il Appeal No 724 of 1976
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 13th Dec 1974 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Original Order No 240 of 1973
AND Civil Appeals
2488 2497 NT 1972 From the Judgment and Order dated the 31st March 1970 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petitions Nos3005 3006 3085 3086 3088 3090 4232 4243 and 4244 of 1969
Sachin Chowdhary B Sen section section Bose K K Chakraborty A G Manzes J B Dadachanji and k J John for the Appellant in CA 72476
L N Sinha D N Mukherjee G section Chatterjee and A K Ganguli for respondents 1 to 4 in CA 72476
B Kanta Rao for the Appellants in CAs 2488 97 of 1972
Soli J Sorabjee AddlIn 2488 97 72 P Parameshwara Rao A K Ganguli and T V section Narasimhachari for the Respondents in CAs2488 9772
A Subba Rao for the Intervener
The following Judgment were delivered BEG CJ
I am in general agreement with my learned brother Chandrachud who has discussed all the authorities so admirably and comprehensively
I however would like to add a few observations stating the general conclusion as I see it emerging from an application of general principles and accumulation of case law on the subject of what may be called statutory or compulsory sales
Are they sales at all so as to be exigible to sales tax or purchase tax under the relevant statutory provisions 
The term sale is defined as follows in Eenjamin on Sale Eighth Edn  To constitute a valid sale there must be a concurrences of the following elements namely  1 parties competent to contract 2 mutual assent 3 a thing the absolute or general property in which is transferred from the seller to the buyer and 4 a price in money paid or promised
 It is true that a considerable part of the field over which what are called sales  take place under either regulatory orders or levy orders passed or directions given under statutory provisions is restricted and controlled by these orders and directions
If what is called a sale 438 is in substance mere obedience to a specific order in which the so called price is only a compensation for the compulsory passing of property in goods to which an order relates at an amount fixed by the authority making the order the individual transaction may not be a sale although the compensation is determined on some generally fixed principle and called price
This was for example the position in New India Sugar Mills vs Commissioner of Sales Tax Bihar1
That was a case of a delivery according to an order given by the Govt which could amount to a compulsory levy by an executive order although there was no legislative levy order involved in that case
On the other hand in Commissioner Sales Tax UP vs Ram Bilas Ram Gopal2 the order under consideration was actually called a levy order but the case was distinguishable from New India Sugar Mills vs Commissioner of Sales Tax Bihar supra on facts
It was held in the case of Ram Bilas supra that the core of what is required for a sale was not destroyed by the so called levy order which was legislative
It is true that passages from the judgement of Pathak J in the case of Ram Bilas Ram Gopal supra were cited and specifically disapproved by a Bench of this Court in Chittar Mal Narain vs Commissioner of Sales Tax3
But perhaps the view of this Court in Chittar Mal Narain Das supra goes too far in this respect
It is not really the nomenclature of the order involved but the substance of the transaction under consideration which matters in such cases
In the first typo of case mentioned above the substance of the concept of a sale as found under our Law itself disappears because the transaction is nothing more than the execution of an order
Deprivation of property for a compensation which may even be described as price does not amount to a sale when all that is done is to carry out an order so that the transaction is substantially a compulsory acquisition
On the other hand a merely regulatory law even if it circumscribes the area of free choice does not take away the basic character or core of sale from the transaction
Such a law which governs a class may oblige sellers to deal only with parties holding licences who may buy particular or allotted quantities of goods at specified prices but an essential element of choice is still left to the parties between whom agreements take place
The agreement despite considerable compulsive elements regulating or restricting the area of free choice may still retain the basic character of a transaction of sale
This was the position in Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd vs State of Madras4Andhra Sugar Ltd vs State of Andhra Pradesh5 and State of Rajasthan vs Karam Chand Thapar6 There might be borderline cases in which it may be difficult to draw the line
1   1963 Supp 2 SCR 459
2 AIR 1970 All 518
3 1971 1 SCR 671
4  5  6 AIR 1969 SC 343
439 In the former type of case the binding character of the transaction arises from the order directed to particular parties asking them to deliver specified goods and not from a general order or law applicable to a class
In the latter type of cases the legal tie vinculum juris which binds the parties to perform their obligations remains contractual
The regulatory law merely adds other obligations such as the one to enter into such a tie between the parties indicated there
Although the regulatory law might specify the terms such as price or parties the regulation is subsidiary to the essential character of the transaction which is consensual and contractual
