XXXVII of 1950
Application under article 32 of the Constitution of India for a writ of certiorari and prohibition
The facts are set out in the judgment
B Banerji for the petitioner
MC Setalvad Attorney General for India Gyan Chand with him for the opposite party
522 1950
May 26
The following judgments were delivered KANIA CJ This is an application for a writ of certiorari and prohibition under article 32 of the Constitution of India
The petitioner who is the President of the All India Hindu Mahasabha since December 1949 was served with an order of externment dated the gist of March 1950 that night
By that order he is directed by the District Magis trate Delhi not to remain in the Delhi District and immediately to remove himself from the Delhi District and not to return to the District
The order was to continue in force for three months
By another order of the Madhya Bharat Government he was directed to reside in Nagpur
That order has been recently cancelled
The petitioner disputes the validity of the first order on the ground that the East Punjab Public Safety Act 1949 under which the order was made is an infringement of his fundamental right given under article 19 1 d of the Constitution of India
He further contends that the grounds of the order served on him are vague insufficient and incomplete
According to him the object of the externment order passed by the District Magistrate Delhi was to suppress political opposition to the policy of the Government in respect of Pakistan and the Muslim League
It is alleged that because the petitioner and the Hindu Mahasabha are against the Government policy of appeasement this order is served on him
It is therefore mala fide and illegal
In support of his contention about the invalidity of the East Punjab Public Safety Act and its provisions as regards externment counsel for the petitioner relied on the recent unreported judgments of the Patna High Court in Miscellaneous Judicial Case No 29 of 1950 Brij nandan vs The State of Bihar and of the High Court of Bombay in Criminal Application No 114 of 1950 re Jai singhbhai Ishwarlal Modi
It is necessary first to ascertain the true meaning of article 19 1 d read with clause 5 of the same article
There is no doubt that by the order of extern 523 ment the right of the petitioner to freedom of movement throughout the territory of India is abridged
The only question is whether the limits of permissible legislation under clause 5 are exceeded
That clause provides as follows 19
5 Nothing in subclauses d e and f of the said clause shall affect the operation of any exist ing law in so far as it imposes or prevent the State from making any law imposing reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe
 It is clear that the clause permits imposition of reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by sub clause din the interests of the general public
The rest of the provision of clause 5 is not material and neither side relies on it
Two interpretations of the clause are put before the Court
It is argued that grammatically understood the only question before the Court is whether the impugned legislation imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right
To put it in other words the only justiciable issue to be decided by the Court is whether the restrictions imposed by the legislation on the exercise of the right are reasonable
If those restrictions on the exercise of the right are reasonable the Court has not to consider whether the law imposing the restrictions is rea sonable
The other interpretation is that while the Consti tution permits a law laying down reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the rights mentioned in sub clause 19 1 d the reasonableness has to be of the law also
It is submitted that in deciding whether the restrictions on the exercise of the right are reasonable the Court has to decide not only on the extent and nature of the restric tions on the exercise of the right but also as to whether the conditions under which the right is restricted are reasonable
The majority judgments of the Patna and the Bombay High Courts although the impugned Acts of the State Legislatures before them were materially different on cer tain important points have given clause 5 of article 19 the latter meaning
524 In my opinion clause 5 must be given its full mean ing
The question which the Court has to consider is wheth er the restrictions put by the impugned legislation on the exercise of the right are reasonable or not
The question whether the provisions of the Act provide reasonable safe guards against the abuse of the power given to the executive authority tO administer the law is not relevant for the true interpretation of the clause
The Court on either inter pretation will be entitled to consider whether the re strictions on the right to move throughout India ie both as regards the territory and the duration are reasonable or not
The law providing reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by article 19 may contain substantive provisions as well as procedural provisions
While the reasonableness of the restrictions has to be considered with regard to the exercise of the right it does not necessarily exclude from the consideration of the Court the question of reasonableness of the procedural part of the law
It is obvious that if the law prescribes five years externment or ten years externment the question whether such period of externment is reasonable being the substan tive part is necessarily for the consideration of the Court under clause 5
Similarly if the law provides the proce dure under which the exercise of the right may be restrict ed the same is also for the consideration of the Court as it has to determine if the exercise of the right has been reasonably restricted
