Civil Appeal Nos
1793 1798 NT of 1974
From the Judgment and order dated 5th April 1974 of the Orissa High Court in SJC Nos 211 to 216 of 1971
SC Manchanda Ms A Subhashini KC Dua and KP Bhatnagar for the Appellant
Devi Pal JB Dadachanji KK Patnaik Sukummaran M Seal AK Verma J Peres and DN Mishra for the Respondent
PN Gupta and PN Mishra for official Liquidator
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SABYASACHI MUKHARJI J
Whether question of law referable to the High Court arises out of the order of the Appellate Income tax Tribunal in this case is the question that arises in these appeals by special leave from the decision of the Orissa High Court
Several questions of law were sought for from the Tribunal to be referred out of the decision of the Tribunal under section 2561 of Income tax Act 1961 hereinafter called the Act 
The Tribunal re fused to refer these questions
An application was made under section 2562 of the Act asking for reference on those questions from the High Court
The High Court rejected the applications and refused to call for a statement of case on those questions
This appeal by special leave is from the said decision of the High Court
It is not necessary to refer to all the questions that were pressed before the High Court because all these questions were not pressed before this Court
The following questions were however canvassed before this Court 1
Whether the findings of the Appellate Tribunal are 31 vitiated in law by reason of it having ignored relevant and admissible evidence and having relied on incorrect facts and mis statement of facts 2
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the conclusion of the Tribunal that the Kalinga Foundation Trust came into existence in 1947 and that it was distinct from the Trust created by the assessee in 1949 logically followed from the materials on record or it was perverse in the sense that no reasonable man could come to it on the said materials 3
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case in arriving at the finding that the Kalinga Foundation Trust had acquired property from donations from the public the Tribunal erred in law in not giving due consideration to the several matters relevant for determination of the points which had been considered by the Income tax officer in the assessment order 4
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that the income from dividend shown in the name of the Kalinga Foundation Trust the interest on the loans advanced in the name of the Kalinga Foundation Trust and all investments remittance receipts and actual payments in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust did not belong to the assessee and should therefore be deleted from the assessment of the assessee 5
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case there was any evidence in support of the Tribunal s findings that the assessee had collected donation from the public for the Kalinga Foundation Trust 6
If the answer to question 5 rearranged by us be in the negative then whether the Tribunal was right in holding that the amounts donated by the assessee to the said Trust were satisfactorily explained and accordingly they were not to be included in the assessment of the assessee 7
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that the revenue authorities were bound to accept the decision of the 32 Supreme Court in SP Jain vs Kalinga Tubes Ltd as to the ownership of 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd in spite of the materials collected by the Income tax Officer subsequent to the delivery of the judgment in the said case 8
If the answer to question 7 rearranged by us be in the negative then whether the finding of the Tribunal that the persons in whose names the said shares stood were not the benamidar of the assessee was perverse and was arrived at without due consideration of the material considered by the Income tax Officer in detail on the point The controversy in these appeals related to the various additions made by the revenue to the total income of the assessee relating to the assessment years 1962 63 1963 64 and 1964 65
The assessee claimed in his assessment deduction in respect of payments of interest on loans taken from Kalinga Foundation Trust and others and certain dividend transactions relating to the shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd While examining the evidence in support of these claims the Income tax Officer issued a detailed letter dated 17th October 1965 to the assessee informing him about the evidence available with the revenue against him and requesting him inter alia to produce evidence and prove i that the cash credits appearing in his account in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust were genuine and ii that 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd standing in the names of BK Mall Sm
Swaran Oberoi Shri KC Dalai Shri GC Patnaik etc
were not really his own investment
After examining the assessee s evidence and on the basis of documentary evidence and government records and on the basis of local enquiries made the Income tax Officer had come to the conclusion that no trust in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust really existed and even if it existed it had no funds of its own and that the name Kalinga Foundations Trust  was used by the assessee as a camouflage to put through his unaccounted money
