Appeal No 185 of 1952
Appeal from the judgment and order dated December 15 1948 of the Madras High Court in Appeal No 155 of 1946 arising out of the decree dated October 27 1945 in Original Suit No 132 of 1944
Alladi Kuppuswami and M section K Sastri for the appellants
T V R Tatachari and T M Sen for respondent No 4 1957
May 10
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GAJFNDRAGADKAR J
This is an appeal by defendants 47 and 48 and the principal question which is raised for our decision in the appeal is whether the properties in suit are the subject matter of public charitable trust or are merely burdened or charged with the obligation in favour of the specified charities
The suit from which this appeal arises was filed with the sanction of the Collector under section 92 of the Cc de of Civil Procedure and the plaintiffs alleged that the properties in suit were the subject matter of a public charitable trust and that a scheme may be framed for the ad ministration of the said trust
The present appellants who are in possession of a substantial portion of the properties in suit as alienees have resisted this claim
They conceded that the properties in their hands were subject to the charge in favour of the charities but they denied that the said properties were the subject matter of a charitable trust
Several other pleas were made by the parties but the principal question in dispute between them was in regard to the character of the properties in suit
Both the learned 1125 trial judge and the High Court of Madras have upheld the plaintiffs  plea
It has been declared that the properties in question are trust properties and a direction has been issued that a scheme of management should be framed in respect of the trust with a view to carry out the charitable intentions of the settlor
It is this decree which is challenged before us by Mr Alladi Kuppuswami on behalf of defendants 47 and 48 and his argument is that the view taken by the Courts below about the character of the properties is based upon a misconstruction of the decree in question
In the plaint it was alleged that one Purushottam had been earning and purchasing large properties and endowing and dedicating them for public charitable purpose since 1896
In about 1919 Purushottam who had then become old wanted to place the charities which he had been till then personally administering on a permanent and enduring basis
That is why he executed and registered a deed of trust on March 17 1919
By this document a trust in respect of his properties was created and three trustees were appointed to administer the trust
Purushottam himself was one of these trustees and two Advocates Mr Reballa Subbarayudu and Mr C Viswanadha Rao were his co trustees
It would appear that Purushottam s son Ramakrishnayya did not approve of this arrangement and he began to obstruct the administration of the trust
As a result of this obstructive attitude adopted by Ramakrishnayya two suits had to be filed by the trustees against Ramakrishnayya and his associates who interfered with the management of the trust
These two suits were OS No 599 of 1919 and OS No 68 of 1920 on the files of the District Munsiff s Court Kavali and the District Court Nellore respectively
They were subsequently transferred to the Sub Court Nellore and numbered as OS No 39 of 1921 and OS No 67 of 1921 in the said Court
Pending the hearing of these suits the two advocates trustees withdrew from the suits leaving the conduct of the suits solely in charge of Purushottam
Ultimately the two suits ended in a compromise
According to the plaint in the present suit out of the which this 1126 appeal has arisen this compromise decree was fraudulent and collusive the object of the parties being to efface the character of the trust properties completely and to create individual rights in Purushottam his son Ramakrishnayya and the other defendants who claimed to be alienees from Ramakrishnayya
The plaint even alleged that in persuading the Court to pass the said compromise decree the parties effectively played fraud on the Court and the trust
Since the compromise was thus null and void it cannot affect the original trust created by Purushottam in 1919
That is why the plaint alleged that the properties mentioned in sch
A which were covered by the original deed of trust of 1919 were trust properties and asked in substance for the framing of a scheme for the administration of the said trust
At the date of this suit both Purushottam and his son Ramakrishnayya were dead
Ramakrishnayya s son Ramalingeswara Rao was therefore impleaded as defendant No 1
A large number of defendants had to be impleaded to the suit because the properties had been alienated both by Ramakrishnayya and Ramalingeswara Rao to several purchasers
Defendants 47 and 48 were two of such purchasers
On June 7 1942 an agreement of sale by defendant No 1 in favour of defendants 47 and 48 was executed and a decree for specific performance was ultimately passed in their favour
It was then that defendants 47 and 48 were impleaded to this suit on January 3 1944
These defendants substantially adopted the defence raised by the other contesting defendants who were already on the record
The principal contention raised on their behalf was that the compromise decree was not fraudulent or collusive that it represented a fair and bona fide family settlement between Purushottam and his son Ramakrishnayya and as such the decree was binding against Purushottam and the trust alleged to have been created by him in 1919
