Appeal No 213 of 1956
Appeal from the judgment and decree dated Septem
ber 22 1954 of the Allahabad High Court in Special Appeal No 8 of 1954 arising out of the judgment and decree dated January 6 1954 of the said High Court in Civil Miscellaneous Writ Petition No 651 of 1953
section P Sinha and section N Mukherjee for the appellant
G G Mathur and C P Lal for respondent No 2
756 1957
March 20
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KAPUR J
The ground on which the appellant company seeks to have the order of the Industrial Tribunal set aside is that no industrial dispute existed within the meaning of the expression as used in the UP XXVIII of 1947 hereinafter called the UP Act and consequently the UP Government had no power to make the reference in question
I Industrial Dispute  is defined in section 2 of the UP Act as having the same meaning assigned to it as in section 2 of the here inafter termed the Central Act
There this expression has been defined in section 2 k to mean   any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen which is connected with the employment or non employment or the terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person
 The controversy between the parties arose in the following circumstances Tajammul Hussain respondent No 3 was employed as a lino typist by the appellant company
He was dismissed on May 8 1952 on allegations of incompetence under r 12 ii of the Standing Orders of the appellant company
It was alleged that the dismissal of Respondent No 3 was welcomed by his co workers and other workmen in the employ of the appellant company and they made no grievance of it nor did they espouse his cause
The case of respondent No 3 was not taken up by any union of workers of the appellant company nor by any of the unions of workmen employed in similar or allied trades but the UP Working Journalists Union Lucknow with which respondent No 3 had no connection whatsoever took the matter to the Conciliation Board Allahabad
Ultimately the UP Government made a reference to the Industrial Tribunal on June 3 1953 by notification the prefatory words of which are 757  Whereas an industrial dispute in respect of the matters hereinafter specified exists between the concern known as Newspapers Ltd Allahabad and its workmen and whereas in the opinion of the Governor it is necessary so to do for the maintenance of public order and I for maintaining employment
One of the questions referred was   Whether the services of Sri Tajammul Hussain Lino Operator were wrongfully terminated by the Management On February 13 1953 the State Industrial Tribunal at Allahabad decided in favour of respondent No 3 and ordered his reinstatement  without break of continuity of service  and also ordered the payment of his wages for the period during which he remained dismissed
An appeal was taken by the appellant company to the Labour Appellate Tribunal who by its order dated February 24 1953 affirmed the order of the Tribunal with costs
The appellant company then moved a petition in the Allahabad High Court under article 226 of the Constitution but this was dismissed by Bhargava J on January 6 1954 and a Special appeal against this judgment was also dismissed
The appellant company has come up in appeal with a certificate under article 133 1 c of the Constitution
The controversy which arises in this case is whether a dispute between an employer and a single workman falls within the definition of I industrial dispute  as used in the UP Act
In order to resolve this controversy it is necessary to refer to the scheme of the UP Act and the relevant rules made thereunder
The preamble of the Act runs  to provide for powers to prevent strikes and look outs and for the settlement of industrial disputes and other incidental matters 
Section 3 of the Act confers certain powers on the State Government for the purpose of prevention of strikes lock outs etc
The portion of this section relevant for the purpose of this appeal reads as follows If in the opinion of the State Government it is necessary or expedient so to do for securing the public safety or convenience or the maintenance of public 758 order or supplies and services essential to the life of the community or for maintaining employment it may by general or special order make provision c for appointing industrial courts d for referring any industrial dispute for conciliation or adjudication in the manner provided in the order g for any incidental or supplementary matters which appear to the State Government necessary or expedient for the purpose of the order  Under section 23 of the Act the State Government can make rules consistent with the Act for giving effect to the provisions of the Act
Under clauses b c d and g of section 3 and under section 8 of the UP Act rules governing Conciliation Boards and Industrial Tribunals in UP were promulgated by Notification No 615 LL XVIII 7 LL 1951 dated Lucknow March 15 1951
Rule 4 deals with the reference of disputes to Conciliation Boards
The relevant portions of this rule are Any workman or an employer or a registered association or trade union of employers or registered trade union of workmen or any federation of such associations or trade unions or where no registered trade union of workmen exists in any particular concern or industry the representatives not more than 5 in number of the workmen in that concern or the industry duly elected in this behalf by a majority of the workmen employed in that concern or industry as the case may be at a meeting held for the purpose may by application in writing move a Conciliation Officer of the area for settlement of any industrial dispute by conciliation
The application shall clearly state the industrial dispute or disputes
 Rule 5 deals with proceedings and the power of inclusion of other undertakings