Accordingly all cash credits appearing in the books of accounts of the assessee himself or in the books of other concerns or persons or remittances of actual payments in the name of trust were treated by the Income tax Officer as moneys coming out of the undisclosed sources of the assessee and accordingly assessed the same as his income from undiscolsed sources
All interest and dividend received in the name of the trust were included by the Income tax Officer in the assessment of the assessee as 33 his own income
The Income tax Officer was also of the opinion that the moneys advanced in the name of the trust to several persons in connection with the acquisition of 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd which were issued in 1958 actually belonged to the assessee
Accordingly the dividend of the said shares was treated as the income of the assessee and the expenses incurred in that connection were allowed as deduction
The persons in whose names the 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd stood were treated by the Income tax Officer as benamindars of the assessee
Thus in respect of the assessment years under consideration several items were included as income in the hands of the assessee on this score
It is not necessary to set out the items
Against the orders of assessment appeals were filed by the assessee before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner
As grievance was made before the Appellate Assistant Commisioner that there was violation of due opportunity being given to the assessee the Appellate Assistant Commissioner disposed of the appeals by setting aside the assessments for the years under consideration and remanded the matters back to Income tax Officer to frame issues and give due opportunity to the assessee to cross examine the witnesses in the light of the observations made in the order
Against the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner the appeals were filed
A prayer was made that the appeals should be remanded back to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner
The Tribunal however disposed of the appeals on the relevant materials on record
It was contended on behalf of the revenue before the Tribunal that the Kalinga Foundation Trust had come into existence as alleged in 1947 at a public meeting held at Killa Maidan Cuttack and it was registered long thereafter on 28 November 1959
It was stated that the trust was genuine and it had sufficient funds obtained by donations and consequently was in a position to lend the amounts found credited in the assessee s books and in the books of other concerns
The accounting year followed by the said trust was the calendar year whereas the accounting year followed by the assessee was the financial year ending on 31st March 1962 31st March 1963 and 31st March 1964 respectively for the three years in question
One of the points urged on behalf of the assessee was that if it was intended to use the trust as a camouflage the accounting year of the Trust would have been the same as that of the assessee
It was further contended that the Minute Book and books of accounts were maintained by the Trust and that the Trust had its own written constitution by way of Memorandum and 34 Articles of Association and Rules
The funds of the Trust were lying in trust with the Maharaja of Sonepur as he was the honorary Treasurer of the Trust
It was further pointed out on behalf of the assessee that the eminent persons were members of the Trust
On behalf of the revenue it was however contended before the Tribunal that on the basis of the facts emerging on an examination of assessee s evidence and facts found on the basis of documentary evidence the Appellate Assistant Commissioner should have confirmed the assessments
It was further stated by the revenue that local inquiries and oral testimony had been used by the Income tax Officer to support the conclusions already arrived at on an examination of assessee s own evidence and corroborated by documentary evidence and therefore the Appellate Assistant Commissioner should not have set aside the assessment on the ground that the persons who were examined by the Income tax Officer should have been allowed to be cross examined by the assessee
It was submitted that the gist of the enquiries had been communicated to the assessee to enable him to meet the case against him and it was for the assessee to produce before the Income tax Officer the persons who had collected the funds for the Kalinga Foundation Trust as the Income tax Officer was not bound by the technical rules of evidence
So far as the acquisition of 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd was concerned it was submitted by the revenue that it had collected evidence to prove that these shares were purchased by the assessee benami in the names of Shri BK Mall Shri GC Patnaik etc
It was pointed out by the revenue that the assessee had created a private registered Trust in 1949 out of his own properties having the same name as Kalinga Foundation Trust and that a reference to Kalinga Foundation Trust in some of the documents produced by the assessee was to this private trust and not to any public trust of the same name alleged to have been created at a public function
After considering the materials the Tribunal held that the Kalinga Foundation Trust came into existence in 1947 and continued after its registration in 1959 under the same name and style and the fund of the Trust was built up by collection of donation from the public at large
