Civil Appeal No 35 of 1982 Appeal by Special leave from the Judgment and order dated the 9th July 1981 of the Gujarat High Court in Income Tax Reference No 28 of 1980
PH Parekh Harish Salva and Gatutam Philip for the Appellant
495 S C Manchanda Anil Dev Singh and Miss A Subhashini for the Respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by AMARENDRA NATH SEN J
The principal question for decision 5 in this appeal by Special Leave is whether the father in exercise of his right as Patria Potestas or otherwise can effect a partial partition between himself and his minor sons of joint family properties of a Hindu joint family governed by the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law
The assessee a Hindu undivided family hereinafter referred to as HUF which consists of four members namelyl Shri Apoorva Shantilal Shah 2 his wife Smt
Karuna and their minor sons 3 Chintan and 4 Tejal is the appellant before us
The members of the HUF are governed by the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law
The D assessment year in question is the year 1975 76
During the assessment pertaining to the assessment year under consideration Shri Apoorva who is the father of the minor sons and husband of Smt
Karuna and the Karta of the HUF made an application to the Income Tax officer for recognising partial partition under section 171 of the Income Tax Act 1961 hereinafter referred to as the Act claiming that two partial partitions bad taken place amongst the members of the said family one on 24121973 in respect of 200 shares of Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd and the other on 29121973 in respect of 1777 shares of the same company
On enquiry the Income Tax officer hereinafter for the sake of brevity referred to as ITO found that the partial partitions had been embodied in memoranda of agreements of partition
The IT O however refused to record that there had been a partial partition of joint family properties as he was of the view that partial partitions in question could not be recognised inasmuch as the remaining shares after making certain allocations in favour of the two minor sons were not allotted in their entirety to the remaining third coparcener namely Shri Apoorva separately or to Shri Apoorva and his wife Karuna jointly describing them as members of the HUF
The ITO further held that the said partitions did not purport to have been made at the distance of the minor children as this course would require the approval of the Court but the same had been purported to 496 have been made at the instance of Shri Apoorva
The ITO hinted in the order that the distribution of the shares had not been made equally either amongst the three members including the two minor sons or amongst the four members of the HUP as Apoorva s wife Karuna also became entitled to an equal share on partition between the father and the sons
Against the order of the ITO the assessee HUF presented an appeal before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner hereinafter referred to as AAC for the sake of brevity
The AAC allowed the appeal and held that there had been genuine partial partitions between the coparceners in respect of the said shares
The AAC held that it was not necessary to obtain court s sanction even in a case where some of the parties to the partition were minors
As regards the print that the distribution of shareholding had not been made on equal basis the A AC taking into consideration some earlier partitions came to the  conclusion that the distribution had been equally made
The AAC further observed that even if the distribution had not been made on equal basis that would not affect the validity of the partitions in question and the minor sons if they felt aggrieved in this regard could on attainment of majority seek to avoid the said partitions
Aggrieved by the order of the AAC the Revenue went up in appeal to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal referred to as tribunal hereinafter for the sake of brevity to challenge the AAC s recognition of the said partitions
The Tribunal held for reasons recorded in the order that partial partitions in the instant case were outside the framework of the Hindu Law and as such they could not be recognised as valid for the purposes of section 171 of the Act
In that view of the matter the Tribunal set aside the AAC s order and restored the order of the ITO Under section 256 1 of the Act the Tribunal referred the following question to the High Court 1 Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that Shri Apoorva Shanti1al could not himself have given consent on behalf of his minor sons to the partitions proposed by him in his individual capacity as father  497 2 Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of A the case the Tribunal was right in holding that the partial partitions were outside the framework of Hindu Law  3 Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that the partial partitions could not be recognized as valid for the purpose of section 171 of the Income tax Act 1961  4 Whether on the facts and circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that partial partitions made by a Hindu father in exercise of his patria potestas cannot be recorded as a valid partitions under section 171 of the Income tax Act 1961  5 Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that the partial partition did not amount to a family arrangement in which the father acted as a natural guardian of the two minors sons after he had exercised his patria potestas  6 Whether the Income tax Department 9 competent to challenge the exercise of patria potestas by a Hindu father in respect of coparcenery property making a partial 1 partition  For reasons recorded in the judgment the High Court answered all the questions in the affirmative and against the assessee
The High Court in its judgment has held that the father under the Hindu Law has no power or authority to effect any partial partition of Joint family properties between himself and his minor sons
The High Court has observed that apart from the decision of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income tax vs Seth Gopaldas HUF 1 there was no decision of any court on the point
The High Court also considered other decisions and books and C  treatises on Hindu Law
The High Court held that on a consideration of the authorities the following propositions were established  1