The basis of a contract is  consensus adem
The parties to the contract must agree upon the same thing in the same sense
Agreement on mutuality of consideration ordinarily arising from an offer and acceptance imparts to it enforceability in Courts of law
Mere regulation or restriction of the field of choice does not take away the contractual or essentially consensual binding core or character of the transaction
I may be forgiven for citing a passage from my judgment in Commissioner of State Tax vs Ram Bilas Ram Gopalsupra to indicate the setting of such transactions It appears to me to be necessary to distinguish between a restriction in the area of choice of parties and the transaction itself in order to determine the true character of the transaction
Limitation of the field of choice is a necessary concomitant of a controlled or mixed economy which ours is
Absolute freedom of contract or unregulated operation of the laws of supply and demand which an apotheosis of the lais sez faire doctrine demanded led really to a shrinking of the area of freedom in the economic sphere producing gross inequalities in bargaining powers and recurrent crises
Therefore a regulated or a socialistic economy seeks to regulate the play of forces operating on the economic arena so that economic freedom of all concerned including employers and employees is preserved and so that the interests of consumers are also not sacrificed by any exploitation of conditions in which there is scarcity of goods
I think that the regulation or restriction of the area of choice cannot be held to take away the legal character of the transactions which take place within the legally restricted field
It is too late in the day when so much of the nation s social and economic activities are guided and governed by control orders allotment orders and statutory contracts to contend that mere State regulation of the economic sphere of life results in the destruction of the nature of the transactions which take place within that sphere P 524 In Roman Law the contract of sale was classed as a consensual contract
The consent could no doubt be express or implied
I find that Hidayatullah J in his very learned dissenting judgment in New India Sugar Mills Case supra where some Roman Law is referred to thought that even in a case of a specific order directing delivery of 440 goods there could be an implied consent so as to constitute a safe
I find it with great respect difficult to go so far as that
What could be implied upon the facts of a particular case must still be a consent to a proposal if the transaction is to be construed as a sale
Mere compliance with an order may imply an acceptance of an order but acceptance of a proposal to purchase or sell are of a juristically different genus
It is however not necessary for us in this case to accept the correctness of the minority view of Hidayatullah J in New India Sugar Mills case supra
The transactions before us are sales on an application of the ratio decidendi of Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd s case supra and other cases decided on similar grounds
The difficulty arises from the fact that although the ingredients of a sale as defined in Benjamin s treatise on Sale  may seem to be satisfied even if delivery of goods is in obedience to an order to deliver them for a consideration fixed or to be fixed if we stretch mutual assent to cover assent resulting from orders given yet it is difficult to see how such a transaction would be based on a contractual tie
According to Sec43 of our  a sale results only from a contract which presupposes a minimal area of freedom of choice where the ordinary mechanism of proposal and acceptance operates
For the reasons indicated above while I agree with the answer given by my learned brother Chandrachud to the question before us and also practically with all the views expressed by my learned brother yet I hesitate to hold that the majority opinion expressed by Shah J in New India Sugar Mills case supra is erroneous
I think the case is distinguishable
Ibis however makes no difference to the common conclusion reached by us on the facts of the cases before us
These appeals have been placed for hearing before a seven Judge Bench in order to set at rest to the extent foreseeable the controversy whether what is conveniently though somewhat loosely called a compulsory sale is exigible to sales tax
When essential goods are in short supply various types of Orders are issued under the with a view to making the goods available to the consumer at a fair price
Such Orders sometimes provide that a person in need of an essential commodity like cement cotton coal or iron and steel must apply to the prescribed authority for a permit for obtaining the commodity
Those wanting to engage in the business of supplying the commodity are also required to possess a dealer s licence
The permit holder can obtain the supply of goods to the extent of the quantity specified in the permit from the named dealer only and at a controlled price
The dealer who is asked to supply the stated quantity of goods at the particular permit holder has no option but to supply the stated quantity of goods at the controlled price
The question for our consideration not easy to decide is whether such a transaction amounts to a sale in the language of the law
We will refer to the facts of civil appeal 724 of 1976 in which a company called Ms Vishnu Agencies Pvt Ltd is the appellant
