ivil Appeal No 55A of 1987
From the Judgment and Order dated 810
1985 of the Allahabad High Court in Civil Misc
No 2278 of 1981
SN Kacker RN Sharma JK Jain and NN Sharma for the Appellant
Gopal Singh and LR Singh for the Respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by NATARAJAN J
The question failing for consideration in this appeal by special leave is whether the High Court has erred in law in quashing the order of eviction passed against the respondent by the Judge Small Cause Court as confirmed by the Additional District Judge and remitting the suit to the trial court for fresh consideration in the event of the trial court allowing an application by the appellant under Order I Rule 10 Civil Procedure Code for correcting the name of the plaintiff in the plaint
The background of events to this Appeal may briefly be stated
The appellant Bal Niketan Nursery School is a recog nised institution under the UP Basic Education Act 1972 and is run and managed by a Society Smt
Chandramukhi Ram Saran Shiksha Samiti registered under the Societies Regis tration Act
Dr Om Prakash is the Manager of the appellant school and also the Secretary of the registered Society mentioned above
On 1031977 the Society purchased a plot of the land adjoining the school together with four super structures Khaprails standing thereon in the name of the appellant school through its Manager Om Prakash Gupta
The super structures were in 514 the occupation of four tenants
The entire rental income derived from the tenants is being utilised for the purpose of running the school
Under the UP Urban Building Regula tion of Letting Rent and Eviction Act 1972 for short the Rent Act the provisions of the Act would not apply to a property owned by a recognised educational institution if the whole of the income from the property is utilised for the purposes of the institution
Section 21b which provides for the exemption is in the following terms Nothing in this Act shall apply to any building belonging to or vested in a recognised institution the whole of the income from which is utilised for the purpose of such institution
 As the appellant was in dire need of additional area for the growing needs of the school and as the property acquired by the school attracted the Exemption Clause  in the Rent Act the Manager of the school issued notices of termination of tenancy to the tenants on 305
1977 under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act and demanded surrender of possession
As the tenants failed to surrender possession the appellant filed separate suits against the four tenants for ejectment and payment of arrears of rent
The suits were filed in the name of the appellant school through its Manag er Dr Om Prakash
The Cause Title of the plaintiff in the plaint was given as under BaI Niketan Nursery School Near Ganj Gurhatti Moradabad through Dr Om Prakash Manager of the School
 All the four tenants including the respondent herein raised only two defences in the suit namely that the appellant school is not a recognised educational institution so as to be entitled to the benefit of Section 21b of the Rent Act and secondly that the notice of termination of tenancy was not a valid notice because it had not been issued by an institution having juristic status
The Small Cause Court consolidated all the four suits and held a joint trial and rejected both the contentions of the tenants and decreed the suits in favour of the school
The tenants preferred revisions against the judgment to the District Judge and the learned Judge confirmed the judgment and decree of the Small Cause Court and dismissed all the revisions
515 Thereafter the tenants filed writ petitions under Arti cles 226227 of the Constitution before the High Court of Allahabad
Before the High Court it was contended for the first time that the appellant school was not a juristic person and was not therefore entitled to file the suits through its Manager and as such the judgments of the Small Cause Court and the District Judge were ineffective and the decrees unenforceable
The counter argument of the school was that as a recognised institution under the UP Basic Education Act 1972 it has juristic status and furthermore it is the registered owner of the suit property having obtained the sale deed in its own name and over and above all these the suit had been instituted by Dr Om Prakash who was not only the Manager of the school but also the Secre tary of the Registered Society and as such the suits were fully maintainable under law and consequently the judgments and decrees of the Small Cause Court and the District Judge were perfectly valid and enforceable
Besides putting forth such contentions the appellant school by way of abundant caution also filed a petition under Order 1 Rule 10 Civil Procedure Code for amending the plaint by correcting the name of the plaintiff into Smt
Chandramukhi Ram Saran Shiksha Samiti by Secretary Om Prakash in place of the name of the Bal Niketan Nursery School by Manager Dr Om Prakash
The High Court declined to uphold the contentions of the appellant school as in its view Clause 14 of the Constitu tion of the Registered Society contained a specific provi sion to the following effect
All the legal proceedings by the Society and against the Society will be done either by the Manager or by the Secretary or by a person authorised by them and as such the appellant school was not a juristic person and only the registered societyhad the authority and competence to file the suits
The High Court therefore held that the suits filed by the appellant school were not maintainable and consequently the judgments and decrees passed by the Small Cause Court and the District Judge were liable to the set aside and accordingly quashed them in three suits alone since the 4th suit SCC Case No 2591977 had been compromised after the filing of the Writ Petition
