The InterPARES 2 Project
Dictionary
access
acceptance
v., An agreement, either by express act or by implication from conduct, to the terms of an offer so that a binding contract is formed. [Government]
access privileges
n.,
 The right, opportunity, or means of finding, using or approaching documents and/or information. [Archives]
n., The configuration of hardware components and their interfaces. [Archives]
n., The availability of records/archives for consultation as a result of both legal authorizatio


n and the existence of finding aids.
[Archives]
n., The permission to locate and retrieve information for use (consultation or reference) within legally established restrictions of
privacy, confidentiality, and security clearance. [Archives]
n., The ability to locate relevant information through the use of catalogues, indexes, finding aids, or other tools. [Archives] n., The notion that 'the public' or 'minority groups' should have access to the means of broadcasting to promote their 'voices' or
opinions.


 [Arts]
n., The ability to locate, gain entry to, and use something, such as a building or a database. [Arts]
n., A de vice or me tho d where by  a docu men t may be found; Per mission an d opportun ity to use  a doc ument; Th e a pproach
 to any
means to storing information, e.g. index, bibliography, catalogue, computer terminal. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The physical processes of retrieving information from storage media. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., To g ain entry t o d ata,


 a compu ter syste m, etc. In  the US, to  ac cess stri ct ly means  to ins truc t, communi cat e wit h,
store data in,
retrieve data from, or otherwise obtain the ability to use the resources of a computer or any part thereof. [Computer and
Information Sciences]
n., The reading or writing of data, with the connotation that the content of the reading or writing is taken into account. The word
is most commonly used in connection with filed information and is often qualified by an indication as to the types


 of access that
are to be permitted. For example, read-only access means that the contents of the file may be read but not altered or erased.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The notion that 'the public' or 'minority groups' should have access to the means of broadcasting to promote their 'voices' or
n., The authority to access a system to compile, classify, register, retrieve, annotate, read, transfer or destroy records, granted to a person, position or office within an organization or agency. [Arc


hives]
n., The ability to locate, gain entry to, and use something, such as a building or a database. [Arts]
n., The indication of the person, position or office authorized to annotate a record, delete it, or remove it from the system. [Archives]
means to storing information, e.g. index, bibliography, catalogue, computer terminal. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
 The authority to read a record, granted to a person, position or office within an organization or agency. [Archives]
retrieve data fr


om, or otherwise obtain the ability to use the resources of a computer or any part thereof. [Computer and
n.,
 The indication of the person, position or office authorized to read a record. [Archives]
is most commonly used in connection with filed information and is often qualified by an indication as to the types of access that
n., See
: access privileges; access restrictions. [Archives]
accession
n.,
 The availability and usability of information. [Archives]
n., The characteristic of being easily reach


ed or used with a minimum of barriers. Carries the connotation of providing access to individuals with disabilities that prevent normal use, especially under the terms of the Americans with Disabilities Act (PL 101-336, 42 USC 126). [Archives]
n., The availability of archival material for consultation as a result of legal authorization and the existence of finding aids.
[Archives]
n.,
 The ease with which a person may enter a library, gain access to its online systems, use its resources, and obtain needed


information regardless of format. In a more general sense, the quality of being able to be located and used by a person. In the
Web environment, the quality of being usable by everyone regardless of disability. [Computer and Information Sciences]
 The obligation to answer for actions for which one is responsible. [General Dictionaries]
n., v.,
 A body of records formally accepted into custody as a unit at a single time. [Archives]
To t ak e legal  and physica l cu stody of a b ody of reco rds  and to do


cumen t it  in a regis te r. [Arch ives]
n., Materials physically and legally transferred to a repository as a unit at a single time; an acquisition. [Archiv
es]
v., The formal acceptance into custody and recording of an acquisition. [Archives]
v., To document the transfer of records or materials in a register, database, or other log of the repository's holdings. [Archives]
v., To take legal and physical custody of a group of records or other materials and to formally document their receipt. [Archives]


v., The recording of the formal acceptance into custody of an acquisition. [Archives]
n., An acquisition so recorded. (see definition for accession). [Archives]
v., To enter in an accessions record or register particulars of each item in the order of its acquisition. [Computer and Information
Sciences]
v., The act of taking documents into physical custody in an archival agency, records center, or manuscript repository, and
recording same. In some cases transfer of legal title may also be involved. [Compu


ter and Information Sciences]
Information Sciences]
n., A record documenting the preserver's acceptance of responsibility for preserving a clearly identified set of records. [Archives]
n., A record documenting additions to a collection, whether acquired by transfer under a legally based procedure, or by deposit, purchase, gift, or bequest. [Arts]
n., The chief record of the stock added to a library. Items are numbered progressively as they are added to stock. [Compute
r and
Information Sciences]
n., Th


e formal record of accessions of archival material received by an archives service, in which information on the immed
iate
source and the broader provenance of the material is preserved permanently. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The obligation to answer or answer for discharge of duties or conduct. [General Dictionaries]
n., Acquired records whose authenticity and feasibility of preservation have been confirmed and have been registered in an accession record. [Archives]
v., The formal acceptanc


e into custody and recording of an acquisition. [Archives]
n.,
 The obligation to answer for actions for which one is responsible. [General Dictionaries]
n., The ability to answer for, explain, or justify actions or decisions for which an individual, organization, or system is responsible. [Archives]
n., The determination and measure of responsibility and liability to another. [Arts]
n., The extent to which persons in government and the workplace are held answerable for their conduct in office and for t


he quality of their performance of assigned duties, particularly when incompetence, dereliction, or malfeasance is at issue. See also: performance evaluation.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The obligation to answer or answer for discharge of duties or conduct. [General Dictionaries]
n., Principle that individuals, organizations, and the community are responsible for their actions and may be required to expl
ain them to others. [General Dictionaries]
n., The conscious exercise of will by a perso


n aimed to create, maintain, modify or extinguish situations. Synonym of action.
n., An acquisition of the records of a creator that is additional to the records of the creator already in the custody of the preserver. [Archives]
n., Principle that individuals, organizations, and the community are responsible for their actions and may be required to explain
them to others. [General Dictionaries]
n., The degree to which data, information, documents or records are precise, correct, truthful, free of error or


 distortion, or
pertinent to the matter. [Archives]
n., The closeness of an estimate to the true value. Compare PRECISION. [Sciences]
n., Accuracy refers to the truthfulness of the content of the record and can only be established through content analysis.
[Archives]
n., An accurate performance is a performance that reproduces all that is constitutive of the work's individuality. [Arts]
n., The quality of correctness as to fact and of precision as to detail in information resources and in the delivery


of information
services. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., How close to the real value a measurement is. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., An accurate record is one that contains correct, precise and exact information. [General Dictionaries]
v., Freedom from mistake or error: correctness, conforming to an approved or conventional standard, conforming to or agreeing
with fact, logic, or known truth, conforming to a set figure. [General Dictionaries]
n., Conformity to truth or to a standard or


 model: exhibiting or marked by strict, particular, and complete accordance with fact or
a standard; marked by thorough consideration or minute measurement of small factual details. [General Dictionaries]
n., An accurate record is one that contains correct, precise and exact information. [General Dictionaries]
v.,
 To gain possession or control of; to get or obtain. [Government]
n., Conformity to truth or to a standard or model: exhibiting or marked by strict, particular, and complete accordance with fac


t or
n., Records that are taken into the custody of the preserver from the creator, for their permanent preservation. [Models (MCP)]
act
v., n.,
 The process of adding to the holdings of an archival repository or records centre. [Archives] An addition to the holdings of an archival repository or records centre. [Archives]
n., The first stage of the behavioral processes (followed by manufacture, use, deposition), in which raw materials are procured. [Sciences]
v., Obtaining materials for a library, docum


entation center, archive, or other collection, including selection, ordering, and
obtaining by exchange or gift. [Arts]
v., The processes of obtaining books and other items for a library, documentaiton center or archive. [Computer and Information
Sci
en
ces]
v., The gaining of possession or control over something. [Government]
 To gain possession or control of; to get or obtain. [Government]
n., The conscious exercise of will by a person aimed to create, maintain, modify or extinguish
 situations. [Arch


ives]
n., Legi slation th at has be en made law , especia lly a sta tute. [G overnment]
Syn
.: action.
n., A document formally embodying a decision of a legislative body or public authority; or forming part of a legal transactio
n and drawn up in due form. [Archives]
n., The conscious exercise of will by a person aimed to create, maintain, modify or extinguish situations. Synonym of ac
tion.
[Archives]
n.,
 Th
e conscious exercise of will by an officer of the records creator or by an external person ai


med to create, maintain, modify or extinguish situations. There are two types of act: a mere act and a transaction. Alias: action. [Archives]
 v., To do, operate or function. [Arts]
v., To portray a character as an actor; to perform a role or play a part. [Arts]
n., A short performance by one or a group of entertainers. [Arts]
n., Division of a play, each of which may contain one or more scenes. [Arts]
n., Something done intentionally. [General Dictionaries]
n., Division of a play, each of which may c


