iminal Appeal No96 of 1952
Appeal by special leave granted by the Supreme Court on the 14th February 1952 from the Order dated the 17th September 1951 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay Bavdekar and Chainani JJ in Criminal Appeal No 1026 of 1951 arising out of Judgment and Order dated the 28th July 1951 of the Court of the Third Additional Sessions Judge of Poona in Sessions Case No 78 of 1951
A section B Chari and J B Dadachanji for the appellant
C K Daphtary Solicitor General for India Porus A Mehta with him for the respondent
March 30
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MAHAJAN J
The appellant on 28th July 1951 was convicted on a charge under section 366 Indian Penal Code for having kidnapped at Poona a minor girl Shilavati in order that she may be forced or seduced to illicit intercourse and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years after a trial before the third additional Sessions Judge of that place sitting with a jury of live
The jury returned a verdict of guilty by a majority of three to two
The Sessions Judge came to the conclusion that the verdict was not perverse
He therefore accepted it
The appellant preferred an appeal to the High Court 811 but this was summarily dismissed
This appeal is before us by special leave
The prosecution case was that on the 12th December 1949 the appellant who was a music teacher went to the house of Shilavati and on the pretext that there was a girl waiting in his house and that he  wanted to compare the voice of Shilavati with the voice of the girl took her to his house and with the assistance of one Iqbal Putlabai accused 2 kidnapped her
Shilavati was traced in Bombay after four months in the house of one Babu Konde
Thereafter she was medically examined and it was found that she was pregnant
To prove the case against the appellant the prosecution examined in all sixteen witnesses
Out of these four were eye witnesses viz Prahlad Jamunabai Namdeo and Shilavati
Yamunabai the mother of Shilavati stated that on 12th December when she returned home in the evening she learnt from her sister in law Jamunabai and others that the appellant had taken Shilavati on the pretext that he wanted to compare her voice with that of one Prabha who was waiting in his house and thereafter Shilavati had not come back that on getting this information she along with her brothers and sister in law went to the house of the appellant and questioned him as to why Shilavati was not sent back whereupon the appellant replied that he had sent her by bus
As Shilavati did not return home she went to the police and lodged a complaint
Ananda uncle of the girl deposed to the same effect
Prahlad brother of Shilavati a boy of school going age deposed that he saw Shilavati going with the appellant while he was playing outside the school
Namdeo who is a bricklayer stated that on the 12th December while he was returning after completing his work at about 3 30 p m he saw Shilavati going with the appellant
On medical examination it was found that Shilavati was a girl of 15 or 16 years of age and that she was pregnant
Shilavati was examined as P W 10 and she deposed 105 812 that the accused came to her house at about 3 30 pm and told her that there was a singing party at Kirkee and that she should accompany him there that she went with him on the promise that the appellant would send her back before her mother returned home that while at the appellant s house she was asked to smell certain scents and she felt giddy and could not speak and when she came to senses in the morning she found herself in Bombay in a hut at Sion
She further said that on enquiry from one Kassam she was told that the appellant had left her there
On the 12th December at about 11 40 pm
Yamunabai went to Padamji Gate police station and lodged a complaint there
In the complaint it was stated that Shilavati had quarrelled with one Shantabai and had left the house and since then she had not returned
The police were asked to find out her whereabouts
On the 13th she sent a complaint to the Police Inspector A Division Poona
Therein she made the allegation that the appellant used to come to her house for coaching Shilavati in harmonium that she learnt that he had sent a chit to her daughter in her absence and had called her to his house and that on enquiries about Shilavati s whereabouts he had given evasive answers
The police head constable who was on duty on receipt of this complaint examined Yamunabai
He read out the application to her and recorded her statement which reads thus  My daughter Shilavati age about 1314 has left my house at 4 pm
I made search for my daughter at the house of my paternal aunt but I could not find her there
M H Gyani appellant used to come to my house for coaching up my daughter in singing
I do not know whether he has taken away my daughter nor have I seen him taking her away
I have mentioned his name in my application through mistake
My daughter has gone out of my house to some other place
A search should therefore be made for her 
I again state that my daughter left the house 813 after quarrelling with my mother Harnabai
This is given in writing
 In July 1950 Yamunabai sent an application to the Collector of Poona
In this application she said that she had appointed the appellant as a music master for her daughter that on Monday the 12th December 1949 at about 6 p m the appellant and his friend Badsha had induced and kidnapped her to an unknown place
She asserted therein that she was sure that nobody but both M H Gyani and Badsha had kidnapped her daughter
In the witness box Yamuna Bai as already stated gave a different story and Shilavati herself did not fully support the version of her mother
