Civil Appeal Nos
1144 1145 of 1969
From the judgment and decree dated the 5th March 1964 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in First Appeal No 14 of SS Ray GS Solanki section Kachwah and KJ John for the Appellant in CA 114469 and for Respondent Nos 2 and 3 in CA 114569
G L Sanghi
AG Ratnaparkhi and KK Gupta for the Appellant in CA 114569 and for Respondent No 2 in CA 1144 of 1969
191 VS Desai and Dr YS Chitale
Rameshwar Nath KA Chitale and Mrs section Ramachandran for Respondent No 1 in both the Appeals
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DESAI J
What constitutes part performance within the meaning of the expression in Section 53 A of the Transfer of Property Act  Act  for short so as to clothe a mortgagee in possession with the title of ownership which would defeat the suit of the erstwhile mortgagor for redemption is the question canvassed in these two appeals by common certificate
Facts first Sardar Govindrao Mahadik original plaintiff 1 now deceased prosecuting these appeals through his legal representatives and Gyarsilal original plaintiff 2 appellant 2 filed Civil Suit No 14151 in the Court of the District Judge Indore for redemption of a mortgage in respect of house No 41 more particularly described in plaint paragraph 1 dated February 22 1951
A loan of Rs 10000 was secured by the mortgage
The mortgage was mortgage with possession
Plaintiff I was the mortgagor and the sole defendant Devi Sahai was the mortgagee
Plaintiff 2 is a purchaser of the mortgaged property from plaintiff I under a registered sale deed exhibit P I dated October 14 1950
Plaintiff I will be referred to as mortgagor Defendant Devi Sahai as a mortgagee and plaintiff 2 Gyarsilal as subsequent purchaser in this judgment
Even though the mortgage was mortgage with possession it was not a usufructuory mortgage but an anomalous mortgage in that the mortgagor had agreed to pay interest at the rate of 12 and the mortgagee was liable to account for the income of the property earned as rent and if the mortgagee himself occupied the same he was bound to account for the rent at the rate of Rs 515 per annum
Mortgagor served notice dated October 5 1945 calling upon the mortgagee to render true and full account of the mortgage transaction
The mortgagee failed to comply with the notice
Subsequently it appears that there were some negotiations between the mortgagor and the mortgagee which according to the mortgagee culminated in a sale of the mortgaged property in favour of mortgagee for Rs 50000
Account of the mortgage transaction was made and the consideration of 192 Rs 50000 for the sale of the house which would mean sale of equity of redemption was worked out as under Rs 25000 Principal mortgage money plus the amount found due as interest on taking accounts of mortgage
Rs 17735 Given credit for the amounts taken from time to time by the mortgagor from the mortgagee s for domestic expenses
This is disputed as incorrect and it was suggested that the entry be read as amount retained to pay off other creditors of the mortgagor
Rs 1000 Taken in advance for purchasing stamps and incurring registration expenses
Rs 6265 To be paid in cash at the time of registration before the Sub Registrar
Rs 50000 Requisite stamps were purchased and the draft sale deed was drawn up on October 10 1950 but it was never registered
On October 14 1950 Ist plaintiff mortgagor sold the suit house by a 
registered sale deed to plaintiff 2 Gyarsilal for Rs 50000 with an agreement for resale
Thereafter the mortgagor and the subsequent purchaser as plaintiffs 1 and 2 respectively filed a suit on February 22 1951 against mortgagee defendant Devi Sahai for taking accounts of the mortgage transaction and for a decree for redemption
The mortgagee Devi Sahai defended the suit on diverse grounds but the principal and the only defence canvassed was one under section 53A of the Act namely that even though the sale deed purporting to sell equity of redemption having not been registered would not clothe the mortgagee with title of owner to the mortgaged property yet he could defend his possession as transferee owner under the doctrine of part performance in as much as not only is the mortgagee in possession in part performance of the contract of sale but has continued in possession in part perfor 193 mance of the contract and has done several acts unequivocally referable or attributable to the contract and that the mortgage as transferee has not only performed but is willing to perform his part of the contract and therefore the mortgagor is debarred from enforcing against the mortgagee any right in respect of the mortgaged property
As a necessary corollary it was also contended that plaintiff 2 has acquired no right title or interest in the mortgaged property under the alleged sale deed dated October 14 1950 in view of the fact that the transferor viz original mortgagor had no subsisting title to the property on the date of the sale which he could have transferred to the 2nd plaintiff
Arising from the pleadings of the parties trial court framed five issues
The trial court held that plaintiff I executed a sale deed of the mortgaged property in favour of the defendant mortgagee but as the sale deed was not registered the transaction of sale is riot complete on the issue of protection of section 53A claimed by the defendant mortgagee the trial court held against him
It was held that the mortgage being mortgage with possession continued possession of the mortgagee after the date of the contract dated October 10 1950 would not be in part performance of the con tract
The trial court further held that no payment was made could remotely be said to be in part performance of the contract
With regard to the payment of Rs 1000 for purchase of stamps and expenses of registration it was held that the same was paid before the execution of the contract and therefore could not be said to be in furtherance of the contract
On these findings the trial court held that section 53A of the Act was not attracted and the mortgage was accordingly held to be subsisting and a preliminary decree for taking accounts was passed
A Commissioner was appointed for taking accounts
Defendant mortgagee Devi Sahai preferred Civil First Appeal No 1466 to the Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court
When this appeal was pending appellant Motilal in cognate Civil No 114569 applied under order 22 rule 10 Code of Civil Procedure for being joined as a party to the appeal claiming that under s the sale certificate dated March 25 1953 issued by the Additional City Civil Judge First Class Indore he had purchased the equity of redemption in respect of the mortgaged property and that he has a subsisting interest in the property involved in the dispute and therefore he would contest the rights of the plaintiffs as well as of the mortgagee defendant to claim any right title or interest in the 194 property
In his application Motilal alleged that he had filed Civil Suit No 24347 dated November 31947 for recovering a certain amount against the 1st plaintiff mortgagor and had secured attachment before judgment of the mortgaged property on November 6 1947
His suit was decreed to the extent of Rs 2500 by the trial court
He filed execution application No 21651 and in this proceeding the mortgaged property was sold subject to mortgage and he purchased the same for Rs 300
The auction sale was confirmed on September 25 1953
It may also be mentioned that the mortgagor 1st plaintiff had preferred appeal against the decree of the trial court and the appellate court by its judgment dated March 27 1953 allowed the appeal and dismissed the suit of Motilal in entirety
Against the appellate decree Motilal filed Second Appeal No 7853 in the High Court and by its judgment dated September 4 1958 Motilal s claim to the tune of Rs 500 against the Ist plaintiff mortgagor along with proportionate interest and costs was decreed
The application of Motilal for being impleaded as a party was contested by the Ist and the 2nd plaintiffs as well as by the defendant mortgagee
The High Court allowed the application of Motilal for being joined as party to the appeal and examined the contentions advanced on his behalf on merits
The only contention canvassed by the mortgagee in his appeal in the High Court was that he is entitled to the protection conferred by Section 53A of the Act
In order to attract section 53A it was urged that Rs 1000 advanced to mortgagor for purchase of stamps etc
was in furtherance of the contract
The only such act pleaded was payment of Rs 1000 and no other act or circumstance was relied upon
The High Court was of the opinion that original mortgagee Devi Sahai was entitled to the benefit of the doctrine of part performance as against the Ist plaintiff mortgagor Govindrao Mahadik and his subsequent transferee Gyarsilal because he was in possession and continued to be in possession and paid Rs 1000 in furtherance of the contract
While so holding the High Court imposed a condition that the mortgagee must pay or deposit in the court an amount of Rs 24000 with interest at the rate of 4 per annum from the date of delivery of possession to him as vendee till the date of payment or deposit on the footing that was the balance consideration promised but not paid by the mortgagee
The deposit was directed to be made in the trial court within three months from the date of the judgment of the High Court for payment to the 2nd respondent which would enable 195 the mortgagee to retain possession of the mortgaged property
The High Court gave a further direction that if the payment or deposit as directed in the judgment was not made the appeal of the mortgagee would stand dismissed and if the amount directed in the judgment of the High Court was paid or deposited in the trial court within the stipulated time the appeal of the mortgagee would stand allowed and in that event the suit of the mortgagor would stand dismissed
In respect of Motilal s claim the High Court directed that in either event he shall be entitled to recover the balance of his decretal amount and interest at the rate of 4 per annum from the date of the auction sale till the date of realisation and to the extent of that amount there shall be a charge on the mortgaged property enforceable at the instance of Motilal
In the circumstances of the case the High Court did not award costs to either side
Both the original plaintiffs and Motilal made separate applications for certificate under Article 133 l a and b of the Constitution which were granted
Hence these two appeals
The Appeal CA 114469 preferred by the original plaintiffs plaintiff 1 being the mortgagor may be dealt with first
In this appeal Ist defendant mortgagee seeks to non suit the plaintiff on the only ground that he is entitled to the benefit of equitable doctrine of part performance as enacted in section 53A of the Act
According to the defendant mortgagee the mortgagor agreed to sell the mortgaged property to the mortgagee for consideration of Rs 50000 made up in the manner set out in the sale deed exhibit 1 dated October 10 1950 and pursuant to the agreement he has given Rs 1000 being part of the consideration for purchasing stamps and for expenses of registration and after stamps were purchased sale deed exhibit 1 was drawn up and executed and since then he being in possession retained the same as a vendee and accordingly he is entitled to the protection of section 53A of the Act
This necessitates focussing of the attention on the requirements what constitutes part performance as enacted in section 53A
Even though at the hearing of the appeals what was the state of law prior to the introduction of section 53A in the Act by the Transfer of Property Amendment Act 1929 was canvassed at length we would like to steer clear of this confusing mass of legal squabble and proceed to analyse the contents of section 53A subsequently referring to legislative cum legal history so far as it is 196 relevant for interpretation of the section
