ivil Appeal No 104 of 1050
Appeal from a judgment and decree dated the 9th April 1947 of the High Court of Judicature at Patna Manohar Lal and Mukherjee JJ in First Appeal No 68 of 1944 arising out of judgment and decree dated the 23rd December 1943 of the Court of the First Additional Subordinate Judge Gaya in Suit No 4 of 1941
Gurbachan Singh Manohar Lal Sachdev with him for the appellants
SB Jathar for the legal representative of respondent No 4 870 1952
May 16
FAZAL ALI J
This appeal arises out of a suit for partition which was dismissed by the trial court but was decreed by the High Court of Patna on appeal
The material facts of the case are briefly as follows One Rambilas Das had 2 sons Budparkash Das and Nandki shore Das Nandkishore Das had several sons the plaintiff Gurtahl Das being one of his illegitimate sons
The present suit was brought by Gurtahl Das against 4 persons namely Gurnarayan Das and Jai Narayan Das sons of Nandkishore Das Shibtahl Das who was alleged to be one of the illegitimate sons of Nandkishore Das and Mst
Rambholi Kuer wife of Nanaksharan Das one of the sons off Nandkishore Das
Anoth er person Kuldip Das who was the daughter s son of Nandki shore s brother Budparkash Das intervened in the suit after its institution and was impleaded as the fifth defend ant
After the death of the second defendant Jai Narayan Das his wife Surat Kuer was brought on record
The plaintiff s case was that Budparkash Das and Nandki shoreDas formed a joint Hindu family and that Budparkash Das died without any male issue in a state of jointness with his brother Nandkishore with the result that the entire joint family property devolved on him
Subsequently dis putes arose regarding the management and enjoyment of the properties among the plaintiff and the defendants which compelled the plaintiff to institute the present suit for partition
The plaintiff alleged that the parties were Sudras and belonged to the Nanak Shai sect of Fakirs and that he and the third defendant Shibtahl Das were dasipu tras of Nandkishore Das by a concubine and Jai Narayan Das and Gurnarayan Das were also dasiputras of Nandkishore by another concubine
The suit was contested mainly by the first defendant Gurnarayan Das and Mst
Surat Kuer on the following pleas  firstly that the suit was not maintainable as a suit for partition because the plaintiff was never 871 in possession of the properties of which he claimed parti tion secondly that the family of the defendants were not Sudras but Dwijas and an illegitimate son could not sue for partition thirdly that the defendants did not form a joint Hindu family with the plaintiff and Shibtahl Das fourthly that Mst
Rambholi Kuer was not the widow of Nanaksharan Das and fifthly that the plaintiff and Shibtahl Das were not sons of Nandkishore Das
The case of Mst
Rambholi Kuer was that the parties were Dwijas and not Sudras and defend ant No 5 Kuldip Das pleaded to the same effect and fur ther alleged that Budparkash Das was separate from Nandki shore Das that although they did not divide the properties by metes and bounds they used to divide the produce half and half and that he was in possession of his share of the properties as the daughter s son of Budparkash Das and they could not be made the subject of partition
Shibtahl Das supported the claim of the plaintiff
The trial court dismissed the suit holding among other things 1 that the plaintiff not being in joint possession of any of the properties the suit for partition was not maintainable 2 that the parties were Sudras 3 that Budparkash Das and Nandkishore Das were joint and not sepa rate 4 that the plaintiff had no cause of action and 5 that Shibtahl Das had not proved that he was the son of Nandkishore
Against the decision of the trial court the plaintiff preferred an appeal to the High Court at Patna and Kuldip Das filed a cross objection contesting the find ing that Budparkash was joint with his brother Nandkishore
The High Court reversed the decision of the trial court and held 1that the parties were Sudras and not Dwijas 2 that Budparkash died in a state of separation from his brother Nandkishore and 3 that no suit for declaration of title was necessary and the plaintiff s failure to pay sufficient court fee should not stand in the way of suitable relief being granted to him
Both the High Court and the trial court found that defendants Nos 1 and 2 Gurnarayan Das and 113 872 Jai Narayan Das were the legitimate sons of Nand kishore Das
On the above findings the High Court passed a prelimi nary decree directing that separate allotments of the properties should be made to the plaintiff and the defend ants excepting Shibtahl Das
It was contended before us on behalf of the first appel lant that the finding of the courts below that the parties were Sudras was not correct and should be set aside
This contention must however fail since we find no good reason for departing from the wellestablished practice of this court of not disturbing concurrent findings of the trial court and the first appellate court
In the present case the finding that the parties are Sudras is largely based on the oral evidence and the learned Judges of the High Court in arriving at their conclusion have not over looked the tests which have been laid down in a series of authoritative decisions for determining the question whether a person belongs to the regenerate community or to the Sudra community
The next question which was very seriously debated before us was whether Budparkash Das and Nandkishore Das were joint or separate
On this question the two courts below have expressed conflicting views but on a careful consideration of the evidence before us we are in clined to agree with the learned Judges of the High Court who after reviewing the entire evidence have come to the conclusion that Budparkash Das died in a state of separation from Nandkishore
