ition Nos
7014 7426 28 of 1982 7419 7377 78 7278 6460 7078 6461 5720 7428 7454 6896 6894 7288 6895 6892 97 7421 75 0 7289 7525 7422 6897 6462 7378 5720 5719  7290 91 of 1982
under Article 32 of the Constitution of India With Special Leave Petition Civil No 9149 of 1982
From the Judgment and order dated the 14th September 1982 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No 3460 of 1982
And Special Leave Petition Civil No 9076 of 1982
From the Judgment and Order dated the 1st September 1982 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in WP No 3299 of 1982
And Special Leave Petition Civil No 9289 of 1982
Dr Adarsh Kapoor  Mrs VD Khanna for the Petitioners
PP Rao R Venkataraman A Mariapatham  Ms Aruna Mathur for MD University
RN Poddar for the State
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 275 DESAI J
As the matter brooked no delay at the conclusion of the arguments the Court pronounced the following order reserving reasons to be given at a later date
The petitions succeed to the extent herein indicated
Let a writ be issued quashing reservation of 25 seats in favour of candidates coming from Rural Areas and educated in common Rural School for admission to MBBS Course 1982 at Medical College Rohtak affiliated to Maharshi Dayanand University
Consequently the respondents are directed to admit in 1st MBBS Course of the same College commencing from July 1983 such number of students who secured admission against the reservation for candidates coming from Rural Areas and educated in Common Rural School in 1982 according to the general merit list drawn up in respect of candidates who sought admission and in the absence of such a list a waiting list should be drawn up according to merits for the year 1982
The respondents are directed to work out the admissions as per the direction herein made before May 31 1983 and give intimation to the students who become eligible for admission
There will be no order as to costs
Reasons to follow Here are the reasons
In this group of petitions under article 32 of the Constitution the petitioners questioned the validity and legality of reservation of 25 seats for candidates coming from rural areas for admission to first MBBSBDS Course for 1982 session in the Medical Faculty or the Third respondent Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak  University  for short
The University issued a prospectus on June 12 1982 inviting applications for appearing at an Entrance Test for selecting candidates for admission to MBBSBDS Course 1982
In this prospectus reserved seats were shown as under A RESERVED SEATS Categories No of Seats a Scheduled CasteTribes 30 b Rural areas 25 276 i Out of these 5 are reserved for girls if available otherwise these will also be for boys
ii For deciding the eligibility of a candidate from rural areas the following criterion will be observed A candidate must have received education from Class I to Class 8 and passed 8th class examination from a common Rural School situated in any village not having any Municipality or notified area or Town Area Committee
For this purpose a certificate is required to be submitted which may be seen in Appendix C 
          In short out of a total of 148 seats available for admission 80 seats were to be filled in according to the merit list drawn up on the performance at the entrance examination and the rest were reserved for different classes of candidates
The petitioners challenge only the reservation of 25 seats for candidates coming from the rural areas as being violative of articles 14 154 and 29 2 of the Constitution inasmuch as the classification is arbitrary unintelligible and unrelated to the objects sought to be achieved and not saved by article 154
It was alleged that to classify candidates on the basis of their education in a school in rural area and urban area is irrational inasmuch as before seeking admission to the Medical Faculty even the student coming from rural areas and having been educated in common rural school from 1st to 8th standard would have taken further education for a period of 40 years before seeking admission to the medical college
It was therefore said that earlier education from 1st to 8th standard either in urban schools or common rural schools both having identical syllabus and examination evaluation prescribed by a common authority is hardly of any relevance while considering the merit for admission to the medical college more so because all students coming either from urban schools or those educated in common rural schools were required to undergo further education for a period of 4 years after the 8th standard in urban schools or schools which can be compared with urban schools
The petitioners contend that the reservation is not sustainable under article 154 because candidates educated in common rural school cannot as a class be said to be society and educatio 277 nally backward and therefore the reservation would not satisfy the test prescribed by article 154 of the Constitution
The petitioners aver that the syllabus for 1st to 8th standard adopted in common rural schools and urban schools is entirely identical prescribed by the same Government and the qualification of teachers for being appointed in the urban schools or the common rural school is the same and they are transferable from one area to the other area
It was also contended that the majority of the population in the State of Haryana as in whole country is residing in rural areas and the reservation in favour of majority would be void ab initio
Lastly it was said that the classification apart from being arbitrary and irrational does not satisfy the twin tests of it being based on intelligible differentia and having any nexus to the objects sought to be achieved