Section 53A reads as under 53A Where any person contracts to transfer for consideration any immovable property by writing signed by him or on his behalf from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty and the transferee has in part performance of the contract taken possession of the property or any part there of or the transferee being already in possession continues in possession in part performance of the contract and has done some act in furtherance of the contract and the transferee has performed or is willing to perform his part of the contract
then not withstanding that the contract though required to be registered has not been registered or where there is an instrument of transfer that the transfer has not been completed in the manner prescribed therefor by the law for the time being in force the transferor or any per son claiming under him shall be debarred from enforcing against the transferred and persons claiming under him any right in respect of the property of which the transferee has taken or continues in possession other than a right expressly provided by the terms of the contract Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of a transferee for consideration who has no notice of the contract or of the part performance thereof
 In order to qualify for the protection conferred by the equitable doctrine of part performance as enacted in section 53A the following facts will have to be established 1 That the transferor has contracted to transfer for consideration any immovable property by writing signed by him or on his behalf from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty 2 That the transferee has in part performance of the contract taken possession of the property or any part thereof
Or the transferee
being already in possession 197 continues in possession in part performance of the contract 3 That the transferee has done some act in furtherance of the contract and 4 That the transferee has already or is willing to perform his part of the contract see Nathulal vs Phool Chand
There was no dispute that the aforementioned conditions have to be satisfied to make good the defence of part performance
The controversy is on their application to the facts of the case
The High Court which accepted the defence of part performance as canvassed on behalf of the mortgagee who claimed to have purchased the property under a sale deed Ext
D 1 dated October 10 1950 found that payment of Rs 1000 for purchase of stamps was an unequivocal act in furtherance of the contract
The defendant mortgagee did not invite the High Court to consider any other act as having been done by him under the contract or furtherance of the contract or unequivocally referable to the contract
However when the matter was heard in this Court Mr V section Desai learned counsel appearing for the respondent mortgagee urged the following acts as having been done by the mortgagee in furtherance of the contract which would constitute part performance a payment of Rs 1000 as agreed to under the contract for purchase of stamps for drawing up and registering the sale deed b discharge of a debt of Rs 541 which was included in the amount of Rs 17735 retained by the mortgagee from the total consideration payable for discharging other debts c mortgagee agreed to discharge the mortgage subsisting on the property in his favour on settlement of accounts 198 d all dues owed by the mortgagor to the mortgagee may have to be taken as cleared on completion of the e nature and character of possession changed as recited in the contract A few more circumstances were relied upon to show that the mortgagee was willing to perform his part of the contract and the omissions pointed out are not fatal to his case
They are f failure to offer the amount agreed to be paid before the Registrar andor not discharging debts agreed to be discharged as having been given credit in the consideration for the sale would not detract from part performance because they have to be evaluated in the facts and circumstances of the case g conduct of the 1st plaintiff mortgagor in executing and registering a sale deed in respect of the mortgaged property in favour of the 2nd plaintiff Gyarsilal and thereby frustrating the contract of sale in favour of the defendant mortgagee evidence that the 1st plaintiff mortgagor was aware of the contract in favour of the defendant mortgagee and he was retaining possession in furtherance of the contract h defendant mortgagee made all attempts to get the deed registered by approaching the Sub Registrar i the defendant mortgagee initiated criminal proceedings against the 1st plaintiff mortgagor for misusing the stamp papers
Ordinarily this Court would be loath to examine contentions of facts based on evaluation of evidence advanced for the first time before this Court without any attempt at inviting the adjudication of the same by the High Court
However as all the contentions arise from the record and proceedings we propose to examine them on merits more so because we do not propose to rest this judgment on a technical around and also because we are inclined to reverse the decision of The High Court which is in favour of 1st defendant mortgagee
199 Section 4 of the Statute of Frauds 1677 of United Kingdom provided that no person shall be charged upon any contract for sale of lands or any interest in land etc
unless the agreement or some memorandum or some note thereof shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged thereunder or some other person there unto by him lawfully authorised
This provision has been substantially re enacted in section 40 i of the Law of Property Act 1925 with this departure that sub section 2 specifically provides that the substantive provision in sub section I does not effect the law relating to part performance or sales by the court
As no action could be brought on oral agreement the doctrine of part performance was devised by the Chancery Court with a view to mitigating the hardship arising out of an advantage taken by a person under an oral contract and failure to enforce it would permit such person to retain the undeserved advantage by the Equity Court enforcing the contract
The situation must be such that not to enforce the contract in face of the defence of Statute of Frauds after taking advantage of oral contract would perpetuate the fraud which the statute sought to prevent The party who altered its position under the contract must have done some act under the contract and it would amount to fraud in the opposite party to take advantage of the contract not being in writing
Such a situation arose where one of the parties to the oral agreement altered its position and when specific performance was sought after taking advantage under oral contract set up the defence available under the Statute of Frauds
The Chancery Court while granting relief of specific performance wanted to be wholly satisfied that the pleaded oral contract exists and is established to its utmost satisfaction and in order to ascertain the existence of the oral contract before granting a relief of specific performance the court wanted to be satisfied that some such act has been done which would be unequivocally referable to the oral contract as would prove the existence beyond suspicion meaning part performance of the contract
The departure under our law is that when giving its statutory form in section 53A of the Act the existence of a written contract has been made sine qua non and simultaneously the statute also insists upon proof of some act having been done in furtherance of the contract
The act relied upon as evidencing part performance must be of such nature and character that its existence would establish the contract and its implantation
Each and every act subsequent to contract by itself may not be sufficient to establish part performance
The act must be of such a character as being 200 One unequivocally referable to the contract and having been per
formed in performance of the contract
In Lady Thynne vs Earl of Glengall it was observed that part performance to take the case out of the Statute of Frauds always supposes a completed agreement
There can be no part performance where there is no completed agreement in existence
It must be obligatory and what is done must be under the terms of the agreement and by force of the agreement
 This approach would necessitate that the act relied upon as being in the part performance of the contract was such as by its own force would show the very same contract as is alleged by the person seeking the protection of part performance
In the fact situation as it unfolds itself in this case continued possession of the mortgagee hardly offers any clue to the question of part performance
Defendant mortgagee was in possession of the mortgaged property
Therefore physical possession having not changed hands it would be for the mortgagee to show that he continued to retain possession in part performance of the contract and has done some act in furtherance of the contract
Where physical and actual possession was already with the person claiming the benefit of the doctrine of part performance its continued retention by itself without anything more would hardly be indicative of an act unequivocally referable to part performance of the contract
He must further establish that he has done some act in furtherance of the contract
This was not disputed and therefore the mortgagee defendant urged before the High Court and reiterated before us that payment of Rs 1000 inter alia to the Ist plaintiff mortgagor for purchase of stamps and for expenses incidental to registration was an act unequivocally done in furtherance of the contract
Before evaluating the submission a few relevant facts may be noticed
By letter Ext
P 3 dated October 9 1950 Ist plaintiff wrote to defendant mortgagee portion of which may be extracted as it has some bearing on the question under consideration 
It is requested that we have entered into a contract with you for the sale condition of our house No 12 situated in Kalai Mohalla
Therefore to buy stamps etc
for the sale you should pay Rs 1000 Rupees one thousand 201 only to our Mukhtiar Shri Madhavraoji Vishnu Joshi 82 Ada Bazar Indorewale I agree for the same and shall deduct the amount at the time of registration Pursuant to this letter defendant mortgagee paid Rs 700 to the Muktiar and an endorsement to that effect is found as Ext
On the next day that is October 10 1950 a further amount of Rs 300 was given and stamps were purchased and on the same day sale deed Ext
1 was drawn up
While reciting the consideration for the sale deed a credit was given for Rs 1000 paid by the mortgagee for purchase of stamp
So far there is no dispute
The grievance is that according to the Ist plaintiff mortgagor he had agreed to sell the house to the mortgagee but the sale was to be a conditional sale with a right to repurchase and that was agreed to between the parties
Subsequently when the sale deed Ext
D 1 was drawn up he found that it was an absolute sale in breach of the agreement and therefore he did not complete the transaction and sold the house subsequently on October 14 1950 to the 2nd plaintiff under Ext
P 1 which is a conditional sale with a right to repurchase
It would thus transpire that payment of Rs 1000 consisting of two separate payments one of Rs 700 on October 9 1950 and an amount of Rs 300 on October 10 1950 by the defendant mortgagee to Ist plaintiff mortgagor for purchasing stamps for execution of a sale deed is not in dispute
What is in dispute is whether the payment was made towards some contract anterior to the letter Ext
P 3 dated October 9195 or it was in pursuance to the contract dated October 10 1950 as reflected in the unregistered sale deed
In this connection the stand taken by the mortgagee defendant is both equivocal and fluctuating
In the written statement filed on his behalf on April 10 1951 there is no specific clear and unambiguous plea of part performance
Under the heading additional plea  in para 9 it is contended that the sale deed having been executed in favour of the mortgagee in settlement of mortgage transaction mutually between the parties and that the mortgaged property has been given to the mortgagee as an owner the mortgage transaction does not subsist in law
