Civil Appeal No 1057 of 1970
From the Judgment and order dated 3 11 1969 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in RSA No 145664
section K Sinha for the Appellant
Hardev Singh section K Bagga and Mrs section Bagga for the Respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GUPTA J
This appeal by certificate granted by the Punjab and Haryana High Court is from the judgment of a Full Bench of that Court answering the following question referred to it 87 Whether by universal custom among the Sikh Jats of the Punjab a widow does not forfeit her life estate in her husband s property by reason of her remarriage in Karewa form with her husband s brother and if so whether the custom admits of exceptions among different tribes of Sikh Jats and in particular among Dhaliwal Jats of Muktsar Tehsil of Ferozepur District
 The relevant facts are these
The first three respondents Bakhtawar Singh Jit Singh and Chand Singh and the deceased husband of the appellant Sada Kaur were brothers
The appellant s husband died sometime in the year 1937 and a few months later she married the third respondent Chand Singh who was a younger brother of her husband in Karewa form
The suit out of which this appeal arises was brought by the first two respondents Bakhtawar Singh and Jit Singh as plaintiffs for a declaration that they were entitled to two third share of the land in possession of the present appellant Sada Kaur which belonged to the appellant s deceased husband
Appellant Sada Kaur and her second husband Chand Singh were impleaded as defendant Nos 1 and 2 respectively
The plaintiffs  case was that Sada Kaur having married for the second time had forfeited her interest in her deceased husband s estate
The parties are Dhaliwal Jats of Muktsar Tehsil in the Ferozepur District of Punjab
In her written statement Sada Kaur pleaded that the parties were governed by customary law and according to their custom a widow marrying her deceased husband s brother did not forfeit her interest in the estate of her deceased husband
The plaintiffs filed a replication stating that according to the custom governing Dhaliwal Jats of Tehsil Muktsar a widow on remarrying even her deceased husband s brother forfeited her right in the estate
The only question that arises for consideration in the present appeal is whether there is a custom governing the parties to the suit according to which on remarriage the widow forfeits her interest in the estate of her deceased husband as claimed by the plaintiffs
The trial court declined to grant a declaration as asked for by the plaintiffs who preferred an appeal to the District Judge which was allowed
Sada Kaur took a second appeal to the High Court challenging the decision of the lower appellate court
The learned single Judge before whom the second appeal came up for hearing was inclined to accept the plaintiffs  case and dismiss the appeal but felt that a Full Bench of three learned Judges of the Punjab High Court in an earlier case Charan Singh vs Gurdial Singh1 appeared to have taken a contrary view on the question and referred the appeal to a larger bench
A Division Bench of the High Court thereafter referred the case to a Full Bench of five Judges and it is the Judgment of this Full Bench that is under appeal before us
88 In Mara and others vs Nikko and others1 this Court observed that it is well known that custom in the Punjab changes from District to District Tehsil to Tehsil and Pargana to Pargana
The judgment under appeal relies mainly on the riwaj i am of Ferozepur District compiled in 1915 by M M L Currie Settlement Officer
The evidentiary value of the entries in the riwaj i am has been discussed in more than one decision of this Court
In Mohant Salig Ram vs Mst
Maya Devi2 it was held There is no doubt or dispute as to the value of the entries in the riwaj i am
It is well settled that though they are entitled to an initial presumption in favour of their correctness irrespective of the question whether or not the custom as recorded is in accord with the general custom the quantum of evidence necessary to rebut that presumption will however vary with the facts and circumstances of each case
Whether for instance the riwaj i am lays down a custom in consonance with the general agricultural custom of the province very strong proof would be required to displace that presumption but whether on the other hand the custom as recorded in the riwaj i am is opposed to the custom generally prevalent the presumption will be considerably weakened likewise whether the riwaj i am affects adversely the rights of the families who had no opportunity whatever of appearing before the revenue authorities the presumption will be weaker still and only a few instances would be sufficient to rebut it
 There is however no material to suggest that the riwaj i am in this case suffers from any such infirmity
In Jai Kaur and others vs Sher Singh and others3 this Court has said The value of entries in the riwaj i am has   been repeatedly stressed
That they are relevant evidence under section 35 of the Evidence Act is clear and the fact that the entries therein are the result of careful research of persons who might also be considered to have become experts in these matters after an open and public inquiry has given them a value which should not be lightly under estimated
There is therefore an initial presumption of correctness as regards the entries in the riwaj i am  Question No 47 of Currie s compilation reads 89 What is the effect of unchastity upon the right of a widow to the estate of her deceased husband  What is the effect of her remarriage  The answer to the question in so far as it deals with remarriage is as follows At last settlement Mr Francis wrote unchastity or remarriage deprives a widow of her right to the property 
The Muktsar Code gives a similar answer 
