minal Appeal No 113 of 1963
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated April 19 1963 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Appeal No 988 of 1962
VB Ganatra and I N Shroff for the appellant Cr A No 57 of 1963
Frank Anthony E C Agarwala and P C Agrawal for the appellant in Cr A No 113 of 1963
SG Patwardhan and B R G K Achar for the respondent State in both the appeals
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Mudholkar J
This appeal and Criminal appeal No 11363 arise out of a joint trial of the appellant Mangaldas and the two appellants Daryanomal and Kodumal in Crl
A 113 of 1963 for the contravention of section 7v of The hereinafter referred to as the Act in which they were convicted and sentenced tinder section 161 a of the Act
The appellants Mangaldas and Daryanomal were each sentenced under section 16  1  a ii of the Act to undergo rigorous imprisonment for six months and to pay a fine of Rs 500 while the other appellant was sentenced under sub cl 1 to undergo imprisonment until the rising of the Court and to pay a fine of Rs 200
On appeal they were all acquitted by the Additional Sessions Judge Nasik
The State preferred an appeal before the High Court of Bombay which allowed it and restored the sentences passed on Mangaldas
and Daryanomal by the Judicial Magistrate but imposed only a fine of Rs 200 on Kodumal
They have come up to this Court by special leave
The admitted facts are these
Mangaldas is a wholesale dealer Commission agent exporter supplier and manufacturer of various kinds of spices doing business at Bombay
Dayanomal is engaged 896 in grocery business at Nasik while Kodumal is his servant
On November 7 1960 Daryanomal purchased from Mangaldas a bag of haldi turmeric powder weighing 75 kg
which was despatched by the latter through a public carrier
It was received on behalf of Daryanomal at 1145 AM on November 18 1960 by Kodumal at the octroi post of Nasik Municipality
After he paid the octroi duty to the Nasik Municipality and took delivery of the bag the Food Inspector Burud purchased from him 12 oz
of turmeric powder contained in that bag for the purpose of analysis
The procedure in this regard which is laid down in section 11 of the Act was followed by Burud
A portion of the turmeric powder was sent to the Public Analyst at Poona whose report exhibit 16 shows that the turmeric powder was adulterated food within the meaning of section 2 1 of the Act
Thereupon Burud after obtaining the sanction of the Officer of Health of the Municipality filed a complaint against the appellants in the court of the Judicial Magistrate for offences under section 161 a read with section 7v of the Act
At the trial Kodumal admitted that he had taken delivery of the bag at the octroi post and sold 12 oz
of turmeric powder to the Food Inspector and that he had also received a notice from him under section 11 of the Act
It was contended at the trial on behalf of Daryanomal that actually no delivery had been taken but that point was not pressed before the High Court
While Mangaldas admitted that he had sold and despatched the bag containing turmeric powder he contended that what was sent was not turmeric powder used for human consumption but was Bhandara which is used for religious purposes or for applying to the forehead
This contention was rejected by the Judicial Magistrate as well as by the High Court but was not considered by the Additional Sessions Judge
It was sought to be challenged before us by Mr Ganatra on his behalf but as the finding of the High Court on the point is upon a question of fact we did not permit him to challenge it
We will take Mangaldas s case first
Mr Ganatra had made an application on his behalf for raising a number of new points including some alleged to raise constitutional questions
At the hearing however he did not seek to urge any question involving the interpretation of the Constitution
The new points which he Sought to urge were 1 that the appellant was not questioned regarding the report of the Public Analyst 2 the joint trial of Mangaldas with the other two appellants was illegal and 3 that the sanction was not valid
897 As regards the first of these points his contention is that he had raised it before the High Court also though it has not referred to in its judgment
The High Court has stated clearly that all the points raised in argument before it were considered by it
In the face of this statement we cannot allow the point to be urged before US
As regards the second point it is sufficient to say that it was not raised before the Magistrate
Section 537b of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no judgment conviction or sentence can be held to be vitiated by reason of misjoinder of parties unless prejudice has resulted to the accused thereby
For determining whether failure of justice has resulted the Court is required by the Explanation to section 537 to have regard to the fact that the objection had not been raised at the trial
Unless it is so raised it would be legitimate to presume that the accused apprehended no prejudice
The point thus fails
As regards the alleged invalidity of sanction it is sufficient to point out that the contention was not raised in the High Court or earlier
We therefore decline to consider it
Mr Ganatra urged that the trial court had no jurisdiction to try the appellant as the appellant had not committed any offence within its jurisdiction
