Appeal No 92 of 1953
Appeal under section 110 of the Civil Procedure Code from the Judgment and Decree dated the 8th November 1949 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal from Original Decree No 195 of 1947 arising out of the Judgment and Decree dated 20th December 1946 of the Court of Civil Judge Senior Division Sholapur in Special Suit No 78 of 1945
CK Daphtary Solicitor General of India R A Govind with him for the appellants
JB Dadachanji Sri Narain Andley and Rajinder Narain for respondents
October 11
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR J
This appeal is from a reversing decree of the Bombay High Court in a suit for the possession of certain immovable properties which was dismissed by the Civil Judge Senior Division Sholapur
The value of the properties has been found to be over Rs 10000
The original decree was on 20 12 1946
The decree of the High Court allowing the plaintiff s claim was on 8 11 1949
The defendants applied for leave to appeal to the Federal Court on 6 1 1950
The High Court directed the trial court to find the value of the property which was the subject matter of the suit at the time of the suit and on the date of the passing of the decree in appeal
On 22 1 1951 the lower court ascertained the value as stated above The High Court thereafter granted leave to appeal on 1 10 1951 overruling the objections raised by the plaintiff to the grant of such leave
The maintainability of this appeal has been questioned before us by Mr Dadachanji learned counsel for the respondents in a somewhat lengthy argument
His main contention was that article 133 of the 874 Constitution applies to the case and as the value is below Rs 20000 no appeal can be entertained
It is the correctness of this argument that we have to consider
On the date of the decree of the High Court the defendants had a vested right of appeal to the Federal Court as the properties were of the requisite value and on 6 1 1950 they sought a certificate of leave to appeal which was bound to be granted
The Constitution establishing the Supreme Court as the final appellate authority for India came into force on 26 1 1950
Did the vested right become extinguished with the abolition of the Federal Court If the court to which an appeal lies is altogether abolished without any forum substituted in its place for the disposal of pending matters or for the lodgment of appeals the vested right perishes no doubt
We have therefore
to examine whether the Constitution which brought the Supreme Court into being makes any provision for an appeal from a reversing decree of the High Court prior to the date of the Constitution respecting properties of the value of Rs 10000 and more being entertained and heard by the Supreme Court
Article 135 is in these terms Until Parliament by law otherwise provides the Supreme Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers with respect to any matter to which the provisions of article 133 or article 134 do not apply if jurisdiction and powers in relation to that matter were exercisable by the Federal Court immediately before the commencement of this Constitution under any existing law
Article 133 runs as follows 1 An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies a that the amount or value of the subject matter of the dispute in the court of first instance and still in dispute on appeal was and is not less than twenty thousand rupees or such other sum as may be specified in that behalf by Parliament by law or 875 bthat the judgment decree or final order involves directly or indirectly some claim or question respecting property of the like amount or value or c that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court and where the judgment decree or final order appealed from affirms the decision of the court immediately below in any case other than a case referred to in sub clause c if the High Court further certifies that the appeal involves some substantial question of law    It is reasonably clear that article 133 does not apply to this matter
The language is prospective and the judgment decree or final order from which the appeal is to be taken is that of a High Court in the territory of India that is a High Court established under the Constitution
The territory of India comprises the territory of the States
Article 214 says that there shall be a High Court for each State and clause 2 thereof provides that the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to any Province immediately before the commencement of this Consti tution shall be deemed to be the High Court for the corresponding State
We can compendiously speak of the High Court prior to the Constitution and the High Court after the Constitution as the Provincial High Court and the State High Court
A High Court in the territory of India means a State High Court and article 133 provides for appeals against any judgment decree or final order in a civil proceeding of such High Court
Though article 133 does not apply we have still to see whether it is a matter as regards which jurisdiction and powers were exercisable by the Federal Court immediately before the commencement of the Constitution
It is unnecessary to refer in detail to the earlier enactments defining the jurisdiction of the Privy Council and the Government of India Act 1935 establishing the Federal Court and conferring a limited jurisdiction on the same
It is sufficient to point out that as the law then stood the Federal Court had jurisdiction to entertain and hear appeals 111 876 from a decree of a High Court which reversed the lower court s decree as regards properties of the value of more than Rs 10000
The aggrieved party had a right to go before it without any special leave being granted
It was a matter over which jurisdiction was exercisable by the Federal Court