ontain one or more scenes. [Arts]
n., A record needed by the creator for the purpose of carrying out the action for which it was created or for frequent reference. Syn.: current record. [Archives]
n., Records needed by the creator for the purpose of carrying out the actions for which they were created or for frequent
reference. Syn.: current records. [Archives]
n., Records regularly used for the conduct of the current business of their creator and that, therefore, continue to be maintained in office spac


e. [Archives]
n., A record needed by its creator for the purpose of carrying out actions [Archives]
n., Records that continue to be used with sufficient frequency to justify keeping them in the office of creation. [Archives]
n., Archival documents regularly maintained and used by their creator. [Archives]
n., Information stored on computer systems that can be readily accessed by the operating system or software without a need to reload media, undelete the information, or reconstruct the information fro


m other sources. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., Records that continue to be used with sufficient frequency to justify keeping them in the office of creation. [Archives]
n.,
 A series of acts or actions aimed to one purpose. [Archives]
n., n., n.,
 Used to describe the customary use of a given artifact, such as food preparation. [Sciences] Broadly, the rate or extent of a change associated with some substance or system. [Sciences] The quality or state of being active. [General Dictionaries]
addr


ess
n.,
 Persons who carry out acts or actions. [Archives]
addressee's name
n., A place or location where a particular piece of information is stored, or where an entity can be communicated with. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
n.,
 Person(s) to whom the record is directed or for whom the record is intended. [Archives]
n., Individual(s) and/or organisation(s) to which the information in the record was addressed. [Archives]
n., One to whom something is addressed. E.g. "The To, CC, and BCC heade


rs list the addressees of the e-mail message".
Normally an addressee will eventually be a recipient, unless there is a failure at some point (an e-mail "bounces") or the message
is redirected to a different addressee. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The individual to whom something is to be delivered. [General Dictionaries]
n., A place or location where a particular piece of information is stored, or where an entity can be communicated with.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
 The name of th


e person to whom the record is directed or for whom the record is intended. [Archives]
reference. Syn.: current records. [Archives]
n., The sort of accountability aimed at non-political and non-legal authorities such as civil servants and top ranking administrators. Involves developing and implementing procedures for carrying out actions and documenting them to ensure that everything is done according to rule and in proper sequence, so that administrators can account at any time precisely for anything tha


t has been done. [Archives]
n., The principle that underlies the concept of accountability [ . . . ] is linked to the conveying and evaluation of information. [ . . . ] For ongoing bodies, accountability required the development and refinement of procedures for carrying out actions and documenting them, "to ensure that everything was done according to rule and in proper sequence, so that administrators could account at any time precisely for anything that had been done." [Archives]
n.,
n.,
 The structure,


 functions and procedures of the organizational environment in which the creator exists. [Archives]
 Stored on a medium in an unchangeable way. [Archives]
 n., 2. The means of physically locating the holdings of records centres and archival institutions through numbering and listing. [Archives]
n., 1. The exercise of authority over maintenance, use, disposition, and accessibility of current archives to carry on the
function for which they were created. [Archives]
 The structure, functions and procedures


 of the organizational environment in which the creator exists. [Archives]
n.,
 The quality of being permitted to serve as evidence in trial or hearing or other proceeding. [Archives]
n.,
 The quality or state of being allowed to be entered into evidence in a hearing, trial, or other proceeding. [Governme
nt]
n., An administrative body having the delegated authority to act competently on behalf of a higher body. Every agency is a
juridical person, composed of juridical persons. [Archives]
v., To store o


n a medium in an unchangeable way. [Archives]
n., An active communicating entity that can acquire a role; that is, an abstract representation of a function, service, or identity.
[Sciences]
v.,
 Stored on a medium in an unchangeable way. [Archives]
n., An intermediary who performs various matters of business connected with the theatre. [Arts]
n., An administrative body having the delegated authority to act competently on behalf of a higher body. Every agency is a ju
ridical person, composed of juridical


 persons. [Archives]
n., The proposition that human beings think about the intentional actions they perform and the resources they need to achieve ends. [Sciences]
n., A unit of government authorized by law to perform a specific function. [Archives]
n., An organization entity whose name and legal existence are established by an act, which defines its position in an
administrative hierarchy. Such a body possesses powers defined by law or regulations and a head with decision-making authority at his/her hie


rarchical level. Usually each agency has its own recordkeeping system. [Archives]
n., The business carried on by an agent. [Government]
n., A unit of governement that has major policy reponsiblities and that performs regulatory functions. [Government]
n., The relationship between an agent and his principal. [Government]
n., A business that provides services by acting on behalf of or as representative of another party. [General Dictionaries]
affix
n.,
 One who is authorized to act for or in place of an


other. [Archives]
n., An active communicating entity that can acquire a role; that is, an abstract representation of a function, service, or identity. [Sciences]
n., Person or company licenced by the state to represent clients and negotiate their contracts for a standard agent's fee. [Arts]
n., People authorized to represent or act on behalf of someone else, particularly in business transactions. [Arts]
n., An intermediary who performs various matters of business connected with the theatre. [Arts]
n.,


An individual or firm acting as a middleman between librarian and publisher in the acquistion of material. [Computer and Info
rmation Sciences]
n., In the client-server model, the part of the system that performs information preparation and exchange on behalf of a client or
server. Especially in the phrase "intelligent agent" it implies some kind of automatic process which can communicate with other
agents to perform some collective task on behalf of one or more humans. [Computer and Information Sciences]


n., An autonomous system that receives information from its environment, processes it, and performs actions on that
environment. Agents may have different degrees of intelligence or rationality, and may be implemented in software, hardware, or both. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., An agent is a business representative who handles contractual arrangements between the principal and third persons.
[Government]
n., Information presented in dial form (with pointer and graduated markings) or in LCD bar


-graph form. [Arts]
n.,
 An archival unit composed of multiple archival documents, such as a fonds, series or file. [Archives]
n., A representation of an object that resembles the original. Analogue devices monitor conditions, such as movement,
temperature and sound, and convert them into analogous electronic or mechanical patterns. Analogue implies continuous
operation in contrast with digital, which is broken up into numbers. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., See
: archival aggregation; arranged


records; records aggregation. [Archives]
server. Especially in the phrase "intelligent agent" it implies some kind of automatic process which can communicate with other
n.,
 An act done to a document after its completion whereby its meaning or language is changed. [Archives]
n., An act done to an instrument, after its execution whereby its meaning or language is changed; esp., the changing of a term
in a negotiable instrument without the consent of all parties to it. Material alterations void an instrume


nt, but immaterial ones do not.
v., Use for modifications to an object or structure. Refers especially to the physical evidence of the change. In architecture, use
"additions" if the change increases the structure's volume; "alterations" if it does not. [Arts]
analogue
n., (ASCII) The binary code used by most computers to represent in digital format the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Latin script, numerals, and special characters so that they can be sent to, and understood by, other computers and


 devices such as modems and printers. Each ASCII character consists of seven information bits and one parity bit for error checking. [Computer and Information Sciences]
aggregated records
a., The representation of an object or physical process through the use of continuously variable electronic signals or mechanical patterns. In contrast to a digitally-encoded representation of an object or physical process, an analogue representation resembles the original. [General Dictionaries]
n., Using physical vari


ables ("seeable images" and sound waves decodable without significant technological assistance). Analog records suffer degradation with each subsequent generation of copying.
n., Representing data by measuring a continuous physical variable, such as the rotation of hands on a clock, in contrast to a
digital clock.
n., Information recorded and stored in a varying continuous form (with physical variables) in direct correlation to the original
information. [Arts]
n., Information presented in dial form (with


 pointer and graduated markings) or in LCD bar-graph form. [Arts] n., A description of a continuously variable signal or a circuit or device designed to handle such signals. Opp.: 'digital' or
'discrete'. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A representation of an object that resembles the original. Analogue devices monitor conditions, such as movement, temperature and sound, and convert them into analogous electronic or mechanical patterns. Analogue implies continuous operation in contrast with digital


