ivil Appeal Nos
387390 of 1977
From the Judgment and Order dated 3071976 of the Madras High Court in CRP Nos 1288 to 1291 of 1975
TS Krishnamurthy lyer ATM Sampath and Thirumaran for the Appellants
GL Sanghi PS Poti AV Rangam MG Natarajan and TV Ratnam for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINGH J
These four appeals are directed against the common judgment of the High Court of Madras dismissing four Civil Revision Petitions filed by the appellants against the order of the appeal court upholding the order of the Trial Court dismissing their applications made under Section 9 of the Tamil Nadu City Tenants Protection Act 1921
Briefly the facts giving rise to these appeals are NV Abdullah Sahib predecessor in interest of the appellants obtained a lease of about 10 grounds of vacant land situate in the city of Madras from the ancestors of Respondent landlords in 1924 for carrying on business he constructed super structures on the vacant land and carried on business in timber under a partnership firm along with his brother NV Ummer Kutty and two minors
The super structures which were constructed prior to 1954 on the demised land were treated partner 737 ship assets along with other properties
After the death of NV Abdullah Sahib and NV Ummer Kutty the partnership business could not be carried on as dispute arose between the partners
A suit being Civil Suit No 152 of 1960 was filed for partition and in that suit defendant Nos 2 and 4 were appointed joint receivers subsequently on 791966 Sri Ananthakrishnan Nair Appellant No 1 was appointed Receiver who was authorised to take custody of the account books and to realise rent from the sub tenants occupying the property which was the subject matter of dispute in the partition suit
The High Court passed a preliminary decree in the partition suit but before final decree could be prepared or finalised the Respondent landlords served notices on the heirs of NV Abdullah Sahib terminating the lease and demanding surrender of the land
Since the land was not restored to the landlords inspite of termination of the lease the landlords in 1972 instituted four suits being Suit Numbers 33 to 36 in the Court of Small Causes at Madras for ejectment against the heirs of NV Abdullah Sahib which included defendant Nos
1 to 10 and Sri P Ananthakr ishnan Nair Advocate receiver as defendant No 11
In the ejectment suits defendant Nos 1 to 3 and 5 to 10 did not appear or contest the suit and ex parte proceedings were taken against them but KK Kunhammoo defendant No 4 second appellant and Sri P Ananthakrishnan Nair Advo cate receiver defendant No 11 contested the ejectment suits
Defendant No 4 namely appellant No 2 filed an application in each of the ejectment suits claiming benefit of Section 9 of the Tamil Nadu City Tenants Protection Act III of 1922 hereinafter referred to as the Act with a prayer to the Court for issuing orders directing the land lords to sell the land to the defendants and to appoint a Commissioner to ascertain the price which the defendants would pay
The Respondent landlords contested the applica tions
The Trial Court rejected the application on the findings that the defendants were not in occupation of the property except a small portion where the account books were kept and the defendants did not require any portion of the land for running their business or for the convenient enjoy ment of the super structures
On appeal by the defendant Nos 4 and 11 under section 9 A of the Act the appellate authority held that proceedings for ejectment had been taken ex parte against most of the defendants and persons entitled to the statutory privilege did not exercise their right and further they have not been in possession and occupation of the premises therefore defendants were not entitled to the benefit of Section 9 of the Act
The appellate court further held that defendant No 4 the receiver was not entitled to maintain an application under Section 9 of the Act on behalf of other defendants
Thereafter both the receivers defend ant Nos 4 and 11 preferred four 738 petitions in revision before the High Court
A learned single Judge by his order dated 3071976 affirmed the orders of the Courts below and dismissed the revision peti tions
Aggrieved defendant No 4 and P Ananthakfishnan Nair Advocate receiver have preferred these appeals against the order of the High Court after obtaining Special Leave
In the instant case the appellants  application was rejected firstly on the ground that the application made under Section 9 of the Act had not been signed by all the tenants against whom suit for ejectment had been filed by the respondent landlords
Secondly all the three courts ejected the appellants  application on the findings that the defendants have not been in possession or occupation of the superstructure and they have let out the entire building to sub tenants thereby they are not entitled to claim benefit of Section 9 of the Act
As regards the first question the learned counsel for the appellants urged that the applica tion made under Section 9 of the Act was signed by the second Appellant who was defendant No 4 in the suit
The suit for partition of the property had not been finally decreed and as no final decree had been passed the shares of the defendants had not been partitioned by metes and bounds the property continued to retain its joint status and de fendant No 4 being a co owner could legally make applica tion on behalf of other co owners claiming the benefit of Section 9 of the Act
Since there was no conflict of inter est among the co owners defendant No 4 being a co owner could maintain the application not only on his own benefit but also on behalf of all other co owners as the fight of each co owner extends to every inch of the whole property alongwith the other co owners
It is always open to a co owner to conserve the property for the benefit of all other co owners
