Appeals Nos
369 to 375 of 1967
599 Appeals from the judgment and order dated October 15 1966 of the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Applications Nos
1475 1479 and 1480 of 1965 and 119 120 122 and 125 of 1966 respectively
GL Sanghi and Ravinder Narain for the appellants in all the appeals
Bishan Narain R H Dhebar and section P Nayar for respondents Nos 1 and 2 in all the appeals
Arun H Mehta and IN Shroff for respondent No 3 in all the appeals
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shelat J
These appeals by certificate are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Gujarat dismissing the writ petitions filed by the appellants for quashing the notifications dated August 28 1964 and October 18 1965 respectively issued under sections 4 and 6 of the Land Acquisition Act1 of 1894
The appellants are the owners of the lands in question situate at Ranoli District Baroda
The 3rd respondent Company also owns about 140 acres of land in the same village
The appellant s lands are either situate adjacent to and between the Company s lands and the railway lines or are enclaves surrounded by lands belonging to the Company
On July 22 1961 the State Government issued a notification under sec
4 of the Act to the effect that the appellants  said lands were or were likely to be needed for a public purpose viz for a fertilizer factory
That notification was withdrawn on September 11 1961 as the lands were stated to be unsuitable for such a factory
The Government however issued the very next day a fresh notification under sec
4 in respect of the same lands this time for the purpose of the 3rd respondent Company
Some of these appellants thereupon filed writ petitions challenging its validity
While these petitions were pending before the High Court this Court delivered its decision in what is known as the first Arora Case1
To get over the difficulties arising from that decision first an Ordinance and then the Amendment Act XXXI of 1962 were passed
The Amendment Act was brought into force from July 20 1962 with retrospective effect
The Central Government thereafter made Rules under sec
55 of the Act called the Land Acquisition Companies Rules which were brought into force from June 22 1963
On July 24 1963 the State Government withdrew the notification dated September 12 1961 whereupon the writ petitions filed by the appellants challenging the said notifications were withdrawn
In the meantime one DK Master who was then the Special Land Acquisition Officer Baroda started an inquiry under Rule 4 of the said Rules
On August 281964 the State Government issued a notification under 1 1962 Supp 2 SCR 149AIR 600 sec
4 stating that the appellants  said lands were needed or were likely to be needed for the establishment of a factory of the 3rd respondent Company
The appellants filed their objections in the inquiry then held under sec
5A but they were rejected
On October 18 1965 the State Government issued sec
6 notification declaring that the said lands were needed for the factory of the 3rd respondent Company which it was stated was taking steps or engaging itself for manufacture of optical bleaching agents interme diate dye stuffs etc which according to the Government was for a public purpose
The appellants thereupon filed writ petitions from which these appeals arise challenging the two notifications dated August 28 1964 and October 18 1965 respectively
When these writ petitions came on for hearing the State Government produced a notification dated October 11 1963 authorising the Special Land Acquisition Officers of the State to perform the functions of the Collector under sec 3c
On certain contentions having been raised on the basis of this notification the High Court adjourned the hearing to enable the State Government to explain the circumstances and the reasons for issuing the said notification
On August 25 1966 the said Master filed a further affidavit clarifying the Government s position and the circumstances in which he performed the functions of the Collector under sec 3c
Before the High Court the appellants contended that the pro cedure laid down in the said Land Acquisition Companies Rules was not followed that the purpose for which the acquisition was being made was not a public purpose within the meaning of sec
401a that the acquisition was made mala fide and in colourable exercise of power that the State Government had not applied its mind to the facts of the case and lastly that the inquiry under sec
5A was a quasi judicial inquiry and that as an opportunity to be heard was not given to the appellants the proceedings under sec
5A violated natural justice
Counsel however conceded that the inquiry under section 5A was administrative but contended that the appellants were still entitled to be heard before the State Government formed its satisfaction that the lands were required for the Company
The High Court rejected all these contentions and dismissed the writ petitions
Hence these appeals
Counsel for the appellants formulated the following five propositions on which he impugned the High Court s judgment 1that the inquiry under Rule 4 of the Land Acquisition Companies Rules and the consequent report made by Master to the Government were invalid therefore there being no valid report under Rule 4 read with section 40 no notification either under s4 or sec
6 could be validly issued 601 2 that sec
6 notification was issued without complying with Part VII of the Act and without a valid consent of the State Government as required by sec
39 and therefore no notification either under sec
4 or sec
