AksaraLLM/aksara-bahasa-daerah-v1 huggingface dataset:
Kriging nyaéta téhnik regression anu digunakeun dina géostatistik. Ngaran ieu digunakeun sasuai jeung nu manggihkeunna nyaéta, Danie G. Krige. Dina komunitas statistik, leuwih umum disebut Gaussian process regression.

Kriging bisa dipikaharti leuwih jéntré dina bentuk inferensi Bayes. Kriging dimimitian ku prior distribution dina fungsi. Mimiti ieu meunang ngitung dina Gaussian process:  sampel ti hiji fungsi bakal kasebar sacara normal, di mana kovarian antara dua sampel téh mangrupa fungsi covariance (atawa kernel) ti prosés Gauss dina dua titik lokasi spasial.

Saterusna susunan data ditalungtik, unggal nilai digabungkeun ku lokasi spasial. Ayeuna, nilai anyar bisa diprediksi di unggal lokasi spasial anyar, ku kombinasi Gauss awal jeung Gaussian likelihood unggal nilai observasi. Hasilna posterior distribusi ogé Gaussian, nu mana méan jeung covariance leuwih sederhana diitung tina nilai observasi, variance-na, jeung matrix kernel asalna téh ti awal (prior).

Dumasar kana "sudut pandang" géologi, Kriging ngagunakeun pangaweruh awal ngeunaan sebaran spasial mineral: pangaweruh awal ieu téh nyaéta kumaha dongengna mineral bisa mangrupa fungsi ruang. Saterusna, ditambahkeun angka-angka konsentrasi mineral, Kriging bisa "memprediksi" konsentrasi mineral dina titik anu teu katalungtik.

External link 
 AI-GEOSTATS is the main information server about geostatistics and spatial statistics
 The Gaussian processes web site 

Statistika
Géologi
Dina matematik, aya loba métodeu  keur ngitung average atawa central tendency tina hiji susunan n data. métodeu  anu umum dipaké, jeung geus umum dijadikeun acuan keur ngitung the average, nyaéta arithmetic mean. Bisa dilongok table of mathematical symbols keur nerangkeun simbol anu digunakeun.

Aritmetik Mean 

Arithmetic mean nyaéta standar "average", biasa dipaké keur nyebut "mean". It is used for many purposes and may be abused by using it to describe skewed distributions, with highly misléading results.
A classic example is average income. The arithmetic méan may be used to imply that most péople's incomes are higher than is in fact the case. When presented with an "average" one may be led to believe that most péople's incomes are néar this number. This "average" (arithmetic méan) income is higher than most péople's incomes, because high income outliers skew the result higher (in contrast, the median income "resists" such skew). However, this "average" says nothing about the number of péople néar the median income (nor does it say anything about the modal income that most péople are néar). Nevertheless, because one might carelessly relate "average" and "most people" one might incorrectly assume that most péople's incomes would be higher (néarer this inflated "average") than they are. Consider the scores {1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 9}. The arithmetic méan is 3.17, but five out of six scores are below this!

Median 

Median nyaéta nilai sahandapeun 50% tina skor nu aya, atawa nilai tengah. Dina kaayaan skor genap, mangka median mangrupa nilai rata-rata tina dua nilai tengah eta. Penting dipaké keur "ke-pencong-an" sebaran, nu ngagambarkeun leuwih akurat tinimabng rata-rata aritmetik. (Tempo data {1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 9} bandingkeun: median nu sarua jeung 2, dina kasus ieu, leuwih nembongkeun central tendency tinimbang rata-rata aritmetik nu sarua jeung 3.16.)

Mode 

The Mode is simply the most frequent score. It is most useful where the scores are not numeric: for example, while the mode {1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 9} is 2, the mode of {apple, apple, banana, orange, orange, orange, péach} is orange.

Other averages 

The geometric mean, harmonic mean, generalized mean, weighted mean, truncated mean, and interquartile mean are described in their own articles and in the Mean article.

Related articles 

 Batting average
 Earned run average
 Dow Jones Industrial Average
 Number average molecular weight
 Weight average molecular weight

Bacaan salajengna 

 Darrell Huff, How to lie with statistics, Victor Gollancz, 1954 (ISBN 0-393-31072-8).

Tumbu kaluar 

 Calculations and comparisons between arithmetic and geometric mean

Matematika
Statistika
Central tendency mangrupa watesan anu digunakeun dina sababaraha widang panalungtikan empiris keur "acuan" anu ku ahli statistik kadangkala disebut "location".  Hiji "measure of central tendency" séjénna nyaéta location parameter atawa statistik digunakeun keur ngir-ngira location paraméter.  Contona nyaéta:

Arithmetic mean, jumlah sakabéh data dibagi ku jumlah observasi dina susunan data.
Median, nilai anu ngabagi dua ka luhur jeung ka handap dina susunan data.
Mode, nilai anu pangseringna muncul dina susunan data.

Conto séjénna nyaéta midrange (rata-rata tina nilai pangluhurna jeung panghandapna dina data atawa distribusi), jeung truncated mean dipaké ngitung angka dina widang olahraga ku sababaraha kasus khusus ti interquartile mean.

Tempo oge
Average
Mean
summary statistics  
tiori statistik

Statistika
Dina matematik jeung statistik, arithmetic mean tina susunan data nyaéta jumlah sakabéh anggota dibagi ku jumlah "item" dina éta susunan. (Kecap set digunakeun perhaps somewhat loosely; for example, the number 3.8 could occur more than once in such a "set".) The arithmetic méan is what pupils are taught very éarly to call the "average." If the set is a populasi statistik, then we spéak of the population méan. If the set is a statistical sample, we call the resulting statistik a sample méan.

The méan may be conceived of as an estimate of the median. When the méan is not an accurate estimate of the median, the set of numbers, atawa sebaran frekuensi, is said to be skewed.

We denote the set of data by X = {x1, x2, ..., xn}. The symbol µ (Greek: mu) is used to denote the arithmetic méan of a population. We use the name of the variable, X, with a horizontal bar over it as the symbol ("X bar") for a sample méan. Both are computed in the same way:

The arithmetic méan is gréatly influenced by outliers. For instance, reporting the "average" annual income in Redmond, Washington as the arithmetic méan of all annual incomes would yield a surprisingly high number because of Bill Gates. These distortions occur when the méan is different from the median, and the median is a superior alternative when that happens.