From the stand point of ancient Hindu Law what was recognised was only a partition in respect of all the 498 properties of the HUF upon disruption of the status of HUF regardless of whether the properties were actually divided by metes and bounds or whether these were there after after disruption of joint status held as tenants in common
Partial partition in the sense of division in respect of part of the assets while continuing the status of HUF in respect of rest of the assets was not known to the ancient Hindu Law and was not recognised by ancient Hindu Law 3
Partial Partition in the sense of division of some of the properties whilst continuing the status of HUF in respect of other items of property originally belonging to the HUP came to be recognised only later on by evolution of custom and by judge made law
Such a partial partition was so recognised only if it was made by consent of all the coparceners
In other words partial partitions in respect of only some items of property whilst continuing the status of HUF in respect of rest of the items of property could be effected only with the consent of all the coparceners
When there was a disruption of the status of the HUF only one or more of the coparceners could not insist for division of some items of the property without effecting division in respect of all the items of properties except by consent of all the coparceners
Tn respect of a joint family consisting of a father and his sons the traditional Hindu Law recognised the right of a father in his capacity as patria protestas to exercise his extraordinary power to disrupt the status of HUF and to divide his sons inter se without their consent subject to the rider that all  assets of the HUF were subjected to partition
The aforesaid extra ordinary power is subject to the qualification that he gives to his sons an equal share and division is not unfair vide Gupte s Hindu Law 2nd Edn Page 259
The Power of the father to sever the sons inter se is a survival of the patria potestas and may be exercised 499 by him without the consent of his sons  Again in all A cases his power must be exercised by him bonafide and in accordance with law the division must not be unfair and the allotment must be equal
He must give his sons equal share with himself  7
There is nothing in I either ancient Hindu Law or 2 customary or judge made law which authorises the father in exercise of his extraordinary power to effect a partial partition of HUF consisting of himself and his minor sons by dividing some items of properties whilst continuing the joint status in respect of the rest of the properties
C The High Court observed The validity of the aforesaid propositions is incapable of being disputed and has not been disputed
What has been contended on behalf of the assessee is that whilst there is no express provision in so many words either in the ancient Hindu texts or Judge made law that the power of a Hindu father to effect partition of a HUF consisting of him self and his sons including minor sons in exercise of his power as patria protestas extends even to partition in respect of only some items of property it is required to be inferred by implication
In other words it is argued that though there is no express reference to the power to effect that partial partition in the sense of division of some items of property while continuing the status of HUF in respect of the rest and though such power is not recognised in terms it follows as a necessary corollary
 The High Court noted that this contention has been negatived by the Madhya Pradesh High Court in the case of Gopaldas supra and the High Court for reasons recorded in the judgment rejected this contention
The High Court further held that the transaction in question was in any event invalid in the facts and in the circumstances of this case
Aggrieved by the judgment of the High Court the assessee with special leave granted by this Court has preferred this appeal
500 In this appeal before us two main contentions have been urged on behalf of the appellant
The first contention urged is that the High Court went wrong in holding that the father cannot effect any valid partial partition between himself and his minor sons of joint family property belonging to Hindu undivided family consisting of himself his wife and minor sons who are governed by the Mitakashra School of Hindu Law
The other contention raised is that the High Court erred in coming to the conclusion that in the facts and circumstances of this case the partial partitions were invalid
Mr Desai learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant has advanced the following arguments
According to the Mitaksbara School of Hindu Law the father has a power to divide ancestral property among his sons and the partition made by him is binding on his sons provided that the power is exercised bonafide and in accordance with law which regulates and restricts it in the interests of his sons
This power on the part of the father is recognised in text books on Hindu Law and has been accepted in a number of decisions beginning with the case of Kondaswami vs Doraisamy Ayyar1 2
A father in any such case of ancestral property has the power to separate from all or from even some of his sons remaining joint with the other sons or leaving them to continue as a joint family with each other
The consent of the sons is not necessary for the exercise of that power whether they are majors or minors
In this connection reference is made to para 323 of Hindu Law by DF Mulla and para 458 at p 559 of Mayne s Hindu Law 11 the Edn
Para 323 of Mulla s Hindu Law 11th Edn
at page 443 and 444 reads as follows The father of a joint family has the power to divide the family property at any moment during his life provided he gives his sons equal shares with himself and if he does so the effect in law is not only a separation of the father from the sons but a separation of the sons inter se
The consent of the sons is not necessary for the exercise 501 of that power
But a grandfather has no power to bring A about a separation among the grandsons
The right of a father to sever sons inter se is a part of the patria potestas still recognised by the Hindu Law
 Para 458 of Mayne s Hindu Law and Usage 11th Edn
at p559 and 560 reads as follows Partition may be either total or partial
A partition may be partial either as regards the persons making it or the property divided
It is open to the members of a joint family to sever in interest in respect of a part of the joint estate while retaining their status of a joint family and holding the rest as the properties of an undivided family
