ition No 8911 of 1981
Under article 32 of the Constitution of India Petitioner in Person KG Bhagat Addl
Gen NC Talukdar and RN Poddar for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RANGANATH MISRA J
The petitioner in this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution is a resident of Sultanbattery area in the State of Kerala and describing himself as a commuter of the Indian Railways he has alleged violation of fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 19 and 21 and claims reliefs of mandamus to the Union of India for implementing the reports of the Kunzru Wanchoo and Sikri Committees appointing a fact finding Commission to inquire and report about the numerous train accidents from 1970 onwards and for several other directions to the Union Government and the instrumentalities connected with the administration of the Railways
As the petition which the petitioner an allopathic doctor by profession had himself drafted and filed was unduly long and repetitive written submission with the assistance of counsel crystalising the issues for determination by the Court was filed leave to amend the writ petition was granted and notice thereon was issued on August 2 1982
The petitioner alleged inter alia that the Railways in this country are owned by the Central Government and on account of failure to fulfil the constitutional statutory and commercial obligations by the Railways adequate safety protection to the passengers and their properties is not available
The Indian Railways Act 1890  Act  for short has prescribed several safety measures based upon experience the Railway Board through which apex body the administration is run and controlled has also prescribed rules and issued instructions which are not being properly implemented
The Union Government had appointed three high powered Committees in the post independence period namely the Kunzru Wanchoo and Sikri Committees to investigate into the 712 affairs of the Railways with particular reference to accidents and though detailed and useful recommendations have been made by these committees there has been no adequate implementation thereof
Particular reference has been made to the unmanned level crossings increasing human error as a contributing factor to accidents non allocation of adequate funds for improvements improper utilisation of the assets and facilities inefficiency in the administration at different levels prevalence and increase of indiscipline frequency of thefts robberies and murders of passengers ineffective checking and supervisory system want of replacement of equipment and repairs to bridges as also non provision of adequate facilities to passengers
The Joint Director Safety has filed a counter affidavit in answer to the Rule on behalf of the respondents
It has been averred that the recommendations of the Accidents Enquiry Committees were examined and implemented within the limits of financial and material resources
So far as manned level crossings are concerned there were as many as 14471 of them as on March 1 1982 unmanned level crossings were provided mostly on roads where the volume of road and train traffic was low
It has been further pleaded that periodic review is undertaken about manning of unmanned level crossings and opening of new level crossings in consultation with appropriate State Governments
Initially it used to be the obligation of the respective State Governments to provide for such level crossings at their cost in view of the accepted position that at a level crossing the right of way is of the train in preference to the traffic on the road
As that arrangement was not working well with effect from April 1 1966 a Railway Safety Work Fund has been set up and expenses are being met out of it
From 1978 potentially hazardous unmanned level crossings with a volume of traffic of more than 6000 train vehicle units or poor approach visibility are being manned in a phased manner at the cost of the Railways and control at the gate is also being improved
As on June 1 1982 there were as many as 27233 unmanned level crossings on the Railways and if all of them are to be manned a capital expenditure of 330 crore rupees would be necessary and similarly an annual recurring expenditure of Rs44 crores will have to be met
As a measure of safety whistle boards have been fixed near unmanned level crossings requiring the engine driver to whistle while approaching such level crossings
Most of the States have framed rules under the  making it obligatory for 713 drivers of motor vehicles to stop short of unmanned level crossings observe and then proceed
Speed breakers are usually provided on the road approaches to all unmanned level crossings
With a view to educating the users of the roads wide publicity is given through newspapers cinema slides commercial broadcasting and the television about the hazards involved while negotiating unmanned level crossings
It has been alleged that unmanned level crossings are gradually being replaced by manned ones and improved technical gadgets are being provided for efficient operation
Relying on the Sikri Committee Report of 1978 it has been submitted that the State Governments appeared to be aware of their responsibilities in this matter and about 23 of the funds of the Safety Works had been utilised by March 31 1982
While admitting that in the initial period utilisation of funds was poor and finalisation of schemes for over bridges and under bridges was slow the situation is claimed to have improved and in 1982 83 as many as 15 works in different States involving an expenditure of Rs22 crores have been cleared
Dealing with manpower the counter affidavit asserts that direct recruits are given proper training required for the respective posts and only qualified people are entrusted with assignments
Pragmatic and scientific classification of various posts has been made and suitable care is being taken in this regard
