iminal Appeal No159 of 1966
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated November 24 1965 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Misc Application No 323 of 1965
SC A garwala for the appellant
MSK Sastri and SP Nayar for the respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Grover J
This is an appeal from the judgment of the Bombay High Court passed in exercise of ordinary original civil jurisdiction by which the appellants were found guilty of having committed contempt of Mr Justice Tarkunde in his judicial capacity and of the court
Appellant No 2 DR Goel who is the Editor Printer and Publisher of Perspective Publications P Ltd appellant No 1 was sentenced to simple imprisonment for one month together with fine amounting to Rs 1000  in default of payment of fine he was to undergo further simple imprisonment 781 for the same period
The appellants were also directed to pay the costs incurred by the State
On behalf of the first appellant it has been stated at the bar that the appeal is not being pressed
The background in which the impugned article was published  on April 24 1965 in a weekly periodical called Mainstream which is a publication brought out by the first appellant may be set out
In the year 1960 a suit was filed by one Krishnaraj Thackersey against the weekly newspaper Blitz and its Editor and others claiming Rs 3 lacs as damages for libel
The hearing in that suit commenced on the original side of the Bombay High Court on June 24 1964
The delivery of the judgment commenced on January 19 1965 and continued till February 12 1965
After June 24 1964 that suit was heard from day to day by Mr Justice Tarkunde
The suit was decreed in the sum of Rs 3 lacs
An appeal is pending before a division bench of the High Court against that judgment
The impugned article is stated to have been contributed by a person under the name of Scribbler but appellant No 2 has taken full responsibility for its publication
Its heading was STORY OF A LOAN and Blitz Thackersey Libel Case
It is unnecessary to reproduce the whole article which appears verbatim in the judgment of the High Court
The article has been ingeniously and cleverly worded
The salient matters mentioned in the article are these After paying a tribute to the Indian judiciary the writersays that according to the report in Prajatantra a Gujarati paper architects Khare Tarkunde Private Limited of Nagpur hereinafter called Khare Tarkunde which is described a Firm in the article got a loan facility of Rs 10 lacs from the Bank of India on December 7 1964
The partners of Khare Tarkunde included the father two brothers and some other relations of Justice Tarkunde who awarded a decree for Rs 3 lacs as damages against Blitz and in favour of Thackersey
It is pointed out that the date on which Rs 10 lacs loan facility was granted by the Bank of India was about five and a half months after the Thackersey Blitz libel suit had begun and just over six weeks before Justice Tarkunde began delivering his marathon judgment on January 19 1965
It is then said that for Rs 10 lacs loan facility granted to Khare Tarkunde the New India Assurance Co stood guarantee and that the two Directors of the Bank of India who voted in favour of the credit of Rs 10 lacs being granted to Khare Tarkunde were Thackersey and Jaisinh Vithaldas believed to be a relative of Thackersey
Next it is stated that one of the Directors of the New India Assurance that stood guarantee for the loan facility was NK Petigara who was also a senior partner of Ms Mulla  Mulla Craigie Blunt  Caroe Solicitors of Thackersey in the Blitz Thackersey Libel Case before Justice Tarkunde 4 Sup
CI69 17 782 Emphasis is laid on the fact that Khare Tarktunde had a capital of Rs 5 lacs only and the balance sheet of the firm of June 1964 revealed indebtedness to various financiers to the tune of Rs 14 lacs
Thus Khare Tarkunde is stated to be lucky to get against all this a handsome loan of Rs 10 lacs from the Bank of India
The writer refers to the Code among college teachers and university professors of not examining papers when their own children and near relatives sit for examination and adds that Justice Tarkunde himself will recognize the rightness of such a Code
Referring to the unimpeachable integrity and reputation of judges of the Bombay High Court the writer proceeds to say there must not be allowed to be raised even the faintest whisper of any misgiving on that score
 Paragraph 24 deserves to be reproduced  If Sri Krishna Thackersey did not lay it bare at the time of the suit that he was one of the sponsors of a contract of which the judge s relations were the beneficiaries it is up to the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Bombay High Court including Justice Tarkunde as also the ever vigilant members of the Bar to consider all the implications of these disclosures which have distressed a common citizen like me so that the finest traditions of our judiciary may be preserved intact
 A petition was filed before the Bombay High Court by the State of Maharashtra pointing out that the aforesaid article contained scandalous allegations and was calculated to obstruct the administration of justice and constituted gross contempt of court