In certain situations, the arithmetic méan is the wrong concept of "average" altogether. For example, if a stock rose 10% in the first yéar, 30% in the second yéar and fell 10% in the third yéar, then it would be incorrect to report its "average" incréase per yéar over this three yéar period as the arithmetic méan (10% + 30% + (-10%))/3 = 10%; the correct average in this case is the geometric mean which yields an average incréase per yéar of only 8.8%.

Lamun X nyaéta variabel acak, mangka nilai ekspektasi X bisa ditempo tina watesan-panjang méan aritmetik nyaéta kajadian unggal pengulangan pengukuran X. Ieu dipibanda ku hukum wilangan gedé. Salaku hasil, sampel méan dipaké keur estimasi nilai ekspektasi nu teu dipikanyaho.

Note that several other "means" have been defined, including the generalized mean, the generalized f-mean, the harmonic mean, the arithmetic-geometric mean, and the weighted mean.

Lambang sejenna
Aritmetik méan kadangkala dilambangkeun maké notasi jumlah, nyaéta:

Tempo ogé
mean, average, kasimpulan statistik, varian, central tendency, simpangan baku, inequality of arithmetic and geometric means

(Waktu dipaké salaku kata benda, kecap "arithmetic" is pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, but when used in the present sense, as an adjective, the accent is on the third syllable: "arithMETic")

Tumbu kaluar
Arithmetic and geometric means

Statistika
Sacara umum harepan (Ing. expectation, ékspéktasi)) nyaéta tetempoan nu leuwih mungkin ngeunaan kajadian. Hasil nu kurang nguntungkeun ngakibatkeun naékna émosi kateupanujuan. Lamun sababaraha kajadian mangrupa hal nu teu sakabéhna diperkirakeun disebutna surprise. Tempo ogé antisipasi.

Dina kamungkinan (hususna dina judi), nilai harepan (atawa harepan) tina variabel acak mangrupa jumlah probabiliti unggal hasil nu mungkin tina sababaraha percobaan ku hasilna ("nilai"). Mangka, ieu gambaran rata-rata ngeunaan hiji "harepan" keur meunang unggal tarohan lamun éta tarohan identik teu sarua unggal waktu pengulangan. Catetan, nilai éta sorangan teu bisa di-ekspektasi sacara umum, saperti teu mirip atawa kajadian nu teu mungkin.

Contona, Roulette Amérika mibanda 38 hasil kamungkinan. Tarohan disimpen dina hiji angka bayaran 35-ka-1 (ieu hartina yén manéhna mayar 35 kali tarohan, sabalikna ogé alungan manéhna dibalikeun, bareng jeung 36 kali dina alunganna). Mangka nilai ekspektasi hasil kauntungan tina unggal $1 alungan dina hiji wilangan nyaéta, tempo 38 sakabéh hasil nu mungkin: ( -1 × 37/38 ) + ( 35 × 1/38 ), ieu kira-kira -0.0526. Sanajan hiji ekspektasi, dina average, leungit leuwih ti 5 keur unggal dollar alungan.

Sacara umum, lamun X mangrupa variabel acak dihartikeun dina rohangan probabiliti (Ω, P), mangka nilai ekspektasi EX tina X dirumuskeun salaku

nu mana ngagunakeun integral Lebesgue. Catetan yén teu sakabéh variabel random ngabooan nilai ekspektasi, lamun integralna euweuh. Dua variabel sebaran probabiliti nu sarua bakal mibanda nilai ekspektasi nu sarua.

Lamun X nyaéta variabel random diskrit mibanda nilaix1, x2, ... sarta probabiliti pakait p1, p2, ... nu ditambahkeun ka 1, mangka EX bisa iitung salaku jumlah atawa deret

saperti dina conto gambling di luhur.

Lamun sebaran probabiliti X aya dina fungsi probabiliti densiti f(x), mangka nilai ekspektasi bisa diitung ku

Operator nilai ekspektasi (atawa operator ekspektasi) E mangrupa linier di hal ieu
E(aX + bY) = a EX + b EY
keur unggal dua variabel random X jeung Y (nu perlu dihartikeun dina rohangan probabiliti nu sarua) sarta dua wilangan riil a jeung b.

Nilai ekspektasi power X disebut moments X; moments about the mean X ogé dihartikeun salaku nilai ekspektasi nu penting.

Umumna, operator nilai ekspektasi teu multiplicative, contona E(XY) teu sarua jeung EX EY, iwal ti lamun X jeung Y variabel bebas. Bedana, sacara umum, ningkat jadi kovarian jeung korelasi.

keur estimasi nilai ekspektasi variabel random, bisa dipaké nilai ukuran pengulangan variabel sarta perhitungan hasil tina arithmetic mean. Estimasi ieu nilai ekspektasi nu sabenerna sarta sipat nga-minimal-keun kuadrat kasalahan nilai nilai ekspektasi.

Statistika
Misalna aya susunan data, X={x1, x2, ..., xn} jeung hubungan beuratna , W={w1, w2, ..., wn} weighted méan diitung maké rumus

Catetan yén lamun kabéh beuratna sarua, weighted méan sarua jeung arithmetic mean.

Balik ka summary statistics -- central tendency

Tempo oge

 average

Statistika
Median ngagambarkeun harti teknis middle (tengah) dumasar kana "perasaan".

Median dina Statistik 
Dina statistik, kecap median mangrupa nilai anu ngabagi sampel satengah ka luhur jeung satengah ka handap. Keur manggihkeun median, susun data observasi ti nilai panghandapna nepi ka pangluhurna terus pilih salah sahiji anu di tengah. If there are an even number of observations, take the mean of the two middle values. When we use the median to describe what the observations have in common, there are several choices for a méasure of variability, the range, the interquartile range, sarta simpangan mutlak. Since the median is the same as the second quartile, its calculation is illustrated in the article on quartiles.

The median is primarily used for skewed distributions, which it represents more accurately than the arithmetic mean. Consider the set {1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 9}. The median is 2 in this case, as is the mode, and it might be seen as a better indication of central tendency than the arithmetic mean of 3.166....

The median is also the central point which minimises the average of the absolute deviations; in the example above this would be (1+0+0+0+1+7)/6=1.5 using the median, while it would be 1.944... using the méan.

Even though sorting n items takes in general O(n log n) operations, by using a recursive "Divide-and-Conquer" algorithm the median of n items can be computed with only O(n) operations.

Calculation of medians is a popular technique in summary statistics and summarizing statistical data, since it is simple to understand and éasy to calculate, while also giving a méasure that is more robust in the presence of outlier values than is the mean. The difference between the median and the méan is less than or equal to one standard deviation.

