Appeal No 852 of 1964
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated August 24 1962 of the Punjab High Court in Regular Second Appeal No 843 of 1956
Bishan Narain and A G Ratnaparkhi for the appellant
K C Nayyar and Mohana Behar Lal for respondent No 1
790 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bhargava J
This appeal has come up as a result of a dis pute relating to succession to the property of one Sunder Singh
Sunder Singh on 4th November 1950 executed a will in respect of his property in favour of his niece Udham Kaur
Subsequently on 27th October 1951 one Tarlok Singh executed a document divorcing his wife Mst
Angrez Kaur respondent No 1 in this appeal on the ground that she frequently went away from his house without his consent and whenever he made enquiries from her she became furious with him
In the document he recited that Mst
Angrez Kaur was no longer his wife and that she had gone to live with Sunder Singh
According to respondent No 1 on this divorce being granted to her by her first husband Tarlok Singh she was married to Sunder Singh by a custom known as Chadar Andazi 
On 7th June 1952 Sunder Singh revoked his previous will and in that document acknowledged Mst
Ang rez Kaur as his wife and left the property to her
Sunder Singh died in 1953
Thereafter the appellant Gurdit Singh who was a collateral of Sunder Singh in the third degree applied for mutation
On 12th December 1954 mutation of the property left by Sunder Singh was sanctioned in favour of Gurdit Singh by the authorities
Thereupon Mst
Angrez Kaur filed a suit on 17th March 1955 claiming the property as widow of Sunder Singh
The trial Court decreed the suit holding that respondent No I had married Sunder Singh by Chadar Andazi  and the marriage was valid
On appeal the Additional District Judge set aside the decree of the trial Court and held that the marriage of Mst
Angrez Kaur with Sunder Singh during the life time of her first husband Tarlok Singh was invalid and was not justified by any custom and consequently she could not be treated as the widow of Sunder Singh
Respondent No 1 there on appeale to the High Court of Punjab and the learned Judge who heard the appeal felt that the question of custom had not properly tried by the trial Court and the first appellate Court
Consequently he framed the following issue  Is there any custom amongst the tribes of the parties according to which the divorce given by Tarlok Singh to Mst
Angrez Kaur is recognised enabling her to enter into a valid marriage by Chadar Andazi with Sunder Singh This issue was remitted to the trial Court for recording a finding after giving the parties an opportunity to lead further evidence
Further evidence was led in the trial Court which answered this issue in the negative and against respondent No 1
The District Judge in his report endorsed the view of the trial Court
The High Court however held that the 7 91 custom was proved under which Mst
Angrez Kaur could validly marry Sunder Singh even though her first husband Tarlok Singh was alive and consequently decreed the suit
Gurdit Singh appellant has now come up to this Court against this decree of the High Court by special leave
As is clear from the facts narrated above the only issue that arose in this case was whether respondent No 1 Mst
Angrez Kaur had succeeded in proving the existence of a custom in the community to which she belonged according to which Tarlok Singh her first husband could divorce her whereupon she was at liberty to enter into a valid marriage by Chadar Andazi with Sunder Singh whose property is now under dispute
The parties are residents of the District of Jullundur where according to Gurdit Singh appellant no such custom as claimed by respondent No 1 exists amongst the Jats which is the caste to which the parties belong
To urge this point learned counsel for the appellant relied before us on The Digest of Customary Law  by Sir W H Rattigan and on the Riwaj i am  recorded at the time of the settlement in 1885 and 1914 15
It was argued that Rattigan s Digest of Customary Law in the Punjab had always been treated as an authoritative exposition of the customs prevailing in the Punjab and had been accepted as such by the Privy Council as well as other Courts in India
Reliance was placed on para 72 at page 471 of the 14th Edition of Rattigan s Digest of Customary Law  where it is stated that amongst Muhammadans of all classes a man may divorce a wife without assigning any reason but this power in the absence of a special custom is not allowed to Hindus nor to females of any class
In paragraph 74 he proceeds to lay down that until the former marriage is validly set aside a woman cannot marry a second husband in the life time of her first husband and in paragraph 75 it is stated that A Karewa  marriage with the brother or some other male relative of the deceased husband requires no religious ceremonies and confers all the rights of a valid marriage
 The marriage claimed by respondent No 1 with Sunder Singh was described as a karewa  marriage
On the basis of the principles laid down in the above paragraphs it was urged that it should be held that respondent No I could not have entered into a valid marriage with Sunder Singh while her first husband Tarlok Singh was alive
It is however to be noted that in paragraph 72 Rattigan himself makes an exception to the general rule and recognises the fact that if there be a special custom divorce can be resorted to even by Hindus
