il Appeals Nos 245 and 202 of 1953
Appeal under Article 1321 of the Constitution of India from the judgment and order dated the 27th January 1953 of the Calcutta High Court in Matter No 139 of 1952
Ranadeb Chaudhry Anil Kumar Das Gupta and Sukumar Ghose for the appellant
SM Bose Advocate General  for West Bengal B Sen and P K Bose with him for the respondent
December 23
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JAGANNADHADAS J
This is an appeal by leave of the High Court of Calcutta under article 1321 of the Constitution
The appellant before us was the 1333 Registrar and Accountant General of the High Court at Calcutta on its Original Side
He was appointed to the post by the Chief Justice of the High Court on the 4th March 1948 and confirmed therein on the 15th of November 1948
He was dismissed therefrom with effect from the 1st September 1951 by an order of the Chief Justice dated the 3rd September 1951
There were various charges against him and Mr Justice Das Gupta was deputed by order of the Chief Justice dated the 28th May 1651 to make an  enquiry and submit a report
Mr Justice Das Gupta made a full enquiry and submitted his report on the 11th August 1951 in which he exonerated the appellant in respect of some of the charges but found him guilty in respect of the other charges
The learned Judge expressed his conclusion as follows Mr Bose the appellant must be held to be guilty of misconduct and dishonest conduct and that he is unfit to hold the office of Registrar of the Original Side of this Court
The Chief Justice issued to the appellant a notice on the 16th August 1951 intimating that be agreed with the report after careful consideration thereof and asking him to show cause why he should Dot be dismissed from his post
The appellant was given a hearing by the Chief Justice on the 31st August 1951
The order dated the 3rd September 1951 of the Chief Justice dismissing the appellant from his office a copy of which was served on him runs as follows A full and thorough enquiry was held by Mr Justice K C Das Gupta into the charges made against Sri P K Bose the Registrar of the Original Side of this Court
Sri P K Bose was represented by eminent Counsel and every opportunity was given to him to meet the charges and put forward his explanation and defence
The learned Judge however in a full and very carefully considered report found Sri P K Bose guilty of serious charges involving moral turpitude and dishonesty and further he was of opinion that Sri P K Bose was by reason thereof unfit to hold the said office of Registrar
I considered this report and the evidence most 1334 anxiously and found myself in entire agreement with the learned Judge
Sri P K Bose was in my view clearly guilty of the matter comprised in the charges specified by  Mr Justice K C Das Gupta
I considered that prima facie the conduct of Sri P K Bose warranted dismissal and I therefore gave him notice under article 3112 of the Constitution of India to show cause against the action proposed against him namely dismissal
On the 31st august 1951 Sri PK Bose showed cause before me and I heard Sri Sachin Chaudhuri his counsel and Sri P K Bose personally
In all the circumstances this is not a case in which I can properly show any leniency
Sri P K Bose has abused the trust and confidence reposed in him and has been found guilty of serious malpractices and dishonesty
Conduct such as this of an officer of the status of the Registrar of the Original Side of this Court is unpardonable and must be dealt with severely
I there fore dismiss Sri P K Bose from his office as Registrar of the Original Side of the Court the dismissal to take effect from the 1st September 1951
Let a copy of this order be served on Sri P K Bose
On the 25th January 1952 the appellant submitted a petition to the Governor of West Bengal for cancellation of the above order
He received intimation dated the 9th July 1952 that the Governor declines to interfere on his behalf
Thereupon he filed an application to the Chief Justice for review of the prior order of dismissal
It may be mentioned that it was Chief Justice Sir Arthur Trevor Harries who had initiated the proceedings against the appellant and passed the order of dismissal
He retired in June 1952
The application for review was made to the successor Chief Justice Shri P B Chakravarti on the 11th September 1952
This application was rejected on the 16th September 1952
Thereafter on the 24th November 1952 ie more than an year after the order of dismissal a writ application was filed on the Original Side of the High Court under article 226 of the Constitution against the Hon ble 1335 the Chief Justice of the High Court for calling upon him to bring up the records of the proceedings relating to his dismissal in order that justice may be done by quashing or otherwise dealing with the said proceedings and the said order dated the 3rd September 1951 purporting to terminate his services and for directions being given to the Chief Justice to desist from giving effect to or acting in any manner under the said order
On the presentation of the application the learned Judge on the Original Side Mr Justice Bose issued a rule nisi calling upon the Hon ble the Chief Justice to show cause why an order in the nature of a writ as asked for should not be made
This order was duly served and on its return the learned Judge made an order referring the hearing of the application to a Special Bench of three Judges as per the rules of the Court
