Islamic Guidelines And Infighting Among Groups Of Sahaba
Perhaps this may answer your question Discussion civil-wars-among-the-companions-of-the-prophet Discussion کیا-صحابہ-کرام-بہترین-امت-تھے-؟؟
There were political differences in how the crisis was approached. Each group exercised ijtihad with sincerity, and in political matters, diverse perspectives naturally led to different actions and objectives for each party. With the rapid expansion of the Muslim empire, no mechanism was established to fulfill the fundamental requirements of a pure democracy. In the absence of a comprehensive system, the tribal form of democracy gradually evolved into a monarchy, largely due to the ease of succession and its long-tested historical precedent. For a more detailed discussion of these points, please refer to our ‘ Karbala Series Videos ‘ and ‘ Hazrat Ali and Ameer Muawiya ka Ikhtilaf series’ . ___ Please also refer to the video below from 8:06 to 15:50 https://youtu.be/s8pNUdWMFJw?si=TjNX0ZUvclozFy3e&t=486