Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ iyuwakodi lyudetiyvda, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ — ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ (ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ cathedral ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ). ᎢᎦᏛ cathedral ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ David' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wales, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.) Preston ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ England ᎤᏤᎵ newest ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2002 ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ.

Ayyavazhi beliefs ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ Smartism ᎠᎴ Advaita Vedanta, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ beleifs ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Trimurthi. ᏯᏛᎾ, Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ Brahma, Vishnu, ᎠᎴ Siva ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ aspects ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ Hinduism). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ beliefs Akilattirattu ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Dvaita ᎠᎴ Vishishtadvaita, Ayyavazhi endorses ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ultimate Oneness.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ Christianize, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ Jul (Yule), ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏔᎵᏚ-ᎢᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Mitwinternacht (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵᏚ Rauhnächte (ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ).

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pelage, ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ pelage ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏧᏣᏯᏍᏘ ᎤᏁ) ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬᏢᏓᏥ). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ pelage ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᎴ unpigmented ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ sunlight, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ultraviolet ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1830, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.

Until 1860 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ successfully ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ interregional crises. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ crises ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ slavery, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ debates ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-fifths ᏌᏇ ᏄᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Constitutional Convention 1787. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ solved ᎯᎠ crisis ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏨᎫᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1819-21, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ nullification ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1833, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1845, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ acquired ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1850.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ-ᏎᎷᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1854 overthrew ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1820 Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ outlawed slavery ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ territories ᎤᏴᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ anti-slavery ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᎸᏈᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏥ. ᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏙᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏗᏍᎨᎢ. ᎤᎵᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ, ᏓᏄᏖᏍᎨ ᏐᎯ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎧᏲᏗᏍᎨ ᎩᎳᏅ ᏓᏅᏍᏆᎶᏍᎨᎢ. ᏫᏚᏔᏅ ᏐᎯ ᏧᏯᏍᎦ ᏓᎾᏑᏰᏍᎨ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎨ. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏃᏢᏅ ᎤᏂᎮ, ᎤᏅᏪᏓ ᎨᏎ. ᏗᎦᏅᏍᏆᎶᏓ ᏐᎯ ᏓᏂᏢᏍᎨ, ᎿᏊᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏙᏍᎨ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎤᏓᎨᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎨ ᎠᏂᏍᏙᏍᎬ. ᏓᏂᏅᏍᏆᎶᏍᎨ ᏐᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏂᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗᏴ, Ꮲ ᏦᎢ ᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎩᏓ ᏂᏓᏅᏁᎮᎢ. ᏃᏊᏃ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎨ. ᎪᎯᏴᏥᎩ, ᎦᏁᏍᏓᎵᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏢᏍᎪᎢ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎢᎬᏅᏗ ᎦᏅᏥ: ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᏗᏟᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎦᎵᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᎦᏅᏥ. ᏞᎦᏅ ᎤᏟᎵᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏬᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏯᏍᎦ

ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ evidence ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Australasian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (Corvidae) ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦ, ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎬᎿᎨ Corvus ᎪᎦ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Australasia ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia. Corvus ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ re-ᎤᏴᎸᎩ Australia (ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1880s, ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ world’s ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1970 accounted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 79% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᎢᏯᏛᏂ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 342 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ.

Disodium aurothiomalate ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ rheumatoid arthritis (administered intramuscularly). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ lymphocyte proliferation, lysosomal enzyme ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ reactive ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ macrophage, ᎠᎴ IL-1 ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ photosensitive ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩes, gastrointestinal ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 7, 1941 (ᎭᏩᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 8 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏩᏂ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎣᏩᎱ, ᎭᏩᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ United States Marine Corps ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ.

ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᎾᎵᎬᏩᎳᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎧnᏉᏤᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.

ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ entailed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ:
ᎤᎫᎾ digging ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ digging ᎤᎫᎾ atsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ. Badger baiting dog breeds ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ diggers ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ tries ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ transmitters ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ, ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ inventories.

ᎾᎥᎢ 1864 ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ advantages ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, manpower, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ overwhelming ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎦᎢᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ battles ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ 1864. Ꮅ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tactical ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ strategically, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ casualties ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ trenches ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, Richmond, ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ William T. Sherman captured Atlanta ᎠᎴ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, destroying ᎠᏯᏖᎾ swath ᏣᏥᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1865 ᎯᎠ Confederacy collapsed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮅ surrendered ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bellringing, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎾᎯᏳᎢ "tuned ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎠᎴ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20% ᏍᎫᎣ. ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ Turkish ᎠᎴ Chinese ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏣᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ bellmaking.

ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ (Oncorhynchus keta) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ geographic ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ: ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ Sacramento ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Kyushu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ; ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Mackenzie ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Lena ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.

ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ.

Robert Ridgway's A Nomenclature of Colors (1886) and Color Standards and Color Nomenclature (1912) - text-searchable digital facsimiles at Linda Hall Library

ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ dries. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᎤᏣᏓᏪ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ "ᎦᏃᏥ", ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ lumped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ stiffer ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏰᏫᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎩᏟ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 16, 2001, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Qatar ᎤᏤᎵ Al Jazeera ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ: "ᎠᏯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ motivation." ᎪᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ. iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1940s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ. Tourism ᎤᎭ emerged ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ.

Calliphoridae ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Bengalia kleptoparasiteᎠᎴ predatorᏀᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. Malaysian ᏄᏙᎯᏳᏒᎾ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏛᎦ Vestigipoda myrmolarvoidea ᎤᎭ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Aenictus, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ "ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ" ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ accessibility ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ chemicals ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheromone. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ chemical ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Hymenopteran. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ pheromone ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏀᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ pheromone ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ polarization-ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ.ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pheromone ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.

Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ (ᎧᎦᎵ 28, 1840 – ᎧᎦᎵ 26, 1921) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏫ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ David Ricardo.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ: ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ antennae; ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏩᎶᎠ; ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎦᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ "ᎢᎦᏛᎭ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ metapleural gland ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ diplomatic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ markets. Ꮝ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ misperception ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ diplomacy, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ refusal ᏥᏳ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ.
ᏦᎢᏁ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ Fisherian ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎭᏂ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ). ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ neoteny, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ, ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ sexual dimorphism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ theories ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "sexy" ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ crisis Ꮎ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ secession stemmed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1820, ᎪᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ adding ᎺᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏨᎫᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ prohibited slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ 36°30'N lat. (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏨᎫᎵ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏓᏄᏩ (1846–1848), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, reopened ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ—ᎾᏊ focused ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Wilmot Proviso, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ banned slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ territories annexed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎯᎠ Proviso aroused ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. Northerners argued Ꮎ slavery ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ migrants ᎯᎠ territories; slaveholders ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ discriminate ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ preventing ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ-ᏎᎷᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1854. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ repealed ᎯᎠ prohibition ᎾᎿ slavery ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ settlers, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ sovereignty." ᏓᎾᎵᎲ erupted ᎠᏰᎵ pro slavery "ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ruffians" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ neighboring ᏨᎫᎵ ᎠᎴ antislavery immigrants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ John ᏬᏗᎨ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ abolitionists). ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. Tensions ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ.

ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ 1812 ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ mythical ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ: ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ", ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ, ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎧᎸᎬ Indies, Malaya, ᎠᎴ Burma, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Nagumo ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ predicted Ꮎ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, Nagumo ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ taped ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Al-Qaeda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ., ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tohi adedi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ."

Seasonal ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seasonal ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ utvhisdi ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Almabtrieb. ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ solstice.

ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ specialized ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, chemicals ᎠᎴ techniques. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ societies.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ infrared ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ protective ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ astronauts' ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.

ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ lacked ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ commitment ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ . ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ, Sherman, ᎠᎴ Sheridan emerge; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳᏃ, ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ wavered, ᎠᎴ Lincoln ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏔᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ 1864, until victories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Shenandoah ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ Atlanta ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ.

See also Templates for making babel style templates. There are other options for achieving results the same as or similar to the standard Babel-X template above.

ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ tannin (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎤᏣᏓᏪ") ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᏡᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ chemicals ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ. ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏚᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ drastically ᎠᎴ plasticize, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Berne ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ hunted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ perceived ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎨᏒᎩ gassed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎠᎴ 1970s ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. Gassing ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ practised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ gantlai TB. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1992. (ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗers ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ chased foxes ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004). ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ interfered ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ licence ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎯᏍᏗ gantlai tuberculosis.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ identified ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1,600 ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,100 ᏴᏫ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ "ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 unidentified ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ matched ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ." ᎪᎳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ Deutsche ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏝᏪᎢ ᏂᎫᏍᏙᎢ. ᎠᎦᎾᏬᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎩᏁᎰᎢ. ᎢᎦ ᎢᎩᏁᎰᎢ. ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏱᎦᏴᏛᎬᎠ. ᎠᏎᏅ, Ꮭ ᎡᏝᏪᎢ ᏱᎩ. ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎡᏆ ᏍᏆᏞᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ ᏂᎪᎸᎢ. ᎢᎦ ᎤᏍᎪᏍᏘ, ᏥᏳᏗ ᏱᏫᏓᎧᎾᎾ ᏗᎧᎸᎢ ᏱᏛᎨᏩᎩ. ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏗᏞᎩ ᎢᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎾᎲ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᏎᏃ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏓᎾ. ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏐᎳ (solar) ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᏐᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏓᏅ ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᏍᎪᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎨᏐᎢ ᏥᏕᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᏍᎪᎢ ᏐᎳ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎥᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎬᏂᏏᎰᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏜ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎪᎢ. ᏐᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎦᎶᏍᎪᎢ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎧᎸᎢ. ᎥᏍᎩ ᏱᏄᎵᏍᏓᎾ ᎤᏦᏎᏗ ᎨᏐᎢ. ᎠᎾᏗᏜ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏝᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ Ꮭ ᏱᏙᎦᏴᎦᏔ. ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᎾᏍᏓ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᎩ ᏏᏊ ᎤᏂᏁᏉᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏗ. ᏳᎾᏚᎳ ᎤᎾᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏃᏆᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏗᎦᎵᏍᏓᏂᏒᎢ. ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎢ ᎦᏳᎾᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏗᏴᏌᏗᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᏗ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏂᏧᏍᏛ ᏄᏅᏔᏁᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᎦᏳᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᏲᎲᎢ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᎢ ᏂᎪᎸ ᏓᎵᎶᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ, ᏃᎴ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᎪᎢ. ᏃᏆᏅ ᎤᎪᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏖᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ "ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ." ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ England hosted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1377 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ oxen ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ dancers ᎦᎪ ᏚᏃᎩᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ dancers Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ (ᎠᏛᏓᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Yule). "ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ" – ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, promiscuity, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

Suede ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ" ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. Suede ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. Suede ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ suede ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ, ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ techniques ᎪᏢᏗ suede ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ suede, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ pressed ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ atsinuqowisgv ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. Latigo ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏑᎵ (Buteo buteo) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 51-57 cm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ 110 130 cm ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ raptor. Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ Asia. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ coldest ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (Silurus glanis) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Kevin Maddocks ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏂ 6, 1999, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 202 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (91.62 kg). Tim Pruitt Illinois ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (Ictalurus furcatus) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22, 2005 Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ 124 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (56.25 kg). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ flathead ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (Pylodictis olivaris) ᎢᏳᏊ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ, Kansas, ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ 123 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ 9 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (56 kg). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Thailand ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1, 2005 ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 2 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ 646 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (293 kg). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Thai ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1981 . ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ farmed (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 99%), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ-ᎦᏂᏴᏛ (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 80%).

ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ecosystem ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nvwatohiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ contributing ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ invasive ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ adelgid ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ adelgid ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ. Pseudoscymnus tsugae ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ[4].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎷᎦ, ᎺᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎺᎵ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ "ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ." ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nazareth ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150 kilometres (90 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, Bethlehem, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Augustus. ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ Ꮭ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎺᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ." ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ, "ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ favor ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᎳᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏌ .

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ urbanization ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏓᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ migrants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ unemployment, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏙᎢ tohi adedi ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ Asia, Africa ᎠᎴ Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ fest ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎧᏁᏨ festivus, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ festivus. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1589. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "feste" (ᏌᏊ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "fest") ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ festa. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ circa 1200, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ verb circa 1300.
Arising ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᏅ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ," ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11 ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ cultural ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Muslim ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏫᎵ catalyze ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᎵᏎᏗ Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ.

ᏄᏯᎩ Metro.com - 9/11 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ: ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎥᏓᏗᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ', ᏄᏯᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎪᏗ

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏑᏯᎾ" (ᎠᎴ "ᏓᏄᏬᏍᎬ") ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ. Southerners ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ: ᏓᎬᎾ, ᏒᎦᏔ, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, raisin, celery ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏳᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada.

ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Salmonidae. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏧᎾᎦ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ locked ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ Kamchatka ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Russian ᎢᏅ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ.

ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 23, 1838, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Buren ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ Scott ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 17, 1838, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7,000 ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 26 1838; ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ , ᎠᎴ Alabama. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000 ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 2,000 ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ Cherokees—were ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᏀᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Ross's ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ (Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ) ᎠᎴ Gunter's ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ (Guntersville, Alabama) ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏐᏴ Cass (ᏣᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ, ᏖᎾᏏ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Hiwassee ᎤᏪᏴ (Calhoun, ᏖᎾᏏ). ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏐᏈᎵ, ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ, ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,200 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (1,900 km) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Dahlonega, ᏣᏥᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ speculators ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᏯᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ 1802.
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Lincoln ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ 9 ᎧᎦᎵ 1861. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ properties ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ resistance ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 3, 1861. Buchanan asserted, "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ secede, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ." ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ — ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ garrison ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ — ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ surrendered ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ commanding ᏂᎦᎥ David E. Twiggs, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎾᎥᎢ seceding, ᎯᎠ rebel ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ territories Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎠᎴ amendments ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ.

ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 crashed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwest ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Shanksville, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (240 km) ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, DC, ᎾᎾᎢ 10:03:11 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (14:03:11 ᎢᎢᎢ), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ aircraft ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Earth's atmosphere ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ chemical ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ; ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, halogen ᏫᎵ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ aqua regia ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, financing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, e.g. ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, hydrocarbonᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏡᎬᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ dramatically ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ smog ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ Southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Midwest, ᎠᎴ smog ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ nearby Knoxville, ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ philosophical concepts ᎠᎴ mythology, ᎯᎠ rituals Ayyavazhi evolved ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ rituals ᎠᎴ symbols, ᎯᎠ unique ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ecstatic mode religiosity, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ritual healing - ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ritual corpus Ayyavazhi contributed ᎯᎠ formation emancipatory ideation ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ discourse.ᎾᏍᎩ attempts uplift ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ disenfranchised. Examples ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ spiritual cleanliness ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Thuvayal Thavasu, eliminating untouchability ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Thottunamam, ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ headgear, ᎠᎴ unifying ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ castes ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Muthirikkinaru.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Iraq ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ 9/11. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 11, 2001..." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ "ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ": "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ..." ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 14, 2005.
Montezuma ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ Taxodium mucronatum: 11.42 m, Árbol del Tule, Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ (F. Mitchell, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Dendrology ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ 1983: 93, 1984).

Historians ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ southerner ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ angered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ abolitionist attacks. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830s ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ widespread ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ideological ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ "peculiar ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1850s ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ tinge abolitionism ᎨᏒᎩ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ abolitionist ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ banned ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ secessionists rejected ᎯᎠ denials ᎤᏂᏴᏜ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ abolitionists, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏎᎸ John ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859 ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ uprising ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ multiple ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ conspiracies ᎨᏒᎩ afoot ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎢᎭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ rebellions. Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ conspiracy ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ historians.

ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Confederate ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, thenceforth, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ," ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ re-ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 1 ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Lincoln ᎠᏰᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ intervention European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ perception ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, Lincoln ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ intervention ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 27, 2001, ᏔᎵᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ video ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ "ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, aimed ᎾᎾᎢ forcing ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Israel, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ," ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ Christemasse ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ Cristes mæsse. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏥᏌ' ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shortened Xmas ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎶᎻ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "X" ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Χ (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ), ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ (Χριστός).
Zacarias Moussaoui ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ziad Jarrah, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ threatened ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ plotters. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Moussaoui ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Al-Qaeda hierarchy ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏢᏫᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ arrested ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏂ 16, 2001, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ FBI ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏬᏂ 2005, Moussaoui pled ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏁᎸ conspiring hijack ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Al-Qaeda, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ denies ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ 9-11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Moussaoui, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ sentencing ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2006, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ directive ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ Richard Reid ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ hijack ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ.[4] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ dismissed ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ Moussaoui, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Al-Qaeda, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ "ᎦᎸᏆᏗᏰᏍᎩ-ᎾᎿ."[5] ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 3, 2006, ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏑᎵ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ sentenced Moussaoui 6 ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᏙᎵᏍᏗ. [6] ᎾᎾᎢ Moussaoui ᎤᏤᎵ sentencing ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ, FBI ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ Greg Jones testified Ꮎ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏂᎳᏛᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, Michael Maltbie, "ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ Zacarias Moussaoui ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ." Maltbie ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ 70 ᎾᏓᏪᏎᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Samit, ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ Moussaoui ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎵᏍ.[7]

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ nomadic ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ (ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ. ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ pheromones ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎦᏔᏪᏚᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᏗ pheromone ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ pheromones.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ attracted ᎯᎠ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ.

ᎯᎠ Dred Scott ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ 1857 ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Roger Taney ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ "ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ", ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ territories. Lincoln warned Ꮎ "ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ Dred Scott ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ" ᏰᎵᏇ threaten ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ slavery.

ᏑᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ Victorian ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ Dartmoor, William ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ 15 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ influenced ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Yule ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ anadromous: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 90% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ populate ᎢᏤ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ semelparity. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏎᎼᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ (iteroparity), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 40 50%.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ, ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (ᎯᎠ imago).