This has been understood to mean a plea for the protection of the doctrine of part performance
Be that as it may it is not suggested that there was any oral contract anterior to the one as found in the unregistered sale deed Ext
Nor is there any suggestion of any draft agreement prior to the drawing up of the sale deed Ext
What transpires from 202 the diverse recital is that there was some oral discussion between the parties prior to the letter Ext
P 3 dated October 9 1950 at which the understanding was that there was to be a conditional sale with a right of repurchase by the mortgagor and that becomes evident from the recital in Ext
P 3 sale condition which is contemporaneous evidence having its intrinsic worth and a stamp of truthfulness because at that time no dispute had arisen and the mortgagor was seeking tc work out and implement the agreement by seeking a loan of Rs 1000 for purchase of stamps and for expenses incidental to registration so as to complete the transaction
But there was no written contract
It must be stated that there was dispute about the nature of transaction is also borne out by the parol evidence
Mortgagee Devi Sahai DW 1 has deposed in para 6 that mortgagor in Chit exhibit P 3 proposed a conditional sale to which he did not agree whereupon mortgagor agreed to give absolute sale
This establishes that there was a dispute as to the nature of the transaction
Section 53A postulates a written contract from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty
There was no concluded contract prior to Ext
The only written contract which is relied on is the unregistered sale deed exhibit D l of October 10 1950
On the admission of the mortgagee himself it is crystal clear that out of Rs 1000 an amount of Rs 700 was paid on October 9 1950 and that was prior to the agreement
As for the payment of Rs 300 it is not specifically claimed that was payment in furtherance of the contract
In any event stamps were purchased prior to the drawing up of Ext
D l which is the contract relied upon for the purposes of section 53A
And it must be shown that the act has been done in furtherance of the contract ie subsequent to the contract or at best simultaneously with the contract but un equivocally attributable or referable to the contract
It must follow that acts anterior to and done previous to the agreement cannot be presumed to be done in pursuance of it and cannot therefore be considered as acts of part performance See Whiteread vs Brockhunt quoted by White and Tudor leading cases on Equity at p 416
The High Court while evaluating the probative value of the circumstances of payment of Rs 1000 started on a wrong premise when it observed that the act envisaged by the phrase in furtherance of the contract in section 53A should be in pursuance of the contract and not that it should either precede or follow the 203 agreement or the contract
If a written contract is a sine qua non for seeking coverage of the umbrella of the equitable doctrine of part performance any act preceding the contract could conceivably never be in furtherance of that contract which was yet to materialise
Negotiations for a contract and a concluded contract stand apart from each other
Anything at the negotiating stage cannot be claimed as contract unless the contract is concluded between the parties ie the parties are ad idem
Coupled with this is the further requirement that it should be a written contract in that the contract which would purport to transfer for consideration the immovable property must be by writing and the writing must be such that the necessary ingredients constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty
The High Court overlooking the very important fact situation that the only contract relied upon by the mortgagee defendant was one contained in the unregistered sale deed Ext
D 1 dated October 10 1950 committed an error in holding that the payment of Rs 1000 prior to October 10 1950 would undoubtedly be an act in pursuance of the contract which is evidenced by the writing Ext
D 1 duly signed by the Ist respondent
This approach overlooks a vital dispute between the parties and the High Court could not have utilised this circumstance without resolving the dispute in as much as unquestionably there were some negotiations between the parties either on October 9 1950 or some time prior thereto but there was no concluded contract because the very letter Ext
P 3 which the Ist plaintiff mortgagor sought a loan of Rs 1000 for purchasing the stamps etc
was pursuant to a conditional sale and that is totally denied and repudiated by the mortgagee as shown hereinabove
Accordingly when the amount of Rs 1000 was paid it was the stage of negotiations and not a concluded contract
And when the contract was drawn up as evidenced by Ext
D 1 being the unregistered sale deed dated October 10 1950 the parties were not ad idem
because the mortgagor declined to agree to registration of the sale deed as it was contrary to the understanding arrived at between the parties though no doubt he had executed the sale deed
The contention therefore that the amount of Rs 1000 was paid in furtherance of the contract does not bear scrutiny
However assuming that the finding of fact recorded by the High Court that the amount of Rs 1000 was paid in furtherance of the contract is a finding of fact recorded on appreciation and evaluation of evidence and ordinarily not interfered with by this Court unless shown to be perverse the alternative contention that 204 payment of part or even whole of the consideration could not be said to be in furtherance of the contract and therefore not sufficient to constitute part performance may now be examined
How far payment of part or even whole of the consideration would constitute part performance so as to take the case out of section 4 of the Statute of Frauds may now be examined with reference first to the English decisions because section 53A enacts with some modification the English equitable doctrine of part performance
In order to mitigate the hardship arising out of the rigorous provisions of the Statute of Frauds equitable doctrine of part performance was divised by the Court of Chancery
Commenting upon section 4 of the Statute of Frauds 1677 Lord Redesdale observed in Foxcroft vs Lesterl quoted in White  Tudor s Leading cases on Equity 8th Edn p 413 as under The Statute of Frauds says that no action or suit shall be maintained on an agreement relating to lands which is not in writing signed by the party to be charged with it and yet the Court is in the daily habit of relieving where the party seeking relief has been put into a situation which makes it against conscience in the other party to insist on the want of writing so signed as a bar to his relief
The first case apparently of this kind was Foxcroft vs Lyster 1 which was decided on a principle acted upon in Courts of law but not applicable to the particular case
It was against conscience to suffer the party who had entered and expended his money on the faith of a parol agreement to be treated as a trespasser and the other party to enjoy the advantage of the money he had laid out
 The question often arises whether payment of part or even whole of the consideration can be unequivocally attributed to the contract
At 416 the authors observe  Payment of part or even of all the purchase money will not be considered an act of part performance to take 205 a parol contract out of the Statute of Frauds
Nor will payment of the auction duty
 The payment of a part or even a whole of the consideration was not treated unequivocal act of part performance because it was believed that money can be repaid or can be reclaimed and therefore it is not an unequivocal act evidencing an act in furtherance of the contract See Hanbury  Maudsley Modern Quity 10th Edn p 37
Similarly Story s Equity Jurisprudence 14th Edn para 1045 p 424 neatly sets out the history of the approach to payment of money as evidence of part performance
It may be extracted 
It seems formerly to have been thought that a deposit or security or payment of the purchase money or of a part of it or at least of a considerable part of it was such a part performance as took the case out of the statute
But that doctrine was open to much controversy and is now finally overthrown Indeed the distinction taken in some of the cases between the payment of a small part and the payment of a considerable part of the purchase money seems quite too refined and subtle for independently of the difficulty of saying what shall be deemed a small and what a considerable part of the purchase money each must upon principle stand upon the same reason namely that it is a part performance in both cases or not in either
One ground why part payment is not now deemed a part performance sufficient to take a case out of the statute is that the money can be recovered back again at law and therefore the case admits of full and direct compensation Equity by GM Keeton and LA Sheridan 2nd Edn p 366 sets out chronologically the approach of the Court to payment of money as evidencing part performance
Attitude to the payment of money as an act of part performance had varied from time to time
In Elizabeth Meddison vs John Alderson1 Lord Selborne LC pointed out  the payment of money is an equivocal act not in 206 itself unless connection is established by parol testimony indicative of a contract consisting of land In Snell s principles of Equity 20th Edn p 587 under the heading Insufficient Acts to bring the case out of the doctrine of part performance  it is noted that payment of a part of the purchase money or even apparently the whole is not sufficient for part performance of a contract for the sale of land for the payment of money is an equivocal act not in itself until the connection is established by parol testimony indicative of a contract concerning land
Maddison vs Alderson is relied upon in support of this statement
A few cases to which our attention was drawn may now be referred to
In Clinan and Anr
vs Cooke and Ors
1 Cooke inserted an advertisement in the public papers inviting offers to let a piece and parcel of land for the period set out in the advertisement
In response to this advertisement the plaintiffs applied to Edmund Meagher to whom the application was to be addressed and entered into a treaty with him for lease of land
A memorandum of agreement was entered into between the parties and the intending tenant deposited 50 guineas which the advertiser received in consideration of the lease on the recommendation of Meagher who also appeared to have received a sum of 20 guineas from the plaintiffs for which no receipt was given Subsequently Mr Cooke refused to perform the agreement and he granted a new term of lease to the defendants who entered into the same with the knowledge of the agreement with the plaintiffs
An action was brought by the plain tiffs for specific performance
Declining to grant that relief Lord Redesdale held as under But I think this is not a case in which part performance appears
The only circumstance that can be considered as amounting to part performance is the payment of the sum of fifty guineas to Mr Cooke
It has always been considered that the payment of money is not to be deemed part performance to take a case out of the statute
 In Maddison s case Earl of Selborne LC in unequivocal terms observed that it may be taken as new settled that part payment of purchase money is not enough and judges of high authority 207 have said the same even of payment in full
Clinan vs Cooke supra Hughes vs Morris1 and Britain vs Rossiter2 were relied upon in support of this
Again at p 484 Lord O Hagan taking note of the conflict of decisions pertinently observed as under I confess I have found it hard to follow the reasoning of the judges in some of the cases to which the Lord Chancellor has referred to reconcile the rulings in others of them and to regard as entirely satisfactory the state of the law in which the taking of possession or receipts of rent is dealt with as an act of part performance and the giving and acceptance of any amount of purchase money confessedly in pursuance and affirmance of a contract of sale is not