So far as the locomotive drivers are concerned strict vision standards have been laid down and general physical fitness is a prescribed pre requisite
Drivers are subjected to periodical medical examination until the age of 45 at intervals of three years and thereafter until superannuation every year
Every accident it has been averred is thoroughly enquired into to fix the responsibility for it and to visit the delinquent with proper punishment
Ordinarily such enquiries are conducted by the administrative machinery
Accidents involving loss of human life and properties estimated over one lakh are earmarked for enquiry by Commissioners of Railway Safety who as authorities appointed under section 4 of the Act function independently of the Railway Administration and are under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Enquiries by the Railway officials are stipulated to commence within three days of the accident and are intended to be over within one week of their commencement while enquiries by Commissioners of Railway Safety are also required to start within three days and official reports are required to be made within 60 days 714 of the accident
Adequate disciplinary control is exercised and on the findings of the enquiries the delinquent officials are visited with necessary punishment
Adverting to robberies and dacoities in the running trains it has been pointed out that they are problems of law and order maintenance of which is an obligation of the State Governments
Government Railway Police Civil Police and plain clothed CID officers operate for the purpose of reducing crime and for detection
A moiety share of the cost of GRP is borne by the Railway administration
Added to this the Railway Protection Force is maintained to protect consignments booked for transport as also Railway property
The overall strength of the GRP stands at 6740
They escort passenger trains running at night by deploying armed guards provide beat patrolling at stations and waiting halls keep surveillance over criminals and post pickets at vulnerable points
With reference to improvements in the rolling stock and required gadgets it has been stated that the Sixth Plan for the Railways has been termed as Rehabilitation Plan 
Overaged gadgets are intended to be withdrawn subject to availability of resources and manufacturing capacity within the country
The Planning Commission which is an expert body is responsible for fixing of the priorities
It has again been pleaded that there are nearly 120000 bridges on the Railways out of which 195 are important bridges and nearly 9400 are major bridges
It is said that every bridge is annually inspected and continuous record is maintained in regard to every bridge in the bridge register
On an average 400 to 600 bridges are annually built
Speed restriction is imposed on old and weak bridges and at present there are 202 such bridges
Figures of six years between 1977 and 1983 of the outlay on bridges have been provided which indicate substantial sums having been set apart for the rebuilding of bridges
It is said that the total life of 80 years for steel work and 100 years for masonry part of the bridges stipulated in the Railway Code is for the purpose of provision in the Depreciation Reserve Fund
The codal life does not have any direct relevance with the condition of a bridge and there is no necessity of rebuilding a bridge when its codal life is over
There has been no instance where the work of bridge rebuilding has been postponed for lack of funds and no accident has occurred owing to structural failure of any bridge or girders
715 Colour light signalling which is an improved device less dependent on direct visibility and where signal is pre warned by a signal in the rear is being provided on the trunk and main routes on a graduated scale
Automatic warning system has been introduced in Gaya Mughalsarai and Howrah Burdwan chord line sections on the Eastern Railway
Due to theft of aluminium track magnets the system has been found not very satisfactory
Experiments are being made for evolving a design which would not be prone to theft
The petitioner has filed a rejoinder pointing out that the counter affidavit clearly indicated a negative approach on the part of the respondents to the entire matter
According to the petitioner assistance of 500 crores of rupees was to come during the year ending March 31 1983 and from out of such funds pressing improvements like manning the unmanned level crossings could be undertaken
Reliance has been placed on the observations of Sikri Committee that accidents at unmanned level crossings take a heavy toll of human lives every year
The petitioner has pleaded for abolition of overtime employment of safety category staff
He has pointed out that though he asked for directions for providing appropriate monitoring of speed of trains particularly at accident prone spots in the track no reply has been given thereto in the counter affidavit
The strength of the GRP has been said to be totally inadequate keeping in view the size of the Railways and volume of the passenger traffic it handles
The petitioner has denied the assertion in the counter affidavit that no accident has taken place on account for defective bridges and has pointed out that the accident of June 6 1981 on a river bridge in the Bihar State was attributable to this factor only
The petitioner has pleaded again for the introduction of the automatic warning system and has referred to a publication of the Directorate of Safety Railway Board entitled A Review of Accidents on Indian Railways 1979 80 where the introduction of automatic warning system has been suggested to be introduced to avoid accidents
He has also pleaded for enhancing the minimum compensation in the event of loss of life of a passenger arising out of accidents to a sum of Rs 75000 by appropriate amendment of section 82A 2 of the Act