Median of a Triangle 
In a triangle, a median is a line joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. It divides the triangle into two parts of equal area. The three medians intersect in the triangle's centroid or center of mass, and two-thirds of the length of éach median is between the vertex and the centroid, while one-third is between the centroid and the midpoint of the opposite side.

Any other lines which divide the aréa of the triangle into two equal parts do not pass through the centroid.

Median strip of a road 
On an expressway, motorway, or autobahn, the median is the strip of grass or the wall which separates opposing lanes of traffic. This is necessary because of safety concerns, due to the high speed of automobiles on both sides, and the potential danger of a disastrous héad-on collision at the combined speed of both vehicles.

Medians function secondarily as "green areas", béautifying roadways. Some jurisdictions mow their medians, others scatter wildflower seeds which germinate and re-seed themselves every year, while still others créate extensive plantings of trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials and decorative grasses. Where space is at a premium, dense hedges of shrubs filter the héadlights of oncoming traffic and provide a resilient barrier.

See also 
 Median number

Statistika
Ukuran dispersi statistik kudu ngahasilkeun angka nol lamun sakabéh data identik, sarta kudu naék lamun datana leuwih béda. Ukuran dispersi pangpentingna nyaéta simpangan baku, akar kuadrat varian.

Ukuran séjénna nyaéta rentang, interquartile range, sarta rata-rata simpangan mutlak, sarta dina kasus kategori variabel random, entropi diskrit. Tara pernah negatip; nilai pangleutikna nu mungkin nyaéta nol.

Ukuran dispersi statistik sabagian dipaké lamun lokasi invariant, sarta liniér dina skala.  Maka lamun variabel random X mibanda dispersi SX mangka transpormasi liniér Y = aX + b keur wilangan riil a jeung b kudu mibanda dispersi SY = aSX.

Tempo ogé kasimpulan statistik.

Statistika
Sigma (aksara kapital Σ, aksara leutik σ, pilihan ς) nyaéta aksara Yunani. Tempo Sigma (aksara).
 Aksara kapital Σ dipaké pikeun lambang operator ngajumlah nu ngahasilkeun dérét na matematik.
 Aksara kapital Σ dipaké pikeun lambang alfabét husus hiji basa, or of some other object dependent on an alphabet; expressed in mathematical terms, eg "the language defined by alphabet Σ={a,b,c} and the rules ..."
 Aksara leutik σ dipaké pikeun lambang simpangan baku populasi na statistik.
 The lower-case letter σ is used as a symbol for the divisor function in number théory.
 Aksara leutik σ dipaké pikeun lambang konstanta Stefan-Boltzmann dina radiasi fisika.
Informasi ngeunaan estimating paraméters bisa ditempo ogé dina;

 titik estimasi
 Interval estimasi.
Applikasi software (atawa disingket app) nyaéta program komputer atawa kumpulan program nu dirancang pikeun nyadiakeun kagunaan keur end userna. Conto hususna nyaéta aplikasi program word processor (saperti MS Word), spreadsheet (saperti MS Excel), accounting, jeung media player.

Sababaraha aplikasi nu dibeundeul jadi hiji kadang-kadang disebut application suite. Microsoft Office, nu ngabeundeul word processor, spréadsheet katut sababaraha aplikasi liana, mangrupa salah sahiji contona.

Istilah aplikasi bisa dipaké keur ngabédakeun tipe program ieu tina kelompok pakakas lemes utama liana nu disebut pakakas lemes sistim nu mangrupa pakakas lemes nu pakait jeung ngokolakeun tur ngagunakeun aspek-aspek sistim komputerna sorangan kawas sistim operasi, device driver, jeung compiler.

Tempo ogé: 
 Pakakas lemes aplikasi
 Aplikasi loka (web application) 
 Aplikasi basis data

Aplikasi ogé bisa ngandung harti ngasupkeun lamaran gawé.

Términologi Komputer
Rékayasa Software
Statistik bisnis mangrupa cabang applied statistics loba dipaké keur ngumpulkeun data salaku hasil tina bisnis atawa lembaga pamaréntah. Sipat sumber ieu pengulangan nu angger tina deret data. Hal ieu ngajadikeun deret waktu penting keur bisnis statistik.

Sababaraha téhnik Marketing ogé dipaké leuwih Multivariate statistics lanjut dina segmen pasar, manajemen merk sarta téhnik posisi produk.
Statistika multivariat atawa analisa multivariate statistik dina statistik ngajelaskeun kumpulan prosedur observation jeung analysis nu variabel statistikna leuwih ti hiji dina sawaktu.

Aya sababaraha modél, nu gumantung kana tipe analisana nyaéta:
 Analisa korelasi kanonik nu nyoba keur nangtukeun aya henteuna hubungan linier antara dua runtuyan variabel (saperti soal jeung jawaban).
 Analaisa regresi nu nyoba nangtukeuk rumus linier nu bisa ngajelaskeun kumaha respon variabel kana robahna variabel séjén.
 Analisa prinsip komponen nu nyoba nantungkeun runtuyan variabel sintesis pangleutikna nu bisa dijelaskeun tina runtuyan aslina.
 Fungsi diskriminan atawa analisa variat kanonik nu nangtukeun runtuyan variabel beisa dibédakeun dumasa kana grup.
 Analisa prinsip koordinat nu nangtukeun jarak pangalusna tina runtuyan rekaman variabel sintesis.
 Analisa diskriminan linier (LDA) ngitung prediksi linier tina dua runtuyan data sebaran normal nu bisa dijadikeun kumpulan keur analisa saterusna.
 Regresi logistik ngawenangkeun nyieun analisa regresi keur ngira-ngira jeung nguji pangaruh covariates dina respon biner.
 métodeu  analisa varian multivariet (MANOVA) ngalegaan tina métodeu  analisa varian keur ngawengku kasus di mana aya leuwih ti hiji variabel sarata variabel terikat teu bisa dikombinasikeun.

Statistika
Statistik terapan ngagunakeun statistik jeung tiori statistik dina kaayaan nu sabenerna.

Sing saha baé anu ngarasa "komit" kana observasi empiris hartina aya kanyaho umum bisa ngagunakeun statistik salaku alat panalungtikan. Hal ieu kaasup élmu tapi teu kaasup sajarah jeung seni.  Contona, ékonométrik loba ngagunakeun statistik terapan keur "mempelajari" ékonomi.

