iminal Appeal No 213 of 1970
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated the 17th June 1970 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal No258 of 1970
726 Harbans Singh for the appellant
Nuruddin Ahmed and U P Singh for the respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BEG J
The State of Panjab ha contained special leave to appeal against the judgment of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana acquitting the two respondents from charges under Sections 302 and 30234 Indian Penal Code and under Sections 30734 Indian
Penal Code
The Trial Court had convicted the respondents under each of these two sections and sentenced Hari Singh to death under Section 302 Indian Penal Code and Gian Singh to life imprisonment under sections 30234 IPC and it had sentenced both to six years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs 2000  and in default of payment of fine to undergo further rigorous imprisonment for two years under Sections 30734 IPC
The occurrence which gave rise to the prosecution of the two respondents together with two others Milkiat Singh and Dalip Singh who were acquitted by the Trial Court took place during the night between 18th and 19th June 1969
The victims Gian Singh deceased and his nephew Zora Singh PW 3 cultivated lands jointly with Bachan Singh PW 5 his son Mukhtiar Singh his two brothers Gian Singh and Sarwan Singh and Surjit Singh PW 4 and Jagjit Singh the brothers of Zora Singh and sons of Sarwan Singh
All of them also lived together in village Dhandri Kalan
The respondents and the acquitted accused persons are brothers who also lived in village Dhandri Kalan in District Ludhiana
It is said that there had been a fight between Hari Singh respondent and Gian Singh deceased in 1968 which had been settled by the Panchayat
In 1969 sometime before the occurrence another incident is said to have taken place
Jagjit Singh and Mukhtiar Singh by show of force were said to have carried away some toori  in a cart to their house against the wishes of Hari Singh respondent and another person in his company
Un doubtedly the motive disclosed was not be strong enough for a murderous assault of a rather brutal kind on Gian Singh and Zora Singh
This however is immaterial if the alleged eye witnesses of the occurrence could be relied upon to establish the prosecution case
The whole question before the Courts was whether the three alleged eye witnesses Zora Singh PW 3 and Surjit Singh PW 4 and Bachan Singh PW 5 who are related to each other and the victims as stated above could be relied upon when corroborated by other facts and circumstances which may appear in the case to sustain the conviction The prosecution case was that Gian Singh and Zora Singh had gone to their field for watering their sugarcane crop in it on the evening of 18th June 1969
At about 9 pm Bachan Singh PW 5 and Surjit Singh PW 4 are said to have carried the meals for Gian Singh and Zora Singh who were at their field situated about 100 karams  nearly 100 paces away from their tubewell which was as is usual lit up by electric light
After that Gian Singh and Zora Singh went to sleep a few feet from each other at their tubewell while Bachan Singh and Surjit Singh are said to have stayed on at the sugarcane 727 field nearby
At about mid night Zora Singh is said to have got up to urinate and to have just laid himself down on his cot after urinating
when he saw the respondents and Milkiat Singh and Dalip Singh Arrive
with their weapons
Hari Singh is said to have struck his kirpan on the neck of Gian Singh deceased and Milkiat Singh is said to have struck Zora Singh on the right arm with his Gandasa whereupon Zora Singh raised an alarm
All the four assailants then gave blows to the deceased and Zora Singh who had cried out Marditta Marditta
Bachan Singh PW 4 and Surjit Singh PW 4 rushed to their aid and alleged having seen the attack and the assailants running away
They found Zora Singh unconscious when they came near him
Gian Singh and Zora Singh were removed to a Hospital in Ludhiana where Gian Singh died at 545 am
The condition of Gian Singh which was not such as to enable him to make a dying declaration was described as follows BP was not recordable
Pulse 60mt
fuble unconscious Gasping cynotic
Pupils constricted  Reacting Slugishly to light
There was 8x4 wound on the left side of the neck cutting deep to the muscles
The trachea was cut almost through and through and be was breathing through the hole of the trachea
Hyoid bone was lying exposed in the wound
Could not feel the left carotid artery
No bleeding was present when patient was brought to the hospital
Zora Singh who survived had the following injuries  1
An incised wound 3x12x2 12 on the inner side of left hand and was cutting the 5th and 4th matacarpals completely
Incised wound 12x 16x flesh deep on the inner side of left wrist
Incised wound
5 x 1 x 2 deep on the outer side of left hand and was chopping off the thumb completely from the hand
Incised wound 6x14x flesh deep back of left forearm lower part
Incised wound 4 x 1 x 2 deep on the right side of the face and the middle of the lower part of the nose and was cutting it and the right side of the upper jaw partially
