t Petition No 581 of 1979 Under Article 32 of the Constitution M K Ramamurty Ramesh Chand Pathak for the Petitioner
Dr L M Singhvi Altaf Ahmed and L K Pandey for the Respondents
The Judgment of R section Sarkaria and P N Shinghal JJ was delivered by Shinghal J O Chinnappa Reddy J gave a separate Opinion
SHINGHAL J This petition of Mohammad Yousuf Rather under article 32 of the Constitution challenges his detention under section 8 a i of the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act 1978 hereinafter referred to as the Act
The order of detention has been made by the District Magistrate of Anantnag on April 12 1979 and it is not in controversy that it has really been made under sub section 2 of section 8 of the Act on the basis of the satisfaction provided for in sub clause i of clause a of sub section 1 of that section
While the petitioner has stated that he did not receive the order of detention and only the grounds of detention were communicated to him his learned counsel Mr Ramamurthi has not raised any controversy on that account
He has in fact given up several other points on which the writ petition has been filed and has contended himself by putting his arguments in two ways
Firstly he has argued that some of the grounds are so vague that the petitioner has not found it possible to exercise his fundamental right of making a representation under article 22 5 of the Constitution
Secondly he has argued that some of the grounds are irrelevant for the purpose of making of an order under section 8 of the Act
We shall therefore confine ourselves to a consideration of these two points of controversy
The grounds of detention have admittedly been sent to the petitioner by way of an annexure to the District Magistrate s order No 49 54ST dated April 12 1979
It has been stated therein that the detention has been ordered on the grounds specified in the Annexure which also contains facts relevant thereto and the peti 261 tioner has been informed that he may make a representation to the Government against the order of detention if he so desires
We shall refer to the annexure in a while but it may be stated here that the counsel for the respondents has not found it possible to contend that no part thereof is vague
He has however tried to argue that the annexure contains a preamble as well as the grounds of detention and that the vagueness of the preamble could not possibly justify the argument that the grounds of detention are also vague
Learned counsel has tried to support his argument by reference to the decision of this Court in Naresh Chandra Ganguli vs State of West Bengal and others
The annexure reads as follows You are a die hard Naxalite and you are notorious for your activities which are proving prejudicial to the maintenance of public order
You are in the habit of organising meetings secret as well as public in which you instigate the people to create lawlessness which spreads panic in the minds of a common people
You are also reported to be in the habit of going from one village to the other with intent to compel the shopkeepers to close down their shops and participate in the meetings
You are reported to have recently started a campaign in villages asking the inhabitants not to sell their extra paddy crop to the Government and in case they are compelled to do so they should manhandle the Government officials deputed for the purpose of purchasing shali on voluntary basis from the villagers
On 9 2 79 you after compelling the shopkeepers to close down their shops organised a meeting at Chowalgam and asked the participants to lodge protests against the treatment meted out to Shri Z A Bhutto late Prime Minister of Pakistan by General Zia UI Haq in fact you did not have any sympathy for the late Prime Minister but you did it with the intent to exploit the situation and create lawlessness
On 23 3 79 you presided over a meeting at Kulgam and delivered a speech
Among other things you passed derogatory remarks against Sheikh Mohd Abdullah the Chief Minister of the State and compared him with General Zia of Pakistan said that he the Chief Minister also wants to become a dictator
You further stated that the Mulas of Kashmir are preparing for distribution of sweets on the day when Shri Bhutto is sent to gallows
You also stated that 262 the people of the State have been oppressed and blamed the Chief Minister for their oppression
You asked the audience to shun the life of dishonour and rise is revolt against oppression
You went to the extent of saying that India should vacate the forcible occupation of the State as the Kashmir question has not so far been settled
These irresponsible utterances of you are likely to create feelings of hatred and enmity which will ultimately disturb the public order
On 29 3 1979 posters were found pasted on walls in Kulgam area which were got published by the CPI ML
It was learnt that there was your hand in pasting these posters the posters were captioned Inqalab ke bager koe hal nahin 
The contents of the poster among other things revealed that it made a mention of plebiscite saying that the demand was given up with ulterior motives
It further stated that the people should prepare themselves for revolution
You were also noticed instigating the Educational sic unemployed youth who had recently gone on a hunger strike at Anantnag
On 4 4 1979 and 5 4 1979 after Mr Z A Bhutto was hanged you were found leading the unruly mobs in different villages and instigating them to set the house of JEI worker on fire
As a result of this instigation a number of houses were set on fire property looted and heavy damages caused to the people at village Rarigam
In this connection a case FIR No 3479 Us 395 436 148 307 etc has been registered at Police Station Kulgam against you and others
Property worth thousands has so far been recovered during the investigation of this case
