Deciding Applicability Of Verses Todays Time Or Prophet's Time
Very good question. I think someone need to take this task and mark all ayahs in Quran with such information. Although we need to keep in mind that those eyahs are in literal meaning for that time, but the inherent message is applicable to all times. For example, it seems like 1/5 of Quran is full of old stories of other prophets, but communication of inherent message in each story is the real purpose why the story is in Quran.
In very simplistic terms, a verse cannot be considered time-bound when the conditions giving rise to that verse are somewhat permanent in nature and all related conditions still exist. In case of thievery, the act of theft exists even today and if it fulfils the conditions of punishment as mentioned in Quran, the verses would still be applicable. Please also refer to the link shared above, it gives some useful insight.