I do not think by this interpretation the scope and ambit of the word reasonable as applied to restrictions on the exercise of the right is in any way unjustifiably enlarged
it seems that the narrow construc tion sought to be put on the expression to restrict the Court s power to consider only the substantive law on the point is not correct
In my opinion this aspect of the construction of article 19 5 has escaped the minority judgment in the two matters mentioned above
I am not con cerned with the conclusions of the two Courts about the invalidity of the provisions of the Acts they were asked to consider
To the extent they help in the interpretation of article 19 5 only they are helpful
525 The next question is whether the impugned Act contains reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right given under article 19 1dor e
It was argued on behalf of the petitioner that under section 4 the power to make the order of externment was given to the Provincial Government or the District Magistrate whose satisfaction was final
That decision was not open to review by the Court
On that ground it was contended that there was an unreasonable restriction on the exercise of the citizen s right
In my opinion this argument is unsound
This is not legislative delegation
The desirability of passing an individual order of externment against a citizen has to be left to an offi cer
In the Act such a provision cannot be made
The satisfaction of the officer thus does not impose an unrea sonable restriction on the exercise of the citizen s right
So far as the Bombay High Court is concerned Chagla CJ appears to have decided this point against the contention of the petitioner
It was next urged that under section 4 3 the order made by the District Magistrate shall not unless the Pro vincial Government by special order otherwise direct remain in force for more than three months
It was argued that the period of three months itself was unreasonable as the ex ternee had no remedy during that time
It was contended that when the Provincial Government directed the renewal of the order no limit of time was prescribed by the legislature for the duration of the order
The order therefore can be in operation for an indefinite period
This was argued to be an unreasonable restriction on the exercise of a citi zen s right
In this connection it may be pointed out that in respect of preventive detention which is a more severe restriction on the right of the citizen the Constitution itself under article 22 4 to 7 permits preventive deten tion for three months without any remedy
The period of three months therefore prima facie does not appear unreason able
Under the proviso to section 4 5 the Provincial Government is not permitted to direct the exclusion or removal from the Province of a person ordinarily residing in the Province and similarly 526 the District Magistrate is not permitted to order the exclu sion or removal of a person ordinarily resident in his district from that district
This is a great safeguard provided under the East Punjab Public Safety Act
The further extension of the externment order beyond three months may be for an indefinite period but in that connec tion the fact that the whole Act is to remain in force only up to the 14th August 1951 cannot be overlooked
More over this whole argument is based on the assumption that the Provincial Government when making the order will not perform its duty and may abuse the provisions of the sec tion
In my opinion it is improper to start with such an assumption and decide the legality of an Act on that basis
Abuse of the power given by a law sometimes occurs but the validity of the law cannot be contested because of such an apprehension
In my opinion therefore this contention of the petitioner cannot be accepted
was next argued that there is no provision in the Act for furnishing grounds of externment to the citizen
Section 4 6 provides that when an externment order has been made its grounds may be communicated to the externee by the authority making the order and in any case when the order is to be enforced for more than three months he shall have a right of making a representation which shall be referred to the advisory tribunal constituted under section 3 4
While the word may ordinarily conveys the idea of a discretion and not compulsion reading it with the last part of the clause it seems that when an externment order has to be enforced for more than three months an absolute right is given to the cxternee to make a representation
He cannot make a representation unless he has been furnished grounds for the order
In no other part of the Act a right to obtain the grouuds for the order in such a case is given to him
Therefore that right has to be read as given under the first part of section 4 6
That can be done only by reading the word may for that purpose as having the mean ing of shall If the word may has to be so read for that purpose it appears to be against the well recognised canons of construction to 527 read the same may as having a different meaning when the order is to be in force for less than three months
I do not think in putting the meaning of shall on may in the clause I am unduly straining the language used in the clause
So read this argument must fail
It was next argued that there is no provision in the Act showing what the advisory board has to do when it receives a representation
A reference to the advisory board neces sarily implies a consideration of the case by such board
The absence of an express statement to that effect in the impugned Act does not invalidate the Act
It was finally contended on behalf of the petitioner that the grounds for the externment order supplied to him are vague insufficient and incomplete