In so far as the application under Order 1 Rule 10 is con cerned the High Court observed that the proper course for the appellant school was to move the Small Cause Court for getting the description of the plaintiff corrected and then pursue the proceedings for eviction
The High Court also gave directions to the Small Cause Court as to how the suits were to be dealt with after amendment of the plaint in the following terms 516 It is made clear that in case the Judge Small Cause Court exercises the powers under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC by correcting the description of the plaintiff ie by getting the juristic person the Society substituted as plaintiff in the suit the defendant would be entitled to file additional written statement and the parties shall be afforded opportunity to lead fresh evidence in the case
 Aggrieved by the judgment of the High Court the appel lant school has preferred this appeal by special leave
Mr Kacker learned counsel for the appellant advanced five contentions set out below to impugn the judgment of the High Court
The contentions are as follows 1 The appellant school being a recognised institution under the UP Basic Education Act 1972 is a legal entity and is therefore entitled to file the suits in its own name
2 Besides the suit property has been purchased in the name of the appellant school and as the owner of the property the appellant is by itself entitled under law to file suits for seeking ejectment of the tenants
3 Consequent upon the purchase of the land and super structures and the vesting of possession in it the appellant became the landlord of the tenants and the entire rental income is being used for running the school
Therefore in its capacity as the landlord of the tenants the appellant school is entitled to file the suits for ejectment notwithstanding clause 14 of the Constitution of the Registered Society
4 Even if it is viewed that the Registered Society is alone entitled to file the suit Dr Om Prakash who is competent to file the suit on behalf of the Registered Society has filed the suits on behalf of the school and as such the Society is fully represented by Dr Om Prakash and thereby Clause 14 of the Constitution of the Soceity stands satisfied
5 Even if a hyper technical view is to prevail requiring the suits to be filed only in the name of the Registered Society through its SecretaryManager the High Court should have allowed the petition under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC and disposed of the Writ Petitions on merits instead of quashing the concurrent findings of 517 the courts below and remitting the suits to the Small Cause Court for fresh disposal after dealing with the petition under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC Learned counsel for the respondent refuted the conten tions of Mr Kacker and strenuously argued that the appel lant is not a recognised school but even if it is treated as a recognised institution under the UP Basic Education Act and even if the sale deed pertaining to the land and super structures has been obtained in the name of the school it is only the Registered Society which can lawfully institute suits on behalf of the school or defend actions against it and that Clause 14 of the Constitution of the Society has overriding effect and hence the suits filed by the appel lant school are not maintainable
Having given our careful consideration to the arguments of the learned counsel and the view taken by the High Court we are of the opinion that the High Court was in error in sustaining the belated objection taken by the tenants re garding the competence of the appellant to file the suits and quashing the decrees for eviction passed against the tenants and remanding the suits to the Small Cause Court for fresh disposal after first considering whether the suits had been instituted in the name of the wrong plaintiff due to a bona fide mistake and whether the mistake calls for rectifi cation by allowing the petition filed under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC
The reasons which have prompted us to come to this conclusion are manifold and may be enunciated in the follow ing paragraphs
Under the UP Basic Education Act the appellant school has been granted recognition as a recognised institution and by reason of such recognition the school is conferred cer tain rights and obliged to perform certain duties
One of the rights flowing from the recognition granted to the school is an exemption from the provisions of the Rent Act
Consequently the appellant school has acquired rights by reason of the statutory recognition given to it under the UP Basic Education Act and to that extent the appellant school stands clothed with legal status
It is not there fore a non entity in the eye of law
Viewed from that perspective the appellant is entitled to file the suits through its Manager to seek the eviction of the tenants occupying the superstructures
Of course the learned coun sel for the respondent tried to contend that certain pro ceedings have been initiated for impugning the recognition granted to the appellant school under the UP Basic Educa tion Act and as such the appellant s status as a recognised institution cannot be taken for granted
We cannot counte nance this argument 518 because any proceedings instituted to impugn the recognition of the school subsequent to the filing of the suits cannot affect the status of the school at the time the suits were filed
Furthermore the respondent has not produced any material to show that the recognition granted to the school has been subsequently withdrawn
Secondly apart from the legal status acquired by the school as a recognised institution it is admittedly the registered owner of the suit property even though the pur chase price may have been provided by the society