6 could be lawfully issued 3 that the acquisition was made mala fide and without ap plication of mind to the relevant facts 4 that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose and 5 that the State Government was bound to give an oppor tunity of being heard to the appellants before taking decision under sec
5A particularly when the report of the said Master was against the acquisition
We shall consider these propositions in the order in which they were urged
As regards propositions 1 and 2
the argument was that Mas ter was only a Sp
LA officer but was not the Collector within the meaning of Rule 4 and therefore the inquiry held by him under that Rule and the report made consequent thereto were invalid that even if Master can be held to have been authorised to perform the functions of the Collector he was not specially appointed as Collector that the State Government had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by Rule 4 and that the notification dated October 11 1963 did not appoint but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector
It is not in dispute that as required by the said Rules the State Government had apponited a Land Acquisition Committee before it issued the notification under sec
The affidavit of Master establishes that he worked as a Sp
LA officer at Baroda from December 6 1961 to April 29 1965
On February 11 1963 he was appointed to officiate as Special Land Acquisition Officer Baroda
On October 1 1963 the Government wrote a letter to him forwarding the application dated September 11 1963 of the 3rd respondent Company requesting the Government to acquire the lands in question and directing him to hold an inquiry according to the said Rules and to make a report
The letter also stated that be was being authorised separately to perform the functions of the Collector and that on such authorisation he would be competent to make the inquiry
On the same daythe Government issued a notification under sec
3c authorising him to perform the function of the Collector within Baroda District
But on October 11 1963 the Government issued another notification superseding the notification of October 1 1963 and authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act within the area of their respective jurisdiction
On October 10 1963 Master had addressed a letter to the 602 Company to supply information for his inquiry under Rule 4
On October 22 1963 he issued notices to 27 owners of the lands proposed to be acquired but only 10 of them appeared before him and he recorded their statements on October 31 1963
There is thus no doubt that Master was instructed by the State Government to hold an inquiry and to submit his report
Rule 4 requires the Collector to make an inquiry regarding the matters stated therein such matters inter alia being that the land requested by the Company for acquisition is not excessive that the Company has made efforts and offered reasonable
price to buy the land from the owners that if the land happens to be good agricultural land there is no other alternative land suitable for the Company s purpose and the approximate amount of compensation which would be payable if the lands were acquired
The Collector after making such inquiry has to submit his report to the Government
The Government then forwards it to the Land Acquisition Committee and the Committee has to advise the Government
Rule 4 prohibits the Government from issuing notification under section 6 unless it has consulted the Committee and considered the said report as also the report made under section 5A and unless an agreement with the Company under section 41 has been executed
The contention was that though Master held the inquiry and made the report he had functioned not as the Collector but in his capacity as the Special Land Acquisition Officer Baroda and therefore the notification under sec
4 and section 6 were invalid
The argument was firstly that Rule 4 does not define collector and therefore the word collector must mean the Collector of the District and secondly that even if Master was appointed as the Collector as defined by sec
3c his appointment as Collector was not valid as he was not specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector
It was said that the notification dated October 11 1963 did not specially appoint Master but was a general notification authorising not only Master but all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed not only before the date of sec
4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future
In our view these contentions cannot be upheld
Section 3c defines a Collector to mean Collector of the District and includes Deputy Commissioner and any officer specially appointed by the Government to perform the functions of a Collector under the Act
Section 20 of the General Clauses Act X of 1897 provides that where a Central Act empowers making rules the expressions used in such rules if made after the commencement of that Act shall have the same meaning as in the Central Act unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context
There being nothing repugnant in the subject or context the word collector must have the same meaning in the rules as in sec
3c which includes an officer specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector
If therefore Master can be said to have
608 been specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector Linder the Act no challenge can be entertained as to his competence to make the inquiry and the report under Rule 4 of the said Rules
Sanghi conceded that the notification dated October 1 1963 did specially appoint Master as the Collector
Baroda but argued that as that notification was superseded it would not avail the respondents and therefore the question was whether the noti fication dated October 11 1963 can be said to have specially appointed Master as Collector
