Alegzandra/wili-2018-roplus huggingface dataset:
ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ Sinterklaas, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ renamed ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ behavior ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878 Rudolf ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Franz Josef, ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ Vienna. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ Hofrat ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ Austrian Herrenhaus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900.

ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦgantlai, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏩᎦ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1991, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎾᎢ 1 ᏒᎯᏱᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, 25 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ "14-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ apologized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ.

ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ (ᎦᎪᏃ 68 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Honolulu), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ 1,178 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ battleships.

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎥᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.

ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ dissipating ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 7 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2 m) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.

ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ , ᎠᎴ "Reconstituted ᎦᏃᏥ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ 90% 100% ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᏥ tanneries ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ) ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᎢᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ), chaired ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Thomas Kean, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 2002 ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ , ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22, 2004, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.
Buckskin ᎠᎴ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ tawing ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ gantlai ᏧᏅᏥᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ suede-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ smoked ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗes ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎧᎶᏩᏓ, Otago, Australian, Witwatersrand, ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ, ᎠᎴ Klondike ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ rushes.

Ayyavazhi accepts ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ religions ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Allah ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ rescuing ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sufferings. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kaliyan ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ boons, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Conciouseness (Ekan) incarnates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ surrendered ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ scriptures ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Kali Yukam, Ayyavazhi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ worshippable ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ theology Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ channeled ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ exclusivism.

Colloidal ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ nanoparticle) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ labs ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ, biological ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᎶᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏛᏍᏗ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ, ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ charities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏥᎨᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. Template:Further

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ carillon, (ᏩᏥ) ᎠᏲᏛᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ-ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. "ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 4 ᏔᎵᏚ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. "ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ 5,000 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ evacuated ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Chicago ᎠᎴ Los Angeles, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ downtown ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏳᏊ) ᎠᎴ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring ᎪᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ centerpiece ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, starring ᎡᏆ roasted ᎬᎾ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎤᏪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 50% arthritis ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏬᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ safest ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ-coated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ nano-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ toxin-ᎪᎯᏳᏙ.
The romance of the beaver; ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ . Radclyffe Dugmore. ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi. ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ; ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ, W. Heinemann 1914 (searchable ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Georgia Libraries)

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ survivors ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ deadline ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 2003, 2,833 ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ verified ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ angiosperm ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ 2293 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Sri Maha Bodhi ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ (Ficus religiosa) ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 288 BC ᎾᎾᎢ Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏴᏫ-ᎦᎧᏅ ᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎾᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ (trivalent ᎠᎴ univalent) ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ electronics. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ (IMF) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ (ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ). Ꮝ ISO ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ XAU.

Followers Ayyavazhi ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ Hindus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ, Kroni, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ primordial manifestation ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ manifests ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Ravana ᎠᎴ Duryodhana) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ages ᎠᎴ yuga. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vishnu, becomes incarnate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ avatars, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Rama, Krishna ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ Ayya Vaikundar, ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ foremost ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ "ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ." ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ England hosted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1377 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ oxen ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ dancers ᎦᎪ ᏚᏃᎩᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ dancers Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ (ᎠᏛᏓᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Yule). "ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ" – ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, promiscuity, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎠᎦᏅᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ cumulonimbus (ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᏬᎩᎸ) ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ, originating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1919, ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ-ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ benchmark ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ poinsettia ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, ᎤᏓᎳ, ᎩᎦᎨ amaryllis, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏣᏥᏱ, wᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ Alabama, ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ Calhoun, ᏣᏥᏱ). ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏂ Ross ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26, 1827, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Neopagan, ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ psychic ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ associating ᎯᎠ colour ᎬᎿᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ" ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ akasha), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎯᎠ "colour" ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ psychic ᏅᏏᎾᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ electromagnetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ frequencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Ꮭ colour.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ biomass ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ biomass ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ carbon dioxide ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ photosynthesis). ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sunlight. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ optimizes ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ sunlight.

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ herbicides ᎠᎴ pesticides ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nasties ᎠᎴ metabolized ᎠᎴ detoxified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cellulose ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ colonized ᎾᎥᎢ riverine ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ aspens, ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ favored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ recolonize ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎣᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ-ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏙᏯ–European ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ—ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 ft. ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ—ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ coarser ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏬᏗᎨ.