As to some of the judgments prompted no doubt by a desire to defeat fraud and accomplish justice I am inclined to concur with the present Master of the Rolls in Britain vs Rossiter 1 when he called them bold decisions
 It may be noted that in that case an intestate induced a woman to serve him as his house keeper without wages for many years and to give up other prospects of establishment in life by a verbal promise to make a will leaving her a life estate in land and afterwards signed a will not duly attested by which he left her the life estate
lt was contended on behalf of the woman who worked as house keeper that she had wholly performed her part by serving the intestate as house keeper till the intestate s death without wages yet the Court in its equity jurisdiction declined to hold such an act as referable to any contract and was not such a part performance as to take the case out of the operation of section 4 of the Statute of Frauds
This case is being referred to show how firstly established and entrenched the view was that payment is not enough
Offer to work without wages was treated as evidencing some payment not enough to sustain the plea of part performance
The equity should take such a view of human service and sacrifice is difficult to appreciate
Modern notions of equity fairplay and just approach would stand rudely shaken by the view taken in that case  and quoting the case is not to be interpreted to mean sharing the view
208 In Chaproniere vs Lambert1 the Court of Appeal reinforced the view which held the field till then that the mere payment of rent is not such part performance to take the case out of the statute and even payment of whole of the purchase money has been held not to be sufficient to take the case out of the statute
In so doing it reiterated the view taken in Muddison vs Anderson supra
In Enland the law took a sharp U turn in Steadman vs Steadman2 Lord Simon of Claisdale under the heading Payment of money  observed as under It has sometimes been said that payment of money can never be a sufficient act of part performance to raise the required equity in favour of the plaintiff or more narrowly that payment of part or even the whole of the purchase price for an interest in land is not a sufficient act of part performance
But neither of the reasons put forward for the rule justifies it as framed so absolutely
The first was that a plaintiff seeking to enforce an oral agreement to which the statute relates needs the aid of equity and equity would not lend its aid if there was an adequate remedy at law
It was argued that a payment could be recovered at law so there was no call for the intervention of equity
But the payee might not be able to re pay the money he might have gone bankrupt or the land might have a particular significance for the plaintiff of the equitable order for specific delivery of a chattel of particular value to the owner Duke of Somerset vs Cookson or it might have greatly risen in value since the payment or money may have lost some of its value
So it was sought to justify the rule alternatively on the ground that payment of money is always an equivocal act it need not imply a pre existing contract but is equally consistent with many other hypotheses
This may be so in many cases but it is not so in all cases
Oral testimony may not be given to connect the payment with a contract but circumstances established by admissible evidence other acts of part performance for case for example what was said ie done in the magistrates  court in part 209 performance of the agreement makes it plain that the payment of the 108 was also in part performance of the agreement and not a spontaneous act of generosity or discharge of a legal obligation or attributable to any other hypothesis
 To some extent therefore the statement of law in Maddison s case that it may be taken as well settled that payment of part of purchase money or even the whole of the consideration is not sufficient act of part performance can be taken to have been shaken considerably from its foundation
While text book writers and English decisions may shed some light to illuminate the blurred areas as to whether part payment of purchase money or even the whole of the consideration would not be sufficient act of part performance it is necessary that this aspect may be examined in the background of statutory requirement as enacted in section 53A
To qualify for the protection of the doctrine of part performance it must be shown that there is a contract to transfer for consideration immovable property and the contract is evidenced by a writing signed by the person sought to be bound by r it and from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty
These are pre requisites to invoke the equitable doctrine of part performance
After establishing the aforementioned circumstances it must be further shown that a transferee had in part performance of the contract either taken possession of the property or any part thereof or the transferee being already in possession continues in possession in part performance of the contract and has done some act in furtherance of the contract
The acts claimed to be in part performance must be unequivocally referable to the pre existing contract and the acts of part performance must unequivocally point in the direction of the existence of contract and evidencing implementation or performance of contract
There must be a real nexus between the contract and the acts done in pursuance of the contract or in furtherance of tho contract and must be unequivocally referable to the contract
When series of acts are done in part performance one such may be payment of consideration
Any one act by itself may or may not be of such a conclusive nature as to conclude the point one way or the other but when taken with many others payment of part of the consideration or the whole of the consideration may as well be shown to be in furtherance of contract
The correct approach would be what Lord Reid said in Steadman s case 210 that one must not first took at the oral contract and then see whether the alleged acts of part performance are consistent with it
One must first look at the alleged acts of part performance and see whether they prove that there must have been a contract and it is only if they do so prove that one can bring in the oral contract
This view may not be wholly applicable to the situation in India because an oral contract is not envisaged by section 53A
Even for invoking the equitable doctrine of part performance there has to be a contract in writing from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty
Therefore the correct view in India would be look at that writing that is offered as a contract for transfer for consideration of any immovable property and then examine the acts said to have been done in furtherance of the contract and find out whether there is a real nexus between the contract and the acts pleaded as in part performance so that to refuse relief would be perpetuating the fraud of the party who after having taken advantage or benefit of the contract backs out and pleads non registration as defence a defence analogous to section 4 of the Statute of Frauds
We may recall here that the acts preliminary to the contract would be hardly of any assistance in ascertaining whether they were in furtherance of the contract
Anything done in furtherance of the contract postulates the pre existing contract and the acts done in furtherance thereof
Therefore the acts interior to the contract or merely incidental to the contract would hardly provide any evidence of part performance
The contention of Mr Desai that payment of Rs 1000 for purchase of stamps in an act of part performance unequivocally attributable to the contract dated October 10 1950 cannot be accepted for two reasons one being that Rs 700 out of the amount of Rs 1000 was paid on October 9 1950 that is prior to the date of contract
Then there is a serious dispute as to the nature of contract which was negotiated on October 9 1950 the day on which payment of Rs 700 was made
Mortgagor was insisting upon a conditional sale and defendant mortgagee declined to accept the conditional sale and that is borne out by his evidence also
There was thus no concluded contract on October 9 1950 and therefore the payment of Rs 700 out of Rs 1000 in any case could not be said to be part performance and the same reasons would mutatis mutandis apply to the payment of Rs 300 also
In the facts of this case this payment would not be an act of part performance
In 211 our opinion therefore the High Court recorded an utterly unsustainable finding without minutely examining the relevant evidence coupled with the requirements of law and erred in holding that the payment of Rs 1000 was in furtherance of the contract
We would also add that in the facts and circumstances of the case payment of Rs 1000 was not such an act of part performance which would help defendant mortgagee in any manner
Mr Desai next contended that the mortgagee discharged a debt of Rs 541 which was included in the amount of Rs 17735 retained by the mortgagee from the total consideration payable for discharging other debts and that this payment was in furtherance of the contract
This contention is being put forward for the first time in this Court and should be negatived on that account alone
Even apart from this there is no sufficient evidence to uphold this contention
In fact the defendant mortgagee himself has to some extent prevaricated on the question of retention of Rs 17735 out of the total consideration for the sale transaction agreed at Rs 50000
Consideration of Rs 50000 was made up inter alia by retaining Rs 17735 in discharge of debts owed by mortgagor to mortgagee by borrowing loans on different occasions for domestic expenses
It is so stated in Ext
D l which had been extracted earlier
Mortgagee in his evidence gave a go bye to this recital and deposed that the amount of Rs 17735 from the total consideration payable by him was retained by the mortgagee for payment of other creditors of the mortgagor
Even apart from this he has not stated a word that out of the amount of Rs 17735 he paid Rs 541 to any particular creditor
In his written statement he has stated that the amount of Rs 17735 was kept in deposit for payment to other creditor of the mortgagor
One such creditor was to be paid a sum of Rs 541
This creditor is none other than the mortgagee himself
This would mean that he himself was creditor to whom he paid Rs 541
Assuming that he could have reimbursed himself there is nothing to show that he gave a discharge or that he gave credit in his books of accounts
Further there is no statement in his evidence to that effect
That aspect was never canvassed before the trial court as well as the High Court and we find no material evidence to substantiate this contention
The contention has therefore to be negatived
The third act of part performance pleaded on behalf of the mortgagee is that the mortgagee agreed to discharge the mortgage 212 subsisting on the property in his favour on settlement of accounts
The mortgage deed admittedly was not returned to the mortgagor even after the mortgagor executed Ext
D 1 the sale deed which was not ultimately registered
But that is not enough
The mortgage admitted in his evidence that even after Ext
D 1 was executed he maintained the accounts of mortgage and in that account he debited Rs 1000 paid to the mortgagor for purchase of stamps
Could it be said that he had discharged or agreed to discharge the mortgage subsisting on the property There is however a piece of evidence which completely belies the claim and demonstrably establishes that mortgagee never claimed to regard himself as owner from October 10 1950 the date of contract but till a later date continued to regard himself as a mortgagee with subsisting mortgage