The proviso to this rule is  Provided that if the Board of its own motion or on an application made to it is of the opinion that any question involved in any such dispute or matter affects or is likely to affect more than one workman in the same concern or industry or business or more 759 than one concern in the same industry or business constituted within the jurisdiction of the Conciliation Board it shall include in its proceedings relating to such dispute or order every such workman or concern or where there is a registered trade union covering the majority of such concerns of workmen such trade unions Rules 7 to 11 A deal with Industrial Tribunals
Rule 10 gives power to the Government to make a reference of any dispute to the Industrial Tribunal either on its own motion or after considering the Report of the Conciliation Board made under r 6
Rule 151 which deals with the representation of parties to the dispute provides  The parties may in their discretion be represented before a Board or Tribunal or an Adjudicator 1 In the case of a workman by a an officer of a registered trade union of which he is a member b an officer of a federation of trade unions to which the trade union referred to in sub clause a is affiliated  c Where the workman is not a member of any registered trade union by an officer of any registered trade union connected with or by any other workman employed in the same industry or business if so authorised in writing by the workman
 The language of section 361 of the Central Act is almost identical
Rule 27 prohibits strikes and look outs and r 28 gives finality and conclusiveness to the orders made or directions given
The use of the word workmen  in the plural in the definition of industrial dispute  does not by itself exclude the applicability of the Act to an individual dispute because under a 132 of the General Clauses Act subject   2 words in the singular shall include the plural and vice versa 760 But in order to get its true import it is necessary to view the enactment in retrospect the reasons for enacting it the evils it was to end and the objects it was to subserve
The Act has therefore to be viewed as a whole and its intention determined by construing all the constituent parts of the Act together and not by taking detached sections or to take one word here and another there
Exposition  ex visceribus actus  is applicable
Lincoln College s Case 1
So construed the provisions of the UP Act show that the machinery of the Act has been devised with the object of maintaining industrial peace so as to prevent interference with public safety or public order or with the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the life of the community or of employment
The Act is based on the necessity of achieving collective amity between labour and capital by means of conciliation mediation and adjudication
The object of the Act is the prevention of industrial strife strikes and lock outs and the promotion of industrial peace and not to take the place of the ordinary tribunals of the land for the enforcement of contracts between an employer and an individual workman
Thus viewed the provisions of the Act lead to the conclusion that its applicability to an individual dispute as opposed to dispute involving a group of workmen is excluded unless it acquires the general characteristics of an industrial dispute viz the workmen as a body or a considerable section of them make common cause with the individual workman and thus create conditions contemplated by section 3 of the UP Act which is the foundation of State Governmental action under that Act
The other provisions which follow that section only subserve the carrying out of the objects of the Acts specified therein
The use of the word workman in the singular in rr 4 5 and 15 forms the basis of the argument for the inclusion of an individual dispute in the expression industrial dispute
But this suffers from more infirmities than one
Rule 4 authorises a workman to 1  761 apply to a Conciliation Officer for the settlement of an industrial dispute
The meaning sought to be given to this word is inconsistent with the language of the latter part of that rule or where no registered trade union of workmen exists in any concern or industry the representatives not more than 5 in number of the workmen  duly elected
 The first proviso to r 5 is no surer foundation for the argument because in the context it can only be interpreted to mean that should there be an industrial dispute then all workmen who may individually be the cause of the dispute or are to be affected by its decision should get notices of the proceedings
Similarly r 15 only provides for the representation of  a workman  even if he is only one by an officer of a trade union or other person mentioned in the rule
Besides section 132 of the General Clauses Act as to the interpretation of the singular and the plural consider ably reduces the efficacy of the argument which altogether loses its force in view of r 26 which is as follows   During the pendency of any conciliation proceeding or proceedings before the Tribunal or an Adjudicator in respect of any dispute an employer shall not a alter to the prejudice of the workmen concerned in such dispute the conditions of service applicable to them immediately before the commencement of such proceedings or b discharge or punish whether such punishment is by dismissal or otherwise any workman concerned in such dispute save with the express permission in writing of a Conciliation Officer of the area concerned irrespective of the fact whether the dispute is pending before a Board or the Tribunal or an Adjudicator
 The use of the words  workmen and  workman in the above rule is indicative of the intention of the Act being applicable to collective disputes and not to individual ones and this is fortified by the finality and the binding effect to awards by r 28 and more speciallv by a 18 of the Central Act which makes 98 762 awards binding not only on the individuals present or represented but on all the workmen employed in the establishment and even on future entrants
