ivil Appeals Nos
1895 1896 1907 of 1974
From the Judgment and Decree dated the 14 10 1974 of the Madras High Court in Election Petitions Nos 1 and 2 of 1974
R N Choudhary and Mrs VD Khanna for the appellant in CAs 189674
YS Chitley TNS Srinivasavaradacharya  G Ramas wamy C Lakshminarain SRL Narain and Vineet Kumar for the appellant in CA 190774
TNC Srinivasavaradacharya SC Lakshminarain SRLNarayan MS Narasimahan for respondent No 10 in CA 1895 Resp
No 6 in CA 1896 and respondent No 7 in CA 1907
A V Rangam and Miss A Subshashini for respondent No 1 in all the appeals and for respondent No 2 in 1907
J M Khanna for respondent No 8 in CAs
1895 1896
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA J
The basic facts giving rise to these appeals being common the same will be disposed of under one judgment
Notice calling for nominations to be filed before 3 PM 11 3 1974 for filling six vacancies to the Rajya Sabha from the State of Tamil Nadu in the biennial elections was issued on March 4 1974 Eleven candidates filed their nominations
On scrutiny which was held on March 12 1974
all those nominations were found to be valid
On 541 14 3 1974 which was the last date fixed for withdrawal three candidates withdrew their nominations leaving eight in the field
The poll was held on 21 3 1974
Counting of votes took place on the same date
The result was published according to which the contesting candidates secured the votes noted against their names as follows 1
Shri Khadar Sha  3500 2
Shri Khaja Mohideen  3700 3
Shri V Subrahmanyam  300 4
Shri CD Natarajan  3500 5
Shri R Mohanarangam 
Nil 6 Shri section Ranaganathan  4100 7
G Lakshmanan  3600 8
DC John  Valampuri John  3700 The requisite quota to secure the election of a candidate was fixed at 2240061 1 3201 and candidates mentioned at serial Nos 1 2 4 6 7 and 8 were declared elected
Two Election Petitions were filed by the unsuccessful candidates
Election Petition 1 of 1974 was filed by Shri R Mohan Rangam and Election Petition 2 of 1974 by Shri V Subrahmanyam
The petitioners prayed that the election of Shri DC John be declared void and set aside under section 100 of the Representation of the People Act 1951
Each of the petitioners claimed that in the event of Shri John s elec tion being set aside he be declared elected under section 101 of the Act
In addition to the Returning Officer the Elec toral Registration Officer and the Chief Election Commis sioner all the seven contestants were impleaded as respond ents
The election of Shri John was assailed on the ground that on March 9 1974 the date of the scrutiny of his nomination he was less than 30 years  of age and as such did not possess the qualification as to age laid down in Article 84b ofthe Constitution
On these premises it was pleaded that the nomination of Shri John was improperly accepted and in consequence thereof the result of the election has been materially affected
A recriminatory petition No 174 under section 97 read with section 83 of the Act was also filed by Shri V Subrahmanyam petitioner in EP 2 74 opposing Mohana Rangam s relief for declaration under section 101
The recriminator alleged that since the petitioner in EP 174 had not secured any vote he
in the event of the election of Shri John being set aside was entitled to be declared elected in the place of Shri John
The learned trial Judge of the High Court tried all the three petitions together and decided them by a common judg ment
8 502SCI77 542 The trial Court held that on the date of the scrutiny of his nomination Shri John being less than 30 years of age was not qualified under article 84b of the Constitution to contest the election to the Rajya Sabha
On this short ground his election was set aside and the Election Petitions were accepted pro tanto
The trial Court howeverdeclined to grant the further declaration under section 101 in favour of either of the election petitioners
Aggrieved by that judgment Shri John has filed in this Court Civil Appeals 1895 1896 of 1974 and Shri V Subrah manyam Civil Appeal 1907 of 1974
The first question that fails to be determined in these appeals is Whether Shri John Was born on May 14 1946 as has been found by the Court below or on May 14 1943 as contended by him  Mr Chowdhary appearing for the appellant Shri John contends that the burden of proving that Shri John was at the material date below 30 years of age was on the elec tion petitioner and that the latter had failed to discharge such burden
Further grievance of Shri Chowdhary is that the High Court had wrongly rejected the oral and docu mentary evidence produced by Shri John
We find these contentions wholly devoid of merit
While it is true that the onus of proving that on the date fixed for the scrutiny of nominations Shri John was less than 30 years of age was on the election petitioners they had amply discharged this onus by bringing on record overwhelming documentary evidence of a cogent and convinc ing character
This documentary evidence includes no less than a dozen previous admissions and declarations made by Shri John himself about his age between March 1964 and July 1973
These documents containing such declarations consti tuting Shri John s admissions are i exhibit
P7 Application for Pre University Examination
ii exhibit
P 9 Application for BA Examination
iii exhibit P l4 Application for appearing in University Examination
iv exhibit
P l5 Application for the first BGL Examination
v exhibit
P l7 Application for admission to BGL Examina tion
vi exhibit
P l8 Application for second BGL Examination April 1972
vii exhibit
P 19 Application for second BGL Examination Octo ber 1972
viii exhibit
P 21 Application for admission into Law Col lege
iv exhibit 22 Application for BL Degree Examination
543 x Ex
P 23a b  c Applications dated 23 71973 for enrolment as Advocate submitted to the Bar Council
xi Ex
P 27 Voters Card containing declaration of his age as 28 years signed by Shri John
xii exhibit
P 87 a Book written by Shri John containing a passage on its page 18 suggesting the inference that Shri John was born in 1946