It carries on business as an agent and distributor of cement in the 441 State of West Bengal and is a registered dealer under the Bengal Finance Sales Tax Act 1941 referred to hereinafter as the Bengal Sales Tax Act
Cement being a controlled commodity its distribution is regulated by the West Bengal Cement Control Act 26 of 1948 referred to hereinafter as the Cement Control Act and by the Orders made under section 3 2 of that Act
Section 3 1 of the Cement Control Act provides inter alia for regulation of production supply and distribution of cement for ensuring equitable supply and distribution thereof at a fair price
By the Cement Control Order 1948 framed under the Cement Control Act no sale or purchase of cement can be made except in accordance with the conditions contained in the written order issued by the Director of Consumer Goods West Bengal or the Regional Honorary Adviser to the Government of India at Calcutta or by officers authorised by them at prices not exceeding the notified price
The appellant is a licensed stockist of cement and is permitted to stock cement in its godown to be supplied to persons in whose favour allotment orders are issued at the price stipulated and in accordance with the conditions of permit issued by the authorities concerned
The authorities designated under the Cement Control Order issue permits under which a specified quantity of cement is allotted to a named permit holder to be delivered by a named dealer at the price mentioned in the permit
A permit is generally valid for 15 days and as soon as the price of cement allotted in favour of an allottee is deposited with the dealer he is bound to deliver to the former the specified quantity of cement at the specified price
A specimen order issued in favour of an allottee under which the appellant had to supply 10 metric tons of cement at Rs 14458 per MT exclusive of sales tax reads thus LICENCE FOR CEMENT The quantities of cement detailed below are hereby allotted to Ms Marble  Cement products Co Pvt Ltd 2 Braboume Road Calcutta 1 to be supplied by Ms Vishnu Agencies Pvt Ltd 3 Chittaranjan Avenue Calcutta 13 on conditions detailed below
The price of material involved must be deposited with the Stockist within 15 days and the actual delivery must be taken within 15 days from the date of issue of the permit
The licence is issued only for the purpose of Mfg of Mosaic Tiles at 188 Netaji Subhas Road Calcutta 40
Under no circumstances will the validity of the permit be extended beyond the period of 15 days from the date of its issue
Cement Total Tonnge Country Cement at Rs 14458 Ton Cwtper MT exclusive of section T 10 MT Ten MT only 442 The appellant supplied cement to various allottees from time to time in pursuance of the allotment orders issued by appropriate authorities and in accordance with the terms of the licence obtained by it for dealing in cement
The appellant was assessed to sales tax by the first respondent the Commercial Tax Officer Sealdah Charge in respect of these transactions
It paid the tax but discovered on perusal of the decision of this Court in New India Sugar Mills Ltd vs Commissioner of Sales Tax1 that the transactions were not exigible to sales tax
Pleading that the payment was made under a mistake of law it filed appeals against the orders of assessment passed by respondent 1
It contended in appeals before the Assistant Commissioner of Commercial Taxes that by virtue of the provisions of the Cement Control Act and the Cement Control Order no volition or bargaining power was left to it and since there was no element of mutual consent aggreement between it and the allottees the transactions were not sales within the meaning of the Sales Tax Act
The appellant further contended that if the transactions were treated as sales the definition of sale in the Sales Tax Act was ultra vires the legislative competency of the Provincial Legislature under the Government of India Act 1935 and of the State Legislature under the Constitution
The appellate authority rejected the first contention and upheld the assessments
It did not as it could not go into the second contention regarding legislative competence
The appellant adopted the statutory remedies open to it but since the arrears of tax were mounting up and had already exceeded a sum of rupees eight lacs it filed a writ petition in the Calcutta High Court praying that the various assessment orders referred to in the petition be quashed and a writ of prohibition be issued directing the sales tax authorities to refrain from making any further assessments for the purpose of sales tax on the transactions between the appellant and the allottees
A learned single Judge of the High Court allowed the writ petition and issued a writ of mandamus restraining the respondents from imposing sales tax on the transactions
between the appellant and the allottees
That judgment having been set aside in appeal by a Division Bench of the High Court by its judgment dated December 13 1974 the appellant has filed appeal No 724 of 1976 by special leave
Civil appeals No 2488 to 2497 of 1972 raise a similar question under the Andhra Pradesh Paddy Procurement Levy Orders under which paddy growers in the State are under an obligation to sell the paddy to licensed agents appointed by the State Government at the prices fixed by it
The High Court of Andhra Pradesh by its judgment dated March 31 1970 has taken the same view as the Calcutta High Court namely that the transactions amount to sales and are taxable under the Sales Tax Act