The petitioner has found fault with the counter affidavit for being silent in regard to his plea for the appointment of Railway Inspectors to make periodical inspection of carriages engines tracks etc
716 The lis before us is not of the ordinary type where there are two contending parties a claim is raised by one and denied by the other issues are struck evidence is led and the findings follow
Though the petitioner is commuter of trains run by the Indian Railways the writ petition is essentially in the nature of public interest litigation and the petitioner has attempted to voice the grievances of the community availing the services of the Indian Railways
In view of the recent pronouncements of this Court no objection has been raised in the counter affidavit and we have not been called upon to adjudge the locus standi of the petitioner to maintain an action like this
Railways came to India in 1853 and the first track to be laid was of a small length connecting the then city of Bombay with a suburb
Through the decades that followed the expansion was usually for considerations of trade and commerce troop movement and administrative convenience
More of expansion came gradually connecting almost the entire country through a well woven net work of Railways and by the time the country became independent most of the Railways had been nationalised and Railways constituted the most important commercial activity of the Government of India
As early as 1850 and three years before the opening of the first Railway track Lord Dalhousie the then Governor General of India had said in his minutes I trust they the East India Company and the Government of India will ever avoid the error of viewing Railways as private undertakings and will regard them as national works over which the Government may justly exercise and is called upon to exercise stringent and salutary control This control should not be an arbitrary right of interference but a regulated authority defined and declared by law which is not to be needlessly or vexatiously exacted but which in my humble judgment is necessary at once for the interests of the State and for the protection of the public Minutes of Lord Dalhousie July 4 1850
This regard for the public interest during the pre independence period was often subject to the limitations imposed by the British Capital and Management and by British Commercial and economic interests until the Railways were nationalised between 1925 and 1944
717 At any rate by 1947 when the foreign domination ended the Railways had emerged as the main viable and stable means of transport and were providing the lifeline and link throughout the length and breadth of the country
By 1955 the total length of all Indian Railways was 34705 miles and the capital sunk was more than 900 crore rupees
The rise in the importance of the Railways in the national sphere has been gradual
With the expansion of the Railways a high powered body known as the Railway Board has come to be placed at the apex of control and with the new set up following independence a Minister remained incharge to administer the affairs of the Railways through the Board
As early as 1924 by a resolution known as the Convention Resolution of the Legislative Assembly the Railway budget had been separated from the general budget and this historical practice has been continued till today
Today the Railways provide the most effective means of transport both for passengers also for the goods traffic
The Railways have a great impact in holding this great country together and in promoting and running its economy
Their contribution to the community is manifold some seen and others not apparently visible
Briefly stated it is a big force the largest employer in the country and a monopoly transport agency
Before we come to deal with the specific aspects raised in the writ petition and countered by the respondents certain general observations need be made
The Indian Railways are a socialised public utility undertaking
There is at present a general agreement among writers of repute that the price policy of such a public Corporation should neither make a loss nor a profit after meeting all capital charges and this is expressed by covering all costs or breaking even and secondly the price it charges for the services should correspond to relative costs
Keeping the history of the growth of the Railways and their functioning in view the commendable view to accept may be that the rates and fares should cover the total cost of service which would be equal to operational expenses interest on investment depreciation and payment of public obligations if any
We need not however express any opinion about it
After independence keeping to the ideologies that had been nurtured during the period of struggle an attempt has been made 718 for the simplification of the classes in the Railways
Instead of first class second class inter class and third class two classes only have been maintained namely the first class and the second class besides the air conditioned class
In developed countries usually the classification is higher and lower sleeping or sitting and the like
In India 90 of the earnings in respect of passenger traffic come from the lower class commuters
Also after independence expansion projects have been undertaken and many areas which have hitherto remained unlinked and unconnected have been joined up as part of the national lifeline
Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru first Prime Minister of India had once said Our final aim can only be a classless society with equal economic justice and opportunity to all a society organised on a planned basis for the raising of mankind to higher material and cultural level 
Every thing that comes in the way will have to be removed gently if possible forcibly if necessary
And there seems to be little doubt that coercion will often be necessary
 This approach on principle does not appear to have been abandoned