Inside wound 3 X 12X l 12 deep on the upper part of the back of right side of the neck and was cutting the spine bone partially
Incised wound 4x 1x 3 deep on the back of right elbow and was cutting the ulna bone completely and the forearm was hang ing just with a flesh
 A First Information Report of this occurrence was lodged at 515 am at Police Station Sadar Ludhiana at a distance of 7 miles from village Dhandri Kalan disclosing offences punishable under Sections 307 and 326 Indian Penal Code only as Gian Singh was still alive at 728 that time
It was stated in the FIR that the respondents were recognised and that two other unknown assailants who were young Sikhs could be identified if produced before the witnesses
Surjit Singh PW 4 the maker of the FIR upon cross examination denied that he had been tutored to state that he could not identify the two of the assailants as they had their backs towards him
He had stated in the FIR that they were youngmen although Milkiat Singh aged 53 and Dalip Singh aged 46 years were not so young
He had also stated there that he could identify the two youngmen thereby implying that he had seen them properly
He had stated in his evidence that one or two bighas of sugarcane can be irrigated in an hour by their Tubewell
Watering was said to have commenced at  pm and Zora Singh PW 3 had stated that only 4 bighas of the field had to be watered
The High Court therefore did not think it likely that either Bachan Singh or Surjit Singh would still remain at the Sugarcane field or be awake at the time when the occurrence took place
Moreover the High Court thought that both Bachan Singh and Surjit Singh were too far away at abount 100 karams to be able to reach in time to see the occurrence
Bachan Singh PW5 had supported the statement of Surjit Singh PW4 that he ran up to help the attacked persons after hearing Zora Singh Shouting Marditta Marditta
He said that he saw the assailants from a distance of 15 karams
He also said that Hari Singh was using his kirpan to attack and that the other assailants had used their gandasas
On cross examination this witness also stated that he could not recognise the companions of Hari Singh and Gian Singh as they had their backs towards him although it was proved that he had stated before the Police that the unidentified persons were young Sikhs with Gandasas whom he could identify if produced before him
The High Court had found some difficulty in getting over the statement of Zora Singh PW 3
It had observed that Zora Singh aged only about 16 years would have tried to run away as soon as he saw four assailants by electric light attacking Gian Singh only at a distance of 10 feet if he was really awake
It had also opened that he would have cried out earlier than the moment of time when he received the injury on his right arm if he was actually awake when the assault on Gian Singh deceased took place
It was not disposed to rely upon the statement of Zora Singh that he was lying awake because he had got up to urinate 5 minutes before the occurrence as this appeared to it to be an improvement upon his previous statement
Zora Singh on cross examination had explained that he had not stated this earlier as he was not questioned about it
The High Court had doubted the veracity of Zora Singh because he disclaimed knowledge that Milkiat Singh and Dalip Singh were employed in the Air Force although their fields adjoined his own fields
The High Court thought that it was likely that Zora Singh would have become unconscious after receiving injuries before he could recognise his assailants
The High Court had also attached importance to the fact that no special report of the occurrence was proved to have been sent to a Magistrate
It has considered the explanation that this was due to the fact that the FIR disclosed only offences punishable under Sections 307 and 326 IPC to be insuffi 729 cient to explain this omission
After relying upon the State of Punjab1 that the prcsecution must traverse the whole gap between what may be true and what must be true before a conviction could be recorded in a criminal case the High Court had given the respondents the benefit of doubt and acquitted them
The Trial Court on the other hand which had the additional advantage of seeing the witnesses depose in the witness box was impressed by the evidence of the three alleged eye witnesses and had convicted the respondents
It had not relied upon the alleged recoveries by Hardit Singh Sub Inspector PW8 of a kirpan on 28th June 1969 from a straw bin at a tube well at the instance of Hari Singh and a gandasa on the roof of a tubewell at the instance of Gian Singh
Both the weapons were proved to be stained with human blood
As the recovery was shown to have taken place 4 days after the arrest of the respondents the Trial Court thought that it must have resulted from the use of 3rd degree methods during the interrogation of the accused
The Trial Court had also considered it unsafe to rely upon the sole testimony the Investigating Officer on this question when other witnesses of the recovery were not produced for some unexplained reason
