Civil Appeal No 52 of 1985
From the Judgment and Order dated 2791984 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petition No 7680 of 1979
FS Nariman and KR Nambiar for the Appellant
Gopal Subramanium and RN Poddar for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BHAGWATI J
This appeal by certificate is directed against a judgment of a Division Bench of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh upholding a notice issued by the Assistant Collector of Central Excise Nellore demanding a sum of Rs 69617709 representing the 957 amount of differential duty in respect of Mopeds manufactured by the Appellants and cleared from their Factory during the period from 1st October 1975 upto 30th April 1979
The facts giving rise to the present appeal are few and may be briefly stated as follows The Appellants manufacture Mopeds under the brand names of Suvega Standard Suvega Deluxe and Suvega Samrat
These Mopeds manufactured by the Appellants are liable to excise duty under the Central Excise and Salt Act 1944 hereinafter referred to as the Act
The appellants have 179 dealers all over the country to whom 98 of the Mopeds manufactured by them are sold
Not more than 2 of the Mopeds are delivered at the Factory gate the bulk of the mopeds representing about 80 of the manufactures are delivered to the various dealers at the depots maintained by the appellants
The Appellants have entered into agreements with the dealers in connection with the sale of the Mopeds manufactured by them and these agreements are substantially in the same terms and it will therefore be sufficient if we refer to a specimen agreement for the purpose of ascertaining the terms and conditions on which the mopeds are supplied by the appellants to the dealers
Clause 2 a of the agreement provides that the dealer shall keep a deposit of Rs 6000 with the appellants as a guarantee for due fulfillment of the agreement and this deposit will carry simple interest at the rate of 4 12 per annum and clause 2 b declares inter alia that upon termination of the agreement the balance of the deposit if any after deducting all amounts due to the Appellants shall be returned to the dealer with interest
Clause 3 a of the agreement is material since considerable reliance has been placed upon it on behalf of the Department
It reads as follows The Dealer will get a commission of Rs 110 Rupees one hundred and ten only for Suvega Moped and Rs 145Rupees one hundred and forty five only per Suvega moped fitted with Shock Absorber which will be introduced shortly
 The Appellants are entitled to change prices from time to time as per clause 4 of the agreement and that clause proceeds to add the Appellants shall not be bound to execute the order pending execution with the dealer at the old rate and will be entitled to change the 958 price ruling on the date on which the moped leaves the factory or stockyard of the Appellants
Clauses 5 and 6 are material for the purpose of determination of the controversy between the parties and they reads as follows 5a Unless otherwise agreed specifically to all deliveries to the dealer shall be ex factory in unpacked condition and the billsRBLBPWB shall be sent through their bankers and all bank charges thereon shall be borne by the dealer
In case the dealer does not honour the Bills sent through bank immediately on presentation by Bankers the dealer shall be liable to the Company for all damageslosses and expenses incurred in this connection and the same will be recovered from the deposit lying with the company
b The despatches by the company will be insured by the dealer against all risks pilferage non delivery and SRCC including breakage wherever applicable from the time of leaving of the Company s factory or stockyard until arrival at dealer s premises and all such expenditure incidental to transit shall be to the account of the dealer
The dealer shall at his own expenditure maintain such organisation for the sale and service of the said vehicles including showrooms service stations repair shops parts store rooms salesmen etc
The dealer shall train mechanics at their own cost with Company
The dealer shall give three free services to every vehicle sold by him and the company shall reimburse to the dealer at Rs 4 per each free service rendered by him The rest of the clause
Of the agreement are not relevant but it might be useful to refer to sub clauses a  b of Clause 10iii which provide as follows 10iii a The Company upon termination of this agreement may require the dealer to immediately turn over to the company all or any bonafide retail buyers orders 959 that he may have on hand unfulfilled together with all deposits made thereon by the purchasers and also the list of prospective buyers with the dealer
b In the event of the termination of this agreement however the dealer shall not be released from any obligation arising out of any transaction entered into or consummated prior to the date of such termination either by him or his branches
There are the material terms and conditions on which mopeds are supplied by the appellants to the dealers
The Appellants submitted their price lists for approval to the excise authorities and the price lists showed the price charged by the Appellants to the dealers after deducting the so called commission of Rs 110 in respect of Suvega Standard Moped Rs 145 in respect of Suvega Deluxe Moped and Rs 165 in respect of Suvega Samrat Moped
These price lists were approved by the excise authorities and excise duty was paid by the Appellants on the basis of these price lists at the time of clearance of the mopeds
This practice continued right upto 30th April 1979 when the Assistant Collector of Central Excise Nellore took the view that the appellants were not entitled deduction of the commission of Rs 110 for Suvega Standard Rs 145 for Suvega Deluxe and Rs 165 for Suvega Samrat mopeds from the price charged to the dealers for arriving at the exciseable value of the mopeds liable to excise duty