Another objection to reading these rules in the manner above suggested is that it would be tantamount to enlarging the scope of the expression industrial dispute  and the powers conferred on the State Government under section 3 of the U P Act
The executive cannot under the power of framing rules and regulations clothe itself with powers which the Statute itself does not give and which are inconsistent with the interpretation put on the expression industrial dispute 
The cardinal rule in regard to promulgation of bye laws or making rules is that they must be legi fidei rationi consona and therefore all regulations which are contrary or repugnant to statutes under which they are made are ineffective
If the expression I industrial dispute  as ordinarily understood and construed conveys a dispute between an employer on the one hand and the workmen acting collectively on the other then the definition of those words cannot be widened by a statutory rule or regulation promulgated under the Statute or by Executive fiat
I The notification in the present case was under section 3c d and g and under section 8 which deal with c the appointment of industrial Courts d referring any industrial disputes and g incidental or supplementary matters
The Executive may in the exercise of these powers make such regulations which are necessary but under that garb it cannot extend the definition of the term industrial disputes nor is this extended meaning necessary to subserve the objects of the Act
I In our opinion therefore rules 4 5 and 15 of the Rules cannot be a valid foundation for sustaining the argument raised that an individual dispute was within the definition of industrial dispute 
Ordinarily an award of a tribunal binds or affects the rights of parties to the proceedings but awards of Industrial Tribunals have extended implications and may affect the rights of all workmen of a concern or undertaking end even the future entrants
This doctrine of 763 representation which enlarges the meaning of parties  in the UP  Central Acts is an essential idea associated with industrial disputes and support  collectiveness as opposed to individualism
See Latham C J in Metal Trades Employers Association vs Amalgamated Engineering Union1
Then there is the prohibition under r 26 of the UP Act and section 33 of the Central Act against any change in conditions of service during the pendency of the proceedings the object of which is to ensure discipline and industrial truce during that period which also supports the basic idea of collectiveness in industrial disputes 
In Central Provinces Transport Services Ltd V Raghunath Gopal Patwardhan 2 this Court observed that decided cases in India disclose three views as to the meaning of industrial dispute  i a dispute between an employer and a single workman cannot be an industrial dispute  ii it can be an industrial dispute and iii it can not per se be an industrial dispute but may become one if taken up by a trade union or a number of workmen
This Court discussed the scope of industrial dispute as defined in section 2k of the Central Act and after referring to the conflict of judicial opinion as to its applicability to the case of a dispute between an employer and a single workman further observed of the last of the three views stated above and there is considerable reason behind it
Notwithstanding that the language of section 2k is wide enough to cover a dispute between an employer and a single employee the scheme of the does appear to contemplate that the machinery provided therein should be set in motion to settle only disputes which involve the rights of workmen as a class and that a dispute touching the individual rights of a workman was not intended to be the subject of an adjudication under the Act when the same had not been taken up by the union or a number of workmen 1  2  764 Although the question did not directly arise this Court in D 
N Banerji vs P R Mukherjee and others1 discussed the meaning of the expression industrial dispute  and was of the opinion that it conveys the meaning to the ordinary mind that the dispute must be such as would affect large groups of workmen and employers ranged on opposite sides
But at the same time having regard to the modern conditions of society where capital an labour have organised themselves into groups for the purpose of fighting their disputes and settling them on the basis of the theory that in union is strength and collective bargaining has come to stay a single employee section case might develop into an industrial dispute when as often happens it is taken up by the trade union of which he is a member and there is a concerted demand by the employees for redress
This view is in consonance with the basic idea underlying modern industrial legislation
The interpretation given to the corresponding phrase trade dispute in English law and industrial dispute in Australian Law also accords with this view and in the absence of an express provision to the contrary or necessary intendment there is no reason to give a different interpretation to the expression in the Indian Statute
According to English decisions an individual dispute of a workman is not included in trade dispute  which corresponds to Industrial Dispute  in the Indian Act
In the English Trade Disputes Act of 1906 and 1919 as also in Reg
58 AA of the Defence General Regulation 1939 trade dispute  was defined in language very similar to industrial dispute  in the Indian Statute
Dealing with a trade dispute Lord Shaw in Conway v Wade 2 said  But I cannot see my way to hold that trade dispute necessarily includes accordingly every case of person al difference between any one workman and one or more of his fellows