He argued that since that notification appointed all the Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective areas the appointments made thereunder must be regarded as general and not appointments specially made and therefore it cannot be said that Master or any one of them was specially appointed as required by sec 3c
The argument therefore resolves itself to what is the true meaning of the words specially appointed
In our view those words simply mean that as such an officer is not a Collector and cannot perform the functions of a Collector under the Act he has to be specially appointed that is  appointed for the specific purpose of performing those functions
The word specially  has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointment and is not used to convey the sense of a special as against a general appointment
The word specially thus connotes the appointment of an officer or officers to perform functions which ordinarily a Collector would perform under the Act
It qualifies the word appointed and means no more than that he is appointed specially to perform the functions entrusted by the Act to the Collector
It is the appointment therefore which is special and not the person from amongst several such officers
Besides sec
15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a person to perform a certain function such power can be exercised either by name or by virtue of office
There would therefore be no objection if the appointment is made of an officer by virtue of his office and not by his name
Therefore even if the meaning of the word specially were to be that which is canvassed by Mr Sanghi the Government could have issued separate notifications for each of the Sp
LA officers authorising them individually to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective area of jurisdiction
Instead of doing that if one notification were to be issued authorising each of them to perform those functions there could be no valid objection
Such a notification would have the same force as a separate notification in respect of each individual Sp
LA officer
Such a notification Would mean that the Government thereby appoints each of the existing Sp L A officers to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective areas
It is true that the notification also declares that such of the Sp
LA officers as may be appointed in future are also authorised to preform the Collector s functions
That only means that whenever a person would be appointed as a Sp
LA 604 officer for a particular area the notification would in effect invest him at the same time with the authority to perform the Collector s functions
The appointment of each of these officers therefore must be held to be special and not general
But Mr Sanghi argued that even so the notification did not appoint Master but merely authorised him to perform the Collector s functions
In our View
the distinction is without difference
In the context of sec
3c when an officer is authorised to perform the functions of the Collector it means that he is appointed to perfore those functions
The clause does not contemplate a separate or an additional post
What it means is that some officer who is already in the Government employment is authorised to work as a Collector for the purposes of the Act
In this sense whether he is appointed or authorised to perform the Collector s functions he would be complying with the terms of that clause
It was then urgued that the inquiry under Rule 4 is a quasi judicial inquiry and therefore it was incumbent on Master to give an opportunity to the appellants to be heard
The Rule however provides that the officer conducting the inquiry has to hear the Company before making his report
Whether he has also to hear tile owners of the land or not need not be decided in these appeals as Master had in fact given such an opportunity to the appellants by serving them with notices and recorded the statements of such of them who cared to appear before him
There is therefore no merit in that contention
Next it was urged that the inquiry under Rule 4 has to be held after the notification under sec
4 is issued and not before and therefore the inquiry held by Master was no  valid
We do not find anything in Rule 4 or in any other Rule to warrant such a proposition
The inquiry the report to be made consequent upon such inquiry
obtaining the opinion of the Land Acquisition Committee all these are intended to enable the Government to come to a tentative conclusion that the lands in question are or are likely to be needed for a public purpose and to issue thereafter sec
4 notification
In our view no objection to the appointment of Master to perform the functions of the Collector under sec
3c or to his competence to make the inquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made It follows that the consent given by the State Government for initiating acquisition proceedings was validly given and was in compliance with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications
This disposes of Mr Sanghi s propositions 1 and 2
The third proposition is that the State Government exercised the power under the Act mala fide and without applying its mind to the facts of the case
Paragraph 10 of the petition containing the plea as to mala fides is in general terms without any particulars
Even such of the allegations that are to be found there arc more against the 3rd respondent Company than against the State Government
These are based on the fact that the Company had 605 sufficient land of its own and the acquisition was therefore being made so that the Company may acquire the neighbouring lands without utilising its own lands
It is true that the Company owns
140 acres of land