On the pleadings of the parties the learned trial judge framed ten issues
He found that the suit was competent that the compromise decree was not shown to be collusive or fraudulent and it was binding on the 1127 trust
Even so the said compromise decree itself created a trust in favour of public charities and in respect of the properties which had been allotted by the compromise decree to the share of Purushottam
It would be noticed that according to the plaint the trust for the administration of which a scheme was claimed by the plaintiffs was the trust created by Purushottam in 1919
Since the learned trial judge held that this trust deed had been effectively substituted by the arrangement evidenced in the compromise decree he proceeded to consider the effect of this compromise decree and since he thought that this compromise decree itself created a trust in substitution of the original trust of 1919 he proceeded to pass a decree in favour of the plaintiffs in respect of the substituted trust
This decree was passed on October 27 1945
The matter was taken to the High Court of Madras by defendants 47 and 48
On December 15 1948 the appeal preferred by defendants 47 and 48 was dismissed and the decree passed by the trial Court was confirmed
The learned Judges of the High Court of Madras dealt substantially with the question of the construction of the compromise decree and since they came to the conclusion that the said decree constituted a public charitable trust in respect of the properties assigned to the share of Purushottam they saw no reason to interfere with the decree under appeal
Two other points were raised before the High Court
They were whether the obligation arising out of the trust is annexed to the property that fell to the share of Purushottam under the compromise decree and whether the said decree was collusive and not binding on the trust
The High Court took the view that since the
compromise decree itself created a trust and it was possible to give relief to the plaintiffs on that view it was not necessary to consider the said two points
Defendants 47 and 48 then preferred the present appeal to this Court
By our interlocutory judgment on March 30 1955 we sent the case back to the High Court of Andhra with the direction that they should record their findings on the two additional points which were urged before them but on which they thought it 1128 unnecessary to make findings
In pursuance of this interlocutory judgment the High Court of Andhra to whom the proceedings were transferred owing to the creation of the new State of Andhra have now recorded their findings on the two issues in question
They have held that the obligation in question is annexed to the property that fell to the share of Purushottam under the compromise decree and they have found that the said compromise decree was not collusive and was binding on the trust
That is how the principal question which we have to consider in the present appeal is the construction of the compromise decree in question
The principles of Hindu Law applicable to the consideration of questions of dedication of property to charity are well settled
Dedication to charity need not necessarily be by instrument or grant
It can be established by cogent and satisfactory evidence of conduct of the parties and user of the property which show the extinction of the private secular character of the property and its complete dedication to charity
On the other hand in many cases Courts have to deal with grants or gifts showing dedication of property to charity
Now it is clear that dedication of a property to religious or charitable purposes may be either complete or partial
If the dedication is complete a trust in favour of public religious charity is created
If the dedication is partial a trust in favour of the charity is not created but a charge in favour of the charity is attached to and follows the property which retains its original private and secular character
Whether or not dedication is complete would naturally be a question of fact to be determined in each case in the light of the material terms used in the document
In such cases it is always a matter of ascertaining the true intention of the parties it is obvious that such intention must be gathered on a fair and reasonable construction of the document considered as a whole
The use of the word trust or trustee is no doubt of some help in determining such intention but the mere use of such words cannot be treated as decisive of the matter
Is the private title over the property intended 1129 to be completely extinguished  Is the title in regard to the property intended to be completely transferred to the charity  The answer to these questions can be found not by concentrating on the significance of the use of the word trustee or trust alone but by gathering the true intent of the document considered as a whole
In some cases where documents purport to dedicate property in favour of public charity provision is made for the maintenance of the worshipper who may be a member of the family of the original owner of the property himself and in such cases the question often arises whether the provision for the maintenance of the manager or the worshipper from the income of the property indicates an intention that the property should retain its original character and should merely be burdened with an obligation in favour of the charity
If the income of the property is substantially intended to be used for the purpose of the charity and only an insignificant and minor portion of it is allowed to be used for the maintenance of the worshipper or the manager it may be possible to take the view that dedication is complete