In earlier paragraphs of his book Rattigan has dealt with existence of special customs in the Punjab and in dealing with L Sup
CI67 7 792 the Jats he expressed the view that as regards Jats and specially Sikh Jats who hold very liberal views on questions relating to marriage and whose notions of sexual morality are lax it will be difficult to enunciate any general principles as are opposed to public policy
Then he goes on to say that custom in the Punjab is primarily tribal and not local though the custom of a particular tribe may and often does differ in particular localities
Rattigon s conclusion is expressed by saying that it seems to be clear that there is no uniform custom applicable to the whole of the Punjab
Custom varies from time to time and from place to place
It is in this background that we have to consider further remarks recorded by Rattigan in paragraph 72 mentioned above where he says that in one case it was doubted whether in Jullundur District a Hindu fat can divorce his wife
He also noticed a number of decisions relating to divorce in the surrounding districts in which it was held that the custom of divorce prevailed in almost identical terms in those districts
This custom according to him is that the husband is entitled to turn out his wife and if he does so she is entitled to remarry
It was on the basis of these observations of Rattigan that it was urged before us that the High Court committed an error in relying on the circumstance that in a number of surrounding districts it was found that the custom of divorce amongst the Hindu Jats so prevalent could lead to an inference that a similar custom prevailed in the district of Jullundur also
In Rattigan s book by itself we are unable to find any proposition laying down that in the district of Jullundur there is any custom among Hindu fats permitting divorce as claimed by respondent No 1
In fact Rattigan leaves the question open by saying that it has been doubted whether such a custom exists in the Jullundur District
He also mentions the Riwaj i am of Jullundur District but does not attach much importance to it on the ground of its being un reliable
Rattigan s book on Customary Law  in these circumstances appears to us to be of little help in arriving at a conclusion about the existence of a custom on divorce amongst the Jats in Jullundur District
The only other document relating to Jullundur District available was the Riwaj i am of that district and learned counsel for the appellant placed great reliance on it
He drew our attention to the decision of their Lordships of the Privy Council in Kunwar Basant Singh vs Kinwar Brij Rai Saran Singh1 where their Lordships held The value of the riwaj i am as evidence of customary law is well established before this Board the most recent decision is 1 62 IA 180
79 3 Vaishno Ditti vs Rameshri1 in which the judgment of the Board was delivered by Sir John Wallis who states  It has been held by this Board that the riwaj i am is a public record prepared by a public officer in discharge of his duties and under Government rules that it is clearly admissible in evidence to prove the facts entered thereon subject to rebuttal and that the statements therein may be accepted even if unsupported by instances
 Reliance was also placed upon the principle laid down by this Court in Mahant Salig Ram vs Musammat Maya Devi2 where this Court held  There is no doubt or dispute as to the value of the entries in the Riwaj i am
It is well settled that though they are entitled to an initial presumption in favour of their correctness irrespective of the question whether or not the custom as recorded is in accord with the general custom the quantum of evidence necessary to rebut that presumption will however vary with the facts and circumstances of each case
 The Court also approved of the principle laid down by the Lahore High Court indicating the circumstances in which Riwaj i am can be held to prove a custom and in that connection said  It has been held in Qamar ud Din vs Mt Fateh Bano3 that if the Riwaj i am oil which reliance is placed is a reliable and trustworthy document has been carefully prepared does not contain within its four corners contradictory statements of custom and in the opinion of the Settlement Officer is not a record of the wishes of the persons appearing before him as to what the custom should be in those circumstances the Riwaj i am would be a presumptive piece of evidence in proof of the special custom set up therein
If on the other hand the Riwaj i am is not a document of the kind indicated above then such a Riwaj i am would have no value at all as a presumptive piece of evidence
 It is in the light of these principles that we have to examine the value to be attached to the Riwaj i am in Jullundur District which has been relied upon by learned counsel for the appellant
The Riwaj i am of Jullundar District appears in the form of questions and answers and an extract of it has been placed before us
In answer to the questions about the grounds on which a wife may be divorced whether change of religion is a sufficient cause and whethera husband may divorce his wife without 1 1928 L R 55 IA 407421 2 3 Lah 110
7 94 assigning any cause the record states that among all Muhammadans except Rajputs the Muhammadan Law is followed and a husband can divorce his wife without assigning any reason
Among the Muhammadan Rajputs and all Hindus no divorce is recognised
