minal Appeal No 128 of 1962
Appeal from the judgment and order dated January 30 1962 of the Calcutta High Court in Criminal Appeal No 429 of 1960
section C Mazumdar for the appellant
P K Chakravarti and P K Bose for the respondent No 2
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Wanchoo J
This is an appeal on a certificate granted by the Calcutta High Court
The appellant hired a westing house 399 D C motor from the Modem Electrical Works hereinafter referred to as the Works on April 4 1958 on a rent of Rs 40 per month
The hiring period was to last for at least three months and it was agreed that if the motor or parts thereof were lost or damaged by the appellant he would be bound to pay the whole cost of the motor and the parts
The motor remained in the use of the appellant and hire charges were paid by him from April 1958 to January 1959
Thereafter it is said that no hire charges were paid
On June 8 1959 the appellant wrote a letter to the Works in which he said that he had purchased the motor in question for Rs 600 on condition that the same would be tried for three months and if it was found satisfactory the money would be paid and the purchase completed
The letter also stated that the agreement was that if the motor was not found satisfactory the appellant would pay three months  hire at Rs 40 per month and the motor would be returned thereafter
Finally the appellant said in the letter that the Works had been paid Rs 620 in all and thus the purchase had been completed
The appellant therefore requested the Works to give him a slip saying that the motor had been sold to the appellant as no further money was due to the Works
On June 15 1959 the Works sent a reply to the appellant denying that any such agreement as was alleged by the appellant had been made
It was also denied that Rs 620 had been paid and therefore the purchase was complete
Finally it was said that the appellant had only paid Rs 400 and Rs 200 were still due from him for the months of February to June 1959
The appellant replied to this letter in which he reiterated his stand taken in the earlier letter and gave details of how the payment of Rs 620 had been made
Thereafter the Works filed a complaint through its servant Mohd Ayub on July 1 1959 in which after stating its case it urged that the appellant had committed criminal breach of trust and was therefore guilty under section 406 of the Indian Penal Code
On this complaint the appellant was summoned by the Presi dency Magistrate 9th Court Calcutta and after taking some evidence for the prosecution the Magistrate discharged the appellant holding that there was no satisfactory evidence of dishonest misappropriation or conversion of the motor by the appellant to his own use and that the dispute between the parties was essentially of a civil nature
Mohd Ayub then went in revision to the High Court
The High Court set aside the order of discharge and directed further enquiry in the matter by another Magistrate
The case then went back to the Third Presidency Magistrate Calcutta 400 who eventually found the appellant not guilty and ordered his acquittal on the ground that there was dispute between the parties as to the actual nature of the transaction and it could not be said that there was any dishonest intention on the part of the appellant to misappropriate the motor
Mohd Ayub then filed an appeal before the High Court under section 4173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
Eventually the matter was heard by a Division Bench of the High Court and it came to the conclusion that it was clear from the letter of June 8 1959 to which we have already referred that the same could not have been written unless the appellant dishonestly in violation of the entrustment wanted to cause wrongful loss to the complainant and wrongful gain to himself
It was further held that the letter did not show that there was a bona fide claim of ownership over the property and the claim was merely a pretence which could not exonerate the appellant from being punished under section 406 of the Indian Penal Code The appellant then applied for a certificate to enable him to file an appeal to this Court which was granted and that is how the matter has come up before us
We are of the opinion that this appeal must succeed
It is not in dispute between the parties that the motor was entrusted to the appellant by the Works for his use
The dispute was whether this entrustment was merely by way of hire which was the case of the Works or as was the case of the appellant was on the basis of an agreement between the parties that the appellant would purchase the motor if he found it satisfactory after trying it for three months and pay Rs 600 as the price and that he would return it if he found it unsatisfactory during this period of three months and pay Rs 40 each month as hire for that period
The real dispute between the parties therefore was as to the nature of the agreement between them when the motor was entrusted to the appellant in April 1958
That dispute was clearly of a civil nature
The Works however contended that by writing the letter of June 8 1959 the appellant committed breach of trust and was guilty under section 406 of the Indian Penal Code
Now in that letter the appellant put forward his side of the case as to the terms of the agreement when he took delivery of the motor in April 1958
The question is whether by writing that letter the appellant could be said to have committed the offence defined in section 405 of the Indian Penal Code and punishable under section 406 thereof
Now section 405 runs as follows  Whoever being in any manner entrusted with property or with any dominion over property dishonestly mis 401 appropriates or converts to his own use that property or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged or of any legal contract express or implied which he has made touching the discharge of such trust or wilfully suffers any other person so to do commits criminal breach of trust