Accordingly the petition was under the directions of the Chief Justice heard by three learned Judges of the High Court who after elaborate hearing and consideration of the points urged on behalf of the appellant dismissed the application
Leave to appeal to this Court was however granted by them under article 1321 on the ground that the case involves substantial questions of law relating to interpretation of the Constitution
The main points that have been urged by the appellant before us as before the High Court are that 1the Chief Justice of the High Court had no power under the law to dismiss him 2even if he had the power he could not delegate the enquiry into the charges to another Judge but should have enquired into the same himself and 3in any case the order of dismissal could not have been passed in the absence of previous consultation with the Public Service Commission of the State as provided under article 320 of the Constitution
On behalf of the respondent ie the Hon ble the Chief Justice of the High Court at Calcutta the learned Advocate General of West Bengal has 1336 appeared before us
In addition to controverting the correctness of the above contentions raised on behalf of the appellant he strongly urged that 1no writ could issue from the High Court against its own Chief Justice 2the order of the Chief Justice the validity of which is being challenged is a purely administrative order against which no application for writ is maintainable and 3this was not a case in which having regard to all the circumstances any application by way of a writ should have been entertained
The points urged on behalf of the appellant may first be taken up
The most important out of them is the one relating to the authority of the Chief Justice to pass the order of dismissal as against the appellant
It is beyond dispute that the Chief Justice is the authority for appointing the appellant
It was in fact the Chief Justice who appointed the appellant and confirmed him
But it is strongly urged that he had not the power to dismiss
This argument is based on the assumption that the appellant falls within the category of public servants who are governed by the Civil Services Classification Control and Appeal Rules hereinafter referred to as the Civil Services Rules of the year 1930 as amended from time to time and that the said rules continue to apply to an officer holding the post which he did even after the Government of India Act 1935 and later the Constitution of India of 1950 successively came into force
I the argument recognises the fact that dismissal is a matter which falls within conditions of service of a public servant as held by the Privy Council in North West Frontier Province vs Suraj Narain Anand1 and that the power of making rules relating to conditions of service of the staff of the High Courts is vested in the Chief Justice of the Court under section 2424 taken with section 241 of the Government of India Act 1935 as also under article 2292 of the Constitution of India 1950
But 1 1948 LR 75 IA 843
1337 it is said that no such rules have been framed by the Chief Justice and that therefore by virtue of section 276 of the Government of India Act 1935 and article 313 of the Constitution the Civil Services Rules continued to apply to him It is necessary to examine the correctness of these assumptions
The Civil Services Rules were framed by the Secretary of State in Council under powers vested in him by section 96 B2 of the Government of India Act 1915 as amended in 1919
These rules were framed on the 19th June 1930 and published on the 21st June 1930
It is desirable therefore to consider the position relating to the staff of the High Courts before that date
It is not disputed that the said position was governed by the Letters Patent of the High Court
Clause 8 of the Letters Patent of 1865 as amended in 1919 which continues to be operative as also clause 4 thereof are relevant for the present purpose
They are as follows 8
We do hereby authorize and empower the Chief Justice of the said High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal from time to time as occasion may require and subject to any rules and restrictions which may be prescribed by the Governor General in Council to appoint so many and such clerks and other ministerial officers as shall be found necessary for the administration of justice and the due execution of all the powers and authorities granted and committed to the said High Court by these Our Letters Patent
And it is Our further will and pleasure and We do hereby for Us Our heirs and successors give grant direct and appoint that all and every the officers and clerks to be appointed as aforesaid shall have and receive respectively such reasonable salaries as the Chief Justice shall from time to time appoint for each office and place respectively and as the Governor General in Council shall approve of
Provided always and it is Our will and pleasure that all and every the officers and clerks to be appointed as aforesaid shall be resident within the limits of the jurisdiction of the said Court so long as they shall hold their respective offices but 1338 this proviso shall not interfere with or prejudice the right of any officer or clerk to avail himself of leave of absence under any rules prescribed by the Governor General in Council and to absent himself from the said limits during the term of such leave in accordance with the said rules