It is proper that this is worked out also in the Railways and as quickly as possible classification conforming to this is introduced
It is manifest that the Indian Constitution has definitely rejected the authoritarian form of Government and directed the State to bring about an egalitarian social order through the rule of law
In keeping with this mandate several guiding policies are being indicated but implementation is not being made
What Tolstoy remarked can relevantly be quoted as apt The abolition of slavery has gone on for a very long time
Rome abolished slavery America abolished it and we did but only the words were abolished not the thing
 The implementing machinery has become non functional
This is so not only in our country
Wilfred Jenks in his address in April 1972 to the International Law Organisation had summed up the position thus 719 Throughout the world there is an acute crisis of confidence in integrity and fairness
This crisis of confidence lies at the heart of political instability economic disorder industrial disturbance racial and religious conflict cultural anarchy youth unrest and continuous international tension
Disruptive in all these fields it paralyses action to remove its causes
 Burger CJ of the United States has said We are approaching the status of an imperfect society where capability of maintaining elementary security in the streets in the schools and for the homes of our people is in doubt
At every stage of the criminal process the system cries out for change
 What has been extracted above appropriately summarises the current situation all the world over
No purpose is served by placing the blame at the doors of the Government of the day
We must have realism and candour
Independence has been secured at great cost and sacrifice
It is our obligation to maintain it and create an environment in which its fruits can be harvested and shared
Freedom brings responsibility
There can be no rights without responsibilities
In our country unfortunately individual rights seem to have received disproportionate emphasis without proper stress on corresponding social obligations and responsibilities
In a welfare State like ours the citizen is for ever encountering public officials at various levels regulators and dispensers of social services and managers of State operated enterprises
It is of the utmost importance that the encounters are as just and as free from arbitrariness as are the familiar encounters of the rights
Edmund Burke spoke thus All persons possessing a portion of power ought to be strongly and awfully impressed with an idea that they act in trust and they are to account for their conduct in that trust to the one great master author and founder of society
 720 Equally apt are the observations of Lord Denning in his address to the National Conference of the Law Society in 1980 When you look upon these scientific achievements then look back for a moment on our world today what do you see Crime increasing every where sins disgraceful sins corroding corruption increasing everywhere
When we see this surely we recall the words of 2000 years ago what doth it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul
 What is therefore of paramount importance is that every citizen must get involved in the determined march to resurrect the society and subordinate his will and passion to the primordial necessity of order in social life
Abraham Lincoln once told his Congress This country with its institutions belongs to the people who inhabit it Such also is the position in our country
Everyone in the country must realise this and be told the great truth said by Lord Wright The safeguard of British liberty is in the good sense of the people Liver sidge vs Anderson  It is useful to conclude our general observations by quoting from Robert Ingersoll A Government founded on anything except liberty and justice cannot stand
All the wrecks on either side of the stream of time all the wrecks of the great cities and all the nations that have passed away all are a warning that no nation founded upon injustice can stand
From the sand enshrouded Egypt from the marble wilderness of Athens and from every fallen crumbling stone of the once mighty Rome comes a wail as it were the cry that no nation founded on injustice can permanently stand
 721 Having thus cleared the way by indicating the approach ordinarily the powers of the Court to deal with a matter such as this which prima facie appears to be wholly within the domain of the Executive should have been examined
Lord Simond in Shaw vs Director Public Prosecution has observed I entertain no doubt there remains in the Courts of Law a residual power to enforce the supreme and fundamental purpose of the law to conserve not only the safety and order but also the moral welfare of the State and that it is their duty to guard against attacks which may be more insiduous because they are novel and unprepared for
 Mathew J in Murlidhar Aggarwal vs State of UP indicated Public policy does not remain static in any given community
It may vary from generation to generation and even in the same generation
Public policy would be almost useless if it were to remain in fixed moulds for all time
If it is variable if it depends on the welfare of the community at any given time how are the courts to ascertain it  The Judges are more to be trusted as interpreters of the law than as expounders of public policy
However there is no alternative under our system but to vest this power with Judges
The difficulty of discovering what public policy is at any given moment certainly does not absolve the Judges from the duty of doing so
In conducting an enquiry as already stated Judges are not hidebound by precedent
The Judges must look beyond the narrow field of past precedents though this still leaves open the question in which direction they must cast their gaze The learned Judge then quoted with approval the famous statement of Cardozo The Nature of Judicial Process 722 No doubt there is no assurance that Judges will interpret the mores of their day more wisely and truly than other men