If on the other hand for the maintenance of public charity a minor portion of the income is expected or required to be used and a substantial surplus is left in the hands of the manager or worshipper for his own private purposes it would be difficult to accept the theory of complete dedication
It is naturally difficult to lay down a general rule for the solution of the problem
Each case must be considered on its facts and the intention of the parties must be determined on reading the document as a whole
In Maharani Hemanta Kumari Debi vs Gauri Shankar Tewari and Others 1 Sir George Rankin who delivered the judgment of the Board has observed In the usual case of complete dedication made to an idol for example the property ceases altogether to belong to the donor and becomes vested in the idol as a juristic person
Complete relinquishment by the owner of his proprietary right is however by no means the only form of dedication known to Hindu law and is 1 1940 LR 68 IA 53 63
145 1130 very different from anything that could ordinarily be inferred from the public user of a highway
From the standpoint of the Hindu law it is not essential to a valid dedication that the legal title should pass from the owner nor is it inconsistent with an effectual dedication that the owner should continue to make any and all uses of the land which do not interfere with the uses for which it is dedicated  per Mookerjee J in Chairman of the Howrah Municipality vs Khetra Krishna Mitra 1
 The learned Judge has further added that when the dedication is only partial the property in some parts of India might none the less in Common parlance be described as debotter but whether it be charged with a sum of Money for the worship of an idol or be subjected to a right of limited user on the part of the publicit would descend and be alienable in the ordinary way
The only difference as Mr Mayne observes is that it passes with it a charge upon it
In Jadu Nath Singh vs Thakur Sita Ramji 2 the Privy Council was dealing with a deed of dedication which provided that after the death of the grantor certain female members of his family should succeed him as managers that half the income should be enjoyed by the managers without power of alienation that upon the death of the named managers the Government should become manager and the whole net income should then be applied to the expenses of the temple
The Privy Council held that the deed was a valid endowment of the whole property to the temple and that the donor had no rights in it against either the idol or the managers
Dealing with the argument that in the hands of the female members of the grantor s family liberty was given to the said members to enjoy half the income Lord Haldane observed that  If the income of the property had been large a ques tion might have been raised in the
circumstances as throwing some doubt upon the integrity of the settler s intention but as the entire income is only 800 rupees it is obvious that the payment to these ladies is of the most trifling kind and certainly not an amount which one would expect in a case of that kind Lord 1  348
2 1917 LR 44 IA 187 190
1131 Haldane then emphasized the clear expression of the initial intention of the donor to apply the whole estate of the donor to the benefit of the temple and he added that the rest is only a gift to the idol sub modo by a direction that of the whole which had already been given part is to be applied for the upkeep of the idol itself and the repair of the temple and the other is to go for the upkeep of the managers
That is how in the end it was held that the document showed complete dedication in favour of the idol
In Pande Har Narayan vs Surja Kunwari 1 the Privy Council has observed that in determining whether the will of a Hindu gives the testator s estate to an idol subject to the charge in favour of the heirs of the testator or makes the gift to the idol a charge upon the estate there is no fixed rule depending upon the use of particular terms in the will
The question depends upon the construction of the will as a whole
In this particular case though the will had provided that the property of the testator shall be considered to be property of a certain idol there were further provisions which showed that the residue after defraying the expenses of the temple shall be used by the testator s legal heirs to meet their own expenses and it appeared that only a small proportion of the total income could be utilised for the idol whereas a large balance was available to the heirs
On these facts it was held by the Privy Council that the intention disclosed by the document was that the heirs should take the property subject to the charge for the performance of the religious purposes named in the will
Lord Shaw who delivered the judgment of the Board cited with approval the earlier observations of Turner L J in Sonatun Bysack vs Sreemutti Juggutsoondree Dossee 2 
Turner L J had stated  although the will purports to begin with an absolute gift in favour of the idol it is plain that the testator contemplated that there was to be some distribution of the property according as events might turn out and that he did not intend to give this property absolutely to the idol seems to their Lordships to be clear from the directions 1 1921 LR IA 143
2 8 Moo
I A 66 1132 which are contained in the various clauses of the will