We do hereby appoint and ordain that every clerk and ministerial officer of the said High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal appointed by virtue of the said Letters Patent of the Fourteenth of May One thousand eight hundred and sixty two shall continue to hold and enjoy his office and employment with the salary thereunto annexed until he be removed from such office and employment and he shall be subject to the like power of removal regulations and provisions if he were appointed by virtue of these Letters Patent
It will be noticed that clause 8 specifically vests in the Chief Justice the power of appointment but makes no mention of the power of removal or of making regulations or provisions
But it is obvious from the last portion of clause 4 that such power was taken to be implicit under clause 8 and presumably as arising from the power of appointment
It may be mentioned that under clause 10 of the Charter of the Supreme Court of Calcutta issued in 1774 the said Court also was in specific terms authorized and empowered from time to time as occasion may require to appoint so many and such clerks and other ministerial officers as shall be found necessary for the administration of justice
The power of removal or of taking other disciplinary action as regards such appointees was not in terms granted
But there is historical evidence to show that the power of appointment conferred under the Charter was always understood as comprising the above powers
Sir Charles Wood the then Secretary of State for India in paragraph 10 of his dispatch to the Governor General dated the 17th May 1862 on the formation of the new High Courts stated as follows The Supreme Court exercises an authority entirely independent of the Government in respect of 1339 its ministerial officers
It is this power and authority along with other judicial power and authority that was succeeded to by the High Courts on their formation in supersession of the Supreme and Sadar Courts by virtue of section 9 of the Indian High Courts Act in the following terms
Each of the High Courts to be established under the Act shall have and exercise all jurisdiction and every power and authority whatsoever in any manner vested in any of the Courts    abolished under this Act    Thus it is clear that both under the Charter of the Supreme Court as well as under the Letters Patent of the High Court the power of appointment was throughout understood as vesting in the High Court or the Chief Justice the complete administrative and disciplinary control over its staff including the power of dismissal
There can be no doubt that this position continued at least until the Government of India Act 1915
Now section 106 of the Government of India Act 1915 in terms continued the above by providing that the jurisdiction of the High Court would include all such powers and authority over and in relation to the administration of justice including power to appoint clerks and other ministerial officers of the Court as are vested in them by Letters Patent
It follows that the position continued to be the same even under the Government of India Act 1915 at any rate up to 1930 when the Civil Services Rules came into operation
All the powers under the Letters Patent were however subject to alteration by competent legislative authority by virtue of clause 44 of the Letters Patent
Clause 8 of the Letters Patent itself provided that the power of appointment of the Chief Justice was to be subject to rules and restrictions which may be prescribed by the Governor General in Council
Now the Civil Services Rules were made by the Secretary of State in Council under section 96 B of the Government of India Act 1915
It is the case of the appellant that though the 169 1340 Civil Services Rules framed by virtue of delegated power under the Act could not override the specific power of appointment vested in the Chief Justice by virtue of section 106 thereof they would override the alleged implications of that power such as the power of dismissal and power to frame rules relating to conditions of service in so far as they are specifically provided for under the Civil Services Rules
It is further urged that the said situation continues up to date by virtue of section 276 of the Government of India Act 1935 and article 313 of the Constitution Now the appellant is a person who was appointed in 1948 and dismissed in 1951
It is therefore desirable in the first instance to examine the situation under the Government of India Act 1935 and under the Constitution of 1950 on the assumption that the Civil Services Rules made a change in the prior situation so far as the High Court staff is concerned and applied thereto between 1930 and 1935
Under the Government of India Act 1935 the position relating to the Civil Services of the Crown in India is contained in a number of general provisions in Chapter 11 of Part X thereof Section 2401 reiterates what was first statutorily declared by section 96 B of the 1915 Act viz that except as expressly provided by the Act every person who is a member of a civil service of the Crown in India or holds any civil post under the Crown in India holds office during His Majesty s pleasure
Section 241 provides for the recruitment and conditions of service of such persons and prescribes the various authorities who can make the appointments and frame the rules relating to conditions of service