Any one coparcener may separate from the others
but no coparcener except the father or grandfathers can compel the others to become separate amongst themselves
A father may separate from all or from some of his sons remaining joint with the other sons or leaving them to continue a joint family with each other
A separation between coparceners for instance between two brothers does neither necessarily nor even ordinarily involve a separation between either of the coparceners and his own sons  3
So extensive and wide is this patriarchal power of the father that it has been recognised even in cases where all the sons were minors or an only son was a lunatic
Reference is made to the decision of the Bombay High Court in the case of Bapu Hambira Patil vs Shankar Bahu Patil 1 and to the decision of the Madras High Court in the case of Venkataswara Pattar vs K Mankayammal2 4
section 171 of the Income tax Act 1971 and section 25A of the earlier Acc have been all along accepted as machinery provisions and not charging sections
In the earlier Act though there was no express reference to partial partitions the preferable view expressed in deci 502 sions under that Act was that if there was a partial partition of an asset of the family or an asset of the family was divided and a partnership was constituted and the family continued joint as regards other properties the assessment on the basis of undivided Hindu family would be confined to the income of the properties so remaining undivided and the income of the property partitioned would be excluded from the computation of the income for assessment
It was only income received from the properties not partitioned that would be considered to be the income of the joint family
Reliance has been placed on the decision in the case of Charandas Haridas vs ClT Bombay
1 5
This power of the father has been described as his superior power or peculiar power or patria potestas
There is neither principle nor authority for the proposition that the exercise of this independent and extensive power of the father even in the context of minor sons could not take into its purview the lesser power to partition only some of the family properties without disrupting the status of the members of the joint family as regards other properties even when it is a genuine exercise of the lesser power
At no time was there recognised any limitation or inhibition on the power of the father though of course the partition effected by him had to be fair and equitable
There is no text of Hindu Law which prohibits partial partition whether as to person or as to property
The decision of the Privy Council in the case of Appovier vs Ram Subba Aiyan2 when it speaks of partial partition of the joint family by agreement of the coparcener cannot possibly be read as restricting the patriarchal and superior power of the father to effect division of the entire joint family properties and to exclude operation in case of exercise of the lesser right of division of only some of the family properties
Mr Manchanda learned counsel appearing on behalf of the department has advanced the following arguments 503 1
Under ancient Hindu Law partial partition was unknown
Severence of status disrupted the family
The joint family need not necessarily have any property
If it bas property then its separation is only an incidence of the severence of status
Partial partition is judge made law and the earliest case where this was mooted was in 1846 in the case of Rewun Prashad vs Radha Beebyl This was followed in Appovier s case supra and then in certain decisions of Indian Courts
Reference is also made to paragraph 458 of Mayne s Book on Hindu Law and Usage for contending that agreement between the parties is a sine qua non 3
The powers of patria potestas are confined mainly to the power to sever the status of the joint family as a whole
Judge
made law which has recognised partial partition has attempted to extend the ancient feudal archaic patriarchal powers of patria potestas to joint families so as to include the power of partial partition with the consent of the parties
There could be no justification for now extending it particularly as the legislature itself as per the Finance Act 2 1980 wef 1480 has de recognised partial partition altogether
Sub section 9 has been added to section 171 of the Act and by this provision partial partition of a HUF effected after 311278 will be de recognised for income tax purposes and this sub section has been incorporated with the object of curbing the creation of multiple HUF by making partial partitions
Where a HUF is taxed in the status of HUF it will continue to be taxed as such unless there has been a total partition of the family properties by metes and bounds and an order to that effect is recorded by ITO 4
The powers of patria potestas of a father have always been understood to be restricted and limited to a complete and whole partition
This power can only be exercised with regard to the entire property provided the property is divided equally and fairly by the father
We may observe that in course of the hearing reference was made to a number of decisions of various courts by the learned counsel for the parties
504 We shall now proceed to consider the decisions which appear to us to leave a material bearing on the question involved in the appeal
We shall first refer to the decision of this Court in the case of Charandas Haridas supra
This decision which appears to have clear bearing on the question and which considers an earlier decision of the Privy Council does not appear to have been cited before the High Court
The material facts of this case may be briefly noted Charandas Haridas was the Karta of a Hindu undivided family consisting of his wife Shantaben three sons and himself
He was a partner in six managing agency firms in six mills In previous years the income received by him as partner in these Managing Agencies was being assessed as the income of the Hindu undivided family
On December 11 1945 Charandas Haridas acting for his three minor sons and himself and Shantaben his wife entered into an oral agreement for partial partition
By that agreement Charandas Haridas gave one pie share to his daughter Pratibha in the managing agency commission from two of the six managing agencies held by the family
The balance together with the other shares in the other managing agencies was divided in five equal shares between Charandas Haridas his wife and sons
