Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (NYSE), ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ NASDAQ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17. NYSE ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᎾᏅ, ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ reopened ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17, 2001, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1929, ᎯᎠ [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ].] (“DJIA”) ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ 684 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ 7.1%, 8920, Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ-ᎢᏳᏊ ᏌᏊ-ᎢᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ DJIA ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 1369.7 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ (14.3%), Ꮝ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ-ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ $1.2 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005 [[Wall Street|ᎠᏐᏴ].] ᎠᎴ [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ].] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ barricaded ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.

ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sanded ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ breathability, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ atsinuqowisgv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ "Patina" ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi. ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ footwear, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ.

ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᎳ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎳ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ 1 ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 20%, ᎠᎴ 4 ᏗᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 80%.

ᎤᏠᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ (ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ) Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ didn't ᎤᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

Lincoln ᎤᏛᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ strategist, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ Davis. ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎥᏝ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ overall ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. Davis ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ coordinated ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ threats, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Vicksburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ allowed Ꮅ invade ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ).

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ concentrated ᎾᎿ battleships (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᏙᎠ), ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Helena ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ torpedoed, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ minelayer USS ᎣᎩᎳᎳ. ᏔᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ penetrated ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎫᏍᎬ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Raleigh ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ holed. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ USS ᎭᎾᎷᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ USS Cassin ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ USS Downes, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ USS ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ beached. ᎯᎠ seaplane ᏩᎾᎢ USS Curtiss ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ.
ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ drastically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ appearance ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ approaches. ᎠᏰᎵ 1997 ᎠᎴ 2005 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, 38 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ F1 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ 3 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ F0 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ weakest ᎤᏃᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ, ᎦᏚᎵᏓ inflow ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏂ ᏂᎬᏉ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ RFD, ᎾᏊ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ inflow ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᏰᎸᎭ mountaintops ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ broadleaf, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᎾᏥᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ.

ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ"). ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ sanded ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ. ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎠᏆᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎡᏥ ᏓᏫᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏂᎦᏔ. ᏥᏍᏕᎵᏍᎬ ᏓᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎦᏔ. (Ꮭ ᎢᎾᎢᎦᏘ ᏱᎩ ᎡᏥ, ᏍᏗᎩᏓ ᎤᏇᏓᏟ, ᏝᏍᎩᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏱᎩ! ᏍᏆᎳ ᎤᎵᏥᏍᏆᏁᏓ ᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᏘᎩ. ᏗᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏙᎧᏯᏓ, ᎡᎳᏗᎮᎯᏃ ᎤᏌᏃ ᏗᎧᏂᎨᏂ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎢᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏗᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏙᎧᏯᏓ, ᎡᎳᏗᎮᎯᏃ ᎤᏌᏃᎲ ᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯ ᏏᏅ ᎡᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎡᏥ ᎦᏅᏬ ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏘ, 7 ᎠᎴ 8 ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᏘᎩ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏓ ᎦᏅᏬ ᎢᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏜ ᎠᎦᎵᏓ. ᎡᏥ ᏭᏏᎷᎦ, ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ. ᎤᏂᎦᏔ ᏕᎦᏝ ᏕᎦᏟᏗ.) ᎡᎵ ᏗᎦᏕᏍᏗᏴ ᎢᏗᏁᏓ ᎤᎾᏛᏎ. ᏙᎩᎾᏕᏎᎢ, ᏙᏱᏂᎧᏲᏔᏅᏃ ᏒᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ. ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏙᎩᏂᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎦᏔ. (ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᎾᏛᏒ Ꮲ 3-3 ½ ᎢᏯᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎾᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏥᏃ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᏂᏓᏄᏖᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᏔᎷᏦ ᏓᏂᏢᏍᎦ.)

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ associating ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ Lycaenid butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ chemical ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1881, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏈᎵᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ Ny Illustrerad Tidning ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ Viktor Rydberg ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Tomten featuring ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Nyström ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏈᎵᎢ mythical ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ tomte, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6 km) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ Hallam, ᏎᎷᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22, 2004 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ 2.5 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (4 km) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ.

ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ radial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎬᏙᏗ concentric ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏐᏴᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ- ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Dutch ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ structured Ꮎ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ concentric ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ + ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᏐᏴ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Amsterdam ᎠᎴ Haarlem ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎪᎯ formula inclusivism ᎠᎴ exclusivism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ religio-cultural universe Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ inclusivism ᎠᎴ exclusivism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ themes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam, ᎯᎠ mixture ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ unique. ᎯᎠ inclusivistic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ accepting ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ religions ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ onwards exclusivistically rejecting ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ narrating Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances ᎨᏒᎢ mythical ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ-ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ.

ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, 2002. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏓᎭ, "ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ" ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 30, 2002.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corvus. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ passerine ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ offshore ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Hawai‘i) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ 40 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Winston Churchill, ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ: "ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ." ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ.

Allergy tuya aniladisgiᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ tuya aniladisgi allergy ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ tuya aniladisgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ tuya aniladisgi ᎠᏂᎧᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tuya aniladisgi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ allergies tuya aniladisgi ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ allergic ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ allergies ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ allergic tuya aniladisgi. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ tuya aniladisgi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏡᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ".

ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 25 millimeters (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.08 1 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ). ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ metallic ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ genera) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᎴ taxonomic ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. Online ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Hymenoptera ᏚᏙᎥ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ.

ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏣᎵᏗᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Temnothorax albipennis ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏂ naïve ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ-ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ-ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ) ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ-ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎠᎶᎪᏂᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 9th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Ethiopia ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.

ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Frances ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ivan ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ. ᏐᎢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Hugo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1989, ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies.

ᎯᎠ 22 ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ survived ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2006, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏲᎷᎭ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Taney.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ asserted ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ naval ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862 ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ, ᎦᎢᎭ battles ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1862, Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ Emancipation Proclamation ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ freeing ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ goal — ᏌᏊ bitterly ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᏗᎨ ᎠᏍ. Emancipation ensured Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ intervene ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederates. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, Robert E. Lee ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Confederate victories ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ commanders, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ, Stonewall Jackson, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chancellorsville ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863. Ꮅ ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ repulsed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Gettysburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ captured ᎠᏤ Orleans ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ulysses ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ capturing Vicksburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ splitting ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ thinner ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ adaptations ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ bipedal ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ cursorial ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ thinning ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ chimpanzee ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ bipedal ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ predates hominid' ᎠᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ catalyst ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ soi ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ gonadᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh, ᎯᎠ Chaldean ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Utnapishtim ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏬᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏃᏩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh, ᎯᎠ ᏬᏯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁ Utnapishtim ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ. Utnapishtim extrapolates ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ hasn't ᎢᎦᎷᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎪᎦ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ Ireland, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ connotation ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ connotations ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ deprived ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ gentrification ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ connotation ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "outer ᎦᏁᎸ" ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ implies ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ richest ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ modernization ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ countryside ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ favelas).

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ malleablity ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ incisors ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᎦᎵᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.

Municipalities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ endorsing ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1984, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ruled Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

variant ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ aeolian ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mammal, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ: coverage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎦᏁᎦ (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ").

Biological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ hallmark ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 10,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ documented; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ 90,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ[3].

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ restricted ᎠᎴ banned. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ banned ᎠᏰᎵ 1933 ᎠᎴ 1975. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Franklin D. Roosevelt expropriated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 6102, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard Nixon ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.
ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ/ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ specialized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ (ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ (ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ).

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ thorax ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ airtubes.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Odontomachus ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏌᏛᏗ-ᎠᏳᎨᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ-ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.5 ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Mystrium. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ labrum, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎭᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎥ. ᏔᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Odontomachus ᎠᎴ Dacetini - ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ convergent ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ buttorfleoge ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Dutch ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏥ originating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ - ᎧᎹᎹ.

ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, B. J. (2003): Osteometry ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎪᎳᏅ (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus). ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Palaeontology 1: 43-58. Template:DOI (HTML ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ)

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ fired ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ casualties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ USS ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ attacked ᎠᎴ sank midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ 06:37 ᎭᏩᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᏍᎩ Ko-hyoteki ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᏐᏁᎳ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ survivor, Kazuo Sakamaki, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ captured, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎱᏥ ᏓᏄᏩ captured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ photographic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999 ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᏌᏊ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ fired ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ USS ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ commanders ᎠᎴ strategists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln, Edwin M. Stanton, Ulysses . ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ, William Tecumseh Sherman, George H. Thomas, George B. McClellan, Henry W. Halleck, Joseph Hooker, Ambrose Burnside, Irvin McDowell, Winfield Scott, Philip Sheridan, George Crook, George Armstrong Custer, George G. Meade, Winfield Hancock, ᎠᎴ Robert Gould Shaw.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norman, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎯᎠ SPC ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ NAM, GFS, WRF, ᎠᎴ RUC ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ indicies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ dewpoint.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏏᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ John Chrysostom ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ “mouth ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏅᎪ.” ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ anniversaries, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 50-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏩᏐᎳ.

Ꮎ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ al-Qaeda hijacked ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏪᏴ airliner. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ hijackers ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᏜ. ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ crashed ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arlington ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏩᏥᏂ. ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ hijacked aircraft ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers; Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ. 2,976 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ; ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ dendrochronology. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ.

ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ(Oecophylla) ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᎡᎲ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏰᏩᏒᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏏᎵᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ larvae ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ.

ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎤᎦᏔ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tuya, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ) ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ traded ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ), ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ (ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, 6.7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonnes ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998-2000, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonnes ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ caffeine, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 7 ᎦᎾ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ca. 207 mL) ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 80-140 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ caffeine.

Next add one of the following codes for each language you speak or understand, separated by |, where xx should be replaced by the Wikipedia code for that language. The general usage of each code level is as follows (note that not all languages have all levels, but you may create the template you are missing); the numbering is approximately analogous to the ILR scale, though this is coincidental:

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1910 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ militarized, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1937, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Manchuria ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ segmented ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ prolegᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ prolegs ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ. Sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera) ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ prolegs ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ lepidopteran ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ crochets ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ prolegs. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ prolegs, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ geometrids, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ inchworms ᎠᎴ loopers, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ locomote, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ geometrid ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ-measurer ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ prolegs.

ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏁ ᎤᏂᏃᎭᎸᏎ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏂᎷᏨ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏙᏓᎸᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᏔᏁᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏟᏌᏁ ᎤᏯᎳᏛ ᎠᎵᎨᎲᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏤᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏁ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏯᎸᏎ. ᏞᎦᏊᏃ ᎤᏛᎦᏁ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎠ ᏔᎵᎭ ᎠᏁᎿᎢ ᏣᎾᏟᎰᎢ. ᎤᏩᏅᏦᏅ ᏭᎶᏎ ᏚᎵᏍᏔᎸᎢ ᏫᏗᎦᏔᏂᏎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎷᏩ ᎤᎿ ᏗᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎤᎸᏪᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏍᎩᏴᏎ ᎦᎦᎵᏬᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᏎᎢ. Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏟᎮᎢ ᎬᏅ ᎠᏗᏨᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏔᏁᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: “ᏍᎩᏍᏕᎳ, ᎬᏚᏥᏴᎢ; ᎯᎢᎾ ᏗᏍᏓᏓᎾᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎠᏯ.” Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎤᎵᏐᏍᏔᏁ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏎ ᎦᏡᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏗᏍᎩ, ᏭᏲᎴᏃ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᎩᎦ ᏓᏳᏤᏬᏨᎢ ᏩᏔᎴᏒᎢ. ᎾᏃ ᎢᎾᏓ ᏚᏲᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᎸᏪᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏃ ᏣᏔᏍᎩᏍᎪ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏎᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏌᏆᎴᎸᏍᏔᏁ ᎤᏅ ᏓᏝᎥᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎬᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏲᏍᏘᏍᎨ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏥᎦᏩᏙᏍᎪ ᎾᏍᎩᎠᎢ, ᎠᎵᏌᏆᎴᎵᏒᎢ. ᎾᏃ ᎾᏥᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎤᎴᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᎢ ᎢᎨᏎᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩᎢ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅᎢ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᏄᏪᏎᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: “ᏍᎩᏍᏕᎸᎭ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᏓᎬᏯᎵᎡᎵᏍᏔᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏓᎬᏁᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᏊ ᏣᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ.” ᎤᏂᎪᏘᏕᏃ ᎬᏂ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏂᎦᏐᏎ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥ ᎤᎿ ᎤᎵᏬᏨ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᏭᎵᏌᏆᎴᏠᎸ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᏅᎢ ᎨᏎ ᎠᏰᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎸᏘᏰᎢ. ᏌᏊᏃ ᎤᎿᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏨᏥᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎿ ᏯᏍᎪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏜᏊ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒ, Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᎤᏩᏥᏍᎦᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ. ᏐᎢᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏡᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎤᏪᏅᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎸᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏪᏟᏌᎾ ᎤᏬᏰᏂᏮᎵ ᏧᏢᏓᎸᏓ ᎤᏬᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᎲᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎤᏩᏥᏍᎦᎳᏅ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᏫᎬᎵᏯᎶᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎤᏪᏇᏅᏁ ᎠᏫ ᎦᏁᎩᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎨᎢ: “ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏍᏆᏂᎪᏕᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᏊ ᎦᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏎᏍ ᎡᎿᎢ.” ᎾᏊᏃ ᎤᏃᎯᏎᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏊ ᎢᎡᏒ ᏧᎵᏦᏛᎢ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏛᏗ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏡᎬᎢ ᏙᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏙᏳᎮᏃ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᏑᏓᎴᎩᏃ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏥᏃᏎᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏫᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏩᏛᎯᏒ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᏲᎱᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎤᏩᏥᏍᎦᎳᏅ ᎤᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏕᎬ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏳᏴᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎯᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏕᎸ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎹᎯ ᎤᏭᎵᏍᏙᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏁᏗ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎯᏊ ᏳᏩᎵᏯᎶᎦ. ᎾᏊᏃ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎩᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ Ꮭ ᏳᎪᎮ ᎤᎿ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏭᎶᏒᎢ. ᎤᏩᏌᏃ ᏫᎤᎷᏤ ᏧᏂᎸᏦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᏙᏳᏃ ᎤᏢᎨᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏞᎩᏳᏊ ᎤᏅᏩᏁ ᎬᏗᏍᎨ Ꮎ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎢᎯᏲ ᎤᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏨᏓ ᏫᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏫᏒ ᏕᎦᎶᏍᎬ, ᎠᏩᏘᎮ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏊ ᏳᏪᎾ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ activities ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ. adel ᏗᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. adel ᏗᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ compensators ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ.

Gustnado ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ swirl ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ downburst. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ gustnadoes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ localized ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ.
ᏙᏯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 kg (55 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ mammal.

ᏏᏅᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎢ) ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏗ-Ꭿ. ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 29.53 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ 30 ᎠᎴ 31 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏂᎭ. ᎧᎦᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎦᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ "ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᏚᏙᎣᎢ.

Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ 1860 triggered ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1861, ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ declarations. ᎾᎿ ᎧᎦᎵ 7, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ provisional ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Montgomery, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ. Pre-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᎦᎵ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ 1861 ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏄᎸ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ resolving ᎯᎠ crisis. ᎯᎠ remaining ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ rejected pleas ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries (ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter); ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan protested ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ resupply ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ preparations. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, governors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ, ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ weapons ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ militia units ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎤᏬᏰᏂ--ᎤᏬᏰᏂ (mêlée) ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᎬᏂᎲᎢ, ᎠᏓᏴᏖᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, strangling, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ mêlée ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᏍᏛᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 100 -300 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 300–1000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3 - 50 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ motorboats upstream ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎦᏓᏗ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏃᎴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏃᎴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨᎢ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏣᏓ ᎠᏂᏲᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᏫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎯ ᎠᎩᏌᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ. ᏯᎾᏌ ᎤᏁᎦᎸᏅ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ, ᎠᏬᎭᎵ ᏧᎩᏓᏟ ᏗᎦᏔᏅ ᎪᏚᏍᏔᏅ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᎾᏫᏍᏓ ᏙᎯᏭ ᎬᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏙᎯᎨᏒ ᎪᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏬᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᎦᏝᏅ. ᏧᏓᎾᏫᏓᏃ ᎨᏒᏃ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏛ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏧᏃᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏎᎯᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏂᏖᏢᏅᎢ.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨ pupation, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hemolymph, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ adhered ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ obtect pupae). ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ pupae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.