The preliminary decree passed in the partition suit did not affect the joint interestst of the co owners as no final decree had been passed in the suit and the property under tenancy continued to be joint
Learned coun sel further urged that defendant No 4 being a party receiver in the partition suit was entitled to do everything for the conservation and protection of the property for the benefit of the parties to the suit
The court below commit ted error in rejecting the application on the plea that the same had been signed only by defendant No 4
On the other hand learned counsel for the respondent landlords urged that the application made by only one of the co heirs of the deceased NV Addullah Sahib the original tenant could not be conscrued as one made on behalf of other co heirs as they did not contest 739 the ejectment suit and ex parte decree for their eviction had been passed by the trial court which clearly indicate that they were not interested in retaining the property or in continuing possession of the same
Since all the other heirs of NV Abdulla Sahib were not interested to contest the suit defendant No 4 Appellant No 2 could not main tain application under Section 9 of the Act on behalf of other co heirs and the application made by him did not and could not reflect the desire of other co heirs who had settled outside the State of Tamil Nadu
The learned counsel further urged that defendant No 4 though functioning as party receiver was not authorised to take legal proceedings by filing suit or application on behalf of parties to the partition suit
In the absence of authorisation by the court the defendant
No 4 had no authority in law to act as agent of other co heirs
It was further urged that the receiver is an officer of the Court and he is not agent of any party to the suit notwithstanding the fact that in law his position is ultimately treated as an agent of the successful party on the termination of the suit
We do not consider it necessary to express our opinion on these rival submissions made before us as in our opinion the appeals must fail on the second question which relates to the findings recorded by all the three courts that since the tenants have not been in occupation of the property in dispute they are not entitled to the benefit of Section 9 which is equitable in nature
The Tamil Nadu City Tenants Protection Act 192 1 was enacted as its preamble shows to give protection to cer tain classes of tenants in municipal towns and adjoining areas in the State of Madras who may have constructed buildings on others  lands in the hope that they would not be evicted so long as they paid a fair rent for the land
The object of the Act as contained in the objects and rea sons of the bill state In many parts of the City of Madras dwelling houses and other buildings have from time to time been erected by tenants on lands belong ing to others in the full expectation that subject to payment of a fair ground rent they would be left in undisturbed possession notwithstanding the absence of any specific contract as to the duration of the lease or the terms on which the buildings were to be leased
Recently attempts made or steps taken to evict a large number of such tenants have shown that such expectations are likely to be defeated
The tenants if they are evicted can at the 740 best remove the super structure which can only be done by pulling down the buildings
As a result of such wholesale destruction congest ed parts of the city will become more congest ed to the serious deteriment of public health
In these circumstances it is just and reasona ble that the landlords when they evict the tenants should pay for and take the buildings
There may however be cases where the landlord is unwilling to eject a tenant if he can get a fair rent for the land
The Act provides for the payment of compensation to the tenant in case of ejectment for the value of any build ings which may have been erected by him or his predecessors in interest
It also provides for the settlement of fair rent at the instance of the landlord or tenant provision is also made to enable the tenant to purchase the land in his occupation subject to certain conditions
 The Act has been subject to several amendments seeking to protect the tenants  interest and also safe guarding landlords  rights in the property
It would be profitable to refer to the provisions of the Act highlighting broad as pects of the benefits to a tenant and the rights of the landlords which have been safe guarded
The Principal Act was amended by the Act XIX of 1955 and XIII of 1960 which made comprehensive amendments in the Principal Act of 1921 Act III of 1922
The Principal Act was further amended by Act IV of 1972 and XXIV of 1973
Landlord as defined by Section 23 means any person owing any land including every person entitled to collect the rent of the whole or any portion of the land whether on his own account or on behalf of or for the benefit of any other person or by virtue of any transfer from the owner or his predecessor in title or of any order of a competent court or of any provision of law
Tenant as defined by Section 24 means a person liable to pay rent in respect of such land under a tenancy agreement express or implied and it also includes any person who continues in possession of the land after determination of the tenancy agreement
Section 3 provides that every tenant shall on ejectment be entitled to be paid as compen sation the value of any building which may have been erect ed by him and also the value of trees which may have been planted by him in a suit for ejectment
If the landlord s suit for ejectment is decreed the court is required to ascertain the amount of compensation payable under Section 3 and it shall thereupon pass a decree for the amount so found due and direct that on payment of the amount by the landlord within three months from the date of decree the tenant shall put the landlord into possession of the land along with the building and trees thereon as 741 provided by Section 4 of the Act
Section 5 provides for determination of compensation to the tenant