Further on page 124 it says Whenever a widow remarries even if she marry the brother of her deceased husband she loses her right to her deceased husband s estate which reverts at once to his agnates mostly Sikh Jats Kumhar Khatri Lohar Bodla Chishti Wattu
If a son less widow in possession of her husband s estate marries his brother she is often allowed to remain in possession of her deceased husband s estate for her life time Bagri jats Musalman jats and Rajputs 
As regards the effect of remarriage all tribes that admit widow remarriage agree that no matter whom the widow marries she forfeits all rights to her deceased husband s estate
 The answer is followed by a note recorded by the compiler saying Despite the rulings to the contrary 
I am convinced that the above answer is a true exposition of the custom
The rulings to the contrary which relate to jats of Ferozepur District are Didar Singh vs Mst
Dharmon1 Punjab Singh vs Mst
Chandi2 and Mst
Indi vs Bhangra Singh3
Out of these three cases again only Didar Singh s case relates to Dhaliwal jats
The impugned judgment points out that as against these cases the riwaj i am mentions numerous instances 59 of them relate to Jats which support the compiler s note that on remarriage no matter whom she marries the widow forfeits her right to her deceased husband s estate
There are also three instances wherein remarriage did not result in forfeiture of the widow s right
Didar Singh s case which relates to Dhaliwal jats was of the year 1888
The impugned judgment mentions four instances from the riwaj i am of the years 1911 12 supporting the case of forfeiture
No instance has been found either way relating to Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Muktsar
However these four instances relate to Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Mogha which is adjacent to Muktsar
On these facts and figures gathered from the entries in the riwaj i am the High Court did not find it possible to accept that there was a special custom among Dhaliwal 90 jats of Tehsil Muktsar which permitted a widow who married her deceased husband s brother to retain her interest in her deceased husband s estate
In reaching this conclusion the learned Judges had to deal with the earlier Full Bench decision of three Judges of the same High Court Charan Singh vs Gurdial Singh supra in which the view taken by the majority one learned Judge dissenting is apparently in conflict with that taken in the judgment under appeal
In Charan Singh s case it was held that as regards jats governed by custom in matters of succession a widow on remarrying her deceased husband s brother remains entitled to collateral succession in the family
The parties in that case were jats from Ambala District and remembering that custom in Punjab often varies from district to district and tehsil to tehsil it seems the proposition was stated too broadly in Charan Singh s case suggesting as if this was the custom among the jats in the entire State of Punjab
The basis of the decision in Charan Singh s case is a statement in Sir W H Rattigan s Digest of Customary Law in the Punjab
The authoritative value of Rattigan s compilation has been recognised by the Privy Council in Mst
Subhani vs Nawab1 and also by this Court in Mahant Salig Ram vs Mst
Maya Devi supra and Jai Kaur vs Sher Singh supra
In Jai Kaur s case however it was held that when the custom as recorded in the riwaj i am is in conflict with the general custom as recorded in Rattigan s Digest or ascertained otherwise the entries in the riwaj i am should ordinarily prevail  Paragraph 32 of Rattigan s Digest on which Charan Singh s case relies states In the absence of custom the remarriage of a widow causes a forfeiture of her life interest in her first husband s estate which then reverts to the nearest heir of the husband
It is thus clear that there is no conflict between the statement in Rattigan s Digest and the entry in riwaj i am as regards the general custom that remarriage of the widow entails a forfeiture of her interest in her first husband s estate
However a number of exceptions to this general custom have also been recorded
Exception 1 which is relevant for the present purpose is as follows Among certain tribes a remarriage in the Karewa form with the brother of the deceased husband does not cause a forfeiture of the widow s life estate in the property of her first husband
 The cases cited in support of the special custom relate to Sikh jats of certain districts of Punjab namely Sirsa Amritsar Ferozepur and Ludhiana
There is no mention in this catalogue of Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Muktsar
It was for the first time in the 12th edition of Rattigan s book which was published long after Sir Rattigan s death the following statement was added By custom among the 91 Sikh jats of the Punjab a widow does not forfeit her life estate in her deceased husband s property by reason of her remarriage in Karewa form with her husband s brother whether he be the sole surviving brother or there are other brothers as well of the deceased A decision of the Sindh Judicial Commissioner s Court Sant Singh vs Rani Bai1 has been cited there in support of the statement
It has been pointed out very clearly by the learned Judge in his order by which he referred the case to a larger bench that Sant Singh s case does not lay down any such broad proposition to justify the statement added in the 12th edition of Rattigan s book
The mistake results from relying on the head note of the case as appearing in the Indian Cases as also in the All India Reporter
Sant Singh s case in which the parties were Sikh jats from Jullundur District relies on a decision of the Punjab Chief Court In Basant vs Pratapa2 a judgment of Punjab Chief Court it was held that among the Sikh jats in the District of Ludhiana a widow does not forfeit her life estate in her deceased husband s property by reason of her remarriage in Karewa form with her husband s brother whether he be the sole surviving brother or there are other brothers as well of the deceased