All these documents aforesaid contain admissions made by Shri John that he was born in 1946
In several of these documents he declared 14 5 1946 as his date of birth
It is well settled that a party s admission as defined in Sees
17 to 20 fulfilling the requirements of Sec 21 Evidence Act is substantive evidence proprio vigore
An admission if clearly and unequivocally made is the best evidence against the party making it and though not conclu sive shifts the onus on to the maker on the principle that what a party himself admits to be true may reasonably be presumed to be so and until the presumption was rebutted the fact admitted must be taken to be established
The above principle will apply with greater force in the instant case
Here there are a number of clear admissions in prior declarations precisely and deliberately made in solemn documents by Shri John
These admissions were made ante litem motam during the decade preceding the election in question
These admissions were entitled to great weight
They had shifted the burden on the appellant Shri John to show that they were incorrect
The appellant had miserably failed to show that these admissions were incor rect
Apart from the evidence of these prior admissions the election petitioners had brought other documentary evidence also pointing to the conclusion that Shri John was born on 14 5 1946 and not 14 5 1943
This evidence consisted of 1
a Exhibit P 1 an entry in the records of St Xavier s College School wherein the date of Shri John s birth is recorded as 14 5 1946 b exhibit
P3 which purports to have been signed by the guardian of Shri John declar ing his age as 14 5 1946 c Ex
P 2 the ESs
LC signed by Rama Prabhu the Secretary to the Commission for Government Examinations
This Certificate was issued under the authority of law
exhibit
P 4 Secondary School Leaving Certifi cate wherein Shri John s date of birth is entered as 14 5 1946
544 3
exhibit
P 50 copy of the Fort St George Gazette dated 19 2 1964 showing Shri John s date of birth as 14 5 1946
aEx
P 5 the transfer certificate issued by the St Xavier s High School
b exhibit
P 10 transfer certificate issued by the Principal of the College
c exhibit
P 13 entry in the admission register of the College for joining the first year BGL d exhibit
P 16 entry in the admission regis ter of the College for admission to second year BGL Class
e exhibit P 10 entry in admission register of the College 5
Bar Council Records relating to exhibit P 23 6
Marriage Register exhibit
P 29 containing in the column captioned Age as against the name of Shri John the entry 26 years and the date of his baptism as 19 10 1946
ExP30 Periodical report from the Church es regarding marriages solemnised therein required under the  showing that Shri John s marriage was solemnised in St Francis Xavier s Church  Madras on 6 4 1972 by Fr GK Swami and that on the date of this marriage he was 26 years of age
Exhibits P11 P 11a P 12 and P l2a records TELC Kabis High School showing Shri John s date of birth as 14 6 1946
9 Exp 28 Book Varalatril Kalaignar Writ ten by Shri John containing biographical sketch
Therein his date of birth is men tioned as 14 10 1946
The petitioner had also examined witnesses who testi fied with regard to these documents and the facts appear ing therein
The learned trial Judge has carefully dis cussed and evaluated this documentary and oral evidence
No material error or illegality on the part of the learned Judge in appreciating this evidence has been pointed out
The learned Judge found that the entries ExP29 in the Marriage Register are of great evidentiary value
Mr Chaudhury assails this finding
According to him no legal provision or rule of practice requires that the date of Baptism should be entered in such Register
Secondly it is urged that the date of baptism given therein is 19 10 1946 which stands falsified by the evidence of Rev Fr Rosario the Parish Priest who had baptised Shri John about 7 days after his birth in 1943
It is further argued that the best evidence as to Shri John s date of birth could be that of the entry in the Public Birth Register maintained under authority of law and that the election petitioner on whom the onus lay did not produce that evidence
545 We find no substance in these contentions
In the witness box both Shri John RW 1  and his eider brother RW 3 admitted their respective signatures on this entry ExP 29 in the Marriage Register
They however con tended that the information about the date of baptism was not supplied by them to the Priest who solemnised the mar riage and made this entry
The eider brother RW 3 howev er admitted that they had signed the Register notwith standing the fact that the age of Shri John was mentioned therein as 26 years
Both the brothers however admitted that Shri John s marriage was solemnised in St Francis Xavier Church on 6 4 1972
In view of the admissions of RWs 1 and 3 the High Court was right in holding that ExP29 stood proved and the entries therein were entitled to great weight
As regards the Birth Register of 1946 the election petitioner made repeated attempts to get the same summoned and produced in Court
The process issued by the Court was returned with the report that the Register of 1946 was untraceable
Thereafter a direction was issued by the Court to trace and produce it
A search for this record was made by the record remained untraceable
The Election Petitioner contended before the High Court that Shri John had by the exercise of his influence prevented the produc tion of this record
The High Court found this charge to be incorrect
Nevertheless it held that the Public Birth Register of 1946 had been lost long ago
This being the case the non production of the Birth Register of 1946 must be held to be a neutral circumstance
The discrepancy pointed out by Shri Choudhury as to the date of the baptism of Shri John takes us to the evidence produced by him
Shri John brought on the record three documents R1 R2 and R4