waterspout ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ waterspouts—ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ "ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ" waterspouts—ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ (F0 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, waterspouts ᎠᏓᏅ onto ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ waterspouts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ supercell ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ waterspouts, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 274, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Aurelian designated ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Invictus (ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏙᎬ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ"). Aurelian ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ solstice ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ Mithras, ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Persian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. Mithras ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Invictus, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Syrian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᏓᎫᎾᏪᎳᎯ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏬᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮭ. 10 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤ Madrid, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Memphis, ᏔᎾᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ captured ᎢᏤ Orleans, ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1862, allowing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ fortress ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Vicksburg, ᎻᏏᏏᏈ, ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ unchallenged ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ 07:53 7 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ ᎭᏩᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 03:23 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8 ᏣᏩᏂ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ attacked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 353 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Oahu. ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ bombers ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ 183 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ (ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ) ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ battleships ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ bombers attacked ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ Oahu, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Hickam ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ 170 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ attacked ᏗᏦᏔᏍᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ P-36 ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ P-40 WarhawkᎾ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ 25 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ Anti-aircraft warfare ᎠᏥᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ 19 hijackers ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏄᏬᎵᏍᏛᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ BBC ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI.

ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ mythical ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Myra ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ Lycia, ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Palestine ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Myra. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ Diocletian ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Constantine. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ Nicaea, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6th ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 345 ᎠᎴ 352. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1087, ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎾᏂ ᎤᏃᏍᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ Myra ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ Bari ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏔᎵ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ San Nicola ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bari. ᎪᎢᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏏᎵ ᎦᏚ ᎨᏥᏁᎸ di . Nicola, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ.

F3 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ; ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ outer ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏐᏴ. ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ vegitation.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ noticeable ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ. Ꮝ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ termed alopecia, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ baldness.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ 12 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ warship, ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ 188 ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ servicemen ᎠᎴ 68 ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏦᎢ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ undamaged, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Handel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Nutcracker ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tchaikovsky ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Johann Sebastian Bach ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (BWV 248). Television ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ programming, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏩᏥ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏚ ᏩᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ. ᏌᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ," ᏓᎳᏚ-ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ Ben.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ metallic ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ colloid ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ plasmon ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected, ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ colloids ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ colloids ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ Christianize, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ Jul (Yule), ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏔᎵᏚ-ᎢᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Mitwinternacht (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵᏚ Rauhnächte (ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ).

Sockeye ᏎᎼᏂ (Oncorhynchus nerka) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎩᎦᎨ ᏎᎼᏂ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏕᎳ ᏎᎼᏂ." ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Klamath ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Hokkaido ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Bathurst ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Anadyr ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ aired ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ detonated ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ Harry S Truman ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎬᎭᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, D.C. ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ AP ᎤᏯᏅᎯ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᏙᎯ 767–ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 1989–ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hijacked. ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ hijack ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ responded controllers ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Cleveland, ᎣᎭᏲ.

ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hirsutism. ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hypertrichosis. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theories ᎤᎭ emerged. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theorists ᎤᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliner ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ [[United Airlines Flight 93|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93].] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ.

ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ androgens ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes, ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ underarms ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ pubic ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ sexual dimorphism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ facial ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ genetic ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ androgens ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, fueled anti-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎠᏂᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-ᎠᏂᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ underhanded ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ "ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "sneaky ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Japanese-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎧᎦᎵ 19, 1942 ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ internment, ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ "ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ internment ᎠᎴ [[Japanese|ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-Canadian internment.

ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ, 27 ᎠᏁᎳ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 19 ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ participated. ᏐᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ-ᎾᏍᏋ hijackers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 20th hijacker:

ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22, 2004, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ implemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ Al-Qaeda. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ, "9/11 plotters ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ $400,000 ᎠᎴ $500,000 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ," ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ peripheral ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, forcing ᎠᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ behaviors, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ behaviors ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, Formicidae, ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Hymenoptera ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᏂᏛᎦ, ᏩᏚᎵᏏᎠᎴ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ vespoid ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. Phylogenetic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 120 170 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ angiosperms ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 100 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 60 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Hymenoptera, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ Haplodiploidy.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏙᏯ (Castoroides ohioensis) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ disappeared, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Holocene ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.

ᎯᎠ synonymous versions ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ restricted ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ usage ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ 'Ayya' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tamil varies ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, guru, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod, ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, preceptor ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ 'vazhi' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tamil varies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, acourse ᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, mode, ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, antiquity, succession, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎳ Skywarn spotters, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ deputies, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎡᎵᏒ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏪᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ spotters ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎾᎿ.

ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ diabetes mellitus ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ consumers, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ caffeine ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ decaffeinated ᎧᏫ.

ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ sparked ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ internment ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᎧᏂᎩᏛ) ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ DeWitt, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏞᏴᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1942, Roosevelt ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 9066, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ internment.

ᏯᎹᎼᏙ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ), ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ.

ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ undertaken ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ Reith ᎯᎠ Australian ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ precipitating ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Michale Doran, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, "ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ visceral ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ Muslim ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎩᎳ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ wetlands, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ecosystem. ᏯᏛᎿ wetland ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᎢ, biodiversity (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ toxins ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pesticides ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ turbidity Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aquatic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ dehydrate, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ creating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ microclimate. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sunlight ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ rainwater ᎾᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ windier ᎠᎴ cloudier ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv countryside. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ (ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏃᎴes ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎨᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎢᏧᎳ "ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ".

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ sacring ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ). ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ganetliyvda ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎬ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Arabic ᎧᏁᏨ Qah'Ꮹ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Turkish Kahve, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ intoxicating ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ Islamic ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ anaditsgv ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ anaditsgv ᎧᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ forbidden ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ imams ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mecca ᎾᎾᎢ 1511 ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ Cairo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1532 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt, coffeehouses ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏫ berries ᎨᏒᎩ sacked. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1524 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Selim ᎠᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1538, Léonard Rauwolf, ᎠᏓᏥ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ westerner ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎦᏢ: "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ illnesses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. Ꮝ consumers ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏢᏫᏎᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ cupful. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ bunnu." . ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎾᏂ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ugatohvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ poleis, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Baltic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ languished ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Europe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ benefited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Atlantic ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ fuelled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ Peru. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ rivalled ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ Baghdad, Beijing, Istanbul ᎠᎴ Kyoto.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ-ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ coordinated ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏯᎹᎼᏙ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ tohi adedi ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1941, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ factional infighting, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ worthwhile. ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ depended ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ torpedoes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏃᎴ-launched. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dredged ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ 1941, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ tested ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 95 ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ inflicted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ technicians ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ 14 ᎠᎴ 15 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (356 ᎠᎴ 381 mm) ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ armored ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ battleships ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (3,000 m), ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ.
koga ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎠᎴ vocalisations. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ' ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎪᎯ behaviour ᎨᏒᎢ presumably ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ varies ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎪᎦ' vocalisations ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ vocalisations Ꮎ ᎪᎦ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ", ᎤᏠᏱᎭ echoed ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᏛᏎᎯᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏧᎳ), ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "eh-aw" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ vocalisations ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎦ). ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ frequencies ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vocalisations.

ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ swirling ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ waterspout, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ. ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ, ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏕᏡᎬ felled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ incisor ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ neighborhood ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ," ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ plastered ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎠᏎᎸᎯ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ attini, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Leucoagaricus ᎠᎴ Leucocoprinus genera ᎯᎠ Agaricaceae ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. Allomerus decemarticulatus ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᏅᏬᏗ (ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ3) ᎠᎴ chlorauric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (HAuCl4) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎠᏯ) (aurous, univalent, +1) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) (auric, trivalent, +3). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ +5 ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ +7 ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ fluorine (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ pentafluoride, AuF5 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ heptafluoride, AuF7), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ -1 ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ- anion ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ aurides ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ caesium auride, CsAu, rubidium auride, RbᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ tetramethylammonium auride, (CH3)4N+ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ-.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ Zealand, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Perth ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Perth, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, Gisborne ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ administered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ.

ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎪᏢᏅ Pathis ᎠᎴ Nizhal Thangals, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ centres ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ propagation ᎯᎠ beliefs ᎠᎴ practices Ayyavazhi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3,500 ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ organized ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Swamithoppepathi ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, religiously ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ officially, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ headquarters ᏂᎦᏛ.

ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ari, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎦᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ (giri). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ-ᏨᏍᎪᏱ. Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-defence ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬᎾ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎿᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ brushes ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏥᎦᏍᎬ acidic digestive ᎦᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᏫᎵ ᏦᏕ ᎯᎠ hairiest ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ wider ᎠᎴ wider. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sparse ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ fabled ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ , ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ.

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ digatoli ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ stemmata ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ larvae sawflies ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ocelli ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.

tsuqagutanvsv ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ canyons ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ Fremont ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flourished ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 7th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ Fremont ᎨᏒᎩ ᏴᎩ-nomadic ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pithouses ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ canyon ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ utugi gvdi ᏒᏙᏂ, ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ rodent. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1876 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Rudolf von Habsburg, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ Austria ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ pamphlet, ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ Austrian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Rudolf ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1889 (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Mayerling ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt, ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Egyptian ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. Islam ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ armpit ᎠᎴ pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ fitrah).

ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎦᎸᏙᎵ, streamlined ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ webbed ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-clawed ᏥᏯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ African ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ tlawotuha ᎤᏪᏴ Africa ᎠᎴ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.

ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ windblown ᎢᎦᏛ. Tornadic ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 300 mph (480 km/h). ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏒᎯᏰᏱ; ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ.

ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ advantages ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ coastline, ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Confederate ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, seize Richmond, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ centers. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ occupying ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ advantages widely ᎠᏓᏚᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ historians ᎤᎭ contributed ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ success ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ December solstice ᎤᏍᎩᏱ solstice, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bruma. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᎿᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏯ.e. Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ solstice ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. (ᎯᎠ Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ solstice ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 45 BC. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ slippage, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ astronomical solstice ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 21st ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 22nd).

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. ᎤᏯᏅᎲ varak ᎠᎴ (varaq) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎤᎲᎢ Ꮭ reactivity ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ Ꮭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᎪᎸᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ delicacies ($1,000 ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏦᏕ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ radioisotopes (ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ nationalization ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.

ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Diane Glancy ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ: ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ (1996) ᎨᏒᎢ polyvocal ᏓᎵᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25th ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ. ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 7 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏕᏘᏯ ᏥᏌ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ mesocyclone ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ downdraft ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ inflow ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ supercells, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ cyclically. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ mesocyclone ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ inflow ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏤ mesocyclone ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ occluded mesocyclone, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ mesocyclone ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ localities. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ; ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ driftwood, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ poplars; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ intermixed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

ᎭᏫᏂᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ predators ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎭᏫᏂᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏍᎪᎯ mealybugᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏃᏯᎠ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏃᏯᎠ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ.

ᎯᎠ thorax ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᏗ onto ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ (ergatoids) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎯᎠ Neogene lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ. Jackdaw-, ᎪᎦ- ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ existed ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda, ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxa. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-documented.

ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏰᎲ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ zhong (鐘) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2000 3600 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ two tones. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Bronzeware ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ). ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ qing (磬 pinyin qing4) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏅᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Al-Qaeda ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 9/11 ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 video, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ acknowledging ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ motivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1982 Lebanon ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ , "ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ tohi adedi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ," "ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ , "[bleed] ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎳᏍᏗᏱ." ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏎᎵᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ wouldn't ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ't ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Israel."

Boiled ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ (ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ) Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ immersed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ boiled ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ armour ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.

ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (1,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ/mm², 650,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ sq. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ underfur ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ.

Dragonflies ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ agatoli ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. Dragonflies ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30,000 ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ agatoli; ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-sensing ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ommatidium, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 360° ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.

global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ centre ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ megacity, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Saskia Sassen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ 1991 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ "megacity" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. Global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Sassen, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ, ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Tokyo. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ capabilities ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ concentrated: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮝ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ hierarchically . ᏐᎢ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Frankfurt, Milan, Chicago ᎠᎴ Singapore ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ "ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ" ᎠᎴ San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto ᎠᎴ Zurich, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ "Beta ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ".

So, for example, {{Babel|en|de-1}} would indicate a native speaker of English with basic knowledge of German. {{Babel|en-5|sv|no-4|he-3|lt-2|es-1|an-0}} would indicate a professional proficiency of the English language, a native speaker of Swedish with an almost-native knowledge of Norwegian, advanced knowledge of Hebrew, an intermediate knowledge of Lithuanian, a basic knowledge of Spanish and no knowledge of Aragonese.
ᎡᏆ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ Ꮎ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ" (ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Christopher ᏔᎵᏔᎹ) ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, Oxford. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1680, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni. ᎡᏆ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ 101 itsuwakodi ᎾᎾᎢ 21:05 ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 101 ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ (4 ᎧᎦᎵ 1861), ᎬᏙᏗ Jefferson Davis ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ governmental structure ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ modeled ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ executing ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ embarked ᎾᎿ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏓᎿᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1894 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏔᎢᏩᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏲᏂᎢ-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏓᎿᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ Russia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1904 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Korean ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ WWI, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ awarded ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ colonies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1931, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ imposed "ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ" ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Manchuria ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Manchukuo.

ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ 110 mph (175 km/h) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 250 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (75 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (ᎯᎸᏍᎩ kilometers) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ dissipating. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 300 mph (480 km/h), ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6 km) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100 kilometers).

ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 7 8 oz ᎨᏒᎢ 7/64 8/64 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (2.8 3.2 mm) ᎤᎭᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ variability ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ensuring ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ millimetres.

ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ "ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ."

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1861 Lincoln proclaimed ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ports, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ moderately successful - ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ–ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ naval battles ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎩᎵᏏ investors ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ "ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners" Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ (ᎠᎴ civilian luxuries) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cuba ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Bahamas ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎳ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ cargo ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ sailors. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ crews ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ "ironclad" CSS ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ voyage sank ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᏳ USS Cumberland ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ "ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ Hampton ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᎠ ironclads ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ USS Monitor ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ CSS ᏩᏥᏂ") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1862, ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ironclad ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ naval battles ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮭ. 10, Memphis, Drewry ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏰᏍᏙᏗ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ Mobile ᎥᏓᎵ.