The petitioners say that some from amongst respondents 5 to 49 have been admitted against reservation for candidates coming from rural areas and even though the petitioners had obtained higher marks at the entrance examination and were placed higher in the merit list yet they have been denied admission on account of the constitutionally invalid reservation and therefore their admissions should be struck down and the University may be directed by a mandamus to reconsider the eligibility for admission after ignoring the reservation in favour of students from rural areas
Mr KL Guglani Registrar of the University filed his affidavit in opposition inter alia contending that the classification and the consequent reservation is valid under article 14 of the Constitution
It was submitted that in order to correct the regional imbalance in the matter of admissions to medical college the Govt
of Haryana had carried out a sample survey of the comparative facilityinequalities between the students of the schools situated in the rural and the urban areas at the primary middle and high school stages in 1979 which revealed that the students studying in common rural schools suffer from serious handicap such as non availabilty of electric fans in summer and on the onset of rainy season the difficulty of access to the school resulting in shortening of the academic year in such schools with consequent disadvantages in their academic achievement as compared to children in the urban schools where the academic sessions goes undisturbed by extreme summer or rainy season
The sample survey further revealed that most of the common rural schools are ill houses ill staffed and ill equipped
There is no provision for regular medical check up of students at 278 any common rural school resulting in the neglect for the upkeep of their health and this becomes a factor for the low achievements of students in rural schools
The sample survey also revealed that the teachers attached to common urban schools residing in urban areas reached the school premises just in time to take the classes and leave soon after the school time is over thus denying the establishment of personal contact with the students resulting in the denial to such students an opportunity of development
It was further submitted that the students coming from urban areas after taking medical education declined to settle down in rural areas and this will help in extending medical facilities solely needed for rural population
In order to correct this imbalance and the utter handicap felt by the students studying in common rural schools students seeking admission were divided into different classes based on intelligible differentia and that if the object of medical education is to extend medical facilities where it is needed the most reservation for candidates coming from rural areas would achieve the object and therefore the State Govt
was perfectly justified in making this reasonable and rational classification
At a later date Dr DC Mehrotra Director Principal Medical College Rohtak filed affidavit in opposition on behalf of respondents 1 to 3 which appears to be a carbon copy of the affidavit filed by the Registrar Mr Guglani
The only question which needs answer is whether reservation of 25 seats for rural areas  for admission to 1982 session in the Medical College attached to the University is constitutionally valid
It must at once be made clear that the respondents did not at all attempt to sustain the reservation under sub article
4 of article 15 which enabled the State to make special provision for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes
The respondents contended that the reservation of 25 seats for candidates coming from rural areas is valid and can be sustained under article 14 of the Constitution
Therefore the question is whether the classification between the students educated in urban school and common rural schools is based on any intelligible differentia which has a rational nexus to the objects sought to be achieved  It is well settled that article 14 forbids class legislation but 279 permits reasonable classification in the matter of legislation
In order to sustain the classification permissible under article 14 it has to satisfy the twin tests 1 that the classification is founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others left out of the group and 2 the differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the impugned provision
Does the classification on the basis of candidates coming from rural areas against urban area in the matter of admission to medical college satisfy the twin tests
If the attempt at amplification of the classification resorted to by the respondents is ignored for the time being the broad classification is that the students coming from rural areas are classified separately for the purpose of admission to the medical college
The reservation is described in the prospectus as Rural areas 25 seats 
If the matter were to rest here it would have been unnecessary to write this judgment in view of the decision of this Court in State of UP vs Pradeep Tandon1 In that case the State of UP had made reservation for admission to medical college in favour of the candidates from rural hill and Uttarkhand areas on the ground that the people coming from these areas belonged to socially and educationally backward classes
The reservation was challenged as being violative of articles 14 and 15 and not protected by article 154
The State sought to sustain the classification under article 154 urging that the object of the classification was the advancement of facility for medical education for candidates coming from reserved areas as the people coming from these areas belonged to socially and educationally backward classes