If the landlord is unable or unwilling to pay compensation as directed by the Court he may apply to the Court for fixation of reasona ble rent for the occupation of the land by a tenant in accordance with Section 6 of the Act
Section 9 provides that a tenant who is entitled to compensation under Section 3 and against whom a suit for ejectment is instituted may apply for an order that the landlord may be directed to sell the land to him for the price to be fixed by the Court and thereupon the Court shall fix the price in the manner pre scribed therein and direct the said amount to be paid to the landlord by the tenant within a particular time and in default his application shall stand dismissed
Section 11 provides that no suit for ejectment shall be instituted against the tenant except after giving three months notice requiring him to surrender possession of the land building and trees to the landlord
These provisions broadly seek to recapitulate the objects and reasons as quoted earlier by protecting the tenant from eviction who may have constructed super structure on the land demised to him and it further safeguards the landlord s interest by making provision for payment of the price of the land to him by the tenant
In the instant case since the tenant s right to purchase the land is involved we would refer to the provisions of Section 9 of the Act in detail which reads as under 9
Application to Court for Directing the Landlord to Sell Land 1 a i Any tenant who is entitled to compensation under section 3 and against whom a suit in ejectment has been instituted or proceeding under section 41 of the Presidency Small Causes Courts Act 1882 taken by the landlord may within one month of the date of the publication of the Madras City Tenant s Protection Amend ment Act 1979 in the Tamil Nadu Government Gazette or of the date with effect from which this Act is extended to the municipal town township or Village in which the land is situate or within one month after the service on him of summons apply to the Court for an order that the landlord shall be directed to sell for a price to be fixed by the Court the whole or part of extent of land specified in the application
ii Notwithstanding anything con tained in clause a i of this sub section any such tenant as is referred to in 742 sub clause ii b of clause 4 of Section 2 or his heirs may within a period of two months from the date of the publication of the Madras City Tenants  Protection Amendment Act 1973 apply to the Court whether or not a suit for ejectment has been instituted or proceeding under Section 41 of the Presidency Small Causes Courts Act 1882 Central Act XV of 1882 has been taken by the landlord or whether or not such suit or proceeding is pending having jurisdiction to entertain a suit for ejectment or in the City of Madras either to such court or to the Presidency Small Causes Court for an order that the landlord under the tenancy agreement shall be directed to sell for a price to be fixed by the Court the whole or part of the extent of land specified in the application
b On such application the Court shall first decide the minimum extent of the land which may be necessary for the convenient enjoyment by the tenant
The Court shall then fix the price on the minimum extent of the land decid ed as aforesaid or of the extent of the land specified in the application under clause a whichever is less
The price aforesaid shall be the average market value of the three years immediately preceding the date of the order
The Court shall order that within a period to be determined by the Court not being less than three months and not more than three years from the date of the order of the tenant shall pay into Court or otherwise as directed the price so fixed in one or more instalments with or without interest
2 In default of payment by the tenant of any one instalment the application under clause a of sub section 1 shall stand dismissed provided that on sufficient cause being shown the Court may excuse the delay and pass such orders as it may think fit but not so as to extend the time for payment beyond the three years above mentioned
On the application being dismissed the Court shall order the amount of the instalment or instalments if any paid by the tenant to be repaid to him without any interest
3 a On payment of the price fixed under clause b of sub section 1 the Court shall pass an order directing the conveyance by the landlord to the tenant of the extent of land for which the said price was fixed
The Court shall by 743 the same order direct the tenant to put the landlord into possession of the remaining extent of the land if any
The stamp duty and registration fee in respect of such conveyance shall be borne by the tenant
b On the order referred to in clause a being made the suit or proceeding shall stand dismissed and any decree or order in eject ment that may have been passed therein but which has not been executed shall be vacated
Once a suit is filed by the landlord for the eviction of a tenant from land the tenant has right to apply to the Court within one month from the date of the service of summons for the issuance of order directing the landlord to sell the whole or part of the extent of land as specified in the application to him for a price to be fixed by the Court
On making of such an application the Court is under a manda tory duty to first decide the minimum extent of the land which may be necessary for the convenient enjoyment by the tenant emphasised
The court must hold enquiry to deter mine whether the tenant requires the land for his convenient enjoyment and if so what area or portion of the land would be necessary for his convenient enjoyment
The court may on the facts of a particular case come to the conclusion that the tenant does not require any portion of the land and in that event it may reject the application and decree the suit for ejectment and direct the landlord to pay compensation to the tenant