The article purported to state certain facts relating to the transaction between Khare Tarkunde and the Bank which were false and there were several mis statements and suppression of facts some of which were a The article wrongly stated that the father of Mr Justice Tarkunde was a partner in Khare Tarkunde and b The article falsely described the transaction as a loan  by the Bank to Khare Tarkunde
In fact the said transaction was only a guarantee given by the Bank which undertook to pay to the Govt
any amount not exceeding Rs 10 lacs in the event of Khare Tarkunde being unable to perform its obligations
The Bank was secured by a further guarantee given by the New India Assurance Co Ltd undertaking to secure the Bank in the event of the Bank having to pay the said amount or any part thereof
Appellant No 2 who also happens to be a Director and Principal Officer of the first appellant filed a reply raising some objec 783 tions of a legal and technical nature and took up the position that the impugned article was based on a report published in Prajatantra from which all the facts stated in the article were incorporated
It was asserted that certain major facts  had been verified by the appellant and found to be true
It was admitted that upon reading the petition for taking contempt proceedings it was found by appellant No 2 that there were certain incorrect statements in the article
It was claimed that the article had been published in a bona fide belief that whatever was stated in the article in Prajatantra was true
The intention was to convey to the public at large that it was incumbent on the plaintiff Thackersey and Pettigara one of the partners of Mulla  Mulla etc
 his attorneys to inform Justice Tarkunde that the plaintiff had voted for a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Bank of India which without reasonable doubt would help Khare Tarkunde in which Tarkunde happened to be a brother of the Judge
The High Court analysed the implications of the facts stated in each paragraph of the impugned article in great detail and observed     reading the article as a whole taking care not to read into it anything more than its plain language implies and making every allowance for literary style and rhetorical flourish expressions which were often used in the arguments for the
respondents it is impossible to avoid the conclusions that this article exceeds the bounds of fair and reasonable criticism
In so far as it suggests that there is some sort of casual connection between the granting of the loan to Ms Khare Tarkunde Pvt Ltd and the judgment of Mr Justice Tarkunde in the Blitz Thackersey case it clearly attempts to lower the learned judge in his judicial capacity not to mention the fact that it would also tend to shake the confidence of the lay public in the High Court and impair the due administration of justice in that Court
In so far as there is a suggestion made be it ever so faint that Mr Justice Tarkunde knew or must have known of the loan to his brother s firm before he delivered the judgment in the case the article is malicious and not in good faith The High Court also examined the misstatements and inaccuracies in the impugned article and held that there was no foundation for the suggestion that Khare Tarkunde was an impecunious concern and therefore was lucky to get the handsome loan nor for the suggestion that either Thackersey and his co Directors in the Bank of India or Thackersey s solicitor and his co Directors in the New India Assurance Co went out of their way to grant accom 784 modation to Khare Tarkunde
The High Court found no basis for the insinuation that there was any connection between the loan and the judgment in the Blitz Thackersey case or that Justice Tarkunde knew or might have Known about any loan having been granted to his brother s firm
No attempt was made to justify these suggestions in the return or in the argument before the High Court and all that was urged was that the words used by contestable did not give rise to the said imputations or innuendos and that the contemnor was only trying to communicate to the public at large what has been stated before
It is needless to refer to the other points raised before and decided by the High Court because none of them has been argued before us
In this appeal counsel for appellant No 2 has made some attempt to establish that no aspersion was cast on the integrity of Justice Tarkunde in the article nor was any imputation of dishonesty made
His second contention is that proceedings for contempt for scandalising a Judge have become obsolete and the proper remedy in such a situation is for the Judge to institute action for libel
Thirdly it is said that there was no evidence before the High Court that Justice Tarkunde did not know about the transaction or the dealings between the firm in which his brother was a partner and the bank of which Thackersey was a director
If it is submitted the allegations made in the article were truthful or had been made bona fide in the belief that they were truthful the High Court ought not to have found appellant No 2 guilty of contempt
At any rate according to counsel the statements contained in the article only made out a charge of bias against the Judge and if such a charge is made it cannot be regarded as contempt
On the first point our attention has been invited to the paragraphs in the article containing expression of high opinion held by the writer of the judiciary in India
It is suggested that his attempt was only to make a fair and legitimate criticism of the proceedings in the Thackersey suit against the Blitz weekly