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ignited ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 200 ᏴᏫ ᏚᎵᏔᏗᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ"), ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ rooftops ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ (ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ Shirtwaist ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ upward ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ helicopter ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ existed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ encountered locked ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ helicopters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ anti-urbanism Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Thomas Jefferson ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ "ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ." ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ businessmen ᎦᎪ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ workforce, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ... ᎤᎭ begotten ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ." ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1800s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ perceived ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏁᎲᏴᏫ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎲᏴᏫ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ anti-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ amenities, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ universe Ayyavazhi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ Dharma ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ levels ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ: ᏌᏊ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ 'righteousness', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ 'ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ' ᎠᎴ almsgiving'. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, Ayyavazhi asserts Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ avatar Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ Dharma ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ destroying ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Kaliyan. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ detached ᎯᎠ caste identities ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ Kali Yukam. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, " ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ-shaking devils ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚ castes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ"- Akilam-9:817.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏩᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ.

ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Laurasia (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 1%). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ Eocene ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 1 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 genera ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. 56% ᎯᎠ genera ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Baltic ᎠᎻᏇ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎢᎬᏱ Oligocene), ᎠᎴ 96% ᎯᎠ genera ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎻᏇ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏱ Miocene) ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Akilattirattu Ammanai treats ᎯᎠ scriptures ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ religions ᎨᏒᎢ complicated. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Kalineesan arrested Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Thiruvananthapuram, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ narrated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, "ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ non-liberative ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ, ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎯᎠ beatings thorns, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ reanimates ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ uplifting ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ yuga ᎠᎭᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩagilyoasdi ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ liberation ᎯᎠ downtrodden."Akilam13:227-231. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ incarnates ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ Akilam accepts ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognise ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vinchai ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Venneesan ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Veda (ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ) ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Kaliyan ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ,"ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ." Akilam10:244 ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, Akilam accepts Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ 'Allah' ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ relation 'Ekam' (ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ). ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ rejects ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ Islam ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ caps." Akilam10:243|

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ, iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏅᎪ ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ). ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ 9/11 Commisson, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 16,000 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ survived, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed; ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 200 ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ (ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ). ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superorganismᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.

Dragonflies ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ fastest ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 97 km/h (60 mph). ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Darner ᏩᏓᏚᎦ (Anax junius) ᎨᏒᎢ nicknamed "ᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏴᎩ" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ fastest-ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ dragonflies, ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 85 km/h (53 mph). ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ dragonflies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 137 km (85 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ.

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ freshwater, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ grilse. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ whitling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK. ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ undergoes ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ kype (ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏎᎼᏂ). ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ darker ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kelts. ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ amazing ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ upstream ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳ Malapteruridae (ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ), ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, bonified ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ pectoral ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ irritated. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Plotosidae, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Heteropneustes, ᎪᎯ ᏤᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ hospitalize ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ designated F1 ᎠᎴ F0, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏓᏂᎳ" ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. F0 ᎠᎴ F1 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ—ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980 ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 75% ᎠᎦᎷᎦ rated ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ "peripodial ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎭᏩᏱ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎥ Marshall ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ resisted ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ: anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ manned, ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ locked ᎡᎳᏗ, anti-ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ implemented (Ꮭ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ), ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ, ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-defence ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏫᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ... [ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ] ... ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ... ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎦᎬᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands.

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ secession ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ triggered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ regional ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏰᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ extinction. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Southerners ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ Lincoln ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ slavery, ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎢᏳᏩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏞᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Electoral ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ facing ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ increasingly ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ homopteran ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ predators.

ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Newark, ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Seth Boyden ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1818. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ tactical ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ exceeded ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ Ꮝ planners. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Italian ᎤᏤᎵ Taranto ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1940 ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ devastating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ inflicted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ neutralising ᎯᎠ Italian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ-ᏭᏕᎵᏓ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Indian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ 1864, Lincoln ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ commander ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ headquarters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Potomac, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Lincoln ᎠᎴ Sherman, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ devised coordinated ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Confederacy ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ multiple ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᏂᎦᎥ Meade ᎠᎴ Benjamin ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Lee ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Richmond; ᏂᎦᎥ Franz Sigel (ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Philip Sheridan) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Shenandoah ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ; ᏂᎦᎥ Sherman ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ Atlanta ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ; Generals George Crook ᎠᎴ William W. Averell ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ; ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ Nathaniel ᎠᏕ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ Mobile, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ.

Historian Eric Foner (1970) ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ideology dominated ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ emphasized ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ attacked ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ commercially-minded. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ-owning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ argued, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ education, cultural refinement, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ participation. ᎤᏅᏌ depicted slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Christianizing Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ "rescued" ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ "paganism" ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ.

Origins ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ implications ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ theories ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: