s Nos 79 and 80 of 1963 and 140 of 1962
Petitions under article 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights
section N Andley Rameshawar Nath and P L Vohra for the petitioner in Petition Nos 79 and 80 of 1963
Sarjoo Prasad Ajoy Kumar Gajdhar Mahapatra and A D Mathur for the petitioner in Petition No 1401962
section V Gupte Additional Solicitor General section B Misra RGanapathi lyer and R N Sachthey for the respondents in all the petitions
M C Setalvad J B Dadachanji Ravinder Narain and O C Mathur for the interveners in Petition No 140 1962
January 23 1964
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAR J
The petitioners in these three petitions have moved this Court under article 32 of the Constitution and claimed a declaration that the operative provisions of the Orissa Private Lands of Rulers Assessment of Rent Act 1958 hereinafter called the Act  and the Rules framed thereunder are unconstitutional and ultra vires
The private lands in the possession and enjoyment of the three respective petitioners have been assessed by the Revenue Officers in conformity with the Rules framed under the Act
The petitioners claim a writ or direction or order 304 in the nature of certiorari quashing the said orders of assessment
The petitioner in Writ Petition No 1401962 is the Patrani Saheba of Keonjhar and is in possession and enjoyment of eight villages viz Mangalpur Barigan Nua Rampas Nilung Ghutru Mohadijore Patang and Anara in the district of Keonjhar
These villages were granted to her for maintenance a long time ago and as such they have been recorded in the village papers as Khoraki Posaki Maintenance Grant Lands since the last settlement of 1918
She has held these lands without paying assessment and her case is that the relevant provisions of the Act which authorise the levy of assessment in respect of her lands are unconstitutional and invalid
In her petition she has referred to the fact that from time to time the Government of the day had refrained from levying any assessment in respect of her lands and thereby recognised her right to hold the said villages on assessment free basis
The Revenue Officer of Keonjhar levied an assessment in respect of the said villages purporting to act under the Rules framed under the provisions of the Act
The petitioner then preferred appeals to the Board of Revenue against the said assessment orders but these appeals were dismissed
The assessment levied against the petitioner in respect of these lands is of the order of Rs 9000 and odd and it has to be paid by her from 1958 retrospectively
The petitioner in WP No 791963 is Smt
Rani Ratna Prova Devi who is the wife of Raja Sankar Pratap Singh Deo Mahindra Bahadur ex Ruler of Dhenkanal State in Orissa
At the time when the State of Dhenkanal
merged with India the petitioner was in possession and enjoyment of lands in five villages as a Proprietor
In respect of these lands assessment had never been levied but purporting to give effect to the relevant provisions of the Act the Revenue Officer Dhenkanal assessed rent in respect of all the lands which are in possession and enjoyment of the petitioner
The appeals preferred by the petitioner against the said order of assessment failed and so the petitioner filed the present writ petition challenging the validity of the Act as well as the validity of the assessment order
305 The petitioner in WP No 80 of 1963 is the ex Ruler of Dhenkanal
On the date of merger he held and was in possession of 89 acres 18 dec
and 5 kadis of land in Niz garh Town as his private lands
These lands were never subjected to the payment of rent and yet the Revenue Offi cers assessed rents in respect of these lands under the provisions of the Act
The petitioner failed in persuading the Appellate Authority to set aside the order of assess ment and so has filed the present writ petition challenging the validity of the Act and the order of assessment
Thus the facts on which the three petitions claim relief are substantially similar and they have raised common points of law for our decision
That is why the three petitions have been heard together and would be disposed of by a common judgment
The Act which is challenged in the present proceedings was passed by the Orissa Legislature because it was thought expedient to provide for assessment of rent with respect to the private lands of Rulers in the State of Orissa
It received the assent of the Governor on the 21st May 1958 and was published in the State Gazette on the 6th June 1958
It consists of 15 sections and the main object of the Act is to authorise the levy of rent in respect of the private lands of persons included in the definition of the word Ruler prescribed by section 2h of the Act
Section 2e defines Private land  as meaning any land held on the date of merger by a Ruler free from payment of rent while section 2 h defines a Ruler as meaning the Ruler of a merged territory in the State of Orissa and includes his relatives and defendants
Thus the definition of the word Ruler is an inclusive definition and takes within its sweep the re latives of the Ruler and his dependents with the result that private lands held by such relatives or dependents by virtue of the grants made by the ruling Prince or otherwise come within the mischief of the operative provisions of the Act
Section 2i provides that all other expressions used and not defined in the Act shall have the same meaning as are respectively assigned to them under the tenancy laws in force in the concerned areas
Section 3 contains the main operative provision and it lays down that notwith 134 159 SC 20 306 standing anything contained in any other law custom con tract or agreement to the contrary the private lands field by a Ruler shall with effect from the date of commencement of this Act be liable to assessment and levy of rent as provided in the Act
Thus the effect of this provision is that private lands held by Rulers which till then were not liable to pay rent or assessment were made liable to pay the same
In other words the exemption from the payment of assessment or rent which the private lands of Rulers enjoyed till then ceased to be operative and the said lands were treated like other lands in the State liable to pay assessment and rent