It has been emphasised in the article that the damages which were awarded to the tune of Rs 3 lakhs were almost punitive and that it was a rare phenomenon that the plaintiff Thackersey did not step into the witness box and also a permanent injunction had been granted preventing Blitz from printing anything based on the subject matter of litigation
The law involving freedom of press fully warranted such criticism of a judgment or of the proceedings in a suit in a court of law
It is true that the writer of the article could exercise his right of fair and reasonable criticism and the matters which have been mentioned in some of the paragraphs may not justify any proceedings being taken for contempt but the article read as a whole leaves 785 no doubt that the conclusions of the High Court were unexceptionable
It was a skillful attempt on the part of the writer to impute dishonesty and lack of integrity to Justice Tarkunde in the matter of Thackersey Blitz suit the imputation being indirect and mostly by innuendo that it was on account of the transaction and the dealings mentioned in the article that the suit of Thackersey was decreed in the sum of Rs 3 lakhs which was the full amount of damages claimed by Thackersey
It may be that the article also suggests that Thackersey and his attorneys were to blame inasmuch as they did not inform the Judge about the transactions of Khare Tarkunde with the Bank of India with which Thackersey was associated in his capacity as a director but that cannot detract from the obvious implications and insinuations made in various paragraphs of the article which immediately create a strong prejudicial impact on the mind of the reader about the lack of honesty integrity and impartiality on the part of Justice Tarkunde in deciding the Thackersey Blitz suit
On the second point counsel for appellant No 2 has relied a great deal on certain decisions of the Privy Council and the Australian and American courts
In the matter of a Special Reference from the Bahama Islands1 a letter was published in a colonial newspaper containing sarcastic allusions to a refusal by the Chief Justice to accept a gift of pineapples
No judgment was given by the Privy Council but their lordships made a report to Her Majesty that the impugned letter though it might have been made subject of proceedings for libel was not in the circumstances calculated to obstruct or interfere with the course of justice or the due administration of law and therefore did not constitute contempt of court
In that case there was no question of scandalising the court nor had any imputation been made against the Chief Justice in respect of any judicial proceedings pending before him or disposed of in his court
It is the next decision of the Privy Council in McLeod vs St
Aubyn2 on which a great deal of argument has been built up before us that the courts at least in England have stopped committing anyone for contempt for publication of scandalising matter respecting the court after adjudication as well as pending a case before it
That case came by way of an appeal from an order of the Acting Chief Justice St Aubyn of the Supreme Court of St Vincent committing one McLeod to prison for 14 days for alleged contempt of court
It was said inter alia in the impugned publication that in Mr Trifford the public had no confidence and his locus tenons Mr St Aubya was reducing the judicial character to the level of a clown
There were several other sarcastic and libelous remarks made about the Acting Chief Justice
While recognizing publication of scandalous matter of the court itself as a head of contempt of court as 1 2 786 laid down by Lord Hardwicke in Re Read and Huggonson1 Lord Morris proceeded to make the oft quoted observation committals for contempt of Court by itself have become obsolete in this country even though in small colonies consisting principally of coloured population committals might be necessary in proper cases
Only a year later Lord Russel of Killowen CJ in The Queen vs Gray2 reaffirmed that any act done or writing published calculated to bring a court or a judge of the court in contempt or to lower his authority was a contempt of court
The learned Chief Justice made it clear that judges and courts were alike open to criticism and if reasonable argument or expostulation was offered against any judicial act as contrary to law or the public good no court could or would treat that as contempt of court but it was to be remembered that the liberty of the press was not greater and no less than the liberty of every subject
In that case it was held that there was personal scurrilous abuse of a judge and it constituted contempt
All the three cases which have been discussed above were noticed by the Privy Council in Debi Prasad Sharma  Ors
vs The King Emperor3 where contempt proceedings had been taken in respect of editorial comments published in a newspaper based or a news item that the Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court in his administrative capacity had issued a circular to judicial officers enjoining on them to raise contributions to the war fund and it was suggested that he had done a thing which would lower the prestige of the court in the eyes of the public