Section 2424 in so far as it is relevant for the present purpose provides that section 241 in its application to appointments to and to persons serving on the staff attached to a High Court shall have effect as if in the case of a High Court for any reference to the Governor in paragraph b of section 1 in paragraph a of sub section 2 and in sub section 5 there was substituted a reference to the Chief Justice of the Court
Making the necessary substitutions as prescribed 1341 above the statutory provisions in the Government of India Act 1935 relating to recruitment and conditions of service of the staff of the High Court may be read as follows 1 Appointments to the Civil Services and civil posts under the Crown in India in relation to the staff attached to the High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice or such person as he may direct
2The conditions of service of persons serving
His Majesty in relation to the staff attached to the High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the High Court or by some person or persons authorised by him to make the rules for the purpose
Provided that athe Governor may in his discretion require that in such cases as he may in his discretion direct no person not already attached to the court shall be appointed to any office connected with the Court save after consultation with the Provincial Public Service Commission brules made under sub section 2 by a Chief Justice shall so far as they relate to salaries allowances leave or pensions require the approval of the Governor
These sections while keeping intact the power of ap pointment of the members of the staff of the High Court with the Chief Justice as contained in the Letters Patent provide statutorily for the first time and in express terms what was implicit in clause 8 of the Letters Patent viz that the power to regulate and frame rules relating to conditions of service governing such staff is also vested in the Chief Justice subject however to two limitations indicated by the provisos mentioned above
The corresponding provisions in the present Constitution relating to the powers of the Chief Justice in relation to the recruitment and service conditions of the staff of the High Court are almost identical and are contained in article 229
They are as follows 229
1 Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of 1342 the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct Provided that the Governor of the State in which the High Court has its principal seat may by rule require that in such cases as may be specified in the rule no person not already attached to the Court shall be appointed to any office connected with the Court save after consultation with the State Public Service Commission
2Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State the conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice to make rules for the purpose Provided that the rules made under this clause shall so far as they relate to salaries allowances leave or pensions require the approval of the Governor of the State in which the Court has its principal seat
It does not appear from the record that any rules have been made by the Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court at any rate in so far as they may be applicable to the Registrar of the Original Side of the High Court
On the assumption therefore that the Civil Services Rules applied to the case of a person in his position between 1930 and 1935 it has got to be seen whether they continue to be so applicable
The relevant provisions in this behalf are section 276 of the Government of India Act 1935 and article 313 of the Constitution
They are as follows Section 276 Until other provision is made under the appropriate provisions of this Part of this Act any rules made under the Government of India Act relating to the Civil Services of or civil posts under the Crown in India which were in force immediately before the commencement of Part III of this Act shall notwithstanding the repeal of that Act continue in force so far as consistent with this Act and shall be deemed to be rules made under the appropriate provisions of this Act
1343 Article 313 Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or any post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution as an all India service or as service or post under the Union or a State shall continue in force so far as consistent with the provi sions of this Constitution
Now it has to be observed that the continuance under section 276 of the Government of India Act 1935 of the Civil Services Rules could only be in so far as such continuance may be consistent with the new Act
Further in their application to the High Court staff the rules are to be deemed to be rules made under the appropriate provisions of the Act
The rules therefore must be deemed to be rules made by the Chief Justice consistently with the scheme and the provisions of the Act relating to the High Court staff which specifically vest in him the powers of appointment and of the regulation of conditions of service including the power of dismissal
Such continuance therefore can only operate by a process of adaptation implicitly Authorised by the very terms of section 276
It would follow that in their continued application to the High Court staff the word Governor has to be read as substituted by the word Chief Justice wherever necessary in the same way as section 2424 of the Act requires the provisions of section 241 to be read as though any reference to the Governor therein is substituted by a reference to the Chief Justice of the High Court