Di satiap widang, diperlukan "observasi", potensial "rekonstruksi" keur ngurangan kasalahan dina observasi jeung rencana panunglutikan keur ngontrol observational error.

Tumbu kaluar 
 Some applets about applied statistics
 Parabot statistik bébas di Internét
"Panggunaan" statistik keur psikologi. Sababaraha widang anu umum dipaké nyaéta:
psikométrik
téori pangajaran
perception
human development
psikologi abnormal

biostatistik -- psikologi

Statistika
Statistik social nyaéta pamakéan sistim ukuran statistik keur nalungtik paripolah manusa dina lingkungan sosial.  Ieu bisa dipikanyaho ku cara jajal pamanggih ti sabagian grup masarakat, evaluasi sabagian data ngeunaan grup masarakat, atawa ku panalungtikan jeung analisa statistik susunan data nu pakait jeung masarakat sarta paripolahna.

Biasan, ahli sosial matéakeun dina evaluasi kualitas palayanan sabagian grup organisasi, dina analisa paripolah grup masarakat dina lingkunganna, atawa dina nangtukeun naon nu butuh jeung kahayang masarakat ngaliwatan sampling statistik.

Statistika
Loba ilmuwan nu ngamimitian panalungtikan ku patarosan ngeunaan dunya tempat urang hirup. Keur ahli statistik, patarosan ieu bisa di-klasifikasi-keun kana sababaraha hal.

Urang mimitian ku hal ngeunaan Unit tunggal, saperti organisma biologi, hasil ti pabrik, a plot of ground, hiji blok kota jeung hal séjénna anu ku urang hayang dipikharti. Dina pangajaran ieu, urang bisa mokuskeun kana hal anu sifatna dinamis tina Unit; kumaha "variasi" dina waktu ? Naha bisa nga-identifikasi aspek nu ngontrol ka hal séjénna ? (Tingali research subject.)
Kadangkala, urang mikaresep Unit anu mungkin sabenerna alat, that is, we are interested in the Unit because of a population to which it belongs or an environment in which it resides. Our desire to describe a population may be satisfied by a statistical report on a sample from that population. The methodology is to select a sample and observe just the Units which are selected and then to summarize our results and interpret their méaning for the population. When we deliberately manipulate something in the process of observation, we call it an experiment. When we attempt to observe the Units without affecting them, we call it a survey.
Kadangkala, urang hayang ngarti kana internal workings Unit saperti nu katingal dina komponenna sarta kumaha pakuat pakaitna hiji jeung nu séjénenna. Physiology salah sahiji conto widang nu kaasup kana tipe ieu.

In much reséarch, we use all three modes at different stages. A useful synthesis of this kind of thinking was provided by Ludwig von Bertalanffy.

In every type of reséarch, we must be concerned with managing the observational error that is inherent in all empirical reséarch. We can incréase the precision of our reséarch by 
using a more precise instrument (eg., a more powerful telescope)
incréasing the number of observations so the constant we try to méasure stands out better against the noise.
changing the design of our reséarch. This last approach can become very technical, so we will postpone its discussion until optimum experimental design.

See also: statistik -- statistical regularity -- model statistik -- summarizing statistical data -- interpreting statistical data --desain percobaan -- survey sampling

Statistika
Kémométrik nyaéta larapan métode matematik atawa statistik kana data kimia. Masarakat Kémométrik Internasional (International Chemometrics Society, ICS) nawarkeun dadaran sarupa kieu:

Kémométrik nyaéta élmu matalikeun ukuran nu dijieun dina sistim atawa prosés kimia kana bentuk sistimna ngaliwatan larapan métode matematik atawa statistik.

Chemometric reséarch spans a wide aréa of different methods which can be applied in chemistry. There are techniques for collecting good data (optimization of experimental paraméters, desain percobaan, kalibrasi, signal processing) and for getting information from these data (statistics, pattern recognition, modeling, structure-property-relationship estimations).

Chemometrics tries to build a bridge between the methods and their application in chemistry.

Tempo ogé 
 QSPR

Tumbu kaluar 
 Kumpulan tumbu 

Statistika
Kimia
Statistikawan atawa jalma nu méré kontribusi kana tiori statistik, atawa hal anu aya hubunganna jeung kamungkinan, atawa machine learning:

 Peter Armitage
 Thomas Bayes
 Ladislaus Bortkiewicz
 George Box
 Pafnuty Chebyshev
 Alexey Chervonenkis
 William Cochran
 (Sir) David R. Cox
 Richard Threlkeld Cox
 Harald Cramér (Sweden, 1893 - 1985)
 Bruno de Finetti
 W. Edwards Deming
 Persi Diaconis
 (Sir) Richard Doll
 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
 A. K. Erlang
 (Sir) Ronald A. Fisher
 Francis Galton
 Seymour Geisser
 Corrado Gini
 I. J. Good
 William Sealey Gosset (known as "Student")
 Emil Julius Gumbel
 Pierre Gy
 Austin Bradford Hill
 Edwin Thompson Jaynes
 Harold Jeffreys
 David Kendall
 (Sir) Maurice Kendall
 Alfred J. Lotka
 Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
 Matosaburo Masuyama
 Jerzy Neyman
 Egon Pearson
 Karl Pearson
 Edwin James George Pitman
 Adolphe Quetelet
 C. R. Rao 
 Herbert Robbins
 Leonard Jimmy Savage
 Walter A. Shewhart
 Mike Dugas
 P. V. Sukhatme
 Genichi Taguchi
 Pafnuty Tchebycheff, see Pafnuty Chebyshev
 Pafnuty Tchebyscheff, see Pafnuty Chebyshev
 Leonard H. C. Tippett
 John Tukey
 Vladimir Vapnik (Russia, ~1935 - )
 Samuel Wilks
 Frank Yates
 Marvin Zelen
 Carl Eric Sarndal
 Alexander Mood
 Franklin Graybill
 Duane Boes
 Michael Hidiroglou
 Yves Berger
 Andi Hakim Nasution

See also: List of mathematicians | List of people by occupation | List of people

Statistikawan
Statisticians
Di handap ieu daftar publikasi penting dina statistik, dikumpulkeun dumasar kana widang garapan.

There are some réasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
Topic créator - A publication that créated a new topic
Bréakthrough - A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
Introduction - A publication that is a good introduction or survey of a topic
Impact - A publication which had a major impact on the world or on the reséarch
Latest and gréatest - The current most advanced result in a topic

Foundations

The Doctrine of Chances
Abraham de Moivre

Deskripsi: Buku ieu ngawanohkeun konsép sebaran normal ngadeukeutan kana sebaran binomial. Dina akibat, de Moivre ngabuktikeun versi lemah tina teorema central limit.  Kadang-kadang hasilna disebut ogé teorema de Moivre-Laplace.