With regard to this point the High Court has held that Mangaldas had distributed the commodity within the jurisdiction of the Magistrate and therefore the Magistrate had jurisdiction to try him
Apart from that we may point out that under section 182 of the Code of Criminal Procedure where it is uncertain in which of the local areas an offence was committed or where the offence is committed partly in one local area and partly in another or where an offence is a continuing one and continues to be committed in more local areas than one or where it consists of several acts done in different local areas it may be inquired into or tried by a Court having jurisdiction over any of such local areas
Since Mangaldas actually sent the bag from Bombay to Nasik he could be said to have committed the offence partly in Bombay from where it was despatched and partly in Nasik to which place it had been consigned
Apart from that the mere fact that pro ceedings were taken in a wrong place would not vitiate the trial unless it appears that this has occasioned a failure of justice see section 531 Cr P C
Mr Ganatra however says that there was failure of justice in this case because had Mangaldas been prosecuted at Bombay one of the samples taken from the bag of turmeric powder would have been sent to the Public Analyst at Bombay and not to the Public Analyst at Poona
We are wholly 898 unable to appreciate how this could make any difference whatsoever
Apart from that since the samples were actually taken at Nasik the one meant for analysis had according to an administrative order of the Government to be sent to the Public Analyst at Poona
Therefore even if Mangaldas had been tried at Bombay tile report of the Public Analyst at Poona could be put in evidence
There is nothing in the Act which prevents that from being done
In view of the fact that the finding of the Judicial Magistrate and the High Court that the turmeric powder had been adulterated was based solely on the report of the Public Analyst Mr Ganatra raised three contentions before us
One is that such evidence is not by itself sufficient for the conviction of an accused person the second is that the Public Analyst was not called as a witness in the case and the third is that unless notice is given to an accused person under section 11 of the Act after a sample had been taken of the allegedly adulterated commodity the report of the Public Analyst concerning that commodity is not admissible against him
In support of the contention that the conviction could not be based solely upon the report of the Public Analyst that the turmeric power was adulterated
Mr Ganatra relied upon the decisions in State vs Bhausa Hanmatsa Patwar1 and City Corporation Trivandrum vs Antony 2 
The first of these is a case under the Bombay Prohibition Act 1949 Bombay XXV of 1949
In that case a large quantity of angurasava partly contained in two barrels and partly in three boxes containing 109 bottles was recovered from the house of the accused person
Samples taken from the barrels and boxes were sent for analysis to the Chemical Analyser and to the Principal Podar Medical College Bombay
The report of the former showed that three out of the four samples contained alcohol in varying degrees
Thereupon the accused was Prosecuted for offence  under sections 65 66b and 831 of the Bombay Prohibition Act
His defence was that he manufactured a medical preparation called angurasava which contained Ayurvedic ingredients which generated alcohol
According to him therefore what was seized from him was outside the orbit of the Bombay Prohibition Act
Partly relying upon the certificate issued by the Principal of Podar Medical College the trying Magistrate acquitted the accused holding that the Prosecution failed to discharge the onus of proof that angurasava was prohibited liquor
On appeal by the State of Maharashtra before the High Court reliance was placed upon the certificates issued by the Chemical Analyser as well as by the Principal Podar Medical College
The certificate of 1  2 ILR 1962 1 Kerala 430
899 the former showed that three out of the four samples contained 22 and 6 per cent vv of ethyl alcohol respectively and they contain yeast
No alkaloidal ingredient or metallic poison was detected in them
The certificate of the Principal of the Podar Medical College is as follows Formula supplied is found to be similar to that given in the Ayurvedic Books
There are no easy methods to find out the herbal drugs dissolved in a liquid
It is not possible for us to find out the herbal drugs used in the above liquids
The colour and smell of the samples supplied is not identical with the colour and smell of fermented Ayurvedic preparation like Assam and Arishta
Hence it is very difficult to give any definite opinion in the matter
 On behalf of the accused it was urged that by virtue of sub section ii of section 24a of the Prohibition Act the provisions of sections 12 and 13 thereof do not apply to any medicinal preparation containing alcohol which is unfit for use as intoxicating liquor
Section 12 of the Act prohibits the manufacture and possession of liquor and section 16 prohibits the possession of materials for the manufacture of liquor
It was however contended on behalf of the State that once it is established that what was seized from the possession of the accused contains alcohol the burden of proving that what was seized falls under section 24a was on the accused person