R 1 is an extract from the Bap tism Register kept by the Ovari Tuticorin Diocese
The document R 1 according to the High Court was induct ed in a questionable manner without even an application for it
This was issued by the Parish Priest Peter Royan RW 5 and purports to be a copy of an entry in the Baptism Register which according to the admission wrung out from RW 5 had itself been re written and copied from the original
The Parish Priest conceded that he had burnt the original because it was in a very bad condition
The High Court found and we think rightly that this explanation of non production of the original was thoroughly unsatisfactory and unbecoming of any Christian more so one connected with Church affairs that by this unholy act  of burning the register which was a violation of
Canon 777 Paragraph 676 the witness RW 5 had done great disservice to Christianity and greater disservice to the cause of truth
Since R 1 was only a copy of a copy R 4 the prepara tion of which was itself suspect and the explanation about the non production of the original was palpably unbelieva ble these documents were rightly ruled out of evidence
RW 2 Rev Fr
Rosario stated that he positively remembered that in the year 1943 when he was the Parish Priest he had baptised Shri John
The witness was an old man
He had no Baptism Regis 546 ter or any other contemporaneous record to refresh his memory with regard to an event which took place more than a quarter of a century back
He was deposing to a fact in issue merely from memory
Human memory being fallible it was hazardous to accept his ipse dixit
The oral evidence of the witness could not be preferred to the entry in the Marriage Register exhibit P 29 showing that Shri John on the date of his marriage which took place in 1972 was 26 year old and had been baptised in 1946
It is true that there is a slight discrepancy between the date of his baptism as entered in the Marriage Register and the date of his birth as admitted by him in the various applications he submitted for admission to various classes in College or for enrolment as an Advocate
But there is no discrepancy with regard to the year of birth as well as baptism being 1946
In exhibit
P 29 the date of his baptism is entered as 19 10 1946
The biodata appearing in the book exhibit
P28 which according to the publisher RW 4 was entered by him on the basis of information derived from Shri John gives his date of birth as 14 10 1946 while all the numerous public records the declarations constituting the prior admissions of Shri John produced in evidence by the Election Petitioner consistent ly show Shri John s date of birth as 24 5 1946
We have been taken through the oral evidence rendered by Shri John RW 1 and his eider brother RW 3
Their inter ested testimony makes interesting reading
Shri John was asked in cross examination to state how he came to contest the Rajya Sabha elections  He replied that as usual in his village Ovari he was having a dis cussion with the members of his community to settle a dispute between owners of catamaran and mechanised boats
A suggestion was made to him that he should contest an elec tion to Parliament as a representative of the fishermen community
Shri John told them that  an election to the Council of States is fast approaching and the only thing is I cannot enter the Rajya Sabha because I have not complet ed the age of 30 years Shri John was further questioned by the Counsel Then what happened  He replied My eldest brother was one among those who were assembled there
He told me along with another elderly gentleman whose name I am not able to recollect now What non sense are you talking You have compleated 30 years positively Moreover they told me in adition  We have to refer to the Registers kept in the Church  
With this idea put into his head the witness next morning along with his brother visited the village Church and met Rev Fr
Peter RW 5 and asked for the Baptism Register relating to the witness
Rev Fr
Peter took out the Register exhibit R 4 and turned the leaves and to the surprise of the witness he saw his date of birth noted therein as 14 5 1943
Thereafter Shri John approached the Chief 547 Electoral Officer Madras and made an application ExP23 on 26 2 1974 for correction and change of the date of his birth as noted in the Electoral Roll from 14 5 1946  to 14 5 1943 
His application was allowed and the entry in the Electoral Roll as to age wag amended accordingly on the 6th or 7th March 1974
On further cross examination Shri John frankly conceded that before seeing the Baptism Register in the second week of February 1974 he had all along been under the genuine impression that he was born on 14 5 1946
It was only on seeing the Register that he came to believe that he was born in 1943
It is to be remembered that this Baptism Register R 4 is the same which was found by the High Court to be a suspicious record prepared in suspicious circumstances wholly unworthy of reliance
3 the eider brother of Shri John also stated that when the elders of the village asked him to contest the election he replied that he had not attained the proper age ie 31 years which was necessary to contest the election
Immediately the witness intervened What non sense you are talking  You have attained the proper age  you must go and refer in the Church
About their going to Priest Rev Fr
Peter Royan at the village Church and scrutinising the Baptism Register his version is more or less the same as of RW 1
This witness as already noticed admitted that at the time of his broth er Shri John s marriage he had also signed the entry exhibit
P 29 in the Marriage Register on 6 4 1972
He further conceded that in this entry exhibit P 29 the age of the bride groom Shri John was mentioned as 26 years
He further conceded that in exhibit P 29 the date of Shri John s baptism is noted as 19 10 1946
But the witness wanted the Court to have it believed that he had signed this entry without looking into it
This version was too incredible to be swallowed without demur