On the 14th March 1950 a letter Exhibit 4 G was sent by Shilavati to her mother
The relevant part of this letter is in these terms  Since last so many days I have left the house and I have not sent any letter to you and you must also be worrying as to where I have gone
I am at Bombay and quite well too
Do not worry about me I had gone to the river at Bamburda and there some one forced me and brought me to Bombay and he was prepared to marry with me
He was an ordinary and old fellow
J did not like it and he was going to convert me  to Mahomedanism
I felt very sorry for this and I was very much sad
He beat me twice or thrice
To whom shall I express my sorrow  But there was a boy staying there whom I told all the facts and told him to save me anyhow
He promised to save me
There were two days remaining for my marriage
Till then he arranged for my stay and also for dinner and one day before the marriage previous night he took me out from that place
There were many police complaints against him and he at the cost of his life saved me
I married him in order to return his obligations
Now I am very happy I am not in need of anything now
He is an ordinary boy
He works in a press and he is a worker
He is from us and his name is Baburao Konde and next 814 time we will send a photograph of both of us
Do not worry about me
I am very happy
Namaskar to all elderly persons and ashirwadas to youngsters
Namaskar to grandmother Harnabai
Convey namaskars to Anand mama Vithal mama Ram mama Shankar Prahlad Laxman Hirabai Jamnabai Yamunabai Jaibai and to master
 Shilavati is admittedly a talented Harijan girl who used to take part in dramatic peformances and used to give public peformances in music and dancing on some remuneration
The letter written by her from Bombay speaks for itself and it was on receipt of this letter and further correspondence to which it is not necessary to refer that the police got clue of her where abouts and were able to restore her to her mother Yamunabai
The statute law in India in certain circumstances permits an appeal against a jury s verdict and authorizes the appellate court to substitute its own verdict on its own consideration of the evidence
It has conferred on the appellate court extensive powers of overruling or modifying the verdict of a jury in the interests of due administration of justice confident that the appellate judges who have not themselves seen and heard the witnesses will not exercise lightly the responsible power entrusted to them
Section 423 in sub section 2 Criminal Procedure Code states as follows  Nothing herein contained shall authorize the court to alter or reverse the verdict of a jury unless it is of opinion that such verdict is erroneous owing to a misdirection by the judge or to a misunderstanding on the part of the jury of the law as laid down by him
 Section 537 in sub clause d provides that no finding sentence or order passed by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be reversed or altered on appeal on account of any misdirection in any charge to the jury 816 unless such error omission irregularity or misdirection has in fact occasioned a failure of justice
Unless therefore it is established in a case that there has been a serious misdirection by the judge in charging
the jury which has occasioned a failure of justice and has misled the jury in giving its verdict the verdict of the jury cannot be set aside
The learned counsel for the appellant contended that the judge in his charge to the jury misdirected it in several important particulars and violated the rules of criminal jurisprudence and of evidence in a number of ways
It was said that he failed to warn the jury that it would be unsafe for it to act on the statement of Shilavati without her statement being corroborated by other evidencein material particulars
The judge according to the learned counsel should have told the jury that though in law it was open to them if in the circumstances of this case they thought fit to do to act on the uncorroborated testimony of Shilavati but that ordinarily it was not safe to do so without that statement being corroborated in material particulars
This omission on the part
of the judge it was urged amounted in law to a grave misdirection and the jury in all likelihood without such a warning arrived at its verdict on the basis of the uncorroborated evidence of the girl
That part of the charge in which reference was made by the judge to Shilavati s evidence wherein she had said that she was told by Kassam Khan that the appellant had left her there was criticized on the ground that the jury bad been directed to act on inadmissible evidence
Then it was contendad that it was a serious misdirection to direct the jury that it had to solve the jigsaw puzzle that had arisen in the case by using their own ingenuity and by piecing together the various pieces of the puzzle
The last misdirection relied upon concerned the following part of the charge After weighing the probabilities of the case the evidence on record as prudent men if you come to the conclusion that the story given by the prosecution does not appear to be probable and that the 816 accused must not have committed the offence then in that case you have to return a verdict of not guilty
 In our judgment it is not necessary to pronounce on all the points urged by the learned counsel because we are of the opinion that the judge clearly misdirected the jury when he asked it to solve the problem that had arisen by exercising its ingenuity and by resorting if necessary to speculative reasoning
In other words the judge gave the jury a carte blanche to come to its conclusion on the basis of its own conjectures if necessary
Not only that
He told the jury to hold the accused not guilty in case it found it improbable that he must not have committed the offence