This contention was accepted in part and negatived in past
Striking down reservation of candidates coming from rural areas the Court held that reservation for rural areas cannot be sustained on the ground that the rural areas represent socially and educationally backward classes of citizens and the reservation appears to be made for the majority population of the State and on the ground of place of birth
The Court upheld reservation in favour of candidates from Hill and Uttarkhand areas on the ground that reservation in favour of the people in those areas who belonged to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens
Distinguishing the case of reservation in favour of candidates coming from rural areas the Court observed that the backwardness contemplated by article 154 is both social and educa 280 tional backwardness of the citizens the accent being on classes of citizens socially and educationally backward and therefore socially and educationally backward citizens cannot be equated with areas as a whole socially and educationally backward
The Court concluded that some people in the rural areas may be educationally backward some may be socially backward and there may be few who are both socially and educationally backward but it cannot be said that all citizens residing in rural areas are socially and educationally backward
Accordingly the reservation in favour of candidates coming from rural areas was held as constitutionally invalid
This reasoning would apply mutatis mutandis to the facts in the present case because the reservation is in favour of candidates coming from rural areas
It was however contended by Mr PP Rao on behalf of the University that the Court should not merely confine itself to the headline in the prospectus but read the entire entry specifying reservation especially the conditions of eligibility for the reserved seats
Reading it thus it was said that the reservation was in favour of students not coming from rural areas but in favour of students who were educated in common rural schools
Proceeding along it was said that before making the reservation the State Government had undertaken a sample survey portions of which are extracted in certain correspondence annexed to the affidavit in opposition which when examined in proper perspective would show that the students educated in common rural schools suffered certain handicaps and are comparatively at a disadvantage in the matter of attaining high merit for competing with students coming from urban schools and therefore the State deemed it proper to extend the protection in the matter of admission to such handicapped students
This submission was further amplified by saying that students coming from urban areas and joining medical colleges are generally disinclined to go to rural areas for rendering medical service while if students coming from rural areas are encouraged by reservation to take the medical education one can reasonably expect them to return to the rural areas the habitat of their childhood and to make such rural places their field of activity which would simultaneously extend medical service to rural areas which is otherwise ill starved in this behalf
It was pointed out that the common rural schools have neither laboratories nor library facilities and that it is ill equipped ill housed and ill manned in the matter of staff facilities and equipment
To over come these handicaps and to provide an opportunity 281 to the students educated in such schools against fierce competition from those students coming from well equipped and manned by highly trained staff urban schools the classification between the students coming from common rural schools and those coming from urban school in the matter of admission to the medical college satisfied the twin tests of constitutionally valid classification
Before anyone becomes eligible to compete for admission to the medical college in the year 1982 it was incumbent upon such a student to clear the 12th standard examination
This is true in respect of all students seeking admission to medical college irrespective of the fact whether they have been educated in the common rural schools or urban schools
Now the reservation is in favour of candidates from rural areas which expression in amplified to mean a candidate must have received education from Class 1 to class 8 and passed 8th Class examination from a common Rural School situated in any village not having any Municipality or Notified Area or Town Area Committee  It would at once appear that every candidate seeking admission to medical college must have studied upto the 12th class which would mean that even a candidate coming from the common rural school meaning thereby one who has taken his education upto 8th standard in such a school yet subsequently he has joined a school which imparts education upto the 12 standard
Such a candidate has joined a school for a period of 4 years after having come out of the common rural school
It is nowhere suggested that this education for 4 years by a student coming from common rural school is in a school which is either unequal to the urban school or comparatively ill equipped ill housed or ill staffed
The necessary inference that follows from this is that all students seeking admission to the medical college have atleast taken education for the last 4 years in schools which are comparatively similar
What then is the relevance of the education taken from Class I to Class 8 for the purpose of admission to a medical college
It was conceded that the specialised subjects which will qualify a student for appearing at the entrance examination for admission to medical college are to be selected from the 11th standard onwards