Mortgagee made an application on June 23 1952 nearly two years after the contract of sale in the execution proceedings filed by Motilal seeking to bring mortgage property to court auction for realising his decretal amount which decree he had obtained against the mortgagor
In this application dated June 23 1952 mortgagee has stated that till that date Rs 2779223 were due under the mortgage from the mortgagor and that fact must be noted in the sale proclamation and thereafter property should be sold
Now if on October 10 1950 accounts were made mortgage was satisfied and mortgage debt was discharged how is it that on June 23 1952 he retained the mortgage account worked out the amount due and sought its mention in the sale proclamation
This conduct of mortgagee is sufficient to negative this contention
In any event mere oral agreement to discharge a mortgage could hardly be said to be an act of part performance unless in fact such an act was done and that could have been only done by a discharged mortgage deed being returned to the mortgagor
The next act of part performance pleaded by the mortgagee is that all dues owed by the mortgagor to the mortgagee have be taken as cleared on completion of the contract Now even here his stand is equivocal
In the written statement it was stated that at the time of filing the written statement a sum of Rs 29000 was found to be due from the mortgagor
If on October 10 1950 all accounts were made up how could he continue a mortgage account which mortgage according to him came to be satisfied when he took the sale deed and continued in possession in part performance of the contract  Therefore the submission is without merits
213 The next act of part performance pleaded by the mortgagee is that the nature and character of possession changed as recited in the contract
Mortgagee was in possession as mortgagee
Now according to him since the date of execution of the sale deed the nature of possession changed
For this he relies upon a statement in the sale deed Ext
D 1 wherein it is stated that he is being put in possession as owner
This mere recital is hardly indicative of the change in the nature of possession
There is no evidence to show that he moved the authorities that he would be liable to pay taxes as owner
There is no overt act on his part to so assert possession as owner
A mere recital in the disputed sale deed is of dubious evidentary value and when it would be pointed out that he was never willing to perform his part of the contract which is a pre requisite for claiming protection of the doctrine of part performance it will be shown that he believed himself to be a mortgagee and acted as such even at a date much later than October 10 1950 from which date he claims to be the owner
Induction into possession of an immovable property for the first time subsequent to the contract touching the property may be decisive of the plea of part performance
Mere possession ceases to be of assistance when as in this case the person claiming benefit of part performance is already in possession prior to the contract and continues to retain possession
However a reference to a statement of law in Halsbury s Laws of England 3rd Edition Vol
36 para 418 would be instructive
It reads as under Where possession is given to a tenant before a tenancy agreement has been concluded and the possession is retained after the conclusion of the agreement the possession if unequivocally referable to the agreement is a sufficient part performance but subject to this acts done prior to or preparatory to the contract will not suffice
 If a person claiming benefit of part performance is inducted into possession for the first time pursuant to the contract it would be strong evidence of the contract and possession changing hands pursuant to the contract
in Hedson vs Heuland 1 it was held that although the entry into possession was antecedent to the contract yet the subsequent continuance in possession being under the circumstances unequivocally referable to the contract constituted a 214 part performance sufficient to take the case out of the Statute of Frauds
In Nathulal s case the fact that Nathulal parted with possession after receiving part payment of the sale consideration was held sufficient to constitute part performance
This Court observed that j part performance of contract Phoolchand has taken possession of the property and he had in pursuance thereof paid a part of the consideration and thereby the first three conditions tor making good the defence of part performance had been satisfactorily shown to exist
But greater emphasis was laid on the decision of Somnath Iyer Acting CJ in Babu Murlidhar vs Soudagar Mohammad Abdul Bashir and Anr
1 In that case an unregistered agreement of sale executed by the mortgagor in favour of the mortgagee in possession recited that after the date of the agreement the mortgagee who had been in possession as such would become the owner of the property and that he could get his name mutated into mutation register of the municipality and in implementation of this agreement of sale the mortgagor himself made an application for mutation to the municipal authorities and the name of the mortgagee was mutated as owner of the property it was held sufficient to clothe the mortgagee with the protection of section 53A in a suit for redemption of the mortgage and the mortgagor s suit was dismissed
The Court attached considerable importance to the provision in the unregistered agreement for mutation in favour of the mortgagee as owner and the subsequent conduct of the mortgagor in making an application for mutation was held to be the clearest indication which is essential for invoking the doctrine of part performance
The decision can be said to depend more or less on the facts of the case
However in this connection a reference was also made to Thota China Subba Rao and Ors
vs Matapelli Raju and Ors2 That decision is hardly of any importance because an extreme contention was advanced on behalf of the mortgagee resisting a suit for redemption that he continued to be in possession in part performance of the agreement which argument was repelled by the Court on the observation that the mortgagee had never been in possession and the contention that he was always in constructive possession could hardly assist him
215 In Jahangir Begum vs Gulam Ali Ahmed1 the Court after holding that the defendant was in possession and had put up a structure on it came to the conclusion that he was not entitled to the benefit of doctrine of part performance because he was already in possession before the contract to transfer the property relied upon by him was entered into and therefore it was obligatory upon him to show that he had done some act in furtherance of the contract in order to constitute a part performance of the contract
In Kukali vs Basantilal2 the facts found were that A mortgaged with possession his house with B Subsequently A sold the house to in consideration of the mortgage debt and the amount spent by A on improvements and repairs of the house
The deed was not registered
Subsequently A sold the same property to under a registered sale deed
sued for redemption
relied on the equitable doctrine of part performance in defence
Negativing the defence of part performance the Court held that as was already in possession as a mortgagee unless he shows that he did some act in furtherance of the contract over and above being in possession mere continuance in possession would not constitute part performance
The case is very near to the facts disclosed in the case under discussion
There is an understandable and noteworthy difference in the probative value of entering into possession for the first time and continuing in possession with a claim of change in character
Where person claiming benefit of part performance of a contract was already in possession prior to the contract the court would expect something independent of the mere retention of possession to evidence part performance
Therefore mere retention of possession is not discharged could hardly be said to be an act in part performance unequivocally referable to the contract of sale
Section 53A requires that the person claiming the benefit of part performance must always be shown to be ready and willing to perform his part of the contract
And if it is shown that he was not ready and willing to perform his part of the contract he will not qualify for the protection of the doctrine of part performance
Reverting to the consideration recited in Ext
D l the sale deed even according to the mortgagee it was agreed that he had retained an amount of Rs 17735 out of the total consideration of Rs 50000 for payment to the other creditors of the mortgagor
Barring a 216 claim made in the written statement that he paid himself Rs 541 which was included in the amount of Rs 17735 which allegation itself is unconvincing there has not been the slightest attempt on his part to pay up any of the creditors of the mortgagor
There is nothing to show that he had the list of all the creditors of the mortgagor or that he made any attempt to procure the list or that he issued a public notice inviting the creditors of the mortgagor to claim payment from him to the extent of the consideration retained by him
Not a single creditor has been paid is an admitted position
But the more inequitous conduct of the mortgagee is that he had not made the slightest attempt to contact any of the creditors of the mortgagor or to pay even the smallest sum
There is no such statement in the written statement but even in his evidence at the trial he has not been able to show that he has paid any creditor or made any attempt to pay any of the creditors including those whose names were admittedly known to him such as Ramkaran Ghasilal Kajodimal Motilal Bhagirath and Kanhaiyalal Chagganlal
Further shifting stand of mortgagee to suit his convenience is discernible here
In Ext
D 1 the entry of Rs 17735 is described as have been taken from you from time to time for domestic expenses 
In his evidence mortgagee states that this recital is incorrect and the correct position according to him is that the amount of Rs 17735 from total consideration payable by him was retained to pay to other creditors of mortgagor
According to him the only amount due to him from mortgagor outside the mortgage transaction was a debt of Rs 541 only
Mortgagee neither paid himself nor other creditors and thereby did not perform his part of the contract
He even did not pay a small decretal amount of Rs 500 plus interest and costs to Motilal in 1952 but allowed the property to be sold
Coupled with this is the fact according to the recital in Ext
D 1 he had agreed to pay the balance of the consideration of Rs 6265 to the mortgagor at the time of registration of the sale deed
Now undoubtedly the mortgagor did not agree to get the sale deed registered because there was a dispute between the parties as to the nature of the transaction
But the defendant mortgagee made unilateral attempt to get the sale deed registered by offering it for registration
Thus while attempting to complete his title both legally and even in equity he was under an obligation to pay Rs 6265 to the mortgagor
This liability is not disputed yet in this behalf he has not stated anything in his examination in chief that he made any attempt to pay that amount to the mortgagor
Add to this his failure to return the discharged mortgage deed and his further averment that he used to maintain the mortgage account 217 even after October 10 1950
All this would conclusively show A that the mortgagor himself was not willing to perform his part of the contract
In this view of the matter Mr Desai s contention that failure to pay the amount agreed to be paid before the Registrar andor not discharging debts agreed to be discharged as having been given credit in the consideration for the sale would not detract from part performance because they have to be evaluated in the facts and circumstances of the case cannot be upheld