, which is broken up into numbers. [Computer and Information Sciences]
a., The representation of an object or physical process through the use of continuously variable electronic signals or
mechanical patterns. In contrast to a digitally-encoded representation of an object or physical process, an analogue
representation resembles the original. [General Dictionaries]
n.,
 An analogue object that is part of one or more analogue documents, requiring a given preservation action. [Archives]
annotation
n., Th


e smallest meaningful units of information, expressed as continuous electronic signals or mechanical patterns affixed to an analogue medium. [Sciences]
analogue object
n., An analogue component, or group of components, that is affixed to an analogue medium and is treated and managed as a document. [Archives]
analogue system
n., The use of continuously variable electronic signals or mechanical patterns rather than discrete numeric values (such as those generated by a digital system). [Sciences]
analogue


 encoding
n., Physical material, such as a paper, parchment, stone, clay, film or certain types of magnetic audio- and videotape, used for storage of analogue data. [Archives]
n.,
n.,
 A discrete aggregation of one type or class of analogue data (e.g., text, audio, video, image). [Archives]
n.,n.,
 An analogue document that is treated and managed as a record. [Archives]
 Any system handling analogue data or objects, as opposed to a digital system. [Sciences]
n.,
 Any system handling analogue data or ob


jects, as opposed to a digital system. [Sciences]
n., Physical material, such as a paper, parchment, stone, clay, film or certain types of magnetic audio- and videotape,
used for storage of analogue data. [Archives]
n.,
 An addition made to a record after it has been created. [Archives]
n., “Annotations (additions made to a record after it has been created) constitute the next category of elements included in the
 Template for Analysis. They fall into three basic groups:
1. additions made to the record a


fter its creation as part of its execution (e.g., the date and time of transmission added to an e-mail
 record at the moment it is sent, or the indication of attachments added before it is transmitted);
2. additions made to the record in the course of handling the business matter in which the record participates (e.g., comments
 noted on the face of the record, or embedded in it, and dates of transmission to other offices);
3. additions made to the record in the course of handling it for records management


purposes (e.g., the classification code or file
 number assigned to the record, its draft) [Archives]
n., Information, especially explanatory notes, added to a completed document. [Archives]
n., Notes added as comment or explanation. [Arts]
n., A brief note, usually no longer than two or three sentences, added after a citation in a bibliography to describe or explain the
content or message of the work cited or to comment on it.
Example:
Bradbury, Malcolm, ed. The Atlas of Literature. London: De Agostin


i Editions, 1997.
A heavily-illustrated international thematic history of the relationship between geography and literature, from the Middle Ages
and Renaissance to the post-Cold War era. Includes references for further reading and a list of places to visit by country.
In a more general sense, any brief explanatory or descriptive comment added to a document, text, catalog entry, etc. In a critical
annotation, the commentary is evaluative. Also refers to the process of annotating a document or entry in a bi


bliography or
catalog.
[Arts]
n., A note added to an entry in a catalogue, reading list or bibliography to elucidate, evaluate or describe the subject and contents
 of a book; it sometimes gives particulars of the author. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A new commentary node linked to an existing node. If readers, as well as authors, can annotate nodes, then they can immediate
ly provide feedback if the information is misleading, out of date or plain wrong. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n


., Explanation added to a program to assist the reader. This may take the form of manuscript additions to the program listing, but
more often takes the form of comments included in the program text. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A basic archival function of determining the eventual disposal of records based upon their archival value. Also referred to as
n.,
 Initialism for “American National Standards Institute.” [Government]
n., Software that constitutes any type of program that is tailored to


satisfy real-world needs and requirements. [Archives]
n.,
 Initialism for “application programming interface.” [Computer and Information Sciences]
software such as the operating system kernel, server processes and libraries which exists to support application programs.
n., Computer software that allows the user to process data or perform calculations necessary to achieve a desired result, as opposed to the operating system designed to control the computer's hardware and run all other programs. [Computer a


nd Information Sciences]
n., Computer programs, or collections of programs, designed to meet the needs of the users of computer systems by directly c
ontributing to the performance of specific roles. [Sciences]
n., Software that constitutes any type of program that is tailored to satisfy real-world needs and requirements. [Archives]
n., A program written to perform a particular function and increasingly used to refer to software packages in general. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A complete, se


lf-contained program that performs a specific function directly for the user. This is in contrast to
system
software such as the operating system kernel, server processes and libraries which exists to support application programs.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
n., Computer programs, procedures, rules, and any associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Encarta. Computer programs and applications, such as word processing or database packages, that can be run on


a particular computer system. ICA Dictionary. A set of computer programs, procedures and associated documentation concerned with the operation of an automatic data processing system as distinct from hardware. US NARA, Federal Records. The programs used to operate a computer, as well as the documentation describing how to use them. [General Dictionaries]
n., Software that constitutes any type of program that is tailored to satisfy real-world needs and requirements. [General
Dictionaries]
application
n.,


 A fully conforming instantiation of an element set for a particular community, created to adapt an element set into a package tailored to the functional requirements of a particular application while retaining interoperability with the base standard. Can involve mixing and matching terms from multiple standards to meet the descriptive needs of a particular project or service. [General Dictionaries]
application programming interface
n., (API) A set of routines, protocols and tools for building software ap


plications; specifically, establishing the interface (calling conventions) by which a software application accesses the operating system and other services. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
n., The process of assessing the value of records for the purpose of determining the length and conditions of their preservation. [Archives]
n., Refers to the process of evaluating records to determine whether they are to be archived indefinitely, retained for a shorter period, or disposed of in some other way (


sold, donated, destroyed, etc.).
n., The process of identifying materials to be preserved because of their enduring value, especially those material
s to be
physically transferred to an archives. [Archives]
n., A basic archival function of determining the eventual disposal of records based upon their archival value. Also refer
red to as
evaluation, review, selection or selective retention. [Archives]
n., The process of determining the value and thus the disposition of records based upon their current adm


inistrative, legal, and fiscal use; their evidential and information value; their arrangement and condition; their intrinsic value; and their relationship to other records. [Archives] n., The process of determining the length of time records should be retained, based on legal requirements and on their current and
potential usefulness. [Archives]
n., The act of estimating the nature, quality, importance etc.of something. [Archives]
n., A basic archival function aimed at determining the disposition or dispo


sal of records, that is, usually either their continuing
preservation or their destruction. In some cases, records may be alienated from their creator. Appraisal involves making a
judgement or estimation of the worthiness of continued preservation of records. [Archives]
n., Appraisal assesses the continuing value of the records but it also assembles evidence for the presumption of their authenticity,
and identifies the digital components or objects that need to be stored and reproduced to ensure the preser


vation of authentic
records. [Archives]
n., The process of evaluating documents for the purpose of continuing preservation. [Archives]
n., Printed or written statements of evaluation or estimate of the market or other value, cost, utility or other attribute of land,
buildings, works of art, or other objects of property, by qualified persons. [Arts]
n., The monetary valuation of a gift, usually determined at the request of a library, museum, or archives by a professional
appraiser familiar with the market


 for the type of item. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The process of analyzing and selecting records in order to determine which are suitable for retention as archives. [Computer
and Information Sciences]
n., Determining the market value of an item; see monetary appraisal. [General Dictionaries]
and Information Sciences]
n., Determinations of the retention periods and disposition of records, including the terms and conditions of transfer from the creator to the preserver. [Models (MCP)]
archit


ecture
n., The rules and conventions of the entity responsible for permanent preservation that govern the appraisal of records. [Archives]
archival bond
n., [diplomatics] An intrinsic element of documentary form that comprises a wish for the realization of the content of the document. [Archives]
appraisal decisions
n., [computing] Design, the way components fit together. The term architecture can refer to either hardware or software, or to a combination of hardware and software. The architecture of a s


ystem always defines its broad outlines, and may define precise mechanisms as well. [Computer and Information Sciences]
archival arrangement
n.,
 The whole of the archival documents comprising an aggregate archival unit. [Archives]
 The whole of the archival documents comprising an aggregate archival unit. [Archives]
n.,
 The process of identifying archival documents as they belong to groupings within a fonds. [Archives]
n., Determinations of the retention periods and disposition of records, including


the terms and conditions of transfer
from the creator to the preserver. [Models (MCP)]
n., The network of relationships that each record has with the records belonging in the same records aggregation. [Archi
ves]
n.,
 The interrelationships between a record and other records resulting from the same activity. [Archives]
n., The originary, necessary and determined web of relationships that each record has at the moment at which it is made or received with the records that belong in the same aggregation. It


 is an incremental relationship which begins when a record isfirst connected to another in the course of action (e.g., a letter requesting information is linked by an archival bond to the draft or copy of the record replying to it, and filed with it. The one gives meaning to the other). [Archives]
n., The relationship that links each record, incrementally, to the previous and subsequent ones and to all those which par
ticipate
in the same activity. It is originary (i.e., it comes into existence when a reco


rd is made or received and set aside), necessary (i.e.,
it exists for every record), and determined (i.e., it is characterized by the purpose of the record). [Archives]
n., A grade of paper that is durable and has a long life expectancy. [Archives]
it exists for every record), and determined (i.e., it is characterized by the purpose of the record). [Archives]
n., The date on which a record is set aside by inserting it in the aggregation to which it belongs and classifying it. [Archives]
n.,
 The date as


signed to a record by the records office. [Archives]
n., Traditionally it has been a function of archival description to authenticate the records and perpetuate their administrative and
documentary relationships. [Archives]
n., The creation of an accurate representation of a unit of description and its component parts, if any, by capturing, analyzing, organizing and recording information that serves to identify, manage, locate and explain archival materials and the context and records systems which produc


ed it.S yn.: description. [Archives]
n., The process of capturing, collating, analyzing, controlling, exchanging, and providing access to information about 1) the origin, context, and provenance of different sets of records, 2) their filing structure, 3) their form and content, 4)their relationship with other records, and 5) the ways in which they can be found and used. [Archives]
n., A written representation of archival material. [Archives]
n., Traditionally it has been a function of archival descriptio


n to authenticate the records and perpetuate their administrative and documentary relationships. [Archives]
n., The process analyzing, organizing, and recording details about the formal elements of a record or collection of records, such
as creator of, title, dates, extent, and contents, to facilitate the work's identification, management, and understanding. [Archives]
n., The process of recording information about the nature and makeup of archives to achieve administrative and/or intellectual
control. [A


