ION Criminal Appeal No 52 of 1955
Appeal from the judgment and order dated the 15th February 1955 of the Calcutta High Court in Criminal Appeal No 40 of 1955 arising out of the 751 judgment and order dated the 22nd January 1955 of the Additional Sessions Judge 24 Parganas Alipore in Trial No 1 of January Sessions for 1955
A C Roy Choudhari K R Choudhari and Sukumar Ghosh for the appellant
A C Mitra K B Bagchi and P K Bose for the respondent
October 24
The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINHA J
This appeal on a certificate granted by the High Court at Calcutta under article 1341c of the Constitution is directed against the order of a Division Bench of that Court dated February 15 1955 summarily dismissing an appeal from the judgment and order dated January 22 1955 passed by the learned Second Additional Sessions Judge of Alipore accepting the unanimous verdict of guilty returned by the jury holding the appellant guilty under section 376 of the Indian Penal Code for having committed rape on a young girl named Sudharani Roy said to be about 14 15 years of age
The learned trial judge accepting the unanimous verdict of the jury and agreeing with it imposed a  deterrent punishment  of rigorous imprisonment for 5 years in view of the fact that he was in loco parentis to the large number of girls who were the inmates of the Nari Kalyan Ashram of which the appellant had been the secretary for a pretty long time
The learned counsel for the State of West Bengal raised a preliminary objection that the certificate granted by the Bench of the Calcutta High Court presided over by the learned Chief Justice was bad on the face of the judgment given by him while granting the certificate
We have therefore first to examine whether the preliminary objection is sound
As already stated the Division Bench before which the appeal came up for admission summarily dismissed it without giving any reasons
Apparently the Bench was not satisfied that there was any error of law or mis direction in the learned Sessions Judge s charge to the jury which had returned a unanimous verdict of 752 guilty against the appellant
On March 7 1955 the Bench consisting of Chakravarty C J and section C Lahiri J passed the order to the effect that having heard the argument on behalf of the applicant for the certificate of fitness for the proposed appeal to this Court on March 4 they had the opportunity of reading through the charge delivered by the learned trial judge and that they had  come to feel that before the application is disposed of we should see the depositions in full
 Accordingly they directed the records of the original trial to be called for and placed before them
The case therefore stood adjourned till the arrival of the records
The matter was heard again on March 17 and on March 18 the learned Chief Justice delivered a judgment which appears at pages 220 to 231 of the record
It is a full judgment giving the facts and history of the case and the evidence adduced on behalf of the prosecution
The learned Chief Justice in the course of his very elaborate judgment observed that the  learned Judge delivered an exhaustive charge to the jury from which he does not appear to have omitted any part of the evidence which was of any materiality whatsoever
The jury appear to have applied their minds critically 
Having examined the grounds taken in the appeal as presented to the High Court he made the following observations  I have gone through the grounds taken in the petition of appeal to this Court and I have no hesitation in saying that if those were the grounds urged before the learned Judges no one need be surprised that their Lordships saw nothing arguable or worth attention in the case
Except one not one of the grounds urged by Mr Roy Choudhury before us is to be found in the petition of appeal   On an examination in great detail of the grounds urged before the Bench hearing the application for certificate the learned Chief Justice observed  Mr Roy Choudhury however urged before us six several points
Except one in respect of which there is something to be said none of them impresses me
 753 It was not clearly indicated in the judgment what that single ground was
The penultimate paragraph of the order passed by the learned Chief Justice contains the following  We are oppressed by the feeling that there were arguable points although they might not bear examination and the accused has not had the satisfaction of feeling that he has been fully heard by the Court of appeal
I would therefore grant him the leave he asks for not because we take any view in his favour of the evidence in the case but because justice should also appear to have been done and therefore the evidence ought to have received a full consideration by the appellate Court although the result might be to confirm the conviction
 We have set out the findings of the learned Chief Justice while granting leave to appeal to this Court in his own words to appreciate the reasons for granting  leave to appeal 
