iminal Appeal No 49 of 1973
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated August 22 1972 of the Delhi High Court at New Delhi in Cr
No 93 of 1972
LM Singhvi section K Dhingra K C Sharma section  Sengupta O C Mathur and Ravinder Narain for the appellant
F section Nariman Additional Solicitor General of India B P Maheshwari Suresh Sethi R K Maheshwari and N K Jain for the respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MATHEW J
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi filed a complaint on September 10 1970 before the Judicial First Class Magistrate Delhi against the appellants under section 7 read with section 16f of the  hereinafter called the Act alleging that they gave a false Waranty in respect of the curry powder manufactured by them
In response to the summons the appellants appeared and filed an application for quashing the proceedings on the ground that the complaint was incompetent
The learned Magistrate dismissed the application
The appellants filed a revision from the order to the Additional Sessions Judge
That was dismissed
The appellants then filed a revision against that order before the High Court
The High Court also dismissed the revision
It is against this order that the appellants are filed this appeal by special leave
On November 28 1968 the Food Inspector went to the shop of one Ram Prakash Oberoi and found that he was storing for sale curry powder
The Food Inspector purchase three sealed tins of curry powder from him and after following the procedure enjoined by the Act sent one sample to the Public Analyst who after examining it sent his report that the sample was adulterated
A complaint Was filed against Ram Prakash Oberoi by the Food Inspector alleging that he committed an offence under section 16 read with section 7 of the Act
Parkash Oberoi in his statement under section 342 stated that he had purchased the curry powder in sealed tins from the appellants under a warranty given by them and that he solo the curry powder in the same 159 condition in which he had purchased it from the appellants
The first appellant was examined in the case
He gave evidence that the curry powder was manufactured by the second appellant company and that it had been sold in tins to the concern of which Ram Prakash Oberoi was the proprietor
He also admitted the issue of a warranty on behalf of the second appellant
In the light of the evidence Ram prakash Oberoi was acquitted as according to the Magistrate he had discharged the onus which lay upon him in order to avail himself the defence under section 192 of the Act
In the concluding portion of the judgment which was pronounced on October 25 1969 the Magistrate observed that it is open to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi to institute a complaint against the warrantor concerned for issuing a false warranty for the sale of adulterated curry powder to Ms T D Bhagwan Dass the proprietor of which was accused Ram Prakash Oberoi through bill exhibit DWI A out of which a sample bearing No DS
2385 was taken by PW 2 from Ram Prakash Oberoi
The contention of the appellants in the application before the Magistrate to quash the proceedings was that they ought to have been impleaded in the proceedings against Ram Prakash Oberoi and tried of the offence alleged to have been committed by them and that not having been done the complaint was barred
The High Court concurred with the conclusions of the Courts below and held that the fact that the appellants were not impleaded and tried along with Ram Prakash oberoi under section 20A was no bar to the prosecution of the appellants for the offence of giving false warranty and that the complaint was competent
The appellants submitted before us that it was incumbent upon the Food Inspector to have filed a joint complaint against Ram Prakash Oberoi and the appellants as them Food Inspector had ever opportunity to know that the appellants had given a warranty when the articles which were found to be adulterated were sold to Ram Prakash Oberoi They submitted that under section 14A the vendor is bound to disclose the name of the person who given the warranty to the Food Inspector and as the Food Inspector had knowledge that the vendor was covered by a warranty issued by the appellants it wa s his duty to have joined the appellants as accused in the complaint filed by him against Ram Prakash Oberoi
They also submitted that in was no duty upon the Food Inspector to have joined the also as accused the learned Magistrate who tried Prakash Oberoi in any event ought to have impleaded the appellant in that case under section 20A of the Act and tried the appellants for the offence alleged to have been committee by them and that not having been done the present complaint was barred
We do not think that there is any substance in these contentions
Section 14 provides that no manufacturer article of food shall sell such article to any distributor or dealer of any vendor unless he also gives a warranty in writing in the prescribed form about the nature and quality of such article to the vendor
Section 14A states that every vendor of an article of food shall if so required disclose to the Food Inspector the name address and other particulars of the person from 16 0 whom he purchased the article of food
In section 192 it is said that a vendor shall not be deemed to have committed an offence pertaining to the sale of any adulterated or misbranded article of food
if he proves  a that he purchased the article of food i in a case where a licence is prescribed for the sale thereof from a duly licensed manufacturer distributor or dealer ii in any other case from any manufacturer distributor or dealer with a written warranty in the prescribed form and b that the article of food while in his possession was properly stored and that he sold it in the same state as he purchased it
We are not aware of any provision in the Act which obliged the Food Inspector to have joiner the appellants as parties to the complaint filed against Ram Prakash Oberoi