rchives]
n., The equivalent for archives of cataloguing in librarianship. The most common standards in use are MAD, RAD and APPM.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
archival description
n., The set of descriptive instruments that provide intellectual and physical control over the records of an archival institution or program. Includes, but is not limited to, guides, inventories, indexes, repository locators. [Archives]
archival documentation
n., See
: record. [Archives]
n., Seen., The information pro


vided by a creator and the repository which provides enough information to establish provenance, history and context of acquired records and to enable its use by others. [Archives]
: record. [Archives]
n., See
: fonds. [Archives]
n., The set of descriptive instruments that provide intellectual and physical control over the records of an archival
institution or program. Includes, but is not limited to, guides, inventories, indexes, repository locators. [Archives]
n., The whole of the policies, strategies


 and procedures, based on archival concepts, principles and methods, that con
trol recordkeeping and preservation. [Archives]
n., The whole of the policies, strategies and procedures, based on archival concepts, principles and methods, that
control recordkeeping and preservation. [Archives]
n., The application of principles and procedures articulated and developed from archival theory. The analysis, recording and maintenance of the links between the function of the information recorded on the one hand and


 its form, structure and provenancial context on the other. [Archives]
See
See
: records preservation [Archives]
n., [place] A place where records selected for permanent preservation are kept. [Archives]
See
: records preservation system [Archives]
n., The whole of the principles, policies, and strategies adopted by an archival institution or program for maintaining digital components and related information over time, and for reproducing the related authentic records and/or archival aggregations of rec


ords, that is produced by interpreting external controls and applying them to the records selected for preservation. [Archives]
conduct of affairs, and preserved. Syn.: fonds. [Archives]
n., A systematic body of knowledge that supports the practice of appraising, acquiring, authenticating, preserving, and
 providing access to recorded materials. [Archives]
v., To save digital data, documents, and records, typically those that are not current, offline. [Computer and Information
Sciences]
n., Any of the g


roupings of archival documents comprising a fonds, as delineated during the process of archival arrangem
ent. An archival unit can be a fonds, series, file, item or variation thereof, depending on institutional standards.
A unit may be divided into sub-units for the purposes of archival description. The smallest (and therefore indivisible) archival unit is the item. [Archives]
n., Any of the groupings of archival documents comprising a fonds, as delineated during the process of archival
arrangement. An ar


chival unit can be a fonds, series, file, item or variation thereof, depending on institutional standards.
A unit may be divided into sub-units for the purposes of archival description. The smallest (and therefore indivisible)
archival unit is the item. [Archives]
v., To save digital data, documents, and records, typically those that are not current, offline. [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., To transfer records from the individual or office of creation to a repository authorized to appraise, preser


ve, and provide
access to those records. [Archives]
n., A repository for information that the user wishes to retain, but without requiring immediate access. (The word is also used as
a verb: to transfer into the archive system.) There are three quite different activities that must be distinguished:
(a) the routine taking of backup copies, initiated by the system manager, to protect users and system managers against corruption
of stored information;
(b) the autonomous transferring of information from a high


er-performance to a lower-performance storage system, initiated by
the operating system, to achieve economies in the total cost to the system manager of information storage;
(c) the voluntary transferring of a file between normal file storage and archive storage, initiated by the user, to achieve
economies in the total costs to the user of information storage. [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., To save data onto the disk. [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., To transfer files to slower, cheaper me


dia (usually magnetic tape) to free the hard disk space they occupied. This is now
normally done for long-term storage but in the 1960s, when disk was much more expensive, files were often shuffled regularly
between disk and tape. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A single file containing one or (usually) more separate files plus information to allow them to be extracted (separated) by a
suitable program. [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., To copy data onto a different disk or tape for backup.


Archived files are often compressed to maximize storage media.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
between disk and tape. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., [place] A place where records selected for permanent preservation are kept. [Archives]
n., [institution] An agency or institution responsible for the preservation and communication of records selected for
permanent preservation. [Archives]
n., [records] The whole of the documents made and received by a juridical or physical person or organizati


on in the
conduct of affairs, and preserved. Syn.: fonds. [Archives]
n., [place] The building (or portion thereof) housing archival collections. [Archives]

n., [institution] The division within an organization responsible for maintaining the organization's records of enduring value.
[Archives]
n., [records] Non-current records preserved, with or without selection, by those responsible for their creation or by their
successors in function for their own use or by an appropriate archives because of their


archival value. [Archives]
n., [records] The whole of the records of a creator. [Archives]
n., [records] The whole of the records created by an agency and preserved. Alias: archival fonds. [Archives]
n., [records] 1) The documents created or received and accumulated by a person or organization in the course of the conduct of]
affairs, and preserved because of their continuing value. Historically, the term referred more narrowly to the noncurrent records
[inactive records] of an organization or institutio


n preserved because of their on going value. [Archives]
n., [institution] An organization which collects the archives of individuals, families, or other organizations; a collecting
repository. [Archives]
n., [institution] The agency or program responsible for selecting, acquiring, preserving, and making available archival materials;
also referred to as an archival agency, archival institution or archival program. [Archives]
n., [institution] An agency or institution responsible for the acquisition, prese


rvation, and communication of archives selected for
permanent preservation. [Archives]
n., [place] Rooms or sets of rooms for the systematic maintenance and storage of records and documents. [Arts]
n., Archival documents contain accurate and detailed information relevant to many aspects of musical scholarship: to biography,
chronology, history of institutions and societies, the place and function of musicians in society, performing practice (in the fullest
sense of that phrase) and many others. They yield


 the kind of information that primarily musical manuscripts and printed sources
cannot provide.
The term ‘archive’ is here used as defined under §1 below. It is also widely used in a second sense, to denote what bibliographers
would classify as a ‘collection’ or even ‘library’: the Deutsches Musikgeschichtliches Archiv in Kassel, for example, is a library
of photographic materials relating to sources of German music. Many collections fall halfway between an archive in the strict
sense, consisting of the sur


viving papers of a historical person, and a collection, which may include material added by
subsequent collectors. Such a case is the collection in the Library of Congress known as the ‘Rachmaninoff Archives’. See also
Libraries; Collections, private; and Sound archives.
1. Types of archive.
2. Preservation; location.
3. Archival research.
4. Application to music history.
5. Skills; aids.
[Arts]
n., [records] Collections of original records. [Arts]
n., [records] An accumulation of original records assembl


ed in the course of the activities of a person or persons, or of a public
or private organization; or such records from a number of different sources; and kept together to ensure their preservation and to
promote their use. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., [records] Records in any medium which were compiled for the purpose of, or use during, a public or private business
transaction of which they themselves formed a part; and which were selected for preservation by the persons concerned with the
tran


saction, or their successors or delegates, for their own use and as material for research or reference. [Computer and
Information Sciences]
subsequent collectors. Such a case is the collection in the Library of Congress known as the ‘Rachmaninoff Archives’. See also
n.,
 A professional educated in archival science and/or responsible for the administration of archives. [Archives]
n., A person professionally occupied in the administration of archives and/or the management of archives. [Archives]
n., An ind


ividual responsible for appraising, acquiring, arranging and describing, preserving, and providing access to records of
enduring value, and who relies on the principles of provenance, original order, and collective control to protect the materials’
authenticity and context. [Archives]
n., A person professionally educated, trained, experienced and engaged in the administration of archival materials including the
following activities: appraisal and disposition, acquisition, preservation, arrangement and desc


ription, reference service andoutreach. [Archives]
n., Persons concerned with collecting, evaluating, systemizing, preserving, and making available for reference public records
and documents of historical significance. [Arts]
n., A person who is responsible for the management of archives. [Computer and Information Sciences]
enactment or the subscription). Usually, the subscription takes the form of a signature, but this is not always so; for example
n., Records of a creator that have been identified as


to their provenance and relationships according to the concepts and principles of archival arrangement. [Models (MCP)]
n., The signature of witnesses to the making of a will or deed. Under the Wills Act 1837 as amended the testator must
acknowledge his signature (see acknowledgment) in the presence of two witnesses who must each sign (attest) at the same
time in the testator's presence. The signature of each party to a deed must be attested by one witness. [Government]
See
: archival arrangement [Archives