Counsel appearing in the Andhra Pradesh appeals agree that the decision in the Calcutta case will govern those appeals also
1 1963 Supp 2 SCR 459
443 Since the crux of the appellant s contention is that the measures adopted to control the supply of cement leave no consensual option to the parties to bargain it is necessary first to notice the relevant provisions of law bearing on the matter
The West Bengal Cement Control Act 26 of 1948 was enacted in order to confer powers to control the production supply and distribution of and trade and com merce in cement in West Bengal
Section 31 of the Act empowers the Provincial Government to provide by order in the Official Gazette for regulating the supply and distribution of cement and trade and commerce therein
Section 32 provides by clauses b to o that an order made under sub section 1 may provide for regulating or controlling the prices at which cement may be purchased or sold and for prescribing the conditions of sale thereof regulating by licences permits or otherwise the storage transport movement possession distribution disposal acquisition use of consumption of cement prohibiting the withholding from sale of cement ordinarily kept for sale and for requiring any person holding stock of cement to sell the whole or specified part of the stock at such prices and to such persons or classes of persons or in such circumstances as may be specified in the order
If any person contravenes an order made under section 3 he is punishable under section 6 with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine or with both and if the order so provides any Court trying such con tranvention may direct that a property in respect of which the Court is satisfied that the order been contravened shall be forfeited to the Government
In exercise of the powers erred by section 31 read with clauses b to h of section 2 of the Act an Order which may conveniently be called the Cement Control Order was promulgated by the Governor on August 18 1948
The relevant clauses of that Order contain the following provisions
By paragraph 1 no person shall after the commencement of the order sell or store for sale any cement unless he holds a licence and except in accordance with the conditions specified in such licence obtained from the Director of Consumer Goods West Bengal or any officer authorised by him in writing in this behalf
By paragraph 2 no person shall dispose of or agree to dispose of any cement except in accordance with the conditions contained in a written order of the Director of Consumer Goods West Bengal or the authorities specified in the paragraph
By paragraph 3 no person shall acquire or agree to acquire any cement from any person except in accordance with the conditions contained in a written order of the Director of Consumer Goods West Bengal or the authorities specified in the paragraph
By paragraph 4 no person shall sell cement at a higher than notified price
By Paragraph 8 no person or stockist who has any stock of cement in his possession and to whom a written order has been issued under paragraph 2 shall refuse to sell the same at a price not exceeding the notified price and the seller shall deliver the cement to the buyer within a reasonable time after the payment of price
By paragraph 8A every stockist or every person employed by him shall if so re 3 1146 SCI77 444 quested by the person acquiring cement from him under a written order issued under paragraph 3 weigh the cement in his presence or in the presence of his authorised representative at the time of delivery
We are not concerned with the amendments made by the Govern ment of West Bengal to the Cement Control Order on December 30 1965 by which inter alia paragraphs 2 3 4 8 and 8A of that Order were deleted
Theappeal from the decision of the Calcutta High Court is limited to the transactions between the appellant and the allottees from the years 1957 to 1960
As regards the batch of appeals from Andhra Pradesh the levy of tax was challenged by three sets of persons the procuring agents the rice millers and the retailers with the difference that the procuring agents were assessed to purchase tax while the others to sales tax under the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act 1957
By virtue of the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Paddy Procurement Levy Orders the paddy growers can sell their paddy to licensed procuring age nts appointed by the State Government only and at the prices fixed by the Government
The agriculturist has the choice to select his own procuring agent but he cannot sell paddy to a private purchaser
The procuring agents in their turn have to supply paddy to the rice millers at controlled prices
The millers after converting paddy into rice have to declare their stocks to the Civil Supplies Department
Pursuant to the Orders issued by the Department the rice millers have to supply a requisite quantity of rice to the wholesale or retail dealers at prices fixed by the Department
Orders for such supply by the millers are passed by the authorities under the AP Procurement Levy and Restriction on Sale Order 1967
Under this Order every miller carrying on rice milling operations is required to sell to the agent or officer duly authorised by the Government the minimum quantities fixed by the Government at the notified price and no miller or other person who gets his paddy milled in any price mill can move or otherwise dispose of the rice recovered by milling at such rice mill except in accordance with the directions of the Collector