It may be pointed out and we are of the opinion that this is the core of the controversy in this case ie whether there was no evi 35 dence substantial or reliable produced to indicate who were the persons who had contributed to the Trust how much they had contributed to the Trust the identity and the credit worthiness of the doners to the said trust
It was contended on behalf of the assessee that the said trust which came into existence was a separate and distinct entity and the assessee was only holding an executive post in that trust
It was held by the Tribunal that seven persons who were designed by the Income tax Officer as benamidars of the assessee for the purchase of the shares of Ms Kalinga Tubes Ltd were not benamidars and the money required for the purchase of these shares had been raised by themselves
The Tribunal held that the investments made by the Trust in the assessee s group of industries or with the assessee were from its own resources and funds and such investments were guided by business expediency and prudence
The finding of the Tribunal is that the Trust was comprised of persons of public repute and the control and management of the trust styled as Kalinga Foundation Trust  were under the effective control of the Board of Trustees comprised of persons of public reputation
The Tribunal accordingly held that the income from interest dividend or any other usufruct arising out of the investments made by the trust in the various concerns and the investments of the Trust which were included in the assessments of the assessee in the years under reference should be excluded as appertaining to a separate and distinct entity and therefore directed the Income tax Officer to exclude these amounts from the assessments of the assessee in all these three years
The revenue did not accept the findings of the Tribunal as correct as mentioned hereinbefore and sought reference to the High Court on several questions
Before the questions involved in these appeals are considered it is necessary to bear in mind the scope of the jurisdiction of the High Court in directing reference on question of law where the decision rests primarily on appreciation of facts
This question has from time to time troubled the courts both the High Courts and this Court and several decisions have laid down the principles guiding such a situation
Though not exhaustive these may be referred to as illustrations
In Sree Meenakshi Mills Limited vs Commissioner of Income Tax Madras  Venkatarama Ayyar J speaking for this Court said that findings on question of pure facts arrived at by the tribunal were not to be disturbed by the High Court on a reference unless it 36 appeared that there was no evidence before the Tribunal upon which they as reasonable men could come to the conclusion to which they had come and this was so even though the High Court would on the evidence have come to a conclusion entirely different from that of the Tribunal
The Court laid down the following propositions a such a finding can be reviewed only on the ground that there was no evidence to support it or that it was perverse
b When a conclusion had been reached on an appreciation of a number of facts established by the evidence whether that was sound or not must be determined not by considering the weight to be attached to each single fact in isolation but by assessing the cumulative effect of all the facts in their setting as a whole
c Where an ultimate finding on an issue was an inference to be drawn from the facts on the application of any principles of law that would be a mixed question of law and fact and the inference from the facts found would in such a case be a question of law
But where the final determination of the issue equally with the finding or ascertainment of the basic facts does not involve the application of any principle of law an inference from the facts cannot be regarded as one of law
The proposition that an inference from facts was one of law was therefore correct in its application to mixed questions of law and fact but no to pure question of fact
In the case of pure questions of fact an inference from the facts is as much a question of fact as the appreciation of the facts
Ayyar J noted that the observations contained in some judgments of the English Courts that what inference was to be drawn from the proved facts was question of law referred to this distinction
The position that emerges from the decided cases was that i When the point for determination was a pure question of law such as construction of a statute or document of title the decision of the Tribunal was open to reference to the Court
ii When the point for determination was a mixed question of law and fact while the finding of the Tribunal on the facts found was final its decision as to the legal effect of those findings was a question of law which could be reviewed by the Court
iii A finding on a question of fact was open to attack under reference under the relevant Act as erroneous in law when there was no evidence to support it or if it was perverse
iv When the finding was one of fact the fact that it is itself an 37 inference from other basic facts will not alter its character as one of fect
In Gouri Prasad Bagaria and Others vs Commissioner of Income Tax West Bengal  this Court held that when the assessee s statement was believed in a particular case and the finding of the Tribunal was based on that then there was obviously material on which the finding of the Tribunal could be based and to seek for other material was tantamount to saying that a statement made by an assessee was not material on which a finding could be given