 Similarly in Gopal Lal Sett vs Purna Chandra Basak1 the Privy Council held that the will of the Hindu testatrix with which they were concerned in this case conferred the properties specified on the grandson charged with the maintenance of the worship but that no shebaitship was created
The will in question had provided that out of the income of the specified property her grandson should perform the worship of certain family idols and that he should be in charge of the worship
The will contained no gift express or implied to the idols and there was no provision for the worship after the death of the grandson
It is in the light of these decisions that we will have to construe the compromise decree in the present case
Before considering the terms of the compromise decree however it would be relevant to mention some more facts
After Purushottam had executed a deed of trust in 1919 troubles arose in his own family
His son apparently began to assert his share in the property which was the subject matter of the said trust and he actually started to alienate his alleged undivided share in the said property
That indeed was the genesis of the two suits initially filed by the three trustees in 1919 1920
In OS No 30 of 1921 itself an alternative claim appears to have been made by Purushottam when he was left in sole charge of the suit after the withdrawal from the suit by his co trustees
He claimed a declaration that he was entitled to recover the possession of the property as mentioned in sch
A and A 1 of the claim or in the alternative that he should be declared to be entitled to the title of the property jointly with his son Ramakrishnayya and the partition in the two shares of the same may be directed and he may be put in possession of such property as would fall to his share
In other words the first claim was based on the validity of the original trust deed created by Purushottam and the second as based on the assumption that the trust was not valid that the property the subject matter of the said trust was liable to be divided between 1 1921 LR 49 IA 100
1133 Purushottam and his son and a prayer was made that Purushottam should be allotted his share by a partition of all the property by metes and bounds
As a result of the compromise decree passed in this suit the property over which Purushottam had created a trust in 1919 was divided between himself and his son Ramakrishnayya and some of the property which was not included in the trust deed of 1919 but which was also the subject matter of the suit itself was allotted to the share of Purushottam
The property thus allotted to the share of Purushottam formed part of sch
1 and it is in respect of this property that a public charitable trust has been created according to the findings of the Courts below
For the appellants it is urged before us that this view is erroneous
We will now consider the relevant terms of the compromise decree
Clause 1 of the decree provides that the property described in sch 1 attached to the decree should go to the share of the third plaintiff viz Purushottam
It appears that four items included in sch
1 had been sold by defendant I to defendants 13 and 14
These alienees however agreed to give up their claim in respect of these properties
Clause 1 then reads as follows that as regards the aforesaid schedule property the third plaintiff should be the  sole trustee  till his lifetime for the purpose of conducting the charities described in the trust deed dated 17th March 1919 and he should utilise the income derived therefrom for the charities according to the necessity and should enjoy the said property till his lifetime without rights to gift sale etc
 therein that after his death the said entire property should pass on to his grandson Ramalingeswara Rao subject to the performance of the aforesaid kainkaryams charities that if the third plaintiff should die before the expiry of the minority of the aforesaid Ramalingeswara Rao arrangement should be made to have a guardian appointed through Court for the property made to pass to the said Ramalingeswara Rao the said guardian should take possession of the property 1134 and conduct the aforesaid charities and deliver possession of the same to the said Ramalingeswara Rao as soon as the minor attains majority that thereafter the said Ramalingeswara Rao should conduct the above mentioned charities and enjoy the properties Then cls
2 and 3 deal with the claims of defendant 1 and defendants 10 11 and 12
Clause 4 directs that the properties allotted to the share of the third plaintiff should be immediately delivered to him by the defendants and el
5 provides that the third plaintiff should give up all other claims in respect of the suit and the parties should bear their own respective costs
At this stage it may be relevant to refer to the particulars of charities for whose benefit admittedly the decretal provision in el
1 has been made
These particulars are mentioned in para
6 of the original deed of trust and it is not disputed that the burden imposed by cl
1 of the decree is in favour of the same charities
These charities are nine in number and they are thus enumerated in the deed of trust 1 In the choultry constructed in the land in Survey No 81 all persons who pass to and fro in Doranala Road should be given drinks to quench thirst everyday two brahmin travellers should be given food at noon
2 For the purpose of Mahanaivaidyam food offering taking place every night to Sree Malleswaraswami Varu enshrined in the aforesaid Damaramadugu village 12 tooms of paddy and Rs 6 in cash should be given to the trustee of the said Devasthanam