The conclusion was inescapable that on 6 4 1972 Shri JD Mohan RW 3 the eldest brother of Shri John whose parents were dead knew that the particulars of this entry
showing his age to be 26 years on 6 4 1972 and the date of his baptism in 1946 were true
That is why he and his brother John without raising any objection affixed their signatures thereto in token of its correctness
We need not dilate on the question of Shri John s age further
All aspects of this issue have been discussed threadbare by the High Court
Suffice it to say that from the evidence on record it stood clearly established that on the date of the scrutiny of the nominations Shri John was less than 30 years of are and in view of Article 84b of the Constitution he was not competent to contest the elec tion for the Rajya Sabha
His nomination was therefore improperly accepted by the Returning Officer and this improper acceptance has in so far as it concerned the returned candidate Shri John materially affected the result of the election
Shri John s election was thus rightly set aside by the High Court
Now we come to the second question whether Shri V Subramanyan appellant in CA 1907 of 1974 is entitled to be declared elected in lieu of Shri John whose election has been set aside  548 Shri Ramaswami learned Counsel for this appellant has advanced alternative arguments
It is submitted that since Shri Mohana Rangam did not secure any vote at all he had ceased to be a continuing candidate and stood  automatically excluded leaving only Shri Subramanyam sole continuing candidate in the field
It is emphasised that Shri Rangam has not filed any recriminatory petition
In this situa tion it is maintained Shri Subramanyam would be deemed to have been elected although he had secured only 300 votes
Reference in this connection has been made to Rule 812 of the Conduct of Election Rules 1961
The alternative argument of Shri Ramaswami is that since Shri John was not a qualified candidate the votes cast in his favour have to be treated as thrown away and even if both Shri Mohan Rangam and Shri Subramanyam are assumed to be continuing_ candidates the surplus votes cast in favour of the five successful candidates had to be trans ferred and redistributed in favour of these continuing candidates
It is urged that for this purpose the Court should send for and scrutinise the ballot papers for further counting
Shri Ramaswami further pointed out that the observations of this Court in Viswanatha Reddy vs Konap pa Rudrappa Nadganda1 to the effect that the votes cast in favour of the disqualified candidate are to be treated as thrown away are equally applicable to the elections for filling vacant seats in the Council of States notwithstand ing the fact that these elections are held according to the system of proportional representation with a single trans ferable vote whereunder there is no question of obtaining majority of valid votes but only the required quota
In support of his contentions Shri Ramaswami has copi ously referred to the treatise the Single Transferable Vote by KV Krishnaswamy Aiyar published in 1946 and the rele vant provisions of the Conduct of Election Rules 1961 for short referred to as the Election Rules
The provisions material for our purpose are containedin Part VII of the Election Rules
Shri KV
Krishnaswamy Aiyar m his bookThe Single Transferable Vote 1946 Edn page 23 sums up the general principles of this mode of election thus The single vote is transferable from one nominee to another and that takes place in two contingencies where there would otherwise be a wastage of votes
They are 1  when a candidate obtains more than what is required for his success and therefore has an unnecessary surplus 2 When a candidate polls so few votes that he has absolutely no chance and therefore the votes nominating him are liable to be wasted Relevant Rules in Part VII of the Election Rules are modulated on the principles enunciated by Shri Aiyar in the aforesaid book
The 1 AIR 1969 SC 604
549 material provisions are contained in Rule 21c 67 70 71 73 to 81 and 85
Under the scheme and system envisaged by these Election Rules each elector has only one vote irrespective of the number of seats to be filled
But that single vote is transferable from one candidate to another
The ballot paper bears the names of the candidates and the elector marks on it his preferences for the candidates by denoting it with the figures 1 2 3 4 and so on against the names chosen by him and this denotation is understood to be alter native in the order indicated vide Aiyar s The Single Transferable Vote The figure 1 set by the elector opposite the name of a candidate means first preference the figure 2 set opposite the name of a candidate the second prefer ence and so on Rule 71ii
The minimum number of valid votes requisite to secure the return of a candidate at the election is called the quota
At an election where only one seat is to be filled every ballot paper is deemed to be of the value of 1 at each count and the quota is determined by adding the values credit to all the candi dates and dividing the total by 2 and adding 1 to the quotient ignoring the remainder if any and the resulting number is the quota vide Rule 75 1 
At an election where more than one seat is to be filled every ballot paper is deemed of the value of 100 and the quota is determined by adding the values credited to all the candidates and divid ing the total by a number which exceeds by 1 the number of vacancies to be filled and adding 1 to the quotient ignor ing the remainder if any and the resulting number is the quota Rule 76
The computation in the preliminary process is as under The returning officer first deals with the covers containing the postal ballot papers and then opens the ballot boxes counts the ballot papers and sorts out and rejects the ballot papers found invalid