This is what was said at page 224  In In re a Special Reference from the Bahama Islands  the test applied by the very strong Board which heard the reference was whether the words complained of were in the circumstances calculated to obstruct or interfere with the course of justice and the due administration of the law
In Reg
vs Gray 1900 2QB 36 it was shown that the offence of scandalising the court itself was not obsolete in this country
A very scandalous attack had been made on a judge for his judicial utterances while sitting in a criminal case on circuit and it was with the foregoing opinions on record that Lord Russel of Killowen CJ adopting the expression of Wilmot CJ in his opinion in Rex vs Almon 1765 Wilmot s Notes of Opinions 243 which is the source of much of the present law on the subject spoke of the article complained of as calculated to lower the authority of the judge
 It is significant that their lordships made a distinction between a case where there had been criticism of the administrative act of 1 2 3 70 IA 216
787 a Chief Justice and an imputation on him for having done or omitted to have done something in the administration of justice
It is further noteworthy that the law laid down in McLeod vs St Aubyn1 was not followed and it was emphasised that Reg
vs Gray2 showed that the offence of scandalising the court itself was not obsolete in England
In Rex vs Editor of the New Statesman3 an article had been published in the New Statesman regarding the verdict by Mr Justice Savory given in a libel action brought by the Editor of the Morning Post against Dr Marie Slopes the well known advocate of birth control in which it was said inter alia the serious point in this case however is that an individual owning to such views as those of Dr Marie Stores cannot apparently hope for a fair hearing in a Court presided over by Mr Justice Avory and there are so many Avorys
On behalf of the contemnor McLeod vs St A ubyn1 was sought to be pressed into service
The Lord Chief Justice in delivering the judgment of the Court said that the principle applicable to such cases was the one stated in Reg
vs Gray2 and relied on the observations of Lord Russel at p 40
It was observed that the article imputed unfairness and lack of impartiality to a judge in the discharge of his judicial duties
The gravamen of the offence was that by lowering his authority it interfered with the performance of his judicial functions
Again in Ambard vs Attorney General for Trinidad and Tobago4 the law enunciated in Reg
vs Gray2 by Lord Russel of Killowen was applied and it was said at page 335 But whether the authority and position of an individual judge or the due administration of justice is concerned no wrong is committed by any member of the public who exercises the ordinary right of criticising in good faith in private or public the public act done in the seat of justice
The path of criticism is a public way the wrong headed are permitted to err therein provided that members of the public abstain from imputing improper motives to those taking part in the administration of justice and are genuinely exercising a right of criticism and not acting in malice or attempting to impair the administration of justice they are immune
Justice is not a cloistered virtue she must be allowed to suffer the scrutiny and respectful even though spoken comments of ordinary men
 It was however held that there was no evidence upon which the court could find that the alleged contemnor had exceeded fair and temperate criticism and that he had acted with untruth or malice 1 1899 A C 549
2 3 4 788 and with the direct object of bringing the administration of justice into disrepute
Lord Denning MR in Reg vs Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis Ex parte Blackburn No 21 made some pertinent observations about the right of every man in Parliament or out of it in the Press or over the broadcast to make fair and even outspoken comment on matters of public interest
In the words of the Master of Rolls those who comment can deal faithfully with all that is done in a court of justice
They can say that we are mistaken and our decisions erroneous whether they are subject to appeal or not
All we would ask is that those who criticise us will remember that from the nature of our office we cannot reply to their criticism
We cannot enter into public controversy
Still less into political controversy
We must rely on our conduct itself to be its own vindication
 In that case Mr Quintin Hogg had written an article in Punch in which he had been critical of the Court of Appeal and had even made some erroneous statements
But reading of the article the salient passage of which is set out in the judgment of the Master of the Rolls makes it quite clear that there was no attempt to scandalise the Court and impute any dishonourable or dishonest motives or to suggest any lack of integrity in any particular Judge
Oswald in his book on the Contempt of Court has expressed the view that it would be going a great deal too far to say that commitments for contempt of court by scandalising the Court itself have become obsolete and that there does not seem to be any good reason for ignoring the principles which govern the numerous early cases on the subject
The American and the Australian cases viz John D Pennekamp and The Miami Herald Publishing Co vs State of Florida2 and Bell vs Stewarta to which reference has been made on be half of appellant No 2 can hardly be of much assistance because in this country principles have become crystallized by the decisions of the High Courts and of this Court in which the principles followed by English Courts have been mostly adopted