The High Court however held that the burden of establishing that a particular article does not fall under section 24a rests on the prosecution
In so far as the certificate of the Chemical Analyser was concerned the High Court observed as follows  It is beyond controversy that normally in order that a certificate could be received in evidence the person who has issued the certificate must be called and examined as a witness before the Court
A certificate is nothing more than a mere opinion of the person who purports to have issued the certificate and opinion is not evidence until the person who has given the particular opinion is brought before the Court and is subjected to the test of cross examination
 It will thus be clear that the High Court did not hold that the certificate was by itself insufficient in law to
sustain the conviction and indeed it could not well have said so in view of the provisions of section 510 Cr
What the High Court seems to have felt was that in circumstances like those present in the case 900 before it a court may be justified in not acting upon a certificate of the Chemical Analyser unless that person was examined as a witness in the case
Sub section 1 of section 510 permits the use of the certificate of a Chemical Examiner as evidence in any enquiry or trial or other proceeding under the Code and sub section
2 thereof empowers the court to summon and examine the Chemical Examiner if it thinks fit and requires it to examine him as a witness upon an application either by the prosecution or the accused in this regard
It would therefore not be correct to say that where the provisions of sub section
2 of section 5 1 0 have not been availed of the report of a Chemical Examiner is rendered inadmissible or is even to be treated as having no weight
Whatever that may be we are concerned in this case not with the report of a Chemical Examiner but with that of a Public Analyst
In so far as the report of the Public Analyst is concerned we have the provisions of section 13 of the Act
Sub section 5 of that Section provides as follows  Any document purporting to be a report signed by a public analyst unless it has been superseded under sub section 3 or any document purporting to be a certificate signed by the Director of the Central Food Laboratory may be used as evidence of the facts stated therein in any proceeding under this Act or under sections 272 to 276 of the Indian Penal Code  Provided that any document purporting to be a certificate signed by the Director of the Central Food Laboratory shall be final and conclusive evidence of the facts stated therein
 This provision clearly makes the report admissible in evidence
What value is to be attached to such report must necessarily be for the Court of fact which has to consider it
Sub section 2 of section 13 gives an opportunity to the accused vendor or the complainant on payment of the prescribed fee to make an application to the court for sending a sample of the allegedly adulterated commodity taken under section 1 1 of the Act to the Director of Central Food Laboratory for a certificate
The certificate issued by the Director would then supersede the report given by the Public Analyst
This certificate is not only made admissible in evidence under subs
5 but is given finality of the facts contained therein by the proviso to that sub section
It is true that the certificate of the Public Analyst is not made conclusive but this only means that the court of fact is to act on the certificate or not as it thinks fit
901 Sub section 5 of section 13 of the Act came for consideration in Antony s case1 upon which the State relied
There the question was whether a sample of buffalo s milk taken by the Food Inspector was adulterated or not
The Public Analyst to whom it was sent submitted the following report  I further certify that I have analysed the aforementioned sample and declare the result of my analysis to be as follows  Solids not fat 900 per cent
Fat 54 per cent
Pressing point Hortvet s method 049 degree C and am of the opinion that the said sample contains not less than seven per cent 7 of added water as calculated from the freezing point Hortvet s method and is therefore adulterated The Magistrate who tried the accused persons acquitted them on the ground that it was not established that the milk was adulterated
Before the High Court it was contended that the certificate was sufficient to prove that water had been added to the milk and reliance was placed upon the provisions of section 135 of the Act
The learned Judge who heard the appeal observed that this provision only says that the certificate may be used as evidence but does not say anything as to the weight to be attached to the report Me learned Judge then proceeded to point out what according to him should be the contents of such report and said In this case the court is not told what the Hortvet s test is what is the freezing point of pure milk and how the calculation has been made to find out whether water has been added
I cannot therefore say that the Magistrate was bound to be satisfied on a certificate of this kind which contains only a reference to some test and a finding that water has been added
The prosecution could have examined the Analyst as a witness on their side