A ballot paper is deemed invalid on which a the figure 1 is not marked or b the figure 1 is set opposite the name of more than one candidate or is so placed as to render it doubtful to which candidate it is intended to apply or c the figure 1 and some other figures are set opposite the name of the same candi date or d there is any mark or writing by which the elector can be identified Rule 73
After rejecting the invalid papers the returning officer a arranges the remaining ballot papers in parcels accord ing to the first preference recorded for each candidate b counts and records the number of papers in each parcel and the total number and c credits to each candidate the value of the papers in his parcel
He then determines the quota in accordance with Rule 751 or Rule 76 if the election is to fill one seat or more than one seat as the case may be
550 If at any election held for filling more than one seat at the end of any count or at the end of the transfer of any parcel or sub parcel of an excluded candidate the value of ballot papers credited to a candidate is equal to or great er than the quota that candidate shall be declared elected Rule 78
if at the end of any count the value of the ballot papers credited to a candidate is greater than the quota the surplus is transferred in accordance with the provisions of Rule 79 to the continuing candidates indicat ed in the ballot papers of that candidate as being next in order of the electors  preference Sub Rule 1  of Rule79 Surplus means the number by which the value of the votes original and transferred of any candidate exceed the quota Sub rule 6 of Rule 71
Continuing candidate means any candidate not elected and not excluded from the poll at any given time Sub rule 1  of Rule 71
If more than one candidate have a surplus the largest surplus is dealt with first and the others in order of magnitude but every sur plus arising on the first count is dealt with before those arising on the second count and so on
Where there are more surpluses than one to distribute and two or more surpluses are equal regard shall be had to the original votes of each candidate and the candidate for whom most original votes are recorded shall have his surplus first distributed and if the values of their original votes are equal
the returning officer decides by lot which candidate shall have his sur plus first distributed
Sub rules 2  3 of Rule 78 Original Vote in relation to any candidate means a vote derived from a ballot paper on which a first preference is recorded for such candidate
If the surplus of any candidate to be transferred arises from original votes only the returning officer shall exam ine all the papers in the parcel belonging to that candi date divide the unexhausted papers into sub parcels accord ing to the next preferences recorded thereon and make a separate sub parcel of the exhausted papers Clause a of sub rule 4 of Rule 78
Exhausted paper means a ballot paper on which no further preference is recorded for a continuing candidate provided that a paper shall be deemed to have become exhausted whenever a the names of two or more candidates whether continuing or not are marked with the same figure and are next in order of preference or b the name of the candidate next in order of preference whether continuing or not is marked by a figure not falling consecutively after some other figure on the ballot paper or by two or more figures Sub Rule 3 of Rule 71
The Returning Officer has to ascertain the value of the papers in each sub parcel and of all the unexhausted papers
If the value of the unexhausted papers is equal or less than the surplus he shall transfer all the unexhausted papers at the value at which they were received by the candidate whose surplus is being transferred
If the value of the unex hausted paVers is greater than the surplus he shall trans fer the sub parcels of unexhausted papers and the value at which each paper shall be transferred shall be ascertained by dividing the surplus by the total number of unexhausted Papers Sub Rule 4 of Rule 78
Sub Rule 5 indicates the procedure where the surplus of any candidate to be transferred arises from transferred as well as orginal votes All papers in the parcel or sub parcel of an elected candidate not tansferred under this rule have to set apart as finally dealt with Sub Rule 7 of Rule 78
551 Rule 80 speaks of exclusion of candidates lowest on the poll
It reads 80
Exclusion of candidates lowest on the poll
1 If after all surpluses have been transferred as hereinbefore provided the number of candidates elected is less than the required number the returning officer shall exclude from the poll the candidate lowest on the poll and shall distribute his unexhausted papers among the continuing candi dates according to the next preferences re corded thereon and any exhausted papers shall be set apart as finally dealt with
2 The papers containing original votes of an excluded candidate shall first be trans ferred the transfer value of each paper being one hundred
3  The papers containing transferred votes of an excluded candidate shall then be transferred in the order of the transfers in which and at the value at which he obtained them
4 Each of such transfers shall be deemed to be a separate transfer but not a separate count
5 If as a result of the transfer of papers the value of votes obtained by a candidate is equal to or greater than the quota the count then proceeding shall be completed but no further papers shall be transferred to him
6 The process directed by this rule shall be repeated on the successive exclusion one after another of the candidates lowest on the poll until such vacancy is filled either by the election of a candidate with the quota or as hereinafter provided
7 If at any time it becomes necessary to exclude a candidate and two or more candi dates have the same value of votes and are the lowest on the poll regard shall be had to the original votes of each candidate and the candidate for whom fewest original votes are recorded shall be excluded and if the values of their original votes are equal the candi date with the smallest value at the earliest count at which these candidates had unequal values shall be excluded