But if the court finds that the tenant needs the whole or any portion of the demised land for convenient enjoyment the Court has to fix the price of the land on the basis of market value of three years immediately preced ing the date of the order
The Court may thereupon direct the tenant to deposit the amount so determined within a specific period not being less than three months and not more than three years
If the tenant fails to pay the amount so determined the tenant s application shall stand dis missed
Section 9 confers a privilege on a tenant against whom a suit for eviction has been filed by the landlord but that privilege is not absolute
Section 9 itself imposes restric tion on the tenant s right to secure conveyance of only such portion of the holding as would be necessary for his conven ient enjoyment
It creates a statutory right to purchase land through the medium of court on the fulfilment of condi tions specified in Section 9 of the Act
It is not an abso lute right as the court has discretion to grant or refuse the relief for the purchase of the land
In SM Transport P Ltd vs Sankaraswamingal Mutt 1963 Suppl 1 744 SCR 282 this Court considered the question whether the right of a tenant to apply to a court for an order directing the landlord to sell the land to him for a price to be fixed by it under Section 9 of the Act is a property right
The Court held that the law of India does not recognise equitable estates a statutory right to purchase land does not confer any right or interest in the property
The right conferred by Section 9 is a statutory right to purchase land and it does not create any interest or right to the property
The tenant s right to secure only such portion of the holding as may be necessary for his convenient enjoyment is equitable in nature
Under the common law a tenant is liable to evic tion and he has no right to purchase the land demised to him at any price as well as under the Transfer of Property Act
The only right of a tenant who may have put up structure on the demised land is to remove the structure at the time of delivery of possession on the determination of the lease
Section 9 confers an additional statutory right on a tenant against whom suit for ejectment is filed to exercise an option to purchase the demised land to that extent only which he may require for convenient enjoyment of the proper ty
The tenant has no vested right in the property instead it is a privilege granted to him by the statute which is equitable in nature
Whenever an application is made by a tenant before the Court for issuance of direction to the landlord for the sale of the whole or part of the land to him the Court is under a mandatory duty to determine the minimum extent of the land which may be necessary for the convenient enjoyment by the tenant
This determination can obviously be made only after an enquiry is held by the Court having regard to the area of the demised land and the extent of super structure standing thereon and the tenant s need for the land for the benefi cial enjoyment of the super structure which he may have constructed thereon
The enquiry pre supposes that the tenant making the application has been in the occupation of the land and the super structure wherein he may be either residing or carrying on business and on his eviction he would be adversely affected
The policy underlying Section 9 of the Act is directed to safeguard the eviction of those tenants who may have constructed super structure on the demised land so that they may continue to occupy the same for the purposes of their residence or business
Section 9 1 b ordains the court to first decide the minimum extent of the land which may be necessary for the convenient enjoy ment by the tenant it therefore contemplates that the tenant requires the land for the convenient enjoyment of the property
If the tenant does not occupy the land or the super structure or if he is not residing therein or carrying on any business the question of convenient enjoy 745 ment of the land by him could not arise
The Court has to consider the need of the tenant and if it finds that the tenant does not require any part of the land it may reject the application and direct eviction of the tenant in that event the landlord has to pay compensation to the tenant for the superstructure
In the instant case admittedly the land in dispute was leased out to NV Abdullah Sahib for carrying on business the Trial Court as well as the First Appellate Court both have recorded concurrent findings of fact that the business which was being carried on by NV Abdullah Sahib and his heirs was discontinued in 1964 and except for defendant Nos 4 and 7 all other defendants have settled down outside Madras and they were not occupying the land or the building thereon nor they were carrying on any business in any por tion of the building on the date of filing of the ejectment suit
Only in a small portion of the entire land account books of the business was kept and the rest of the land and the super structure standing thereon has been in the occupa tion of sub tenants since 1964
The Courts have lurther recorded findings that except defendant No 4 Appellant No 1 other defendants are not interested as they did not contest the landlords  suit for eviction
These findings clearly show that the none of the defendants have been in occupation of the land of the super structure standing thereon and they have not been carrying on any business therein
Even in the ejectment suits barring defendant No 4 none appeared to contest the suit and ex parte proceedings were taken against them
The Trial Court as well as the appeal court both have recorded findings that the land in dispute and the super structure has been in occupation of sub tenants since 1964
In view of these findings the High Court refused to interfere with the orders of the Trial Court as confirmed by the appeal court