A breach of these provisions is liable to be punished under section 7 of the and the goods are liable to be forfeited under section 6A of that Act
The AP sales tax authorities levied purchase tax on the purchase of paddy made by the procuring agents from the agriculturists and they levied sales tax on the transactions relating to the sup of rice by the millers to the wholesale and retail dealers and on the supply made by the retailers to their customers
The case as regards the sales tax imposed on the transactions between the retail dealers and the consumers stood on an altogether different footing but the writ petitions filed by the procuring agents and rice millers raised questions similar to those involved in the writ petition filed in the Calcutta High Court
These then are the provisions of the respective Orders passed by the Governments of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
445 We may now notice the provisions of the Sales Tax Acts
Section 2g of the Bengal Finance Sales Tax Act 6 of 1941 defines a sale to mean any transfer of property in goods for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration including a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a contract but does not include a mortgage hypothecation charge or pledge
 Section 2 1 provides that the word turnover used in relation to any period means the aggregate of the sale prices or parts of sale prices receivable or if a dealer so elects actually received by the dealer 
By clause h of section 2 sale price is defined to mean the amount payable to a dealer as valuable consideration for the sale of any goods
By section 41 every dealer whose gross turnover during the year immediately preceding the commencement of the Act exceeded the taxable quantum is liable to pay tax under the Act on all sales effected after the date notified by the State Government
Section 2n of the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act 1957 defines a sale as every transfer of the property in goods by one person to another in the course of trade or commerce for cash or for deferred payment or for any other valuable consideration
Section 5 of that Act is the charging section
According to these definitions of sale  in the West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh Sales Tax Act transactions between the appellants on one hand and the allottees or nominees on the other are patently sales because indisputably in one case the property in cement and in the other property in paddy and rice was transferred for cash consideration by the appellants and in so far as the West Bengal case is concerned property in the goods did not pass to the transferees by way of mortgage hypothecation charge or pledge
But that is over simplification
To counteract what appears on the surface plain enough learned counsel for the appellants have advanced a two fold contention
They contend in the first place  that the word sale  in the Sales Tax Acts passed by the Provincial or State legislatures must receive the same meaning as in the  or else the definition of sale in these Sales Tax Acts will be beyond the legislative competence of the Provincial and  State legislatures
Secondly the appellants contend that since under the  there can be no sale without a contract of sale and since the parties in these matters had no volition of their own but were compelled by law to supply and receive the goods at prices fixed under the Control Orders by the prescribed authorities the transactions between them are not sales properly so palled and therefore are not exigible to sales tax
For examining the validity of the first contention it is necessary to turn to the appropriate entries in the legislative lists of the Constitution Acts for the contention is founded on the premise that the word sale  which occurs in those entries must receive the same meaning as in the since the expression sale of goods was at the time when the Government of India Act was enacted a term of well recognised legal import in the general law relating to sale 446 of goods and in the legislative practice relating to that topic both in England and in India
Entry 48 in the Provincial List List II of Schedule VII to the Government of India Act 1935 relates to Taxes on the sale of goods
 Entry 54 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution reads to say Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers subject to the provisions of entry 92A of the Union List but we may refer to it in order to complete the picture
It refers to Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter State trade or commerce
The contention of the appellants that the expression sale of goods  in entry 48 in the Provincial List of the Act of 1935 and in entry 54 in the State List of the constitution must receive the same meaning as in the is repelled on behalf of the State Governments with the argument that constitutional provisions which confer legislative powers must receive a broad and liberal construction and therefore the expression sale of goods  in entry 48 and its successor entry 54 should not be construed in the narrow sense in which that expression is used in the but in a broad sense
The principle that in interpreting a constituent or organic statute that construction most beneficial to the widest possible amplitude of its powers must be adopted has been examined over the years by various courts including this Court and is too firmly established to merit reconsideration