]
address. Nontext attachments, such as graphics and database files, may require special encoding and decoding software.
n.,
 Initialism for “American standard code for information interchange.” [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A minimal characteristic of an artefact such that it cannot be further subdivided; attributes commonly studied include aspects
of form, style, decoration, colour, and raw material. [Sciences]
n., The determination of whether a document has all the formal elements that it wa


s supposed to present when first made or received and set aside. [Archives]
attribute is used to classify artifacts into groups and describes objects in terms of their physical traits. [Sciences]
n.,
 A document that, on its being physically connected to a record by an act, becomes part of that record. [Archives]
n., Somthing physically added or appended to a document. Also referred to as an annexe or enclosure. [Archives]
n., A computer file of any type linked to an e-mail message in such a way that th


e two are transmitted together to the designated
address. Nontext attachments, such as graphics and database files, may require special encoding and decoding software.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A device attached to a machine or implement. [General Dictionaries]
attachment
n., [diplomatics] An intrinsic element of documentary form that comprises the written validation of a record (by subscription, superscription or any identifying sign having such function) by those who took part in the iss


uing of it (author, writer, countersigner) and by witnesses to the action or to the signing of the record. [Archives]
n., A concluding portion of a document, especially a formal record, signed by witnesses and often containing language intended to strengthen the presumption that all statutory requirements have been met. [Archives]
n., The subscription of those who took part in the issuing of the document (author, writer, coutersigner, and of witnesses to the
enactment or the subscription). Usually, the su


bscription takes the form of a signature, but this is not always so; for example
telegrams and electronic mail messages present subscriptions which are not signatures. [Archives]
n., The signature of witnesses to the making of a will or deed. Under the Wills Act 1837 as amended the testator must acknowledge his signature (see acknowledgment) in the presence of two witnesses who must each sign (attest) at the same time in the testator's presence. The signature of each party to a deed must be attested by one


 witness. [Government]
Seen.,
 [diplomatics] The characteristics that uniquely identify a record. [Archives]
n., A minimal characteristic of an artefact such that it cannot be further subdivided; attributes commonly studied include aspects of form, style, decoration, colour, and raw material. [Sciences]
n., A distinct, individual characteristic of an artifact, which cannot be further subdivided and distinguishes i
t from another. An
attribute is used to classify artifacts into groups and describes object


s in terms of their physical traits. [Sciences]
n., [attributes] Refers most often to characteristics of individual objects, items, or entities, mostly expressions used
to describe
the thin g. Often readi ly apparent  t hough not  qua ntif iabl e by an  establis hed s tan dard . [Arts]
n., Objects conventionally associated with a person (real or imaginary) by means of which he or she can be identified when portrayed in art. Saints are often shown with the instruments of their martyrdom or torture—Catheri


ne with her wheel and Lawrence with his gridiron, for instance. Other examples are Jove's thunderbolts, the club of Hercules, the scales of Justice, or the anchor of Hope. While some of these were used widely and in many contexts, other attributes were more variable, and in certain periods the invention of esoteric or enigmatic attributes was rife. [Arts]  n., A feature, characteristic, or property of a digital object. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., For printers and display screens, a characterist


ic that changes a font, for example from normal to boldface or underlined, or
from normal to reverse video. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., In co-ordinate indexing a characteristic mentioned as subject matter. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A defined property of an entity, object, etc. In computer graphics it is a particular property that applies to a graphical output primitive; lines have attributes such as line width, color, and line style. See also ERA model, inheritance. [Computer an


d Information Sciences]
n., A named value or relationship that exists for some or all instances of some entity and is directly associated with that instance.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
n., In relational database management, a field within a record. [Computer and Information Sciences]
might be made in the audit trail whenever a user logs in or accesses a file. Examination of the audit trail may detect attempts at
a.,
 Of or relating to the use of sound and/or visual images to present information.


 [General Dictionaries]
n., Objects conventionally associated with a person (real or imaginary) by means of which he or she can be identified when
portrayed in art. Saints are often shown with the instruments of their martyrdom or torture—Catherine with her wheel and
Lawrence with his gridiron, for instance. Other examples are Jove's thunderbolts, the club of Hercules, the scales of Justice, or
the anchor of Hope. While some of these were used widely and in many contexts, other attributes were more variabl


e, and in
certain periods the invention of esoteric or enigmatic attributes was rife. [Arts]
n.,
 A record in pictorial and/or aural form, regardless of format. [Archives]
n., In co-ordinate indexing a characteristic mentioned as subject matter. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., Documentation of all the interactions with records within an electronic system in which any access to the system is recorded as i
t occurs. [Archives]
n., An electronic means of auditing all the interactions with records w


ithin an electronic system so that any access to the system can be documented as it occurs for the purpose of preventing unauthorized actions in relation to the records, e.g., modification, deletion, or addition, and of ensuring that changes in one of its components do not cause errors elsewhere in the system (the closest correspondent means for the non-electronic components of the records system is the charge-out procedure which controls access to dossiers and their movement within the agency). [Archives]


n., Information in records that track a transaction from beginning to end, making it possible to review whether it was done
according to relevant policies and standards. [Archives]
n., Information about transactions or other activities which have affected or changed entities (e.g. metadata elements), held in
sufficient detail to allow the reconstruction of a previous activity. [Archives]
n., A record showing the occurrence of specified events relevant to the security of a computer system. For example, an


 entry
might be made in the audit trail whenever a user logs in or accesses a file. Examination of the audit trail may detect attempts at
violating the security of the system and help to identify the violator. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., Methods to demonstrate that records were effectively protected from unauthorized, use, alteration or destruction. [General Dictionaries]
a.,
n., A record which is a representation of words, music, or any other manifestation of sound that can only be perceived


by hearing it. [Archives]
n.,
n., A copy certified by an official authorized to execute such a function, so as to render it legally admissible in court. [Government]
 A record that is what it purports to be and that is free from tampering or corruption. [Archives]
n.,
 A record that is what it purports to be and that is free from tampering or corruption. [Archives]
n.,
 A record whose creator or author has been definitely established; it really proceeds from its stated author. [Archives]
n., Records th


at can be proven to be genuine. Authenticity is conferred on a record by its mode, form, and/or state of
 transmission, and/or manner of preservation and custody. [Archives]
n., An authentic record is one that can be proven: To be what it purports to be; to have been created or sent by the person
purported to have created or sent it; to have been created or sent at the time purported. [General Dictionaries]
v., To establish an individual's identity in order to grant access to a system or resources to whic


h the individual is authorized.
[Archives]
v., To declare, either orally, in writing, or by affixion of a seal, that an entity is what it purports to be, after having verified its identity. [General Dictionaries]
v., To establish an individual's identity in order to grant access to a system or resources to which the individual is authorized. [Archives]
v., To verify that a thing is what it purports to be. [Archives]
is, when it was created, by whom, what action or matter it participated in, and what its


 juridical/administrative, cultural, and
n., A record whose authenticity has been declared at a specific point in time by a juridical person entrusted with the au
thority to make such a declaration (e.g. public officer, notary, certification authority). [General Dictionaries]
or, if not, what is missing. [Archives]
n., A declaration of a record’s authenticity at a specific point in time by a juridical person entrusted with the authority to make such a declaration (e.g., public officer, notary, certificati


on authority). [Archives]
structure, content, and context. [Archives]
n., The trustworthiness of a record as a record; i.e., the quality of a record that is what it purports to be and that is free from tampering or corruption. [Archives]
n., The concept of authenticity is defined as “the quality of being authentic, or entitled to acceptance”. [Archives]
n., Established by assessing the identity and the integrity of the record. It must be possible to ascertain at all times what a record
is, when it was c


reated, by whom, what action or matter it participated in, and what its juridical/administrative, cultural, and
documentary contexts were. It must also be possible to ascertain the wholeness and soundness of the record: whether it is intact
or, if not, what is missing. [Archives]
n., The judgment that something is genuine, based on internal and external evidence, including its physical characteristics,
structure, content, and context. [Archives]
n., The quality of being authentic, or entitled to acceptanc


e. As being authoritative or duly authorized, as being what it professes
in origin or authorship, as being genuine. [Archives]
n., The quality of a document of having the character and authority of the original. [Archives]
n., In Jenkinson’s formulation, the quality of archives deriving from their being preserved in the continuous custody and for the
information of their creator and its legitimate successors. [Archives]
n., The quality of archival documents to bear authentic testimony of the actions, pro


cesses, and procedures which brought them into being. [Archives]
n., Requires that the scene has not been tampered with. [photography] [Arts]
n., Whether the image had a verifiable provenance that could establish its authenticity. [Arts]
n., The trustworthiness of a digital entity, to its being what it professes to be, as regards its identity, origin, history, authorship,
integrity, and/or the accuracy with which it documents an original work. [Arts]
n., The most common use refers to classes of performa


nce that might synonymously be termed 'historically informed' or,
'historically aware, 'or employing 'period' or 'original' instruments and techniques. [Arts]
n., So the claim of authenticity was based on identification of a photographer a time and place of exposure and a chain of
transmission. [Arts]
n., The term 'authenticity' can also be applied, as in the popular art world, to works that are proved to be genuine, demonstrated
by the work of a particular composer. [Arts]
n., An authentic performance i


s (at least) an accurate performance of a work. [Arts]
n., The quality of being genuine or original. [Arts]
n., The presence of the original is the prerequisite to the concept of authenticity. [Arts]
n., The nature of the link between a composer and a work that bears his or her name. [A version of music is authentic]in terms of s
coring, number of movements [and is] the authentic musical text with respect to pitches, rhythm, and the like as the composer
 wrote it. [Arts]
n., Authenticity and genuineness


 of photographs examine the photograph as a physical object and a visual image. It is here that
the diplomatic notion of authenticity is useful, because it requires that we analyze the photograph in terms of its physical
composition, the correspondence between the image and reality it depicts, and the relationship between the image and its label in
order to understand the functional context in which the photographic image is transformed into a photographic document. [Arts]
n., The term ‘authenticity’ has b


een used in several senses relating to music. The most common use refers to classes of
performance that might synonymously be termed ‘historically informed’ or ‘historically aware’, or employing ‘period’ or
‘original’ instruments and techniques. [Arts]
n., Authenticity in transcription is a relation notion that opertes within the gap between transcriptions that are barely recognizable as such and transcriptions that preserve the musical content of the original work as fully as is consistent with respectng