It is not in dispute that the sale deed pertaining to the land and the super structures has been obtained in the name of the school
Even as a benami owner of the property the appel lant is entitled in law to preserve and protect it and to institute actions in that behalf so long as they do not conflict with the rights of the society
As a corollary to this proposition it follows that the appellant constitutes the landlord of the tenants after the property was purchased in its name and rents from the tenants became to be collect ed
Once a jural relationship of landlord and tenants was formed between the appellant and the tenants by operation of law the appellant s right to initiate actions against the tenants for recovery of arrears of rent or recovery of possession of the leased property cannot be questioned or disputed
Even if we are to close our eyes to the right of the appellant to file suits against the tenants in its capacity as a recognised institution or as the ostensible owner of the property or as the landlord of the tenants and are to judge the status of the appellant solely with reference to Clause 14 of the Constitution of the Society it may be noticed that Dr Om Prakash is not only the Manager of the School but also the Secretary of the Registered Society
The suits against the tenants have admittedly been filed by Dr Om Prakash and even as per Clause 14 of the Constitution of the Society he is competent to file suits on behalf of the Society
The school as well as the Registered Society being institutions they can file suits or defend suits only through a competent office bearer managing the affairs of the school or the Registered Society
Inasmuch as the suits have been instituted by Dr Om Prakash albeit as Manager of the school he has not ceased to be the Secretary of the Society and it can therefore will be taken that the suits have not been instituted by an incompetent person who is not empowered under the Constitution of the Society to file suits on behalf of the Society
There is therefore no merit in the belated objection raised by the tenants that the suits are not maintainable in view of Clause 14 of the Constitution of the Society
The suits even if not insti tuted in the name of the Registered Society are neverthe less competent actions 519 because they have been filed by Dr Om Prakash who is compe tent to file suits on behalf of the Society also for recov ering possession of the leased property to the school
The last and final ground which needs setting out in some detail is that even if a rigid view is taken and it is to be held that the suits have not been instituted in the name of the proper person viz the Society the High Court should have seen that Order 1 Rule 10 has been expressly provided in the Civil Procedure Code to meet with such situations so that the rendering of justice is not hampered
The Rule provides that if a suit has been instituted in the name of a wrong person as plaintiff or if there is a doubt as to whether the suit has been instituted in the name of the right plaintiff the court may at any stage of the suit if it is satisfied that the suit has been instituted due to a bona fide mistake and that is necessary for the determina tion of the real matter in dispute so to do order any other person to be substituted or added as plaintiff upon such terms as the court thinks just
The scope and effect of Order 1 Rule 10 has been considered in numerous cases and there is a plethora of decisions laying down the ratio that if the court is satisfied that a bona fide mistake has occurred in the filing of the suit in the name of the wrong person then the court should set right matters in exercise of its powers under Order 1 Rule 10 and promote the cause of justice
The courts have gone so far as to hold that even if the suit had been instituted in the name of a person who had no competence to file the suit the courts should set right matters by ordering the addition or substitution of the proper plaintiff for ensuring the due dispensation of jus tice
We may only refer to a few decisions in this behalf
In Hughes vs The Pump House Hotel Company Limited No 2 1902 2 Kings Bench 485 a dispute was raised regarding the competence of the plaintiff to file a suit because doubts were cast as to whether the plaintiff had made an absolute assignment of his claim against the defendants or only an assignment by way of charge
Thereupon an applica tion was made under Order XVI Rule 2 corresponding to Order 1 Rule 10 CPC for substitution of another person as plain tiff
The application was allowed and that was upheld by the Court of Appeal and it was pointed out that the fact that the original plaintiff had no cause of action would not take away the jurisdiction of the court to order the substitution of another person as plaintiff
In Krishna Bai vs The Collector and Government Agent Tanjore  Others ILR 30 Madras 419 when it was found that a suit for ejectment of a defendant had been brought by the Collector and 520 Government Agent due to a bona fide mistake instead of the beneficiaries of the estate the court allowed an applica tion for substitution of the correct plaintiff and it was further held that the fact that the Collector had no right to institute the suit would not stand in the way of the court ordering the substitution of the correct plaintiff
In Sitla Bux Singh vs Mahabir Prasad AIR 1936 Oudh 275 it was held that where a person prohibited from dealing in actionable claim under Section 136 Transfer of Property Act obtained an assignment of a bond through a bona fide mistake and instituted a suit on the basis of the same the provisions of Order 1 Rule 10 would apply and the assignor can be substituted in place of the assignee as plaintiff and allowed to continue the suit