These propositions placed before the jury are repugnant to all notions of criminal jurisprudence and they must necessarily have affected its mind in arriving at the conclusion
This is how the charge on this point reads  So you will find gentlemen that there are as many as six versions before this court and therefore you have to consider all these versions and probabilities of the case to find out whether the improved version now before the court is a correct one
I would like also to bring to your notice the letter written at the instance of Shilavati from Bombay
That letter is Exhibit 4 G Shilavati in her examination before the court does not admit that this letter was written at her instance
However she has admitted before the police that this letter was written at her instance and this was brought out in her cross examination
In this letter she had stated that she had gone on that day to Bamburda river and there she was forcibly kidnapped by some man who was about to marry her
That man was an old man and she did not approve that marriage
Fortunately this Konde came to her rescue and took her to Bombay and married her
That is her statement
Now gentlemen this is a jigsaw puzzle kept before you
In jigsaw puzzles all the pieces are kept before us and we have to use our ingenuity and piece them together
Some 817 links are missing in this case
However as rightly sub mitted by the learned Assistant Public Prosecutor in such cases you have to weigh the probabilities of the case and therefore you have to find out from the material before us whether you can solve this jigsaw puzzle
Now these points are before you that there was a quarrel with Shantabai
The chit was alleged to have been sent by accused No 1 and then the girl went to Bamburda river and there she was kidnapped by somebody
Now gentlemen you have to consider whether it is or it is not possible that the girl Shilavati might have received soma chit probably from the accused No 1
This chit was seen by Shantabai who exposed to Harnabai the grandmother of the girl
The witness Harnabai is an old woman and probably she was put out and he might have taken her to task and she might have even gone to the length of stating that she should go out of the house
Here is a young girl having hot blood and it is or is it not probable that the girl in desperation had gone to Bamburda and she mentions the river and gentlemen you can find that there is a confluence of the rivers Mula and Mutha why did she go to the river  Whether it is probable that she wanted to commit suicide
You will find gentlemen that near that confluence there is a mosque and in the evidence it has come out that the girl was found at the hut at Sion with an old Mahommedan named Kassam Khan and his keep
You have to consider whether it is probable that this Kassam Khan and his keep induced the girl to go with them to Bombay and whether Kassam Khan wanted to marry her there
You have to find out whether it is probable that this chivalrous man Konde rescued her from the old man Kassam Khan who was about to marry her and got himself married to the girl
The fact remains that the girl was found with Konde in Bombay ultimately
It is in evidence of the girl herself that she found herself in a hut at Sion and Kassam Khan and his keep were keeping a watch over her   
So gentlemen you Will have to find out all the probabilities of the case and 818 before us by the prosecution  Had the charge to the jury stopped with the sentence So you will find gentlemen that there are as many as six versions before this court and therefore you have to consider all these versions and probabilities of the case to find out whether the improved version now before the court is a correct one no exception could possibly have been taken to it
When the learned judge however proceeded to direct the jury to piece together the various pieces of the jigsaw puzzle by use of their ingenuity he clearly misdirected them inasmuch as he told them that they could in  solving the problem draw upon their own imagination and exercise their ingenuity in the matter without reference to the evidence that had been placed by the prosecution on the record
Not only that the learned judge himself indulged in speculation and placed a number of conjectures before the jury for its consideration
The learned judge surmised that the girl might well have gone to the river for committing suicide and asked the jury to consider this surmise as well
It was further surmised that a chit from the accused was received by Shilavati and that Shantabai saw that chit and disclosed it to Harnabai the grandmother who in all likelihood took her to task and told her to get out of the house and thereupon the hot blooded Shilavati went to the river to commit suicide
There is no evidence whatsoever on the record about the actual receipt of that chit of Shantabai seeing it and exposing this fact to Harnabai and of Harnabai threatening Shilavati
All these considerations mentioned to the jury were the results of the judge s fertile imagination and were bound to mislead it into the belief that they could indulge in like conjectures and surmises in their effort to solve the puzzle
The direction to the jury that it was to solve the jigsaw puzzle by use of its ingenuity does not find place in an isolated passage of the charge but runs through it
While winding up the learned judge again reiterated it and Said 819 As I have already told you you have to piece together all the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle and try to find out what story appears to you to be probable whether the girl was drugged at all or whether as stated by her in her letter she went to a river at Bamburda and there she met this Kassam Khan and his keep and along with them she went to Bombay of her own accord