It was also conceded that the syllabus for students from Class I to Class 8 either for urban schools or common rural schools is entirely identical and prescribed by the same authority and this syllabus includes subjects of general knowledge
It does not provide any specialised knowledge
Therefore it passes comprehension as to what importance can be 282 attached to education from Class 1 to Class 8 for admission to medical college which is divided by a span of over 4 years that of Class IX to Class XII both inclusive and in respect of which students coming from all schools are similarly situated similarly circumstanced and similarly placed and similarly treated and exposed to same educational environments without the slightest difference
The question then is can the previous differentiation if there by any provided a rational basis for classification The answer obviously is in the negative
The knowledge acquired in the years spent from Class 1 to Class VIII is of a general nature exposing the student to reading writing understanding simple arithmetics general knowledge of History Geography and introductory mathematics
The introductory knowledge of these subjects could hardly be said to equip a student for admission to medical college
The education imparted in Class IX and X is little more than introductory
In these classes the student is being prepared for deeper study
The selection of specialised subjects has to be made in Classes XI and XII and in respect of education in Classes IX to XII all students being educated in all schools are similarly situated similarly circumstance and similarly placed with no differentiation
The earlier handicap of education in Classes 1 to 8 if there be any becomes wholly irrelevant and of no consequence and therefore cannot provide an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons say students seeking admission being grouped together as having been educated in common rural schools from those left out namely the rest
It would therefore follow as a corollary that classification based on students coming from common rural schools meaning thereby educated upto 1 to 8th standard in common rural schools vis a vis students educated in urban schools from Ist to 8th standard would not provide intelligible differentia for founding a classification thereon The classification in such a situation will be wholly arbitrary and irrational and therefore the reservation based on such classification would be constitutionally invalid
This view which we are taking finds support from a decision of this Court in Arti Sapru v State of Jammu and Kashmir  Ors1 wherein this Court struck down reservation of 20 of the seats to be filled on the basis of inter se merit to ensure rectification of imbalance in the admission for various parts of the State if any so as to give equitable and uniform treatment to those parts
The Court following the decision in Pradeep Tandon s case held that the classification attempted by the State suffers from the vice 283 of arbitrariness and must be declared invalid
It was however contended on behalf of the respondents that the decision in Pradeep Tandon s case would not be of any assistance and is distinguishable because in that case reservation was in favour of candidates coming from rural hill and Uttarkhand areas on the ground that people coming from these areas belonged to socially and educationally backward classes while the reservation in the instant case is founded on the lack of facility for education in common rural schools functioning in rural areas and also that in Pradeep Tandon s case one of the contentions which found favour with the Court was that the reservation was in favour of a majority which aspect does not arise in the present case
In support of this submission learned counsel for the respondents extensively read before us the decision of the full Bench of the Punjab  Haryana High Court in Amar Bir Singh  Ors vs Moha Rishi Dayanand University Rohtak  Ors1 The full Bench of the High Court presided over by the then learned Chief Justice upheld the impugned reservation
The High Court distinguished the decision in Pradeep Tandon s case observing that the State sought to sustain the reservation under article 15 4 contending that candidates coming from rural areas belonged to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens and the submission did not find favour with the Court though the Court unreservedly accepted that candidates coming from hill and Uttrakhand areas belonged to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens and sustained reservation in favour of the latter
It is true that the State did not attempt to sustain the reservation under article 14 but certain observations in the judgment would leave no room for doubt that the aspect of valid classification was present to the mind of the Court
It was observed that 80 of the population reside in rural areas and it cannot be said to be a homogeneous class
Rural habitation cannot constitute it into class
And it is reservation related to place of birth
The Court thus examined whether candidates coming from rural areas constitute a distinct homogeneous class for the purpose of admission to medical college and rejected it
The High Court in Amar Bir Singh s case on the contrary attempted to sustain the classification of students educated in common rural schools which does not carry conviction
Having read this judgment minutely and with care and attention that a judgment of the 284 Full Bench of High Court bearing on the same topic merits we are of the opinion that the manner in which Pradeep Tandon s case was sought to be distinguished was artificial apart from being unintelligible