But this is beside the point
The point is rather that this power must be lodged somewhere and under our Constitution and laws it has been lodged in the Judges and if they have to fulfil their function as Judges it would hardly be lodged elsewhere
 The petitioner has grounded his petition on Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution
Article 19 inter alia guarantees freedom of movement throughout the territory of India and to practice any profession to carry on any occupation trade or business and Article 21 guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty except according to procedure prescribed by law
The petitioner has maintained that he may every citizen of this country for the matter of that is entitled to demand that the State shall provide adequate facilities and create and maintain an environment in which the right to move freely and carry on any business or profession would both be practicable and feasible
Since the State maintains the Railways which provide the link and make working out of both these rights possible it is contended such facilities should be in good shape adequate prompt efficient economic and within the reach of the common man free from danger or apprehension of life
Similarly this service must operate efficiently for transport of goods to facilitate business and practice of profession and trade by citizens
There is hardly any scope to doubt that the guarantees provided in Part III of the Constitution are fundamental and it is the paramount obligation of the State to ensure availability of situations circumstances and environments in which every citizen can effectively exercise and enjoy those rights
The right to life has recently been held by this Court to connote not merely animal existence but to have a much wider meaning to include the finer graces of human civilization
If these rights of the citizens are to be ensured it is undoubtedly the obligation of the Union of India and its instrumentalities to improve the established means of communication in this country
Here again however we need not express any opinion as we do not propose to give any directions to the opposite parties
No dispute regarding maintainability having been raised that question also did not arise for consideration
We have said earlier that the Railways are a public utility service run on monopoly basis
Since it is a public utility there is 723 no justification to run it merely as a commercial venture with a view to making profits
We do not know at any rate it does not fall for consideration here if a monopoly based public utility should ever be a commercial venture geared to support the general revenue of the State but there is not an iota of hesitation in us to say that the common man s mode of transport closely connected with the free play of this fundamental right should not be
We agree that the Union Government should be free to collect the entire operational cost which would include the interest on the capital outlay out of the national exchequer
Small marginal profits cannot be ruled out
The massive operation will require a margin of adjustment and therefore marginal profits should be admissible
It is of paramount importance that the services should be prompt efficient and dignified
The quality of the service should improve
Travel comforts should be ensured
Facilities in running trains should be ensured
Quality of accommodation and availability thereof should be ensured
The administration should remain always alive to the position that every bona fide passenger is a guest of the service
Ticketless travelling has to be totally wiped out
We are of the view that it is this class of passengers which is a menace to the system
Without any payment these law breakers disturb the administration and genuine passengers
Stringent laws should be made and strictly enforced to free the Railways from this deep rooted evil
Security both to the travelling public as also to the non travelling citizens must be provided and this means that accidents have to be avoided attack on the persons of the passengers and prying on their property has to stop
Scientific improvements made in other countries and suitable to the system in our country must be briskly adopted
The obligations cast by the Railways Act and the Rules under it must be complied with
It is relevant to point out here that in the counter affidavit the respondents have denied some of the assertions of the petitioner yet no dispute has been generally raised to the stand taken in the writ petition
We are alive to the fact that Government have limitations both of resources and capacity yet we hope that the Government and the Administration would rise to the necessity of the occasion and take it as a challenge to improve this great public utility in an effective way and with an adequate sense of urgency
If necessary it shall set up a high powered body to quickly handle the many faced problems standing in the way
Giving directions in a matter like this where availability of resources has a material bearing policy regarding 724 priorities is involved expertise is very much in issue is not prudent and we do not therefore propose to issue directions
We however do hope and believe that early steps shall be taken to implement in a phased manner the improvements referred to in the counter affidavit and in our decision
We think it proper to conclude our decision by remembering the famous saying of Henry Peter Broughan with certain adaptations It was the boast of Augustus that he found Rome of bricks and left it of marble
But how noble will be the boast of the citizens of free India of today when they shall have it to say that they found law dear and left it cheaper found it a sealed book and left it a living letter found it the patrimony of the rich and left it the inheritance of the poor found it the two edged sword of craft and oppression and left it the staff of honesty and the shield of innocence
