Why I Should Not Preach To Non Muslims
A well known scholar stated in one of his Q&A session in response to how Aborigines or Amazonians will be judged when they never heard of Islam or any other religion. There were two answers. 1. Surprisingly the concept of one god somehow reached them and they are aware of it. 2. Even if concept of one god did not reach them, Allah has already put an innate sense of one god and basic concepts of right and wrong in every human. Thus those who never heard of Islam or Quran, Allah will judge them and then reward or punish them based on their actions in compliance or against their innate sense. I think the verse you referred is specific to an invitation by a prophet. If they reject the message of a prophet, then Allah punishes them by annihilating them. In the present time, I believe it is sufficient that the message gets to them somehow. People will be judged based on their knowledge, intention and effort.