8 If two or more candidates are lowest on the poll and each has the same value of votes at all counts the returning officer shall decide by lot which candidate shall be excluded
 Rule 81 deals with the filling of the last vacancies
It may also be extracted in full because a good deal of argument is founded on it
It provides 81
Filling the last vacancies 1 When at the end of any count the number of continuing candidates is reduced to the number of vacancies remaining unfilled the continu ing candidates shall be declared elected
552 2 When at the end of any count only one vacancy remains unfilled and the value of the papers of some one candidate exceeds the total value of the papers of all the other continuing candidates together with any sur plus not transferred that candidate shall be declared elected
3  When at the end of any count only one vacancy remains unfilled and there are only two continuing candidates and each of them has the same value of votes and no sur plus remains capable of transfer the return ing officer shall decide by lot which of them shall be excluded and after excluding him in the manner aforesaid declare the other candi date
to be elected
 The stage is now set for dealing with the contentions canvassed before us
The first question that falls to be considered is Whether Shri Mohana Rangam on account of his failure to secure any vote in the first count is to be treated as excluded from the poll  In other words had he ceased to be a continuing candidate  within the contempla tion of the Election Rules  We have already referred to the definition of Continuing Candidate  in Rule 711
The definition has two elements which must be satisfied before a candidate can be said to be a continuing candidate
He should be a candidate not elected and further
he must not have been excluded from the poll at any given time
Shri Mohann Rangam fulfils both these conditions
Shri Ramaswami however contended that this definition is to be interpreted and applied in the light of what has been said in Rules 74 and 81
The argument is that an essential pre requisite to the continuance of a candidate is the allotment of a basket or parcel under Rule 74 and only such candidate is entitled to the allotment of a ba sket  who at the end of the count gets some vote to his credit and opens his account
Since Shri Rangam proceeds the argument did not get any vote whatever he stood auto matically excluded and no question of allotting any parcel to him arose
The contention must be repelled
There is nothing in Rule 74 or any other Rule which at an election to fill more than one seat requires or empowers the returning officer to exclude a candidate from the poll merely on the ground that in the counting of the first preferences he has not secured any valid vote
SubRule 3 of Rule 75 to which reference was made at one stage has no application to the instant case
That sub rule which requires the returning officer to exclude from the poll a candidate whose score is the lowest governs the counting of votes where only one seat is to be filled and at the end of any count no candidate can be declared elected
Such is not the case before us
Rule 80 also can have no application because it comes into operation at a stage after all sur pluses have been transferred
That stage never arrived in the instant case because in the first counting itself all the six seats were filled up six candidates 553 including Shri John having secured the requisite quota of first preference votes
Nor did the stage for applying Rule 81 arise because at the end of the first count no vacancy remained unfilled
We therefore repel the contention of the learned coun sel and hold that Shri Mohana Rangam did not get automati cally excluded
Both he and Shri Subramanyan were contin uing candidates 
Shri Subramanyan could not be declared elected as he had not obtained the required quota of 3201 votes
This takes us to the next question
Should all the votes that had polled in favour of the candidate Shri John who has been found by the Court to be statutorily disquali fied for election be regarded as thrown away and in consequence the appellant Shri Subramanyan who secured 300 votes as against none obtained by Shri Mohana Rangam be declared elected  Again the answer to this question in our opinion must be in tire negative
It is nobody s case that the electors who voted for Shri John had at the time of election knowl edge or notice of the statutory disqualification of this candidate
On the contrary they must have been under the impression that Shri John was a candidate whose nomination had been validly accepted by the returning officer
Had the electors notice of Shri John s disqualification how many of them would have voted for him and how many for the other continuing candidates including Sarv Shri Subramanyan and Mohan Rangam and in what preferential order remains a question in the realm of speculation and unpredictability
In the view we take we are fortified by the observa tions in this Court s decision in RM Seshadri vs
GV Pai 1
In that case the election of RM Seshadri to the Madras Legislative Council was set aside on the ground that he was guilty of the corrupt practice of hiring or procuring motor vehicles to carry voters
The total votes polled were 12153
Since the voting was by a single transferable vote three out of the five candidates were eliminated at different counts with the result that their votes were transferred to the second candidate named in the ballot
At the final count Seshadri received 5643 votes and his nearest rival GV Pal received 5388 votes
The number of the voters who were carried in the hired or procured vehicles could not be ascertained
Before this Court it was contended that the election of Seshadri having been set aside GV Pai who had polled the next highest number of votes should be declared elected