 It may be accepted that the appellant was entrusted with the motor by virtue of the agreement between him and the Works the terms of which are seriously in dispute
The question however is whether the appellant dishonestly misappropriated or converted to his own use that motor
On the facts in the present case the motor was handed over to the appellant for his use even according to the case of the Works
Unless therefore it can be shown that the appellant by doing something to the motor which he was not entitled to do dishonestly misappropriated or converted the motor to his own use he cannot be guilty of breach of trust under this part of section 405
Now the case of the Works is that the appellant must be deemed to have misappropriated or converted to his own use the motor by writing the letter of June 8th
It is clear however that the letter shows no change in the use of the motor which according to the Works the appellant had hired for his own use
Therefore it cannot be said that merely by writing that letter of June 8 the appellant dealt with the motor in such manner as would amount to its misappropriation or conversion to his own use by him
Clearly the appellant was using the motor for his own purpose before that letter and continued to use it in the same way after the letter
That letter therefore cannot in our opinion result in the misappropriation or conversion of the motor to his own use by the appellant within the meaning of these words in section 405 in the circumstances of the present case
It is however urged that even if that be so the appellant must be held to have dishonestly used or disposed of the motor in violation of the legal contract express or implied which he had made touching the discharge of such trust because of the letter of June 8
Now it is clear from the receipt given by the appellant to the Works when he took the motor in April 1958 that he was taking it for his own use on certain terms
There is however nothing to show that by writing the letter of June 8 the appellant used the motor in violation of any legal contract express or implied which he bad made with respect to it for use of the motor was the same before the letter as well as after it
Nor can it be 402 said that the appellant had disposed of the motor in violation of any legal contract which he had made with respect thereto for it is not the case of the Works that the appellant had parted with the possession of the motor to somebody else
If for example the appellant had sold that motor there might have been something to be said for the view that he had disposed of the motor in violation of the contract with respect to it even if it was a hirepurchase contract
But on the facts of this case all that the letter of June 8 does is to put forward the case of the appellant with respect to the transaction of April 4 1958
So far as the use of the motor is concerned there has not been any change in it to indicate either misappropriation or conversion or disposal of it in any manner against the terms of the contract express or implied
Clearly section 405 contemplates something being done with respect to the property which would indicate either misappropriation or conversion or its use or disposal in violation of the contract express or implied
But where as in the present case nothing was done with respect to the use of the property which was not in accordance with the hiring agreement between the parties it cannot be said that there was misappropriation or conversion of the property or its use or disposal in violation of the contract
We are not expressing any opinion as to the correctness of the case either of the appellant or of the Works in this behalf
All that we emphasise is that the letter of June 8 merely raises a  dispute of civil nature between the parties and there is no question of any criminal breach of trust with respect to the motor on the basis of that letter
In this view of the matter we allow the appeal set aside the conviction of the appellant and order his acquittal
The fine if paid
will be refunded to him
Appeal allowed


Summary:
The appellant took an electric motor from an electrical Works in which the respondent was employed
Dispute arose about the terms on which the motor had been taken
The appellant wrote a letter to the Works that he had purchased the motor after paying its full price on behalf of the works it was said that it had only been given on hire
The Works through the respondent filed a complaint against the appellant alleging breach of trust
The complaint was dismissed by the trying magistrate but in appeal under section 4173 Criminal Procedure Code the High Court held that the claim of ownership made by the appellant in his letter was not bona fide and that by writing the said letter he had sought to cause wrongful gain to himself and wrongful loss to the works in violation of the entrustment which made him guilty under section 406 of the Indian Penal Code
In appeal to the Supreme Court by special leave HELDThe appeal must succeed
Clearly section 405 contemplates something being done with respect to the property which would indicate either misappropriation or conversion to the offender s own use or its use or disposal in violation of the contract express or implied
But when as in the present case nothing was done with respect to the use of the property which was not in accordance with the hiring agreement between the parties it cannot be said there was misappropriation or conversion of the property or its use or disposal in violation of the contract
The appellant did not part with the possession of the motor to any body else he put it to his own use the purpose for which he had taken it
The use of the motor remained the same after the letter in question as before it
The said letter merely raised a dispute of a civil nature between the parties and there was no question of any criminal breach of trust punishable under section 406 with respect to the matter on the basis of that letter
401 D F 402 E