Some of the leading cases on this point are the Privy Council decisions in British Coal Corporation vs king1 Edwards vs A G for Canada2 and James vs Commonwealth of Australia the Australian decisions in Morgan vs Deputy Federal Commissioner of Land Tax NSW4 and Broken Hill South Ltd vs Commissioner of Taxation NSW 5  the Federal Court decisions in In re the Central Provinces and Berar Act No XIV of 19386 and United Provinces vs Atiqa Begum7 and the decisions of this Court in Navinchandra Mafatlal vs The Commissioner of Income tax Bombay City8 and The State of Madras vs Gannon Dunkerley  Co Madras Ltd 9
These decisions have taken the view that a constitution must not be construed in a narrow and pedantic sense that a board and liberal spirit should inspire those whose duty it is to interpret it that a Constitution of a Government is a living and organic thing which of all instruments has the greatest claim to be construed ut res magis valeat quam pereat that the legislature in selecting subjects of taxation is entitled to take things as it finds them in remum natura and that it is not proper that a Court should deny to such a legislature the right of solving taxation problems unfettered by a priori legal categories which often derive from the exercise of legislative power in the same constitutional unit
1 6 2  7 3 8 4 1912 15 CLR661
9 1959SCR 379
5 447 On a careful examination of various decisions bearing on the point this Court speaking through Venkatarama Aiyar J in Gannon Dunkerley supra upheld the contention of the State of Madras that the words sale of goods in Entry 48 which occur in the Constitution Act and confer legislative powers on the State Legislature in respect of a topic relating to taxation must be interpreted not in a restricted but broad sense
But as observed by the learned Judge in that case this conclusion opens up questions as to what that sense is whether popular or legal and what its connotation is either in the one sense or  the other
After considering text book definitions contained in Blackstone Benjamin on Sale Halsbury s Laws of England Chalmer s  Corpus Juris Williston on Sales and the Concise Oxford Dictionary the Court held that the expression sale of goods  in Entry 48 cannot be construed in its popular sense and that it must be interpreted in its legal sense
Whereas in popular parlance a sale is said to take place when the bargain is settled between the parties though property in the goods may not pass at that stage as where the contract relates to future or unascertained goods the essense of sale  in the legal sense is the transfer of the property in a thing from one person to another for a price
The Court then proceeded to determine the connotation of the expression sale of goods  in the legal sense and held having regard lo the evolution of the law relating to sale of goods the scheme of the Indian Contract Act and the provisions of the  which repealed Chapter VII of the Indian Contract Act relating to sale of goods that according to the law both of England and of India in order to constitute a sale it is necessary that there should be an agreement between the parties for the purpose of transferring title to the goods which pre supposes capacity to contract that the contract must be supported by valuable consideration and that as a result of the transaction property must actually pass in the goods
Unless all these elements are present there can be no sale Basing itself on this position the Court finally concluded in Gannon Dunkerley supra that the expression sale of goods  was at the time when the Government of India Act was enacted a term of wellrecognised legal import in the general law relating to sale of goods and in the legislative practice relating to that topic both in England and in India and therefore that expression occurring in entry 48 must be interpreted in the sense which it bears in the 
In coming to this conclusion the Court relied upon the American decisions in United States vs Wong Kim Ark South Carolina vs United States2  and Ex Parte Grossman3 the Privy Council decisions in L Union St Jacques De Montreal vs Be Lisle 4  Royal Bank of Canada vs Larue5 The Labour Relations Board of 1  2  3  4 1874 LR 6 PC315 448 Saskatochewan vs John East Iron Works Ltd1 Croft vs Dunphy2 and Wallace Brothers and Co Ltd vs Commissioner of Income tax Bombay City and Bombay Suburban District3 the decision of the Federal Court in In re The Central Provinces and Berar Act No XIV of 1938 supra and the decisions of this Court in The State of Bombay vs F N Balsara4 and The Sales Tax Officer Pilibhit vs Messrs Budh Prakash Jai Prakash5
In a nutshell these decisions have taken the view that the Constitution must be interpreted in the light of the common law the principles and history of which were familiarly known to the framers of the Constitution that the language of the Constitution cannot be understood without reference to the common law that to determine the extent of the grants of power the Court must place itself in the position of the men who framed and  adopted the Constitution and inquire what they must have understood to be the meaning and scope of those grants that when a power is conferred to legislate on a particular topic it is important in determining the scope of the power to have regard to what is ordinarily treated as embarced within that topic in legislative practice and particularly in the legislative practice of the State which has conferred that power that the object of doing so is emphatically not to seek a pattern to which a due exercise of the power must conform but to ascertain the general conception involved in the words of the Act and finally that Parliament must be presumed to have had Indian legislative practice in mind and unless the context otherwise clearly requires not to have conferred a legislative power intended to be interpreted in a sense not understood by those to whom the Act was to apply