 What is found there as the custom among the Sikh Jats in the District of Ludhiana appears in the head notes of the two reports as the custom among Sikh Jats in the Punjab
Clearly the head notes are wrong and do not set out the decision correctly
That being so it cannot be said that there is any real conflict between the riwaj i am and Rattigan s Digest on this point
In any event the statement cannot be attributed to Sir Rattigan
Five learned Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court composing the Full Bench after a close examination of the available material on the question whether among Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Muktsar there is a special custom which permits a widow on remarriage with her deceased husband s brother to retain her interest in the estate of the deceased have answered the question in the negative
On the material before us we find no reason to take a different view
The facts and figures gathered from the entries in the riwaj i am have not been challenged by the appellant that the statement introduced in the 12th edition of Rattigan s Digest is wrong cannot also be questioned
We therefore dismiss the appeal but in the circumstances of the case without any order as to costs
PBR Appeal dismissed


Summary:
The first three respondents and the deceased husband of the appellant who were Dhaliwal jats of Muktsar Tehsil in Ferozepur District of Punjab were brothers
After the death of her husband the appellant married the younger brother of her late husband in Karewa form
The first two respondents filed a suit for a declaration that having married for the second time the appellant had forfeited her interest in her deceased husband s estate and that they were entitled to two third share of the land in her possession
The appellant on the other hand claimed that they were governed by customary law and according to their custom a widow marrying her deceased husband s brother did not forfeit her interest in the estate of her deceased husband
In replication the respondents stated that according to the custom governing Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Muktsar a widow remarrying even her deceased husband s brother forfeited her right in the estate
The trial Court declined to grant the declaration but the District Judge allowed the plaintiffs  appeal
The High Court did not accept the appellant s claim that there was a special custom
Dismissing the appeal  HELD The High Court was right in holding that there was no special custom among Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Muktsar which permitted a widow on remarriage with her deceased husband s brother to retain her interest in the estate of her deceased husband
It is well known that custom in the Punjab changes from district to district tehsil to tehsil and pargana to pargana
88A It has been held by this Court that entries in the riwaj i am compiled in 1915 by Currie Settlement Officer are relevant evidence under section 35 of the Evidence Act
88F G Mahant Salig Ram vs Mst
Maya Devi and Jai Kaur and others vs Sher Singh and others referred to
Entry 47 of the riwaj i am states that whenever a widow re marries even if she marries the brother of her deceased husband she loses her right to her deceased husband s estate and that the estate reverts at once to his agnates
86 As regards the effect of re marriage all tribes that admit widow re marriage agree that no matter whom the widow marries she forfeits all rights to her deceased husband s estate
89D Another authoritative compilation is Rattigan s Digest of Customary Law in the Punjab
But when custom as recorded in the riwaj i am is in conflict with the general custom as recorded in Rattigan s Digest or ascertained otherwise the entries in the riwaj i am would ordinarily prevail
On this aspect of the custom there is no conflict between the two because Rattigan s Digest also states that in the absence of custom the re marriage of a widow causes a forfeiture of her life interest in her first husband s estate which then reverts to the nearest heir of the husband
90E F One of the exceptions recorded to this general custom however is that among certain tribes re marriage in the Karewa form with the brother of the deceased husband does not cause a forfeiture of the widow s life estate in the property of her first husband
But among the cases cited in support of the special custom relating to Sikh jats of certain districts of Punjab there is no mention of Dhaliwal jats of Tehsil Muktsar
It was for the first time that in the 12th edition of Rattigan s Digest published long after his death that an exception was added that by custom among the Sikh jats of the Punjab a widow does not forfeit her life estate in her deceased husband s property by reason of her remarriage in Karewa form with her husband s brother whether he be the sole surviving brother or there are other brothers as well of the deceased
Sant Singh vs Rari Bai AIR 1924 Sindh 1776 Indian Cases 408 on which this exception is purported to be based does not lay down any such broad proposition to justify the statement added in the 12th edition of Rattigan s book
In Sant Singh s case the parties were Sikh jats from Jullundur District and Basant vs Pratap on which the Sant Singh s case relied the parties were Sikh jats from Ludhiana District
But the headnotes in both cases stated it as the custom among Sikh jats in the Punjab which clearly is wrong
Therefore it cannot be said that there is any real conflict between riwaj i am and Rattigan s Digest on this point
The statement in Charan Singh vs Gurdial Singh AIR 1961 Punjab 301 that among jats governed by custom in matters of succession a widow marrying her deceased husband s brother remains entitled to collateral succession in the family is too wide having regard to the facts of the case
90H  91A E