In Dinanath Kumar vs Nishi Kanta Kumar and Others AIR 1952 Calcutta 102 the court allowed an application under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC and permitted a person who claimed that he was the real owner of the property and the original plaintiff was only a benamidar to be added as plaintiff in order to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and that he was a necessary party to the proceedings
In Laxmikumar Srinivas Das vs Krishnaram Baldev Bank Lashkar and another AIR 1954 MB 156 it was held that the words where a suit has been instituted in the name of the wrong person as plaintiff must be construed to include those suits which the instituted by persons who had no right to do so and that the fact that the person instituting the suit had no cause of action would not take away the court s jurisdiction to order substitution of another as plaintiff
In Karri Somalu vs Thimmalapalli Venkataswamy and oth ers it was held that the expression wrong person in Order 1 Rule 10 cannot be confined merely to a person wrongly described but would also extend to include a person whose name ought not to have figures as plaintiff for want of right to file the suit and that the object of the Rule is to save suits instituted honestly although in the name of the wrong person as plaintiff and to ensure that honest plaintiffs do not suffer
In Udit Narain Singh Malpaharia vs Additional Member Board of Revenue Bihar and another  it was held that in proceedings for a writ of certiorari it is not only the Tribunal or Authority whose order is sought to be quashed but also the parties in whose favour the said order is issued who are necessary parties and 521 that it is in the discretion of the court to add or implead proper parties for completely settling all the questions that may be involved in the controversy either suo motu or on the application of a party to the writ or on application filed at the instance of such proper party
In Murari Mohan Deo vs Secretary to Government of India  the dismissal of a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution by the Judicial Commissioner was challenged by the appellant therein
The Judicial Commis sioner found that the appellant who was a forester in the employment of Tripura Government had been wrongly removed from service by an order of compulsory retirement but never theless refused to grant relief to the appellant because he had failed to implead the Government of India which was a necessary party to the proceedings
This Court disapproved the dismissal of the writ petition on the technical ground and observed as follows Respondent 1 is shown to be the Secretary to the Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs
If there was technical error in the draftsmanship of the petition by a lawyer a Forester a Class IV low grade servant should not have been made to suffer
An oral request to correct the description of the first respondent would have satisfied the procedural requirement
By raising and accepting such a contention after a lapse of six years the law is brought into ridicule
The court could have conveniently read the cause title as Government of India which means Union of India through the Secretary Ministry of Home Affairs instead of the description set out in the writ petition and this very petition would be competent by any standard
The contention is all the more objectionable for the additional reason that the appointing authority of the appellant the Chief Commis sioner of the Government of Tripura as well the Chief Forest Officer who passed the impugned order were impleaded and they represented the administration of Tripura Government as well as the concerned officers
Therefore not only the petition as drawn up was competent but no bone of contention could be taken about its incompetence Having regard to this settled position of law the High Court ought not to have sustained the objection raised by the tenants regarding the competency of the appellant to file the suits and quashed the orders of eviction concur rently passed by the Small Cause Court and 522 the Appellate Judge and remitted the suits for fresh consid eration with directions to consider the merits of the appli cation under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC but should have itself allowed the petition and added the Registered Society repre sented by its Secretary Dr Om Prakash who is already on record also as a party and disposed of the writ petitions on their merits
We therefore allow the appeal and remit the matter to the High Court for disposal on merits after allowing the application filed under Order 1 Rule 10 CPC by the appellant and ordering Smt
Chandramukhi Ram Saran Shiksha Samiti through its Secretary Dr Om Prakash to be also added as a plaintiff in the suits so as to make it clear that Dr Om Prakash is representing not only the appellant s school but also the Registered Society and dispose of the writ peti tions on merits after the formal amendments have been car ried out in the pleadings
The parties are directed to bear their respective costs
NPV Appeal allowed


Summary:
Section 21b of the UP Urban Building Regulation of Letting Rent and Eviction Act 1972 lays down that nothing in this Act shall apply to any building belonging to or Vested in a recognised institution the whole of the income from which is utilised for the purpose of such institution
 The manager of the appellant school a recognised insti tution under the UP Basic Education Act 1972 run and managed by a Registered Society issued notice of termination of tenancy to the four tenants of the super structures Khaprails purchased by it under Section 106 of the Trans fer of Property Act and demanded surrender of possession
As the tenants failed to surrender possession he filed sepa rate suits against the four tenants for ejectment and pay ment of arrears of rent