The construction that it was exercisable only if the matter was actually pending before the Federal Court and that it could not be said to be pending until the appeal is declared admitted under Order XLV of the Civil Procedure Code is too narrow and does not give full and proper scope to the meaning of the word exercisable in the article
Pending matters are dealt with under article 3742 and we must give some meaning to the provisions of article 135
As soon as the decree of the High Court came into existence the jurisdiction of the Federal Court to bear an appeal from that decree became exercisable provided certain conditions as to security and deposit were complied with which are not material for our present purpose
Reference may be made here to paragraph 20 of the Adaptation of Laws Order 1950 as amended in 1951 which provides Nothing in this Order shall affect the previous operation of or anything duly done or suffered under any existing law or any right privilege obligation or liability already acquired accrued or incurred under any such law   By this Order section 110 Civil Procedure Code was adapted to the new situation but the requirement as to value Was raised from 10000 to 20000
What is provided is that this adaptation will not affect the right of appeal already accrued
If we accede to the argument urged by the respondents we shall be shutting out altogether a large number of appeals where the parties had an automatic right to go before the Federal Court before the Constitution and which we must hold was taken away from them for no fault of their own merely because the Supreme Court came into existence in place of the Federal Court
An interpretation or 877 construction of the provisions of the Constitution which would lead to such a result should be avoided unless inevitable
The Full Bench decision of the Madras High Court in Gundapuneedi Veeranna and three others vs Gundapuneedi China Venkanna and seven others1 was a case where the decree of the High Court and the application for leave to appeal were both after the Constitution came into force
Whether in all matters where there was a right of appeal under section 110 of the Civil Procedure Code it continues in respect of all suits filed prior to the Constitution is a question that does not arise for decision now
On the merits the appeal is unassailable
The family whose genealogical tree is given in the opening portion of the judgment of the trial Judge owned what may be compendiously described as Sangam properties and Peta Velapur Mahal properties and all of them were of the nature of watan
The Sangam lands were held by the eldest branch represented by Yeshwant Rao son of Panduranga Rao by right of lineal primogeniture
When Yeshwant Rao and his widow Tarabai died in November 1924 these properties went to the plaintiff Shankar Rao s branch as the next senior in line
The Peta Velapur Mahal properties were held in three shares by Narsinga Rao Vithal Rao and Krishna Rao the fourth brother Shyama Rao having no right as he was insane
Defendants 1 2 and 3 represent Krishna Rao s branch
After Yeshwant Rao s death Lakshman Rao the grandfather of defendants I and 2 filed a suit No 1064 of 1925 for a declaration that he was the nearest heir to the Sangam properties the Peta Velapur Mahal properties and the cash income appertaining to the inamdar s right in Sangam
He got a declaratory decree that he was the nearest heir of the deceased Yeshwant Rao and had a right in such capacity to take possession of ill the properties excluding the inam income and the Sangam lands specified in Schedule B of the decree and a small item of property situated in the same village and specified in Schedule G
As regards the excluded items Shankar 1 ILR 878 Rao the first defendant plaintiff in the present suit was held to be the heir
On appeal to the High Court the decree of the Subordinate Judge was confirmed except as regards the cash allowance of three villages Nevare Tambure and Limbagaon which was also declared to belong to Shankar Rao
As the decree was only a declaratory decree a fresh suit had to be filed by Narayana Rao son of Lakshman Rao to recover possession of the Peta Velapur Mahal properties at Mahalung Lavang and Wafegaon
This was Civil Suit No 2148 of 1936
Recovery was also sought of some cash and the value of some ornaments and clothes etc
The claim was resisted by Shankar Rao and his main plea was that in lieu of the properties claimed a large number of lands at Sangam had originally been given to the plaintiff s branch and that unless those properties were given back the plaintiff could not claim to recover the Velapur Mahal properties
The suit ended in a compromise decree
Shankar Rao was to deliver actual possession of the lands to the plaintiff as owner together with costs and mesne profits and the plain tiff was to abandon the rest of the claim
The decree states The defendant has given up all the contentions in his written statement
After possession was taken of the Velapur Mahal properties under the decree the plaintiff Shankar Rao brought this suit to recover from defendants I and 2 the Sangam lands to which he referred in his earlier written statement alleging that they were given to their grandfather in lieu of maintenance
The defendants have made the answer that the items of Sangam lands claimed by the plaintiff were given to their ancestor Krishna Rao absolutely under the deed of 1867 and that since then they had been in the enjoyment as owners thereof
The Civil Judge dismissed the plaintiff s suit finding that the case of the plaintiff to the effect that the lands were given to Krishna Rao for maintenance under the deed of 1867 was unfounded
But on appeal by Shankar Rao the plaintiff the High Court reversed this decree construing the deed of 1867 as a deed under which absolute owner 879 ship was not transferred to Krishna Rao and that the specified items of Sangam lands were given to him provisionally and conditionally till Krishna Rao obtained possession of the Peta Velapur Mahal lands which were then under a mortgage