The Tribunal having believed the assessee s statement that was an end of the matter in so far as that fact was concerned and if the finding was based upon a statement which was good material on which it could be based no question of law really arose
In ICI India Private Ltd vs Commissioner of Income tax West Bengal III  this Court observed that the jurisdiction in the matter of reference could be exercised i when the point for determination was a pure question of law such as construction of a statute of document of title ii when the point for determination was a mixed question of law and fact
While however the finding on facts was final its decision as to the legal effect of those findings was a question of law
A finding on a question of fact was open to attack as erroneous in law when there was no evidence to support it or if it was perverse
When however the finding was one of fact the fact that it was an inference from other basic facts would not alter its character as one of fact
In Commissioner of Income tax Central Calcutta vs Daulat Ram Rawatmull  this Court held that the onus of proving that the apparent was not the real was on the party who claimed it to be so
It is not necessary to discuss other details of the facts involved in that case
It is sufficient to note however as was observed by this Court that there should be some direct nexus between the conclusion of facts arrived at by the authority concerned and the primary facts upon which that conclusion was based
The use of extraneous and irelevant material in arriving at that conclusion would vitiate the conclusion of fact because it is difficult to predicate as to what extent the extraneous and irrelevant material had influenced the authority in arriving at the conclusion of fact
Findings on questions of pure fact arrived at by the Tribunal were not to be disturbed by the High Court on a reference unless it appears that there was no evidence before the 38 Tribunal upon which they as reasonable men could come to the conclusion to which they have come and this was so even though the High Court would on the evidence have come to a conclusion entirely different from that of the Tribunal
In other words such a finding could be reviewed only on the ground that there was no evidence to support it or that it was perverse
Further when a conclusion had been reached on an appreciation of a number of facts whether that was sound or not must be determined not by considering the weight to be attached to each single fact in isolation but by assessing the cumulative effect of all the facts in their setting as a whole
When a court of fact acted on a material partly relevant and partly irrelevant it was impossible this Court observed to say to what extent the mind of the court was affected by the irrelevant material used by it in arriving at its finding
Such a finding is vitiated because of the use of inadmissible material and thereby an issue of law arose
Likewise if the court of fact based its decision partly on conjecture surmises and suspicions and partly on evidence in such a situation an issue of law arose
In Commissioner of Income tax Bihar and Orissa vs SP Jain  this Court noted that the questions referred to the High Court did not challenge the validity of the findings in that case given by the Tribunal as the Tribunal had failed to take into account the relevant material on record in arriving at its finding and had further acted on inadmissible evidence and misread the evidence and based its conclusion on conjectures and surmises the court could ignore the findings of the Tribunal and re examine the issues arising for decision on the basis of the material on record
This Court further reiterated that the High Court and this Court had always the jurisdiction to interfere with the findings of the Appellate Tribunal if it appeared that either the Tribunal had mis understood the statutory language because the proper construction of the statutory language was a matter of law or it had arrived at a finding based on no evidence or where the finding was inconsistent with the evidence or contradictory of it or it had acted on material partly relevant and partly irrelevant or where the Tribunal drew upon its own imagination and imported facts and circumstances not apparent from the record or based its conclusions on mere conjectures or surmises or where no person judicially acting and properly instructed as to the relevant law could have come to the determination reached
In all such cases the findings arrived at were vitiated
This Court further observed that Any crystallization of the view of this Court and its reluctance to interfere with the findings of the fact should not make the Tribunals or the Income tax authorities smug in the 39 belief that as the courts do not interfere with the findings which form the bed rock upon which the law will be based they can act on that assumption in findings facts or by their mere ipse dixit that they are findings of fact wish it to be so assumed irrespective of whether they are sustainable in law or on the materials on record
Now in the instant case as mentioned hereinbefore the first three questions challenge the genuineness of the donations alleged to have been contributed by the Kalinga Foundation Trust alleged to have come into existence as separate organisation at a public meeting in 1947 and the donations collected therefrom and the next question ie question No 4 challenges the finding that the dividend shown in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust and the interest and loans in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust did not belong to the assessee