The learned Magistrate also could very well have summoned and examined the Public Analyst but whatever that might be I am not prepared to say that the finding of the Magistrate that the case has not been satisfactorily proved is one which could not reasonably have been reached by the learned Magistrate and 1 ILR 1962 1 Kerala 430
902 that the acquittal is wrong and calls for interferences p 436 All that we would like to say is that it should not have been difficult for the learned Judge to satisfy himself by reference to standard books as to what Hortvet s method is and what the freezing point of milk is
We fail to see the necessity of stating in the report as to how the calculations have been made by the Public Analyst
Apart from that it is clear that this decision does not support the contention of learned counsel that a court of fact could not legally act solely on the basis of the report of the Public Analyst
As regards the failure to examine the Public Analyst as a witness in the case no blame can be laid on the prosecution
The report of the Public Analyst was there nd if either the court or the appellant wanted him to be examined as a witness appropriate steps would have been taken
The prosecution cannot fail solely on the ground that the Public Analyst had not been called in the case
Mr Ganatra then contended that the report does not contain adequate data
We have seen the report for ourselves and quite apart from the fact that it was not challenged by any of the appellants as inadequate when it was put into evidence we are satisfied that it contains the Necessary data in support of the conclusion that the sample of turmeric powder examined by him showed adulteration
The report sets out the result of the analysis and of the tests performed in the public health laboratory
Two out of the three tests and the microscopic examination revealed adulteration of the turmeric powder
The microscopic examination showed the presence of pollen stalks
This could well be regarded as adequate to satisfy the mind of a Judge or Magistrate dealing with the facts
Mr Ganatra then said that the report shows that the analysis was not made by the Public Analyst himself but by someone else
What the report says is I further certify that the have caused to be analysed the aforementioned sample and declare the result of the analysis to be as follows
 This would show that what was done was done under the supervision of the Public Analyst and that should be regarded as quite sufficient
Now as to the necessity of notice under section 11 of the Act
Mr Ganatra said that the report is admissible only against a person to whom notice is given tinder section 11 1 a by the Food Inspector that the object of talking the sample was to have it analysed
The law requires notice to be given only to the person from whom the sample is taken and to none else
The object of 903 this provision is clearly to apprise the person from whom the sample is taken of the intention of the Food Inspector so that he may know that he will have the right to obtain from the Food Inspector a part of the commodity taken by way of sample by the Food Inspector
This is with a view to prevent a plea from being raised that the sample sent to the analyst was of a commodity different from the one from which the Food Inspector has taken a sample
What bearing this provision has on the admissibility of the evidence of the Public Analyst is difficult to appreciate
Once the report of the Analyst is placed on record at the trial it is admissible against all the accused persons
What it shows in the present case is that the commodity of which Kodumal had taken possession contained turmeric powder which was adulterated
Therefore since it is admitted and also established that the bag of turmeric powder from which sample was taken had been despatched by the appellant Mangaldas the report of the Public Analyst could be properly used against him in regard to the quality or composition of the commodity
Mr Ganatra then said that it was necessary to establish that the appellant had the mens rea to commit the offence
In support of his contention Mr Ganatra pointed out that section 191 of the Act deprives only the vendor of the right to contend that he was ignorant of the nature substance or quality of the food sold by him and not a person in Mangaldas s position
According to him the word vendor here means the person from whom the sample was actually taken by the Food Inspector
We cannot accept the contention
The word Vendor though not defined in the Act would obviously mean the person who had sold the article of food which is alleged to be adulterated
Mangaldas having sold the bag to Daryanomal was the original vendor and therefore though the sample was taken from Kodumal he will equally be barred from saying that he was not aware of the nature substance or quality of the turmeric powder in question
Moreover it is curious that a person who sought to get out by saying that what he had actually sent was not an article of food but something else should now want to say that he did not know that though it was an article of food it was adulterated
We may now refer to two decisions upon which learned counsel relied in support of his contention
The first is Municipal Board Bareilly vs Ram Gopal1
There the question was whether a shopkeeper who allowed the owner of adulterated ghee to sell on his premises was entitled to say in defence that he was ignorant of 1 42 Crr
LJ 243
