ 2.697 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ .411 MeV gamma ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ radioactivity ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ fallout ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, tested, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ deduced ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ slower ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ (annuli) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. Freshwater ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵᎢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ; ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ spaced ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ milt.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ epidemiological ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ coronary ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎾᏞᎬ clinical ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ almonds ᎠᎴ ᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎾ LDL cholesterol ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ cardioprotective ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ hypolipidemic ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ clinical ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏓᎵᏆ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot; ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏩᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 9/11) ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ coordinated ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Constantine ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏛᎵᎩᏯᎢ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏣᏂ 1:14), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Antioch ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎹᎦ 1:9-11). ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎺᎵ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ theotokos, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᎠᏱᏙᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rome ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 336. ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 350.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎧᎸᎬ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ fleshed ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ colour ᏎᎼᏂ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ carotenoid ᏗᎧᏃᏗ astaxanthin (E161j) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ carotenoids ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ krill ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ canthaxanthin (E161g) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ Vitamins, ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ colourants ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. Astaxanthin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ antioxidant Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. Canthaxanthin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli, causing ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ intakes [1].

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ fungi.

F2 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ "ᎦᏛᎬᎢ", ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ(ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ). ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ outer ᏓᏐᏴ. ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, causing ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ snapped ᎠᎴ uprooted.

ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ landspouts ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ swirl ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 40 mph (64 km/h), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ doppler radar, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ guesses ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 500 mph, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ supersonic.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ heaviest, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ Eurasia, detritivores (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ candiru (Vandellia cirrhosa).

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ styling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Africa ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏴᏫ dealt ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎯᎠ Maasai ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏇᎷᎬᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, shaved ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ; ᎢᎦᏛ stiffened ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ attempts ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ European ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎨᏒᎩ dispatched ᎾᎿ 25 ᎧᎦᎵ 1861 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ William Lowndes Yancey, Pierre . Rost, ᎠᎴ Ambrose Dudley Mann. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ John Russell ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Edouard Thouvenel ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ unofficially. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏓᎫᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
Mohamed al-Kahtani, Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗn ᎡᎲᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ Orlando ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Airport ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ, 2001. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ captured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᎨᏂᏍᏖᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ X-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ Guantanamo ᎥᏓᎵ, Cuba.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 23 ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎧᏁᏓᎦᏗ, ᏕᎳᏪᎢ, ᎢᎵᏃᏱ, ᎢᏂᏗᏰᎾ, ᎠᏯᏩ, ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ, ᎬᏅᏓᎩ, ᎺᏂ, Maryland, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ, ᎻᏏᎦᏂ, ᎻᏂᏐᏓ, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᏤ ᎭᎻᏒ, ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ, ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎣᎭᏲ, ᎤᏩᎦᏂ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᏚᏛᎢ, ᏣᏩᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏍᎧᏂᏏᏂ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏁᏩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏔᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ (ᎯᎠ "Aquatic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ") ᎤᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ postulated ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ bipedal ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Danakil ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ethiopia, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ hominid ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ 5 ᎠᎴ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ streamlining ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ aquatic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎯᎠ eccrine ᎠᎵᎠᎷ glands ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ hominids ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ chimpanzees ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ eccrine glands, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ -ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ pictured ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ roping ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᏎᏍᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ swirls ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ obscured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎪᏍᏚᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ' ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ processes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, researchers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Mohammed Afroze, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aborted ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ-ᎾᏍᏋ hijackers, ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ hijack, ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, panicked, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏘᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ itsuwakodi, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ vinyl ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, Napa ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Mercedes-Benz.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ branched, ᎯᎠ saguaro ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ nonetheless ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, bonsai ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ 'ᏕᏡᎬ', ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ. Bamboo ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25th. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25th), ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ solstice.

ᎤᏅᏥᏓ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ exceptionaly ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-intensive ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ emulsified ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ gantlai ᏧᏅᏥᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ industralized. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae. ᎯᎠ antennae ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ hesperids ᎤᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎯᎠ antennae.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1971, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Tetsuya Theodore Fujita ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Allen Pearson, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1973. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mach ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ F1 ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ B12 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ F12 ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Mach 1. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ F0 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ F5.

ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᎥ George B. McClellan ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Potomac ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26th (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ subsequently ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ wilfull ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ 2976 ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ 246 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, 2605 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ 125 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ 343 ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ firefighters, 23 ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ 37 ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ avian IQ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ[1]. ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Corvus brachyrhynchos ᎠᎴ Corvus caurinus) ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ capabilities ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, hierarchic societies involving ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ "ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎪᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ intensively ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ--ᎢᎦ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ hooded crows ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Israel ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ-ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ. ᎪᎦ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ midair ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ-"ᏥᏔᎦ" ᎪᏢᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ metonymical ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ) ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏩᏍᏛᏂᏍᏗ.

ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ Ꮭ ᏱᎬᏝᏫᏓ ᏗᎦᏆᏂ. ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ, ᏂᎪᎸᏊᏃ ᎤᏴᏟ ᎠᎼ ᎤᎾᏚᎰᎢ. ᎠᏂᎩᏌ ᎦᏙ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎿᏊᎴ ᎡᏉᏂ ᏩᏂᎶᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᏂᏨᏯ ᏓᏂᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᏂ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎪ, ᏧᏂᏍᏉᏟ ᎢᎬᏗ ᏓᏄᏢᏗᏍᎪᎢ.

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ commanders ᎠᎴ strategists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, P.G.T. Beauregard, John Mosby, Braxton Bragg, John ᎤᎭᎸᏂ Hood, James Ewell ᏬᏗᎨ (JEB) Stuart, William Mahone, Judah P. Benjamin, Jubal ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎠᎴ Nathan Bedford Forrest.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ disputed Oregon ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ explored ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏌᏛᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Hudson ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1819. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ William Ashley ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ floated ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ kanquotsegi ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏌᏛᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Whiterocks, ᏳᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᏳᏔ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ (Sciuridae), ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sciuridae ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ (tibia ᎠᎴ fibula) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ arboreal ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ Castoridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ aquatic.

Turducken, ᎬᎾ stuffed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ stuffed ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Louisiana. ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ fryerᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ Matthew ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎹᎦ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎹᎦ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

[[File:USGS Shanksville.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎫᏬᏂ 27, 2004 ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania|Shanksville, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ (USGS)]]
ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᏓᎧᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏁᏩᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Siberian ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏲᏂᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Kolar ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Pascua ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ Atacama, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ Chile ᎠᎴ Argentina. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ artisanal ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ mining.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ prepped ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Nagumo ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ Nagumo.

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ $20.67 ($664.56/kg), ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1934 ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revalued $35.00 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ($1125.27/kg). ᎾᎥᎢ 1961 ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴ European ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ devaluation ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Quebec, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ruled Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Summa Theologica Thomas Aquinas; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᏯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ Ꮎ F5 ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 26, 1991. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ monitored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ Doppler radar, ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ radar ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 115-120 m/(257-268 mph ᎠᎴ 414-432 km/h). ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ radar ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ± 5-10 m/(± 11-22 mph ᎠᎴ ± 18-36 km/h), ᎪᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ F5 ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎸᏢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎡᎯᏯᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Antarctica, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ, Kat, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Hawaiian ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 15-25% ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ biomass. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᎢᏁ (33%) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ biomass ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ.

ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Santa ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ behavior. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ.
ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ 1883 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ (Untersuchungen über ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Methode der Socialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie insbesondere). ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ "Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ" ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1884 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pamphlet ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Methodenstreit, ᎠᎴ methodological ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ-ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ von Wieser.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ partisan bands ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Confederate ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ shrank ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ advantages ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ infrastructure . ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lee warned, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ devastating ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 17th ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏔᏅ Saturn, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ recalled ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Saturn ruled. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17-23). ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ feasted. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ anaditsgv, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ," ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Catallus. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏔᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ Saturnalian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ). ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎠ "ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ).

ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic rodent ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Castoridae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ hybridization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 1-2 ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ). Fritz Haber (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Haber ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ) ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ Germany ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unduly ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ identified. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ foreseeable ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.