Section 4 provides for the appointment of Revenue Officers and sections 5 and 6 deal with the classification of lands and prescribe the maximum rates of rent and the procedure in determining the rent respectively
Under section 5 the lands have to be classified as irrigated wet land rainfed wet land and dry land this section provides that subject to the provisions of section 6 the rates at which the fair and equitable rent shall be assessed with respect to the said three categories of land shall not exceed the amount as may be prescribed from time to time by the State Government
The proviso to section 5 deals with the special category of cases where the tenants of the Ruler have already acquired rights of occupancy and lays down that the rent payable by the Ruler in respect of such lands shall be such proportion of the rent received by him from the tenants as may be prescribed
Under section 6 the considerations which have to be borne in mind in determining the rates of fair and equitable rent are specified by clauses a to e viz the nature of the soil and general productivity of such land the class under which the land is assessable market value of the land the prevailing rates of rent obtaining for similar lands in the neighbourhood and such other matters relating thereto as may be prescribed
It is thus clear that whereas section 5 requires the classification of the Ruler s private lands to be made and provides for the prescription of the maximum of the rent which may be levied in respect of them section 6 indicates the factors which have to be borne in mind in determining the rates of fair and equitable rent
Clause e 307 shows that in addition to the factors mentioned in clauses a to d other matters may also be specified by the Rules
The rest of the sections deal with matters relating to the levy and recovery of assessment with which we are not concerned in the present petitions
The first contention which has been raised before us by the petitioners is that the provisions contained in sections 5 and 6 are invalid inasmuch as they contravene article 14 of the Constitution
It is convenient to refer to some facts set out in WP No 791963 in support of this argument
We have already noticed that under section 6 certain considerations which the Act considers to be relevant have been prescribed and so the Revenue Officer has to bear those considerations in mind in determining the fair and equitable rent in respect of a given land
WP No 791963 points out that as a result of the consideration of the relevant factors mentioned in section 6 the rates fixed by the preliminary pattas in respect of the petitioner s lands are in every case higher than the rates of rent which are in operation in res pect of the Revisional Settlement Khatian
Basing them selves on the fact that in the calculation of the rent made by the Revenue Officers in respect of the private lands of Rulers they have arrived at a figure of rent which is gene rally higher than the rent which would be determined in case the rates current under the Settlement prevailing in respect of the other lands were applied the petitioners contend that in their operation the relevant provisions of the Act have introduced an illegal discrimination as between their lands and the other lands liable to assessment of rent in the State of Orissa
It is also urged in support of this argument that it would not be a valid consideration for levying higher assessment in respect of the private lands of Ruler that they were not required to pay assessment until the Act was passed
The legislature may in its authority make the private lands of Rulers liable to assessment of rent but when these lands are brought within the class of assessable lands they should be treated in the same way as the other assessable lands are treated in Orissa
That briefly stated is the contention on which the validity of the Act is challenged under article 14
Prima facie there is 308 some force in this contention
But on the whole we are not satisfied that the plea thus raised by the petitioners can be said to displace and rebut the initial presumption of constitutionality in favour of the impugned statute
In dealing with the question raised before us it is neces sary to bear in mind the fact that in regard to other assessable lands a survey settlement which had already been made was in operation and was expected to continue in opera tion for a certain specified period usually when a settle ment has been made and assessment levied in pursuance of it it cannot be revised merely by an executive order during the stipulated period though of course the legislature can if it so desires make a law prescribing for a fresh assess ment even during the said specified period
But in the present case the legislature appears to have taken the view that it was not necessary or expedient to introduce a fresh settlement in regard to all the other assessable lands and so it has passed the present statute only in regard to the private lands of Rulers
That is one relevant and historical fact which cannot be ignored
Proceeding to deal with the private lands of Rulers on this basis the legislature had to prescribe the method of determining the rent payable by the said lands and the re levant factors specified by section 6 appear to be just and substantially similar to the considerations which are generally taken into account at the time of survey settlement for determining the proper revenue assessment on ryotwari lands
There has been some argument at the Bar before us as to whether the market value of the land which has been prescribed as a relevant consideration by section 6 was also treated as relevant on the occasion of the earlier settlement
No material has however been placed before us in that behalf and so it is not possible to decide whether this consideration was taken into account on the earlier occasion or not and if it was not what the effect of the said circumstance would be on the validity of the impugned statute