But an exception is mentioned that the Kambohs of the Nakodar Tahsil also divorce their wives
They are not required to assign any cause
In answer to the question as to what are the formalities which must be observed to constitute a revocable or an irrevocable divorce is was stated that among Hindus there is no divorce except among Kambohs of the Nakodar Tahsil who give talaq  by executing a written deed
Reliance is placed on the entry in the Riwaj i am that the custom of divorce among Hindus does not exist in the Jullundur District to urge that the High Court wrongly held that respondent No 1 could be divorced by her first husband Tarlok Singh and could validly marry Sunder Singh by Chadar Andazi
It however appears that the Riwaj i am of Jullundur District is unreliable and according to the principle laid down by this Court in the case of Mahant Salig Ram1 such a Riwaj i am cannot be held to prove that there was no custom of divorce among Hindus in this district
It does not appear necessary to refer to the various decisions of the Lahore High Court on the question of unreliability of the Riwaj i am of Jullundur District
It is enough to quote the latest decision of the East Punjab High Court in Mohammad Khalil and Another vs Mohammad Bakhsh2
In that case Bhandari J delivering the judgment of the Bench reproduced the principle laid down by the Lahore High Court in Qamar ud Din  Others3 which was later approved by this Court in the case of Mahant Salig Ram1
and then proceeded to hold  Unfortunately the Riwaj i am of the Jullundur District cannot be regarded as a reliable or trustworthy document for it has been held in a number of decided cases such as Zakar Hussain vs Ghulam Fatima1 Ghulam Mohammad vs Balli5 and Mt Fatima vs Sharaf Din1 that it has not been prepared with care and attention
It seems to me therefore that it is impossible to accept the statements appearing therein at their face value Learned counsel for the appellant however urged before us that all these cases in which the Riwaj i am of Jullundur District was held to be unreliable related either to the custom about the right of succession to property of a daughter against collaterals 1 3 A I R 36 1949 EPb
5 A I R 1 4 1927 Lab
2 I I R 4 A 1
R 18 6 A 1
R 33 79 5 or about the right to execute wills and gifts
None of these cases related to the custom of divorce and at least insofar as it records that there is no custom of divorce amongst Hindus in this district the Riwaj i am should be accepted
There are two reasons why we must reject this contention
The first is that the Riwaj i am having been found unreliable in respect of two customs the inference clearly follows that it was not drawn up carefully and correctly and consequently it would not be safe to rely even on other aspects of the Riwaj i am
The second and which is the more important reason is that in this particular case which is before us the evidence tendered by both the parties shows that this Riwaj i am has incorrectly recorded the custom about the right of a Hindu husband of this district to divorce his wife
Respondent No 1 in order to prove her case as to the existence of the custom has primarily relied on two pieces of evidence
The first piece of evidence consisted of the Riwaj i am of the neighbouring districts where there was a clear record that the custom of divorce among Hindu Jats existed
The existence of such a custom
in the neighbouring district which surround the Jullundur District all around is certainly a relevant consideration for an inference that such a custom may be prevalent in the Jul lundur District also particularly in view of Rattigan s opinion that the custom is primarily tribal though also local
If the custom existed among the tribes of Hindu Jats in all the districts surrounding the district of Jullundur it is probable that a similar custom exists in the district of Jullundur also
The other piece of evidence relied upon was the statements of a number of witnesses examined to prove that not only such a custom existed but also that instances were available showing that there had been divorces in recent times
Respondent No 1 has examined nine witnesses in this behalf
The learned District Judge in his report did not place full reliance on the testimony of these witnesses but their evidence has been accepted by the High Court
On behalf of the appellant also a number of witnesses were examined to prove the non existence of a custom of divorce
It however appears that the appellant s own witnesses belied his case
Several of those witnesses clearly admitted that in this district a custom did exist permitting a husband to divorce his wife
Three of the witnesses Bhag Singh Karam Singh and Kartar Singh who were examined on behalf of the appellant in their examination in chief itself mentioned a custom under which a Zamindar could divorce his wife though they added that if the husband divorces his wife the wife cannot contract Chadar Andazi during the life time of her husband
Ujagar Singh another witness in his cross examination clearly admitted that the husband can divorce his wife but a wife cannot divorce her husband
He can divorce her both verbally as well as in writing
Similarly Niranjan Singh another 796 witness stated that a husband can divorce his wife but a wife cannot divorce her husband