Hidayatullah CJ speaking for the Court rejected this contention with these observations This question will depend on our reaching the conclusion that but for the fact that voters were brought through this cor rupt practiee to the polling booths the result of the election had been materially affected In a single transferable vote it is very difficult to say how the voting would have gone   at page 701 554 because if all the votes which Seshadri had got had gone to one of the other candidates who got eliminated at the earlier counts those candidates would have won
We cannot order a recount because those voters were not free from complicity
It would be speculating to decide how many of the voters were brought to the polling booths in car
We think that we are not in a position to declare Vasanta Pai as elected because that would be merely a guess or surmise as to the nature of the voting which would have taken place if this corrupt practice had not been perpetrated
 The position in the instant case is no better
It is extremely difficult if not impossible to predicate what the voting pattern would have been if the electors knew at the time of election that Shri John was not qualified to contest the election
In any case Shri Subramanyan
was neither the sole continuing candidate nor had he secured the requisite quota of votes
He cannot therefore be declared elected
The dictum of this Court in Viswanatha vs Konappa supra does not advance the case of the appellant Shri Subramanyan
In that case the election in question was not held according to the system of a single transferable vote
There were only two candidates in the field for a single seat and one of them was under a statutory disqualifica tion Shah J as he then was speaking for the Court held that the votes cast in favour of the disqualified candidate may be regarded as thrown away even if the voters who had voted for him were unaware of the disqualification and the candidate securing the next highest number of votes was declared elected
The learned Judge was however careful enough to add This is not to say that where there are more than two candidates in the field for a single seat and one alone is disquali fied on proof of disqualification all the votes cast in his favour will be discard ed and the candidate securing the next highest number of votes will be declared elected
In such a case question of notice to the voters may assume significance for the voters may not if aware of the disqualification have voted for the disqualified candidate The ratio decidendi of Viswanatha vs Konappa is applicable only where a there are two contesting candidates and one of them is disqualified
b and the election is on the basis of single non transferable vote
Both these condi tions do not exist in the present case
As already dis cussed Shri Subramanyan appellant was not the sole surviv ing continuing candidate left in the field after exclusion of the disqualified candidate Shri John
The election in question was not held by mode of single transferable vote according to which a simple majority of votes secured en sures the success of a candidate but by proportional repre sentation with single transferable vote under which system the success of a candidate normally depends on his securing the requisite quota
555 However the principle underlying the obiter in Viswanatha vs Konappa which we have extracted is
applica ble to the instant case because here after the exclusion of the disqualified candidate two continuing candidates were left in the field


Summary:
In the biennial elections of 1974 for filling six vacancies to the Rajya Sabha from the State of Tamil Nadu there were eight contestants including both the appellants and one R Mohanarangam the petitioner in Election Petition No 1 of 1974
The requisite quota to secure the election of a candidate was fixed at 22400 161 1 3201 and the appellant John secured 3700 votes
While the appellant Subrahmanyam secured 300 votes Mohanarangam failed to secure any
The rest of them secured more than the quota thus leaving surplus votes for transfer within the mean ing of Rule 71 6 of the Conduct of Election Rules
In the election petitions filed by Mohanarangam and Subrahmanyam the election of Sri John was assailed on the ground that on March 12 1974 the date of the scrutiny of the nominations he was less than 30 years of age and as such he did not possess the qualifications as to age laid down under article 84b of the Constitution that the improper acceptance of John s nomination has materially affected the election
The petitioners prayed that the election of Sri John be declared void and set aside under section 100 of the Representation of Peoples Act 1951
Each of the petition ers claimed that in the event of Sri John s election being set aside he be declared elected under section 101 of the Act
A recrimination petition No 174 under section 97 read with section 83 of the Representation of Peoples Act was also filed by the appellant Subramanyam opposing Mohanarangam s relief for the declaration under section 101 of the Act alleging that since the petitioner Mohanarangam in EP 174 had not secured any vote he in the event of the election of Sri John being set aside was not entitled to be declared elect ed in the place of John
The trial Judge of the High Court held that on the date of the scrutiny of nominations Sri John beingless than 30 years of age was not qualified under article 84b of the Constitution to contest the election tothe Rajya Sabha and accepting the election petition pro tanto set aside John s election
The trial Judge however declined to grant further declaration under section 101 in favour of either of the election petitioner
Dismissing the appeals the Court HELD 1 From the evidence on record it stood clearly established that on the date of the scrutiny of nominations Sri John was less than 30 years of age 539 and in view of article 84b of the Constitution he was not competent to contest the election for the Rajya Sabha
His nomination was therefore improperly accepted by the Re turning Officer and this improper acceptance has in so far as  it concerned the returned candidate Sri John materially affected the result of the election