But as the affidavit of the Company s officer shows out of these 140 acres 48 acres are ravine lands unfit as factory sites
According to the Company those lands however will be utilised for housing accommodation for its 700 workmen and for amenities for them such as play grounds a sports club
a recreation centre and a co operative consumer society
Forty acres out of the rest of the land have already been used for constructing some of the factories  warehouses and godowns
As regards the balance of 60 acres they do not form a compact block and contain in them small pockets belonging to the appellants
The Company s case was that unless these pockets are acquired and these 60 acres are made into one compact lot it would not be possible to use them as factory site
These lands are besides divided by a Nal which if filled Lip would block access to the appellant s lands
Unless the enclaves are acquired
the said Nal which divides the Company s lands carnot be filled up
A portion of the lands in question is also necessary for an approach road leading to the proposed railway siding
Some of the land will have to be kept open as otherwise the noxious fumes omitted by the factories would prove detrimental to the health of the neighbours
The documents produced by Master reveal that the inquiry
held by him as on the question whether the Company was trying to acquire excessive land
It is therefore not possible that the Government failed to apply its mind having had Master s report before it as also the report under sec
5A as regards the extent of land needed by the Company
It was however arzueed though somewhat vaguely that the Company would not require as much as 40 acres for housing its workmen and also that the Company has its own land near the railway lines which can well be used for the proposed railway siding
No effort however was made to show that the Company would not really need 40 acres for housing purposes
As regards the proposed railway siding also there is no data to show that the Company s land near the railway lines would be suitable for constructing such railway siding
The appellant s lands appear to be near the existing goods platform
It may be that the Government found on the basis of the reports before it that the appellants  lands near the goods platform would be more suitable for the railway siding than the Company s land near the railway lines
Mr Sanghi then contended that the fact that the Government had been trying to acquire these lands since 1962 and has been issuing one notification after another shows the exercise of the power to acquire was mala fide
No 1 such inference can be drawn from such a fact only
The fact on the other hand that the Government cancelled its first notification on the ground that these 606 lands were not suitable for a fertiliser factory gives a clear indication that it had applied its mind and relatives the allegation of mala fide exercise of power
The correspondence which the Company produced during the hearing of the petitions shows that as soon as the decision in the first Arora Case1 was given the Government at once cancelled the notification in spite of the Company s request to continue it
This negatives any suspicion as to collusion between the Company and the acquiring authority
It is true that Master s opinion was adverse to acquisition but the Government was not bound to accept it
However the fact that a responsible officer of the Government gave an adverse opinion is yet another indication that he was acting independently without being influenced by the Government or the Company
In our view the appellants failed to establish their allegation either as to mala fide or the non application of mind by the State Government
The third proposition of Mr Sanghi therefore must fail
As regards proposition No 4 the only argument urged was that when a particular land is being already used for one public purpose in this case the manufacture of sagol a building material made from lime the legislature could not have intended to empower the Government to destroy that purpose and substitute in its place another public purpose
We need only say that a similar argument was urged in Somavanti s Case 2  and rejected by this Court
The last proposition of Mr Sanghi was that even though an inquiry under section 5A may be an administrative inquiry the State Government was bound to give an opportunity to be heard to the appellants after receiving the report thereunder and before making up its mind for the purpose of issuing sec6 notification
It is not in dispute that during sec
5A inquiry the appellants were heard and their objections were taken on record
Under sec
5A the Collector has to hear the objections of the owner
take them on r ecord and then submit his report to the Government
The section also requires him to send along with his report the entire record of his inquiry which would include the objections
The report has merely recommendatory value and is not binding on the Government
The record has to accompany the report as it is for the Government to form independently its satisfaction
Both are sent to enable the Government to form its satisfaction that the acquisition is necessary for a public purpose or for the Company
It is then that sec
6 notification which declares that particular land is needed for either of the two purposes is issued
The Government thus bad before it not only the opinion of Master but also all that the appellants had to say by way of objections against the proposed acquisition
The appellants therefore had an opportunity of 1 1962 Supp 2 SCR 149 2 607 being heard
Neither sec
5A nor any other provision of the Act lays down that a second opportunity has to be given before the issuance of section 6 notification