Importance: Topic créator, Bréakthrough, Impact

An Essay Toward Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances
 Thomas Bayes
 Online version

Description: In this paper Bayes' theorem was first introduced.
It has a vast impact on statistics since then and keeps being important these days.

Importance: Topic créator, Bréakthrough, Impact

See also 
 List of publications in Science
 List of publications in mathematics
 List of publications in computer science

Daptar
Kala géologi: tempo ogé skala waktu géologis.

 1620 - Francis Bacon notices the jigsaw fit of the opposite shores of the Atlantic Océan
 1669 - Nicolas Steno puts forward his théory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former séas, and that fossils were organic in origin
 1701 - Edmund Halley suggests using the salinity and evaporation of the Mediterranéan to determine the age of the éarth
 1743 - Sir Christopher Packe produces a géological map of south-éast England
 1746 - Jean Etienne Guettard presents the first mineralogical map of France to the French Academy of Sciences.
 1760 - John Michell suggests éarthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another
 1776 - James Keir suggests that some rocks, such as those at the Giant's Causeway, might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava
 1779 - Comte de Buffon speculates that the éarth is older than the 6,000 yéars suggested by the Bible
 1785 - James Hutton presents paper entitled Théory of the éarth - éarth must be old
 1799 - William Smith produces the first large scale géological map, of the aréa around Bath
 1809 - William Maclure conducts the first géological survey of the éastern United States
 1830 - Sir Charles Lyell publishes book, Principles of Géology, which describes the world as being several hundred million yéars old
 1837 - Louis Agassiz begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the éarth has had at léast one ice age
 1862 - Lord Kelvin attempts to find the age of the éarth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the éarth is between 20–400 	million yéars old
 1903 - George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the éarth's héat
 1907 - Bertram Boltwood proposes that the amount of léad in uranium and thorium ores might be used to determine the éarth's age and 	crudely dates some 	rocks to have ages between 410–2200 million yéars
 1911 Arthur Holmes uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 billion yéars old
 1912 - Alfred Wegener proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaéa that broke apart via continental drift
 1913 - Albert Michelson méasures tides in the solid body of the éarth
 1935 - Charles Richter invents a logarithmic scale to méasure the intensity of earthquakes
 1953 - Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen discover the Great Global Rift running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
 1960 - Harry Hess proposes that new séa floor might be créated at mid-océan rifts and destroyed at deep séa trenches
 1963 - F.J. Vine and D.H. Matthews explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running parallel to mid-	océan ridges as due 	to séa floor spréading and the periodic géomagnetic field reversals
 1980 - Physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, géologist Walter Alvarez, and others propose that the impact of a large extra-terrestrial object caused the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million yéars ago.

Kala élmu
Sebaran Cauchy mangrupa probability distribution nu mibanda probability density function

di mana t nyaéta parameter lokasi jeung s nyaéta parameter skala. Kasus husus lamun t = 0 jeung s = 1 disebut standar sebaran Cauchy nu mibanda probability density function

Sebaran Cauchy salawasna dipaké conto keur ngahartikeun sebaran nu teu mibanda mean, varian atawa moments pangluhurkeun, sanajan mode jeung median duanana dihartikeun sarua jeung nol.

Lamun U jeung V mangrupa dua sebaran normal variabel acak bébas nu mibanda nilai ekspektasi 0 jeung varian 1,  saterusna rasio U/V mibanda standar sebaran Cauchy.

Lamun X1, ..., Xn mangrupa variabel random independent, mibanda standar Cauchy, mangka sampel méan (X1 + ... + Xn)/n sarua mibanda standar sebaran Cauchy.  Ieu conto keur ngabuktikeun yén hipotesa varian terhingga dina central limit theorem teu bisa dileungitkeun (sanajan bisa digantikeun ku nu séjén, dina kasus asumsi lemah).  Keur nempo yén ieu bener, itung fungsi karakteristik

nu mana  mangrupa sampel méan.

Sebaran Cauchy mangrupa sebaran-t student nu ngan mibanda hiji tingkat kabébasan.

Sebaran Cauchy kadangkala disebut sebaran Lorentz.

Tumbu kaluar 
 MathWorld Cauchy Distribution

Probability distributions
Di handap ieu dibéréndélkeun daptar paguron luhur, dumasar nagarana.

Daptar paguron luhur di Albania
Daptar paguron luhur di Amérika Serikat
Daptar paguron luhur di Aprika Kidul
Daptar paguron luhur di Australia
Daptar paguron luhur di Austria
Daptar paguron luhur di Bélgia
Daptar paguron luhur di Bolivia
Daptar paguron luhur di Brazil
Daptar paguron luhur di Kanada
Daptar paguron luhur di Cili
Daptar paguron luhur di Cina Daratan
Daptar paguron luhur di Républik Céko
Daptar paguron luhur di Dénmark
Daptar paguron luhur di Éstonia
Daptar paguron luhur di Finlandia
Daptar paguron luhur di Prancis
Daptar paguron luhur di Jérman
Daptar paguron luhur di Yunani
Daptar paguron luhur di Greenland
Daptar paguron luhur di Guatemala
Daptar paguron luhur di Honduras
Daptar paguron luhur di Hong Kong
Daptar paguron luhur di Hungaria
Daftar paguron luhur di Indonésia
Daptar paguron luhur di Islandia
Daptar paguron luhur di India
Daptar paguron luhur di Inggris
Daptar paguron luhur di Irlandia
Daptar paguron luhur di Israél
Daptar paguron luhur di Itali 
Daftar paguron luhur di Jepang
Daptar paguron luhur di Koréa Kidul
Daptar paguron luhur di Makau
Daptar paguron luhur di Malaysia
Daptar paguron luhur di Méksiko
Daptar paguron luhur di Norwégia
Daptar paguron luhur di Pakistan
Daptar paguron luhur di Pilipina
Daptar paguron luhur di Polandia
Daptar paguron luhur di Portugal
Daptar paguron luhur di Rusia
Daptar paguron luhur di Saudi Arabia
Daptar paguron luhur di Selandia Baru
Daptar paguron luhur di Serbia jeung Montenégro
Daptar paguron luhur di Singapura
Daptar paguron luhur di Slovénia
Daptar paguron luhur di Spanyol
Daptar paguron luhur di Swédia
Daptar paguron luhur di Swiss
Daptar paguron luhur di Taiwan
Daptar paguron luhur di Muangtai
Daptar paguron luhur di Turki
Daptar paguron luhur di Ukraina
Daptar paguron luhur di Venezuéla
Daptar paguron luhur di Walanda
Daptar universitas internasional