The continued application of the Civil Services Rules without such adaptation would result in the anomalous position that although the 1935 Act specifically vests in the Chief Justice the power of appointment and of framing rules regulating conditions of service including the power of dismissal and hence thereby indicates the Chief Justice as the authority having the power to exercise disciplinary control be has no such disciplinary control merely because he did not choose to make any fresh rules and was content with the continued appli 1344 cation of the old rules
Now the relevant provision in the Civil Services Rules which deals with disciplinary action including dismissal is rule 52 thereof
That rule shows that the Governor General in Council or Local Government of a Governor s Province may impose any of the penalties specified in rule 49 which includes dismissal on any person included in any of the classes I to 5 specified in rule 14 who is serving under the administrative control of the Governor General in Council or the Local Government as the case may be
This rule if it originally applied to the High Court staff must after 1935 be read by substituting Chief Justice in the place of the Local Government wherever it occurs therein and making other consequential alterations
Thus read there can be no doubt that as from the commencement of the Government of India Act 1935 the power of dismissal of a member of the High Court staff including a person in the position of the appellant Would vest in the Chief Justice
This would be so even apart from the normal implication of the power of appointment specifically recognised under the Act
It follows that even on the assumption that Civil Services Rules applied between 1930 and 1935 to the High Court staff their continuance after 1935 makes a change in the dismissing authority and the power of dismissal is vested in the Chief Justice
That being the correct position prior to 1950 the Constitution has made no change in this respect and article 313 would also continue rule 52 of the Civil Services Rules as above adapted
It would therefore follow that at any rate from the time of passing of the Government of India Act 1935 as also under the Constitu tion the power of dismissal vests in the Chief Justice notwithstanding that no specific rules have been made in this behalf by the Chief Justice
It must be mentioned at this stage that so far as the power of dismissal is concerned the position under the Constitution of 1950 is not open to any argument or doubt
Article 2291 which in terms vests the power of appointment in the Chief Justice is equally effective to vest in him the power of dis 1345 missal
This results from section 16 of the General Clauses Act which by virtue of article 3671 of the Constitution applies to the construction of the word appointment in article 2291
Section 16 of the General Clauses Act clearly provides that the power of appointment includes the power to suspend or dismiss
In view of the clear conclusion we have arrived at as above we do not consider it necessary to deal with the arguments addressed to us on both sides as to the applicability or otherwise of the Civil Services Rules to the High Court staff including a person in the position of the appellant and we express no opinion thereon
The main contention therefore of the appellant as to the competency of the Chief Justice to pass the order of dismissal against him fails
The further subordinate objections that have been raised remain to be considered
The first objection that has been urged is that even if the Chief Justice had the power to dismiss he was not in exercise of that power competent to delegate to another Judge the enquiry into the charges but should have made the enquiry himself
This contention proceeds on a misapprehension of the nature of the power
As pointed out in Barnard vs National Dock Labour Board1 at page 40 it is true that no judicial tribunal can delegate its functions unless it is enabled to do so expressly or by necessary implication
But the exercise of the power to appoint or dismiss an officer is the exercise not of a judicial power but of an administrative power
It is nonetheless so by reason of the fact that an opportunity to show cause and an enquiry simulating judicial standards have to precede the exercise thereof It is well recognised that a statutory functionary exercising such a power cannot be said to have delegated his functions merely by deputing a responsible and competent official to enquire and report
That is the ordinary mode of exercise of any administrative power
What cannot be delegated except where the law specifically so provides is the ultimate responsibility for the exercise 1   40
1846 of such power
As pointed out by the House of Lords in Board of Education vs Rice1 a functionary who has to decide an administrative matter of the nature involved in this case can obtain the material on which he is to act in such manner as may be feasible and convenient provided only the affected party has a fair opportunity to correct or contradict any relevant and prejudicial material
The following passage from the speech of Lord Chancellor in Local Government Board V Arlidge 2 is apposite and in structive
My Lords I concur in this view of the position of an administrative body to which the decision of a question in dispute between parties has been entrusted
The result of its enquiry must as I have said be taken in the absence of directions in the statute to the contrary to be intended to be reached by its ordinary procedure