the characteristics of the medium for which the transcriptions is written. [Arts]
n., The authenticity of a photographic print should be based on certification by the photographer. Even if two prints were
virtually (or even actually)indistinguishable, only the one certified by the photographer would count as genuine or authentic.
[Arts]
n., The quality in a thing of being what it is claimed to be (valid, real, genuine, etc.), verified in archives and special colle
ctions through an investigative process k


nown as authentication, essential in appraising the value of an item. See also: forge
ry. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., Authenticity and genuineness of photographs examine the photograph as a physical object and a visual image. It is here that
n., The specification of the elements of form and context that need to be preserved in order to maintain the authenticity of a given type of electronic record. [Archives]
composition, the correspondence between the image and reality it depicts, and the rel


ationship between the image and its label in
n., The physical or juridical person having the authority and capacity to issue the record or in whose name or by whose command the record has been issued. [Archives]
n., May be an individual or organisation. To be captured whenever possible. [Archives]
n., The individual, group, or organization responsible for the content of a document. [Archives]
n., The person competent, that is, having the authority and capacity, for generating the record, which is issued


by it, by its
command, or in its name. The author of the record may coincide with the author of the action in which the record participates or
it may not. [Archives]
n., Persons who write or otherwise compose books, articles, poems, plays, or other works which involve literary composition and
are intended for publication. [Arts]
n., The person, persons or corporate body, responsible for the writing or compilation fo a book or other publication not a
periodical. [Computer and Information Sciences]
authori


tative copy
n., The instantiation of a record that is considered by the creator to be its official record and is usually subject to procedural controls that are not required for other instantiations. [Archives]
n., A record that is considered by the creator to be its official record and is usually subject to procedural controls that are not required for other copies. The identification of authoritative records corresponds to the designation of an office of primary responsibility as one of the components o


f a records retention schedule…It is understood that in certain circumstances there may be multiple authoritative copies of records, depending on the purpose for which the record is created. [Archives]
n., The copy of a record that is considered to be its official record and is usually subject to procedural controls tha
t are not
required for other copies. [Archives]
n., The physical or juridical person having the authority and capacity to issue the record or in whose name or by whose
command the record h


as been issued. [Archives]
n., A record that is considered by the creator to be its official record and is usually subject to procedural controls that
are not required for other copies. The identification of authoritative records corresponds to the designation of an office of
 primary responsibility as one of the components of a records retention schedule. [Archives]
backup
n., The version of a record that is considered by the creator to be its official record and is usually subject to procedural control


s that are not required for other versions. [Archives]
authority
n., The right or permission to act legally on another's behalf; esp., the power of one person to affect another's legal relations by acts done in accordance with the other's manifestations of assent; the power delegated by a principal to an agent. [Government]
n., Ability to persuade others by argument or example to accept one's decisions. [Sciences]
n., The knowledge and experience that qualifies a person to write or speak as an expert on


 a given subject. In the academic
community, authority is indicated by credentials, previously published works on the subject, institutional affiliation, awards,
imprint, reviews, patterns of citation, etc. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,n.,
 To make a copy of a data file for the purpose of system recovery. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A database that contains and manages data for an information system, distinct from the presentation or interface
components of that system. [Computer and


 Information Sciences]
n., A database that contains and manages data for an information system, distinct from the presentation or interface compone
nts of that system. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The right or permission to act legally on another's behalf; esp., the power of one person to affect another's legal
relations by acts done in accordance with the other's manifestations of assent; the power delegated by a principal to an
agent. [Government]
n.,
 A copy of a data file made for the purp


ose of system recovery. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A resource that can be used as a substitute in the event of, say, a fault in a component or system or loss of data from a computer file. A backup file is a copy of a file taken in case the original is destroyed or unintentionally altered and the data lost. [Sciences]
n., A resource that is, or can be used as, a substitute when a primary resource fails or when a file has been corrupted. The word is
also used as a verb, to back up, i.e. to make


 a copy in anticipation of future failure or corruption. Thus a dump forms a backup to
be used in cases where a user's file has become unusable; the taking of the dump can be regarded as backing up the version on
disk. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A copy of an electronic file usually made and maintained for computer security purposes. [Computer and Information
Sciences]
n., Additional resources or duplicate copies of data on different storage media for emergency purposes. [Computer and
Informat


ion Sciences]
n., A copy of all or portions of software or data files on a system kept on storage media, such as tape or disk, or on a separate
system so that the files can be restored if the original data is deleted or damaged. [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., To make a copy of all or portions of software or data files on a system on storage media or on a separate system for safety
purposes. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A duplicate copy of all or portions of software or data files on a


 system made for safety purposes. [Computer and Information
Sciences]
v., To make a copy of all or portions of software or data files on a system on storage media or on a separate system for safety
n., The ability of a software application or a system to share data or commands with older versions of itself, or sometimes other older applications or systems, particularly applications or systems it intends to supplant. Sometimes backward compatibility is limited to being able to read old data but does not ext


end to being able to write data in a format that can be read by old versions. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A duplicate copy of all or portions of software or data files on a system made for safety purposes. [Computer and Information
n., The minimum conditions necessary to enable the preserver to attest to the authenticity of copies of a creator's digital records in the custody of the preserver. [Archives]
bit
n., A duplicate of a document saved in the file format in which it was originally cre


ated or in which it was last used and saved, thus making it more immediately accessible and human-readable in the creator’s usual desktop environment. [Archives]
bitstream
n., The conditions that serve as a basis for the preserver’s assessment of the authenticity of a creator's digital records during appraisal. [Archives]
binary code
n., In the application of theory to real-life situations, a procedure that, when properly applied, consistently yields superior results and is therefore used as a reference


 point in evaluating the effectiveness of alternative methods of accomplishing the same task. [General Dictionaries]
binary encoding
n., A code made up of the digits 0 and 1, called bits, transmitted as a series of electrical pulses (0 bits at low voltage and 1 bits at higher voltage). [Computer and Information Sciences]
Syn
v., The process of converting data into electronic signals for computer storage and processin
g purposes. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., In the application of theory to rea


l-life situations, a procedure that, when properly applied, consistently yields
superior results and is therefore used as a reference point in evaluating the effectiveness of alternative methods
of accomplishing the same task. [General Dictionaries]
n., The smallest un it of  data (re pr esente d by  0 o r 1) that a computer ca n h old in its memory . a nd  Informati on Scie
nces]
Syn
.: binary bit. [Computer
n., A code made up of the digits 0 and 1, called bits, transmitted as a series of electrical puls


es (0 bits at low voltage and
1 bits at higher voltage). [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A digital representation composed of dots arranged in rows and columns, each represented by a single bit of data that determines the value of a pixel in a monochrome image on a computer screen. In a gray scale or color image, each dot is composed of a set of bits that determine the individual values of a group of pixels that in combination create the visual impression of a specific shade or hue. Also spelled “b


it map.” [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A data file or structure which corresponds bit for bit with an image displayed on a screen, probably in the same format
as it would be stored in the display's video memory or maybe as a device independent bitmap. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A binary representation in which each bit or set of bits corresponds to some object (image, font etc.) or condition.
[Computer
and Information Sciences]
n., An array of bits that map one to one to the mono


chrome image on a raster display. If a color or gray-level image is required,
needing many bits to define each pixel in the display, a pixmap is required. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., In computer graphics, an area in memory that represents the video image. For monochrome screens, one bit in the bitmap
represents one pixel on screen. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A raster image formed by an array of bits, each bit representing the corresponding pixel's value (light or dark). [Computer


and
Information Sciences]
n., In computer graphics, an area in memory that represents the video image. For monochrome screens, one bit in the bitmap
n., Digital data encoded in an unstructured sequence of binary bits that are transmitted, stored or received as a unit. Also spelled “bit stream.” [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A sequence of binary data transmitted, stored, or received as a unit without regard for internal organization or grouping. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The transm


ission of binary signals. [Computer and Information Sciences]
cd
n., The changes to the form and/or content of a digital record that are limited and controlled by fixed rules, so that the same query, request or interaction always generates the same result. [Computer and Information Sciences]
byte
n.,
 A series of rules that governs the carrying out of a transaction. [Archives]
n., Related activities, sequential or parallel, that have been systematically implemented to produce a specific service or prod


uct. [Archives]
calling convention
n., An element in the machine data hierarchy larger than a bit and usually smaller than a word; now nearly always eight bits and the smallest addressable unit of digital storage. A byte typically holds one character. [Computer and
Information Sciences]
byte-serialized encoding
n.,
 A bitstream in which data (binary bits) are grouped into units called bytes. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
n., The process of converting a digital object’s bitstream state to a by


te stream state. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,n., In computer application programming, the arrangement of arguments (i.e., values or references) for a procedure or function call. [Computer and Information Sciences]
 A series of rules that governs the carrying out of a transaction. [Archives]
v.,
 To save a particular instantiation or state of a digital component or group of components. [Archives]
n., Any of various processes in which a system of particles absorbs an extra particle. [Sciences]