The grounds are stated as follows  Your activities generally and particularly since the recent trouble in East and West Bengal have been of a communal nature tending to excite hatred between communities and whereas in the present composition of the population of Delhi and the recent communal disturbances of Delhi feelings are roused between the majority and minority communities your presence and activities in Delhi are likely to prove prejudicial to the maintenance of law and order it is considered necessary to order you to leave Delhi
 These grounds cannot be described as vague insufficient or incomplete
It is expressly stated that the activities of the petitioner who is the President of the Hindu Maha sabha since the recent disturbances between two communities in the East and West Bengal have particularly been of a communal nature which excites hatred between the communi ties
It is further stated that having regard to the recent disturbance in Delhi the population of which is composed of both these communities the excitement of suchhatred is likely to be dangerous to the peace and maintenance of law and order
Apart from being vague I think that these grounds are specific and if honestly be lieved can support the order
The argument that the order 528 was served to stifle opposition to the Government policy of appeasement has little bearing because the District Magis trate of Delhi is not concerned with the policy of the Government of appeasement or otherwise
The order is made because the activities of the petitioner are likely to prove prejudicial to the maintenance of law and order and the grounds specified have a direct bearing on that conclusion of the District Magistrate
I therefore think that this contention of the petitioner must be rejected
The result is that the petition fails and is dismissed
FAZL ALI J
I agree
PATANJALI SASTRI J
I agree that this application must fail
As I share the views expressed by my Lord inthe judgment just delivered by him on the reasonableness of the restrictions imposed by the impugned legislation whichever construction of article 19 5 of the Constitution is adopt ed I consider it unnecessary to express any opinion on the true scope of the judicial review permitted under that article and I hold myself free to deal with that point when it becomes necessary to do so
MAHAJAN J I concur in the judgment which my brother Mukh erjea is delivering and for the reasons given by him I allow the petition and quash the order of externment
MUKHERJEA J This is an application under article 32 of the Constitution praying for quashing of an externment order made by the District Magistrate of Delhi against the petitioner Dr NB Khare on 31st March 1950 by which the latter was directed to remove himself immediately from the Delhi District and not to return to that District so long as the order remained in force
The order is for three months at present
Complaint was also made in the petition in respect of another and a subsequent order passed by the Government of Madhya Bharat which was served on the peti tioner on his way to Nagpur and which 529 directed him to reside within the limits of the Nagpur Municipality and not to leave that area without the permis sion of the District Magistrate of that place
This order of the Government of Madhya Bharat we are told has since been withdrawn and we are not concerned with that order or the Act under which it was passed in the present proceeding
The substantial contention raised on behalf of the petitioner is that the particular provision of the East Punjab Public Safety Act 1949 under which the District Magistrate of Delhi purported to make the externment order became void and ceased to be operative after the new Consti tution came into force by reason of these provisions being inconsistent with the fundamental rights guaranteed under article 19 1 d of the Constitution read with clause 5 of the same article
The argument is that any order passed under such void legislative provisions must necessarily be void and of no effect in law
In order to appreciate the merits of this contention it may be convenient to advert to the material provisions of the East Punjab Public Safety Act which are alleged to have become void as well as to the articles of the Constitution upon which reliance has been placed by the learned counsel for the petitioner
The East Punjab Public Safety Act came into force on 29th March 1949 and its object as stated in the preamble is to provide for special measures to ensure public safety and maintenance of public order
Section 4 1 of the Act provides The Provincial Government or the District Magistrate if satisfied with respect to any particular person that with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudi cial to the public safety or the maintenance of public order it is necessary so to do may by order in writing give anyone or more of the following directions namely that such person          c shall remove himself from and shall not return to any area that may be specified in the order  530 Sub section 3 of the section lays down that An order under sub section 1 made by the District Magistrate shall not unless the Provincial Government by special order otherwise directs remain in force for more than three months from the making thereof The contention of the petitioner is that the restrictive provisions mentioned above under which a person could be removed from a particular area or prohibited from returning to it are inconsistent with the fundamental right guaranteed by article 19 1 d of the Constitution under which all citizens shall have the right to move freely throughout the territory of India