This contention also therefore cannot be sustained
These were all the contentions urged before us
As none of them can be upheld the appeals have to be dismissed
The appellants will pay to the respondents the costs of these appeals
One hearing fee
RKPS Appeals dismissed


Summary:
On October 1 1963 the State Government issued a notification under section 3c authorising one M who was then the Special Land Acquisition Officer Baroda to perform the functions of a Collector and also directed him to hold an enquiry under the Land Acquisition Companies Rules on the application of the third respondent company requesting the government to acquire the appellant s land
In supersession of that notification the Government issued another notification on October 11 1963 authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act within the area of their respective jurisdiction
After M had made an enquiry under Rule 4 the respondent State Government issued a notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act 1894 on August 28
1964 in respect of the appellant s land which was stated to be required for the establishment of a factory by the third respondent company
Objections filed by the appellants in an enquiry under section 5A were rejected and the State Government thereafter issued a notification under section 6 on October 18 1965
The appellants challenged the notification by writ petitions but these were dismissed by the High Court
In the appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellants inter alia
i that M was only a Special Land Acquisition Officer and not the Collector within the meaning of Rule 4 in any event the notification of October 11 1963 did not specially appoint him but was a general notification authorising all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed not only before the date of section 4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future
furthermore the notification did not appoint but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector the State Goverrunent had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by Rule 4 therefore the enquiry held by him under that Rule and the report made was invailed and consequently no notification either under section 4 or section 6 could be validly issued ii that the section 6 notification was issued without complying with Part VII of the Act and without the valid consent of the State Government as required by section 39 iii that the acquisition was made mala fide and without application of mind to the relevant facts iv that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose and v that the State Government was bound to give an opportunity of being heard to the appellants before taking a decision under section 5A particularly when the report made by M was against the acquisition 598 HELD Dismissing the appeal
i No objection to the appointment of M to perform the functions of the Collector under section 3c or to his competence to make the enquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made
It follows that the consent given by the State Government in initiating acquisition proceedings was validly given and was in comp liance with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications
604G There being nothing repugnant in the subject or context the word Collector must by virtue of section 20 of the  have the same meaning in the Rules as in section 3c of the Act which includes an officer specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector
602H The words specially appointed simply mean that as a Sp
LA Officer is not a Collector and cannot perform the functions of a Collector under the Act
he has to be specially appointed ie appointed for the specific purpose of performing those functions
The word specially has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointing and is not used to convey the sense of a special as against a general appointment
Furthermore section 15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a Person to Perform a certain function such power can be exercised either by name or by virtue of office
603C F In the context of section 3c when an officer is authorised to perform the functions of the Collector it means that he is appointed to perform those functions
The distinction between the two is without a difference
604B There is no force in the contention that the enquiry under rule 4 has to be held after the notification under section 4 and not before
There is nothing in rule 4 or any other rule to warrant such a proposition
ii On the facts the appellants had failed to establish their allegation either as to mala fides or the non application of mind by the State Government
iii There is no force in the contention that when the appellant s lands were already being used for the manufacture of a building material and that was also a public purpose the legislature could not have intended to empower the Government to destroy that purpose and substitute in its place another Public purpose
606D Arora Case 1962 Supp 2 SCR 149 referred to
iv It is not disputed that during the section 5A enquiry the appellants were heard and their objections were taken on record
The record of the enquiry is required under section 5A to be sent to the Government so as to enable the Government to decide whether the acquisition is necessary for a public purpose or for a company
The Government thus had before it not only the opinion of M but also all that the appellants had to say by way of objections against the proposed acquisition
The appellants therefore had an opportunity of being heard
Neither section 5A nor any other provision of the Act lays down that a second opportunity has to be given before the issuance of the Section 6 notification
606F 607A