It appears that the learned Chief Justice and his brother judge contrary to the legal position that one Bench of the High Court has no jurisdiction to sit in judgment on the decision of another Division Bench have in fact done so
But in the instant case the learned Chief Justice has gone further and observed that the summary dismissal of the appeal by the Criminal Bench has not given satisfaction to the appellant that he had been fully heard and that it did not appear to him that justice had been done
Such observations are not conducive to the maintenance of a healthy atmosphere for the administration of justice in the highest Court in the State
Furthermore the observation almost amounts to a condemnation of the practice of summary dismissal of appeals especially against orders passed in a case tried by a jury where the appellant has to make out clear grounds of law
Such a practice prevails so far as we know in almost all the High Courts in India and has the sanction of the statute law as contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure
This Court has repeatedly called the attention of the High Courts to the legal position that under 754 article 1341c of the Constitution it Is not a case of granting leave but of certifying that the case is a fit one for appeal to this Court
 Certifying  is a strong word and therefore it has been repeatedly pointed out that a High Court is in error in granting a certificate on a mere question of fact and that the High Court is not justified in passing on an appeal for determination by this Court when there are no complexities of law involved in the case requiring an authoritative interpretation by this Court
On the face of the judgment of the learned Chief Justice the leave granted cannot be sustained vide the case of Haripada Dey vs The State of West Bengal 1 and a number of decisions of this Court referred to therein
In view of those authorities of this Court it is clear that the certificate granted by the High Court is not a proper one
The preliminary objection is therefore upheld
But the appeal having been placed before this Court we have to satisfy ourselves whether there are any grounds on which this Court would have granted special leave to appeal under article 136 of the Constitution
In order to appreciate the grounds raised in support of the appeal by the learned counsel for the appellant it is necessary to state the following facts The appellant was the honorary secretary of a large institution for receiving and looking after young girls and women who had no homes of their own or had gone astray
It is called the  Nari Kalyan Ashram  and is located in one of the quarters of the city of Calcutta
The appellant in his capacity as the secretary used to come to the Ashram daily in the evening at about 7 pm and stay there till mid night or past mid night
In his office room there was a bed stead with a bedding spread thereon
He used to occupy the bed and requisition the services of girls to massage his body
Between January and April 1954 the accused who was in the habit of calling the girls named Sudharani Narmaya Kalyani and others for that purpose is said to have committed rape on those girls
The subject matter of the charge in this case is the offence of rape said to have been 755 committed on the two girls Narmaya and Sudharani one after the other on the night of April 20 1954
On April 29 1954 at about 10 pm the officer in charge of the Maniktala police station accompanied by Sub Inspector Nirmal Chandra Kar went to the Ashram in connection with collecting information regarding the escape of some girls from the Ashram
Narmaya and Sudharani are said to have given information to the said officer in charge of the police station alleging rape on them
They also pointed out a steel locker in the room of the secretary where it was alleged he used to keep rubber sheaths used by him before he had sexual intercourse with each of them
The police officers aforesaid obtained the key from the appellant with which the steel locker was opened and a leather bag inside the locker was pointed out by the girls
The bag was found to have contained a rubber sheath along with other articles
After recording the information the police officer in charge of the Maniktala police station investigated the case and submitted a charge sbeet against the appellant
After the preliminary inquiry by a magistrate the appellant was committed for trial to the Court of Session on a charge of rape upon the two girls under section 376 Indian Penal Code
The defence of the appellant was that the case against him was completely false and had been concocted by the police with the help of the inmates of the Ashram and the Assistant Secretary Tarun Kumar Sarkar who was one of the prosecution witnesses
At the trial the prosecution examined 23 witnesses in support of the case against the accused
The two victims of the alleged outrage by the appellant were examined namely Sudharani Roy PW 2 and Narmaya PW 5 who both deposed that the appellant used to come to the Ashram in the evening at about 7 pm and used to stay there till after mid night in his special room which contained a bedstead and a bedding and a steel almirah and other pieces of furniture