ᎯᎠ origins ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ complex Constitutional ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ involving ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ slavery, slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ territories, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, modernization, ᎠᎴ competing nationalisms ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ sectionalism.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ—ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Doppler radar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ), videogrammetry (ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ video footage), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ vegetation.

ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hopi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ settling ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ breached ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wetland ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ wetlands ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ contrasting ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ sectional agendas Ꮎ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, competed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ politicians, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, pushed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ protective ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ foster ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Southerners, ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ federally funded "ᎭᏫᏂ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ" (ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, canals, ports ᎠᎴ waterways), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ unanimity ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depended ᎾᏍᎩ exports; ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ managers ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ tariffs ᎾᎿ imported ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Democrats ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ infrastructure, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Whigs ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ significance ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exaggerated: ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ compete ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ complementary. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ depended ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ prosperity. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ fostering ᎯᎠ secessionist ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎩᎵᏏ prosperity depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒᎢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ) ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ independence. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ delusion ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influential ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860-61 ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ debates.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮝ reopening. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 20% cutback ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ exacerbated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ struggling ᎠᎹᏰᏟ airline ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ-Kolokol ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Motorin Bellfounders ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Mingun ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 200 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1737. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Moscow, Russia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kremlin.
ᏎᎼᏂ aquaculture ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ contributor ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ farmed ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ-ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ. ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ cultured ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: tilapia, ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, carp, bream, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎦ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norway, Sweden, Scotland, Canada, ᎠᎴ Chile ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ consumed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe. Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ farmed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Russia ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tasmania, Australia.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ chemical ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Myrmecia pilosula ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ haploid.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏔᎡ ᎯᎠ cremaster. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏔᎡ ᎠᎴ glued, ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏜ gantlai (ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ), ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ insulating ᎪᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᏓᏜᏩᏛ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ wetland ᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ dries ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ, ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ startled ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ forcefully slapping ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ 'ᎠᏓᏏᏛᏂᏍᏗ', ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ nearby ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ reemerge ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.

ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᏄ, ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ European centerpieces ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Dungeness ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ variant ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Chinese ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎣᏩᏒᎠᎴ veganᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ tofurkey, tofu ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ.

ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ institutional investors ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ adel ᏗᏗᏱ, ᎦᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ XYZ Inc, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ 100 ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ 1/100 ᎤᏤᎵᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏂᎯ ᎣᏤᎵ 1/100 ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ financing". ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ financing ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ financing) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, Australia, ᎦᎸᏥᏱ, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, Indonesia, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ, ᎨᎾᏓ, ᏲᏂᎢ, Pakistan, Jordan, Mauritius, Uganda ᎠᎴ Zimbabwe ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ "anti-ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏬᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎲᎢ Al-Qaeda ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ agencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏔᎵ, Malaysia, Indonesia, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Philippines arrested ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏌ labeled ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ aroused ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ argued Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (e.g. COINTELPRO ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ) ᎨᏒᎩ "ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ; ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Liberties ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ argued Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ circumvented. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ Guantanamo ᎥᏓᎵ, Cuba, ᏚᏂᏴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᏥᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ questioned ᎾᎥᎢ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎨᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎨᏫᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ.

Amendments XIV ᎠᎴ XV ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ku Klux Klan ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ Confederate "Redeemer" governors ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ resistance until ᎯᎠ Civil ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ.

Nizhal Thangal ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ structures ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Ayya Vaikundar. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ centers education ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ shelter ᎨᏒᎩ offered ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ activities ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers.

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ outgrew ᎯᎠ Christological ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏡᏡ," ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Charlemagne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crowned ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ, 800.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Philippines, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "-ber ᎢᏯᏅᏓ" (ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, ᏚᏂᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.).

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ", ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᎦ.

ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ landscaping ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏓᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏒᎦᏔ). ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ mythologies (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ "ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ." ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ 'ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ,' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ Al-Qaeda ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi global ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ sharing. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᎨᏂᏍᏖᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ Philippines ᎠᎴ Indonesia, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ Islamic extremist ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ.

"Caracoli," ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ peaberry, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏫ tuya ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎩᏔᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏔᎵ. ᎯᎠ Caracoli ᏚᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ (~4% ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏯ). ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ flavour ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ tuya ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏔᏯ, Caracoli ᏚᏯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Arabica) ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ prized.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ superorder ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Ostariophysi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Cypriniformes, Characiformes, ᎠᎴ Gymnotiformes (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ Gymnotiformes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Siluriformes). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 37 ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv 2000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏍᎪᏯ ᏗᏃᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.

Strategically ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ Richmond ᏗᎧᏁᎸ Lee ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ exposed ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines. (ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ Richmond, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ, ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.)

ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏦᎢ ᏴᎩ, ᎹᎾᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 2,140 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, 14 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ 23 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᏕᎨᏥᎧᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ-ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ environmentally ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. Unwanted ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏔᎦ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏕᏡᎬ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ pollutants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ fetal ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ environmental ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ analyzing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏔᎷᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ "pushed" ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ "ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ" ᎠᏂ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ . ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ (Asahi Shimbun), ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 2000s Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ Kurusu ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ servicemen ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, ᎤᏓᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ carryover ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ Yule.

Oregon ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ". ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏓᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ mammals ᏄᏯᎩ (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤ Netherland).

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1939 ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ Turku, Finland ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Finnish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television.

Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ prayers, ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil, ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ aspect ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ distinguishes Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ priestly mediation, ᎠᎴ inclusion ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Pathi ᎠᎴ Nizhal Thangal, ᎨᏒᎩ ᏐᎢ characterised Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ concepts Panividai (ritual ᎾᏛᏁᎸ) ᎠᎴ Panividaiyalar (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ performs Panividai) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ritual ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ritual ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ uniqueness Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.

Japanese ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ. Suzu ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ furin, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Tibetan tingsha ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ alchemists ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ — presumably ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ mythical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᏝ succeeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ alchemists promoted ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ (☉), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ astrological ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Egyptian hieroglyph ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ (ᎾᏊ 日). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ accumulated ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ wartime, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ regional infighting ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ streamlined ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ Davis ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ productive relationships ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ governors ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ regional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ Meiji ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ embarked ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.

ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ vortices, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ "ᎦᏐᏆᎸ" ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ), ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏌᏊ, ᎡᏆ multi-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ connotation. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers emphasise ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ Tamil ᎧᏁᏨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ayyavazhi. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ occurs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ connotation. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Chanar.

F5 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ. F5 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ "ᏂᎬᎢ phenomena ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, F5 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ skyscrapers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, e.g. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.

ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ Anisoptera ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ suborder ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ dragonflies (Anisozygoptera, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Anisozygoptera ᎤᏙᏢᏒ paraphyletic ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ Anisoptera. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ Anisoptera ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ infraorder, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ suborder Epiprocta (dragonflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Anisozygoptera ᎨᏒᎢ disbanded, Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ overcoming ᎯᎠ unhealthy ᎥᏳᎩ environment Ꮎ sickened (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ) ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ combat ᏄᏛᏁᎸ.

xx (no hyphen or number) for native speakers who use a language every day and have a thorough grasp of it, including colloquialisms and idioms.

ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 8, 1941, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ Jeannette Rankin ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outraged ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ. Roosevelt ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ " ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ (althought ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ), ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ. ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎣᏤᎢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏀᎾᎢ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Southerners ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ, ᎯᎠ preservation slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ imperative. ᎢᎦᏛ southerners ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ Robert E. Lee ᎦᎪ (echoing Jefferson) ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ." ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.

Castoreum ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ pouches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ foetid odor, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗry.

landspout ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ mesocyclone. ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ weaker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ' ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ infrastructures ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ trusses ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᏨ. ᎯᎠ sagging ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ buckling ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, causing ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ' stairwells ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ eligwa igai reinforced ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. NIST ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ 7 WTC ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏤ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outlawed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Boston, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ (1659-81). ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ". ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᎾᎥᎢ Washington Irving ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ homecomings ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1870.