In the case of the Local Government Board it is not doubtful what this pro cedure is
The Minister at the head of the Board is directly responsible to Parliament like other Ministers
He is responsible not only for what he himself does but for all that is done in his department
The volume of work entrusted to him is very great and he cannot do the great bulk of it himself
He is expected to obtain his materials vicariously through his officials and he has discharged his duty if he sees that they obtain these materials for him properly
To try to extend his duty beyond this and to insist that he and other members of the Board should do everything personally would be to impair his efficiency
Unlike a Judge in a Court he is not only at liberty but is compelled to rely on the assistance of his staff
In view of the above clear statement of the law the objection to the validity of the dismissal on the ground that the delegation of the enquiry amounts to the delegation of the power itself is without any substance and must be rejected
The second objection that has been taken is that even if the power of dismissal is vested in the Chief Justice the appellant was entitled to the protection 1  182
2 133 1347 of article 3203c of the Constitution
It is urged that the dismissal in the absence of consultation with the Public Service Commission of the State was invalid
There can be no doubt that members of the staff in other Government departments of the Union or the State are normally entitled to the protection of the three constitutional safeguards provided in articles 3111 3112 and 3203 c
Article 3203 e so far as it is relevant for the present purpose runs as follows The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission as the case may be shall be consulted on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State in a civil capacity including memorials or petitions relating to such matters
The phrase all disciplinary matters affecting a person is sufficiently comprehensive to include any kind of disciplinary action proposed to be taken in respect of a particular person
The question for consideration therefore is whether a person belonging to the staff of a High Court is within the scope of the phrase Ca person serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State in a civil capacity
The learned Judges of the High Court were of the opinion that article 3203 can have no application to the present case
In their view the provisions of article 3203 would be inconsistent with the power vested in the Chief Justice of a High Court under article 229 as regards the appointment of officers and ser vants of a High Court and hence also of dismissal or removal and as regards the framing of rules prescribing conditions of service of such officers or servants
They also point out that the proviso to article 2291 indicates the requirement that the State Public Service Commission should be consulted only in respect of the specific cases of future appointments and that too if the Governor of the State so requires by rule
They take this and the fact that under the Constitution the provisions relating to High Court staff are taken out of Part XIV relating to the services as imply 170 1348 ing that in the exercise of the powers vested in the Chief Justice under article 229 consultation with the State Public Service Commission in respect of any other matter must be taken to have been excluded
This reasoning is not without force
Undoubtedly there is much to be said for the view that article 3203 taken as a whole is inconsistent with article 229
But it is possible to treat the requirement of prior consultation under article 3203 c which relates to disciplinary action against individual Government employees and which is in the nature of an important constitutional safeguard for individual government employees as standing on a somewhat different footing from that under article 3203 a or b which relate to general matters relating to recruitments appointments etc
Prior consultation in respect of individual cases may not be considered necessarily inconsistent with the actual exercise of the overriding power of the Chief Justice in such cases
While therefore recognising the force of the view taken by the High Court it appears desirable to consider the requirement under article 3203c taken by itself with reference to the actual terms thereof in view of the importance of this provision as a constitutional safeguard in cases to which it applies
A scrutiny of the provisions in Chapter I of Part XIV of the Constitution relating to the services shows that the various articles in this Chapter designate the services to which the articles relate by a variety of terminology
Under article 309 the appropriate Legislature is vested with the power to regulate recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State
Under article 310 every person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or holds any civil post under a State holds office during the pleasure of the President or as the case may be of the Governor or of the Rajpramukh of the State
Under article 311 the two constitutional safeguards viz 1 of not being liable to be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank until he has been given a reasonable opportunity 1349 of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him and 2 of not being liable to be dismissed or removed by ail authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed are available to a person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or of a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State