3 During the time of Brahmotsavam of Sri Malleswaraswami and Sri Kamakshi Thayi Garu in Jonnavada which is taking place every year Rs 10 rupees ten should be paid every year in respect of the Ravana Seva Ubbayam that is being conducted by the Damaramadugu villagers
4 During the Brahmotsavam time of Sri Jonnavada Kamakshi Thayi that takes place every year 1135 Rs 40 rupees forty should be spent for Ekanthaseva  and the trustees should be present and see that the said Ubbayam is properly conducted
5 Rs 12 should be paid every year towards Deeparadhana expenses during nights to Sri Veeranjaneyaswami Varu enshrined in Pata Santhapeta Nellore to the trustee of the said Devasthanam
6 From out of the said fund Rs 42 per year should be paid to poor Brahmin boys reading in classes commencing from fourth form and upward in the High School towards the school fees
Now this amount shall be paid to Amperayani Venkatakrishnayya who is reading in the Kurnool School till he stops his study and after he stops his study the then trustees are hereby empowered to give the money to poor Brahmin boy whom they consider as the suitable recipient
7 If there should be difference of opinion on any matter relating to the management of the aforesaid charities the opinion of the majority trustees shall prevail and it will be given effect to
8 The trustees shall exercise all powers in the matter of the management of these charities viz to appoint the necessary staff to remove them to suspend them to impose fine and to make all arrangements for the staff to discharge their duties efficiently
9 The trustees are fully empowered to now and then grant cowles in respect of the schedule mentioned property to individuals and to have muchilikas executed and in the event of any disputes arising at any time through any person in respect of the said property to institute and conduct suitable proceedings in proper Courts to get over such disputes and also to incur the necessary expenditure from out of the income from the aforesaid endowments
 It would be clear that el
1 of the compromise decree is the foundation of the theory that a public trust had been created in respect of the properties allotted to the share of Purushottam
In dealing with this clause the High Court of Madras appears to have attached considerable importance to the fact that 1136 Purushottam had already in unequivocal terms expressed his intention to create a trust of his own properties in 1919
There is no doubt that the document of 1919 creates a public charitable trust
In construing cl
1 of the compromise decree the learned Judges of the High Court of Madras appear to have assumed that this clause was really intended to confirm the earlier creation of the trust though in respect of different properties
With respect in making this assumption the learned Judges appear to have over looked the sharp distinction between the words used in the trust deed of 1919 and in cl
1 of the compromise decree
The trust deed had appointed three trustees and by cl
12 had specifically provided that the amounts described in the schedule and the income that will increase and accrue in future shall be utilised for the above charities only and it shall not be used for private purposes
In other words el
12 emphatically prohibits the use of the income from the property for any private purpose and in terms dedicates entirely the whole of the property and its income for public charitable purposes
Clause 3 of the trust deed had appointed three trustees had provided for the management of the trust and the keeping of the accounts
Under this clause all the trustees should join together and hold a meeting once a month in the choultry and examine the accounts and consider the other details of management
The deed has further provided for the appointment of other trustees in case of vacancy occurring either by death or resignation
Now let us look at cl
1 in the compromise decree
It is true that the third plaintiff is described in this clause as the sole trustee till his lifetime
It is also true that as the sole trustee he is allowed to enjoy the said property till his lifetime  without rights to gift sale etc in the same
 The use of the word sole trustee is no doubt relevant and its full effect must be taken into account but its significance cannot be exaggerated
It is really difficult to understand how a sole trustee could enjoy the property
The enjoyment of the property inevitably suggests the right to enjoy the property in one s right and this notion is not easily 1137 reconcilable with the theory of complete dedication of the property in favour of charity
Even so we will assume that the use of the word  sole trustee  is a factor in favour of the plaintiffs
In the same clause there is however another indication which is inconsistent with this theory of complete dedication
The income of the property has to be utilised for charities according to the necessity
The contrast between this provision and the provision in cl
12 of the earlier deed of trust is obvious
Whereas under the earlier deed the whole of the income had to be utilised only for the purpose of charity under el
1 of the decree a part of the income is to be utilised according to the need of the charity
Then after the death of Puru shottam the clause provides that the property should pass on to his grandson Ramalingeswara Rao subject to the purpose of the aforesaid charities
The notion that the property has to pass from Purushottam to Ramalingeswara Rao is consistent with Purushottam s title to the property and is inconsistent with the title of the idol in the said property