This agreement was to come into effect from 1st January 1946 which was the beginning of afresh accounting year
On 11th September 1946 Charandas Haridas acting for himself and his minor sons and Shantaben executed a memorandum of partial partition in which the above facts were recited the document purporting to be a record of what had taken place orally earlier
In the assessment year 1947 48 and 1948 49 Charandas Haridas claimed that the income should no longer be treated as income of Hindu undivided family but as separate income of the divided members
The Income tax officer declined to treat the income as any but of the Hindu undivided family and assessed the income as before
An appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was unsuccessful and the matter was taken to the Income tax Appellate Tribunal
The Tribunal held that by the document in question the division if any was of the income and not of the assets from which the income was derived inasmuch as the agreements of the managing agency with the managed com panies did not undergo any chaoge whatever as a result of the alleged partition The Tribunal therefore held that the arrangement to share the receipts from this source of income was not binding on 505 the department if the assets themselves continued to remain joint
A It further held that the document was a farce and did not save the family from assessment as Hindu undivided family
The following question as directed by the High Court on the application of Charandas Haridas was referred to the High Court
 Whether there were materials to justify the finding of the Tribunal that the income in the share of the com mission agency of the mills was the income of the Hindu undivided family  The High Court held that though the finding given by the Appellate Tribunal could not be construed as a finding that the document was not genuine the method adopted by the family to partition the assets was insufficient to bring about the results intended by it
According to the High Court the Tribunal was right in holding that the document was ineffective and though the income might have been purported to be divided and might in fact have been so divided the source of income still remained undivided as belonging to the Hindu undivided family
The High Court accordingly answered the question in the affirmative holding that there were materials before the Tribunal to enable the Tribunal to reach the conclusion that in so far as these income bearing assets were concerned they still belonged to the Hindu undivided family
The assessee Charandas Haridas filed an appeal in this Court with special leave granted by this Court
This Court allowed the appeal
At page 207 this Court referred to the following observations of the Privy Council in Appovier vs Rama Subba Aiyan supra
Nothing can express mere definitely a conversion of the tenancy and with that conversion a change of the status of the family quoad this property
The produce is no longer to be brought to the common chest as representing the income of an undivided property but the proceeds are to be enjoyed in six distinct equal shares by the members of the family who are thenceforth to become entitled to those definite shares
 Thereafter this Court proceeded to hold at page 208 506 In our opinion here there are three different branches of law to notice
There is the law of partnership which takes no account of Hindu undivided family
There is also the Hindu Law which permits a partition of the family and also a partial partition binding upon the family
There is then the income tax law under which a particular income may be treated as the income of the Hindu undivided family or as the income of the separated members enjoying separate shares by partition
The fact of a partition in the Hindu Law may have no effect upon the position of partner in so far as the law of partnership is concerned but it has full effect upon the family in so far as the Hindu Law is concerned
Just as the fact of a karta becoming a partner does not introduce the member of the undivided family into the partnership the division of the family does not change the position of the partner vis a vis the other partner or partners
The Income tax law before the partition takes note factually of the position of the karta and assessee not him qua partner but as representing the Hindu undivided family
In doing so the Income tax law looks not to the provisions of the Partner ship Act but to the provisions of Hindu Law
When once the family has disrupted the position under the partnership continues as before but the position under the Hindu Law changes
There is then no Hindu undivided family as a unit of assessment in point of fact and the income which accrues cannot be said to be of a Hindu undivided family
There is nothing in the Indian Income tax law or the law of partnership which prevents the members of a Hindu joint family from dividing any asset
Such division must of course be effective so as to bind the members but Hindu law does not further require that property must in every case be partitioned by metes and bounds if separate enjoyment can otherwise be secured according to the shares of the members
For an asset of this kind there was no other mode of partition open to the parties if they wished to retain the property and yet held it not jointly but in severalty and the law does contemplate that a person should do the impossible
Indeed the result would have been the same even if the dividing members had said in so many words that they had partitioned 507 the assets because in so far as the firms were concerned A the step would have been wholly inconsequential This Court further observed at p 209 No doubt there were many modes of partition which might have been adopted but the question remains that if the family desired to partition these assets only and no more could they have acted in some other manner to achieve the same result  No answer to the question was attempted It is therefore manifest that the family took the fullest measure possible for dividing the joint interest into separate interests
There is no suggestion here that this division was a mere pretence nor has the Appellate Tribunal given such a finding
The document was fully effective between the members of the family and there was actually no Hindu undivided family in respect of these particular assets