It was next contended on behalf of the mortgagee that the conduct of the 1st plaintiff mortgagor in executing and registering a sale deed in respect of the mortgaged property in favour of 2nd plaintiff Gyarsilal and thereby frustrating the contract of sale in favour of the defendant mortgagee evidence that the Ist plaintiff was aware of the contract in favour of the defendant mortgagee and he was retaining possession in furtherance of the contract
The submission does not constitute any independent act on the part of mortgagee but it is merely another facet of the fact of permission being retained by the defendant mortgagee
Retention of possession is of no consequence in this case because the mortgage was not discharged and was subsisting and the mortgage being a mortgage with possession the mortgagee was entitled to retain possession
The fact that immediately a sale deed was executed in favour of 2nd plaintiff by Ist plaintiff would show that he was unwilling to accept the contract as offered by the mortgagee
The subsequent purchaser Gyarsilal has taken a conditional sale and this reinforce the stand of the mortgagor
The existence of the dispute about the nature of the transaction namely according to the mortgagor he wanted an absolute sale and this dispute between the parties as on October 10 1950 is not in dispute
Therefore the conduct of the mortgagor is consistent with this case
It was next contended that defendant mortgagee made all attempts to get the deed registered by approaching the Sub Registrar and that the defendant mortgagee initiated criminal proceedings against the Ist plaintiff mortgagor for misusing the stamp papers need not detain us as they have no probative value
Having therefore examined all the contentions canvassed on behalf of the mortgagee we unhesitatingly reach the conclusion that the mortgagee has failed to prove that he did any act in furtherance of the contract continued retention of possession being a circumstance of neutral character in the facts and circumstances of 218 the case and it being further established to our satisfaction that the mortgagee was not willing to perform his part of the contract it is clear that the mortgagee is not entitled to the benefit of the equitable doctrine of Part Performance
On the conclusions hereby indicated the appeal preferred by the plaintiffs CA 114469 must be allowed and the judgment of the High Court has to be set aside and the one rendered by the trial court is restored with costs throughout
That takes us to the second appeal preferred by Motilal being CA 114569
First a synopsis of the facts relevant to the dispute raised by appellant Motilal
Motilal filed Civil Suit No 24347 on November 3 1947 for recovering his debt from mortgagor Govindrao Mahadik
In this suit he obtained attachment before judgment of the suit property on November 6 1947
The suit of Motilal ended in a decree in the amount of Rs 2500 on March 15 1951
On March 27 1951 execution application No 216 of 1951 was made by Motilal
On April 3 1951 the executing court made an order that as the suit property of the judgment debtor has already been attached by an order of attachment before judgment steps should be taken for drawing up a proclamation of sale under order XXI rule 66 Code of Civil Procedure
The Court directed auction sale of the suit property to be held on December 9 1951
It appears that the auction sale was stayed
There was some default on the part of the judgment debtor to comply with the conditional stay order and on his failure auction sale was directed to be held on March 23 1952
After correcting the amount due on the mortgage of mortgagee in the proclamation of sale a fresh auction was held on August 23 1952
In the meantime in the absence of any bidder at the auction Motilal the decree holder himself obtained permission of the court to bid at the auction and his bid in the amount of Rs 300 was accepted and the sale in favour of Motilal was confirmed on September 23 1952
In the mean time mortgagor Govindrao Mahadik the judg ment debtor in Motilal s suit filed Regular Appeal No 12551 which was allowed by the Additional District Judge as per his judgment dated March 27 1953 and thereby the suit of Motilal was dismissed in entirety
Motilal preferred Second Appeal No 7853 in the High Court of Madhya Bharat and by its judgment dated September 1 1958 Motilal s appeal was allowed and a decree in 219 his favour in the amount of Rs 500 with interest and proportionate costs was passed
Motilal made an application on April 2 1962 purporting to be under order XXII rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure alleging that he came to know about the suit filed by the mortgagor for redemption of the mortgage in December 1961 and as the decision in the suit is likely to have an impact on his rights and that as he is the purchaser of the equity of redemption the mortgagor and the subsequent purchaser from the mortgagor cannot now maintain the action for redemption of the suit property and he should be substituted in place of the plaintiffs and be permitted to prosecute the suit for redemption against mortgagee
This application was contested on behalf of the parties to the suit
The High Court was not fully satisfied about the explanation of delay in making the application by Motilal and was not even inclined to accept the suggestion that he became aware of the suit in 1961 and that on the ground of gross delay the application was liable to be dismissed
The High Court ultimately made on order as under Therefore although ordinarily we might not be inclined to allow Motilal s request to be impleaded in this Court at the appellate stage we are of opinion that it would be desirable to have final decision about the various points of dispute between all the parties in order to avoid further unnecessary litigation
From this point of view only we would allow Motilal to be impleaded in the present litigation by addition of his name and not by allowing him to replace both the plaintiffs Having thus directed Motilal to be impleaded as a party respondent the High Court proceeded to ascertain evaluate and adjudicate the right claimed by Motilal and ultimately held that in any event the auction purchaser Motilal shall be entitled to recover the balance of his decretal amount and interest at the rate of 4 per annum from the date of his auction sale till the date of realisation or deposit as the case may be either from the appellant or from the mortgagor or subsequent purchaser as the case may be and that there shall be a charge on the suit property for the aforementioned amount which shall be enforceable at the 220 instance of Motilal by a sale of the property Motilal was held disentitled to costs on account of the delay in filing the application
Mr Ray learned counsel for the Ist plaintiff mortgagor contended that the High Court was in error in allowing the application of Motilal to be impleaded as a party because according to Mr Ray Motilal could not be said to be claiming under the mortgagor and that therefore he could not maintain the application under order XXII rule 10 Code of Civil Procedure
Rule 10 of order XXII provides for continuance by or against a person of any action who acquires any interest either by assignment creation or devolution during the pendency of suit with the leave of the court
In ascertaining whether Motilal can maintain the application his averments in the application will have to be taken as the basis for invoking the Court s jurisdiction under order XXII rule 10
The question that will have to be posed would be whether Motilal acquired any interest by assignment creation or devolution during the pendency of the suit and would therefore be entitled to continue the suit
The suit is primarily a suit for redemption of mortgage
A suit for redemption of mortgage can be brought by a person holding the equity of redemption
Motilal contends that the suit property was sold at a court auction with subsisting mortgage thereon and the right title and interest of the mortgagor was sold at the court auction and on the sale being confirmed and the sale certificate being issued he acquired the interest either by assignment or devolution of the original mortgagor
Now this assertion is controverted on behalf of the original mortgagor and the subsequent purchaser contending that much before the confirmation of the sale on September 23 1952 the subsequent purchaser had purchased the equity of redemption by the sale deed Ext
P 1 dated October 17 1950 and that the original mortgagor had no subsisting right title and interest in the suit property on August 23 1952 being the date of the sale in favour of Motilal
This was countered on behalf of Motilal by his learned counsel Mr GL Sanghi asserting that Motilal had obtained an attachment before judgment of the suit property by order dated November 6 1947 and that this was subsisting till March 5 1951 when the trial court decreed the suit of Motilal against the mortgagor in the amount of Rs 2500 and till the application for execution was filed on March 27 1951 and no reattachment was necessary
These facts are incontrovertible but one aspect of law has to be examined as to what is 221 the effect of the judgment of The appellate court in the appeal filed by original mortgagor Govindrao Mahadik the decree obtained by Motilal to wit the appeal was allowed and Motilal s suit was dismissed on March 27 1953
Between March 27 1953 till the High Court allowed the appeal of Motilal on September 4 1958 there was no subsisting attachment but it must be recalled that by September 23 1952 the sale was confirmed and the sale certificate was issued on March 25 1953 that the two days before the appeal of mortgagor preferred against the decree obtained by Motilal was allowed on March 27 1953
The averments of Motilal in his own application would prima facie be sufficient to sustain an application under order XXII rule 10
The question whether he has acquired an interest or not in the property either by assignment or devolution which is the subject matter of dispute in this appeal would have to be answered on merits but the narration of chronological events as delineated hereinabove would clearly show that Motilal has more than a mere semblance of title which this Court will have to investigate
And even if stricto sensu the application would not fall under order XXII rule 10 CPC yet section 146 of the Code of Civil Procedure would certainly enable Motilal to maintain the application See Smt
Saila Bala Desai vs Smt
Nirmala Sundai Dassai and another at 1291 referred to with approval in Shew Bux Mohata  Ors
vs Bengal Breweries Ltd  Ors
Undoubtedly the High Court was reluctant to overlook the gross delay in preferring the application but even after this reluctance the High Court having granted the application we would consider it imprudent to reject the application on the ground of delay
Once Motilal becomes a party two contentions advanced on his behalf will have to examined a has he become under the sale certificate obtained by him a purchaser of equity of redemption so as to dissentitle the original mortgagor from bringing the present action b What is the effect of the attachment before judgment secured by him on November 6 1947 on the sale of equity of redeption in favour of the subsequent purcharser under the sale deed Ext
P 1 dated October 14 1950
Looking to the proclamation of sale it is crystal clear that the property was sold subject to subsisting mortgage in favour of Devi 222 Sahai mortgagee
At a court auction what is sold is the right title and interest of the judgment debtor
The judgment debtor in the decree obtained by Motilal was original mortgagor Sardar Govindrao Mahadik
Subject to other conditions his right title and interest would be one of a mortgagor that is the right to redeem the mortgage style as equity of redemption
According to Motilal this equity of redemption was sold at the court auction and it was purchased by him
Subject to the decision on the second contention so as to the effect of attachment before judgment there is no substance in this contention because much before even the proclamation of sale was issued the equity of redemption held by the mortgagor was sold by him under sale deed Ext
P l dated October 14
1950 in favour of 2nd plaintiff Gyarsilal