The basic question is a next question whether the assessee had collected donations from the public
If the answer to that question is that it was from the public the second aspect is whether the revenue is bound to accept the decision of this Court in SP Jain as to ownership of 39000 shares in view of the materials collected by the Income tax Officer subsequent to the delivery of the judgment in this case
Apparently the identity of the doners to the Trust has not been established and a large amount of materials have been collected subsequent to the decisions of this case in SP Jain s case which had been adverted to be the Income Tax Officer and to which our attention was drawn
These did not appear to have received consideration by the Tribunal
We were taken through the evidence on record exhaustively about the foundation of the Trust
We were taken through the evidence as to who were present at the time of the inauguration of the Trust and whose evidence were there there was a public meeting and whether this Trust was separate from the other Trust or not whether particular persons were present or not they are all set out in the orders of the Tribunal as well as the Income tax Officer
It is not necessary at this stage for the purpose of disposing of these appeals to exhaustively discuss this
The revenue has pointed out to the Tribunal as appears in para 22 at page 159 of the Tribunal s order that there was omission of adjustment of entries
The Tribunal has held that the Income tax Officer and completely ignored the fact that the assessee has not 40 made this contribution plus Rs129331 which was one point at issue out of his own funds but had deposited only the amount which he had collected from various persons and hence the question of showing this amount in the books of the assessee did not arise
This is however begging the question was there any material that the collectors had collected these amounts from various persons if so who were those persons and if so whether they were capable of making these contributions This in our opinion is the core question
The significant fact has to be borne in mind that the Trust kept the money with the Maharaja of Sonepur without earning any interest
Apart from any question whether there was any scope of any application of section 20 of the Trust Act or not such a conduct was highly improbable according to the revenue
The explanation of the assessee about the nature and source of various cash credits was that these were loans from Kalinga Foundation Trust
It was claimed that there was a society of the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust
This society it was maintained had received large amounts as donations but for over a decade these donations were lying in cash and were not invested anywhere
These were not even deposited in any bank
It was explained that it was only from 1958 that the society had started investing its funds with Shri Patnaik and the concerns with which he was associated
This it was urged by the revenue was prima facie unacceptable for inter alia the following reasons 1 Funds exceeding a crore of rupees were claimed invariably to have been received in cash
2 These were also claimed to have remained uninvested and the cash was said to have been lying idle all these years
3 There was no tangible evidence of the existence of any part of these funds prior to 1958
4 Although the Society is claimed to have been in existence from 1947 it did not apply for exemption under the Income tax Act
5 Although the funds were said to have been collected all over Orissa yet there was no evidence of the money being brought from different places from Orissa to Cuttack
6 There was no evidence of any receipt issued to the alleged donors
No lists of donors were maintained or supplied
41 These important factors were pointed out to the assessee and no explanation was offered by the assessee
The assessee had sought to give an appearance of truth to the explanation offered and relied on certain letters
But there appears to be no evidence as to who were the persons from whom the money was collected how was the money received and how was the money invested This is conjunction with other factors in our opinion raises a question whether the Tribunal had acted without material evidence
It is not necessary nor it is proper at this stage for this Court to express any opinion whether on these facts what conclusion should properly be drawn but the basic question in our opinion on the first aspect of the matter as to whether the donations alleged were given by the assessee were the moneys raised by the Trust as donations from various people or not remains
That question in our opinion should be considered in its proper perspective but does not seem to have been done
This is the most material portion and in not appreciating the material portion and discussing the evidence in respect of the same in our opinion there was non consideration of a relevant factor on a factual aspect and on this the question is whether the Tribunal s decision was perverse in the sense that no man instructed properly at law could have acted as the Tribunal did and secondly whether there was ignoring of all the materials and relevant facts in considering this aspect do arise
So far as the first aspect of the question is concerned it is true that names of some collectors of money were given and some particulars were given but the persons from whom donations were collected their particulars were not supplied nor examined nor were they produced to prove the genuineness of their donations their capacity to make the donations