 In the case of Kalloomal Tapeswari Prasad HUF vs Commissioner of Income tax Kanpurl this Court observed at p 702 Under Hindu Law partition may be either total or partial
A partial partition may be as regards persons who are members of the family or as regards properties which belong to it
Where there has been a partition it is presumed that it was total one both as to the parties and property but when there is a partition between brothers there is no presumption that there has been partition between one of them and his descendents
It is however open to a party who alleges that the partition has been partial either as to persons or as to property to establish it
The decision on that question depends on proof of what the parties intended whether they intended the partition to be partial either as to persons or as to properties or as to both
When there is partial partition as to property the family ceases to be undivided as regards properties in respect of which such partition has taken place but continues to be undivided with regard to the 508 remaining family property
After such partial partition the right of inheritance and alienation differ according as to property in question belongs to the members in their divided or undivided capacity
Partition can be brought about 1 by a father during his life time between himself and his sons by dividing equally amongst them 2 by agreement or 3 by a suit or arbitration
 These two decisions of this Court clearly state that partial Partition under Hindu Law is permissible
We may mention that in the case of Moti Lal Shyam Sunder vs Commissioner of Income tax UPl a division Bench of the Allahabad High Court also recognised the validity of partial partition
RS Pathak J as his Lordship then was who spoke for the Bench held for reasons stated in the judgment that the tribunal was in error in holding that there was no valid partial partition in law on 1st July 1961
It may be noted that in the case of Charandas Haridas supra decided by this Court and in the case of Motilal Sham Sunder supra decided by the Allahabad High Court to which we have just referred all the sons were minor
We have earlier quoted the relevant passages on the subject from Mulla s Hindu Law and from Mayne s Hindu Law and Usage
We may now qoute the following observations appearing at p 18 in Mitacshare and Daya Bhaga Two Treatises on the Hindu Law of Inheritance translated by HT Colebrooke Esq  in Ch
I sec
II 2 When a father wishes to make a partition he may at his pleasure separate his children from himself whether one
two or more sons
In History of Dharamshastra  by Shri PV Kane second Edition 1973 Vol
III at p 592 it has been stated The Manager is called Karta in modern times though the smritis and digests employ words like Kutumbin Yaj II
45 Grhin Grhapali Prabhupa Kat
543 and not Karta
He has special powers of disposition by mortgage 509 sale or gift of family property in a season of distress for debts for the purposes and benefit of the family maintenance education and marriages of members and other dependents and particularly for religious purposes Sradhas and the like
The father has the same powers as manager and certain other special powers which no other coparcener has
The father can separate his sons from himself and also among themselves if he so desires even if they do not desire to separate Yaj
114
There are observations more or less to the similar effect in the other commentaries on Hindu Law by other learned authors
We do not therefore consider it necessary to refer to the comments of the other learned authors placed before us in course of the hearing of the appeal
The various commentaries on Hindu Law by the various learned 1 authors go to indicate that ancient Hindu Law speaks of complete severance of joint family and partition of joint family properties and does not mention partial partition either with regard to the joint family properties or with regard to some of the members of the joint family
The right of the father to bring about the disruption of the joint family properties in exercise of his superior right as father or of his rights as patria potestas is recongnised in ancient Hindu Law
It is however well settled by judicial decisions that partial partition of a joint Hindu family qua some joint family properties or qua some members of the joint family is permissible and valid in law
The High Court appears to have accepted this position but the High Court then proceeds to hold that the proposition laid down by judicial decisions with regard to partial partition will apply only when partial partition is effected with the consent of the members of the joint family and cannot be extended to a case where partial partition is sought to be brought about by father in exercise of his superior rights as father or his right as patria potestas
On an anxious and careful consideration of the matter we are unable to agree with the view expressed by the High Court
510 If the father in execise of his superior right or of his right
as patria potestas is entitled to bring about a complete disruption of the joint family and to effect a complete partition of joint family properties of a Hindu family consisting of himself and his minor sons even against the wishes of the minors and if partial partition be permissible with the consent of sons when they have all become major we see no reason to limit the power or authority of tho father to effect the partition only to a case where the partition is total
The superior right or the right of patria potestas which a father enjoys is always expected to be exercised in the best interest of the members of the family and more particularly his minor sons
The father undoubtedly enjoys the right to bring about a complete disruption of the joint family consisting of himself and his minor sons and to effect a complete partition of The joint family properties even against the will of the minor sons
It is also now recognised that partial partition of joint family properties is permissible
When father can bring about a complete partition of joint family properties between himself and his minor sons even against the will of the minor sons and when partial partition under the Hindu Law is now accepted and recognised as valid by judicial decisions we fail to appreciate on what logical grounds it can be said that the father who can bring about a complete partition of the joint family properties between himself and his minor sons will not be entitled to effect a partial partition of joint family properties between himself and his minor sons if the father in the interest of the joint family and its members feels that partial partition of the properties will be in the best interest of the joint family and its members including the minor sons