The Trial Court had however relied upon the circumstance that the respondents could not be found when searched in their village and could only be arrested several days later The question raised before us is should we even if we do not entirely agree with the reasoning of the High Court substitute our own views and reverse an order of acquittal Vaidyanatha Iyer2 to point out that this Courts power of interference under Article 136 of the Constitution with Judgments of acquittal is not exercised on principles which are different from those adopted by it in dealing with convictions
It is a principle common to all criminal appeals by special leave that this Court will retrain from substituting its own views about the appreciation of evidence if the judgment of the High Court is based on one of two alternative views each of which was reasonably open to the High Court to accept
If however the High Court s approach is vitiated by some basically errcneous apparent assumption or it adopts reasoning which on the face of it is unsound it may become the duty of this Court to prevent a miscarriage of justice to interfere with an order whether it be of conviction or of acquittal
In the case before us the Trial Court which had the additional advantage of seeing the witnesses depose in the witness box had accepted the testimony of the three eye witnesses despite the fact that they are relations of the victims
It has been repeatedly held by this Court that the mere fact that a witness is related to the victim could not be a good enough ground for rejecting his testimony although it may be a ground for scrutinizing his evidence more critically and carefully where facts and circumstances disclose that only relations have been produced and others presumably independent witnesses who were available were not produced
In the
instant case there is no evidence that anyone 2  1  730 besides the witnesses produced had actually witnessed the attack upon Gian Singh and Zora Singh
The High Court s reasons for doubting the correctness of some of the statements of Surjit Singh PW 4 and Bachan Singh PW 5 as for instance that they had actually failed to recognise Milkiat Singh and Dalip Singh because they had their backs towards them when these very witnesses had asserted before the police that the two other parti cipants were youngmen who could be identified by them if produced before them are quite sound and reasonable
If however a false implication was really intended and the FIR was the result of some conspiracy there was no reason to omit the names of Milkiat Singh and Dalip Singh the two brothers of the respondents from the FIR The prosecution had an explanation for this omission
This was that Zora Singh who had seen and recognised these two accused persons had become unconscious before their names could be communicated to Surjit Singh
The High Court had itself accepted the evidence that Zora Singh had actually become unconscious
In fact it had gone to the extent of holding that he must have become unconscious even before he recognised any of the assailants
On the last mentioned point we certainly do not find it possible to accept the view adopted by the High Court
It is in dealing with the evidence of Zora Singh PW 3 that the High Court seems to us to have adopted a patently erroneous approach and to have given grounds which do not appear to us to be reasonably sustainable
The High Court seems to have assumed that Zora Singh must have invented the story that he had got up to urinate so that he may pose as an eye witness of the occurrence
The ordinary presumption is that a witness speaking under an oath is truthful unless and until he is shown to be untruthful or unreliable in any particular respect
The High Court reversing this approach seems to us to have assumed that witnesses are untruthful unless it is proved that they are telling the truth
Witnesses solemnly deposing on oath in the witness box during a trial upon a grave charge of murder must be presumed to act with a full sense of responsibility of the consequences of what they state
It may be that what they say is so very unlikely or unnatural or unreasonable that it is safer not to act upon it or even to disbelieve them
The High Court bad no doubt tried to show that this was the position with regard to the whole of the testimony of Zora Singh
But we do not think that it was successful
It is true that the statement of a witness that he had got up to urinate just before a murder was committed so that he could witness the murder looks suspicious
But the statement is not for that reason necessarily untrue
Again if as  the High Court believed both Gian Singh and Zora Singh were attacked almost simultaneously its view that Zora Singh would have got up and Tun away or shouted earlier than he was attacked had he been really awake is unreasonable
Let us however assume for the sake of argument that the High Court s guess is correct that Zora Singh was actually asleep when the 731 attack upon Gian Singh and the Zora Singh began
Even then it would be quite unreasonable to and hold as
the High Court
did that Zora Singh must have become unconscious before he could see and recognise his assailants
There was the fight of the electricity at the tubewell where Zora Singh lay on
his bed whether asleep or awake