The view expressed in Gannon Dunkerley supra that the words sale of goods in entry 48 must be interpreted in the sense which they bear in the an that the meaning of those words should not be left to fluctuate with the definition of sale in laws relating to sales of goods which might be in force for the time being may with respect bear further consideration but that may have to await a more suitable occasion
It will then be necessary to examine whether the words sale of goods which occur in entry 48 should not be construed so as to extend the competence of the legislature to enacting laws in respect of matters which might be unknown in 19 3 5 when the Government of India Act was passed but which may have come into existence later as a result of a social and economic evolution
In Attorney General vs Edison Telephone Company of London a question arose whether the Edison Telephone Company London infringed by installation of telephones the exclusive privilege of transmitting telegrams which was conferred upon the Postmaster General under an Act of 1869
The decision depended on the meaning of the 1 2 3 1948 LR 75 IA 864  5  6 449 word telegraph in the Acts of 1863 and 1869
The company contended that since telephones were unknown at the time when these Acts were passed the definition of telegraph  could not comprehend telephones
That contention was negatived by an English Court
In the Regulation and Control of Radio Communication in Canada In re1 a similar question arose as to whether broadcasting was covered by the expression telegraph and other works and undertakings in section 9210 a of the Constitution Act of 1867
The Privy Council answered the question in the affirmative and was apparently not impressed by the contention that broadcasting was not known as a means of communication at the time when the Constitution Act was passed
These decisions proceed on the principle that if after the enactment of a legislation new facts and situations arise which could not have been in the contemplation of the legislature statutory provisions can justifiably be applied to those facts and situations so long as the words of the statute are in a broad sense capable of containing them
This principle according to the view expressed in Gannon Dunkerley supra did not apply to the interpretation of Entry 48 a view which in our opinion is capable of further scrutiny
It is however unnecessary in these appeals to investigate the matter any further because the position which emerges after putting on the words of Entry 48 the same meaning which those words  bear in the is that in order to constitute a sale it is necessary that there should be an agreement between the parties
In other words the effect of the construction which the Court put on the words of Entry 48 in Gannon Dunkerley supra is that a sale is necessarily a consensual transaction and if the parties have no volition or option to bargain there can be no sale
For the present purposes this view may be assumed to reflect the correct legal position but even so the transactions which are the subject matter of these appeals will amount to sales
Applying the ratio of Gannon Dunkerley supra the true question for decision therefore is whether in the context of the Control Orders issued by the Government of West Bengal for regulating the supply and distribution of cement the transactions under which the appellant supplied cement to persons who were issued permits by the authorities to obtain the commodity from the appellant involved an element of volition or consensuality
If they did the transactions would amount to sales but not otherwise
It is undeniable that under paragraph 2 of the West Bengal Order of 1948 which we have for convenience designated as the Cement Control Order no person can dispose of or agree to dispose of any cement except in accordance with the conditions contained in a written order of the Director of Consumer Goods or the authorities specified in that paragraph
That is a limitation on the dealer s right to supply cement
Correspondingly by paragraph 3 no person can acquire or agree to acquire cement from any person except in accordance with the conditions contained in a written order of the Director of Consumer Goods or the authorities specified in that paragraph
That is a limitation on the consumer s right to obtain cement
Paragraph 4 puts a restriction on the price which a dealer 1 45 0 may charge for the commodity by providing that no person shall sell cement at a price higher than the notified price