Gurdit Singh in his examination in chief mentioned that a husband and wife could live separate from each other and in such a case the wife could not contract Chadar Andazi during the life time of her first husband and added that if she contracted Chadar Andazi she could not inherit the property of her second husband
In cross examination he stated that there is no custom among us for divorcing the wives with mutual consent
All these witnesses examined on behalf of the appellant himself thus proved the existence of a custom under which a Hindu Jat in the district of Jullundur could divorce his wife though all of them added a qualification that in case a wife is divorced by a Hindu husband she is not entitled to a second marriage during the life time of her first husband
They all admit that a custom permitting a Hindu Jat to divorce his wife does actually exists in the district of Jullundur
Some of them at some stages of their evidence tried to distinguish the right of a husband by saying that he could desert his wife or that there could be separation between the husband and the wife but at other stages they admitted in clear words that the custom recognised included the right of the husband to divorce his wife
Thus the record in the Riwaj i am that there is no such custom of divorce among the Hindus of the Jullundur District is proved to be incorrect not only by the evidence of the witnesses examined on behalf of respondent No 1 but even from the evidence given by the witnesses of the appellant
In these circumstances we hold that there is no force at all in the submission of the learned counsel that this Riwaj i am could be held to be reliable insofar as it records the absence of the custom on the mere ground that in earlier cases the unreliability of this Riwaj i am was found in regard to record of customs relating to other matters
There is no doubt that the witnesses examined on behalf of the appellant while admitting the existence of a custom permitting a Hindu husband to divorce his wife have added a qualification that if such a divorce is brought into effect by a husband the wife cannot legally contract a second marriage during his lifetime
This limited custom sought to be proved by these witnesses does not
find support from the Riwaj i am nor is it in line with the principles laid down by Rattigan in his book on Customary Law 
All that he stated in paragraph 74 of his book was that  until the former marriage is validly set aside a woman cannot marry a second husband in the life time of her first husband
 We have already held that even according to the witnesses exa mined by the appellant a custom exists which permits a valid divorce by a husband of his wife and that would dissolve the marriage
On the dissolution of such a marriage there seems to be no reason why the divorced wife cannot marry a second 797 husband in the life time of her first husband
It also appears to us incongruous to accept the proposition put forward on behalf of the appellant that though a wife can be divorced by her husband she is not at liberty to enter into a second marriage and thus secure for herself means for proper living
In these circumstances the High Court committee no error in accepting the evidence given by witnesses examined on behalf of respondent No 1 who stated that the custom as prevailing in the Jullundur District not only permitted divorce but also recognised the validity of second marriage of the divorced wife even in the life time of her first husband
The High Court was further right in relying on the instances proved by the evidence of these witnesses of respondent No 1 showing that a number of divorced wives had actually contracted second marriages in the life time of the in husbands and these marriages were recognised as valid marriages by the members of their community
The appeal consequently fails and is dismissed with costs
GC Appeal dismissed


Summary:
S married A after the latter had been divorced by her husband T
The parties were Jats of Jullundur District in the Punjab
After the death of S a collateral of his got the lands of S mutated in his favour
A then filed a suit claiming the land as widow of section Her marriage to S was challenged on the ground that there was no custom among the Jats of Jullundur District permitting a divorced woman to remar ry in the life time of her first husband The entries in the Rattilgan s digest and the Riwaj i am of Jullundur District came up for consideration
HELD  Rattigan s digest was not of help in arriving at a conclusion about the existence of such a custom of divorce among the Jats in Jullundur District Me Riwaj i Am of Jullundur District was unreliable as it had been so held by courts
792 F G 795 A C On the basis of the existence of a custom of divorce among the Jats of districts surrounding Jullundur District and on the basis of oral evidence adduced in the case the High Court rightly held that a custom of divorce existed among the Jats of Jullundur District and the custom permits the divorced women to marry in the life time of her first hus band
The divorce of A by T being valid her subsequent marriage to S was also valid and accordingly she was entitled to succeed to S s property
L797 B C Basant Singh vs Kunwar Brij Rai Saran Singh 62 IA 180 Vaishnoo Ditt vs Rameshri 1928 LR 55 IA 407 Mahant Salig Ram vs Musammat maya Devi  Qamar ud din vs Mt Fateh Bano Lab 110 Muhammad Khalil vs Mohammad Baksh
AIR 36 1949 E Pb 252 Zakar Hussain vs Ghulam Faima AIR 14 1927 Lab 261 Ghulam Mohammad vs Ball AIR 18 1931 Lab 641 and Mt Fatima vs Sharaf Din AIR 33 1946 Lab 426 referred to