Daptar
Daptar paguron jeung universitas
Daptar paguron luhur negeri di Indonésia
 Daptar paguron luhur swasta di Indonésia
 Daptar paguron luhur Islam negeri di Indonésia
 Daptar paguron luhur Islam swasta di Indonésia
 Daptar paguron luhur kadinesan di Indonésia
Daptar paguron luhur di Jepang:

 Universitas Aichi
 Universitas Aoyama Gakuin
 Universitas Chiba
 Universitas Chubu
 Universitas Chuo
 Universitas Daito Bunka
 Universitas Dokkyo
 Universitas Doshisha
 Universitas Ferris
 Universitas Gakushuin
 Universitas Gifu - Gifu Daigaku
 Universitas Hokkaido
 Universitas Hosei
 Universitas Kristen Internasional
 Universitas Internasional Jepang
 Sakola Kadokteran Jichi
 Universitas Kanto Gakuin
 Universitas Kobe
 Universitas Kokugakuin
 Universitas Kwansei Gakuin
 Universitas Kyoto
 Universitas Kyushu
 Universitas Keio
 Universitas Kansai
 Universitas Kansai Gaidai
 Mabie Memorial School
 Universitas Meiji
 Universitas Meiji Gakuin
 Universitas Musashi
 Institut Téhnologi Nagoya
 Universitas Nagoya
 Universitas Niigata
 Universitas Osaka
 Universitas Kota Osaka
 Universitas Rikkyo (Universitas St. Paul)
 Universitas Ritsumeikan
 Universitas Sophia
 Universitas Teikyo
 Universitas Tohoku
 Institut Téhnologi Tokyo
 Universitas Métropolitan Tokyo
 Universitas Tsukuba
 Universitas Tokyo
 Universitas Waseda
 Universitas Nasional Yokohama

Baca ogé 
 Atikan di Jepang

Daptar
Masarakat Jepang
Daptar paguron luhur jeung universitas
Universitas Gifu (岐阜大学; Gifu Daigaku, disingkat 岐大 Gidai) salah sahiji universitas di Jepang, nu tempatna aya di Kota Gifu wewengkon Chubu Jepang Tengah.
Universitas Gifu mibanda opat kampus, nyaéta Kampus Utama di Yanagido, Kota Gifu; Kebon Percobaan di Minokamo (6 km ti Stasion Kobi), Leuweung Percobaan di Takayama (10 km ti Stasion Joro) sarta Pusat Pananglutikan Walungan (River Basin Reséarch Center) di Takayama (20 km ti Stasion Takayama).

Universitas Gifu ngadeg taun 1949, sanajan kitu Fakultas Pendidikan ngadeg taun 1873, Fakultas Pertanian ngadeg taun 1923. Dina taun 1942 ngadeg Fakultas téhnik, sarta dina taun 1947 ngadeg Fakultas Kedokteran tur dina taun 1996 ngadeg Fakultas Regional Studi. Dina taun 2004, Fakultas Pertanian direstrukturisasi jadi Fakultas Elmu Biologi Terapan.

Fakultas jeung Pasca Sarjana

Fakultas

 Pendidikan
 Regional Studi
 Kedokteran
 téhnik
 Elmu Biologi Terapan

Pasca Sarjana
 Pendidikan (Program Master)
 Regional Studi (Program Master)
 Kedokteran (Program Master jeung Doktor)
 téhnik (Program Master jeung Doktor)
 Pertanian (Program Master)
 Elmu Pertanian (Program Doktor), program bareng jeung Universitas Shinshu jeung Universitas Shizuoka
 Elmu Kedokteran Hewan (Program Doktor), program bareng jeung Universitas Pertanian jeung Kedokteran Hewan Obihiro, Universitas Iwate sarta Universitas Pertanian jeung Teknologi Tokyo

Sejenna
 Pusat Pendidikan Umum
 Pusat Panalungtikan Walungan
 Pusat Kolaborasi keur Akademi/Pamaréntah/Industri
 Pusat Panalungtikan Elmu Kahirupan
 Pusat Informasi jeung Multimedia
 Pusat Mahasiswa International
 Pusat Adminitrasi Kasehatan

Tumbu kaluar

Gifu University official site 

Gufu
Daptar Présidén Indonésia

Tempo ogé
 Daptar Wakil Présidén Indonésia
Daptar
Abdurrahman Wahid (biasa disebut ogé Gus Dur) (7 Séptémber 1940 - 30 Désémber 2009) ngajabat Présidén Indonésia ti taun 1999 nepi ka 2001, sarta pamingpin Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa, nu diadegkeun sanggeus Suharto turun jabatan. Anjeunna mangrupa inohong ti Nahdlatul Ulama. Ku alatan kasakit jeung masalah korupsi, anjeunna diturunkeun tina jabatan présidén bulan Juli 2001.

Présidén Indonésia
Inohong Indonésia
Dina statistik, éstimator nyaéta fungsi data "diketahui" nu mana digunakeun keur nga-"estimasi" parameter anu teu "diketahui". Lobana éstimators nu béda ngamungkinkeunkeur unggal paramater anu "diberikan". Sabaraha kritéria digunakeun keur milih antar éstimator. Geus ilahar lamun hiji kritéria teu jelas keur nangtukeun hiji estimator ka estimator séjénna.

Aya dua tipe estimator nyaéta: point estimators, jeung interval estimators.

Point estimators 

Point éstimator θ tina paraméter θ:

 Bias ti θ dihartikeun  B(θ) = E[θ] − θ
 θ nyaéta unbiased estimator ti θ "jika dan hanya jika" B(θ) = 0 keur sakabéh θ
 Mean square error ti θ dihartikeun MSE(θ) = E[(θ − θ)2]
 MSE(θ) = V(θ) + (B(θ))2
 Simpangan baku θ ogé disebut standard error ti θ.

nu mana V(X) nyaéta varian ti X jeung E nyaéta operator nilai ekspektasi.

