iminal Appeals Nos 67 136 and 172 of 1959 and 82 and 83 of 1962
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated November 3 1958 in Criminal Appeals Nos 196 256 and 363 of 1958
B B Tawakley and section C Mazumdar for the appellant in Cr A No 67159
section C Mazumdar for the appellant in Cr A No 13659
T section Venakataraman for the appellant in Cr A No 17259
381 N N Keshwani for the appellant in Cr A No 8262
C B Agarwala K L Misra Advocate General U P Mangala Prasad Baghari Shanti Sarup Khanduja Malik Arjun Das and Ganpat Rai for the appellant in Cr A No 8362
N section Bindra D R Prem and R H Dhebar for the respondent in all the Appeals
March 18
The judgment of the Court was delivered by SUBBA RAO J
These appeals by special leave arise out of two judgments of the High Court of Bombay one that of Vyas and Kotval JJ dated March 31 1958 and the other that of Shah and Shelat JJ dated November 3 1958 in what for convenience of reference may be described as the Empire Conspiracy Case
At the outset it would be convenient to state briefly the case of the prosecution
One Lala Shankarlal a political leader and Vice President of the Forward Bloc and a highly competent commercial magnate and his nominees held the controlling block of shares of the Tropical Insurance Company Limited hereinafter called the Tropical and he was the Chairman and Managing Director of the said company
He had also controlling voice in another company called the Delhi Swadeshi Cooperative Stores Ltd The said Delhi Stores held a large number of shares of the Tropical
In or about the middle of 1948 Sardar Sardul Singh Caveeshar who was controlling the People s Insurance Co Ltd and other concerns in Lahore and Kaul a practising barrister came to Delhi
During that year the former was the President of the Forward Bloc and Shankarlal was its Vice President
Shankerlal 382 Caveeshar and Kaul conceived the idea of purchasing the controlling block of 63000 shares of the Jupiter Insurance Company Ltd hereinafter referred to as the  Jupiter a prosperous company in the name of the Tropical from the Khaitan Group which was holding the said Jupiter shares
But the financial position of the Tropical did not permit the said purchase and so they thought of a fraudulent device of purchasing the said Jupiter shares out of the funds of the Jupiter itself
Under an agreement entered into with the Khaitan Group the out of the 63000 shares of the Jupiter was fixed at Rs 3339000  and the purchasers agreed to pay Rs 500000 in advance as  black money and the balance of Rs 2839000  representing the actual price on paper within January 20 1949 i e after the purchasers got control of the Jupiter
After the purchase Shankarlal Group took charge of the Jupiter as its Directors after following the necessary formalities sold the securities of the Jupiter for the required amountand paid the balance of the purchase money to the Khaitan Group within the prescribed time
In order to cover up this fraud various manipulations were made in the relevant account books of the Jupiter
There would be an audit before the end of the year and there was every likelihood of detection of their fraud
It therefore became necessary for them to evolve a scheme which would bring in money to cover the said fraud perpetuated by the Directors of the
Jupiter in the acquisition of its 63000 controlling shares
For that purpose Shankarlal and his group conceived the idea of purchasing the controlling interest in another insurance company so that the funds of that company might be utilized to cover up the Jupiter fraud
With that object in or about September 1949 Shankarlal and 9 of his friends entered into a conspiracy to lift the funds of the Empire of India Life Assurance Company Ltd hereinafter referred to as the Empire to cover up the Jupiter 383 fraud
This they intended to do by purchasing the controlling shares of the Empire by some of them becoming its Directors and Secretary and by utilizing the funds of the Empire to cover up the defalcations made in the Jupiter
The following were the members of the conspiracy  1 Shankarlal 2 Kaul 3 Metha 4 Jhaveri and 5 Doshi all Directors of the Jupiter and 6 Guha the Secretary of the Jupiter 7 Ramsharan the Secretary of the Tropical 8 Caveeshar the Managing Director of the People s Insurance Co 9 Damodar Swarup a political worker who was later on appointed as the Managing Director of the Empire
10 Subhedar another political worker 11 Sayana a businessman of Bombay and 12 Bhagwan Swarup the nephew of Shankarlal and a retired Assistant Commissioner of Income tax of the Patiala State
After forming the conspiracy the controlling shares of the Empire were purchased in the name of Damodar Swarup for an approximate sum of Rs 4300000 
For that purpose securities of the Jupiter of the value of Rs 4875000 were withdrawn by the Directors of the Jupiter without a re solution of the Board of Directors to that effect and endorsed in the name of Damodar Swarup again without any resolution of the Board of Directors to that effect
Damodar Swarup deposited the said securities in the Punjab National Bank Ltd and opened a Cash credit account in the said Bank in his own name
He also executed two promissory notes to the said Bank for a sum of Rs 1000000 and Rs 4300000 respectively
Having opened the said account Damodar Swarup drew from the said account by means of cheques a sum of Rs 4300000 and paid the same towards the purchase of the said Empire shares
Out of the said shares of the Empire qualifying shares of twenty were transferred in each of the names of Damodar Swarup Subhedar and Sayana and by necessary resolutions Damodar Swarup became the Managing 384 Director and Chairman of the Empire and the other two its Directors and Bhagwan Swarup was appointed its Secretary