 This right indeed is not absolute and the extent to which it could be curtailed by legislation is laid down in clause5of article 19 which runs as follows Nothing in sub clauses d e and f of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes or prevent the State from making any law imposing reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe Thus the primary question which requires consideration is whether the impugned legislation which apparently seems to be in conflict with the fundamental right enunciated in article 19 1 d of the Consitution is protected by clause 5 of the article under which a law would be valid if it imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right in the interests of the general public
It is not disputed that the question of reasonableness is a justiciable matter which has to be determined by the Court
If the Courts hold the restrictions imposed by the law to be reasonable the petitioner would certainly have no remedy
If on the other hand they are held to be unreasonable article 13 1of the Constitution imposes a duty upon the Court to pronounce the law to be invalid to the extent that it is inconsistent with the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution
531 It has been urged though somewhat faintly by the learned Attorney General that the right of free movement throughout the Indian territory as enunciated in article 19 1 d of the Constitution contemplates nothing else but absence of inter State restrictions which might prevent citizens of the Indian Union from moving from one State to another
A law which does not impose barriers of this kind it is said cannot be inconsistent with the fundamental right secured by this clause
Such a restricted interpreta tion is in my opinion not at all warranted by the language of the sub clause
What article 19 1 d of the Constitu tion guarantees is the free right of all citizens to go wherever they like in the Indian territory without any kind of restriction whatsoever
They can move not merely from one State to another but from one place to another within the same State and what the Constitution lays stress upon is that the entire Indian territory is one unit so far as the citizens are concerned
Clause c of section 4 1 of the East Punjab Public Safety Act 1949 authorises the Provin cial Government or the District Magistrate to direct any person to remove himself from any area and prohibit him from entering the same
On the face of it such provision repre sents an interference with the
fundamental right guaran teed by article 19 1 d of the Constitution
The contro versy therefore narrows down to this whether the impugned legislation is saved by reason of its being within the permissible limits prescribed by clause 5 of article 19
With regard to clause 5 the learned AttorneyGeneral points out at the outset that the word reasonable occur ring in the clause qualifies restrictions and not law 
It is argued that in applying the clause all that we have to see is whether the restrictions that are imposed upon the exercise of the right by law are reasonable or not and we have not to enquire into the reasonableness or otherwise of the law itself
The reasonableness of the restrictions can be judged  according to the learned Attorney General from the nature of the restrictions themselves and not from the manner in which or the authorities by which they are 532 imposed
The question whether the operation of the law produces hardship in individual cases is also a matter which is quite irrelevant to our enquiry
I do agree that in clause 5 the adjective reasonable  is predicated of the restrictions that are imposed by law and not of the law itself but that does not mean that in deciding the reasonableness or otherwise of the restric tions we have to confine ourselves to an examination of the restrictions in the abstract with reference merely to their duration or territorial extent and that it is beyond our province to look up to the circumstances under which or the manner in which the restrictions have been imposed
It is not possible to formulate an effective test which would enable us to pronounce any particular restriction to be reasonable or unreasonable per se
All the attendant cir cumstances must be taken into consideration and one cannot dissociate the actual contents of the restrictions from the manner of their imposition or the mode of putting them into practice
The question of reasonableness of the restric tions imposed by a law may arise as much from the substan tive part of the law as from its procedural portion
Thus although I agree with the learned Attorney General that the word reasonable in clause 5 of article 19 goes with restrictions and not with law I cannot accept his suggestion as regards the proper way of determining the reasonableness of the restrictions which a legislation might impose upon the exercise of the right of free movement
Coming now to the provisions of the impugned Act Mr Baner jee s main contention is that section 4 1 cof the East Punjab Public Safety Act which provides for passing of orders removing a person from a particular area on the satisfaction of the Provincial Government or the District Magistrate cannot be a reasonable piece of legislation inasmuch as the only pre requisite for imposition of the restrictions is the personal satisfaction of certain indi viduals or authorities the propriety or reasonableness of which cannot be tested by the application of any external rule or standard
It is said that any law which places the liberty 533 of a subject at the mercy of an executive officer however high placed he might be and whose action cannot be reviewed by a judicial tribunal is an arbitrary and not a reasonable exercise of legislative powers
The contention requires careful examination
It is not disputed that under clause 5 of article 19 the reasonableness of a challenged legislation has to be determined by a Court and the Court decides such matters by applying some objective standard which is said to be the standard of an average prudent man