Your activities are highly prejudicial to the maintenance of public order and I am convinced that unless you are detained large scale disturbances resulting in wide spread loss to the public and private property and to the safety of peaceful citizens will occur Preamble  has been defined in the Oxford English Dictionary to mean a preliminary statement in speech or writing an introductory paragraph section or clause a preface prologue introduction
 It has further been defined there as an introductory paragraph or part in a statute deed or other document setting forth the grounds and intention of it
 The preamble thus betokens that which follows
The respondents  learned counsel has not however found it possible to point 263 out where the preamble could be said to begin or to finish and which of the paragraphs could be said to constitute the grounds of detention as such
As it is in very first paragraph which alone could be said to be in the nature of an introductory paragraph or a preliminary statement it has been stated inter alia that the petitioner was reported to have recently started a campaign in villages asking the inhabitants not to sell their extra paddy crop to the Government and to manhandle the Government officials in case they were compelled to do so
There is however no mention in any other part of the annexure of the petitioner s asking the inhabitants not to sell their paddy crop anywhere else or to manhandle the Government officials deputed for its purchase
We are therefore unable to think that even the first paragraph is in the nature of a preamble to what has been stated in the subsequent paragraphs
A reading of the first paragraph shows that it is vague in several respects
It does not state the places where the petitioner is said to have organised the meetings or the nature of lawlessness instigated by him
It does not also mention the names of the villages where he is said to be in the habit of going for compelling the shopkeepers to close down their shops and to participate in the meetings
So also it does not mention the villages where the petitioner was reported to have recently started the campaign asking the inhabitants not to sell their extra paddy or to manhandle the government officials
The paragraph is therefore undoubtedly very vague
But even if the first paragraph is left out of consideration on the pretext that it is in the nature of a preamble the fifth paragraph is quite vague for while it states that the petitioner was noticed instigating the educated unemployed youth who had recently gone on a hunger strike in Anantnag the nature or the purpose of the alleged instigation has not been stated so that it is not possible to appreciate whether it could be said to fall within the mischief of clause b of sub section 3 of section 8 which defines what is meant by acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order within the meaning of clause a i of sub section 1 of section 8
For instance if it was noticed that the petitioner was instigating the educated unemployed youth to go on hunger strike for the purpose of pressing their demand for employment that would not amount to acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order as it would not be covered by any of the four meanings assigned to that expression in clause b of sub section 3 of section 8
264 The sixth paragraph is also vague for while it states that the petitioner was found leading the unruly mobs in different villages and instigating them to set fire to the house of the worker of Jamaiat e Islami the names of those villages and the name of the owner of burnt house have not been stated
It is obvious therefore that the above grounds of detention are vague
This Court has disapproved of vagueness in the grounds of detention because that impinges on the fundamental right of the detenu under article 225 of the Constitution to make a representation against the order of detention when the grounds on which the order has been made are communicated to him
The purpose of the requirement is to afford him the earliest opportunity of seeking redress against the order of detention
But as is obvious that opportunity cannot be said to be afforded when it is established that a ground of detention is so vague that he cannot possibly make an effective representation
Reference in this connection may be made to this Court s decision in State of Bombay vs Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya where the guarantee of article 225 has been characterised as an elementary right of a citizen in a free democratic state and it has been held that if a ground of detention is not sufficient to enable the detained person to make a representation at the earliest opportunity it must be held that his fundamental right in that respect has been infringed inasmuch as the material conveyed to him does not enable him to make the representation
So as the aforesaid grounds of detention are vague the petitioner is entitled to an order of release for that reason alone
It is true that as has been held in Naresh Chandra Ganguli s case supra vagueness is a relative term and varies according to the circumstances of each case but if the statement of facts contains any ground of detention which is such that it is not possible for the detenu to clearly understand what exactly is the allegation against him and he is thereby prevented from making an effective representation it does not require much argument to hold that one such vague ground is sufficient to justify the contention that his fundamental right under clause 5 of article 22 of the Constitution has been violated and the order of detention is bad for that reason alone