On the ate of the occurrence in question first Narmaya was called in by the appellant and then Sudharani and the appellant is said to have committed rape first on 96 756 Narmaya and then on Sudharani in the presence of both of them against their will and without their consent
They further deposed that the appellant had intercourse with them after putting on the sheath
In between the two acts he had a cup of tea with which he swallowed  a black pill  which is suggested to have been an aphrodisiac
The accused paid them each eight annas and warned them not to divulge those acts on pain of being severely dealt with if they disclosed the same
Kalyani PW 19 is another young girl who was an inmate of the Ashram on the material dates
She is a girl who was both deaf and dumb and her intelligence was below normal
As she was feeble minded she was not allowed to continue her studies at the school
She has given evidence by signs which were interpreted by the principal of the Deaf and Dumb School who had taught her at that school
Her evidence if accepted would be a corroboration of the testimony of the victims aforesaid of the outrageous act of the appellant
Besides this direct oral testimony there was also evidence tending to show that the appellant was in the habit of having himself massaged at night by the girls of the Ashram and that the police found a rubber sheath in his bag kept in the steel locker inside his special room
There was also the evidence of a woman employee of the Ashram that she had been asked by the  appellant to keep a number of rubber sheaths which she had buried underground and which on her pointing out had been discovered by the police
There was also the evidence of a complaint made the next day by the victim girls to the assistant secretary when be came to the Ashram in connection with his work there
The prosecution also led evidence to show the age of the girl Sudharani to be below 16
It produced the register of the girls in the Ashram which has a column for mentioning the age of the inmates
The estimate of her age by medical evidence was given after X ray examination and the stage of ossification and other indicia for determining the age of a person
The medical estimate of her age was that she was between 13 and 757 14 years on the date of the X ray examination that is May 19 1954
That in barest outline is the prosecution case and the evidence adduced in support of it
Beyond cross examining the prosecution witnesses and pointing out contradictions and omissions in their evidence the accused did not adduce any positive evidence in support of his defence
The appellant was tried by a jury assisted by the learned Additional Sessions Judge at Alipore
The jury returned a unanimous verdict of guilty against the accused in respect of the charge of committing rape on Sudharani and a unanimous verdict of riot guilty in respect of the charge of rape on Narmaya
The jury answered the judge s question as regards the charge with respect to Narmaya in these words Not guilty as we found with consent and she is above 16 years of age As the jury did not give any such clue in respect of their verdict of guilty so far as rape on Sudharani was concerned it is difficult to say whether they found consent in her case also and returned a verdict of guilty because they were of the opinion that she was under 16 years of age
In this Court the learned counsel for the appellant raised a large number of contentions but as most of them concerned the appreciation of evidence with reference to omissions and contradictions it is not necessary to deal with those arguments
It is only necessary to notice the following points raised namely 1 that the learned judge refused permission to counsel for the appellant to read out the written statement filed on behalf of the appellant at the Sessions stage 2 that there was a serious misdirection in respect of corroboration of the testimony of the alleged victims of rape and 3 that the direction as to the age of the girl Sudharani was not complete
In our opinion there is no substance in any one of these contentions
Firstly as regards the refusal to permit the written statement of the accused being placed before the jury it has to be observed that there is no provision in the 758 Code of Criminal Procedure for such a written statement being filed at the Sessions stage
Section 2562 which occurs in Chapter XXI headed  Of the trial of Warrant Cases by Magistrates  does contain the specific provision that if the accused person puts in a written statement the magistrate shall file it with the record
But there is no corresponding provision in the Code requiring a Sessions Court to accept a written statement at that stage on behalf of the accused
But the accused has the right to make a statement under section 342 of the Code which has to be considered by the Court for what it is worth
In a jury trial the Court has got to be circumspect to see that nothing is allowed to be placed before the jury which is not evidence