The respondent and the other ten ants contended that the school was not a recognised educa tional institution entitled to the benefit of Section 21b of the UP Urban Building Regulation of Letting Rent and Eviction Act 1972 and that the notice of termina tion of tenancy was not valid
The trial court rejected the contentions of the tenants and decreed the suits in favour of the school
The revisional court confirmed the judgment and decree of the trial court and dismissed all the revision petitions
511 In the writ petitions before the High Court it was contended for the first time that the appellant school was not a juristic person and was not therefore entitled to file the suits through its manager
It was submitted on behalf of the school that as a recognised institution under the UP Basic Education Act 1972 it has juristic status that the suit had been instituted by a person who was not only the manager of the school but also the secretary of the Registered Society and as such the suits were fully main tainable under law
The appellant school also filed a petition under Order 1 Rule 10 of Code of Civil Procedure for amending the plaint by correcting the name of the plain tiff into the name of the Society by its secretary in place of the name of the school by its manager
The High Court held that in view of the specific provi sion in Clause 14 of the Constitution of the Registered Society to the effect that all the legal proceedings by the Society and against the Society will be done either by the Manager or by the Secretary or by a person authorised by them the appellant school was not a juristic person and only the Registered Society had the authority and competence to file the suits and that the suits filed by the appellant school were not maintainable
It quashed the judgments and decrees passed by the courts below in three suits since the fourth suit had been compromised after the filing of the writ petition
Insofar as the application under Order 1 Rule 10 was concerned the High Court held that the proper course for the appellant school was to move the trial court for getting the description of the appellant corrected and then pursue the proceedings for eviction
Allowing the appeal by special leave this Court HELD 1
It is well settled that if the court is satis fied that a bona fide mistake has occurred in the filing of the suits in the name of the wrong person then the court should set right matters in exercise of its powers under Order 1 Rule 10 and promote the cause of justice
The Courts have also held that even if the suit had been instituted in the name of a person who had no competence to file the suit the courts should set right matters by ordering the addition or substitution of the proper plaintiff for ensuring the due dispensation of justice
519D E 21 By reason of recognition granted under UP Basic Education Act 1972 the appellant school stands clothed with legal status and is not a non entity in the eye of law
517G 512 22 Any proceedings instituted to impugn the recognition of the school subsequent to the filing of the suits cannot affect the status of the school at the time the suits were filed
518A 23 The appellant constitutes the landlord of the ten ants after the property was purchased in its name and rents from the tenants came to be collected
Once a jural rela tionship between landlord and tenants was formed between the appellant and the tenants by operation of law the appel lant s right to initiate actions against the tenants for recovery of arrears of rent or recovery of possession of the leased property cannot be questioned or disputed
518C D 24 Even if the status of the appellant is to be judged solely with reference to clause 14 of the Constitution of the Society the person who filed the suits is not only the manager of the school but also the Secretary of the Society and even as per this clause he is competent to file suits on behalf of the Society
The suits even if not instituted in the name of Registered Society are nevertheless competent actions because they have been filed by the Manager of the school who is competent to file suits on behalf of the Society also for recovering possession of the leased proper ty
518E H 519A 25 The appellant is therefore entitled to file the suits through its Manager to seek the eviction of the ten ants occupying the superstructure
517 3
The High Court was in error in sustaining the belated objection
taken by the tenants regarding the competence of the appellant to file the suits and quashing the decrees for eviction passed against the tenants and remanding the suits to the trial court for fresh disposal after first consider ing whether the suits had been instituted in the name of the wrong plaintiff due to a bona fide mistake and whether the mistake called for rectification by allowing the petition filed under Order 1 Rule 10 Code of Civil Procedure
517D E 4
Appeal allowed and the matter remitted to the High Court for disposal on merits after allowing the application filed under Order 1 Rule 10 Code of Civil Procedure by the appellant and ordering the Society through its Secretary to be also added as a plaintiff in the suits so as to make it clear that the person who has filed the suits is represent ing not only the appellant school but also the Registered Society
522A B Hughes vs The Pump House Hotel Company Limited No 2 513 1902 2 Kings Bench 485 Krishna Bai vs The Collector and Government Agent Tanjore  Others ILR 30 Madras 419 Sitla Bux Singh vs Mahabir Prasad AIR 1936 Oudh 275 Dinanath Kumar vs Nishi Kanta Kumar and Others AIR 1952 Calcutta 102 Laxmi Kumar Srinivas Das vs Krishnaram Baldev Bank Lashkar and another AIR 1954 MB 156 Karri Somalu vs Thimmalapalli Venkataswamy and others  Udit Narain Singh Malpaharia vs Additional Member Board of Revenue Bihar and another  and Murari Mohan Deb vs Secretary to Government of India   referred to