This clause about the devolution of the title in favour of the grandson clearly and unequivocally suggests that all that Purushottam wanted to achieve by this clause was to leave his private title unimpaired except with the burden or charge in favour of charity
This clause can be contrasted with cl
4 of the trust deed which provides for the subsequent appointment of trustees
Then the provision about the appointment of the guardian of Ramalingeswara Rao during his minority is also inconsistent with the theory of complete dedication
It is difficult to appreciate how a guardian of a minor trustee can be appointed in this way in respect of properties which do not belong to the minor but are trust properties
It is however urged that Purushottam as the sole trustee is positively prohibited from making the gift of the property or selling the property by the first part of el
1 and that Prima facie indicates that Purushottam was not an absolute owner of the property but in judging the effect of this prohibition we cannot lose sight of the fact that a similar prohibition is not included in the decree when the decree deals 146 1138 with the rights of the grandson of Purushottam
Reading the clause as a whole it seems to us fairly clear that Purushottam wanted the property to devolve on his grandson and treated the property as his private property in that behalf
Since that was the intention of Purushottam no restraint has been imposed on the absolute title of Ramalingeswara Rao and he has been apparently given full liberty to deal with the property as he likes except that he was under an obligation to the charity in question
The last portion of the clause authorises Ramalingeswara Rao to conduct the above mentioned charities and to enjoy the property
This clause again is wholly inconsistent with the theory of complete dedication and merely suggests that in the hands of Ramalingeswara Rao as well as in the hands of his successors or transferees the property would stand burdened with the obligation to perform the charities in question
We have carefully considered the terms of cl
1 of this decree and we are satisfied that it is difficult to hold on these terms that the property allotted to the share of Purushottam under the decree was intended to be completely dedicated in favour of charities
In our opinion the learned Judges of the High Court of Madras were in error in construing this clause as evidencing the creation of a public charitable trust
We are satisfied that the properties continue to be the properties of Purushottam until his death and on his death they devolved upon his grandson Ramalingeswara Rao subject always to the burden of performing the charities mentioned in the earlier deed of trust
For the Advocate General of Andhra who has been allowed to represent charities in the present case after the death of the original plaintiffs Mr Tatachari has urged that even though the compromise decree may not indicate the creation of a public trust that would not necessarily defeat the plaintiffs  claim
He contends that the trust of 1919 which had been validly created by Purushottam cannot be effectively effaced by the subsequent compromise decree between Purushottam and his son and the alienees from his son
Mr Tata chari has referred us to the material allegations in the 1139 plaint where it has been suggested that in agreeing to the compromise decree Purushottam was in substance guilty of breach of trust
We do not propose to consider the merits of this interesting argument because in our opinion it is too late for the plaintiffs to raise such a point
We have already mentioned that one of the issues specifically raised between the parties in the present litigation was in regard to the nature and effect of the compromise decree
In fact we have already indicated that when we found that the learned Judges of the High Court of Madras had not considered this issue by our interlocutory judgment we invited the High Court to consider this issue along with another
The position now is that both the Courts below have found that the compromise decree was not collusive or fraudulent and it binds the trust
The respondent has not filed any objection to the finding submitted by the High Court of Andhra in pursuance to our interlocutory judgment
Indeed if the plaintiffs had adhered to their original case they should have insisted upon obtaining a decree for a scheme of the original trust of 1919
It is true that a decree for a scheme was passed in favour of the plaintiffs but this decree was passed on the assumption that a subsequent compromise decree had created a public trust
It is clear from the plaint that the plaintiffs had not alternatively asked for a scheme of the subsequent trust
That being so it was really necessary for the plaintiffs to have preferred an appeal against the trial Court s decree and urged that the original trust deed had not been effaced and that it was still subsisting not with standing the compromise decree and that a scheme should be framed in respect of the said original trust
It appears that the plaintiffs were content to acquiesce in the finding that the subsequent compromise decree bound the original trust deed and as matters then stood it did not make any practical difference to the plaintiffs  case because they got a scheme for the administration of the trust though new properties were substituted for the old to constitute the subject matter of the trust but in law the conduct of the plaintiffs amounted to an admission that the compromise decree 1140 offaced the original trust in that the properties of the trust were changed in the manner indicated in the decree