Even if the test of consent is to apply the father as the natural guardian of the minor sons will normally be in a position to give such consent and it cannot be said as a matter of universal application that in all such cases of partition partial or otherwise there is bound to be a conflict of interest between the father and his sons
If the father does not act bona fide in the matter when he effects partition of joint family properties between himself and his minor sons whether wholly or partially the sons on attaining majority may challenge the partition and ask for appropriate reliefs including a proper partition
In appropriate cases even during minority the minor sons through d proper guardian may impeach the validity of the partition brought about by the father either in entirety of the joint family properties or only in respect of part thereof if the partition had been effected by the father to the detriment of the minor sons and to the prejudice of their interests
511 We may point out that in the case of Charandas Haridas to which we have earlier referred and in which this Court recognised the validity of partial partition brought about by the father of some joint family properties the sons were all minors
Also in the case of Motilal Shamsunder earlier quoted where the Allahabad High Court recognised the validity of partial partition brought about by the father between himself and his sons all the sons were minors
The decision of this Court in the case of Charandas Haridas and the observations of this Court in the case of Kalloomal Tapeswari Prasad supra which we have earlier quoted in our opinion clinch the decision of the question
We must therefore hold that partial partition of properties brought about by the father between himself and his minor sons cannot be said to be invalid under the Hindu Law and must be held to be valid and binding
We wish to make it clear that this right of the father to effect a partial partition of joint family properties between himself and his minor sons whether in exercise of his superior right as father or in exercise of the right as patria potestas has necessarily to be exercised bona fide by the father and is subject to the right of the sons to challenge the partition if the partition is not fair and just
section 171 of the Income tax Act 1971 provides as follows 1 A Hindu family hitherto assessed as undivided shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to continue to be a Hindu undivided family except where and in as far as a finding of partition has been given under this section in respect of the Hindu undivided family
2 Where at the time of making an assessment under sec
143 or section 144 it is claimed by or on behalf of any member of Hindu family assessed as undivided that a partition whether total or partial has taken place among the members of such family the Income Income tax officer shall make an enquiry thereinto after giving notice of the enquiry to all the members of the family
512 3 On the completion of the enquiry the Income tax officer shall record a finding as to whether there has been a total or partial partition of the joint family property and if there has been such a partition the date on which it has taken place
4 Where a finding of total or partial partition has been recorded by Income tax officer under this section and the partition took place during the previous year a the total income of the joint family in respect of the period up to the date of partition shall be assessed as if no partition had taken place and b each member or group of members shall in addition to any tax for which he or it may be separately liable and notwithstanding anything contained in clause 2 of section 10 be jointly and severally liable for the tax on the income so assessed
5 Where a finding of total or partial partition has been recorded by the Income tax officer under this section and the partition took place after the expiry of the previous year the total income of the previous year of the joint family shall be assessed at as if no partition had taken place and the provisions of clause b of sub section 4 shall so far as may be apply to the case
6 Notwithstanding anything contained in this section if the Income tax officer finds after completion of the assessment of a Hindu undivided family that the family has already effected a partition whether total or partial the Income tax officer shall proceed to recover the tax from every person who was a member of the family before the partition and every such person shall be jointly and severally liable for the tax on the income so assessed 7 For the purposes of this section the several liability of any member or group of members thereunder shall be computed according to the portion of the joint family property allotted to him or it at the partition whether total or partial
513 8 The provisions of this section shall so far as may be apply in relation to the levy and collection of any penalty interest fine or other sum in respect of any period up to the date of the partition whether total or partial of a Hindu undivided family as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of tax in respect of any such period       
Explanation In this section a partition means i where the property admits of a physical division a physical division of the property but a physical division of the income without a physical division of the property producing the income shall not be deemed to be a partition or ii where the property does not admit of a physical division then such division as the property admits of but a mere sevence of status shall not be deemed to be a partition b partial partition means a partition which is partial as regards the persons constituting the Hindu undivided family or the properties belonging to the Hindu undivided family or both