n., Registration, classification, addition of metadata and storage of a record in a system that manages record
s. [Archives]
n., The act of recording or saving a particular instantiation of a digital object. [Archives]
v., To copy or save what is being displayed on a computer screen. [Arts]
v., A technique from the film special effects and video game industry which enables a video artist or choreographer t
o "capture"
the movements of an actor or dancer digitally so that those movements can be reproduce


d by a virtual actor or dancer th
at's been
computer-generated. [Glossary of Technical Theatre Terms] [Arts]
v., To save a particular state of a program. The term capture often refers to saving the information currently displayed on a
display screen. You can capture the screen to a printer or to a file. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The act of recording in a permanent file. [General Dictionaries]
v., To copy or save what is being displayed on a computer screen. [Arts]
n.,
 A made or received d


igital document that is saved by the creator. [Archives]
computer-generated. [Glossary of Technical Theatre Terms] [Arts]
n.,
 Initialism for “compact disc.” [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The act of recording in a permanent file. [General Dictionaries]
n., Initialism for “Comité Européen de Normalisation” (European Committee for Standard-ization). [Computer and Information Sciences
]
character
n., (CPU) The hardware component of a computer that houses the circuitry for storing and processing


 data according to instructions contained in the programs installed on it. [Computer and Information Sciences]
character set
n., A declaration by the creator or preserver that one or more reproduced or reproducible digital records is authentic. [Archives]
n., A document included with a software program that proves the program was purchased legally and often has a unique identification number used to verify the program when being installed on the computer. [Computer and Information Sciences]
chain of pre


servation
n., A system of controls that extends over the entire lifecycle of records in order to ensure their identity and integrity over time. [Archives]
n., The succession of offices or persons who held materials from the moment it was created. [Archives]
n., The processes of creation, maintenance and use, disposition and preservation of records [MG]. A system of controls that
extends over the entire lifecycle of records and ensures their identity and integrity in any action that affects the way the re


cords
are represented in storage or presented for use [GL]. [Archives]
n., One of a set of symbols, such as letters or numbers, that are arranged to express data and/or information. [General
Dictionaries]
n., One of a set of symbols, such as letters or numbers, that are arranged to express data and/or information. [General
 Dictionaries]
 A group of symbols used in computing to print and display text electronically. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
 A group of symbols used in computing to print a


nd display text electronically. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A system of controls that extends over the entire lifecycle of records in order to ensure their identity and integrity over
time. [Archives]
n., The date (and, possibly, the time of day) of a record, included in the record by its author, or by the electronic system on the author’s behalf, in the course of its compilation. Syn.: date of compilation. [Archives]
n., A document included with a software program that proves the program was


 purchased legally and often has a unique
identification number used to verify the program when being installed on the computer. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n.,
 Text or other data in encrypted form; the product of plaintext after encryption. [Computer and Information Sciences]
extends over the entire lifecycle of records and ensures their identity and integrity in any action that affects the way the records
n., The systematic organization of records in groups or categories according to methods, p


rocedures, or conventions represented in a plan or scheme. [Archives]
n., The ordering of archaeological data into groups (e.g. categories, classes, types) using various ordering systems. Monothetic
 classification is based on all the defined attributes being present all the time before something is accepted as part of a define
d group. Polythetic classification allows overlapping subsets of attributes to be used in defining membership of a defined clas
s. [Sciences]
n., In remote sensing, the computer-as


sisted recognition of surface materials. The process assigns individual pixels of an image to
categories (e.g. vegetation, road) based on spectral characteristics compared to spectral characteristics of known parts of an
image (training areas). [Sciences]
n., Any scheme for structuring data that is used to group individuals. [Sciences]
n., The systematic identification and arrangement of documents in categories according to logically structured conventions,
methods and procedural rules represented in a cl


assification plan/scheme. [Archives]
n., Any method of recognizing relationships between documents. [Archives]
n., The preparation of filing plan/system or classification scheme for records/archives and the placing of series and/or items
within such a plan/system or scheme. [Archives]
n., A 'coding' system within which the series of symbols indicating a concept, or semantemes, are subject to certain order relat
ionships. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., A scheme for the arrangement of books and o


ther material in a logical sequence according to subject or form. [Computer and
Information Sciences]
n., Any method of recognizing relations, generic or other, between items of information, regardless of the degree of hierarchy
used and of whether those methods are applied in connection with traditional or computerized information systems. [Compute
r
and Information Sciences]
n., The arrangement of things in logical order according to their degrees of likeness. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., Th


e process of assigning restrictions to materials, allowing access to specific individuals. [General Dictionaries]
n., The process of assigning material a code or heading indicating a category to which it belongs; see code. [General Dictionaries]
n., Systematic identification and arrangement of business activities and/or records into categories according to logically structured
conventions, methods, and procedural rules represented in a classification system. [General Dictionaries]
n., The organization of


 materials into categories according to a scheme that identifies, distinguishes, and relates the categories.
[General Dictionaries]
n., The arrangement of concepts into classes and their subdivisions to express the relationship among them. The classes are
represented by means of a notation. The classification scheme of a record-keeping system is based on the analysis of the
functions, matters and typology of records to determine the rational and systematic aggregation of records: it facilitates the
capturi


ng of records and their organization in files, the retrieval and the security of records during the phase of records
management and also the historical research when records are permanently retained in historical archives. For each category and
its subdivisions, records are connected as files of one year or two years or a different period of time: each file refers to a specific
transaction (or Affaire). (ICA Directives) [General Dictionaries]
capturing of records and their organization in files, the retrie


val and the security of records during the phase of records
n., A series of alphabetical, numerical, or alphanumeric symbols used to identify the record in its documentary context. [Archives]
its subdivisions, records are connected as files of one year or two years or a different period of time: each file refers to a specific
n., A plan for the systematic identification and arrangement of business activities and records into categories according to logically structured conventions, methods and procedural r


ules. [Archives]
clause
n., A record, made or received by the creator, which has been given a classification code based on the classification scheme. [Archives]
compact disc
v.,
 To arrange systematically in groups or categories according to established criteria. [Arts]
v., The process of dividing objects or concepts into logically hierarchical classes, subclasses, and sub-subclasses based on the characteristics they have in common and those that distinguish them. Also used as a shortened form of the t


erm classification system or classification scheme. See also: Cataloging and Classification Section and cross-classification [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., To bring individual items or persons with the same or similar characteristics together actually, or mentally, that is,conceptually. Also, in a secondary sense, to arrange classes in a classification, and to allocate the appropriate class number to a
book . [Compute r and  In formation  Sc ienc es]
n., [diplomatics] Any of several textual formu


lae found after or within the disposition of a document that ensure the
execution of the act, avoid its violation, guarantee its validity, preserve the rights of third parties, attest the execution of
the required formalities, or indicate the means employed to give the document probative value. [Archives]
n., [diplomatics] Any of several textual formulae found after or within the disposition of a document that ensure the ex
[cution of the act, avoid its violation, guarantee its validity, preserve the right


s of third parties, attest the execution of the required formalities, or indicate the means employed to give the document probative value. [Archives]
n., A plan for the systematic identification and arrangement of business activities and records into categories according to
logically structured conventions, methods and procedural rules. [Archives]
n., (CD) A type of single-sided, optical digital medium that is capable of storing approximately 700 megabytes of digital data on one continuous, microscopic, s


piral track or groove that is cut and read by a laser beam. Its logical format specifications are governed by the ISO 9660 and 13490 standards. [Computer and Information Sciences]  A sphere of functional responsibility entrusted to a physical or juridical person. [General Dictionaries]
n., The ability of different devices or systems (e.g., programs, file formats, protocols, even programming languages
) to work together or exchange data without modification.
a., Different systems (e.g., programs, file form


ats, protocols, even programming languages) that can work together or ex
change data are said to be compatible. [Computer and Information Sciences]
a., The ability of one device or program to work with another device or program. The term compatible implies different d
egrees
of partnership. For example, a printer and a computer are said to be compatible if they can be connected to each other. A
n IBM
compatible PC, on the other hand, is a computer that can run the same software as an IBM PC.
[Computer and


 Information Sciences]
compile
n.,
 A sphere of functional responsibility entrusted to a physical or juridical person. [General Dictionaries]
n., The ability to carry out a task or practice a skill; competence should be capable of evaluation and should be transferable between trainers and trainees. Core competencies are the central skills of a particular group of jobs. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., (of witnesses) The legal capacity of a person to be a witness. [Government]
n., The mandate and


 authority given to an office or person to accomplish something. [General Dictionaries]
n.
,
 H
aving the basic qualifications to perform a function. [General Dictionaries]
n., The characteristic of records that present all the elements of physical form and intellectual form required by the agency and
the juridical system. [Archives]
n., The physical or juridical person given the authority and capacity to act within a specific sphere of responsibility. [General Dictionaries]
n., n.,
 The body which is g


iven the exclusive competence for the indefinite preservation of an agency's inactive records. [Archives] The office which is given a competence and has, therefore, the authority and capacity to act within it. [Archives]
n., The property of having every necessary step concluded with nothing wanting. [General Dictionaries]
v., To gather and put together pieces of existing data or information from various sources in an orderly, structured whole. [General Dictionaries]
created the record. [General Dictionar


ies]
n., A record that contains all the elements required by the creator and the juridical system for it to be capable of generatin
g consequences. [Archives]
n., (of witnesses) The legal capacity of a person to be a witness. [Government]
n., The characteristic of a record that refers to the presence within it of all the elements required by the creator and the juridical system for it to be capable of generating consequences. With primitiveness and effectiveness, a quality presented by an original record