So the question remains whose money was donated by whom There was evidence on record as to who has collected it to a certain extent but no evidence on the other aspect
In our opinion ignoring of that fact is a vital fact which influences the decision and a conclusion and must be judged in its proper perspective
Therefore the questions which arise on this aspect are questions of law on the principles enunciated by this Court in the decisions noted hereinbefore
The second aspect is about 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd whether these belong to the assessee
The Revenue s contention was that Kalinga Tubes Ltd was controlled by Shri B Patnaik and 42 Shri Loganathan and in 1954 the company was in need of capital and those two persons came to be introduced to Shri SP Jain
Early in 1956 the three groups considered the desirability of extending the business
This was converted into a public limited company
In 1956 when the company was still a private limited company a request was made to the Controller of Capital Issues for raising the capital of the company and at a meeting held on 29th March 1958 resolution was moved and the move of Jain group was defeated
To appreciate this contention the assessee asserted that Messrs Kalinga Tubes Ltd needed funds for capital expansion
The company was converted into a public limited company and Articles of Association were suitably amended
The company also made an application to the Controller of Capital Issues for the sanction of issue of further shares to the extent of Rs3900000 at the General Meeting of the shareholders
The company decided to issue the new shares to the members of the public
Regarding the ownership of 39000 shares in Kalinga Tubes Ltdissued in 1958 this involved determination of two issues a whether the ostensible holders of these 39000 shares were real owners or benamidars and if they were benamidars who were the real holders The company was incorporated as a private limited company in 1950
From 1950 to 1954 it was controlled by Shri Biju Patnaik and Shri Loganathan
In 1954 the company was in need of capital and these two persons came to be introduced to Shri SP Jain
There was some agreement between Shri Jain and the existing shareholders
The Memorandum of Agreement was drawn up in July 1954
According to this agreement Patnaik Loganathan and Jain group were to be equal shareholders of the company
Early in 1956 the three groups considered the desirability of extending the business and obtaining loan from Industrial Finance Corporation
The Industrial Finance Corporation did not give loan to private limited companies and therefore the company was converted into a public limited company in January 1957
In September 1956 when the company was still a private company a request was made to the Controller of Capital Issues for raising the capital of the company
It is further stated that at a meeting held on 29th March 1958 Shrimati Gyan Patnaik wife of Shri B Patnaik moved a resolution providing that 39000 shares should not be offered or allotted to the existing shareholders or to the public
Shri SL Aggarwal of the Jain group however moved a resolution which provided that the 39000 shares be offered to the existing shareholders of 43 the company in proportion to their shareholdings
The resolution further provided that if the offer was not accepted by the existing shareholders within 15 days the offer would be deemed to have been declined
It appears that on 18th April 1958 Shri SP Jain filed a suit
The suit was decided against the Jain group
But Shri SP Jain filed a complaint under sections 397 398 402 and 403 of the Indian Companies Act
An appeal was preferred from single judge s judgment to the division bench
There was appeal to this Court
There is an observation in the judgment of Burman J of the Orissa High Court to the following effect In the present case it is clear that the allotments of the said 39000 shares to the seven persons were not in interest of the Company because records including the balance sheets show that even by 1960 share moneys Rs39 lakhs were not realised from the said allottees
Although it was given out by those in the management of the Company that the Company was in urgent need of funds the said allotments of 39000 new shares did not however bring immediate funds to the company
 The Income tax Officer was of the view that the facts suggested that the seven persons were benamidars of Shri Patnaik whether they are so or not and what is the effect of the decision of this Court on this point is another question
But these facts were not properly considered by the Tribunal to come to the conclusion as to whether 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd belong to the assessee and not to the shareholders named
The details of this are in Annexure B  to the Income tax Officer s order
The Income tax officer has categorically found that Shri Mall was not assessed to Income tax as an individual
He was assessed as a member of the joint family on an income of Rs15000 to Rs17000
The total wealth of the family was about half a lakh
It was not possible to purchase shares of the face value of Rs9 lakhs on his own
The shares from 1959 to 1964 had gradually appreciated in value
In other words even after deducting the loan incurred by acquiring these shares the net worth of these shares during 1959 to 1967 was Rs212 lakhs to Rs712 lakhs