It will be material to quote here the following extract from the judgment of the trial judge in which he sums up the evidence on this question  From the oral evidence on the record this much is quite clear that Budparkash lived in a separate house and used to get crops
This defendant defendant No 5 Kuldip Das has also filed Exhibit B2 chaukidari receipt for 1936 Register No 283 and Exhibit C 1 copy of Assessment Register showing No 284 in the name of Budparkash which may go to show that possibly Budparkash was paying separate chowkidari tax The defendant No 5 has also filed some 873 letters marked A 1 A 5 A 4 A 6 A 10 and A 12 which not only show that this defendant is related to the defendants  family but also that grains and money were offered to him from time to time
But none of these documents clearly show that there had been partition between Budparkash and Nandkishore or that the defendant No 5 ever came in possession over any property as being the heir of Bud parkash
Of course there is some oral evidence to support him
But I do not think on considering and weighing the evidence that separation of Budparkash from Nandkishore has been proved
The learned pleader for the defendant No 5 has urged that the circumstances considered in the light of the ruling reported in Behar Report Vol 4 1937 38 Privy Council at p 302 would support the defendant s case as there was defined share of Budparkash and Nandkishore in the Khatyan exts
G1 and G2
I am not prepared to agree with the learned pleader on this point as there is not a scrap of paper to show that Budparkash or even after him Kuldip Das separately appropriated the usufruct of any property or ever Budparkash showed any intention of separation I expect that if Budparkash had separated at least on his death the defendant No 5 would have maintained an account book of his income from the properties in dispute specially as he lived at a distant place
He does not appear to have ever cared to look after the property or demand accounts from his alleged co sharers
 This summary of the evidence shows firstly that the two brothers lived in separate houses secondly that they paid separate chaukidari taxes and thirdly that Budparkash used to get grains and money from Nandkishore from time to time
The trial judge has also observed that the khatyans exhib its G 1 and G 2 record the defined shares of the two broth ers but the printed record shows that exhibits G 1 and G 2 are mere rent receipts
As the khatyan was not printed we sent for the original record and found that the entries in the khatyan which are exhibits F 1 and  have been correctly noted in the judgment of the trial court
It seems to us therefore that the findings which we have set out give greater support to the oral evidence adduced on behalf of defendant No 5 than to the evidence adduced by the other parties and that being so we think that the finding of the High Court must be upheld
We were greatly impressed by several letters of exhibit A series which have been found to be genuine by both the courts below
The genuineness of the letters was attacked before us but we find no good reason for reversing the findings of the trial judge and the High Court
In one of these let ters exhibit A 10 Nandkishore Das writing to Kuldip on the 12th June 1934 states that he was sending 25 maunds of rice 7 maunds of khesari and rupees seventy five and then adds I have got with me all the accounts written which will be explained when you will come and you will render a just account of your share when you come
In another letter exhibit A 12 which was written by Nandkishore to Kuldip on the I5th October 1936 the former states I wrote to you several times to adjust account of your share but you did not do so up till now
I write to you to come and examine the account of your share
I have not got money now
If you have got time then come for a day and have the account adjusted and take what may be found due to you
It seems to us that if the parties were really joint in the legal sense of the term there was no question of examining the accounts and adjusting them and there would have been no reference to the share of Kuldip in the produce or the money collected
The proper conclusion to be arrived at is as the witnesses for defendant No 5 have stated that though there was no partition by metes and bounds the two brothers were divided in status and enjoyed the usufruct of the properties according to their respective shares
Several witnesses were examined on behalf of de fendant No 5 who have stated from their personal knowledge that the two brothers lived in separate houses were sepa rate in mess and the produce 875 was divided between them half and half
It seems to us that the finding of the High Court as to the separation of the two brothers must be upheld
The third contention urged on behalf of the appellants relates to the question whether the plaintiff is entitled only to maintenance or to a share in the properties left by Nandkishore Das
The rights of an illegitimate son of a Sudra are considered in Mitaksbara Ch 1 section 12 which is headed Rights of a son by a female slave in the case of a Sudra s estate
This text was fully considered by the Privy Council in Vellaiyappa vs Natarajan1 and the conclu sions derived therefrom were summarized as follows  Their Lordships are of opinion that the illegitimate son of a Sudra by a continuous concubine has the status of a son and that he is a member of the family that the share of inheritance given to him is not merely in lieu of maintenance but in recognition of his status as a son that where the father has left no separate property and no legitimate son but was joint with his collaterals the illegitimate son is not entitled to demand a partition of the joint family property in their hands but is entitled as a member of the family to maintenance out of that property This statement of the law with which we agree may be supplemented by three other well settled principles these being firstly that the illegitimate son does not acquire by birth any interest in his father s estate and he cannot therefore demand partition against his father during the latter s lifetime secondly that on his father s death the illegitimate son succeeds as a coparcener to the separate estate of the father along with the legitimate sons with a right of survivorship and is entitled to enforce partition against the legitimate sons and thirdly that on a parti tion between a legitimate and an illegitimate son the illegitimate son takes only one half of What he would have taken if he was a legitimate son