The conspirators having thus taken control of the Empire through some of them lifted large amounts of the Empire to the tune of Rs 6249700 by bogus sale and loans and with the said amount they not only recouped the amounts paid out of the Jupiter for the purchase of its controlling shares and also the large amounts paid for the purchase of the controlling shares of the Empire
After the conspiracy was discovered in due course the following ten of the said conspirators i e all the conspirators excluding Shankarlal and another who died pending the investigation were brought to trial before the Court of the Sessions judge for Greater Bombay under section 120 B of the Indian Penal Code and also each one of them separately under section 409 read with section 109 of the said Code  1 Kaul2 Metha 3 Jhaveri 4 Guha 5 Ramsbaran6 Caveeshar 7 Damodar Swarup 8 Subhedar 9 Sayana and 10 Bhagwan Swarup
The gravemen of the charge against them was that they along with Shankarlal and Doshi both of them deceased entered into a criminal conspiracy at Bombay and elsewhere between or about the period from September 20 1950 to December 31 1950 to commit or cause to be committed criminal breach of trust in respect of Government securities or proceeds thereof or the funds of the Empire of India Life Assurance Co Ltd Bombay by acquiring its management and control and dominion over the said property in the way of business as Directors Agents or Attorneys of the said Company
The details of the other charges need not be given as the accused were acquitted in respect thereof
Learned Sessions judge made an elaborate enquiry considered the innumerable documents filed and the oral evidence adduced in the case and came to the conclusion that Accused 1 2 4 5 6 and 10 385 were guilty of the offence under section 120 B read with section 409 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced them to various term of imprisonment
Accused 6 i e Caveeshar was sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for 5 years and accused 10 i e Bhagwan Swarup to rigorous imprisonment for a period of 5 ears and also to pay a fine of Rs 2000 and in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for a further period of six months
He acquitted accused 3 7 8 and 9
The State preferred an appeal to the High Court against that part of the  judgment of the learned Sessions judge acquitting some of the accused and the convicted accused filed appeals against their convictions
The appeal filed by Caveeshar Accused 6 was dismissed in limine by the High Court
The appeals filed by the other convicted accused against their convictions were dismissed and the appeal by the State against the acquittal of some of the accused was allowed by the High Court
Accused 7 was sentenced to 5 years  rigorous imprisonment accused 8 to 3 years  rigorous imprisonment and accused 9 to 3 years rigorous imprisonment
Accused 6 7 8 9 and 10 have by special leave preferred these appeals against their convictions and sentences
We are not concerned with the other accused as some of them died and others did not choose to file appeals
At the outset it may be stated that none of the learned counsel appearing for the accused questioned the factum of conspiracy nor did they canvass the correctness of the findings of the Courts below that the funds of the Empire were utilized to cover up the fraud committed in the Jupiter but on behalf of each of the appellants a serious attempt was made to exculpate him from the offence
But as the defalcations made in the finances of the Jupiter and the 386 mode adopted to lift the funds of the Empire and transfer them to the coffers of the Jupiter will have some impact on the question of the culpability of the appellants we shall briefly notice the modus operandi of the scheme of conspiracy and the financial adjustments made pursuant thereto
We have already referred to the fact that Shankarlal Group purchased the controlling shares of the Jupiter from Khaitan Group and that as a consideration for the said purchase the former agreed to pay the latter Rs 500000 as black money and pay the balance of about Rs 2839000 on or before January  IO 1949
After Shankarlal Group became the Directors of the Jupiter they paid the said amount from and out of the funds of the Jupiter
To cover up that fraud on January 11 1949 the Directors passed a resolution granting a loan of Rs 2515000 to Accused 6 on the basis of an application made by him on equitable mortgage of his properties in Delhi  see exhibit Z 22
They passed another resolution sanctioning the purchase of plots of the Delhi Stores a concern of Shankarlal for a sum of Rs 260000 
It is in evidence that Accused 6 had no property in Delhi and that the said plots were not owned by the Delhi Stores
The said loan and the sale price of the plots covered by the said resolutions were really intended for drawing the money of the Jupiter for paying the Khaitan Group before January 20194 9
But some shareholders got scent of the alleged fraud and issued notices and the Directors were also afraid of detection of their fraud by the auditors during their inspection at the close of the year 1949
It therefore became necessary to show in the accounts of the Jupiter that the loan alleged to have been advanced to Accused 6 was paid off
For this purpose the Directors brought into existence the following four transanctions  1 a loan of Rs 500000 advanced to Raghavji on November 5 1949 2 a loan of 387 Rs 530000 to Misri Devi on December 12 1949 3 a fresh loan of Rs 530000 to Caveeshar Accused 6 on November 5 1949 and 4 a transactions of purchase of 54000 shares of the Tropical for Rs 1400000 on May 25 1949 and December 20 1949