We would now advert to the decisions of this Court
It was held in Bathina Ramakrishna Reddy vs The State of Madras4 that the fact that the defamation of a Judge of a subordinate court constitutes an offence under section 499 of the Indian Penal Code did not oust the jurisdiction of the High Court to take cognizance of the act as a contempt of court
In that case in an article in a Telugu weekly it was alleged that the Stationary Sub Magistrate of Kovvur was known to the people of the locality for harassing 1 19682 WLR 1206
2  3  4  789 litigants in various ways etc
Mukherjea J as he then was who delivered the judgment described the article as a scurrilous attack on the integrity and honesty of a judicial officer
It was observed that if the allegations were false they could not undermine the confidence of the public in the administration of justice and bring the judiciary into disrepute
The appellant there had taken the sole responsibility regarding the publication of the article and was not in a position to substantiate by evidence any of the allegations made therein
It was held that he could not be said to have acted bona fide even if good faith can be held to be a defence at all in a proceeding for contempt
The decision in Re The Editor Printer and Publisher of The Times of India and In re Aswini Kumar Ghose and Anr
vs Arabinda Bose  Anr1 is very apposite and may benext referred to
In a leading article in The Times of India on the judgment of this Court in Aswini Kumar Ghose vs Arabinda Bose  Ant2 the burden was that if in a singularly oblique and infelicitous manner the Supreme Court had by a majority decision tolled the knell of the much maligned dual system prevailing in the Calcutta and Bombay High Courts by holding that the right to practise in any High Court conferred on advocates of the Supreme Court had made the rules in force in those High Courts requiring advocates appearing on the original side to be instructed by attorneys inapplicable to them
This is what was said by Mahajan J as he then was speaking for the Court No objection could have been taken to the article had it merely preached to the courts of law the sermon of divine detachment
But when it proceeded to attribute improper motives to the Judges it not only transgressed the limits of fair and bona fide criticism but had a clear tendency to affect the dignity and prestige of this Court
The article in question was thus a gross contempt of court
It is obvious that if an impression is created in the minds of the public that the judges in the highest Court in the land act on extraneous considerations in deciding cases the confidence of the whole community in the administration of justice is bound to be undermined and no greater mischief than that can possibly be imagined The Editor Printer and Publisher of the newspaper tendered an apology which was accepted but this Court concurred in the expression of views in Ambard vs Attorney General of Trinidad3 a passage from which has already been extracted
The guiding principles to be followed by courts in contempt proceedings were enunciated in Brahma Prakash Sharma  Ors
vs The State of 1  2  3 790 Uttar Pradesh1
The judgment again was delivered by Mukherjea J as he then was and the English decisions including those of the Privy Council were discussed
It is necessary to refer only to the principles laid down for cases of the present kind ie scandalising the court
It has been observed that there are two primary considerations which should weigh with the court when it is called upon to exercise summary power in cases of contempt committed by scandalising the court itself
In the first place the reflection on the conduct or character of a Judge in reference to the discharge of his judicial duties would not be contempt if such reflection is made in the exercise of the right of fair and reasonable criticism which every citizen possesses in respect of public acts done in the seat of justice
Secondly when attacks or comments are made on a Judge or Judges disparaging in character and derogatory to their dignity care should be taken to distinguish between what is a libel on a judge and what really amounts to contempt of court
If however the publication of the disparaging statement is calculated to interfere with the due course of justice or proper administration of law by such court it can be punished summarily as contempt
it will be an injury to the public if it tends to create an apprehension in the minds of the people regarding the integrity ability or fairness of the judge or to deter actual and prospective litigants from placing complete reliance upon the court s administration of justice or if it is likely to cause embarrassment in the mind of the judge himself in the discharge of his judicial duties
It is well established that it is not necessary to prove affirmatively that there has been an actual interference with the administration of justice by reason of such defamatory statement it is enough if it is likely or tends is any way to interfere with the proper administration of law
 In that case it was held that the contempt was of a technical nature
This was based apparently on the reason that the Members of the Bar who had passed a resolution attributing incompetency lack of courtesy etc