It is true that after a certain stage even such a dispute although originally grounded 1   310
2  520
765 it may be upon personal animosity may come to be a subject in which sides are taken and may develop into a situation of a general aspect containing the characteristics of a trade dispute but until it reaches that stage I cannot hold that a trade dispute necessarily exists Lord Wright observed in National Association of Local Government Officers vs Bolton Corporation 1  I think the same may be said of the Industrial Courts Act and of reg
58 AA in both of which the word trade  is used in the very wide connotation which it bears in the modem legislation dealing with conditions of employment particularly in relation to matters of collective bargaining and the like  Ex parte Keable Press Ltd2 was an instance of an individual dispute developing into a trade dispute  because
of the strike by a union to enforce the rein statement of dismissed workman
That was how this term trade dispute was interpreted by the Court of Appeal in R vs National Arbitration Tribunal3 after taking into consideration the definition of the word dispute 
In Australian cases also without specific reference to any definition of the phrase the courts have excluded individual disputes from the scope of industrial disputes
In Jumbunna Coal Mine vs Victorian Coal Miners Association 4 Griffths CJ observed  An industrial dispute exists where a considerable number of employees engaged in some branch of industry make common cause in demanding from or refusing to their employers whether one or more some change in the conditions of employment which is denied to them          Similarly in Federated Saw Mills  Co Employees of Australasia vs James Moore  Son Proprietory Ltd 5 Griffths CJ gave the characteristics of an industrial dispute as follows  It is necessary at the outset to consider the meaning which the term industrial dispute  conveyed 1  185
2 3 4 1908 6 CLR 309 332
5   487 488
766 in 1900 to the minds of persons conversant with the English language    The word industrial denotes two qualities which distinguish them from ordinary private disputes between individuals namely 2 that on one side at least of the dispute the disputants are a body of men acting collectively and not individually
 Isaacs J in George Hudson Ltd vs Australian Timber Workers  Union1 stated The very nature of an industrial dispute  as distinguished from an individual dispute is to obtain new industrisl conditions not merely for the specific individuals then working It is  battle by the claimants not for themselves alone and not as against the respondents alone but by the claimants so far
as they represent their class According to Griffths CJ The term industrial dispute connotes a real and substantial difference having some element of persistency and likely if not adjusted to endanger the industrial peace of the community
Vide Federated Saw Mills Case2 at p 488
The same meaning was attached to the expression by Latham CJ in Metal Traders Employers Association vs Amwlgamated Engineering Union3 at p 403 Industrial disputes are essentially group contests there is always an industrial group on at least one side
A claim of an individual employee against his employer is not in itself an industrial dispute We shall now refer to the Indian decisions which bear on this question
Rajamannar CJ in Kandan Textile Ltd vs The Industrial TribunalMadras and another4 held that the definition of industrial dispute is wide enough to cover a dispute between an employer and an individual workman but taking into consideration section 18 of the Central Act he was of the opinion that such an extended definition cannot be given to it in section 2k of the Central Act
Mack J agreed with the decision of Rajamannar C J but he said that the case of an English language
 1 1923   441
2   487 488
3   403
4 AIR 1951 Madras 616
767 individual workman if taken up by the worker s union makes such a dispute an industrial dispute
In that case 1 1 items of difference were referred to the Industrial Tribunal
 One of the items in dispute was the wrongful removal of a workman Sundaram by name
In the  High Court an objection was taken to the legality of the award on the ground that no industrial dispute existed and that there was no material before the Government on the basis of which it could make a reference
It was held that the dispute as to a single workman was not an industrial dispute
Kandan Textile Ltd case 1 was followed in United Commercial Bank Ltd vs The Commissioner of Labour Madras 2 which was a case under section 41 of the Madras Shops and Establishments Act and the right of appeal given to an individual employee against the order of the employer dispensing with his services under section 412 of Madras Shops and Establishments Act was challenged on the ground that it had been taken away by the Central Act
It was held that an individual worker had the right to appeal
Vishwanatha Sastri J in his judgment referred with approval to the distinction made between an individual dispute and an industrial dispute in Kandan Textile Ltd vs Industrial Tribunal Madras supra
The second view that such a dispute falls within the definition of the word industrial dispute is supported by a decision of a Full Bench of the Labour Appellate Tribunal Swadeshi Cotton Mills Co Ltd vs Their Workmen 3 There the question was mainly decided on the basis of section 33 A of the Central Act introduced in 1950 which gives the right to an individual workman dismissed or dealt with contrary to section 33 of the Act during an industrial dispute to raise the matter before a tribunal
The introduction of section 33 A would not alter the construction to be placed on the phrase industrial dispute 
On the contrary it supports the view that an individual dispute is not comprised in that phrase