These four ficticious transa ction were brought about to show the discharge of the loan advanced to Caveeshar Accused 6
Further manipulations were made in the accounts showing that parts of the loans due from Raghavji Misri Devi and Caveeshar and also the price of the Tropical shares were paid by Caveeshar
These paper entries did not satisfy the auditors and they insisted upon further scrutiny
It is the case of the prosecution that Shankarlal and his co conspirators following their usual pattern conceived the idea of getting the controlling interest of the Empire which had a reserve of Rs 9 crores
Jupiter securities worth about Rs 4500000 were endorsed in favour of Accused 7 who in his turn endorsed them in favour of the Punjab National Bank Ltd for the purpose of opening a cash credit account therein
On October 5 1950 under exhibit Z 9 the controlling shares of the Empire were purchased from Ramsharan Group and the consideration therefor was paid from and out of the money raised on the Jupiter securities
The Directors of the Jupiter had to make good to the Company not only the amounts paid out of the jupiter funds to purchase the controlling shares of the Jupiter in regard to which various manipulations were made in the Jupiter accounts but also about Rs 4500000worth of securities transferred in the name of Damodar Swarup
Having purchased the controlling shares of the Empire Shankarlal and his colleagues got their nominees
 namely Accused 7 8 and 9 as Directors and Accused 10 as the Secre tary of the Empire
On November 27 1950 a resolution of the Directors of the Empire sanctioned the purchase of Rs 2000000 worth of Government 388 Securities alleged to belong to the Jupiter
Though the securities were not delivered two bearer cheques dated October 26 1950 and October 27 1950 for Rs 1500000 and Rs 500000 respectively were made out and cashed and the said moneys were utilized to cancel the loan alleged to have been advanced to Raghavji and for the purchase of the Tropical shares for Rs 1400000 
But the conspirators had still to make good the securities transferred in favour of Accused 7 and other amounts
The Directors again sanctioned 12 loans the first six on November 27 1950 totalling Rs 2820000 and the other six on December 18 1950 totalling Rs 4280000 admittedly to fictitious loanees
12 bearer cheques for an aggregate of Rs 7100000 were issued by Accused 10 between December 19 and 23 1950
This amount was utilized for getting 5 drafts for different amounts in favour of Accused 1 and 2 the Directors of the Jupiter Accused 4 its Secretary and Accused 5 the Secretary of the Tropical see exhibit Z 230
The said drafts were sent to Bombay and one of the said drafts was utilized for paying off the loan of Misri Devi and the other Drafts for Rs 5700000 were paid into the Jupiter account in the Punjab National Bank Ltd Bombay
This amount was utilized to cover up the loss incurred by the Jupiter by reason of its securities worth about Rs 4500000 assigned in favour of Accused 7 and also by reason of the securities worth Rs 2000000 alleged to have been sold to the Empire on November 27 1950
It is therefore manifest and indeed it is not disputed before us now that Shankarlal and his co conspirators whoever they may be had conspired together and lifted large amounts of the Empire and put them into the Jupiter coffers to cover up the loss caused to it by their fraud
Therefore in these appeals we proceed on the basis that there was a conspiracy as aforesaid and the only question for consideration is whether all or some of the appellants were parties to it
389 Before dealing with the individual cases as some argument was made in regard to the nature of the evidence that should be adduced to sustain the case of conspiracy it will be convenient to make at this stage some observations thereon
Section 120 A of the Indian Penal Code defines the offence of criminal conspiracy thus When two or more persons agree to do or cause to be done an illegal act or an act which is not illegal by illegal means such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy
 The essence of conspiracy is therefore that there should be an agreement between persons to do one or other of the acts described in the section
The said agreement may be proved by direct evidence or may be inferred from acts and conduct of the parties
There is no difference between the mode of proof of the offence of conspiracy and that of any other offence  it can be established by direct evidence or by circumstantial evidence
But section 10 of the Evidence Act introduces the doctrine of agency and if the conditions laid down therein are satisfied the acts done by one are admissible against the co conspirators
The said section reads  Where there is reasonable ground to believe that two or more persons have conspired together to commit an offence or an actionable wrong anything said done or written by any one of such persons in reference to their common intention after the time when such intention was first entertained by any one of them is a relevant fact as against each of the persons believed to be so conspiring as well for the purpose of proving the existence of the conspiracy as for the purpose of showing that any such person was a party to it This section as the opening words indicate will come into play only when the Court is satisfied that 390 there is reasonable ground to believe that two or more persons have conspired together to commit an offence or an actionable wrong that is to say there should be a prima facie evidence that a person was a party to the conspiracy before his acts can be used against his co conspirators
Once such a reasonable ground exists anything said done or written by one of the conspirators in reference to the common intention after the said intention was entertained is relevant against the others not only for the purpose of proving the existence of the conspiracy but also for proving that the other person was a party to it
The evidentiary value of the said acts is limited by two circumstances namely that the acts shall be in reference to their common intention and in respect of a period after such intention was entertained by any one of them
The expression  in reference to their common intention is very comprehensive and it appears to have been designedly used to give it a wider scope than the words in furtherance of in the English law  with the result anything said done or written by a coconspirator after the conspiracy was formed will be evidence against the other before he entered the field of conspiracy or after he left it
Another important limitation implicit in the language is indicated by the expressed scope of its relevancy
Anything so said done or written is a relevant fact only as against each of the persons believed to be so conspiring as well for the purpose of proving the existence of the conspiracy as for the purpose of showing that any such person was a party to it
It can only be used for the purpose of proving the existence of the conspiracy or that the other person was a party to it
It cannot be used in favour of the other party or for the purpose of showing that such a person was not a party to the conspiracy
In short the section can be analysed as follows  1 There shall be a prima facie evidence affording a reasonable ground for a Court to believe that two or more persons are 391 members of a conspiracy  2 if the said condition is fulfilled anything said done or written by any one of them in reference to their common intention will be evidence against the other 3 anything said done or written by him should have been said done or written by him after the intention was formed by any one of them  4 it would also be relevant for the said purpose against another who entered the conspiracy whether it was said done or written before he entered the conspiracy or after he left it  and 5 it can only be used against a co conspirator and not in his favour With this background let us now take the evidence against each of the appellants and the contentions raised for or against him
But it must be stated that it is not possible to separate each of the accused in the matter of consideration of the evidence for in a case of conspiracy necessarily there will be common evidence covering the acts of all the accused
We may therefore in dealing with some of the accused consider also the evidence that will be germane against the other accused
We shall first take the case of Accused 6 Caveeshar who is the appellant in Criminal Appeal No 82 of 1962
So far as this appellant is concerned the learned Sessions judge found that he was a member of the conspiracy and the High Court confirmed that finding
It is the Practice of this Court not to interfere with concurrent findings of fact even in regular appeals and particularly so in appeals under article 136 of the Constitution
We would therefore approach the appeal of this accused from that perspective
Learned counsel for this appellant argued before us that the said accused was convicted by the Sessions judge for being a member of the conspiracy in the Jupiter case in respect of his acts pertaining 392 to that conspiracy and therefore he could not be convicted over again in the present case on the basis of the facts on which the earlier conviction was founded in other words it is said that he was convicted in the present trial for the same offence in respect of which he had already been convicted in the Jupiter case and such a conviction would infringe his fundamental right under article 20 2 of the Constitution and in support of this contention reference was made to certain decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States of America
The said Article reads  No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once The previous case in which this accused was convicted was in regard to a conspiracy to commit criminal breach of trust in respect of the funds of the Jupiter and that case was finally disposed of by this Court in Sardul Singh Caveeshar vs State of Bombay 1
Therein it was found that Caveeshar was a party to the conspiracy and also a party to the fraudulent transactions entered into by the Jupiter in his favour
The present case relates to a different conspiracy altogether
The conspiracy in question was to lift the funds of the Empire though its object was to cover up the fraud committed in respect of the Jupiter
Therefore
 it may be that the defalcations made in Jupiter may afford a motive for the new conspiracy but the two offences are distinct ones
Some accused may be common to both of them some of the facts proved to establish the Jupiter conspiracy may also have to be proved to support the motive for the second conspiracy
The question is whether that in itself would be sufficient to make the two conspiracies the one and the same offence
Learned counsel suggests that the question raised involves the interpretation of a provision of the Constitution and therefore the appeal of this accused 1 1958 section C R 161
393 will have to be referred to a Bench consisting of not less than 5 judges
Under article 145 3 of the Constitution only a case involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution shall be heard by a Bench comprising not less than 5 Judges
This Court held in State of Jammu  Kashmir vs Thakur Ganga Singh 1 that a substantial question of interpretation of a provision of the Constitution cannot arise when the law on the subject has been finally and effectively decided by this Court