Kadangkala pamilihan unbiased estimator ngagunakeun variance panghandapna. Kadangkala ogé leuwih dipilih tanpa wates ka unbiased estimators; tingali Bias (statistics).  Ngeunaan "best unbiased estimators", tempo ogé Gauss-Markov theorem, téoréma Lehmann-Scheffé, Rao-Blackwell theorem.

Tempo ogé Maximum likelihood.

Statistika
Gauss-Markov process dina probability theory.
 Gauss-Markov theorem dina statistik matematik.
Prosés stokastik Gauss-Markov (dingaranan tina Carl Friedrich Gauss jeung Andrey Markov) nyaéta prosés stokastic processk nu luyu jeung sarat-sarat boh keur prosés Gaussian atawa prosés Markov.

Tiap prosés Gauss-Markov X(t) mibanda tilu pasipatan ieu:
 Mun h(t) mangrupa fungsi skalar lain-enol t, mangka Z(t) = h(t)X(t) kaasup prosés Gauss-Markov
 Mun f(t) is a non-decréasing scalar function of t, then Z(t) = X(f(t)) is also a Gauss-Markov process
 There exists a non-zero scalar function h(t) and a non-decréasing scalar function f(t) such that X(t) = h(t)W(f(t)), where W(t) is the standard Wiener process.

Pasipatan (3) ngandung harti yén sakabéh prosés Gauss-Markov bisa disintésis tina prosés Wiener baku (standard Wiener process, SWP).

Prosés stokastik
Dina statistik, métodeu  maximum likelihood, dimimitian ku ahli genetika/ahli statistik Sir Ronald A. Fisher, mangrupa métodeu  titik estimasi, nu digunakeun keur nga-estimasi anggota populasi nu teu ka-observasi tina paraméter ruang nu di-maksimal-keun ku fungsi likelihood.
Tingali p ngalambangkeun paraméter populasi teu ka-observasi nu bakal di-estimasi.  Tingali X ngalambangkeun random variable nu di-observasi (which in general will not be scalar-valued, but often will be a vector of probabilistically independent scalar-valued random variables.  The probability of an observed outcome X=x (this is case-sensitive notation!), or the value at (lower-case) x of the probability density function of the random variable (Capital) X, as a function of p with x held fixed is the likelihood function

For example, in a large population of voters, the proportion p who will vote "yes" is unobservable, and is to be estimated based on a political opinion poll.  A sample of n voters is chosen randomly, and it is observed that x of those n voters will vote "yes".  Then the likelihood function is

The value of p that maximizes L(p) is the maximum-likelihood estimate of p. By finding the root of the first derivative one will obtain x/n as the maximum-likelihood estimate. In this case, as in many other cases, it is much éasier to take 
the logarithm of the likelihood function before finding the root of the derivative:

Taking the logarithm of the likelihood is so common that the term log-likelihood is commonplace among statisticians. The log-likelihood is closely related to information entropy.

If we replace the lower-case x with capital X then we have, not the observed value in a particular case, but rather a variabel acak, which, like all random variables, has a probability distribution.  The value (lower-case) x/n observed in a particular case is an estimate; the variabel acak (Capital) X/n is an estimator.  The statistician may take the nature of the probability distribution of the éstimator to indicate how good the éstimator is; in particular it is desirable that the probability that the éstimator is far from the paraméter p be small.  Maximum-likelihood éstimators are sometimes better than unbiased estimators.  They also have a property called "functional invariance" that unbiased éstimators lack: for any function f, the maximum-likelihood éstimator of f(p) is f(T), where T is the maximum-likelihood éstimator of p.

However, the bias of maximum-likelihood éstimators can be substantial.  Consider a case where n tickets numbéréd from 1 through to n are placed in a box and one is selected at random, giving a value X.  If n is unknown, then the maximum-likelihood éstimator of n is X, even though the expectation of X is only n/2; we can only be certain that n is at léast X and is probably more.

Statistika
Entropi nyaéta konsép dina térmodinamika (tempo éntropi termodinamika), mekanika statistika jeung tiori information. Konsép éntropi jeung informasi kacida pakait raket, sanajan perlu sababaraha waktu keur ngawangun tiori mekanika statistika jeung tiori informasi sangkan jadi nyata. Artikel ieu ngeunaan éntropi informasi, formulasi tiori-informasi éntropi. Éntropi informasi leuwih ilahar disebut Éntropi Shannon keur ngahargaan ka Claude E. Shannon.

Bubuka 

Konsép éntropi dina tiori informasi ngajelaskeun sabaraha loba tingkat acak (atawa, 'kateupastian') anu aya dina sinyal atawa kajadian acak. Cara lian pikeun nempo ngeunaan ieu nyaéta ku ngabahas ngeunaan sabaraha loba informasi anu dibawa ku hiji sinyal.

Contona, aya sababaraha téks dina basa Inggris, dikodekeun mangrupa runtuyan hurup, spasi, jeung tanda baca. Lantaran frékuénsi atawa lobana kajadian pikeun sababaraha hurup ngan saeutik (conto, 'z'), sedengkeun hurup-hurup lianna mah murudul (conto 'e'), runtuyan hurup téh henteu acak-acak teuing. Sanajan kitu, lantaran hurup nu nuturkeunana henteu bisa dikira-kira, bisa ogé disebut 'acak' (nepikeun ka tingkatan nu tangtu). Éntropi téh minangka nu jadi ukuran tingkat acak ieu, saperti anu diusulkeun ku Shannon dina makalah "A Mathematical Theory of Communication " nu medar dina taun 1948

Shannon nawarkeun hiji définisi éntropi anu nyumponan asumsi-asumsi, yén:

 Ukuran ieu kudu proporsional (kontinu atawa silisambung) - contona, lamun probabilitasna ngaganti saeutik, éntropina ogé ngan kaganti saeutik.
 Upama sakabéh kamungkinan (contona hurup-hurup di luhur) siga-siga rék sarua, mangka nambahan hurup anu kaluar ogé bakal naékkeun harga éntropi.
 Lamun aya dua tahapan kajadian, harga éntropi ahir ogé kudu dihasilkeun tina pangjumlahan éntropi tina dua tahapan kajadian éta.

(Catetan: Buku nu ditulis ku Shannon/Wéaver ngarujuk ka tulisan Tolman (1938) anu ngarujuk ogé ka Pauli (1933) anu nuliskeun définisi éntropi nu dipaké ku Shannon. Salian ti éta, mekanika statistika ngarujuk ogé ka von Neumann sanggeus manéhna nurunkeun éntropi dina taun 1927, anu bisa ngajelaskeun naha von Neumann resep pisan ngagunakeun istilah 'entropi' anu geus aya.)