It is not necessary to decide whether in the case of a Sessions trial without a jury such a statement is receivable
But if such a written statement is allowed to be used at a Sessions trial by a jury it may throw the door open to irrelevant and inadmissible matter and thus throw an additional burden on the presiding judge to extricate matter which was admissible from a mass of inadmissible statements which may have been introduced in the written statement
In view of these considerations in our opinion the learned Sessions Judge rightly refused to allow the written statement put in by the appellant to be read out before the jury
On the question of corroboration the learned judge in his charge to the jury has at more than one place pointed out the necessity of corroboration of the evidence of the victims of the alleged crime
Referring to the evidence of Kalyani PW 19 aforesaid the learned judge has charged the jury in these terms  whether her evidence is a corroboration with respect to the committing of rape by accused on Sudharani Roy on 20th April 1954
If the evidence of Kalyani appears unreliable to you or the evidence of Tarun there remain the uncorroborated testimonies of Sudharani and Narmaya
The rule of prudence demands that it is unsafe to convict an accused on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice or accomplices
But I must tell you gentlemen that it 759 is within your legal province to convict upon such unconfirmed evidence provided you can come to the conclusion in the particular circumstances of this case that corroboration can be dispensed with
 It will be noticed that if the learned judge has made any mistake the mistake is in favour of the accused and
not against him in so far as the learned judge refers to the evidence of the two girl victims as that of accomplices
A girl who is a victim of an outrageous act is generally speaking not an accomplice though the rule of prudence requires that the evidence of a prosecutrix should be corroborated before a conviction can be based upon it
Hence the girl Sudharani was not exactly in the position of an accomplice though the judge may as a rule of prudence warn the jury that such a rule of prudence required corroboration of the testimony of the prosecutrix but that it was open to the jury to convict even on the uncorroborated testimony of the prosecutrix if the jury in the particular circumstances of the case before it came to the conclusion that corroboration was not essential to conviction
Hence the learned Sessions Judge was fully justified in telling the jury that there was no rule of law or practice that there must be corroboration in every case before a conviction for rape
If the jury had been apprised of the necessity ordinarily speaking of corroboration of the evidence of the prosecutrix it is for the jury to decide whether or not it will convict on the uncorroborated testimony of a prosecutrix in the particular circumstances of the case before it
In other words insistence on corroboration is advisable but is not compulsory in the eye of law
In the instant case apart from the evidence of the two victims aforesaid there was the evidence of the deaf and dumb girl Kalyani and the other circumstantial evidence in support of the prosecution case
It is well established that the nature and extent of corroboration necessary vary with the circumstances of each case
The nature of the corroborative evidence should be such as to lend assurance that the evidence of the prosecutrix can be safely acted upon
See in this connection the observations of this Court in the case 760 of Rameshwar vs The State of Rajasthan 1 to the following effect The only rule of law is that this rule of prudence must be present to the mind of the judge or the jury as the case may be and be understood and appreciated by him or them
There is no rule of practice that there must in every case be corroboration before a conviction can be allowed to stand
 Lastly we do not find anything basically wrong with the direction in the charge to the jury as regards the age of the girl Sudharani and as to the nature of the evidence to prove her age
The learned judge pointed out the several items of evidence which had been adduced by the prosecution bearing on the question of the girl s age
The only conclusive piece of evidence may be the birth certificate but unfortunately in this country such a document is not ordinarily available
The Court or the jury has to base its conclusions upon all the facts and circumstances disclosed on examining all the physical features of the person whose age is in question in conjunction with such oral testimony as may be available
The girl s father was dead
Her mother apparently has left her to her own fate and according to the evidence of the police the mother s whereabouts were not traceable
It was sought to be argued that the police officer who himself made the inquiry should have been examined otherwise the result of the inquiry is a mere hearsay
An inquiry whether made by one or the other police officer would almost in every case be the result of hearsay