Two decisions of this Court have construed the provisions of article 20 2 of the Constitution in the context of the expression same offence In Leo Roy Frey vs The Superintendent District Jail Amritsar 2 proceedings were taken against certain persons in the first instance before the customs authorities under section 167 8 of the Sea Customs Act and heavy personal penalties were imposed on them
thereafter they were charged for an offence under section 120 B of the Indian Penal Code
This Court held that an offence under section 120 B is not the same offence as that under the Sea Customs Act
Das C J speaking for the Court observed  The offence of a conspiracy to commit a crime is a different offence from the crime that is the object of the conspiracy because the conspiracy precedes the commission of the crime and is complete before the crime is attempted or completed equally the crime attempted or completed does not require the element of conspiracy as one of its ingredients
They aretherefore quite separate offences This Court again considered the scope of the words  same offence in The State of Bombay vs section L Apte 3
There the respondents were both convicted and sentenced by the Magistrate under section 409 of the Indian Penal Code and section 105 of the Insurance Act
Dealing with the argument that the 1 1960 2 SCR346
2   827 31961 3SCR107114
394 allegations of fact were the same Rajagopala Ayyangar J rejecting the contention observed on behalf of the Court  To operate as a bar the second prosecution and the consequential punishment thereunder must be for the e same offence 
The crucial requirement therefore for attracting the Article is that the offences arc the same i e they should be identical
If however the two offences are distinct then notwithstanding that the allegations of fact in the two complaints might be substantially similar the benefit of the ban cannot be invoked
It is therefore necessary to analyse and compare not the allegations in the two complaints but the ingredients of the two offences and see whether their identity is made out This decision lays down that the test to ascertain whether two offences are the same is not the identity of the allegations but the identity of the ingredients of the offences
In view of the said decisions of this Court the American decisions cited at the Bar do not call for consideration
As the question raised has already been decided by this Court what remains is only the application of the principle laid down to the facts of the present case
cannot therefore hold that the question raised involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution within the meaning of article 145 3 of the Constitution
In the present case applying the test laid down by this Court the two conspiracies are not the same offence  the Jupiter conspiracy came to an  end when its funds were misappropriated
The Empire conspiracy was hatched subsequently though its Object had an intimate connection with the Jupiter in that the fraud of the Empire was concei
ved and executed to cover up the fraud of the 395 Jupiter
The two conspiracies are distinct offences
It cannot even be said that some of the ingredients of both the conspiracies are the same
The facts constituting the Jupiter conspiracy are not the ingredients of the offence of the Empire conspiracy but only afford a motive for the latter offence
Motive is not an ingredient of an offence
The proof of motive helps a Court in coming to a correct conclusion when there is no direct evidence
Where there is direct evidence for implicating an accused in an offence the absence of proof of motive is not material
The ingredients of both the offences are totally different and they do not form the same offence within the meaning of article 20 2 of the Constitution and therefore that Article has no relevance to the present case
The next question is whether this appellant was a party to the Empire conspiracy
He was a close associate of Shankarlal in the political field he being the President of the Forward Bloc and Shankarlal being its Vice President
That is how they were drawn together
There is also evidence that out of the 63000 shares of the Jupiter that were purchased in August 1949 by Shankarlal Group 4475 shares were allotted to this appellant
It is therefore clear that Accused 6 though ex facie he was neither a Director nor an office bearer in the Jupiter had heavy stakes in it
We have already noticed that after the purchase of the said shares from and out of the Jupiter funds a bogus loan in the name of Accused 6 for a sum of Rs 2515000 was shown in the Jupiter accounts and later on it was substituted by other manipulations
His Lordship then proceeded to consider the evidence x x x x x x x x Both the Courts on the basis of the aforesaid evidence came to the conclusion that Accused 6 was 396 a member of the conspiracy and we cannot say that there is no evidence on which the Courts could have come to the conclusion to which they did
there are no permissible grounds for upsetting this finding under article 136 of the Constitution
As regards the sentence passed against this accused the Sessions Judge sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 5 years whereas he sentenced Accused 7 8 and 9 to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 3 years only
We do not see any justification for this distinction between the said accused in the matter of punishment
Accused6 had already been convicted and sentenced in the Jupiter case and on the evidence it does not appear that he had taken a major part in the Empire conspiracy though he was certainly in it
In the circumstances we think that a sentence of 3 years  rigorous imprisonment would equally suffice in his case