547 F G 2 The onus of proving that on the date fixed for the scrutiny of nominations a contestant was less than 30 years of age was on the election petitioners
In the instant case the petitioners had amply discharged this onus by bringing on record over whelming documentary evidence of a cogent and convincing character
This documentary evidence includes no less than a dozen previous admissions and declarations made between March 1964 and July 1973 by Sri John himself about his age to the effect that he was born in 1946 and that his date of birth was 1451946
Apart from the evidence of these prior admissions the election petitioners had brought other documentary evidence viz the school record purport edly signed by John s guardian Secondary School Leaving Certificate and various other documents of the educational institutions Marriage Register Bar Council Record and Church records etc
pointing to the conclusion that Sri John was born on 1451946 and not on 14 5 1943
542 D H 543 A B F 3 It is well settled that a party s admission as de fined in sections 17 to 20 fulfilling the requirements of section 21 Evidence Act is substantive evidence proprio vigore
An admission if clearly and unequivocally made is the best evidence against the party making it and though not conclusive shifts the onus on to the maker on the principle that what a party himself admits to be true may reasonably be presumed to be so and until the presump tion was rebutted the fact admitted must be taken to be established
In the instant case there are a number of clear admissions in prior declarations precisely and delib erately made in solemn documents by Shri John
These admis sions were made ante litem motam during the decade preceding the election in question
These admissions were entitled to great weight
They had shifted the burden on the appellant Shri John to show that they were incorrect
The appel lant had miserably failed to show that these admissions were incorrect
543 C E 4 Under Rule 711 of the Conduct of Election Rules 1961 Continuing candidate means any candidate not elected and not excluded from the poll at any given time
Two elements must therefore be satisfied before a candidate can be said to be a Continuing candidate
He should be a candidate not elected and further he must not be excluded from the poll at any given time
In the instant case Sri Mohanarangam fulfils both these conditions
550 B 552 C 5 The contention that an essential prerequisite to the continuance of a candidate is the allotment of a bas ket or parcel under Rule 74 and only such candidate is entitled to the allotment of a basket who at the end of the count gets some vote to his credit and opens his account and since Mohanarangam did not get any vote whatever he stood automatically excluded is not correct
There is nothing in Rule 74 or any other Rule which at an election to fill more than one seat requires or empowers the Return ing Officer to exclude a candidate from the poll merely on the ground that in the counting of the first preferences he has not received any valid vote
552 E H 6 Sub Rule 3 of Rule 75 which requires the Return ing Officer to exclude from the poll a candidate
whose score is the lowest governs the counting of votes where only one seat is to be filled and at the end of any count no candidate can be declared elected
Sub Rule 3 of Rule 75 has no application to the instant case
552 G 7 Rule 80 can have n6 application because it comes into operation at a stage after all surpluses have been trans ferred
That stage never arrived in the instant case because in the first counting
itself all the six seats were filled up six candidates including Shri John having received the requisite quota of first preference votes
Nor did the stage for applying Rule 81 arise because at the end of the first count no vacancy remained untitled
In the instant case shri Mohanarangam did not get automatically excluded
Both he and Sri Subrahmanyam were continuing candidates
Sri Subrahmanyam could not be declared elected as he had not obtained the required quota of 3201 votes
522 H 553 A 540 8 The ratio decidendi of Viswanatha vs Konappa is applica ble only where a there are two contesting candidates and one of them is disqualified b and the election is on the basis of single non transferable vote
In the instant case the election in question was not held by mode of single non transferable vote according to which a simple majority of votes secured ensures the success candidate but by proportional representation with single transferable yore under which system the success of a candidate normally depends on his securing the requisite quota
Shri Subrah manyam was not the sole surviving continuing candidate left in the field after exclusion of the disqualified candi date Shri John
554 G H 555 A Wiswanatha vs Konappa AIR 1969 SC 604 distinguished
All the votes that had polled in favour of Shri John who has been found by the court to be statutorily disqualified for election cannot be regarded as thrown away and in conse quence the appellant Shri Subrahmanyam who secure 300 votes as against none obtained by Shri Mohanarangam cannot be declared elected
Shri Subrahmanyam was neither the sole continuing candidate not had be secured the requisite quota of votes
It is nobody s case that the electors who voted for Shri John had at the time of election knowledge or notice of the statutory disqualification of this candidate
On the contrary they must have been under the impression that Shri John was a candidate whose nomination had been validly accepted by the Returning Officer
Had the electors notice of Shri John s disqualification how many of them would have voted for him and how many for the other continu ing candidates including Sarvashri Subrahmanyam and Mohana rangam and in what preferential order remains a question in the realm of speculation and unpredictability
553 B E RM
Seshadri vs
GV Pai   p 701 fol lowed