 It is only in a country of that order that the common man will have his voice heard
The dream can become a reality if every citizen becomes aware of his duty and before asking for enforcement of his right volunteers to perform his obligation
And before we part we must record our appreciation of the performance of the petitioner
He has taken great pains to highlight his stand collected a lot of relevant material and argued his case quite well a doctor by profession though
As this was a public interest litigation we direct that he shall be entitled to consolidated cost of Rs 5000 recoverable from the Railway Ministry of the Union Government unless paid within two months hence


Summary:
Disposing off the petition making certain observations and expressing its inability to issue any directions except awarding costs the Court  HELD 1
Giving directions in a matter like this where availability of resources has a material bearing policy regarding priorities is involved expertise is very much in issue is not prudent to issue any directions
Ordinarily the powers of the court to deal with a matter such as this which prima facie appears to be wholly within the domain of the Executive must be examined
723 H 724 A The Govt
have limitations both of resources and capacity
Yet it is hoped that the Government and the Administration would rise to the necessity of the occasion and take it as a challenge to improve this great public utility Railways in an effective way and with an adequate sense of urgency
If necessary it shall set up a high powered body to quickly handle the many faced problems standing in the way
723 G H 2
As the present case is a public interest litigation the petitioner is entitled to consolidated costs of Rs 5000 recoverable from the Railway Ministry of the Union Government
724 F G 3
There is hardly any scope to doubt that the guarantees provided in Part III of the Constitution are Fundamental and it is the paramount obligation of the State to ensure availability of situations circumstances and environments in which every citizen can effectively exercise and enjoy these rights
The right to life has recently been held by the Supreme Court to connote not merely animal existence but to have a much wider meaning to include the finer graces of human civilization
If these rights of the citizens are to be ensured 710 it is undoubtedly the obligation of the Union of India and its instrumentalities to improve the established means of communication in this country
722 E G 32
The Railways are a public utility service run on monopoly basis
Since it is a public utility there is no justification to run it merely as a commercial venture with a view to making profits
It is not known if a monopoly based public utility should ever be a commercial venture geared to supply the general revenue of the State but there is no doubt that the common man s mode of transport closely connected with the free play of his fundamental right should not be
722 H 723 A 33
The Union Government should be free to collect the entire operational cost which would include the interest on the capital outlay out of the national exchequer
Small marginal profits cannot be ruled out
The massive operation will require a margin of adjustment and therefore marginal profits should be admissible
723 B C 34
On the other hand it is of paramount importance that the services should be prompt
The quality of the service should improve
Travel comforts facilities in running trains and quality of accommodation and availability thereof should be ensured
The Administration should remain always alive to the position that every bonafide passenger is a guest of the service
Ticketless travelling has to be totally wiped out
It is this class of passengers which is a menace to the system without any payment these law breakers disturb the administration and genuine passengers
Stringent laws should be made and strictly enforced to free the Railways from this deep rooted evil Security both of the travelling public as also to the travelling citizens must be provided and this means that accidents have to be avoided attack on the persons of the passengers and prying on their property has to stop
Scientific improvements made in other countries and suitable to the system in our country must be briskly adopted
The obligations cast by the Railways Act and the Rules under it must be complied with
723 C F 35
At the same time no purpose is served by placing the blame at the doors of the Government of the day
All of us should have realism and condour Independence has been secured at great cost and sacrifice
It is every citizen s obligation to maintain it and create an environment in which its fruits can be harvested and shared
719 D E 36 Freedom brings responsibility
There can be no rights without responsibilities
In our country unfortunately individual rights have received disproportionate emphasis without proper stress on corresponding social obligations and responsibilities
In a welfare State like ours the citizen is for ever encountering public officials at various levels regulators and dispensers of social services and managers of State operated enterprises
It is of utmost importance that the encounters are as just and as free from arbitrariness as are the familiar encounters of the rights
What is therefore of paramount importance is that every citizen must get involved in the determined march to resurrect the society and subordinate his will and passion to the primordial necessity of order in 711 social life
If is only in a country of that order that the common man will have his voice heard
The dream can become a reality if every citizen becomes aware of his duty and before asking for enforcement of his right volunteers to perform his obligation
719 E F 720 B C D 724 E