The Assistant Collector of Central Excise Nellore thereupon issued a notice dated 15 May 1979 to the Appellants demanding a sum of Rs 696 17709 representing the amount of differential duty in respect of mopeds manufactured and cleared by the appellants from their factory during the period 1st October 1975 to 30th April 1979
This demand was purported to be made by the Assistant Collector of Central Excise under clauses a and b of Rule 10 1 of the Central Excise Rule 1944
The appellants thereupon preferred a writ petition in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh contending that the appellants were entitled to deduction of the amount of commission in arriving at the excisable value of the mopeds and the demands made by the Asstt
Collector of Central Excise was therefore not justified
960 The Writ Petition filed by the appellants came to be heard by a Division Bench of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh
Though it is difficult to ascertain what exactly was the view taken by the Division Bench it appears that they came to the conclusion that the dealers were related persons vis a vis the appellants and the discount of Rs 110 145 and 165 for the different varieties of mopeds was being given for organising sale and providing facilities and this was clearly an example of the mutual interest which the related person and the appellants are having in the business of each other
The Division Bench it seems mixed up two different points one relating to the question whether the dealers are related persons and the other relating to the question whether the commission of Rs 110 145 and Rs 165 allowed in respect of different varieties of mopeds to the dealers could be regarded as a trade discount or not
The ultimate decision however was that the commission of Rs 110 145 and Rs 165 in respect of different varieties of mopeds was not trade discount and therefore in any event it was not liable to be deducted from the price charged to the dealers and the Assistant Collector of Central Excise was consequently right in making a demand of Rs 69617709 from the appellants
The appellants being aggrieved by the decision of the Division Bench preferred the present appeal after obtaining a certificate from the High Court
Mr Nariman learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants assailed the judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court on both the grounds on which the impugned demand was challenged in the High Court
He contended that there was absolutely nothing to show that the dealers were related persons vis a vis the appellants and the Division Bench of the High Court was therefore clearly in error in taking the view that the dealers were related persons
Now the concept of related persons was for the first time introduced in the Act by the amending Act 22 of 1973 and the expression related person  came to be defined in clause c of sub section 4 of Section 4 to mean a person who is so associated with the assessee that they have interest directly or indirectly in the business of each other and includes a holding company a subsidiary company a relative and a distributor of the asscssee and sub distributor of such distributor
This definition came up for consideration before this Court in the Union of India vs Bombay Tyre International Ltd where this Court construing the definition held 961 On a proper interpretation of the definition of related person  in sub section 4 c of section 4 the words a relative and a distributor of the assesee do not refer to any distributor but they are limited only to a distributor who is a relative of the assessee within the meaning of the 
So read the definition of related person is not unduly wide and does not suffer from any constitutional infirmity
 It is therefore obvious that the dealers vis a vis the appellants under the last part of the definition in sub section 4 c of Sec 4 could not be said to be related persons since they were admittedly not relatives of the appellants within the meaning of the  But the argument urged on behalf of the department was and that is the argument which found favour with the Division Bench of the High Court that the dealers were related persons within the meaning of the first part of the definition in sub section 4 c of Section 4
It was contended on behalf of the department that the dealers were so associated with the appellants that they had interest directly or indirectly in the business of each other
Now this part of the definition also came up for consideration before this Court in another decision namely Union of India vs Atic Industries Ltd   and the Court pointed in that case What the first part of the definition requires is that the person who is sought to be branded as a related person must be a person who is so associated with the assessee that they have interest directly or indirectly in the business of each other
It is not enough that the assessee has an interest direct or indirect in the business of the person alleged to be a related person nor is it enough that the person alleged to be a related person has an interest direct or indirect in the business of the assessee
It is essential to attract the applicability of the first part of the definition that the assessee and the person alleged to be a related person must have interest direct or indirect in the business of each other
Each of them must have a direct or indirect interest in the business of the other
The quality and degree of interest which each has in the business of the other may be different the interest of one in the business of the other may be direct while the interest of the latter 962 in the business of the former may be indirect
That would not make any difference so long as each has got some interest direct or indirect in the business of the other Here on the facts it is difficult to see how it can at all be contended that the appellants had any interest in the business of the dealers or that the dealers had any interest in the business of the appellants
