ition No 3050 of 1980
Under Article 32 of the Constitution A section Sohal and M C Dhingra for the Petitioner
M M Abdul Khader N Nettar and M N Shroff for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KRISHNA IYER J
Who will police the police  Is freedom of movement unreasonably fettered if policemen are given power of externment for public peace These twin problems of disturbing import thrown up by this bizarre case deserve serious examination
The former is as important as the latter especially when we view it in the strange police setting painted by the petitioner
The constitutional question which we will state presently and discuss briefly has become largely otiose so far as the present petitioner is concerned because counsel for the State has assured the court that they will drop police surveillance or any action by way of externment as proposed earlier
The police methodology with sinister potential to human liberty described by the petitioner if true deserves strong disapproval and constitutional counter action by this Court
But before committing ourselves to any course we must set out the factual matrix from which the present case springs
The statutory starting point of the criminal saga of Shri Prem Chand Paniwala the petitioner now threatened with externment proceedings is the 
Sections 47 and 50 of the said Act clothe the Commissioner of Police with externment powers necessary for keeping the capital city crime free
One such power relates to the removal of persons about to commit offences
The procedural prescriptions and substantive directions in this behalf are laid down in the above provisions
The Deputy Commissioner of Police the DCP for short in exercise of the said power 1264 initiated proceedings against the petitioner and directed him to show cause why he should not be externed from the Union Territory of Delhi
Paniwala who from humble beginning as vendor of aerated water near a cinema theatre had spiralled up into a prosperous dealer in Vasant Vihar when confronted by this Police notice decided upon a constitutional show down and came to this Court challenging the vires of the externment proceedings as arbitrary and unreasonable restrictions of his freedom of movement and therefore contrary to articles 14 and 19 and 21 of the Constitution
The validity of the action assuming the vires of the Act involves also a consideration of the mala fides imputed by the petitioner to the DCP
The blow of deportation may fall heavy on his fundamental rights admits of no doubt
A flourishing businessman happy with his wife and children and settled in a comfortable locality in Delhi if transported traumatically outside the Union Territory would surely suffer not merely financial mayhem but also social domestic and physical deprivation virtually amounting to economic harakiri an psychic distress
Nevertheless the Act permits externment provided the action is bona fide
All power including police power must be informed by fairness if it is to survive judicial scrutiny
Cases are legion which leave one ill no doubt that mala fides is fatal if it is made out
From this angle Prem Chand Paniwala has turned the focus on police malpractice vis a vis his own career and even if a fragment of what he has said be true the higher officers of the Delhi Police will need to look into the goings on at the lower level
Here comes the relevance of autobiographical revelations made by the petitioner in more than one affidavit
Certain facts emerge as fairly probable from the affidavits of both sides
Prem Chand made a living as a paniwala or vendor of soft drinks near Delite Cinema even as a teenager which shows that he had very poor beginnings
How did he fall into the thraldom of the local police He explains it in his affidavit He had a few mobile carts which were used for refrigerating water
These carts used to be parked by the petitioner on the road side due to the indulgence of the police
He was in his teens when he started his avocation and continued for a very long time
Thus he acquired an alias ie Prem Chand Paniwala
Due to close association with Police and their connivance and indulgence the petitioner thrived
In this process the petitioner became a prey and pawn in the hands of the police
He was persuaded to be their perpetual stooge and stock witness
1265 The Petitioner in the year 1965 when he was 25 years old was involved in a gambling case by the police and to mould him a permanent stock witness and lest he should be militant to defy them
Despite his hesitation and unwillingness he was forced to become a permanent pawn of the police
This is how the petitioner landed himself in the web of the police he had no alternative than to be like that as his livelihood was dependent upon the mercy and indulgence of the police
The version of the petitioner is that once he yielded to the pressure of the Police to give false testimony disclosing a rubberised conscience and unveracious readiness to forswear himself there was escalation of demands upon him and he became a regular pedlar of perjury on police service
Indeed counsel for the petitioner argued that his client was a stock witness  because he had to keep the Police in good humour and obliged them with tailored testimony in around 3000 cases because the alternative was police wrath
We were flabbergasted at this bizarre confession but to lend credence to his assertion counsel produced a Few hundred summonses where the petitioner was cited as a witness
Were he not omnipresent how could he testify in so many cases save by a versatile genius for loyal unveracity For sure the consternation of the community at this flood of perjury will shake its faith in the veracity of Police investigation and the validity of the judicial verdict
We have no doubt that the petitioner who has given particulars of a large number of cases where he had been cited as witness is speaking the truth even assuming that 3000 cases may be an exaggeration