Shri Mall never filed his wealth tax return which clearly showed that nowhere shares were treated as his own
These and 44 other factors taken in conjunction led the Income tax Officer to the conclusion that 39000 shares belonged to Shri B Patnaik
In that view of the matter the materials gathered by revenue subsequent to the decision in SP Jain s case on the aforesaid lines should have been appreciated and considered by the Tribunal
In our opinion therefore on the principles enunciated by this Court in several decisions mentioned hereinbefore these questions as questions of law mentioned above do arise
In our opinion the High Court in the facts and circumstances of the case was in error in not directing a reference on the abovenamed questions to the High Court under section 2562 of the Act
The judgment and order of the High Court are therefore set aside
We direct the Tribunal to send a statement of case for the three years involved within six months of the date of receipt of this order on the questions mentioned hereinbefore to the High Court at Cuttack
Let the records be sent to the Tribunal immediately through the High Court
As the matter is very old the reference when made should be disposed of as quickly as possible
The costs of these appeals will abide by the ultimate order made in the reference
MLA Appeals allowed


Summary:
The respondent assessee claimed deductions in his assessments relating to the assessment years 1962 63 to 1964 65 in respect of payments of interest on loans taken from Kalinga Foundation Trust and others and certain dividend transactions relating to the shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd The Income Tax officer issued a letter to the assessee requesting him inter alia to produce evidence and prove i that the cash credits appearing in his account in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust were genuine and ii that 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd standing in the names of shareholders were not really his own investment
After examining the assessee s evidence and on the basis of documentary evidence and government records and on the basis of local enquiries made the Income Tax officer came to the conclusion that no trust in the name of Kalinga Foundation Trust really existed and even if it existed it had no funds of its own and that the name Kalinga Foundation Trust was used by the assessee as a camouflage to put through his unaccounted money
Accordingly all cash credits appearing in the books of accounts of the assessee himself or in the books of other concerns or persons or remittances of actual payments in the name of Trust were treated by the Income Tax officer as moneys coming out of the undisclosed sources of the assessee and accordingly assessed the same as his income from undisclosed sources
All interest and dividend received in the name of the Trust were included by the Income Tax officer in the assessment of the assessee as his own income
The Income Tax officer was also of the opinion that the moneys advanced in the name of the Trust to several persons in connection with the acquisition of 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd which were 27 issued in 1358 actually belonged to the assessee
Accordingly the dividend of the said shares was treated as the income of the assessee and the expenses incurred in that connection were allowed as deduction
The persons m whose names the 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd stood were treated by the Income tax officer as benamidars of the assessee
Against the orders of assessment appeals were filed by the assessee before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner who set aside the assessments for the years under consideration and remanded the matters back to Income tax officer to frame issues and give due opportunity to the assessee to cross examine the witnesses in the light of the observations made m the order
Again against the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner the appeals were filed
It was argued before the Tribunal on behalf of the appellant assessee i that on the basis of the facts emerging on an examination of assessee s evidence and facts found on the basis of documentary evidence the Appellate Assistant Commissioner should have confirmed the assessments ii that local inquiries and oral testimony had been used by the Income tax officer to support the conclusions already arrived at on an examination of assessee s own evidence and corroborated by documentary evidence and therefore the Appellate Assistant Commissioner should not have set aside the assessment on the ground that the persons who were examined by the Income tax officer should have been allowed to be cross examined by the assessee iii that the gist of the enquiries had been communicated to the assessee to enable him to meet the case against him and it was for the assessee to produce before the Income tax officer the persons who had collected the funds for the Kalinga Foundation Trust as the Income tax officer was not bound by the technical rules of evidence iv that it had collected evidence to prove that these shares were purchased by the assessee benami in the names of the shareholders named v that the assessee had created a private registered Trust in 1949 out of his own properties having the same name as Kalinga Foundation Trust and that a reference to Kalinga Foundation Trust m some of the documents produced by the assessee was to this private trust and not to any public trust of the same name alleged to have been created at a public function