up65 12 904 the quality of ghee which its owner was offering for sale
It was held by the Allahabad High Court that he was so entitled
We fail to appreciate how this case is of any assistance in the matter before us
For here the turmeric powder admittedly once belonged to Mangaldas and was in fact sold by him to Daryanomal
At one stage therefore Mangaldas was the vendor of the turmeric powder and therefore falls squarely within the provisions of section 13 1 of the Act
The second case is Ravula Hariprasada Rao vs The State1
What was held in that case is that unless a statute either clearly or by necessary implication rules out mens rea as a constituent part of the crime a person should not be found guilty of an offence against the criminal law unless he has got a guilty mind
The proposition there stated is well established
Here section 191 of the Act clearly deprives the vendor of the defence of merely alleging that he was ignorant of the nature substance or quality of the article of food sold by him and this places upon him the burden of showing that he had no mens rea to commit an offence under section 171 of the Act
In a recent case State of Maharashtra vs Mayer Hans George2 this Court had to consider the necessity of proving mens rea in regard to an offence under section 23 1 a of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 7 of 1947 read with a notification dated November 8 1962 of the Reserve Bank of India
The majority of Judges constituting the Bench held that on the language of section 8 1  read with section 24 1 of the above Act the burden was upon the accused of proving that he had the requisite permission of the Reserve Bank of India to bring gold into India and that there was no scope for the invocation of the rule that besides the mere act of voluntarily bringing gold into India any further mental condition or mens rea is postulated as necessary to constitute an offence referred to in section 231 A of the above Act
We are therefore unable to accept the contention of learned counsel
The only other point which falls for consideration is the one raised by Mr Anthony in the other appeal
Mr Ganatra did not address any separate argument on this point but he adopted what was said by Mr Anthony
That point is whether the transaction in question ie taking of a sample by a Food Inspector under section 11 amounts to a sale and therefore whether the person connected with the transaction could be said to have infringed section 7v of the Act
Mr Anthony s contention is that for a transaction to be a sale it must be consensus sale
Where a person is required by the Food Inspector to sell to him a sample of a commodity there is an element of compulsion and therefore it cannot be 1  2  905 regarded as sale
In support of the contention he has placed reliance upon the decision in Food Inspector vs Parameswaran1 Raman Nayar J who decided the case has observed therein As a sale is voluntary transaction and sic a seizure or compulsory acquisition in exercise of statutory power is not a sale within the ordinary sense of that word
Nor does the definition of sale in section 2xiii as including a sale of good for analysis make it one for the first requisite even under the definition is that there must be a sale
The definition apparently by way of abundant caution merely states that the word sale  means all manner of sales of food whether for cash or on credit or by way of exchange and whether by wholesale or retail for human consumption or use or for analysis and all that the definition means in relation to the question we are considering is that a We of food is nonetheless a sale by reason of the fact that it was not for consumption or use but only for analysis
In my view when a food inspector obtains a sample under section 10 of the Act there is no sale
of course it is possible for a Food Inspector just like any other human being to effect a purchase in the ordinary course and the transaction would be a sale notwithstanding that the purchaser is a Food Inspector and that his purpose is to have the article analysed with a view to prosecution
But if he obtains the article not by a voluntary exchange for a price but in exercise of his statutory power under section 10 of the Act the transaction is not a sale notwithstanding that in obedience to sub section
3 of section 10 its cost and I think the sub section advisedly uses the long phrase its cost calculated at the rate at which the article is usually sold to the public  instead of the word  price is paid to the person from whom the sample is taken
 In Sarjoo Prasad vs The State of Uttar Pradesh 2 M V Joshi vs M U Shimpi3 and The State of Uttar Pradesh vs Kartar Singh 4 this Court has treated a transaction of the kind we have here as a sale
No doubt no argument was addressed in any of these cases before this Court similar to the one advanced by Mr Anthony in this case and as advanced in Parameswaran s case1
1 2  3 4 ATR 906 A view contrary to the one taken in Parameswaran s case1 was taken in State vs Amritlal Bhogilal1 and Public Prosecutor vs Dada Rail Ebrahim Helari3
In both these cases the sale was to a sanitary inspector who had purchased the commodity from the vendor for the purpose of analysis
It was contended in these cases that the transaction was not of a voluntary nature and therefore did not amount to a sale
This contention was rejected