The girl is said to be a displaced person
The difficulty of tracing evidence of the parents of such a person is all the greater
Hence in all the circumstances of the case the learned Sessions Judge has not committed any error in this part of his charge to the jury
On this part of the case the learned judge gave the following concluding directions  In criminal trial the accused must get the benefit of doubt and there should not be any conviction unless it can be clearly and unequivocally said that 1 761 the age of the girl was below 16
But gentlemen in this case you have seen the girls you have heard the evidence of the experts and you should also take into consideration the various factors found out in cross examination and in considering all these facts you can arrive at the conclusion that Sudharani Roy was under 16 years of age on the night of the occurrence on 20th April 1954 taking into consideration the facts that ossification test is not a sure guide even in spite of this you can come to the conclusion that Sudharani Roy was under 16 years of age on the night of the occurrence ie on 20th April 1954
1 would tell you gentlemen that the question of consent would be immaterial In our opinion the learned Sessions Judge placed the evidence pro and con very fairly and fully and left it to the jury to come to their own conclusion
According to the medical evidence Sudharani was between 13 to 14 years of age on the relevant date whereas the other girl in respect of whom the accused was acquitted was found by the medical test to be between 15 and 16 years
The jury therefore took the commonsense point of view and appeared to have come to the conclusion that Narmaya may well have been above 16 and that therefore the accused could not be convicted for rape on her
In respect of the girl Sudharani they may have come to the conclusion that she was not above 16 and that therefore the prosecution had succeeded in bringing the charge home to the accused
We have read the charge of the learned judge to the jury more than once and in our opinion it is a very fair and full charge erring more on the side of verbosity than of brevity
In our opinion there is no merit in the appeal
It is accordingly dismissed
Appeal dismissed


Summary:
Appellant was tried by the Sessions judge and a jury on the charge of committing rape
On the question of the age of the girl expert medical evidence was produced but no birth certificate was available
The father of the girl could not be examined as he was dead
According to the Police evidence the whereabouts of the mother were not traceable but the Police Officer who himself made the inquiry was not produced
As regards the commission of the rape the girl herself was examined and there was the evidence of another girl and some circumstantial evidence
The 750 accused filed a written statement but the judge refused to read it out to the jury
The jury returned a unanimous verdict of guilty and the judge accepting the verdict convicted the appellant and sentenced him to 5 years rigorous imprisonment
An appeal to the High Court was summarily rejected
But the High Court granted leave to appeal on the ground that on account of the summary dismissal of the appeal appellant did not have the satisfaction of feeling that he had been fully heard and that justice should also appear to have been done by a full consideration of the evidence by the appellate court
Held that the certificate granted by the High Court amounts to a condemnation of the practice of summary dismissal of appeals especially in jury trials
Such practice prevails in most High Courts and has the sanction of statute law
No certificate should be granted on a mere question of fact nor in a case where there are no complexities of law involved requiring an authoritative interpretation by the Supreme Court
Haripada Dey vs The State of West Bengal   followed
There is no provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure requiring a Session judge to accept a written statement filed by an accused
If such a written statement is allowed to be used at a Sessions trial by jury it may throw the door open to irrelevant and inadmissible matter and cast an additional burden on the judge of separating admissible from inadmissible statements
The judge had rightly refused the written statement to be read to the jury
There is no rule of law or practice that there must be cor roboration of the testimony of the prosecutrix before conviction for rape
If the jury had been appraised of the necessity of corroboration it was for the jury to decide whether or not it would convict on the uncorroborated testimony of the prosecutrix in the particular circumstances of the case before it
Rameshwar vs The State of Rajasthan  followed
There was no misdirection on the question of the age of the girl
The Session judge had pointed out the several items of evidence to the jury
The failure of the prosecution to examine the Police Officer who actually made inquiry into the whereabouts of the mother does not affect the case as in any case the inquiry would be the result of hearsay