We have examined the deed closely and do not find any warrant for the view taken by the learned Judges on appeal
The deed is Exhibit No 35 and it is printed at page 63 of the Paper Book
The correctness of the translation is admitted
It was executed by Narsinga Rao of the first branch in favour of Krishna Rao of the last branch predecessor in title of defendants 1 to 3
After reciting that Krishna Rao was entitled to a one third share in the income appertaining to the Deshmuki rent of the family at Peta Velapur Mahal it proceeds to say  
In lieu of the land of that Mahal and in respect of the cash allowance of the Haqdari rights we have given to you for a 13 share of land of this Mahal the following lands from the village of Sangam which is continued with us by Vadilki right the right of primogeniture
The deed proceeds to set out the items by areas assessment and boundaries and then goes on In all 6 numbers have been given by us to you in lieu of your entire income from the said Mahal
Now five and half Pavs out of the said land are in your Vahiwat  at present and the remaining land was to have been given over to your vahiwat but we having formerly mortgaged the said village to Ramchandra Pandurang Deshpande 5 Pavs  of land is not in your Vahiwat this day
Hence on the expiry of 6 years the period of the mortgage you may carry on the entire Vahiwat of the land passed in your favour in writing as aforesaid without any hindrance
We have no claim of inheritance left on the aforesaid land
The deed concludes with a provision made for the residence of the donee in an open space in the same villagers It further states 
There are four shops and a wada at the Kasba of Velapur and a one third share thereof has been allotted to your share over which we have no 880 claim of inheritance left
It is obvious from this document that the one third share of Krishna Rao s branch in the Peta Velapur Mahal properties was retained by Narasinga Rao and that in lieu thereof Krishna Rao was given six items of the Sangam properties the whole of which could not then and there be given over into his possession and management as there was a usufructuary mortgage over a portion of the lands which was to expire after the lapse of six years from that date
The lands referred to as mortgaged are the Sangam lands and not the Peta Velapur Mahal lands as wrongly assumed by the High Court
There is absolutely nothing said about the properties being given for maintenance to Krishna Rao
On the other hand in two places we find that any right to inheritance was given up
In fact this case of the plaintiff was given up before the trial Judge
It is true that there was an exchange of properties but there is nothing to warrant the view of the learned Judges that it was provisional or conditional and that the Sangam lands were to be returned when the Velapur Mahal properties went into the possession and management of Krishna Rao s branch
To say that such an arrangement was implied is to ignore the plain terms of the deed
The properties now in dispute are the items covered by the deed
They did not form the subject matter of the two previous litigations
Since 1867 the date of Exhibit No 35 they have always been in the possession of the defendants  branch as owners
It must also be remembered that the earlier suits of 1925 and 1936 proceeded on the basis that the defendants  branch was the heir to the properties left by the deceased Yeshwant Rao
There is no other question which arises for discussion or decision
It follows that the trial Judge was right in holding that the plaintiff s claim to recover possession of the suit properties covered by the deed of 1867 was entirely baseless
The decree of the High Court is reversed and that of the trial Judge is restored with costs throughout payable by the plaintiff to the defendants


Summary:
This appeal to the Supreme Court was from a reversing decree of the Bombay High Court in a suit for possession of certain immovable properties
The suit was dismissed by the trial court on 20 12 1946 the value of properties being found to be over Rs 10000
The decree of the High Court allowing the plaintiff s claim was passed on the 8th November 1949
The defendants applied to the High Court for leave to appeal to the Federal Court on 6 1 1950 which was granted on 1 10 1951
One of the questions for determination was whether article 133 of the Constitution applied to the case and the appeal was competent to the Supreme Court
Held that article 133 did not apply as it relates expressly to appeals against any judgment decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India
Held further that on the date of the decree of the High Court the defendants had a vested right of appeal to the Federal Court as the properties were of the requisite value and on 6 1 1950 a certificate of leave to appeal was bound to be granted
Held also that the appeal was competent to the Supreme Court by virtue of the provisions of article 135 of the Constitution as the jurisdiction and powers in relation to the matter in dispute were exercisable by the Federal Court immediately before the commencement of the Constitution under an existing law inasmuch as the Federal Court had jurisdiction to entertain and hear appeals from a decree of a High Court which reversed the lower court s decree as regards properties of the value of more than Rs 10000
The construction contended for by the respondent that the jurisdiction was exercisable under article 135 by the Federal Court only if the matter was actually pending before the Federal Court and that it could not be said to be pending until the appeal is declared admitted under Order XLV of the Civil Procedure Code is 873 too narrow and does not give full and proper scope to the meaning of the word exercisable  in the Article