Having regard to the relevant factors prescribed by section 6 it would however not be unreasonable to take the view that fair and equitable tests have been laid down for determin 309 ing the rent which should be assessed in respect of the pri vate lands of the Rulers and in the absence of any proof that there has been a material departure in that behalf we find it difficult to uphold the plea that section 6 can be attacked on the ground that it has contravened article 14 of the Constitution
The problem posed by the requirement to levy assessment on these private lands had to be dealt with by the legislature on an ad hoc basis
The settlement of rent and assessment introduced by the Act had been made applicable to these lands for the first time and so strictly speaking these lands cannot be treated as comparable in every respect with the lands which were governed by the rates prescribed under the previous settlement and that may help to meet the argument that the impugned Act contravenes article 14
If the two categories of lands do not constitute similar lands in all particulars no valid complaint can
be made on the ground that there has been discrimination as between them
That is another aspect which may be relevant
There is yet another factor which may be mentioned in this connection
It appears that in 1959 the Orissa Legislature has passed an Act No 3 of 1959 with a view to consolidate and amend the laws relating to survey record of rights and settlement operations in the State of Orissa and so it appears that after the settlement operations are duly conducted and completed under the relevant provisions of this latter Act assessment in regard to all the assessable lands including the private lands with which we are con cerned in the present proceedings would be made on the basis prescribed by it
The operation of sections 3 5 and 6 of the impugned Act is therefore limited to the period between June 1958 when the Act came into force and the date when the assessment determined under the provisions of the subsequent Act actually come into operation in respect of all the lands
That is another factor which has to be considered in dealing with the question about the validity of the impugned Act
The allegations made by the petitioners in challenging the validity of the Act are somewhat vague and the mate 31O rials placed by them in support of their challenge are in sufficient inadequate and unsatisfactory
The reply made by the State is also not very helpful or satisfactory
It is precisely where a challenge to the validity of a statute is made by a party under Article 14 and he fails to adduce satisfactory evidence in support of his challenge that the task of the Court to decide the issue becomes very difficult
In considering the validity of a statute under article 14 we cannot ignore the well established principle that the legislature can make class legislation provided the classification on which it purports to be based is rational and has a reasonable nexus with the object intended to be achieved by it and so on the failure of the party to show that the said classification is irrational or has no nexus with the object intended to be achieved by the impugned Act the initial presumption of constitutionality would help the State to urge that the failure of the party challenging the validity to rebut the initial presumption goes against his claim that the Act is invalid
In all cases where the material adduced before the Court in matters relating to article 14 is unsatisfactory the Court may have to allow the State to lean on the doctrine of initial presumption of constitutionality and that is precisely what has happened in these cases
On the whole therefore we must hold that the petitioners have failed to show that the impugned Act contravenes article 14 of the Constitution
it is then argued that the Act is invalid because the definition of the expression Ruler is inconsistent with the definition of the said word prescribed by article 36622 of the Constitution
article 36622 defines a Ruler in relation to an Indian State as meaning the Prince Chief or other person by whom any such covenant or agreement as is referred to in clause 1 of article 291 was entered into and who for the time being is recognised by the President as the Ruler of the State and includes any person who for the time being is recognised by the President as the successor of such Ruler
There is no doubt that the definition of the word  Ruler prescribed by section 2h of the Act is wider than that prescribed by article 36622
The dependents of the Ruler and his relatives are not included in the latter defini 311 tion though they are expressly included in the former
But it must be remembered that the definitions prescribed by article 366 are intended for the purpose of interpreting the articles in the Constitution itself unless the context otherwise requires and so the argument that the definition of the word Ruler prescribed by the Act is inconsistent with the definition prescribed by article 36622 has really no substance or meaning
Besides it is fallacious to assume that the Act has made any provision in respect of Rulers as such what the Act has purported to do is to authorise the levy of assessment and rent in respect of lands situated in Orissa these lands are the private lands of the Rulers as defined by section 2 h and so there is no doubt that the whole object of defining the word Ruler is to specify and describe the lands in respect of which the operative provisions of the Act would come into play
The subject matter of the levy consists of the private lands and the compendious way adopted by the legislature in describing the said lands is that they are the private lands of the Rulers
It is in that connection that the word Ruler has been broadly defined in an inclusive manner
If the legislature had said that the private lands of the Rulers as well as the private lands of the dependents and relatives of Rulers were liable to the levy permitted under section 3 the petitioners would not have been able to raise any objection because then it would have been unnecessary to define the word Ruler in a comprehensive