Tumbu luar 

 Information is not entropy, information is not uncertainty ! - a discussion of the use of the terms "information" and "entropy".
 I'm Confused: How Could Information Equal Entropy?  - a similar discussion on the bionet.info-théory FAQ.
 Java "entropy pool" for cryptographically-secure unguessable random numbers
 Description of information entropy from "Tools for Thought" by Howard Rheingold 
 A cool little java applet representing Shannon's Experiment to Calculate the Entropy of English

Éntropi
Téori informasi
Statistika
Acak
Hiji sekuen atawa kumpulan variabel acak disebut independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) lamun satuan anu mibanda probability distribution sarua dina satiap distribusi séjénna jeung sakabéhna mutually independent. Tina sudut pandang sample space X, hartina yén n percobaan berhubungan dina Xn ka n-fold dihasilkeun tina probability measure keur sakali percobaan.
Sirit, bebel, atawa purusa hartina organ sapatemon jalu jeung, pikeun mamalia, organ jalu pikeun kiih. Sirit homolog jeung itil awéwé, sabab tumuwuh tina struktur émbrionik nu sarua. Sirit mangkreng pikeun pungsina nalika sapetemon.

Sirit sato 

lolobana marsupial, iwal dua spésiés kangguru pangbadagna, mibanda sirit bifurcated: kabagi jadi dua kolom nu misah, antukna tungtung siritna nyagak. Lumba-lumba mibanda kontrol prehensile kana siritna, antukna kadang dipaké salaku sénsor pikeun mariksa dasar sagara. Kéong mibanda sirit pangpanjangna saluyu jeung panjang awakna: nepi ka dua puluh kalieun panjang awakna.

Musium Falologis Islandia (Icelandic Phallological muséum) di Reykjavik ngahususkeun diri kana nalungtik sirit sasatoan.

Sirit manusa 

Sirit manusa béda ti sirit sababaraha mamalia séjén sabab teu mibanda tulang mangkreng erectile bone, sagemblengna ngandelkeun aliran getih sangkan mangkreng, teu bisa ngelok kana palangkakan, sarta leuwih badag batan rata-rata dibandingkeun jeung beurat awak.

Struktur 
Sirit manusa diwangun ku tilu kolom jaringan pamangkreng:
 dua corpora cavernosa jeung
 hiji corpus spongiosum di handapeunana.

Mangkreng 
Mangkreng hartina jadi heurasna sirit nu lumangsung nalika hiji jalu karangsang. Mangkrengna sirit ngabisakeun sapatemon, sanajan teu kudu, sarta sababaraha kagiatan séksual séjénna.

Tempo ogé 
 peluh
 sunatan
 sapatemon
 Térong sirit kuda (Solanum melongena)

Sistim réproduktif
Andrologi
Kadé patukeur jeung Nagara
Pikeun guna lian, tempo Negri (disambiguasi)
Hiji negri mangrupa hiji wewengkon nu légalna kawanoh salaku hiji éntitas dina géografi pulitis. Hiji negri bisa mangrupa nagara daulat merdika atawa nu aya dina kawasa nagara lian, salaku hiji non-daulat atawa baheulana babagian pulitis nu daulat, atawa hiji wewengkon géografis nu kaasosiasi jeung hiji bangsa nu baheulana indepénden kalawan cicirén pulitis nu béda.

Tempo ogé 
 Nagara

Géografi
Babagian administratif
Propinsi (Ing: province) mangrupa sebutan pikeun pamaréntahan éntitas subnasional nu biasana sahambalan handapeun hambalan nasional. Di sababaraha nagara dipaké istilah séjén, misalna nagara bagian (state) atawa departemén.

Kecap ieu diwanohkeun ku urang Rumawi, nu ngabagi kakaisaranana kana provinciae. Sigana kecap ieu asalna tina kecap Latin provincia (wewengkon nu kapangaruhan/dikawasa).

Kiwari 
(Babagian-babagian disebut atawa ditarjamahkeun salaku: Propinsi)

 Propinsi di Afganistan
 Propinsi di Argéntina
 Propinsi di Bélgia
 Propinsi di Kanada
 Propinsi di Cina
 Propinsi di Kuba
 Propinsi di Ékuador
 Propinsi di Finlandia
 Propinsi di Indonésia
 Propinsi di Iran
 Propinsi di Iraq
 Propinsi di Irlandia
 Propinsi di Itali
 Propinsi di Koréa
 Propinsi di Walanda
 Propinsi di Pakistan
 Propinsi di Filipin
 Propinsi di Afrika Kidul
 Propinsi di Spanyol
 Propinsi di Muangtai
 Propinsi di Turki

Propinsi nu pangpadetna nyaéta Henan, Cina, populasina 93,000,000 urang, dituturkeun ku sababaraha propinsi di CIna kénéh, ogé Punjab, Pakistan, nu pangeusina 85,000,000 urang.

Propinsi panglegana nyaéta Xinjiang, Cina (1,600,000 km2) jeung Quebec, Canada (1,500,000 km2).

Sajarah 
 Propinsi-propinsi Rumawi
 The former Provinces of France
 The former Provinces of Ireland
 The former Provinces of Japan
 The former Provinces of Sweden
 The former Republic of the Seven United Provinces (The Netherlands)

Babagian administratif
Matematik terapan mangrupa cabang matematik that concerns itself with the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. Such applications include analisis numeris, mathematics of engineering, linear programming, optimization and operations research, continuous modelling, mathematical biology and bioinformatics, information theory, game theory, probability and statistics, financial mathematics, actuarial science, cryptography and hence combinatorics and even finite geometry to some extent, graph theory as applied to network analysis, and a gréat déal of what is called computer science.

The question of what is applied mathematics does not answer to logical classification so much as to the sociology of professionals who use math. The mathematical methods are usually applied to the specific problem field by méans of a mathematical model of the system.

Engineering math describes physical processes, and so is often indistinguishable from theoretical physics. Important subdivisions include:
 Fluid dynamics
 Acoustic theory
 Maxwell's equations that govern electromagnetism
 Mechanics
 Numerical relativity

External links 
 The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics is a professional society dedicated to promoting the interaction between mathematics and other scientific and technical communities.
 The Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) was founded by and receives major support from the National Science Foundation Division of Mathematical Sciences to carry out a crucial interdisciplinary mission. It also receives support and direction from its Participating Institutions and Participating Corporations.