Undoubtedly the State in Pradeep Tandon s case attempted to sustain the classification under article 15 4 but that was not the crux of the matter
The reservation was in favour of candidates coming from a certain area to wit rural areas
Now if the amplification of what constitutes candidates coming from rural areas will not enlarge or restrict the operative portion indisputably the reservation was for candidates coming from rural areas which were styled Pradeep Tandon s case as socially and educationally backward areas
It is true that one of the reasons which weighed with the Court in striking down reservation in Pradeep Tandon s case was that the reservation was in favour of a majority
Such an argument though available in the present case was not advanced because any day rural area is comparatively much larger in area and size population to urban area in the State of Haryana
Therefore we are not impressed by the submission that the judgment in Pradeep Tandon s case is distinguishable
In fact this Court in Arti Sapru s case followed the decision in Pradeep Tandon s case
Assuming that the decision in Pradeep Tandon s case does not conclude the point as herein raised the differentia on which the classification is founded appears to us arbitrary and irrational
How arbitrary and irrational it is can be demonstrably established
In order to take advantage of the reservation students from nearby urban areas can join common rural school on the periphery of urban agglomeration
And all rural schools without an exception cannot be condemned as ill housed ill staffed and ill equipped
Agriculture in Haryana has been a very profitable pursuit and standard of life of average farmer in rural area has gone up compared to middle class and industrial workers and the slum dwellers whose children will attend as a necessity urban schools
And yet the better place will enjoy reservation
Further the basis of classification based on education upto 8th standard is wholly irrational
And it has no nexus to the object sought to be achieved of providing extra facility to students coming from rural schools to enter medical college
What was the object sought to be achieved by the classification  It was said that students taking education in common rural 285 schools from Ist to 8th standard are at a comparative disadvantage to those taking education in urban schools in the same standards
The comparison in our opinion is fallacious for the reason that the same Government prescribes standards of education equipment grants and facilities including the qualification of the staff for being employed in urban and rural schools imparting instructions from Ist to 8th Standard
However as pointed out earlier the knowledge acquired by the students while taking instructions in Class I to VIII has hardly any relevance to his being equipped for taking the test for entrance to the medical college
The real challenge would come in Standard XI and XII
In this behalf all students those coming from common rural school and urban school are similarly
placed and similarly situated and yet by a reference to a past event wholly unrelated to the objects sought to be achieved they are artificially divided
It was however said that there was another discernible purpose in making the reservation
The urbanised students are disinclined to go to rural areas for practice or service and therefore if the students coming from rural common schools are encouraged to seek admission they may return after obtaining qualification to their childhood habitat and thus help extend efficient medical service to rural areas at present wholly neglected
It was urged if a region is woefully deficient in medical services there occurs serious educational and health service disparity for that human region which must be redressed by a Welfare State
It was submitted that the reservation was a step in this direction
This submission was sought to be supported by referring to Jagdish Saran vs Union of India1 This approach overlooks the fact that even students educated in common rural schools would be joining urban schools for four years before going to medical college and then spend about five years in medical college
There is no guarantee save a wishful thinking that they would return to rural areas
This is so flimsy a material to sustain classification
We are therefore satisfied that the classification is not founded on intelligible differentia and at any rate it has no rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved
The classification is irrational and arbitrate
The reservation based on such classification is constitutionally invalid
286 Before we conclude a reference to Sukhvindkr Kaur vs State of Himachal Pradesh  Ors1 may be made
In that case the High Court upheld reservation of 12 seats for candidates who have passed matriculation or Higher Secondary examination from schools located in the rural areas
The aforementioned reservation was upheld by merely observing that it does not appear to be unreasonable inasmuch as the children in the rural areas who usually attend such schools are socially economically and educationally poor and they cannot compete with the children of their age group coming from the urban area
The judgment does not refer to the material on which the finding was based that the  children attending the schools in rural areas cannot compete with children of the same age group coming from the urban areas
That apart the situation in that case was that the students took education upto the Higher Secondary examination in the schools situated in the rural areas and had thereafter straightaway to compete for entrance to the medical college with students coming from urban areas
Such is not the situation before us