It may be noted that the following further provision was included in the said section as sub section 9 by the Finance No w e f 1st April 1980  G 9 Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section where a partial partition has taken place after the 31st day of December 1978 among the members of a Hindu undivided family hitherto assessed as undivided 514 a no claim that such partial partition has taken place shall be inquired into under sub section 2 and no finding shall be recorded under sub section 3 that such partial partition had taken place and any finding recorded under sub section 3 to that effect whether before or after the 18th day of June 1980 being the date of introduction of the Finance No 2 Bill 1980 shall be null and void b such family shall continue to be liable to be assessed under this Act as if no such partial partition had taken place c each member or group of members of such family immediately before such partial partition and the family shall be jointly and severally liable for any tax penalty interest fine or other sum payable under this Act by the family in respect of any period whether before or after such partial partition d the several liability of any member or group of members aforesaid shall be computed according to the portion of the joint family property allotted to him or it at such partial partition and the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly
This sub section 9 was not in existence at the relevant time and has no retrospective operation and it is of no material consequence in deciding the present case
The aforesaid provisions of the Income tax Act as they stood at the material time clearly recognise partial partition
The definition of partial partition in explanation b makes it clear that partial partition as regards the persons constituting the Hindu undivided family or as regards properties belonging to the Hindu undivided family or both is recognised
In the present case the partial partition of the shares belonging to the Hindu undivided family cannot therefore be said to 515 be bad either under the Hindu Law or under the Indian Income tax Act
We must therefore hold that the High Court went wrong in deciding that partial partition of the joint family properties of the Hindu joint family by the father was invalid and could not be recognised under the Income tax Act
The subsequent amendment of section 171 by the inclusion of sub section 9 does not require any consideration as the said sub section was not in existence in the relevant assessment year and is only operative from 1st April 1980
The other question which falls for determination is whether the partition can be said to be bad at the time of the partition there was no equal division of the shares by the father amongst himself and his minor sons and a part of the share holding had not been distributed to the father or to the father and mother jointly
We may point out that the AAC has found that at the time of division of the shares the shares had been distributed equally taking into consideration the shares which had earlier been distributed amongst the parties
In our opinion a partial partition of any joint family property by the father between himself and his sons does not become invalid on the ground that there has been no equal distribution amongst the co sharers
It is expected that the father who seeks to bring about a partial partition of joint family properties will act bonafide in the interest of the joint family and 13 its members bearing in mind in particular the interests of the minor sons
If however any such partial partition causes any prejudice to any of the minor sons and if any minor son feels aggrieved by any such partial partition he can always challenge the validity of such partial partition in an appropriate proceeding and the validity of such partition will necessarily have to be adjudicated upon in the proceeding on a proper consideration of all the facts and circumstances of the case
Till such partial partition has been held to be invalid by any competent court the partial partition must be held to be valid
It is not open to the Income tax Authorities to consider a partial partition to be invalid on tho ground that shares have not been equally divided and to refuse to recognise the same
It is undoubtedly open to the Income tax officer before recognising the partition to come to a conclusion on proper enquiry whether tho partition is genuine or not
If the Income tax officer on enquiry comes to a finding that the partition is sham or fictious he will be perfectly within his right to refuse to recognise the same
In the instant case there is no finding that the partial partition is sham or 516 fictitious or that the partial partition is not a genuine one and has not been acted upon
As there is no finding that the partial partition is sham or fictitious or not a genuine one on enquiries made by the Income tax officer and as the partial partition is otherwise valid under the Hindu Law the partial partition has necessarily to be recognised under the provisions of section 171 of the Income tax Act and the assessment must be necessarily made on the basis that there is Partial partition of the said shares
In the result the appeal succeeds
The judgment and order of the High Court are hereby set aside
The partial partition is held to be valid and the Income tax Officer is directed to recognise the same and to proceed to make the assessment on the basis that there has been a partial partition of the said shares between the parties
In the facts and circumstances of this case we do not propose to make any order as to costs
SR Appeal allowed


Summary:
The assessee is a Hind undivided Family consisting of four members namely Sri Apoorva Shantilal Shah his wife Smt
Karuna and their minor sons Chintan and Tejal
During the assessment pertaining to the assessment year 1975 76
Shri Apoorva as a Karta of the HUF made an application to the Income Tax officer for recognising partial partition under section 171 of the Income Tax Act 1961 hereinafter referred to as the Act claiming that two partial partitions had taken place amongst the members of the said family one on 24121973 in respect of 200 shares of Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd and the other on 29121973 in respect of 177 shares of the same Company
The Income Tax officer refused to record them for three reasons namely i the partitions have not been made at the instance of the minor sons ii after making certain allocations in favour of the two minor sons
he remaining shares were not allotted in their entirety to tho remaining third coparcener normally Apoorva separately or Apoorva and Smt
Karuna jointly describing them as U P and iii the distribution of shares had not been made equally either amongst the three members including the two minor sons or amongst the four members of the UP as Apoorva s wife Karuna also became entitled to an equal share on partition between the father and sons