Section 20 of the Act upon which the appellants relied has nothing to do with this matter
That section only says that no prosecution for an offence under the Act shall be instituted except by or with the written consent of the Central Government or the State Government or a local authority or a person authorised in this behalf
by general or special order by the Central Government or the State Government or a local authority
The proviso to the section makes an exception to the general rule
in the case of a prosecution for an offence instituted by a purchaser referred to in section 1 2 if he _produces in Court a copy of the report of the public analyst along with the complaint
On the other hand section 193 seems to proceed on the assumption that it is
not obligatory on the part of a Food Inspector to join the manufacturer distributor or dealer in a complaint against a person for an offence alleged to have been committed under the Act That section says that any person by whom a warranty referred to in section 14 is alleged to have been given shall be entitled to appear it the hearing and give evidence
It would be clear from this provision that if the Food Inspector is bound to join the person who gave the warranty as a party whenever a complaint is filed against the vendor for storing or selling adulterated articles of food there was no reason why the legislature should have made a provision enabling the person who gave the warranty to appear in Court and give evidence
It is to be noted that section 193 only gives liberty to the person who gave the warranty to appear and give evidence and that by volunteering to appear and give evidence
he does not become an accused
The opportunity to appear and give evidence is to enable the person who gave the warranty to show that the vendor has not properly stored the article while in his possession
or that he did not sell the article in the same state as he purchase I it and thus to avoid a prosecution against him on the basis of a false warranty
The further question is whether the failure of the Magistrate who tried the complaint against Ram Prakasi Oberoi to implead the appellants under section 20A of the Act and try them also along with Ram Prakash Oberoi would in any way barthe present complaint
Section 20A provides  20A
Where at any time during the trial of any offence under this Act alleged to have been committed by any person not being the manufacturer distributor or dealer of any article of food the court is satisfied on the evidence adduced before it that such manufacturer distributor or dealer is 161 also concerned with that offence then the court may notwithstanding anything contained in sub section 1 of s  351 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 or in section 20 proceed against him as though a prosecution had been instituted against
him under s 20
 The section is an enabling one
There is nothing mandatory about it
It is left to the discretion of the Magistrate whether in a particular case having regard to the evidence adduced it is necessary in the interest of justice to implead the manufacturer distributor or dealer as the case may be
Even in a case where a Magistrate could properly have impleaded the manufacturer distributor or dealer in a proceeding against a person alleged to have committed an offen ce under the Act but faded to do so that would not in any way confer an immunity upon the manufacturer distributor or dealer from a prosecution for any offence committed by him
Counsel for the appellants argued that although the word used in section 20A is only may  it imports an obligation on the part of the Magistrate to implead the manufacturer distributor or dealer as the power to implead is coupled with a duty when it appears from the evidence that the manufacturer distributor or dealer as the case may be has committed an offence under the Act
The normal rule under the Criminal Procedure Code is to try each accused separately when the offence committed by him is distinct and separate
The provisions of sections 233 to 239 would indicate that joint trial is the exception
In State of Andhra Pradesh vs Cheemallapati Ganeswara Rao and Another this Court said that separate trial is the normal rule and joint trial is an exception when the accused have committed separate offences
Section 52 of the Procedure Code provides that the provisions of that  Code will apply to trial of an offence under any law other than the Indian Penal Code subject
to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place
of investigating into trying or otherwise dealing with such offence
If that be so unless there is something in section 20A which creates an exception to the normal procedure r scribed by the Criminal Procedure Code we would not be justified in importing into the section by implication an absolute obligation to implead the manufacturer distributor or dealer and try him also along with the person who is alleged to have committed an offence under the Act in the sense that and tried be
In be implepded for an offence if the manufacturer distributor or dealer is not impleaded under the provisions of section 20A a separate trial would order that the manufacturers distributor or dealer may under
20A it is necessary that there should be a trial for an offence committed under the Act by a person and that the manufacturer distributor or dealer must be concerned in the offence
 When
the manufacturer
distributor or dealer is impleaded
the trial proceeds as if he is also an accused in the case
Thai is made clear by the closing word 
of the section
As already Indicated no prosecution for an offence under the Act can be instituted by a Food Inspector without the sanction specified in section 2O When a manufacturer distributor or 1   324
944SupCI73 162 dealer is impleaded he becomes an accused in the case but no objection can be taken by him on the score that no sanction had been obtained for prosecuting him
And at the close of the trial the Magistrate must pass an order either acquitting or convicting him