After considering the material the Tribunal held a that the Kalinga Foundation Trust came into existence in 1947 and continued after its registration in 1353 under the same name and style and the fund of the Trust was built up by collection of donation from the public at large b that seven persons who were designed by the Income tax officer as benamidars of the assessee for the purchase of the 28 shares of Ms Kalinga Tubes Ltd were not benamidars and the money required for the purchase of these shares had been raised by themselves c that the investments made by the Trust in the assessee s group of industries or with the assessee were from its own resources and funds and such investments were guided by business expediency and prudence d that the Trust was comprised of persons of public repute and the control and management of the trust styled as Kalinga Foundation Trust were under the effective control of the Board of Trustees comprised of persons of public reputation and e that the income from interest dividend or any other usufruct arising out of the investments made by the Trust in the various concerns and the investments of the Trust which were included in the assessments of the assessee in the years under reference should be excluded as appertaining to a separate and distinct entity and therefore directed the Income tax officer to exclude these amounts from the assessments of the assessee in all these three years
The revenue did not accept the findings of the Tribunal as correct
Several questions of law were sought for from the Tribunal to be referred out of the decision of the Tribunal under section 2561 of the Income Tax Act 1961
The Tribunal refused to refer these questions
An application was made under section 2562 of the Act asking for reference on those questions from the High Court
The High Court also rejected the application and refused to call for a statement of case on those questions
Hence these appeals by sepcial leave
Allowing the appeals  HELD 1
The High Court in the facts and circumstances of the case was in error in not directing a reference under section 2562 of the Act
Therefore the judgment and order of the High Court are set aside and the Tribunal is directed to send a statement of case for the three years involved within six months of the date of receipt of this order on the questions mentioned in this judgment
44 C D 2
The Supreme Court in several decisions has laid down the following principles with regard to the scope of the jurisdiction of the High Court in directing reference on question of law where the decision rests primarily on appreciation of facts i When the point for determination was a pure question of law such as construction of a statute or document of title the decision of the Tribunal was open to reference to the Court
ii When the point for determination was a mixed question of law 29 and fact while the finding of the Tribunal on the facts found was final its decision as to the legal effect of those findings was a question of law which could be reviewed by the Court
iii A finding on a question of fact was open to attack under reference under the relevant Act as erroneous in law when there was no evidence to support it or if it was perverse
iv When the findings was one of facts the fact that it is itself an inference from other basic facts will not alter its character as one of fact
36 F H 37A Sree Meenakshi Mills Limited vs Commissioner of Income Tax Madras  Gouri Prasad Bagaria and others vs Commissioner of Income Tax West Bengal  ICI India Private Ltd vs Commissioner of Income tax West Bengal 111  Commissioner of Income tax Central Calcutta vs Daulat Ram Rawatmull  Commissioner of Income tax Bihar and Orissa vs SR Jain  relied upon
The question as to whether the donations alleged were given by the assessee were the moneys raised by the Trust as donations from various people or not should be considered in its proper perspective but does not seem to have been done
This is the most material portion and in not appreciating the material portion and discussing the evidence in respect of the same there was non consideration of a relevant factor on a factual aspect and on this the question is whether the Tribunal s decision was perverse in the sense that no man instructed properly at law could have acted as the Tribunal did and secondly whether there was ignoring of all the materials and relevant facts in considering this aspect
There was also evidence on record as to who had collected it to a certain extent but no evidence on the other aspect
Ignoring of that fact is a vital fact which influences the decision and a conclusion and must be judged in its proper perspective
Therefore the questions which arise on this aspect are questions of law and the High Court should have directed the statement of a reference
41C G 4
Regarding the ownership of 39000 shares in Kalinga Tubes Ltd issued in 1958 this involved determination of two issues a whether the ostensible holders of these 39000 shares were real owners or benamidars and if they were benamidars who were the real holders
The Income tax officer was of the view on facts suggested that the 30 seven persons were benamidars of the assessee whether they are so or not and what is the effect of the said fact is another question
But these facts were not properly considered by the Tribunal to come to the conclusion as to whether 39000 shares of Kalinga Tubes Ltd belonged to the assessee and not to the shareholders named
42 D E 43 E F