. [Archives]
n., The characteristic of records that present all the elements of physical form and intellectual form required by the agency and the juridical system. [Archives]
n., The property or state of being logically or mathematically complete. In logic, an inference procedure is complete if it ca
n
derive every possible valid conclusion from the given axioms. A knowledge-based system can be considered incomplete if
missing data hinders its operation or corrupts the results. [Computer and Information


Sciences]
n., The property of having every necessary step concluded with nothing wanting. [General Dictionaries]
n., The property of having all physical and intellectual components required by the process or laws regulating the system that
created the record. [General Dictionaries]
content
v.,
 Ensuring that the requirements of laws, regulations, industry codes and organizational standards are met. [Archives]
compliant
n.,
 [diplomatics] A brief formula expressing respect, such as "sincerely yours" or


 "yours truly". [Archives]
conformed copy
n., Uniquely identifiable input, part, piece, assembly or subassembly, system or subsystem, that (1) is required to
complete or finish an activity, item, or job, (2) performs a distinctive and necessary function in the operation of a system, or (3) is intended to be included as a part of a finished, packaged, and labeled item. Components are usually removable in one piece and are considered indivisible for a particular purpose or use. [General Dictionaries]
v.,
v


.,
 To compile, formulate, generate or write the content of a document in an orderly, structured manner. [Archives]
n.,
v.,
 The (re)coding of digital data to save storage space or transmission time. [Computer and Information Sciences]
v., Removal from a file or data stream of information that may be redundant either in the sense of information theory, or in the sense that the retention of precision, definition, or some similar measure of quality is less important than the necessity to abbreviate the data


. In the former sense, the abbreviation is lossless, while in the latter sense it is lossy. Compression permits either or both kinds, and so its effects are not always exactly reversible. [Computer and Information Sciences]
 [diplomatics] A brief formula expressing respect, such as "sincerely yours" or "yours truly". [Archives]
n., An exact copy of a document on which has been written explanations of things that could not or were not copied; e.g., written signature might be replaced on conformed copy with


 notation that it was signed by the person whose signature appears on the original. [Archives]
 To compile, formulate, generate or write the content of a document in an orderly, structured manner. [Archives]
n.,
 The message contained in the body of a record. [Archives]
n., The intellectual substance of a document – the text, data, symbols, numerals, images, sound and vision. [Archives]
n., The information that a document is meant to convey, as opposed to form. [Archives]
n., The textual, symbolic and/


or visual message that is meant to be conveyed. [Archives]
n., The essential matter or substance of a written work or discourse, as opposed to its form or style. In a more general sense, all
the ideas, topics, facts, or statements contained in a book or other written work. Synonymous in this sense with subject matter.
Also refers to the matter that is the subject of a course of study. Compare with contents. See also: content analysis and editorial
content.
[Computer and Information Sciences]
Also refers


 to the matter that is the subject of a course of study. Compare with contents. See also: content analysis and editorial
n.,
 The framework in which a record is created, used, and maintained. [Archives]
n., The position of an archaeological find in time and space, established by measuring and assessing its associations, matrix, and
 provenance. The assessment includes the study of what has happened to the find since it was buried in the ground. [Sciences]
n., The physical and cultural circumstances surrou


nding the deposition of archaeological material and the formation of
archaeological deposits. [Sciences]
n., The circumstances that a user may bring to a document that influences that user’s understanding of the document. [Archives]
n., The organization functional and operational circumstances in which documents are created and/or received and used.
[Archives]
n., The framework in which the action in which the record participates takes place. The types of context include
 juridical-administrative context


, provenancial context, procedural context, documentary context, and technological context
. [Archives]
n., The framework of action in which the record participates. [Archives]
n., In a grammar it refers to the symbols before and after the symbol under consideration. If the syntax of a symbol is
 independent of its context, the grammar is said to be context-free. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., The process of changing something from one form or medium to another, while leaving the intellectual co


ntent unchanged.
[Archives]
n.,
 The agency exercising administrative control (1) over archival documents. [Archives]
v., To move data to a different format, especially data from an obsolete format to a current format; migration. [Computer and
n., The process of transforming a digital document or other digital object from one format, or format version, to another one. [General Dictionaries]
n., The process of changing something from one form or medium to another, while leaving the intellectual content un


changed. [Archives]
n., A change from one form to another. Umbrella term that includes migration, refreshment, reproduction, etc. [Archives]
n., [data conversion] Changing the representation of data in a database from one form to another, as for instance changing the storage medium, data format, or the code in which the data is held. [Arts]
v., To move data to a different format, especially data from an obsolete format to a current format; migration. [Computer and
Information Sciences]
n., The process o


f changing the representation of information to a form which is usable by a computer, e.g. converting it to
machine 'language'. [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., (in equity) The changing (either actually or fictionally) of one kind of property into another. [Government]
n., Process of changing records from one medium to another or from one format to another. [General Dictionaries]
n., Reproduction, duplicate or replica. [Arts]
v., The process of converting records in the usual and ordinary course


of business (otherwise the activity is not conversion but creation) for purposes of security, disaster prevention, conservation, overcoming technology obsolescence, ensuring compatibility with a different hardware or software configuration or generation, or compacting the information, while leaving intact their intellectual form. [Archives]
v., To change the medium (includes copying to the same kind of medium) and/or physical form of a record in the usual and ordinary course of business (otherwise the acti


vity is not convert records but create records), leaving intact the intellectual form, for purposes of security, disaster prevention, conservation, overcoming technology obsolescence, or compacting the information while preserving the record’s reliability and authenticity. [Archives]
imitation than does the term "reproductions." When copies are presented with intent to deceive, use "forgeries" or "counterfeits."
n.,
 The duplicate of an object, resulting from a reproduction process.
Syn
.: duplicate. [G


eneral Dictionaries]
n., A copy is the result of a reproduction process. A copy can be made from an original or from a copy of either an original or another copy. [Archives]
n., An entity that is generated from and resembles a record. [Archives]
v., To make a reproduction of a record in any state of transmission for business purposes. [Archives]
n., A duplication of the text of an original document prepared simultaneously or seperately, usually identified by function or by
method of creation. [Archives]


n., Reproduction, duplicate or replica. [Arts]
n., [copies] Specific specimens of a given written or printed work; may be issued in multiples as an edition. [Arts]
n., [copies] Refers to objects derived from or made to resemble original existing objects. Implies less precise and faithful
imitation than does the term "reproductions." When copies are presented with intent to deceive, use "forgeries" or "count
erfeits."
When more than one similar work is produced by the same maker, use "replicas" or "versi


ons." [Arts]
v., Non-fraudulent manual repetition of another work of art. The non-fraudulent copy may be divided into three distinct but not necessarily mutually exclusive categories: the copy as a means of duplication; the copy in art education; and the copy as a starting-point for the creation of another art work (often called "artists' copies" to distinguish the genre from the essentially utilitarian function of the first two categories). [Arts]
v., To reproduce or duplicate something. [Arts] v., To pr


oduce a replica of some stored information in a different part of the store or on a different storage device. For example, a piece of text or graphical information can be copied by marking it in some way, reading it into a temporary storage area, and writing it into a new location (compare cut). [Computer and Information Sciences]
 n., Something that is identical to something else; a facsimile. [General Dictionaries]

n., A change in data such that the data content received is not what was originally sen


t. [Arts]
n.,
 A copy identical to the original and having the same effects, but generated subsequently. [Archives]
n.,
 Copy in the form of an original, which is identical to the original although generated subsequently. [Archives]
v., Non-fraudulent manual repetition of another work of art. The non-fraudulent copy may be divided into three distinct but not
necessarily mutually exclusive categories: the copy as a means of duplication; the copy in art education; and the copy as a
starting-point for the c


reation of another art work (often called "artists' copies" to distinguish the genre from the essentially
utilitarian function of the first two categories). [Arts]
n., The reproduction of a document sent to an external juridical or physical person, which is simultaneously set aside as a record by the creator, usually in a recordkeeping system. [Archives]
v., To produce a replica of some stored information in a different part of the store or on a different storage device. For example, a
piece of text or gr


aphical information can be copied by marking it in some way, reading it into a temporary storage area, and
writing it into a new location (compare cut). [Computer and Information Sciences]
n., An organization or group of persons created by statute that is identified by a particular name and that acts as a legal entity. [Archives]
n., An institution, organized body, or assembly of persons known by a corporate or collective name. [Computer and Information Sciences]
correct
a., [diplomatics] The state of a


 record whose content and form fulfill the requirements set by the creator and the juridical system for the record to reach the consequences or produce the effects for which it was intended. With pertinent, precise and truthful, a component of accuracy. [Archives]
corroboration
n., [diplomatics] An intrinsic element of documentary form that comprises an explicit statement of the means used to validate a record. [Archives]
n.,
 Evidence that confirms the accuracy of other evidence “in a material particula