In Justice Justices and Justicing and likewise in the Police and Policing the peril to the judicial process is best left to imagination if professional perjurers like the self confessed Paniwala are kept captive by the Police to P be pressed into service for proving cases
Courts trusting the Police may act on apparently veracious testimony and sentence people into prison
The community satisfied with such convictions may well believe that all is well with law and order
We condemn in the strongest terms the systematic pollution of the judicial process and the consequent threat to human rights of innocent persons
We hope that the higher authorities in the Department who apparently are not aware of the nefarious goings on at the lesser levels will immediately take measures to stamp out this unscrupulous menace
The reason why the petitioner has divulged his role as professional perjurer for the Police is simple and credible at this price the favours of the Police who allowed him to carry on his soft drinks business on the public street near a cinema house not otherwise 1266 permissible under the law
The Police blinked at the breach the petitioner made good profits and by this mutual benefit pact the prosecution got readymade evidence and Paniwala joined the nouveu riche
He became respectable when he became rich and when he became respectable he became reluctant to play stock witness 
For the more things a man is ashamed of the more respectable he is Bernard Shaw
Whenever he resisted the demand for giving false evidence the Police implicated him in some case or other and when he yielded the case was allowed to lapse
Indeed it is surprising that the petitioner himself admits that he was dubbed as a stock witness and often disbelieved by the courts
Despite severe strictures passed by the courts the Police did not give him up
 Various details are furnished by the petitioner about his deposing on prosecutions for the survival of his business
In the bargain the petitioner acquired two houses in important localities and built up a lucrative fruit juice business
There are more uncomplimentary revelations made in the petition but we do not think it necessary to set them out
However the crisis came when he declined to oblige with perjury since he felt his wealthy station in life and the character building stage of his children warranted giving up the profession of stock witness
The Police avenged themselves by initiating externment which would inflict mortal economic injury if carried out
This version of the petitioner has been in a way denied
It is also true that the Assistant Commissioner in his affidavit in reply has indicated that witnesses have been examined in support and in opposition of the allegations justifying externment and a final order has been made by the DCP directing the petitioner to show good conduct for a period of three months only
It is also stated that the witnesses were examined in camera that the DCP had consideration for the materials placed before him including education of his children etc
and the assurance given by him
An intelligent reading of the affidavit of the Assistant Commissioner along with the vagueness in his denials regarding material particulars in the petitioner s affidavits leave us in grave doubt about the validity of the Police proceedings
It is significant to notice that among the allegations against the petitioner are such vague statements as your activities in the area of Police Station Connaught Place and other area adjoining to the Police Station Connaught Place are causing and are calculated to cause harm alarm and danger to the residents of the said localities and areas
While we do not delve into details it is useful to mention that the Police allegations are again vague in respect of the remaining imputations namely 1267 That you keep knife with you for unlawful purpose and threaten the persons residing in the area with dire consequences and further deter them from making report to police
That you have engaged yourself in commission of offences against person and property attended with force and violence for which the following cases were registered against you by the Police 
The petitioner s reply affidavit makes startling disclosures about the police methods of implicating innocent people
However the version of the petitioner can hardly be swallowed since he is a self confessed perjurer
Nevertheless it is not too much to ask Government to take effective measures to prevent Police methods straying into vice
We hopefully remind the State about what Justice Brandieis once observed  Crime is contagious
If the government becomes a law breaker it breeds contempt for law  TO declare that in the administration of the criminal law the end justifies the means to declare that the government may commit crimes in order to secure the conviction of a private criminal would bring terrible retribution
Against that pernicious doctrine this court must resolutely set its face
 In the same American decision we have just mentioned Justice Holmes observed We have to choose and for my part I think it a less evil that some criminals should escape than that the Government should play an ignoble part
 The provisions of the statute ostensibly have a benign purpose and in the context of escalation of crime may be restrictions which in normal times might appear unreasonable may have to be clamped down on individuals
We are conscious of the difficulties of detection and proof and the strain on the police in tracking down criminals
But fundamental rights are fundamental and personal liberty cannot be put at the mercy of the Police
Therefore Ss 47 and 50 have to be read strictly
Any police apprehension is not enough
Some ground or other is not adequate
There must be a clear and present danger based upon credible material which makes the movements and acts of the person in question alarming or dangerous or fraught with violence