In view of what has been said above we are of the opinion that in so far as that case lay down 3 768 that a dispute raised by an individual workman as to his personal grievance is within an industrial dispute it cannot be said to have been correctly decided
The cases which support the third view are the following J Chowdhury vs M C Bannerjee 1 Was a case in which a lino operator was removed from service on the ground of his negligence and arrears of work
The matter was referred to the Industrial Tribunal under the Central Act
The Management moved the High Court under article 226 of the Constitution and section 45 of the Specific Relief Act and it was held that the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to entertain the matter as on a perusal of the various sections of the Central Act including sections 10 and 18 the dispute of an individual workman was not covered by the term industrial dispute  In Bilash Chandra Mitra vs Balmer Lawrie  Co a suit was brought for the recovery of arrears of wages on the basis of an award of an Industrial Tribunal and one of the issues raised was  whether an individual dispute  fell within industrial dispute 
Following the judgment in I Chowdhury vs M C Bannerjee 1 Bose J held that it did not
Another case in which this view was held is N 1
Assurance Co vs C G I Tribunal 3
There the Government referred the question of dismissal of an employee of an Assurance Co and it was not proved that his case was taken up by the employees association
The same view was adopted in Standard Vacuum Oil Co vs Industrial Tribunal 4
In Lakshmi Talkies Madras vs Munuswami and Others 5 Balakrishna Ayyar J held that an industrial dispute  arises where a case of an individual workman is espoused by a union
The same view was taken in Lynus  Co vs Hemanta Kumar Samanta 6
The view taken in these cases is in accord with the interpretation we have put on the expression Industrial dispute  as defined in the U P Act or the Central Act
1 2 1953 A CWN tog
3 l953 ILR 32 Patna 181 4 ILR 1952 Trav
Co 432
5 1055 LLJ 477 6  769 Taking into consideration the whole tenor of the Act and the decisions of this Court the decided cases to the extent that they take a contrary view ie an individual dispute is comprised in an industrial dispute  must unless there is something peculiar as to facts be In spite of the fact that the making of a reference by the Government under the is the exercise of its administrative powers that is not destructive of the rights of an aggrieved party to show that what was referred was not an industrial dispute  at all and therefore the jurisdiction of the Industrial Tribunal to make the award can be questioned even though the factual existence of a dispute may not be subject to a party s challenge
State of Madras vs C P Sarathy 1 It may also be noted that the notification issued by the U P Government on January 3 1953 already quoted proceeds on the assumption that a dispute exists between the employer and his workmen
The points of dispute in the reference however comprise the wrongful termination of the service of only Tajammul Hussain a lino operator
The words used in the first part of the notification show that the Government was labouring under the misapprehension that this dispute was between the employer on the one hand and his workmen on the other which in fact it was not
Tajammul Hussain could not be termed work  men in the plural nor could the U P Working Journalists Union be called his workmen nor is there any indication that the individual dispute had got transformed into an industrial dispute
The very basis therefore of the reference was bad and must be held to be so
We would therefore allow this appeal with costs
Appeal allowed
1  347


Summary:
A dispute between an employer and a single workman does not fall within the definition of  industrial dispute  under the UP industrial Disputes Act 1947
But though the applicability of the Act to an individual dispute as opposed to a dispute involving a group of workmen is excluded if the workmen as a body or a consicrerable section of them make common cause with the individual workman then such a dispute would be an industrial dispute
755 Central Provinces Transport Service Ltd v Raghunath Gopal Patwardhan  and D N Banerji vs P R Mukherjee   referred to
Swadeshi Cotton Mills Co Ltd vs Their Workmen 1953 I LLJ 757 in so far as it decided that a dispute raised by an individual workman is within an industrial dispute disapproved
Case law reviewed
The third respondent was employed as a lino typist by the appellant company but on allegations of incompetence he was dismissed from service
His case was not taken up by any union of workers of the appellant company nor by any of the unions of workmen employed in similar or allied trades but the UP Working journalists Union Lucknow with which the third respondent had no connection took the matter to the Conciliation Board Allahabad and ultimately the Government made a reference to the Industrial Tribunal by a notification in which one of the points for determination referred was as to whether the services of the third respondent were wrongfully terminated by the management
The legality of the reference was challenged by the appellant and the question was raised as to whether a dispute between an employer and a single workman falls within the definition of industrial dispute under the UP
Held that the reference was bad because the dispute was not between the employer on the one hand and his workmen on the other nor could the UP Working journalists Union be called  his workmen  within the meaning of the U P
Though the making of a reference by the Government under the Act is the exercise of its administrative powers an aggrieved party can question the jurisdiction of the Industrial Tribunal to show that what was referred was not an industrial dispute
State of Madras vs C P Sarathy  referred to