Reference in this connection may also be made to the decisions in Tarapada De and others vs The State of West Bengal Dr Ram Krishan Bhardwaj vs State of Delhi and other Shibban Lal Saxena vs State of Uttar Pradesh Rameshwar Lal Patwari vs State of 265 Bihar Motilal Jain vs State of Bihar and others and Pushkar Mukherjee and others vs State of West Bengal
It has next been argued by the learned counsel for the petitioner that at least five of the grounds of detention are irrelevant
It has been stated in paragraph 2 of the grounds of detention that after compelling the shopkeepers to close down their shops on February 9 1979 the petitioner organised a meeting at Chowalgam and asked the participants to lodge a protest against the treatment meted out to Shri Z A Bhutto and that while in fact the petitioner did not have any sympathy for the late Prime Minister of Pakistan he did it with the intention of exploiting the situation and to create lawlessness
We have made a reference to clause b of sub section 3 of section 8 of the Act which defines what is meant by acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order in sub section 1 of that section but the ground mentioned in the second paragraph does not fall within the purview of any of the four clauses of clause b as it does not state that the petitioner promoted propagated or attempted to create feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion race caste community or region or that he made preparations for using or attempting to use or using or instigating inciting provoking or otherwise abetting the use of force in a manner which disturbed or was likely to disturb the public order within the meaning of sub clauses i and ii of clause b
As is obvious the remaining two sub clauses iii and iv can possibly have no application to the allegation in paragraph 2
The ground contained in that paragraph was therefore clearly irrelevant for the satisfaction of the District Magistrate in making an order of detention under section 82 of the Act
Then it has been stated in paragraph 3 that the petitioner presided over a meeting at Kulgam and delivered a speech where among other things he passed derogatory remarks against Sheikh Mohd Abdullah the Chief Minister of the State and compared him with General Zia of Pakistan and said that he the Chief Minister also wants to become a dictator That allegation also does not fall within any of the four sub clauses of clause b of sub section 3 of section 8 as it does not refer to the promoting or propagating or attempting to create feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion race caste community or region or making of preparations for using or attempting to use or using or instigating inciting provoking or other 266 wise abetting the use of force in any manner whatsoever
For this allegation also the remaining two sub clauses are of no relevance
What has been alleged is that the petitioner stated in his speech at the Kulgam meeting that the people of the State had been oppressed that he blamed the Chief Minister for their oppression and that he asked his audience to shun the life of dishonour and rise in revolt against oppression
 It has not been stated that the petitioner thereby promoted propagated or attempted to create feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion race caste community or region or that he instigated or incited or provoked the audience to use force
Peaceful and lawful revolt eschewing violence is one of the well known modes of seeking redress in this country
A substantial part of the statement of facts mentioned in paragraph 3 of the grounds of detention is therefore irrelevant and can not justify the order of detention under section 8 of the Act
It has been stated in paragraph 4 that a poster was found pasted on walls in Kulgam area on March 29 1979 in the pasting of which the petitioner had a hand
The poster was captioned Inqilab ke baghair koi hall nahin and it mentioned that the demand for plebiscite was given up with ulterior motives
It further said that the people should prepare themselves for revolution
But even if it were assumed that the petitioner had hand in pasting the poster which is alleged to have been published by the CPI ML it cannot be said that he thereby acted in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order for his alleged action did not fall within the purview of any of the subclauses of clause b of sub section 3 of section 8 of the Act
Apart from the fact that it has not been stated that the poster promoted or propagated or attempted to create feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion race caste community etc it has also not been stated that the poster instigated incited provoked or otherwise abetted the use of force so as to amount to acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order
As has been stated a revolution can be brought about by peaceful and lawful means and asking the people to prepare themselves for it cannot be a ground of detention under section 8
We have made a reference to paragraph 5 of the grounds of detention which states that the petitioner was noticed instigating the educated unemployed youth who had gone on hunger strike at Anantnag to show the vagueness of that ground
It may further be stated that it is quite an irrelevant ground also because any such instigation could not be said to fall within the purview of clause b of sub section 3 of section 8 267 It is well settled that a ground is said to be irrelevant when it has no connection with the satisfaction of the authority making the order of detention under the appropriate law
It nevertheless appears that the aforesaid irrelevant grounds were taken into consideration for making the impugned order and that is quite sufficient to vitiate it