Zora Singh must have necessarily got up at least when he was struck on the arm
He could not have avoided seeing and then recognising his assailants whom he knew very well before he became unconscious
His account that he was struck first on the arm and then hecried out is corroborated by the fact that other injuries indicate that
his face and jaw were aimed at and struck probably in an attempt
to silence him
The injuries were of such a nature that he must have been awakened shouted writhed in pain and seen the assailants before he became unconscious
The absolutely unacceptable guess work indulged in by the High Court that Zora Singh must have become unconscious before he could see and recognise his assailants is utterly unsupported by evidence and seems very unreasonable
Even if other parts of his evidence are for some reason not accepted Zora Singhs statement that he saw and recognised assailants before he became unconscious cannot be held to be capable of arousing doubts
There is no evidence that the assailants covered him up with a blanket or a cloth so as to disable him from seeing them before
attacking him
If we accept this part of the evidence of Zora Singh as we think we must since it is so strongly corroborated by the medical  evidence and there is nothing on record which conflicts with this inference it becomes evident that he must have shouted for help
If that be so it is difficult to understand why Surjit Singh and Bachan Singh would not go to his rescue as they naturally would on hearing shouts even if they were at some distance
We think that judging from the number of injuries on the two victims the incident must have lasted long enough to enable Surjit Singh PW 4 and Bachan Singh PW 5 to rush towards the scene of occurrence and to see and recognise at least the escaping assailants
It is possible that they may have exaggerated in stating that they actually saw the attack on both the victims
But that would not be enough to discard the whole of their testimony on the ground that they were not likely to be present at their field nearby at the time of the attack
There is no evidence to suggest that they were elsewhere at the time
Indeed the fact that they arranged for the transport of the victims to a hospital  in Ludhiana and took them there before day break shows that they were there to be able to do all this
We do not think that the reasons given for suspecting their presence near enough from the tubewell
at their sugarcane field are strong enough to make it incredible that they should come to the help of the two attacked persons and to see at least the escaping assailants out of whom they recognised two
As human testimony resulting from widely different powers of observation and description is necessarily faulty and even truthfull witnesses not infrequently exaggerate or imagine or tell half truths
the Courts must try to extract and separate the hard core of truth from the whole evidence
This is what is meant by the proverbial saying 732 that Courts must separate the chaff from the grain  If after considering the whole mass of evidence a residue of acceptable truth is established by the prosecution beyond any reasonable doubt the Courts are bound
to give effect to the result flowing from it and not throw it overboard on purely hypothetical and conjectural grounds
In so far as the grounds given for rejecting the evidence of Zora Singh appear to us to be patently unreasonable and highly conjectural we think that the case before us calls for interference by this Court
That evidence as we have already pointed out is corroborated by medical evidence as well as by the statements of Surjit Singh and Bachan Singh
Hence although the statements of Bachan Singh and Surjit Singh taken by themselves may not have been enough to warrant the conviction of the respondents yet when the evidence of Zora Singh strongly corroborated by medical evidence is there we think that the statements of Surjit Singh  Bachan Singh could be used to support the conclusion thus reached without going to the extent of holding that Surjit Singh and Bachan Singh must be wholly believed before their evidence could serve any useful purpose at all as the High Court seems to have erroneously thought
Indeed it is very difficult to find a witness whose evidence is so flawless that it has to be wholly completely and unqualifiedly accepted
We think that the High Court had without saying so ignored the principle repeatedly laid down by this Court in appraising evidence that Courts do not in this country act on the maxim  falsus in uno falsus in omnibus
In considering the effect of each allegation proved to be incorrect or the likelihood of its being true or untrue we have to view it in the light of a whole setting or concatenation of facts in each particular case
There may be reasons for doubting the worth of the evidence of recovery from the respondents but that does not mean that the evidence given by Hardit Singh SI PW8 relating to recoveries is necessarily false so that the investigation itself is tainted
Similarly the more fact that after the lodging of the FIR the necessary precaution of sending the special report to a Magistrate speedily was not shown by the prosecution to have been observed does not mean that the whole prosecution case is false or unacceptable