Judged by such standard which is sometimes described as an external yard stick the vesting of authority in particular officers to take prompt action under emergent circumstances entirely on their own responsibility or personal satisfaction is not necessarily unreasonable
One has to take into account the whole scheme of the legislation and the circumstances under which the restrictive orders could be made
The object of the East Punjab Public Safety Act is to pro vide for special measures to ensure public safety and maintenance of public order
Under section 4 1 c of the Act the Provincial Govern ment or the District Magistrate may make an order directing the removal of a certain person from a particular area if they are satisfied that such order is necessary to prevent such person from acting in any way prejudicial to public safety or maintenance of public order
Preventive orders by their very nature cannot be made after any judicial enquiry or trial
If emergent steps have got to be taken to prevent apprehended acts which are likely to jeopardise the inter ests or safety of the public somebody must be given the power of taking the initial steps on his own responsibility and no reasonable objection could be taken if the authority who is given the power is also entrusted with the responsi bility of maintaining order and public peace in any particu lar district or province
The preventive provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code are based on similar principle
In my opinion therefore the provision of section 4 1 c of the East Punjab Public Safety Act cannot be pronounced to be unreasonable simply because the order could be passed by the Provincial Government 534 or the District Magistrate on their own personal satisfac tion and not on materials which satisfy certain objective tests
But though certain authorities can be invested with powers to make the initial orders on their own satisfaction in cases of this description the position would certainly be different if the order thus made is allowed to continue for any indefinite period of time without giving the ag grieved person an opportunity to say what he has got to say against the order
I have already set out the provisions of sub section 3 of section 4 which deals with duration of the orders made under the various clauses of sub section 1
It will be seen from this sub section that there is absolutely no limit as to the period of time during which an externment order would remain in force if the order is made by the Provincial Government
The Provincial Government has been given unlimited authority in this respect and they can keep the order in force as long as they chose to do so
As regards orders made by a District Magistrate the period indeed has been fixed at three months but even here the Provincial Government is competent to extend it to any length of time by means of a special order
The law does not fix any maximum period beyond which the order cannot continue and the fact that the Act itself would expire in August 1951 is in my opinion not a relevant matter for consideration in this connection at all
I have no hesi tation in holding that the provision of sub section 3 of section 4 is manifestly unreasonable and cannot be supported on any just ground
One could understand that the exigen cies of circumstances might justify the vesting of plenary powers on certain authorities which could pass orders on their  own personal satisfaction temporarily and for a short period of time but if these orders are to continue indefi nitely it is only fair that an opportunity should be given to the person against whom such order is made to say what he has to say in answer to the allegations made against him
There may not be an investigation by a regular Court but it is necessary that the aggrieved person should be given a fair hearing and that by an 535 impartial tribunal
The provision of the impugned Act which has bearing on this point is contained in sub section 6 of section 4 and it runs as follows When an order has been made in respect of any person under any of the clauses under section 4 sub section 1 or sub section 2 the grounds of it may be communicated to him by the authority making the order and in any case when the order is to be in force for more than three months he shall have a right of making a representation which shall be referred to the Advisory Tribunal constituted under section 3 sub section 4
 It will be noted that the first part of the subsection makes it entirely optional with the authorities to communi cate the grounds upon which the order is made to the person affected by it
The grounds need not be communicated at all if the authorities so desire
As regards the right of representation the latter part of the sub section seems to imply that when the order is to remain in force for more than three months the right of representation should be given to the aggrieved person and the representation shall be referred for consideration to the advisory tribunal constituted under section 3 sub section 4 of the Act
The right however is purely illusory as would appear from the fact that even in cases where the order is to be opera tive for more than three months there is no obligation on the part of the authorities to communicate to the person the grounds upon which the order was made
The aggrieved person consequently may not at all be apprised of the allegations made against him and it will be impossible for him to make any adequate or proper representation if he is not told on what grounds the order was passed
In my opinion this is an equally unreasonable provision and neither sub section 3 nor sub section 6 of section 4 of the Act can be said to have imposed restrictions which are reasonable in the inter ests of the general public