Therefore even on the date of the decree as also on the date of filing of the execution application mortgagor had no subsisting interest in the property which could be sold at the court auction
On this short ground it can be held that Motilal did not acquire under the sale certificate equity of redemption of the mortgagee
But Mr Sanghi learned counsel for Motilal contended that the transfer in favour of subsequent purchaser under the sale deed Ext
P1 dated October 14 1950 by the mortgagor is void against Motilal because in the suit filed by Motilal he had obtained an order of attachment before judgment of the suit property and this attachment before judgment would cover the right title and interest of the mortgagor defendants in that suit and that any private sale inter vivos of the attached property would under section 64 of the Code of Civil Procedure be void against the attaching creditor
Proceeding further along this line it was contended that as a corollary if the sale in favour of subsequent purchaser is void against Motilal then the equity of redemption continued to remain vested in the original mortgagor and at the court auction the same was sold and purchaged by Motilal
This necessitates examination of the effect of an order of attachment before judgment in a suit
Order XXXVIII rule 5 enables the Court to levy attachment before judgment at the instance of a plaintiff if the conditions therein prescribed are satisfied
What is the nature of attachment levied in this case is not made known save and except saying that the suit property was attached and the sale proclamation mentioned therein the subsisting mortgage
Taking the best view in favour of Motilal 223 One can say that what was attached was the equity of redemption
The attachment was levied and continued to subsist till the date of the decree
It would therefore not be necessary to reattach the property
What is the effect of attachment before judgment  Attachment before judgment is levied where the court on an application of the plaintiff is satisfied that the defendant with intent to obstruct or delay the execution of any decree that may be passed against him a is about to dispose of the whole or any part of his property
Or b is about to remove the whole or any part of his property from the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court
The sole object behind the order levying attachment before judgment is to give an assurance to the plaintiff that his decree if made would be satisfied
It is a sort of a guarantee against decree becoming infructuous for want of property available from which the plaintiff can satisfy the decree
The provision in section 64 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that where an attachment has been made any private transfer or delivery of the property attached or of any interest therein and any payment to the judgment debtor of any debt dividend or other monies contrary to
such attachment shall be void as against all claims enforceable under the attachment
What is claimed enforceable is the claim for which the decree is made
Motilal s suit was for a money claim
It finally ended in a decree for Rs 500 by High Court and in between the 1st appellate court had dismissed Motilal s suit in entirety
There is nothing to show that the attachment which would come to an end on the suit being dismissed would get revived if a second appeal is filed which ultimately succeeds
In fact a dismissal of the suit may terminate the attachment and the same would not be revived even if the suit is restored and this becomes manifestly clear from the newly added provision in sub rule 2 of rule 11 A of order XXXIII CPC which provides that attachment before judgment in a suit which is dismissed for default shall not be revived merely because by reason of the fact that the order for the dismissal of the suit for default has been set aside and the suit has been restored
As a corollary it would appear that if attachment before judgment is obtained in a suit which ends in a decree but if in appeal the decree is set aside the attachment of necessity must fail
There should be no difficulty in reaching this conclusion
The question however is what happens if at an intermediate state pursuant to the decree of the trial court the attached pro 224 perty is sold at a court auction  How would the rights and obligations of the auction purchaser be adversely affected if the appeal is allowed and the suit is dismissed  ordinarily where the appeal is preferred an attempt should be made to obtain stay of the execution of the decree of the trial court
However it is notorious that the appellate court is loath or reluctant to grant stay of a money decree and the judgment debtor may not be in a position to deposit the decretal amount and in this situation more often the execution proceeds and before the appeal is disposed of an equity in favour of a third person as auction purchaser who purchases the property at a court auction may come into existence
If afterwards the appeal is allowed and the suit is dismissed would the auction purchaser be adversely affected  The emerging situation in this case clearly demonstrates the dilemma
Ordinarily if the aution purchaser is an outsider or a stranger and if the execution of the decree was not stayed of which he may have assured himself by appropriate enquiry the court auction held and sale confirmed and resultant sale certificate having been issued would protect him even if the decree in execution of which the auction sale has been held is set aside
This proceeds on the footing that the equity in favour of the stranger should be protected and the situation is occasionally reached on account of default on the part of the judgment debtor not obtaining stay of the execution of the decree during the pendency of the appeal
But what happens if the auction purchaser is the decree holder himself  In our opinion the situation would materially alter and this decree holder auction purchaser should not be entitled to any protection
At any rate when he proceeds with the execution he is aware of the fact that an appeal against the original decree is pending
He is aware of the fact that the resultant situa may emerge where the appeal may be allowed and the decree which he seeks to execute may be set aside
He cannot force the pace by executing the decree taking advantage of the economic disability of a judgment debtor in a money decree and make the situation irreversible to the utter disadvantage of the judgment debtor who wins the battle and loses the war
Therefore where the auction purchaser is none other than the decree holder who by pointing out that there is no bidder at the auction for a nominal sum purchases the property to wit in this case for a final decree for Rs 500 Motilal purchased the property for Rs 300 an atrocious situation and yet by a technicality he wants to protect himself
To such an 225 auction purchaser who is not a stranger and who is none other than the decree holder the court should not lend its assistance
The view which we are taking is not unknown and to some extent it will be borne out by the observations of this Court in Janak Raj vs Gurdial Singh and Anr
This Court made a pertinent observation which may be extracted The policy of the legislature seems to to be that unless a stranger auction purchaser is protected against the vicissitudes of the fortunes of the suit sales in execution would not attract customers and it would be to the detriment of the interest of the borrower and the creditor alike if sales were allowed to be impugned merely because the decree was ultimately set aside or modified Viewed from this angle the order of the High Court that the auction purchaser decree holder Motilal would be entitled to recover the decretal amount of Rs 500 with interest at the rate of 4 per annum and proportionate costs could be styled as manifestly equitable
However the Court cannot overlook the conduct of the mortgagor Govindrao Mahadik his subsequent purchaser Gyarsilal and even the original mortgagee Devi Sahai in not paying a small debt and allowing the property to be auctioned and forcing Motilal to the logical end of litigation and yet without the slightest recompense to go on investing into this bottomless pit of unending litigation
And at best his attachment before judgment is a security that his decree would be satisfied from the property attached and sale to the extent of recovery of decretal amount from attached property would be against attaching creditor void
If we assure him payment of decretal amount and costs the sale in his favour is of no significance
The logical course for us would have been to leave Motilal to his own remedy which we consider inequitous in the facts and circumstances of this case
The order made by the High Court would hardly provide him Rs 1500 to recover which he must have spent at the inflated rate of litigation costs
In our opinion while not granting the substantial relief claimed by Motilal and looking to the conduct of all the parties we direct that Motilal should be paid Rs 7500 inclusive of decretal amount interest proportionate costs and costs of the litigation till today and for this amount there will be a charge on this property to be cleared by 226 Govindro Mahadik at the time of redemption of the property which amount will have to be paid by Gyarasilal s heirs in view of the sale deed in favour of Gyarsilal
Accordingly Civil Appeal No 114469 filed by Govindrao Mahadik is allowed and the judgment and decree of the High Court are set aside and those of the trial court are restored with costs throughout
Civil Appeal No 114569 preferred by Motilal is disposed of in accordance with direction herein above indicated with no order as to costs
CMP 900480 and CMP 1059380 for substitution are allowed
PBR Appeals allowed


Summary:
The appellant mortgagor took a loan by mortgaging his house property to the respondent mortgagee
The mortgage was a mortgage with possession
According to the mortgagee sometime thereafter the mortgagor agreed to sell the property to him and that pursuant to this agreement requisite stamps were purchased and a draft sale deed was drawn up
The sale deed was however not registered
A few days later the mortgagor sold the property to another person and the mortgagor and the subsequent purchaser filed a suit against the mortgagee for a decree for redemption
In the written statement the mortgagee claimed that even though the sale deed was not registered since he was in possession of the property in part performance of the contract of sale and continued to be in possession and did several acts attributable to the contract the mortgagor was debarred from enforcing any right against him in respect of the property
It was also claimed that since the mortgagor himself had no subsisting title to the property on the date of sale he could not have transferred the property to the subsequent purchaser
The trial court held that though the sale deed was executed but since it was not registered the transaction of sale was not complete
The Court further held that benefit of section 53 A is not available to the mortgagor defendant because the mortgage being a mortgage with possession continued possession of the mortgagee after the date of contract would not be in part performance of the contract and also the payment made for the purchase of stamps and for expenses of registration could not be said to be in furtherance of the contract because that amount was paid before the execution of the contract
In the mortgagee s appeal the High Court held that he was entitled to the benefit of section 53A against the mortgagor and the subsequent purchaser for the reason that he was in possession of the property and paid Rs 1000 in furtherance of the contract
The appellant in Civil Appeal No 1145 of 1969 filed a suit against the mortgagor for recovery of a debt owed to him and obtained attachment of the 187 suit property before judgment
The suit eventually ended in a decree in his favour In the auction of the suit property since there were no bidders the decree holder s bid was accepted with the permission of the Court