and had referred to complaints against two officers one a Judicial Magistrate and the other a Revenue Officer and had sent those complaints to the District Magistrate Commissioner and the Chief Secretary in the State and secondly because very little publicity had been given to the statement
In Re Hira Lal Dixit  two Ors2 the above principles were applied and reaffirmed
In that case words which had been used in a poster which was published had the necessary implication that the judges who decided in favour of the Government were rewarded by the Government with appointments to this Court
Although this case was not one of scandalizing of the court but the question that was posed was whether the offending passage was of such character and import or made in such circum 1 2  791 stances as would tend to hinder or obstruct or interfere with the due course of administration of justice by this Court and it was answered in the affirmative and the contemnor was held guilty of Contempt of Court
In State of Madhya Pradesh vs Revashankar1 an application was made under section 528 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in certain criminal proceedings containing serious aspersions against a Magistrate Mr NK Acharya
Reliance was once again placed on Brahm Prakash Sharma s2 case and the principles laid therein
It was held that the aspersions which had been made amounted to something more than a mere intentional personal insult to the Magistrate they scandalised the court itself and impaired the administration of justice and that proceedings under the contempt of court could be taken against the contemnor
There can be no manner of doubt that in this country the principles which should govern cases of the present kind are now fully settled by the previous decisions of this Court
we may re state the result of the discussion of the above cases on this head of contempt which is by no means exhaustive
1  It will not be right to say that committals for contempt for scandalizing the court have become obsolete
2 The summary jurisdiction by way of contempt must be exercised with great care and caution and only when its exercise is necessary for the proper administration of law and justice
3 It is open to anyone to express fair reasonable and legitimate criticism of any act or conduct of a judge in his judicial capacity or even to make a proper and fair comment on any decision given by him because justice is not a cloistered virtue and she must be allowed to suffer the scrutiny and respectful even though outspoken comments of ordinary men
4 A distinction must be made between a mere libel or defamation of a judge and what amounts to a contempt of the court
The test in each case would be whether the impugned publication is a mere defamatory attack on the judge or whether it is calculated to interfere with the due course of justice or the proper administration of law by his court
It is only in the latter case that it wilt be punishable as Contempt
1 2 792 5  Alternatively the test will be whether the wrong is done to the judge personally or it is done to the public
To borrow from the language of Mukherjea J as he then was Brahma Prakash Sharma s case1 the publication of a disparaging statement will be an injury to the public if it tends to create an apprehension in the minds of the people regarding the integrity ability or fairness of the judge or to deter actual and prospective litigants from placing complete reliance upon the court s administration of justice or if it is likely to cause embarrassment in the mind of the judge himself in the discharge of his judicial duties
As regards the third contention no attempt was made before the High Court to substantiate that the facts stated in the article were true or were rounded on correct data
It may be that truthfulness or factual correctness is a good defence in an action for libel but in the law of contempt there are hardly any English or Indian cases in which such defence has been recognized
It is true that in the case of Bathina Ramakrishna Reddy2 there was some discussion about the bona fides of the person responsible for the publication but that was apparently done to dispose of the contention which had been raised on the point
It is quite clear that the submission made was considered on the assumption that good faith can be held to be a defence in a proceeding for contempt
The words even if good faith can be held to be a defence at all in a proceeding for contempt show that this Court did not lay down affirmatively that good faith can be set up as a defence in contempt proceedings
At any rate this point is merely of academic interest because no attempt was made before the High Court to establish the truthfulness of the facts stated in the article
On the other hand it was established that some of the material allegations were altogether wrong and incorrect
Lastly the submission that the statements contained in the article made out only a charge of bias against the judge and this cannot constitute contempt has to be stated to be rejected
It is a new point and was never raised before the High Court
Moreover the suggestion that the charge in the article was of legal bias which meant that Justice Tarkunde had some sort of pecuniary interest in Khare Tarkunde which had the transactions with the bank of which Thackersey was a Director is wholly baseless