 In the concluding part of the charge the learned judge said After weighing the probabilities of the case evidence on record as prudent men if you come to the conclusion that the story given by the prosecution does not appear to be probable and that the accused must not have committed the offence then in that case you have to return a verdict of not guilty
 It is not possible say that these words were likely to give a correct lead to the jury in reaching its conclusion
All that the jury should have been told was that after weighing the probabilities of the case and the evidence on the record as prudent men they should answer whether the prosecution had made out the charge against the accused
 We are satisfied that as a result of These misdirections the jury in all likelihood gave a divided verdict of guilty by three to two not on evidence but on the basis of assumptions and conjectures
In this situation the question for consideration is what procedure should be followed by this court for undoing the mischief that has happened and which would be most conducive to the ends of justice
The simplest course open to us is to order a retrial of the appellant
It is also open to us to remit the case to the High Court with a direction that it should consider the merits of the case in the light of our decision and say whether there has been a failure of justice as a result of these misdirections
Lastly it is open to us to examine the merits of the case and 106 820 decide for ourselves whether there has been a failure of justice in the case and an innocent man has been convicted
It is now well settled that in deciding whether there has been in fact a failure of justice in consequence of a misdirection the court is entitled to take the whole case into consideration
Vide Abdul Rahim vs Emperor1
The words in fact in section 637 d Criminal Procedure Code emphasize the view that the court is entitled to go into the evidence itself in order to determine whether there has been a failure of justice
In the peculiar circumstances of this case we have chosen to adopt the third course because at this moment of time it is most conducive to the ends of justice
It seems plain to us that on the material on this record no reasonable body of persons could possibly have arrived at the conclusion that the appellant kidnapped Shilavati as alleged by the prosecution
We have taken upon ourselves the responsibility of deciding this case without the valuable opinion of the High Court because we feel satisfied that any other course would cause unnecessary harassment to the appellant
With great respect we are however constrained to observe that it was not right for the High Court to have dismissed the appeal preferred by the appellant to that court summarily as it certainly raised some arguable points which required consideration though we have not thought it fit to deal with all of them
In cases which prima facie raise no arguable issue that course is of course justified but this court would appreciate it if in arguable cases the summary rejection order gives some indication of the views of the High Court on the points raised
Without the opinion of the High Court on such points in special leave petitions under article 136 of the Constitution this Court sometimes feels embarrassed if it has to deal with those matters without the benefit of that opinion
1 AIR 1946 PC 821 The learned Solicitor General contended that this was not a fit case where the court was justified in going behind the verdict of the jury and in deciding the case in accordance with its own view of the evidence
It was argued that the charge to the jury had to be taken as a whole that though some slight exception might be taken to certain passages in the charge the learned judge had placed the case of both sides fairly before the jury and that not only did the learned judge place fairly the case of both sides before the jury he indicated his opinion on the evidence strongly against the prosecution and that being so the accused could not be allowed to say that the charge which was strongly in his favour and against the prosecution was defective in law
It was said that it was open to the jury to accept the statement of the mother of the girl as well as the statement of the girl in spite of the different conflicting versions mentioned in the charge and that the jury having done so the matter stood concluded
As already observed charge to the jury cannot be said to be a fair charge if it tells the jury to approach the decision of the matter from a wrong angle and directs it to reach its decision by exercise of its own ingenuity and by having recourse to conjectures and speculative reasoning
This convention of the learned Solicitor General therefore cannot be seriously considered
That the verdict of the jury was erroneous in that it could not be the verdict of any body of reasonable men in the circumstances of this case is fully established by the facts and circumstances on the record
What Yamunabai deposed in court has been set out in the earlier part of this judgment
Her case now is that when she returned home on the 12th December 1949 at about 6 30 pm she found that Shilavati was not in the house she made enquiries from Jamna and Hira she was told that accused 1 came and told them that there was a girl in his house and her voice was to be compared with Shilavati s voice and took her 822 away on that pretext
Prahlad PW 4 deposed that when his mother returned home at 6 pm he told her that Shilavati had been seen by him in the company of accused 1
