Ridda Wars (Abu Bakr Fight Against Zakat Rejecters)
It was quraysh who were supposed to be the leaders even before Islam. Among different tribes of quraysh it was the tribe of Banu umayyah whi had been the political leaders and Banu Hashim were religious leaders. Ali was a yougman who had no political stature in the time of the prophet. He was never offered any post nor even led a war despite being a good fighter. So he had no prospects to be considered for caliphate. Abu bakr waged the war against the deniers of zakat in the light of the verse 9:5 which says that unless they repent establish prayer and pay zakat only then they could save their necks. Since they demoed the third essential, they were fought rightfully. What Khalid bin waleed did was a transgression. We know it did happen in situations like this. The one who took step at that time has his justifications which can be accepted and rejected. In this case it was found not right.
My lack of knowledge in relation to Ali’s pre Islamic status means I cannot respond to your first points. However when it comes to 9:5 how can we argue that this is a correct interpretation? This was meant for the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and those who denied him. How can it be applied after him? Today can we kill those who don’t pray and give zakat in a Muslim state? We can’t check nowadays if people pray all their 5 prayers how could they have done so back then? Where in the quran does it say zakat has to be given to the state? The amr is to the individual and the individual is told how to split his wealth. And this is not the only issue- if these people denied abu bakr as the khalifa then it means that your claims that ‘the leaders were always from bani hashim’ are wrong. If they were true then why would people have denied their zakat and said they would just delegate it themselves? As for malik ibn nuwayrah great we agree it was a wrong action. Two issues stem from this- how can we in good faith say khalid رضي الله عنه ? And where was the qisas. Qisas is fard and if abu bakr knew it was wrong then where is the justice?