It does not follow that the failure of the Magistrate to implead the manufacturer distribute or dealer in a case in which he could be impleaded under section 20A would confer an immunity from a separate trial against him for the offence for which he could have been tried under section 20A
There is also no likelihood of any prejudice being caused to him merely because he was not impleaded in the trial of an offence under the Act committed by any other person as any evidence taken in that proceeding won d not be binding on him when he is tried separately
In other words if a separate prosecution is instituted against the manufacturer distributor or dealer the prosecution cannot rely on the evidence in the proceedings against the person who committed the offence as per se evidence against him
It must adduce evidence in the case against the manufacturer distributor or dealer to show that he is guilty
of the offence complained of
The acquittal for instance of the vendor who is covered by a warranty would not prove that the manufacturer distributor or dealer has given a false warranty or committed any other offence
The prosecution must show by evidence adduced in the proceedings against the manufacturer distributor or dealer and prove beyond doubt that he committed the offence charged
Nor would the conviction of the vendor per se be ground for acquitting the manufacturer distributor or dealer for giving false warranty for the vendor might have further adulterated the article after getting a false warranty
The real purpose of enacting section 20A is to avoid as far as possible conflicting findings
If in the prosecution instituted against the vendor it is found that the vendor has sold the article of food in the same state as he purchased it and that while it was in his possession it was property stored and the vendor is acquitted it would look rather ridiculous if in the prosecution against the manufacturer distributor or dealer it is found on the evidence that he did not give a false warranty but that the article was not stored properly while it was in the possession of the vendor or that be did not sell the article in the same state as he purchased it
This being so the object of the legislature in enacting the section will be frustrated if a Magistrate were to exercise his discretion improperly by failing to implead the manufac turer distributor or dealer under section 20A in a me where he should be impleaded
But that is no reason to hold that a separate prosecution against the manufacturer distributor or dealer would be barred
if he is not impleaded under section 20A and tried along with the person who is alleged to have committed in offence under the Act
In order to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and conflict of findings it is imperative that the Magistrate should implead these persons under section 20A whenever the conditions laid down in the section are satisfied
As I said it is a far cry from this to say that if this is not done the manufacturer distributor or dealer would get an immunity from a separate prosecution
The appellants then contended that the procedure in the joint trial will be more advantageous to the manufacturer distributor or dealer 163 as the case may be than a separate trial and therefore there could be discrimination if unguided discretion is given to an authority to choose the one or the other
The argument was that if the manufacturer distributor or dealer is impleaded under section 20A he could avail himself of the provisions of section 132 and request the Court to have the sample retained by the Food Inspector and production in Court sent to the Central Food Laboratory for analysis but if he is tried separately he will be deprived of that advantage
Read literally section 13 2 would not enable the manufacturer distributor or dealer to pray the Court to have the sample sent for analysis by the Central Food Laboratory even if he is impleaded under section 20A and tried along with the vendor for that sub section gives the liberty to move the court for that purpose only to the accused vendor and the complainant
But even if it is assumed that the manufacturer distributor or dealer is also entitled to take advantage of the section and move the court to have the sample analysed by the Central Food Laboratory we see no reason why when he is separately tried
he should not have the sample retained by the Food Inspector and produced in Court sent for analysis by the Central Food Laboratory if it is available and in a fit condition
The Magistrate may under section 20A implead the manufacturer distributor or dealer at any time in the course of the trial
At the time he is impleaded the sample produced in Court by the Food Inspector might not be in a fit condition to be sent for analysis to the Central Food Laboratory
It is therefore impossible t  predicate in the abstract whether a joint trial would be more advantageous to the manufacturer distributor or dealer than a separate trial
 The appellant relied on the decision of this Court in Northern India Gaterers Private Ltd and Another vs State of Punjab and Another1 and contended that where two procedures are permissible one a joint trial of the manufacturer distributor or dealer with the vendor and the other a separate trial and the one is more advantageous than the other there will be scope for discrimination
We fail to understand the logic of the argument
In the above case the facts were  the State of Punjab leased its premises to the appellant for running a hotel and when the lease expired the appellant was called upon to hand over vacant possession
On the appellant failing to do so the Collector issued a notice under section 4 of the Punjab Public Premises and Land Eviction and Rent Recovery Act 1959 requiring the appellant to show cause why an order of eviction should not be passed under section 5