1 AIR 1931 PC 294
876 It seems to us that the second proposition enunciated above follows from the following passage in the Mitakshara text  But after the demise of the father if there be sons of a wedded wife let these brothers allow the son of the female slave to participate for half a share
 If therefore the illegitimate son is a coparcener with the legitimate son of his father it must necessarily follow that he is entitled to demand partition against the legiti mate son
There can be no doubt that though the illegitimate son cannot enforce partition during the father s lifetime and though he is not entitled to demand partition where the father has left no separate property and no legitimate son but was joint with his collaterals he can enforce partition in a case like the present where the father was separate from his collaterals and has left separate property and legitimate sons
The last point put forward on behalf of the appellants was that the plaintiff not being in possession of the properties which are the subject of the suit he cannot maintain a suit for partition
This contention cannot prevail because the plaintiff is undoubtedly a cosharer in the properties and unless exclusion and ouster are pleaded and proved which is not the case here is entitled to partition
Thus all the points urged on behalf of the appellants fail but in one respect the decree of the High Court must be modified
To appreciate this reference will have to be made to the following statements made by defendant No 5 in paragraphs 8 and 11 of his written statement 8
That this defendant holds moiety share in jagir and kasht lands
Mahanth Budh Parkash Das was living separately in the northern house allotted to him and the southern portion was allotted to the thakhta of Nandkishore Das the smallest house divided into 2 havelis
877 11
That this defendant has nothing to do with the eight annas interest in the properties given in schedule under than C and D relating to jagir and kasht lands which rightfully belonged to Nandkishore Das and has no concern with the properties noted in those schedules
 Paragraph 11 is rather ambiguously worded but it was conceded before us by the counsel for defendant No 5 that the latter had no claim to any interest in the properties set out in schedules other than schedules C and D Such being the purport of paragraphs 8 and 11 the decree should provide that defendant No 5 will be entitled only to a share in the properties set out in schedules C and D and will have no share in the properties set out in the other schedules
Subject to this modification the decree of the High Court is affirmed and this appeal is dismissed
There will be no order as to costs
Appeal dismissed
Agent for the legal representative of 4th respondent RN Sachthey


Summary:
During the year 1954 1955 the appellant paid a sum equiva lent to 3 months basic wages as bonus to its monthly paid clerical staff
These employees raised an industrial dispute claiming an additional bonus equal to 7 months basic wages
The Industrial Tribunal to which the dispute was referred awarded additional bonus equal to 5 months basic wages
The appellant contended that i since the element of risk in the business was great and the capital employed was small the Full Bench formula had to be materially altered and rates higher than 6 on paid up capital and 4 on reserves employed as working capital should be allowed ii a higher allowance ought to be made for rehabilitation and iii the entire surplus ought not to be treated as available for distribution as only a small percentage of the workmen had made the claim for bonus
Held that since the claim for additional bonus was made only by a small percentage of the workmen the entire available surplus could not be treated as available in distributing bonus to them
Not only the 882 staff members who had raised the claim but II 247 other workmen as well had contributed to the emergence of the surplus
The sum still in the hands of the company could not be treated as a matter only between the company and these present claimants
Indian Hume Pipe Co vs Their Workmen 1959 SUPP
2 SCR 948
LLI 357 applied
Return on invested capital had always to provide for pure interest plus compensation for the risks of business
In a particular industry where the risk was appreciably less than usual there would be good cause for providing less than 6   and in an industry where extraordinary risks were run more than 6 could reasonably be provided for
There was no unusual risk run by the appellants in their business and no case was made out for allowing any higher return on the paid up capital or working capital
There was no justification for compensation of the entrepreneur for the fact that with a small amount of capital considerable profits were earned
As fixed capital was liable to gradual deterioration reserves had to be created out of profits for replacing any portion of it as soon as it became too deteriorated for efficient use
It was neces 195 sary that the company s capital fund remained intact
An amount reasonably sufficient for the notional requirement of rehabilitation during the relevant year was deducted as a prior charge in ascertaining surplus profits from which bonus could be paid
The basis of the prior charge was the assumption that rehabilitation was a continuing process and needed allotment from year to year
But in the present case the appellant had failed to make out any case for rehabilitation allowance in addition to the ordinary depreciation
Associated Cement Company s case  relied on