Meteoroids Do Not Adorn The Lowest Heaven Like Stars Nor Are They Part Of Stars
I think that tafsir e kabir of Imam Razi has your answer: “ As for {“And made them missiles for the devils”}, know that “rujoom” is the plural of “rajm,” which is a noun derived from the act of pelting. Scholars have explained this verse in following ways: 1. The devils are struck when they attempt to eavesdrop on the heavens. If it is said, “Adorning the sky with stars implies their permanence, whereas using them to pelt devils implies their disappearance, which seems contradictory,” we respond: “The stars themselves are not thrown at the devils.” Instead, sparks or fragments separate from the stars and are used to strike the devils. These sparks are referred to as meteors, resembling flames from a fire that remain unaffected. 2. The stars serve as a metaphorical “missile” in that they represent false hopes or assumptions for human devils—specifically astrologers—who make false claims based on their interpretations of celestial movements.” Well the first interpretation is closer to the intended meaning.
Yes,as per the above mention tafseer,The verse uses the word رجوما for ‘pelting’, this comes from the root رجم which means stoning. So it means to throw a solid stone or rock at something. One can describe the rock as an asteroid as they too are rocks in that sense. The word جعلناها means we have made [from] them. Today we know that the material for asteroids are from old massive stars which spread its heavy material in a supernova causing other systems to form. So technically these objects are indirectly formed by the remnants of the bright luminous stars. I think in this way we can reconcile the Quran with all the ayat of the Quran and hadith too. Allah knows the best.