Having regard to these findings and the nature of the tenants  fight to purchase land under Section 9 being equitable in nature it would be unreasonable to direct the landlord to sell the land to the tenants
The facts and circumstances available on record show that the tenants do not require the land for their convenient enjoyment therefore it would be inequita ble to direct the landlords to sell the property to the tenants
It is a matter of common knowledge that price of land specially in the urban areas has escalated to a great extent and it would not be fair to deprive the landlords of their property and to allow the tenants to enrich at the landlords  expense
The law does not intend that the tenant should enrich at the instance of the landlord even though the tenants do not require the land for their convenient enjoyment
746 We do not therefore find any good reason to interfere with the High Court s order dismissing the appellants revi sion application
We accordingly dismiss these appeals but make no order as to costs
PSS Appeals dismissed


Summary:
Section 3 of the Tamil Nadu City Tenants  Protection Act 1921 provides that every tenant shall on ejectment be entitled to be paid compensation for the value of building which may have been erected by him
Section 9 of the Act provides that a tenant who is entitled to compensation under section 3 and against whom a suit for ejectment is instituted may apply for an order that the landlord may be directed to sell the land to him for the price to be fixed by the court
The predecessor in interest of the appellants had ob tained a lease of vacant land in the city of Madras from the ancestors of the respondent landlords in 1924 and construct ed superstructures thereon for carrying on business
The business was however discontinued in 1964
A partition suit was filed and the first appellant was appointed receiv er
Before a final decree could be passed in that suit the respondent landlords served notices on the heirs of the original tenant terminating the lease and later filed eject ment suits against them
Only defendant No 4 2nd appel lant and defendant No 11 advocate receiver 1st appel lant contested the ejectment suits
Ex parte proceedings were taken against the other defendants
Defendant No 4 filed an application in each of the ejectment suits claiming the benefit of section 9 of the Act with a prayer to the court for directing the landlords to sell the land to the defend ants and to appoint a commissioner to ascertain the price
The Trial Court rejected the application on the findings that the defendants were not in occupation of the property for they had let out the entire building to sub tenants except a small portion thereof where the account books were kept and that the defendants did not require any portion of the land for running their business or for the convenient enjoyment of the superstructures
735 On appeal by defendants 4 and 11 under section 9A of the Act the appellate authority held that as the defendants had not been in possession and occupation of the premises they were not entitled to the benefit of section 9
The High Court affirmed the findings of the courts below and dismissed the revision petitions preferred by the appel lants
Dismissing the appeals this Court HELD Section 9 of the Tamil Nadu City Tenants Protec tion Act 1921 confers a privilege on a tenant against whom a suit for ejectment has been filed by the landlord to exercise an option to secure conveyance of only such portion of the demised land as would be necessary for his convenient enjoyment
It creates a statutory right to purchase land through the medium of the court on fulfilment of the condi tions specified therein
It is not an absolute right as the court has discretion to grant or refuse the relief for purchase of the land on the facts of a particular case
743G H SM
Transport P Ltd vs Sankaraswamingal Mutt 1963 Suppl
1 SCR 282 referred to
The policy underlying section 9 is directed to safeguard the eviction of those tenants who may have constructed super structures on the demised land so that they may continue to occupy the same for the purpose of their residence or busi ness
The section contemplates that the tenant requires the land for the convenient enjoyment of the property
Whenever an application is made by tenant before the Court for issu ance of direction to the landlord for the sale of the whole or part of the land to him the Court is under a mandatory duty to determine the minimum extent of the land which may be necessary for the convenient enjoyment by the tenant
For this determination the Court must hold an enquiry having regard to the area of the demised land and the extent of superstructure standing thereon and the tenant s need for the said land
That inquiry pre supposes that the tenant making the application has been in occupation of the land and the super structure wherein he may be either residing or carrying on business and on his eviction he would be ad versely affected
The court has to consider the need of the tenant and if it finds that the tenant does not require any part of the land it may reject the application and direct eviction of the tenant
In that event the landlord has to pay compensation to the tenant for the superstructure
744G H 745A B 736 In the instant case the findings recorded by the courts below clearly show that none of the defendants have been in occupation of the land or the superstructures standing thereon and they have not been carrying on any business therein
The land in dispute and the superstructure have been in occupation of the sub tenants since 1964
Thus the tenants could not be said to require the land for their convenient enjoyment
Having regard to these findings and the nature of the tenants  right to purchase land under section 9 it would be inequitable to direct the landlords to sell the land to the tenants
745E G The price of land specifically in the urban areas has escalated to a great extent and it would not be fair to deprive the landlords of their property and to allow the tenants to enrich at the landlord s expense
745G H