The appeal preferred before the Assistant Appellate Commissioner was accepted
The further appeal by Revenue to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal was allowed since the Tribunal was of the opinion that the partial partitions in the instant case beings outside the framework at the Hindu Law could not be recognised as valid for the purposes of Section 171 of the Income Tax Act
All the questions refferd to in the reference under Section 256 1 to the High Court were answered against the assessee
The High Court held that under Hindu Law the father has no power or authority to effect any partial partition of joint family properties between himself and this minor sons
Hence the appeal by special leave
Allowing the appeal the Court 493  HELD 11
Partial Partition of the shares belonging to the Hindu A undivided Family cannot be said to be bad either under the Hindu Law or under the Indian Income Tax Act
514 H 515 A 12
Partial partition of properties brought about by the father between himself and his minor sons is valid and binding under the Hindu Law
This right of the father to effect a partial partition of joint family properties between himself and his minor sons whether in exercise of his superior right as father or in exercise of the right as patria potestas has necessarily to be exercised bonafide by the father and is subject to the right of the sons to challenge the partition if the partition is not fair and just
511 C E 13
The right of the father to bring about the disruption of the joint family properties in exercise of his superior right as father or of his rights as patria potestas is recognised in ancient Hindu Law
509 D E 14
The stand taken by the High Court to the effect that the proportion laid down by judicial decisions to the effect that partial partition of a joint Hindu family qua some joint family properties or qua some members of the joint family is permissible and valid in law will apply only when partial partition is effected with the consent of the members of joint family and cannot be extended to a case when partial partition is sought to be brought by father in exercise of his superior rights as father or his right as patria potestas is incorrect
509 F H If the father in exercise of his superior right or of his right as patria potestas in entitled lo bring about a complete disruption of the joint family and to effect a complete partition of joint family properties of a Hindu joint family consisting of himself and his minor sons even against The wishes of the minors and if partial partition be permissible with the consent of sons when they have all become major the power or authority of the father to effect the partition of properties cannot be limited only to a case where the partition is total
Even if the test of consent is to apply the father as the natural guardian of the minor sons will normally be in a position to give such consent and it cannot be said as matter of universal application that in all such cases of partition partial or otherwise there is bound to be a conflict of interest between the father and his sons
If the father does Dot act bonafide in the matter when he effects partition of joint family properties between himself and his minor sons whether wholly or partially the sons on attaining majority may challenge the partition and ask for appropriate reliefs including a proper partition
In appropriate cases even during minority the minor sons through a proper guardian may impeach the validity of the partition brought about by the father either in entirety of the joint family properties or only in respect of part thereof if the partition had been effected by the father to the detriment of the minor sons and to the prejudice of their interest
510 A H Charandas Haridas vs Commissioner of Income Tax Bombay Kalloomal Tapeswari Prasad HUF vs Commissioner of Income J J Tax
Kanpur 1982133 ITR 690 SC followed 494 15
The provisions of the Income Tax Act 1961 before the amendment by Finance Act No 2 of 1980 also clearly recognise partial partition
The definition of partial partition in Explanation b makes it clear that partial partition as regards the persons constituting the Hindu undivided family or as regards proper ties belonging to the Hindu Undivided family or both is recognised
514 P G 21
A partial partition of any joint family property by the father between himself and his sons does not become invalid on the ground that there has been Do equal distribution amongst the co sharers It is expected that the father who seeks to bring about a partial partition of joint family properties will act bonafide in the interest of the joint family and its members bearing in mind in particular the interest of the minor sons
If however any such partial revision causes any prejudice to any of the minor sons and if any minor son feels aggrieved by any such partial partition he can always challenge the validity of such partial partition in an appropriate proceeding and the validity of such partial partition will necessarily have to be adjudicated upon in the proceeding on a proper consideration of all the facts and circumstances of the case till such partial partition has been held to be invalid by any competent court the partial partition must he held to be valid
515 D F 22
It is not open to the Income tax Authorities to consider a partial partition to be invalid on the ground that shares have not been equally divided and to refuse to recognise the same
It is undoubtedly open to the Income tax officer before recognizing the partition to come to a conclusion on proper enquiry whether the partition is genuine or not
If the Income tax officer on enquiry comes to a finding that the partition is sham or fictitious he will be perfectly within his right to refuse to recognise the same
515 F G 23
In the instant case there is no finding that the partial partition is sham or fictitious or that the partial partition is not a genuine one and has not been acted upon
As there is no finding that the partial partition is sham or fictitious or not a genuine one on enquiries made by the Income tax officer and as the partial partition is otherwise valid under the Hindu Law the partial partition has necessarily to be recognised under the provisions of section 171 of the Income Tax Act and the assessment must be necessarily made on the basis that there is partial partition of the said shares
515 H
516 A B