As pointed out earlier in the instant case the students in whose favour the reservation is made took education only upto the 8th standard in common rural school and for the last 4 years they were on par in every respect with students coming from urban areas
Therefore this decision is of no assistance
These were the reasons which weighed with us in allowing the writ petitions
SR Petitions allowed


Summary:
The third respondent Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak issued a prospectus on June 12 1982 inviting applications for appearing at an Entrance Test for selecting candidates for admission to MBBSBDS course 1982
In this prospectus besides reservation for other candidates 25 seats were shown as reserved for Rural Areas and further clarifying the term as for deciding the eligibility of a candidate from Rural Areas the following criterion will be observed a candidate must have received education from Class I to Class 8 and passed 8th Class examination from any Rural School situated in any village not having any Municipality or notified area or Town Area Committee
The petitioners therefore challenged only the reservation of these 25 seats for candidates coming from the Rural Areas as being violative of Articles 14 15 4 and 29 2 of the Constitution inasmuch as 1 the classification is arbitrary unintelligible and unrelated to the objects sought to be achieved and not saved by Articles 15 4 and ii to classify candidates on the basis of their education in a school in Rural Area and Urban Area is international in as much as before seeking admission to the Medical Faculty even the student coming from rural areas and having been educated in common rural school from 1st to 8th standard would have taken further education for a period of 4 years before seeking admission to the medical college and that even in respect of the earlier education from 1st to 8th standard in both the cases there was identical syllabus and examination evaluation prescribed by a common authority Allowing the petitions the Court  HELD 1
It is well settled that Article 14 forbids class legislation but 273 permits reasonable classification in the matter of legislation
In order to sustain the classification permissible under Article 14 it has to satisfy the twin tests 1 that classification is founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others left out of the proup and 2 the differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the impugned provision
278H 279A B 21
Classification based on students coming from common rural schools meaning thereby educated upto 1st to 8th standard in common rural schools vis a vis students educated in urban schools from 1st to 8th standard would not provide intelligible differentia for founding a classification thereon
The classification in such a situation will be wholly arbitrary and irrational and therefore the reservation based on such a classification would be constitutionally invalid
The knowledge acquired in the years spent from class 1 to class 8th is of a general nature exposing the student to reading writing understanding simple Arithmetics General Knowledge of History Geography and introductory Mathematics
The introductory knowledge of these subjects could hardly be said to equip a student for admission to medical college
The education imparted in class IX and X is little more than introductory
In these classes the student is being prepared for deeper study
The selection of specialised subjects has to be made in classes XI and XII and in respect of education in classes IX to XII all students being educated in all schools are similarly situated similarly circumstanced and similarly placed with no differentiation
The earlier handicap of education in classes I to VIII if there be any becomes wholly irrelevant and of no consequence and therefore cannot provide an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons say students seeking admission being grouped together as having been educated in common rural schools from those left out namely the rest
282F C E Arti Sapru vs State of Jammu and Kahmir  Ors   followed
Pradeep Tandon s case followed
Amar Bir Singh  Ors
vs Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak  Ors
ILR Punjab  Haryana 1980 2 493 overruled
The classification is not founded on intelligible differentia and at any rate it has no rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved
It does not take into account the following i in order to take advantage of the reservation students from nearby urban areas can join any rural school on the periphery agglomeration ii All rural schools without an exception cannot be condemned as ill house ill staffed and ill equipped
Agriculture in Haryana has been a very profitable pursuit and standard of life of average farmer in rural area has gone up compared to middle class and industrial worker and the slum dwellers whose children will attend as a necessity urban schools
And yet the better placed will enjoy reservation iii The knowledge acquired by the students while taking instructions in class I to VIII has hardly any relevance to his being equipped for taking the test for entrance to 274 the Medical College
The real challenge would come in standard XI and XII
In this behalf all students those coming from any rural schools and urban school are similarly placed and similarly situated and yet by a reference to a past event wholly unrelated to the objects sought to be achieved they are artificially divided and iv There is no guarantee save a wishful thinking that the candidates classified as coming from rural areas that is with education from class 1 to VIII or otherwise would return to rural areas after the MBBS degree
285H 284G 285C D Sukhvinder Kaur vs State of Himachal Pradesh  Ors AIR 1974 HP 35 distinguished