Counsel had to agree that Justice Tarkunde was neither a shareholder nor was there anything to show that he had any other interest m Khare Tarkunde
The mere fact that his brother happens 1 2   793 to have a holding in it cannot per se establish that Justice Tarkunde would also have some financial or pecuniary interest therein
It is not possible to accept nor has such extreme position been taken by the counsel for appellant No 2 that there is any bar to a brother or a near relation of a judge from carrying on any business profession or avocation
The entire argument on this point is wholly without substance
The appellant No 2 showed no contrition in the matter of publication of the impugned article
lie never even tendered an unqualified apology
The High Court in these circumstances was fully justified in punishing him for contempt of court and in awarding the sentence which was imposed
In the impugned article there was a clear imputation of impropriety lack of integrity and oblique motives to Justice Tarkunde in the matter of deciding the Thackersey Blitz suit which on the principles already stated undoubtedly constituted contempt of court
The appeal fails and is hereby dismissed
VPS Appeal dismissed


Summary:
One T filed a suit claiming Rs 3 lacs damages for libel against a newspaper
The suit was decreed by a Judge of the Bombay High Court
Thereafter an article was published in a publication brought out by the first appellant and of which the second appellant was the editor printer and publisher
The article contained insinuations that there was a connection between a loan of Rs 10 lacs granted to a firm in which the Judge s brother was a partner and the judgment m the defamation case and that the Judge knew about the loan having been granted to the firm
The appellants were found guilty of contempt of court
In appeal to this Court it was contended that 1 In the article no aspersion was cast on the integrity of the Judge nor was any imputation of dishonesty made 2 Proceedings for contempt for scandallzing a Judge have become obsolete the proper remedy being for thejudge to take action for libel 3 The allegations were made in the bona fide belief that they were truthful and there was no evidence that the Judge did not know about the transaction and 4 The statements if at all amounted to a charge of bias against the Judge and could not be regarded as contempt
HELD 1  The obvious implications and institutions made in the various paragraphs of the article read as a whole create a strong judicial impact on the mind of the reader about the Jack of honesty integrity and impartiality on the part of the Judge in deciding the defamation suit
785 C D It is open to anyone to express fair reasonable and legitimate criticism of any act or conduct of a Judge in his judicial capacity or even to make a proper and fair comment on any decision given by him
But if an article attributes improper motives to the Judge it not only transgresses the limits of fair and bona fide criticism but has a clear tendency to affect the dignity and prestige of the court and would amount to contempt of court
785 A 791 F 2 It will not be right to say that committals for contempt of court for scandalizing the court have become obsolete
791 D a But such summary jurisdiction by way of contempt must be exercised with great care and caution and only when its exercise is necessary for the proper administration of law and justice
791 E b There is a distinction between a mere libel or defamation of a judge and what amounts to contempt of court
The tests are i Is the impugned publication a mere defamatory attack
on the Judge or is it calculated to interfere with the due course of Justice or the proper administration of law by his court and ii Is the wrong done to the Judge personally or is it done to the public The publication of a disparaging 780 statement will be an injury to the public if it tends to create an apprehension in the minds of the people regarding the integrity ability or fairness of the Judge or to deter actual and prospective litigants from placing complete reliance upon the courts administration of justice or if it is likely to cause embarrassment in the mind of the Judge himself in the discharge of his judicial duties
791 G H 792 A C BR Reddy vs State of Madras   Re The Editor
Printer and Publisher of the Times of India  and in re Aswini Kumar Ghose vs Arabinda Bose   Brahm Prakash Sharma vs State of UP  Re Hira Lal Dixit  Ors  and State of MP vs Revashankar  followed
Re Read and Huggonson 2 Atk 471 In the matter of a Special Reference from the Bahama Islands  McLeod vs St Aubyn  Reg
vs Gray  Rex vs Editor of the New Statesman  Ambard vs Attorney General for Trinidad and Tobago 1936 AC 322 Debi Prasad Sarma v
The King Emperor
70 IA 216 and Reg
vs Commissioner of Police the Metropolis Ex parte Blackburn  referred to
3 Assuming good faith can be held to be a defence in a proceeding for contempt in the present case no attempt was made to substantiate that the facts stated in the article were true or were rounded on correct data
On the other hand it was established that some of the material allegations were altogether wrong and incorrect
792 E F BR Reddy s case   referred to
4 The mere fact that his brother happened to have a pecuniary interest in the firm could not per se establish that the Judge would also have a financial interest therein so as to constitute legal bias
792 H 793 A