On the other hand the fact that the FIR discloses only offences punishable under Sections 307 and 326 IPC indicates that it must have been lodged before6
am In any event before the Inquest report on the morning of 19 6 1969 the police had before it the
prosecution version contained in the FIR to which a reference is made in the Inquest report
The statements of Bachan Singh and Surjit Singh were also recorded before that
Therefore the alleged suspected delay in the lodging of the FIR or in sending a special report to a Magistrate do not on the facts of this case indicate an attempt to conspire and fabricate
Indeed if this was so as already observed one would have expected to find the names of Milkiat Singh and Dalip Singh also in the FIR instead of a description given of the unidentified youngmen which did not fit these two acquitted accused persons who were therefore given the benefit of doubt
This feature of the evidence indicates that the names of these two accused were introduced in the case only after Zora Singh had regained consciousness and revealed them as the pro 733 secution alleged
Hence it is likely that the FIR must have been made soon enough to contain the earliest version before Zora Singh s version could get into it after he regained consciouness
We think that the High Court had missed the core of truth in the case and had unjustifiably rejected the prosecution case which was strong enough on the statement of Zora Singh alone corroborated by medical evidence
It had we think made the error of throwing away the prosecution case without attempting to separate the chaff from the grain on the wrong assumption that the two were inseparable here
We therefore set aside the order of acquittal by the High Court and convict the respondents for the offences with which they were charged
As however the occurrence took place several years ago we refrain from awarding a death sentence in this case
We sentence both Hari Singh respondent us 302 IPC and Gian Singh respondent sons of Arjan Singh to life imprisonment under Sections 30234 IPC We also sentence each of them to six years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs 2000 each and in default of payment of fine to rigorous imprisonment for a further period of two years under Sections 30734 IPC The sentences awarded shall run concurrently
SC Appeal Allowed


Summary:
The trial court had convicted the respondents uS 30234 IPC and section 30734 IPc
for the death of two persons GZ
The occurrence took place during the night between 18th  19th June 1969
The victims used to cultivate jointly with others
The respondents and the two acquitted accused persons were brothers who lived in the same village
It is said that there was enmity between the deceased persons and the respondents
The prosecution case was that on the of 18th June 1969 the respondents with two others attacked GZ and as result G died but Z survived
The trial court had convicted the respondents but the High Court acquitted them
I On appeal by the State the main question was whether the three alleged eye witnesses PW3 PW4  PW5 who were related to each other and the victims could be relied upon when corroborated by other facts and circumstances
Allowing the appeal HELD  1 It is a principle common to all criminal appeals by special leave that this Court will refrain from substituting its own views about the appreciation of evidence if the judgment of the High Court is based on one of two alternative views each of which was reasonably open to the High Court to accept
If however the High Courts approach is vitiated by some basically erroneous assumptions or it adopts reasoning which on the face of it is unsound it may become the duty of this Court to prevent a miscarriage of justice and to interfere with an order whether it be of conviction or of acquittal729F 2 In the present case the trial court had accepted the testimony of 3 eye witnesses despite the fact that they are relations of the victims
It has been repeatedly held by this Court that the mere fact that witness is related to the victim could not be a good enough ground for rejecting his testimony although it may be a ground for scrutinizing his evidence more critically and carefully where facts and circumstances disclose that only relations have been produced and others presumably independent witness who were available were not produced
729 H The ordinary presumption is that a witness speaking under an oath Is truthful unless and until he is shown to be unreliable or untruthful
In any particular respect witnesses solemnly deposing on oath in the witness box during a trial upon a grave charge of murder must be presumed to act with a full sense of responsibility of the consequences of what they state
it may be that what they say is so  very unlikely or unreasonable that it is safer not to act upon it or even to disbelieve them
730 F In the present case the evidence of Z who became unconscious due to fatal blows by the assailants can be accepted when his evidence is strongly corroborated by medical and other evidence Therefore the present case is a fit case where this court will interefere