We therefore modify the sentence passed on him and sentence him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 3 years
Subject to the aforesaid modification the appeal preferred by Caveeshar Accused 6 is dismissed
We shall now proceed to consider the appeal preferred by Damodar Swarup Accused 7 i e Criminal Appeal No 83 of 1962
Accused 7 was the Managing Director and Chairman of the Empire during the period of the conspiracy
On October 17 1950 he was elected the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Empire and appointed as Managing Director on a salary of Rs 2000per month for a period of one year
He was removed from the post of Managing Director at the meeting of the Board of Directors held on March 12 1951
The misappropriation of the funds of the Empire which is the subject matter of the conspiracy were committed during the period of his Managing Directorship i e between 397 September 20 and December 31 1950
The prosecution case is that Accused 7 was a party to the conspiracy whereas the defence version is that he was a benamidar for Shankarlal that he took part in the proceedings of the Board of Directors bona fide believing that there was nothing wrong that the resolutions were implemented by Accused 10 under the directions of Shankarlal and that the moment he had a suspicion that there was some fraud he took immediate and effective steps not only to prevent the rot but also to investigate and find out the real culprits
The question is which version is true
It would be useful to have a correct appreciation of the evidence to know the antecedents of Accused 7
His Lordship then proceeded to consider the evidence x x x x x x Learned counsel for Accused 7 contends that the following two important circumstances in this case established that Accused 7 was a victim of circumstances and that he was innocent  1 Two prominent publicmen of this country with whom the accused worked gave evidence that he was a man of integrity and 2 the accused took active steps to unravel the fraud and to bring to book every guilty person if he was a conspirator the argument proceeds it was incon ceivable that he would have taken such steps for it would have certainly recoiled on him
We shall consider these two aspects now
His Lordship then proceeded to consider the evidence x x x x The question is what is the evidentiary value of good character of an accused in a criminal case
The relevant provisions are section 53 and the Explanation to section 55 of the evidence Act
They read  Section 53
In criminal proceedings the fact 398 that the person accused is of a good character is relevant
Explaination to 8
In sections 52 53 54 and 55 the word character includes both reputation and disposition but except as provided in section 54 evidence may be given only of general reputation and general disposition and not of particular acts by which reputation or disposition were shown
It is clear from the said provisions that the evidence of general reputation and general disposition is relevant in a criminal proceeding
Under the Indian Evidence Act unlike in England evidence can be given both of general character and general disposition
Disposition means the inherent qualities of a person reputation means the general credit of the person amongst the public
There is a real distinc tion between reputation and disposition
A man may be reputed to be a good man but in reality he may have a bad disposition
The value of evidence as regards disposition of a person depends not only upon the witness s perspicacity but also on his opportunities to observe the person as well as the said person s cleverness to hide his real traits
But a disposition of a man may be made up of many traits some good and some bad and only evidence in regard to a particular trait with which the witness is familiar would be of some use
Wigmore puts the proposition in the following manner  Whether when admitted it should be given weight except in a doubtful case or whether it may suffice of itself to create a doubt is a mere question of the weight of evidence with which the rules of admissibility have no concerned But in any case the character evidence is a very weak evidence  it cannot outweigh the positive 399 evidence in regard to the guilt of a person
It may be useful in doubtful cases to tilt the balance in favour of the accused or it may also afford a background for appreciating his reactions in a given situation
It must give place to acceptable positive evidence
The opinion expressed by the witnesses does credit to the accused but in our view in the face of the positive evidence we have already considered it cannot turn the scale in his favour
Learned counsel strongly relied upon the subsequent conduct of Accused 7 in support of his innocence
His Lordship then proceeded to consider the evidence relating to subsequent Conduct and Considered as follows x x x x x x x x We therefore hold that Accuscd 7 was a party to the conspiracy and that the High Court has rightly convicted him under section 120 B of the Indian Penal Code
As regards the sentence passed on Accused 7 having regard to the evidence in this case we think that this accused must be given a comparatively less punishment than his co conspirators for though he took part in the conspiracy at any rate from the end of December 1950 for one reason or other he took necessary proceedings to bring to light the fraud
We therefore think that it would meet the ends of justice if the accused was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years
We accordingly modify the sentence passed on him by the High Court and subject to the aforesaid modification we dismiss the appeal preferred by him
Next we come to Criminal Appeal No 136 of 1959 preferred by Subhedar Accused 8