Under article 3203c however the requirement of con sultation with the appropriate Public Service Commission on disciplinary matters is available to a person serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State in a civil capacity
A close scrutiny of the terminology so used shows a marked departure in the language of article 320 3 c from that in articles 310 and 311
Officers and members of the staff attached to a High Court clearly fall within the scope of the phrase persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State and also of the phrase a person who is a member of a civil service of a State as used in articles 3lO and 311
The salaries of these persons are paid out of the State funds as appears from article 2293 which provides that the administrative expenses of a High Court including all salaries allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of officers and servants of the High Court are chargeable upon the Consolidated Fund of a State
The item relating to such administrative expenses has to form part of the annual financial statement to be presented to the State Legislative Assembly under article 202 and estimates thereof can form the subject matter of the discussion in the Legislature under article 2031
They must therefore be taken to hold posts in connection with the affairs of the State and to be members of the civil service of the State
But can it be said that members of the High Court staff are persons serving under the Government of a State in a civil capacity which is the phrase used in article 3203 c
The use of different terminology in the various articles was not likely to have been accidental
It is to be noticed that even article 320 in its various clauses uses different phrases
Article 3201 refers to appoint 1350 ments to the services of the Union and the services of the State and the proviso to article 3203 refers to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union and to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State
It appears therefore not unlikely that in using somewhat different phraseology the intention was to demarcate the staff of the High Courts from the other civil services of the Union or the State
The phrase persons serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State seems to have reference to such persons in respect of whom the administrative control is vested in the respective executive Governments functioning in the name of the President or of the Governor or of a Rajpramukh
The officers and staff of the High Court cannot be said to fall within the scope of the above phrase because in respect of them the administrative control is clearly vested in the Chief Justice who under the Constitution has the power of appointment and removal and of making rules for the con ditions of services
Articles 53 77 154 and 166 of the Constitution show that while the executive power of the Union or the State is vested respectively in the President or the Governor and that executive action is to be taken in their respective names such action is the action of the Government of India or the Government of a State
But the administrative action of the Chief Justice is outside the scope of these articles
It appears therefore that in using the phrase Government of India and Government of a State in article 3203 c the Constitution had in view the above mentioned demarcation
A close comparison of the terminology used in the corresponding provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 also seems to confirm this demarcation
Section 290 1 of the said Act refers to every person who is a member of a civil service of the Crown in India or holds any civil post under the Crown in India while section 2663c relates to a person serving His Majesty in a civil capacity in India
A perusal of the main paragraph of sub section 3 of section 266 clearly shows that it has reference to three cate 1351 gories of services 1 Secretary of States services 2 Federal services under the Governor General and 3 Provincial Services under the Governor
In the context of this section the comprehensive phrase serving His Majesty seems to have been used as comprising only the above three services and should be exclusive of the staff of the High Court
The fact that different phrases have been used in the relevant sections of the Government of India Act and the Constitution relating to the constitutional safeguards in this behalf appears to be meant to emphasise the differentiation of the services of the High Court from other services and to place the matter beyond any doubt as regards the non applicability thereto of this constitutional protection
It may be noticed that while the constitutional safeguards under article 311 are available to every person in the civil service the safeguard in article 3203c is one capable of being taken away by regulations to be made by the President or Governor
The Constitution itself appears therefore to have classed this safeguard on a different footing
This may well have been intended not to apply to the High Courts
Therefore both on the ground that article 3203c would be contrary to the implication of article 229 and on the ground that the language thereof is not applicable to the High Court staff we are of the opinion that for the dismissal of the appellant by the Chief Justice prior consultation with the Public Service Commission was not necessary