The High Court allowed the decree holder to be impleaded as a respondent in the mortgagee s appeal which was then pending in the High Court
It was contended on behalf the mortgagor that the decree holder could not maintain an application under order XXII Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure because he could not be said to be claiming under the mortgagor
Rule 10 of order XXII CPC provides for continuance of any action by or against a person who acquires any interest either by assignment creation or devolution during the pendency of the suit with the leave of the Court  HELD To qualify for the protection of the doctrine of part performance it must be shown that there is a contract to transfer immovable property for consideration and the contract is evidenced by a writing signed by the person sought to be bound by it and from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty
After establishing these circumstances it must be further shown that a transferee had in part performance of the contract either taken possession of the property or any part thereof or the transferee being already in possession continued in possession in part performance of the contract and had done some act in furtherance of the contract
The acts claimed to be in part performance must be unequivocally referable to the pre existing contract and the acts of part performance must unequivocally point in the direction of the existence of contract and evidencing implementation or performance of contract
There must be a real nexus between the contract and the acts done in pursuance of the contract or in furtherance of the contract and must be unequivocally referable to the contract
When series of acts are done in part performance one such may be payment of consideration
Any one act by itself may or may not be of such a conclusive nature as to conclude the point one way or the other but when taken with many others payment or part of the consideration or the whole of the consideration may as well be shown to be in furtherance of the contract
209 D H The view of the House of Lords that one must not first look at the oral contract and then see whether the alleged acts of part performance are consistent with it but that one must look at the alleged acts of part performance and see whether they prove that there must have been a contract and that it is only if they do so prove that one can bring in the oral contract may not be wholly applicable to the situation in India because an oral contract is not envisaged by section 53A
Even for invoking the equitable doctrine of part performance there has to be a contract in writing from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty
The correct view would be to look at that writing that is offered as a contract for transfer for consideration of any immovable property examine the acts said to have been done in furtherance of the contract and find out wether there is a real nexus between the contract and the acts pleaded as in part performance so that to refuse relief would be perpetuating the fraud of the party who after having taken advantage or benefit of the contract backs out and pleads non registration as defence
210A D Foxcroft vs Lester 2 Vern
P 456 Elizabeth Meddison vs John Alderson Lord Selborne  Clinan  Anr
vs Cooke  Ors
1775 1802 188 All
ER Reprint 16 Chapronierse vs Lambert 1916 17 All
ER Reprint 1889 Steadman vs Steadman 1974 2 All
ER 977 referred to
In short acts preliminary to the contract would be hardly of any assistance in ascertaining whether they were in furtherance of the contract
Anything done in furtherance of the contract postulates the pre existing contract and the acts done in furtherance thereof
Therefore the acts anterior to the contract or merely identical to the contract would hardly provide any evidence of part performance 210 E Although the mortgagee s claim regarding payment of Rs 1000 to the mortgagor for the purchase of stamps and for expenses incidential to registration was not in dispute there is no evidence on record to show that there was an oral contract anterior to the unregistered sale deed nor was there a draft agreement prior to the drawing up of the sale deed
Out of the sum of Rs 1000 a sum of Rs 700 was paid prior to the agreement
It was not subsequently claimed that the balance of Rs 300 was paid in furtherance of the contract
The High Court was in error in holding that the act envisaged by the phrase in furtherance of the contract should be in pursuance of the contract and not that it should either precede or follow the agreement or the contract
If a written contract is a sine qua non for the application of the equitable doctrine of part performance any act preceding the contract could never be in furtherance of that contract which was yet to materialise
Negotiations for a contract and a concluded contract stand apart from each other
Anything at the negotiating stage cannot be claimed as a contract unless the contract is concluded between the parties that is the parties are ad idem
The contract should be a written contract from which the necessary ingredients constituting the transfer could be ascertained with reasonable certainty
203 A B There is no material on record to substantiate the mortgagee s claim that out of the total consideration payable to the mortgagor he had retained in deposit with him a sum of Rs 17000 odd for being paid to other creditors of the mortgagee and that out of this amount a sum of Rs 541 due to him had been adjusted
Assuming that he could reimburse himself there is no evidence to show that he gave discharge or gave credit in his books of account to this sum
Also there is nothing to show that the mortgagor had in his possession a list of the mortgagees creditors or that he had made any attempt to procure the list or that he issued a public notice inviting the creditors of the mortgagor to claim payment from him to the extent of the consideration retained by him
Neither did he pay any creditor nor did he make any attempt to pay any creditor including those whose names were known to him
211 G Induction into possession of an immovable property for the first time subsequent to the contract touching the property may be decisive of the plea of part performance
But mere possession ceases to be of assistance when the person claiming benefit of part performance is already in possession prior to the contract and continues to retain possession
There is an understandable and noteworthy difference in the probative value of entering into possession for the first time and continuing in possession coupled with a claim of change in character
Where a person claiming benefit of part performance of a contract was already in posses 189 sion prior to the contract the Court would expect something independent of the mere retention of possession to evidence part performance
Mere retention of possession quite legal and valid if mortgage with possession is not discharged could hardly be said to be an act in part performance unequivocally referable to the contract of sale
213 D E 215 E F In the instant case retention of possession is of no consequence because the mortgage was not discharged and was subsisting and the mortgage being a mortgage with possession the mortgagee was entitled to retain possession
The fact that immediately a sale deed was executed in favour of the subsequent purchaser by the mortgagor would show that he was not willing to accept the contract as offered by the mortgagor
The subsequent purchaser had taken a conditional sale and this reinforces the stand of the mortgagor
The existence of the dispute about the nature of the transaction is not in dispute
Therefore the conduct of the mortgagor is consistent with his case
217 D F The mortgagee had failed to prove that he did any act in furtherance of the contract continued retention of possession being a circumstance of neutral character in the facts and circumstances of the case and it being further established that the mortgagee was not willing to perform his part of the contract he is not entitled to the benefit of the equitable doctrine of part performance
217 H 2 A perusal at the chronological events of the case would clearly show that the decree holder had more than a mere semblance of title
Even if the application would not fall under order 22 Rule 10 CPC
section 146 of the Code enables him to maintain the application
Saila Bala Desai vs Smt
Numala Sundari Dassi and another  at 1291 referred to
221 D E The decree holder did not acquire under the sale certificate the equity of redemption of the mortgage
The suit property was sold subject to subsisting mortgage in favour of the mortgagee
At a Court auction what is sold is right title and interest of the judgment debtor who in this case was the mortgagor
Subject to other conditions his right is the right to redeem the mortgage
Much before the proclamation of sale was issued the equity of redemption held by the mortgagor was sold by him to the subsequent purchaser
Therefore even on the date of decree as also on the date of filing of the execution application the mortgagor had no subsisting interest in the property which could be sold at the Court auction
222 A B The object behind the order levying an attachment before judgment is to give an assurance to the plaintiff that his decree if made would be satisfied
Where an attachment has been made any private transfer or delivery of the property attached would be void as against all claims enforceable under the attachment
What is claimed enforceable is claim for which the decree is made
A dismissal of the suit may terminate the attachment and would not be revived even if the suit is restored As a corollary if attachment before judgment is obtained in a suit which ends in a decree but if in appeal the decree is set aside the attachment of necessity must fall
It at an intermediate stage pursuant to the decree of the trial Court the attached property is sold at a Court auction and where an appeal is preferred an attempt should be made to obtain stay of the execution of the decree of the trial court
If the execution proceeds and the property is 190 sold at a court auction before the appeal is disposed of the equity in favour of a person as a auction purchaser may come into existence
In such a case if the auction purchaser is an outsider and if the execution of the decree was not stayed the auction purchaser would be protected even if the decree in execution of which the auction sale had been held is set aside because the equity in favour of the stranger should be protected
223 C E If on the other hand the auction purchaser is the decree holder himself he should not be entitled to any protection because when he proceeds with the execution he was aware that an appeal against the original decree was pending and that if the appeal was allowed the decree which he sought to execute might be set aside
He could force the place by executing the decree taking advantage of the economic disability of the judgment debtor in a money decree by making the situation irreversible
Therefore where the auction purchaser was none other than the decree holder who purchased the property for a meagre sum this results in an atrocious situation but yet by a technicality he wants to protect himself
To such an auction purchaser who is not a stranger and who is none other than the decree holder the Court should not lend its assistance
224 G H Janak Raj vs Gurdial Singh  Anr  at 86 followed
In the instant case the High Court was right in holding that the auction purchaser decree holder was entitled to recover only the decretal amount and proportionate costs
225 D But yet the conduct of the mortgagor the subsequent purchaser and the mortgagee in not paying a small debt and allowing the property to be auctioned and forcing the decree holder to fight a never ending litigation was iniquitous in the facts and circumstances of this case
Taking into consideration the conduct of the parties the decree holder should be paid a sum of Rs 7000 inclusive of decretal amount interest proportionate costs and costs of litigation so far
225 E F