The appellant thereupon filed a writ petition in the High Court contending that the Act violated article 14 of the Constitution in that it discriminated between the occupants of public premises and those of other premises and that it discriminated bet ween the occupants of public premises inter se as the State could arbitrarily proceed against an occupant either under the Act or by way of suit
The High Court dismissed the petition holding that the proceeding under the Act is the exclusive remedy for eviction of unauthorised occupants of public premises that there was a valid classification between the occupiers of public premises and those of private properties and that as the Act was substitutive and not supplemental 1 1967 3 SCP
164 there was no question of discrimination between the occupiers of public premises inter se
This Court held that section 5 of the Act violated article 14 by providing two alternative remedies to the government and in leaving it to the unguided discretion of the Collector to resort to one or the other and to pick and choose some of those in occupation of public properties and premises for the application of the more drastic procedure under section 5
The Court further held that discrimination would result if there are two available procedures one more drastic or prejudicial to the party concerned than the other and which can be applied at the arbitrary will of the authority
The appellants have not challenged the vires of section 20A
That apart the principle of the ruling has no application here
That principle can apply only when an unguided discretion is conferred upon an authority or person to choose between two procedures one of which is more advantageous to the person concerned than the other
we do not think that any person has been vested with an unguided discretion to choose between two procedures the one more advantageous to the appellants than the other
We see no substance in this appeal and we dismiss It
GC Appeal dismissed


Summary:
R who was tried for an offence under section 16 read with section 7 of the Prevention
of Food Adulteration Act
stated in Court that he had purchased the curry powder in question in sealed tins from the appellant under a warranty given by them and that he sold the curry powder in the same condition in which he had purchased it from the appellants
The first appellant was examined in the case
He gave evidence that the curry powder was manufactured by the second appellant company and that it had been sold in tins to the concern of which R was the proprietor
He also admitted the issue of a warranty on
behalf of the second appellant
In the light of this evidence R was acquitted
Subsequently the appellants were sought to be tried for issuing a false warranty
The appellants contended that the proceedings against them should be quashed as according to the provisions of the Act they ought to have been impleaded in the proceedings against R The High Court concurred with the conclusions
of the Courts below and held that the fact that the appellants were not impleaded and tried along with R was no bar to the prosecution of the appellants
In appeal by special leave this Court had to consider the effect of Ss 20 and 20A of the Act
Dismissing the appeal HELD 1 There is no provision in the Act which obliged the Food Inspector to have joined the appellants as parties to the complaint filed against R Section 20 of the Act has nothing to do with the matter
On the other hand section 193 which says that any person by whom a warranty is alleged to have been given shall be entitled to appear at the hearing and give evidence seems
to proceed on the assumption that it is not obligatory on the part of the Food Inspector to join the manufacturer distributor Or dealer in a complaint against a person for an offence alleged to have been committed underthe Act 160B L ii Section 20A is an enabling one
There is nothing mandatory about it
It is left to the discretion of the Magistrate whether ina particular case having regard to the evidence adduced
it is necessary in theinterest of justice to implead the manufacturer distributor dealer as the case may be
161B The normal rule under the Criminal Procedure Code is to try each accused separately when the offence committed by him is distinct and separate
The provisions of Ss 233 to 239 would indicate hat joint trial is the exception
Section 52 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides that the provision of that Code will apply to trial of an offence under any law other than the Indian Penal Code subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating inquiring into trying or otherwise dealing with such offence
If that be so
unless there is something in section 20A which creates an exception to the normal procedure prescribed by the Criminal Procedure Code
there would be no justification for importing into the section by implication an absolute obligation to implead the manufacturer distributor or dealer and try him also with the person who is alleged to have committed an offence under the Act
in the sense that if the manufacturer distributor or dealer is not impleaded and tried under the provisions of section 20A a separate trial would be barred
161D G State of Andhra Pradesh vs Cheemalapati Ganeswara Rao and Another  324 referred to
158 The real purpose of section 20A is to avoid as far as possible conflicting findings
In order to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and conflict of findings it is imperative that the Magistrate should implead these persons under section 20A whenever the conditions laid down in the section are satisfied
It is a far cry from this to say that if this is not done
the manufacturer distributor or dealer would get an immunity from a separate prosecution
162E G iii It is impossible to predicate in the abstract whether a joint trial would be more advantageous to the manufacturer
distributor or dealer than a separate trial
Therefore the plea that there could be discrimination if unguided discretion is given to an authority to choose one or the other
could not be accepted
163D Northern India Caterers Private Ltd and Another vs State of Punjab and Another   referred to