Before the High Court of Madras the only point which the plaintiffs urged was that the compromise decree created a trust
It is true that this compromise decree was intended for the benefit of the charities covered by the earlier deed of trust and the argument was that the properties which were allotted to the share of Purushottam by the compromise decree should be deemed to have been substituted for the original properties of the trust
Having adopted this attitude it is now not open to the plaintiffs to contend that the terms of the compromise decree do not bind the trust that the decree per se constituted a breach of trust and that the original trust is wholly unaffected by whatever Purushottam did in the subsequent litigation
In our opinion therefore it is unnecessary to consider the merits of the contention which Mr Tatachari attempted to raise before us
Since we hold that the compromise decree had not created a public trust it is unnecessary to consider any other point
We wish to make it clear that Mr Alladi Kuppuswami expressly told us that his clients have always agreed that the properties in their hands are burdened with the obligation to discharge the charities mentioned in the deed of trust executed by Purushottam in 1919
We accordingly declare that the properties in the hands of the appellants are subject to the charge in favour of the said charities
However since the plaintiffs  case for a scheme has failed the appeal must be allowed and the plaintiffs  suit dis missed
As the Advocate General has appeared before us to support the case of the charities we direct that the parties should bear their costs throughout
Appeal allowed


Summary:
A Hindu father executed a registered deed of trust giving away his properties to public charities and appointed himself and two others as trustees
The son in assertion by his right to a moiety share therein started to alienate them
There was litigation between the trustees and the son which ultimately ended in a compromise decree for partition between the father and the son the two other trustees having retired pending litigation
After the death of both the father and the son a suit was brought under 1123 section 92 of the Code of Civil Procedure for the framing of a scheme for the administration of the trust
The trial court held that the trust deed had been substituted by the compromise decree which itself created a trust and decreed the suit on that basis
On appeal by two of the defendants who were transferees in possession of some of the properties in suit the High Court affirmed the decision of the trial court holding that the compromise decree created a trust for public charities in respect of the properties allotted to the third plaintiff meaning the father
The said defendants appealed to this Court
The principal question for decision was one of construction of the compromise decree whether it created a trust or a charge
The relevant terms of the compromise decree were as follows  that as regards the aforesaid schedule property the third plaintiff should be the sole trustee  till his lifetime for the purpose of conducting the charities described in the trust deed dated 17th March 1919 and he should utilise the income derived therefrom for the charities according to the necessity and should enjoy the said property till his lifetime without rights to gift sale etc
 therein  that after his death the said entire property should pass on to his grandson Ramalingeswara Rao subject to the performance of the aforesaid kainkaryams charities  that if the third plaintiff should die before the expiry of the minority of the aforesaid Ramalingeswara Rao arrangement should be made to have a guardian appointed through Court for the property made to pass to the said Rainalingeswara Rao the said guardian should take possession of the property and conduct the aforesaid charities and deliver possession of the same to the said Ramalingeswara Rao as soon as the minor attains majority  that thereafter the said Ramalingeswara Rao should conduct the above mentioned charities and enjoy the properties  Hald that the courts below were in error in construing the compromise decree in the way they did and the appeal must succeed
There can be no doubt from the terms of the compromise decree read as a whole that what was intended to be created was a charge and not a trust in respect of the properties allotted to the father which retained their private character
The principles of Hindu Law applicable to questions relating to charitable trust are well settled
Whether or not a dedication to charity is complete must depend on the intention of the donor which has to be gathered from the terms of the document in any particular case read as a whole
If the dedication is complete a trust is created if not a charge follows
The mere use of the word trust  or trustee  cannot by itself be conclusive as to the intention of the donor and the real test is whether private title 1124 over the property is sought to be extinguished by a complete transfer of it to the charity
Maharani Hemanta Kumati Debi vs Gauri Shankar Tewari 1940 L R 68 IA 53 Jadu Nath Singh vs Thakur Sita Ramji 1917 LR 44 IA 187 Pande Har Narayan vs Surja Kunwari 1921 LR 48 IA 143 Sonatun Bysack vs Sreemutti juggul soondyee Dossee 8 Moo
IA 66 and Gopal Lal Sett vs Purna Chandya Basak 1921 LR 49 IA 100 applied