In Amritlal Bhogilal s case1 the learned Judges held There is also no reason why in such a case the article should not be held to have been sold to the inspector within the meaning of section 4 1 a
He has paid for the article purchased by him like any other customer
Moreover section 11 itself uses the words purchase  and  sell  in regard to the inspectors obtaining an article for the purpose of analysis and paying the price for it
It is therefore clear that the Legislature wanted such a transaction to be regarded as a sale for the purposes of the Act p 463 The learned Judges in taking this view relied upon several reported decisions of that Court
In Dada Haji Ebrahim Helari s case3 which was under the Madras Prevention of Adulteration Act 3 of 1918 Ramaswami J dissented from the view taken by Horwill J in In re Ballamkonda Kankayya4 and following the decisions in Public Prosecutor vs Narayan Singh5 and Public Prosecutor vs Ramachandrayya6 held the transaction by which a sample of an article of food was obtained by a sanitary inspector from the vendor amounts to a sale even though that man was bound to give the sample on tender of the price thereof
But Mr Anthony contends that a contract must be consensual and that this implies that both the parties to it must act voluntarily
No doubt a contract comes into existence by the acceptance of a proposal made by one person to another by that other person
That other person is not bound to accept the proposal but it may not necessarily follow that where that other person had no choice but to accept the proposal the transaction would never amount to a contract
Apart from this we need not however consider this argument because throughout the case was argued on the footing that the transaction was a sale 
That was evidently because here we have a special definition of sale in 2xiii of the Act which specifically includes within its ambit a 1 2 LLR 3 AIR 1953 Mad
4 AIR 1942 Mad
5 1944 MWN Crl
6 1948 MWN Cri
907 sale for analysis
It is therefore difficult to appreciate the reasons which led Raman Nayar J to hold that a transaction like the present does not amount to a sale
We are therefore unable to accept that view
In the result we uphold the conviction and sentence passed on each of the appellants and dismiss these appeals
Appeals dismissed


Summary:
The three appellants were a wholesale dealer in spices a dealer in groceries and his servant respectively
The second appellant purchased a bag of turmeric powder from the first and the third appellant took delivery of it on behalf of the second appellant his master
Immediately after it was taken delivery of the food inspector purchased from the third appellant some turmeric powder contained in that bag for the purpose of analysis and after issuing notice to the third appellant as required by section 1 1 of the  sent a portion of the powder purchased to the public analyst who gave a report that it was adulterated food
The three appellants were then prosecuted under sections 61 a read with section 7v of the Act and convicted by the Magistrate
The conviction was confirmed by the High Court
In the appeal to this Court it was contended that i the report of the public analyst by itself was not sufficient to sustain the conviction and the public analyst should have been called as a witness ii the report of the public analyst could not be used as evidence against a person who was not given notice under section 11 of the Act iii the first appellant could not be convicted without establishing that he had the mens rea and iv the taking of the sample under section 10 by a food inspector was not a sale within the meaning of section 2xiii and therefore section 7v of the Act was not infringed
HELD  i Section 135 of the Act makes the report of the public analyst admissible in evidence and a Court of fact is free to act on it or not as it thinks fit
The Court could therefore legally act solely on the basis of the report and the prosecution Could not fail on the ground that the public analyst was not called as a witness
If the appellant wanted the analyst to be examined it was for the appellant to take appropriate steps
C D iiThe law requires notice under section 11 to be given only to the person from whom the sample was taken and none else
If that formality had been complied with and the report of the analyst is placed on record at the trial it would be admissible against all the accused persons
902 H  903 C iiiThe word vendor in section 191 means the person who had add the article of food which was alleged to be adulterated
At one stage the first appellant was the vendor of the turmeric powder
Since the section deprives the vendor of adulterated food of the defence of merely alleging that he was ignorant of the nature substance or quality of the article of food sold by him the burden of showing that he had no mens rea to commit the offence would be upon the first appellant
904 B D State of Maharashtra vs Mayer Hans George  followed
895 ivThe definition of sale in section 2xiii of the Act specificallY includes within its ambit a de for analysis
The transaction in the instant can would amount to sale inspite of the fact that where a person is required by the food inspector to sell him a sample of a commodity there is an element of compulsion under section 10 of the Act
L906 H Sarjo Prasad vs State of UP   M Y Joshi vs M U Shimpi  and State of Uttar Pradesh vs Kartar Singh   referred to
Food Inspector vs Parameswaran 1962 1 Cr LJ 652 overruled