My conclusion therefore is that under article 13 1 of the Indian Constitution these provisions of the Act became void and inoperative after the Constitution came into 536 force and consequently the order made by the District Magistrate in the present case cannot stand
I would therefore allow the application and quash the externment order that has been passed against the petition er
Petition dismissed
Agent for the petitioner Ganpat Rai
Agent for the opposite party PA Mehta


Summary:
Section 4 sub section
1 c of the East Punjab Public Safety Act of 1949 which was passed on the 29th March 1949 and was to be in force until the 14th August 1951 provided that The Provincial Government or the District Magistrate if satisfied with respect to any particular person that with view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the public safety or the maintenance of public order it is necessary to do so may by order in writing give a direction that such person shall remove himself from and shall not return to any area that may be specified in the order
 Sub section 3 of section 4 provided that an order under sub section
1 made by the District Magistrate shall not unless the Provincial Goverment by special order otherwise directs remain in force for more than three months from the making thereof and sub section
6 laid down that when an order has been made in respect of any person under any of the clauses under section 4 sub section
1 or sub section
9 the grounds of it may be communicated to him by the authority making the order and in any case when the order is to be in force for more then three months he shall have a right of making a representation which shall be referred to the Advisory Tribunal constituted under section 3 sub section
 The petitioner against whom an order under 1 c of the Act was passed applied to the Court under article 39 of the Constitution for a writ of certiorari contending that the order was illegal inasmuch as the provisions of the above mentioned Act under which the order was made infringed the fundamental right to move freely throughout the territo ry of India which was guaranteed by article 19 1 d of the Constitution and were accordingly void under article 13 1 of the Constitution Held per KANIA CJ FAZL ALl and PATANJALI SASTRI J3
MAHAJAN and MUKHERJEA JJ
dissenting i that there was nothing unreasonable in the provision contained in sub section
1 c empowering the Provincial Government or the Dis trict Magistrate to make an externment order and making their satisfaction as to the necessity of making such an order final or in the provisions contained in sub section
3 of section 4 that an order of a District Magistrate may remain in force for three months and that the Provincial Government may make an order or keep alive an order made by a District Magistrate for a period exceeding three months without fixing any time limit ii with regard to sub section
6 the word may in the expression may communicate must in the context be read as meaning shall and under the sub sec tion it is obligatory on the authority making an order to communicate the grounds to the externeeiii the restric tions imposed by the above mentioned provisions of the Act upon the fundamental right guaranteed by article 19 1 d were not therefore unreasonable restrictions within the meaning 01 article 19 5 and the provisions of the Act were not void under article 13 1 and the order of externment was not illegal
Per MUKHERJEA J MAHAJAN J concurring Though certain authorities can be invested with power to make 521 initial orders on their own satisfaction in cases of this description and section 4 1 c of the East punjab Public Safety Act cannot be pronounced to be unreasonable simply because an order I could be passed by the Provincial Gov ernment or the District Magistrate on their own personal satisfaction and not on materials which satisfy certain objective tests yet the position would be different if the order thus made is allowed to continue for any indefinite period of time without giving the aggrieved person an oppor tunity to say what he has got to say against the order and inasmuch as sub section
3 of section 4 prescribes no limit to the period of time during which an externment order would remain in force if it is made by the Provincial Government and the Provincial Government is also given power to keep an order made by a District Magistrate in force for an indefinite period the provisions of sub section
3 are manifestly unrea sonable
The provisions of sub section
6of section 4 are also unreasonable as they make it entirely optional with the authorities to communicate to the person affected the grounds upon which the order is made
Neither sub section
3 nor sub section
6 of section 4 can therefore be said to have imposed restrictions which are reasonable in the interests of the general public within the meaning of article 19 5 and these provisions of the Act were consequently void and inoperative under article 13 1of the Constitution and the externment order was illegal
Held also per KANIA CJ FAZL ALI MAHAJAN and MUKH ERJEA JJ
Whether the restrictions imposed by a legislative enactment upon the fundamental right guaranteed by article 19 1 d are reasonable within the meaning of article 19 5 of the Constitution would depend as much on the procedural portion of the law as the substantive part of it and in considering whether such restrictions are reasonable the Court is not therefore bound to confine itself to an exami nation of the reasonableness of the restrictions in the abstract with reference to their duration and territorial extent
The Court can also consider the reasonableness of the procedural part of the law and the circumstances under which and the manner in which the restrictions have been imposed
PATANJALI SASLUP I J did not express any opin ion on this point