We accordingly hold that the appellant was not entitled to the protection under article 3203c
It follows that none of the three contentions raised on behalf of the appellant ie 1 as to the power of the Chief Justice to dismiss him 2 as to his competence to delegate the enquiry to Mr Justice Das Gupta and 3 as to his obligation to consult the State Public Service Commission have been substantiated
This application must accordingly fail on the merits
This would be enough to dispose of the case against the appellant
The learned Judges of the High Court have also dealt at some length with the question as 1352 to the maintainability of an application for a writ in a case of this kind and of the availability of any remedy by way of a writ against the action of the Chief Justice whether administrative or judicial
Arguments in this behalf have also been strongly urged before us by the learned Advocate General of West Bengal
In the view however that we have taken as to the contentions raised before us regarding the validity of the order of dismissal we do not feel called upon to enter into the discussion relating to the availability of the writ
We express no opinion on the questions so raised
We consider it however desirable to say that our view that the exercise of power of dismissal of a civil servant is the exercise of administrative power may not necessarily preclude the availability of remedy under article 226 of the Constitution in an appropriate case
That is a question on which we express no opinion one way or the other in this case
In the result the appeal must be dismissed with costs
Along with this appeal the appellant filed an application to this Court for leave under article 136 to appeal against the orders dated the 3rd September 1951 and 16th September 1952 dismissing him from service and declining to review it
In view of our judgment just delivered that application must also be rejected


Summary:
The appellant was appointed in March 1948 by the Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court as Registrar and Accountant General of the High Court on its original side and confirmed therein in November 1948
He was dismissed from that post with effect from 1st September 1951 by the Chief Justice by his order dated 3rd September 1951
There were various charges against the appellant and Mr Justice Das Gupta was deputed by the Chief Justice to make an enquiry and submit a report
Mr Justice Das Gupta made a full enquiry and submitted a report in which he exonerated the appellant in respect of some of the charges but found him guilty in respect of other charges
His conclusion was that the appellant must be held guilty of misconduct and dishonest conduct and that he was unfit to hold the office of Registrar of the Original Side of the Calcutta High Court
The Chief Justice issued notice to the appellant intimating that he agreed with the report and asked him to show cause why he should not be dismissed from his post
After be was given an opportunity to show cause the appellant was dismissed by an order of the Chief Justice
The appellant s petition to the Governor for the cancellation of the above order was dismissed
Subsequently his application for review to the Chief Justice of the prior order of dismissal and a writ petition under article 226 of the Constitution filed in the High Court in respect of his dismissal were also dismissed one after the other
The appellant obtained leave to appeal to the Supreme Court
The three main points for consideration by the Supreme Court were 1
Whether the Chief Justice of the High Court had no power to dismiss the appellant 2
Even if the Chief Justice had such power whether be could not delegate the enquiry into the charges to another Judge but should have made the enquiry himself and 168 1332 3
Whether the order of dismissal by the Chief Justice could have been passed without previous consultation with the Public Services Commission as provided by article 320 of the Constitution
Held 1 that the Chief Justice was competent to dismiss the appellant because both by virtue of the provisions of clause 8 of the Letters Patent of the Calcutta High Court read with clause 4 of the same as well as articles 2291 313 and 3671 of the Constitution read with section 16 of the General Clauses Act the power of appointment includes the power of dismissal 2 the objection to the validity of dismissal on the ground that the delegation of enquiry amounted to a delegation of power is without substance because the exercise of power to appoint or dismiss an officer is the exercise not of a judicial power but of an administrative power and it is well settled that a statutory functionary exercising such a power cannot be said to have delegated his function merely because he has deputed a responsible and competent official to enquire and report and 3 it was not necessary to have the previous consultation with the Public Service Commission for the dismissal of the appellant by the Chief Justice because article 3203 of the Constitution taken as a whole is inconsistent with article 229 of the Constitution and also because the language thereof is not applicable to the High Court Staff
North West Frontier Province vs Suraj Narain Anand 1948 LR 75 IA 343 Barnard vs National Dock Labour Board 1953 2 QB 18 40 Board of Education vs Bice 1911 AC 179 and Local Government Board vs Arlidge 1915 AC 120 referred to