We shall presently analyse the terms of the agreement between the appellants and the dealers but one thing is clear from the terms of the agreement that the appellants sold the mopeds to the dealers on principal to principal basis and if that be so it is not possible to say that the appellants had any interest in the business of the dealers
The dealers were wholesale buyers of the mopeds manufactured by the appellants and since the transactions between them were on principal to principal basis it is difficult to appreciate how the appellants could possibly be said to have any interest direct or indirect in the business of the dealers
The dealers could not therefore be said to be related persons vis a vis the appellants
We must in the circumstances hold that the Division Bench of High Court was in error in holding that they were related persons
It is indeed surprising that though the Division Bench of the High Court took the view that the dealers were related person the Division Bench did not determine the exciseable value of the mopeds on the basis of the price at which the dealers in their terms sold the mopeds to the consumers but took into the account only the price charged by the appellants to the dealers
If the dealers were related persons the exciseable value of the mopeds could have been determined only on the basis of the price at which the dealers sold the mopeds to the retailers or the consumers
But as we have pointed out it is not possible to hold that the dealers were related persons and hence the excise duty on the mopeds was liable to be determined only on the basis of the wholesale price charged by the appellants to the dealers
That takes us to the second question namely whether the Division Bench was right in taking the view that the Commission of Rs 110 145 and 165 per moped in respect of different varieties of mopeds sold to the dealers could not be said to be trade discount
Mr Nariman Learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants contended that this Commission allowed to the dealers was clearly 963 trade discount and was therefore liable to be deducted in determining the exciseable value of the mopeds by reasons of sub section b ii of Section 4 of the Act
Now it is true that this amount allowed to the dealers has been referred to in the agreement as commission but the level given by the parties cannot be determinative because it is for the court to decide whether the amount is trade discount or not whatever be the name given to it
If we look at the terms of the agreement it is clear that the agreement was between the appellants and the dealers on principal to principal basis
The clauses of the agreement which we have set out above clearly show beyond doubt that under the agreement the mopeds were sold by the appellants to the dealers and the dealers did not act as agents of the appellants for the purpose of effecting sales on behalf of the appellants
It is clear from clause 5 a of the agreement that the bills in respect of the mopeds delivered to the dealers were to be sent by the appellants through their bankers and it was the responsibility of the dealers to retire the bills for the purpose of taking delivery of the mopeds
Clause 5 b of the agreement laid an obligation on the dealers to insure the mopeds against all risks pilferage non delivery and SRCC including breakage from the time the mopeds left the factory or stockyard of the appellants until they arrived at the premises of the dealer and this again would show that the dealers acted as principal to principal in purchasing the mopeds from the appellants
The dealers were also liable under Clause 6 of the agreement to maintain adequate organisation for sale and service of the mopeds including service stations repair shops spare parts
salesmen etc
and the mechanics were also to be trained at the cost of the dealers
The relationship between the appellants and the dealers was clearly on principal to principal basis and in the circumstances it is difficult to see how the amount of Rs 11  145 and 165 allowed to the dealers
in respect of different varieties of mopeds could be regarded as anything other than trade discount
The appellants charged to the dealer the price of the mopeds sold to them less the amount of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 in respect of different varieties of mopeds
These amounts allowed to the dealers were clearly trade discount liable to be deducted from the price charged to the dealers for the mopeds
purpose of arriving at the exciseable value of the moped
We therefore allow the appeal set aside the Judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court and quash the notice dated 1551979 issued by the Assistant Collector of Central Excise made and the order dated 25979 made in pursuance of that notice
If any 964 payments have been made by the Appellants under the order dated 25th September 1979 the respondents will refund the same to the appellants within 3 months from the date of receipt of this order
The Bank Guarantee given by the appellants will stand discharged There will be no order as to costs
NVK Appeal allowed


Summary:
The appellants manufactured Mopeds under three different brand names
Mopeds were liable to excise duty under the Central Excise and Salt Act 1944
The bulk of the Mopeds manufactured were delivered to various dealers at depots maintained by the appellants
The appellants entered into agreements with these dealers in connection with the sale of the Mopeds
The agreements provided that the dealer shall keep a deposit with the appellants as a guarantee for due fulfillment of the agreement that the dealers were entitled to get a commission on each Moped that the dealers were to insure the Mopeds against all risks of pilferage non delivery etc
Clause 5 and that the dealers were to maintain adequate organisation for sale and service of the Mopeds including show rooms service stations repair shops etc