Once it is conceded as it must be that the Orissa Legislature was competent to pass the Act under Entry 18 of List II of the Seventh Schedule it is idle to suggest that the method adopted by the Act in describing the lands which are made liable to pay assessment introduces any infirmity in the Art itself
Therefore we are satisfied that the contention that the definition of the word Ruler is inconsistent with article 36622 and that makes the whole Act void is without any substance
The third argument which was faintly urged before us is that the Act contravenes the provisions of article 31 of the Constitution
This argument is wholly misconceived
article 311 deals with the deprivation of property save by autho rity of law and cannot obviously be invoked against any 312 of the provisions of the Act and article 312 deals with compulsory acquisition or requisition which also is entirely inapplicable to the present Act
What the Act has purported to do is to authorise the levy of assessment in respect of lands which till then had been exempted from the said levy and as article 315bi provides nothing contained in clause 2 shall affect the provisions of any law which the State may make for the purpose of imposing or levying any tax or penalty
If the Orissa Legislature has imposed a tax in the form of the assessment of the private lands of Rulers clearly it has not purported either to deprive the Rulers of their property or to acquire or requisition the said property it is a simple measure authorising the levy of a tax in respect of agricultural lands and as such it is entirely outside the purview of article 31
It appears that in Pratap Kessari Deo vs The State of Orissa  Ors1 the validity of the Act was challenged before the Orissa High Court and the said High Court has repelled the challenge and upheld the validity of the Act
In our opinion the view taken by the Orissa High Court is right
The result is
the petitions fail and are dismissed with costs
One set of hearing fees
Petition dismissed


Summary:
The petitioners in these three writ petitions challenged the operative provisions of the Orissa Private Lands of Rulers Assessment of Rent Act 1958 and the Rules framed thereunder
These petitioners possess 302 private lands in the State of Orissa which before the impugned Act were not subjected to the payment of rent but which were assessed by the Revenue Officers in conformity with the Rules framed under the Act
The petitioners claims a writ in the nature of certiorari quashing the said orders of assessment
The Act was passed by the Orissa Legislature because it was thought expedient to provide for assessment of rent with respert to the private lands of Rulers in the State of Orissa
The main object of the Act is to authorise the levy of rent in respect of the private lands of persons included in the definition of the word Ruler prescribed by section 2h of the Act
Section 2h defines a Ruler as meaning the Ruler of a merged territory in the State of Orissa and includes his relatives and dependants
The petitioners attacked the pro visions of the Act mainly on the ground that they contravened article 14 of the Constitution
Heldi that section 6 of the Act does not contravene article 14 of the Constitution for the reason that fair and equitable tests have been laid down under section 6 of the Act for determining the rent which should be assessed in respect of the private lands of the Rulers
In the present case the legislature had prescribed the method of determining the rent payable on the private lands and the relevant factors specified by section 6 appear to be just and substantially similar to the considerations which are generally taken into account at the time of survey settlement for determining the proper revenue assessment on ryotwari lands
The problem posed by the requirement to levy assessment on these private lands had to be dealt with by the legislature on an ad hoc basis
The settlement of rent and assessment introduced by the Act had been made applicable to these lands for the first time and so these lands could not be treated as comparable in every respect with the lands which were governed by the rates prescribed under the previous settlement
iiIn considering the validity of a statute under article 14 the wellestablished principle is that the legislature can make class legislation provided the classification on which it purports to be based is rational and has a reasonable nexus with the object intended to be achieved by it
If the party fails to show that the said classification is irrational or has no nexus with the object intended to be achieved by the impugned Act the initial presumption of constitutionality would help the State to urge that the failure of the party challenging the validity to rebut the initial presumption goes against his claim that the Act is invalid
In all cases where the material adduced before the court in matters relating to article 14 is unsatisfactory the court may have to allow the State to lean on the initial presumption of constitutionality
iiiThere is no substance in the contention that the impugned Act is void because the definition of the word Ruler is inconsistent with Art 36622 of the Constitution
There is no doubt that the definition of the word Ruler prescribed by section 2h of the Act is wider than that prescribed by article 36622 of the Constitution
303 The definitions prescribed by article 366 are intended for the purpose of interpreting the articles in the Constitution itself unless the context otherwise requires
The whole object of defining the word Ruler in the Act is to specify and describe the lands in respect of which the operative provisions of the Act would come into play
It is in that connection that the word Ruler has been broadly defined in an inclusive manner
iv The impugned Act is entirely outside the purview of article 31 of the Constitution as it has not purported either to deprive the Rulers of their property or to acquire or requisition the said property
It is a simple measure authorising the levy of a tax in respect of agricultural lands
Pratap Kesari Deo vs The State of Orissa AIR 1961 Orissa 131 relied on