Jamnabai PW 5 stated that the accused came to the house at 3 pm and on the pretext that one girl had come to his house for singing he took Shilavati and that when Yamunabai returned she informed her of what had happened
Ananda PW 6 repeated the same story
This story stands completely demolished by the different complaints that Yamunabai made to the police
There is no satisfactory explanation whatsoever why when she made her first report to the police at 11 40 pm she did not tell the police that she had been told by her son by Jamuna and by Namdev that the girl had been taken away by the appellant and that he had told them that she had been sent back in a bus
Not only this after she had sent a written complaint on the 13th December to the Police Inspector Poona suspecting the appellant of having kidnapped her daughter she made a statement to the head constable withdrawing that allegation in most unambiguous terms and stated that the girl had left the house after quarrelling with Harnabai
In the first report to the police she had said that the girl had left after quarrelling with one Shantabai
These statements made by her could not be said to be the result of mere figments of her brain
She must have made them on some basis
They give the lie direct to her present version
When later on she sent an application to the Collector accusing the appellant and Badsha of having kidnapped her daughter she
asserted that they had taken her away to an unknownplace at 6 p m though the occurrence in then earlier complaints was alleged to have taken place at about 3 30 p m
The letter of 14th March 1960 written at the instance of Shilavati to Yamunabai falsifies all the versions given by her and clearly suggests that the girl left the house of her own accord
In this letter she sent her regards to the appellant
If he had kidnapped her that expression of respect would 823 not have found place in that letter at all Another version was mentioned in the evidence as to how the occurrence took place
It was stated that the girl received a chit from the appellant and
on the basis of this chit a quarrel ensued and the girl left the house
On this state of the record it is quite evident that the version now given by Yamunabai to court or by Shilavati after she had come under the influence of her mother cannot be accepted
It seems that the appellant because he was a music master and had been giving lessons to the girl a few months before her disappearance has been convicted on a charge under section 366 Indian Penal Code  not on the basis of evidence but on the basis of surmises and conjectures
The learned Solicitor General referred us to the statement of the bricklayer and of the boy Prahlad
A mere reading of their statements shows that these are not true and have been procured to fill in gaps in the prosecution case
Harnabai was not produced as a witness in the case and the learned judge in his charge to the jury was right when he observed that a number of links were missing in the prosecution case and they could only be filled in on the basis of conjectures
Both Yamunabai and Prahlad studiously avoided stating that the girl took part in dramas or that she danced in public places
They tried to make out that Shilavati was an unsophisticated girl having no knowledge of the world and that she never danced in public places or she never acted in public dramas
There is ample material on the record consisting of her photos in the advertisements as well as in the statements made to the police which establishes that she acted in various dramas for which she was paid at the rate of Rs 5 for each perfor mance and that she gave dance performances and she was intending to make singing and dancing as her profession
The very fact that the brother and the mother were at pains to create a false impression on the court by deposing falsely was itself sufficient to show that no reliance could be placed on their 824 testimony
We are therefore firmly of the opinion that there has been a grave failure of justice in this case and the appellant an innocent man has been convicted of a serious offence on a verdict of the jury arrived at in all likelihood on the basis of conjectures and that that verdict was the
consequence of the misdirection given to the jury by the judge
For the reasons given above we allow this appeal set aside the verdict of the jury and acquit the appellant of the offence with which he was charged
Appeal allowed


Summary:
In his charge to the jury the Judge told them that the case before them was a jig saw puzzle with some missing links and directed them to use their ingenuity to piece them together by finding out the probabilities and seeing whether they could successfully solve the puzzle
Held this was misdirection in that it invited the jury to exercise its ingenuity by having resort if necessary to speculative reasoning
Where a jury has been misdirected and has based its verdict on assumptions and conjectures the Supreme Court may order a retrial or remit the case to the High Court with a direction that it should consider the merits of the case in the light of the decision of the Supreme Court and say whether there has been 810 failure of justice as a result of the mis direotions or it may examine the merits of the case and decide for itself whether there has been a failure of justice in the case
In deciding whether there has in fact been a failure of justice in consequence of a mis direction the Court is entitled to take the whole case into consideration
Abdul Rahman vs Emperor AIR referred to
Though in cases which prima facie raise no arguable issue the High Court may dismiss an appeal summarily without giving any reasons it is desirable that in arguable cases the High Court should in its summary rejection order give some indication of the views of the High Court on the points raised