Reference in this connection may be made to the decisions in Keshav Talpade vs The King Emperor Tarapada De and others vs State of West Bengal supra Shibban Lal Saxena vs State of Uttar Pradesh and others supra Pushkar Mukherjee and others vs State of West Bengal supra Satya Brata Ghose vs Mr Arif Ali District Magistrate Sibasagar Jorhat and others and to K Yadava Reddy and others vs The Commissioner of Police Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad and another
It has been held there that even if one of the grounds of detention is irrelevant that is sufficient to vitate the order
The reason is that it is not possible to assess in what manner and to what extent that irrelevant ground operated on the mind of the appropriate authority and contributed to provide the satisfaction that it was necessary to detain the petitioner with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of the public order
It is obvious that the detention of the petitioner was illegal and that is why we made an order on August 3 1979 for his release
CHINNAPPA REDDY J A good deal of vehement argument was advanced by Dr Singhvi to sustain the order of detention and this has led me to add this brief note to the opinion of my brother Shinghal J with whose conclusions I agree
The Constitution of India recognizes preventive detention as a necessary evil but nonetheless an evil
So we have by constitutional mandate circumscribed the making of laws providing for preventive detention
While Article 22 Clauses 4 5 6 and 7 expressly deal with preventive detention Article 21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law and Article 191 d guarantees to citizens the right to move freely throughout the territory of India subject to reasonable restrictions made in the interests of the general public as mentioned in Article 195
At one time it was thought that Article 22 was a complete code in regard to laws providing for preventive detention and that the validity of an order of detention should be determined strictly according to the terms and within the four corners of that 268 article
It was held in AK Gopalan vs State of Madras that a detenu may not claim that the freedom guaranteed by Article 191 d was infringed by his detention and that the validity of the law providing for preventive detention was not to be tested in the light of the reasonableness of the restrictions imposed thereby on the freedom of movement nor on the ground that his right to personal liberty was infringed otherwise than according to procedure established by law
A theory was evolved that the nature and extent of the Fundamental Rights was to be measured by the object and form of the State action and not by the operation of the State action upon the rights of the individual
This has now been shown to be wrong
In RC Cooper vs Union of India the Full Court opted for a broader view and it was held that it was not the object of the authority making the law impairing the right of the citizen nor the form of action taken that determined the protection the citizen could claim it was the effect of the law and of the action upon the right which attracted the jurisdiction of the Court to grant relief
So in that case they rejected the submission that Article 312 was a complete code in relation to the infringement of the right to property by compulsory acquisition and the validity of the law was not to be tested in the light of the reasonableness of the restrictions imposed thereby
So it follows that a law providing for preventive detention and action taken under such a law to pass muster have now to satisfy the requirements of both Articles 19 and 22 of the Constitution
We are primarily concerned in this case with Article 225 which is as follows When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention the authority making the order shall as soon as may be communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order
The extent and the content of Article 225 have been the subject matter of repeated pronouncements by this Court Vide State of Bombay vs Atmaram Dr Ramkrishna Bharadwaj vs State of Delhi Shibbanlal Saxena vs State of Uttar Pradesh Dwarkadas Bhatia vs 269 State of Jammu  Kashmir
The interpretation of Article 225 consistently adopted by this Court is perhaps one of the outstanding contributions of the Court in the cause of Human Rights
The law is now well settled that a detenu has two rights under Article 225 of the Constitution 1 To be informed as soon as may be of the grounds on which the order of detention is based that is the grounds which led to the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority and 2 to be afforded the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order of detention that is to be furnished with sufficient particulars to enable him to make a representation which on being considered may obtain relief to him
The inclusion of an irrelevant or non existent ground among other relevant grounds is an infringement of the first of the rights and the inclusion of an obscure or vague ground among other clear and definite grounds is an infringement of the second of the rights
In either case there is an invasion of the Constitutional rights of the detenu entitling him to approach the Court for relief
The reason for saying that the inclusion of even a single irrelevant of obscure ground among several relevant and clear grounds is an invasion of the detenu s constitutional right is that the Court is precluded from adjudicating upon the sufficiency of the grounds and it cannot substitute its objective decision for the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority
Dr Singhvi very strenuously submitted that the first paragraph of the grounds  supplied to the petitioner was of an introductory nature that Paragraphs 2 3 4 and 5 referred to the events which furnished the background and that the penultimate paragraph alone contained the grounds of detention as such