Likewise there must be sufficient reason to believe that the person proceeded against is so desperate and dangerous that his mere presence in Delhi or any part thereof is hazardous to the community and its safety
We are clear that the easy possibility 1268 of abuse of this power to the detriment of the fundamental freedoms of the citizen persuades us to insist that a stringent test must be applied
We are further clear that natural justice must be fairly complied with and vague allegations and secret hearings are gross violations of article 14 19 and 21 of the Constitution as expounded by this Court in Maneka Gandhi
We do not go deep into this question for two reasons there is another petition where the constitutionality of these identical provisions is in issue
Secondly the counsel for the State has fairly conceded that no action will now be taken even by way of surveillance against the petitioner
In an age when electronic surveillance and mid night rappings at the door of ordinary citizens remind us of despotic omens we have to look at the problem as fraught with peril to constitutional values and not with lexical Laxity or literal liberality
Having made these observations we leave the question of vires open for final investigation if necessary in other cases pending before this Court
We think counsel for the State was right in representing that no further action would be taken against the petitioner
We dispose of the petition as calling no longer for directions but emphasise the need of the State to issue clear orders to the Police Department to free the processes of investigation and prosecution from the contamination of concoction through the expediency of stockpiling of stock witnesses
To police persons who get rich quick by methods not easily or licitly understandable is perhaps a social service
Among the list of wanted persons must be not only the poor suspects but the dubious rich
To keep an eye on their activities without close shadowing and surveillance may perhaps lead to criminal discoveries if they are not too influential for the police
By this judgment what we mean is not to tell the Police to fold up their hands and remain inactive when anti social elements suddenly grow in wealth but to be activist and intelligent enough to track down those who hold the nation s health wealth peace and security in jeopardy
The only insistence is that the means must also be as good as the ends
PBR Petition allowed


Summary:
Exercising power under sections 47 and SO of the which clothe the Commissioner of Police with externment powers for keeping the capital city free of crime the Deputy Commissioner of Police Delhi directed the appellant to show cause why he should not be externed from the Union Territory of Delhi
The allegations against him were that his activities in the area of police station Connaught Place and the areas adjoining the police station were causing and were calculated to cause harm alarm and danger to the residents of the said localities and areas that he kept a knife with him for unlawful purposes and threatened residents of that area with dire consequences and deterred them from reporting to the police and that he had engaged himself in the commission of offences against persons and property with force and violence
In his petition under Article 32 of the Constitution challenging the vires of the externment proceedings as arbitrary and unreasonable restrictions on his freedom of movement the petitioner stated that over the past 25 years with the indulgence of the local police he used to park his mobile refrigerated water carts on the road side in front of a cinema theatre in Delhi and that in return for the indulgence shown to him by the police and to keep them in good humour he yielded to their pressure and gave false testimony in as many as 3000 cases
Even though Courts had dubbed him as a stock witness and passed severe strictures and disbelieved his testimony the police did not give him up that he had to continue to act as a tool in their hands for the survival of his business and that lately when he declined to oblige them because he felt that his wealthy station in life and the character building stage of his children warranted giving up the profession of stock witness the police avenged themselves by threatening externment which would inflict mortal economic injury to him if the threat was carried out
The Assistant Commissioner of Police in reply had stated that before the externment order was passed witnesses had been examined in camera in support and in opposition of the allegations justifying externment and that on a consideration of the materials placed before the Deputy Commissioner of Police including the education of his children and the assurance given by the petitioner final order had been passed directing him to show good conduct for a period of 3 months
Allowing the petition  HELD The permits externment provided the action is bona fide
All power including police power must be informed by fairness if it is to survice judicial scrutiny
Mala fides is fatal if it is made out
1164 D E 1263 Sections 47 and 50 of the Act have to be read strictly any police apprehension is not enough some ground or other is not adequate there must be a clear and present danger based upon credible material which makes the movements and acts of the person in question alarming or dangerous or fraught with violence
Like wise there must be sufficient reason to believe that the person proceeded against is so dangerous that his mere presence in Delhi or any part thereof is hazardous to the community and its safety
A stringent test must be applied by Courts in order that this power is not abused to the detriment of the citizen Natural justice must be fairly complied with and vague allegations such as those levelled against the petitioner and secret hearings are gross violations of Articles 14 19 and 21
1267 G H