The defence of this accused is that he acted throughout in good faith and under the guidance of Accused 7 the Managing Director of the Empire and that he did not know that any fraud was perpetrated in the Empire
Before joining the Empire he was an 400 insurance agent and therefore it cannot be said that he was a stranger to the insurance business and he may be assumed to know how it would be conducted
On October 16 1950 twenty qualifying shares of the Empire from among the shares purchased in the name of Accused 7 were transferred in his favour and thereafter at the meeting held on that day he was co opted as a Director
He is also therefore one of the persons brought in by Shankarlal and made a Director for his own purpose
His Lordship then proceeded to consider the evidence x x x x x x We have no doubt that the aforesaid circumstances lead to only one reasonable conclusion that this accused became a Director of the Empire as a member of the conspiracy and helped to put through all the transactions necessary to transfer funds from one Company to the other
He was rightly convicted by the High Court
We do not see any reason to interfere with the sentence passed against him
In the result Criminal Appeal No 136 of 1959 is dismissed
Criminal Appeal No 172 of 1959 is preferred by Sayana Accused 9
He was a building contractor before he was appointed a Director of the Empire
His defence is also that he bona fide acted without knowledge of the conspiracy or the fraud
He was also one of the Directors inducted into the Company by the transfer of qualifying shares from and out of the shares purchased in the name of Accused 7
He was co opted as a Director on October 17 1950 under exhibit Z 206C
Though he was not present at the meeting of November 27 1950 he was present at the meeting of December 18 1950 and therefore with the knowledge that six loans amounting to Rs 2880000 were advanced without scrutiny of the securities he was a party in sanctioning another six loans totalling to Rs 4280000 
He as also a party to the resolution of January 30 1951 401 sanctioning a bogus loan to the chief of Bagarian
He was a party to the resolution dated February 9 1951 when the said loan was confirmed and to the resolution authorizing Accused 9 to operate singly the accounts of the Company
Evidence considered omitted x x x x It is therefore clear that he was a creature of Shankarlal that he was a party to the diversion of the funds of the Empire to the Jupiter and that when Accused 7 for his own reasons was taking steps to stop the rot he along with Accused 8 obstructed him from doing so and wholly supported Accused 10
The only reasonable hypothesis on the evidence is that he was a party to the conspiracy
It is said by learned counsel appearing for this accused that his subsequent conduct would not indicate any obstructive attitude on his part but would indicate only his desire to maintain the status quo till the matters improved
This is a lame explanation for he along with the other Directors opposed every attempt of the scrutiny of the Company s affairs and this can only be because they were conscious of their part in the fraud
In this context another argument of learned counsel for Accused 8 and 9 may be noticed
It is said that the High Court treated the Directors as trustees and proceeded to approach the case from that standpoint inferring criminality from their inaction
Even assuming that they were not trustees in the technical sense of the term they certainly stood in a fiduciary relationship with the shareholders
The High Court s finding is not based upon any technical relationship between the parties but on the facts found
On the facts including those relating to the conduct of the accused the High Court drew a reasonable inference of guilt of the accused
There is sufficient evidence on which the High Court 402 could have reasonably convicted Accused 8 and 9 and in the circumstances we do not see any case had been made out in an appeal under article 136 of the Constitution to merit our interference
In the result Criminal Appeal No 172 of 1959 is dismissed
Finally we come to Criminal Appeal No 67 of 1959 preferred by Bhagwan Swarup Accused 10
The defence of this accused is that he acted throughout on the directions of Accused 7 8 and 9 and that as Secretary of the Company he was bound to follow their directions
This accused is the nephew of Shankarlal
He is an M A LL
B He held the office of Assistant Commissioner of Income tax in Patiala State
He is the person who carried out the resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Empire through intricate channels to enable the large amounts misappropriated to reach the Jupiter Company
It is suggested that he was not well disposed of towards Shankarlal and therefore he could not have any knowledge of Shankarlal s fraudulent motives behind the purchase of the controlling shares of the Empire
If Shankarlal did not like him lie would not have put him in the key position in the Empire
Indeed the will of Shankarlal shows that this accused got the best legacy under it
He was the connecting thread passing through the web of conspiracy from beginning to end
Evidence Considered omitted x x x x x x x x Learned counsel appearing for this accused Could only argue that the accused was a subordinate of the Directors and that he had followed only loyally the directions given by the Managing Director without any knowledge of the conspiracy
This argument is an oversimplification of the part taken by Accused 10 in this huge fraud
Both the Courts below have 403 held on the aforesaid circumstances and other evidence that Accused 10 was an active participant in the conspiracy
In our view there is ample material to justify it
In the result Criminal Appeal No 67 of 1959 is dismissed