clause 6
The appellants submitted their price lists for approval to the excise authorities and the price lists showed the price charged by the dealers after deducting the commission of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 or the three different brands of the Mopeds
The price lists were approved by the excise authorities and excise duty was paid by the appellants on the basis of these price lists at the time of clearance of the Mopeds
This practice continued till 30th April 1979 when the Assistant Collector of Central Excise took the view that the appellants were not entitled to deduction of the aforesaid commission from the price charged to the dealers for arriving at the excisable value of the Mopeds
The Assistant Collector thereupon issued a notice of demand under clauses a and b of Rule 101 of the Central Excise Rules 1944 dated 15th May 1979 to the appellants demanding a sum of Rs 69617709 representing the amount of differential duty in respect of Mopeds manufactured and cleared during the period 1st October 1975 to 30th April 1979
955 The appellants assailed the aforesaid notice in a writ petition in the High Court contending that they were entitled to deduction of the amount of commission in arriving at the excisable value of the Mopeds and that the demands made by the Assistant Collector was not justified
The Division Bench however dismissed the writ petition and held that the discount of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 for the different varieties of Mopeds was being given for organising sale and providing facilities and this was clearly an example of the mutual interest which the related person s and the appellant were having in the business of each other and that the commission of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 in respect of the different varieties of Mopeds was not trade discount  and therefore not liable to be deducted from the price charged to the dealers and the Assistant Collector was right in making the demand from the appellants
In the appeal to this court it was contended on behalf of the appellants that 1 there was absolutely nothing to show that the dealers were related persons vis a vis the appellants and that the High Court was clearly wrong in taking that view and 2 the Division Bench was not right in taking the view that the commission of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 per Moped in respect of the different varieties of Mopeds sold to the dealers could not be said to be trade discount
Allowing the appeal  HELD 1
The amounts allowed to the dealers by the appellants in respect of different varieties of Mopeds of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 were clearly trade discount liable to be deducted from the price charge to the dealers for the purpose of arriving at the excisable value of the Mopeds
963G 2
The judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court set aside
The notice dated 15579 issued by the Assistant Collector of Central Excise and the order dated 25979 made in pursuance of that notice are quashed
The respondents will refund to the appellants any payments made by the appellants under the order dated 25th September 1979 within 3 months 963H 964A 3
The concept of related person  was for the first time introduced in the Central Excise and Salt Act 1944 by the Amending Act 22 of 1974 and the expression related person  came to be defined in clause c of sub section 4 of Section 4
960G 4
In Union of India vs Bombay Tyre International Ltd it has been held that the definition of related  person in sub section 4 c of Section 4 is not unduly wide and does not suffer from any constitutional infirmity and Union of India vs Attic Industries Ltd  that the person who is sought to be branded as a related person  must be a person who is so associated with the assessee that they have interest directly or indirectly in the business of each other
It is not enough that the assessee has an interest direct or indirect in the business of the assesses
It is essential that the assessee and the person alleged to be a related person must have interest direct or indirect in the business of each other
961A F G 956 In the instant case the terms of the agreement indicate that the dealers where wholesale buyers of the Mopeds manufactured by the appellants and since the transactions between them were on principal to principal basis the dealers could not therefore be said to be related persons vis a vis the appellants
The excise duty on the Mopeds were hence liable to be determined only on the basis of the wholesale price charged by the appellants to the dealers
962 D E 5
The amount allowed to the dealers has been referred to in the agreement as commission  but the label given by the parties cannot be determinative because it is for the court to decide whether the amount is trade discount or not whatever be the name given to it
963B In the instant case the clauses of the agreement clearly show beyond doulet that under the agreement the Mopeds were sold by the appellants to the dealers and the dealers did not act as agents of the appellants for the purpose of effecting sales on their behalf
It is clear from clause 5a that the bills in respect of the Mopeds delivered to the dealers were to be sent by the appellants through their bankers and it was the responsibility of the dealers to collect the bills for the purpose of taking delivery
Clauses 5b laid an obligation on the dealers to insure the Mopeds against all risks pilferage non delivery etc
and under clause 6 the dealers were liable to maintain adequate organisation for sale and service of the Mopeds
The Relationship between the appellants and the dealers was clearly on principal to principal basis and in these circumstances the amount of Rs 110 Rs 145 and Rs 165 allowed to the dealers in respect of the different varieties of Mopeds could not be regarded as anything other than trade discount 
963 B F