He submitted that it was permissible to separate the introduction and the recital of events constituting the background from the grounds of detention and if that was done it would be apparent that the order of detention suffered from no infirmity
He sought to draw support for his submission from the decision in Naresh Chandra Ganguli vs State of West Bengal and others
It is impossible to agree with the submission of Dr Singhvi
The annexure to the order of detention detailing the grounds of detention has been fully extracted by my learned brother Shinghal J we are unable to see how factual allegations such as those contained in the paragraphs 1 to 5 of the grounds of detention can be said to be merely introductory or as constituting the background
In Naresh Chandra Ganguly vs State of West Bengal what was read by the Supreme Court as the preamble  was the recital in terms of Section 31 270 clauses a and b of the Preventive Detention Act namely that the detenu was being detained in pursuance of a detention order made in exercise of the power conferred by Section 3 of the Preventive Detention Act on the ground that the detenu was acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order as evidenced by the particulars given thereafter
The particulars given in the subsequent paragraphs the Court said constituted the grounds
We do not understand Naresh Chandra Ganguly vs The State of West Bengal as laying down that it is permissible to dissect or trisect the grounds of detention into introduction background and grounds  as such
There is no warrant for any such division
The distinction made in Naresh Chandra Ganguly s supra case between the preamble  meaning thereby the recital in terms of the statutory provision and the grounds  meaning thereby the conclusions of fact which led to the passing of the order of detention does not justify any distinction being made between introductory facts background facts and grounds  as such
All allegations of fact which have led to the passing of the order of detention are grounds of detention 
If such allegations are irrelevant or vague the detenu is entitled to be released
The attempt of Dr Singhvi was to treat that allegation which according to him was the immediate cause of the order of detention as the only ground of detention and all other allegations earlier made as were introductory and background facts
We are unable to so dissect the factual allegations mentioned in the document supplied to the detenu as furnishing the grounds of detention
The last straw which breaks a camel s back does not make weightless the other loads on the camel s back
The grounds of detention begin with the statement that the detenu is a die hard Naxalite 
Dr Singhvi described a Naxalite as a votary of change by resort to violence  and urged that as the meaning ascribed to the expression by the daily press Marxist Exclamation the Capitalist Press 
Many may not agree with Dr Singhvi
Some think of Naxalites as blood thirsty monsters some compare them to Joan of Arc
It all depends on the class to which one belongs one s political hues and ideological perceptions At one stage of the argument Dr Singhvi himself described a Naxalite as an ideological revolutionary 
The detenu himself apparently thought that it meant no more than that he was a believer in the Marxist Leninist ideology and so he affirmatively declared that he was a firm believer in that ideology and was proud of that fact
Though he did urge that the expression 271 Naxalite connoted a person who sought change through violent means Dr Singhvi had ultimately to confess that the expression Naxalite  was as definite or as vague as all words describing ideologies such as democracy etc were
It is enough to say that it is just a label which can be as misleading as any other and is perhaps used occasionally for that very purpose
In the third paragraph of the grounds of detention it is said that the detenu made a speech in which he asked his audience to shun the life of dishonour and rise in revolt against oppression
In the fourth paragraph he is stated to be responsible for posters bearing the caption No solution without revolution
It is also stated that the posters asked the people to prepare themselves for revolution
Now expressions like revolt  and revolution  are flung about by all and sundry in all manner of context and it is impossible to attach any particular significance to the use of such expressions
Every turn against the establishment is called revolt  and every new idea is labelled as revolutionary 
If the mere use of expressions like revolt  and revolution  are to land a person behind the bars what would be the fate of all our legislators  It all depends on the context in which the expressions are used
Neither paragraph three nor paragraph four of the grounds of detention specifies the particular form of revolt or revolution which the detenu advocated
Did he incite people to violence  What words did he employ  What then is the connection between these grounds and acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of the public order  There is no answer to be gleaned from the grounds recited in paragraphs three and four which must therefore be held to be both irrelevant and vague
In paragraph five it is said that the detenu instigated educated unemployed youth to go on a hunger strike
A hunger strike in our country is a well known form of peaceful protest but it is difficult to connect it with public disorder
We consider this ground also to be vague and irrelevant
The allegation that the detenu made derogatory remarks about Shri Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah Chief Minister of Kashmir and compared him with General Zia of Pakistan appears to us again to be entirely irrelevant
I do not think it is necessary to refer to all the grounds in any further detail as that has been done by my brother Shinghal J N K A Petition allowed


Summary:
The petitioner challenged his detention under the Jammu were sent to him by way of an annexure to the District Magistrate s order of detention
The petitioner was informed that if he so desired he could make a representation to the Government against the alleged order of detention
It was argued on behalf of the petitioner that some of the grounds of detention were so vague that he did not find it possible to exercise his fundamental right of making a representation under article 225 of the Constitution and that some of the grounds were irrelevant for the purposes of making an order under section 8  HELD The argument that only the preamble of the order of detention was vague but not the grounds is not tenable
264B Preamble has been defined as an introductory paragraph or part in a statute deed or other document setting forth the grounds and intention of it
The preamble thus betokens that which follows
The respondents  counsel did not however find it possible to point out where the preamble could be said to begin or to finish and which of the paragraphs could be said to constitute the grounds of detention as such
262 G H 263A This Court has disapproved of vagueness in the grounds of detention because that impinges on the fundamental right of the detenu under article 225 of the Constitution to make a representation against the order of detention when the grounds on which the order has been made or communicated to him
The purpose of the requirement is to afford him the earliest opportunity of seeking redress against the order of detention
But as is obvious that opportunity cannot be said to be afforded when it is established that a ground of detention is so vague that he cannot possibly make an effective representation
Reference made to paragraphs which were held to be vague
263E H 264 B D State of Bombay vs Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya   Tarapada De and Ors
vs The State of West Bengal   Dr Ram Krishan Bhardwaj vs State of Delhi and Ors   Shibban Lal Saxena vs State oj Uttar Pradesh   Rameshwar Lal Patwari vs State of Bihar and Ors   and Pushkar Mukherjee and Ors
vs State of West Bengal  259 It is equally well settled that a ground is said to be irrelevant when it has no connection with the satisfaction of the authority making the order of detention under the appropriate law and taking any such ground into consideration vitiates the order of detention
It was held that irrelevant grounds were nevertheless taken into consideration for making the impugned order and that was quite sufficient to vitiate it
267A B Keshav Talpade vs The King Emperor  Satya Brata Ghose vs Mr Arif Ali District Magistrate Shibsagar Jorhat and Ors  and K Yadava Reddy and Ors
vs The Commissioner of Police Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad and Anr ILR 1972 Andhra Pradesh 1025 affirmed
Chinnappa Reddy J Concurring  HELD A law providing for preventive detention and action taken under such a law to pass muster have to satisfy the requirements of both Articles 19 and 22 of the Constitution
268D E The interpretation of Article 225 consistently adopted by this Court is perhaps one of the outstanding contributions of the Court in the cause of Human Rights
The law is now well settled that a detenu has two rights under Article 225 of the Constitution 1 to be informed as soon as may be of the grounds on which the order of detention is based that is the grounds which led to the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority and 2 to be afforded the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order of detention that is to be furnished with sufficient particulars to enable him to make a representation which on being considered may obtain relief to him
The inclusion of an irrelevant or non existent ground among other relevant grounds is as infringement of the first of the rights and the inclusion of an obscure or vague ground among other clear and definite grounds is an infringement of the second of the rights
In either case there is an invasion of the Constitutional rights of the detenu entitling him to approach the Court for relief
The reason for saying that the inclusion of even a single irrelevant or obscure ground among several relevant and clear grounds is an invasion of the detenu s constitutional right is that the Court is precluded from adjudicating upon the sufficiency of the grounds and it cannot substitute its objective decision for the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority
269A D The argument that only that allegation which was the immediate cause of the order of detention was to be treated as the ground of detention and all other allegations recited in the order of detention were to be treated as introductory and background facts cannot be accepted
The factual allegations contained in the document supplied to the detenu as furnishing the ground of detention cannot be so dissected
The last straw which broke the camel s back does not make weightless the other loads on the camel s back
269 G H 270E The expression Naxalite  conveys different meanings to different persons depending on the class to which one belongs his political hues and ideological perceptions
It is as vague or as definite as all words describing ideologies such as democracy etc
It is a label which may be as misleading as any other
270F G 271A Expressions like revolt  and revolution  are flung by all and sundry in all manner of context and it is impossible to attach any particular significance to 260 the use of such expressions
Every turn against the establishment is called revolt  and every new idea is labelled as revolutionary 
Without specification of the particular form of revolt and revolution which was advocated the ground of detention must be held to be irrelevant and vague
271 C D A K Gopalan vs State of Madras  R C Cooper vs Union of India  distinguished