Cr A No 82 of 1962 dismissed
Sentence modified
A No 83 of 1962 dismissed
Sentence modified
A No 136 of 1959 dismissed
Cr A No 172 of 1959 dismissed
Cr A No 67 of 1959 dismissed


Summary:
Double Jeopardy Applicability of rule Law finally and authoritatively decided by Supreme Court as to interpretation of the constitution If a substantial question of law Constitution of India Arta
20 2 145 3
After the discovery of the conspiracy ten conspirators including the appellants were put to trial before the Sessions judge under section 120 B of the Indian Penal Code and also each one of them separately under section 409 read with section 109 of the said Code
The charge was that they alongwith one Shankar Lal and Doshi both of them deceased entered into a criminal conspiracy at Bombay and elsewhere between or about the period from September 20 1950 to December 31 1950 to commit or cause to be committed criminal breach of trust in respect of Government securities or proceeds thereof or the funds of the Empire of India Life Assurance Co Ltd Bombay acquiring its management and control and dominion over the said property in the way of business as Directors Agents or attorneys of the said company
The learned Sessions Judge convicted six accused persons under section 120 B read with section 409 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced them to various terms of imprisonment
The rest four accused persons were acquitted
Against the acquittal State preferred an appeal to the High Court and the convicted accused persons also filed appeals against their convictions
Government appeal was allowed and the appeals of the convicted accused persons were dismissed by the High Court
These appeals by special leave have been preferred only by five accused persons against their conviction and sentences
In these appeals the Court pro ceeded on the basis as it was manifest and indeed not disputed 379 that there was a conspiracy and the only question for con sideration was whether all or some of the appellants were parties to it
Held that the essence of conspiracy is that there should be an agreement between persons to do one or other of the acts described in the section
The said agreement may be proved by direct evidence or may be inferred from acts and conduct of the parties
But section 10 of the Evidence Act intro
duces the doctrine of agency and if the conditions laid down therein are satisfied the acts done by one are admissible against the co conspirators
The section can be analysed as follows  1 There shall be a prima facie evidence affording a reasonable ground for a court to believe that two or more persons are members of a conspiracy 2 if the said condition is fulfilled anything said done or written by any one of them in reference to their common intention will be evidence against the other 3 anything said done or written by him after the intention was formed by any one of them 4 if it would also be relevant for the said purpose against another who entered the conspiracy whether it was said done or written before he entered the conspiracy or after he left it and 5 it can only be used against a co conspirator and not in his favour
Held that so far as the appellant in criminal appeal No 8262 is concerned applying the test laid down by this Court the two conspiracies are not the same offence
The ingredients of both the offences are totally different and they do not form the same offence within the meaning of article 20 2 of the Constitution and therefore that Article has no relevance to the present case
Further there are no permissible grounds for upsetting the concurrent findings of both the courts below that the appellant was a member of the conspiracy
Leo Boy Prey vs The Superintendent District Jail Amritsar  and The State of Bombay vs section L Apte   relied on
Sardul Singh Caveeshar vs State of Bombay 1958 SCR 161 referred to
As the question raised regarding interpretation of article 20 2 of the constitution has already been decided by this Court it cannot be held that the question raised involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution within the meaning of article 145 3 of the Constitution
State of Jammu  Kashmir vs Thakur Ganga Singh 1960 2 section C R 346 relied on
380 Held that from the relevant provisions of section 53 and the Explanation to section 55 of the Evidence Act
 it is clear that the evidence of general reputation and general disposition is relevant in a criminal proceeding
Under the Indian Evidence Act unlike in England evidence can be given both of general character and general disposition
Disposition means the inherent qualities of a person reputation means the general credit of the person amongst the public
There is a real distinction between reputation and disposition
A man may be reputed to be a good man but in reality be may have a bad disposition
The value of evidence as regards disposition of a person depends not only upon the witness s perspicacity but also on his opportunities to observe the person as well as the said person s cleverness to hide his real traits
But a disposition of a man may be made up of many traits some good and some bad and only evidence in regard to a particular trait with which the witness is familiar would be of some use
But in any case the character evidence is a very week evidence it cannot out weight the positive evidence in regard to the guilt of a person
It may be useful in doubtful cases to tilt the balance in favour of the accused or it may also afford a background for appreciating his reactions in a given situation
It must give place to acceptable positive evidence
The opinion expressed by the witnesses does credit to the accused but in the face of the positive evidence it cannot turn the scale in his favour