Paragraph 8 imposes on the dealer the obligation to supply cement by providing that no person or stockist who has any stock of cement in his possession and to whom a written order has been issued under paragraph 2 shall refuse to sell the same at a price not exceeding the notified price person who contravenes the provisions of the Cement Control Order is punishable under section 6 of the West Bengal Cement Control Act 1948 with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years These limitations on the normal right of dealers and consumers to supply and obtain the goods the obligations imposed on the parties and the penalties prescribed by the Control Order do not in our opinion militate against the position that eventually the parties must be deemed to have completed the transactions under an agreement by which one party bound itself to supply the stated quantity of goods to the other at a price not higher than the notified price and the other party consented to accept the goods on the terms and conditions mentioned in the permit or the order of allotment issued in its favour by the concerned authority
Offer and acceptance need not always be in an elementary form nor indeed does the Law of Contract or of Sale of Goods require that consent to a contract must be express
It is commonplace that offer and acceptance can be spelt out from the conduct of the parties which covers not only their acts but omissions as well
Indeed on occasions silence can be more eloquent than eloquence itself
Just as correspondence between the parties can constitute or disclose an offer and acceptance so can their conduct
This is because law does not require offer and acceptance to conform to any set pattern formula
In order therefore to determine whether there was any agreement or consensuality between the parties we must have regard to their conduct at or about the time when the goods changed hands
In the first place it is not obligatory on a trader to deal in cement nor on any one to acquire it
The primary fact therefore is that the decision of the trader to deal in an essential commodity is volitional
Such volition carries with it the willingness to trade in the commodity strictly on the terms of Control Orders
The consumer too who is under no legal compulsion to acquire or possess cement decides as a matter of  his volition to obtain it on the terms of the permit or the order of allotment issued in his favour
That brings the two parties together one of whom is willing to supply the essential commodity and the other to receive it
When the allottee presents his permit to the dealer he signifies his willingness to obtain the commodity from the dealer on the terms stated in the permit
His conduct reflects his consent
And when upon the presentation of the permit the dealer acts upon it he impliedly agrees to supply the commodity to the allottee on the terms by which he has voluntarily bound himself to trade in the commodity his conduct too reflects his consent
Thus though both parties are bound to comply with the legal requirements governing the transaction they agree as between themselves to enter into the transaction on statutory terms 451 one agreeing to supply the commodity to the other on those terms and the other agreeing to accept it from him on the very terms
It is therefore not correct to say that the transactions between the appellant and the allottees are not consensual
They with their free consent agreed to enter into the transactions
We are also of the opinion that though the terms of the transaction are mostly predetermined by law it cannot be said that there is no area at all in which there is no scope for the parties to bargain
The West Bengal Cement Control Act 1948 empowers the Government by section 3 to regulate or control the prices at which cement may be purchased or sold
The Cement Control Order 1948 provides by paragraph 4 that no person shall sell cement at a higher than notified price leaving it open to the parties to charge and pay a price which is less than the notified price the notified price being the maximum price which may lawfully be charged
Paragraph 8 of the Order points in the same direction by providing that no dealer Who has a stock of cement in his possession shall refuse to sell the same at a price not exceeding the notified price leaving it open to him to charge a lesser price which the allottee would be only too agreeable to pay
Paragraph 8 further provides that the dealer shall deliver the cement within a reasonable time after the payment of price
Evidently within the bounds of reasonableness it would be open to the parties to fix the time of delivery
Paragraph 8A which confers on the allottee the right to ask for weighment of goods also shows that he may reject the goods on the ground that they are short in weight just as indeed he would have the undoubted right to reject them on the ground that they are not of the requisite quality
The circumstance that in these areas though minimal the parties to the transactions have the freedom to bargain militates against the view that the transactions are not consensual
While on this aspect we may usefully draw attention to two important decisions of this Court the first of which is Indian Steel  Wire Products Ltd vs State of Madras1
The appellant therein supplies certain steel products to various persons in Madras at the instance of the Steel Controller exercising powers under the Iron and Steel Control of Production and Distribution Order 1941
The State of Madras assessed the turnover of the appellant to sales tax upon which the appellant contended that the deliveries of steel products were made under compulsion of law since it was the controller who determined the persons to whom the goods were to be supplied the price at which they were to be supplied the manner in which they were to be transported and the mode in which the payment of the price was to be made
Since every facet of the transaction was prescribed by the controller so it was argued there was no agreement between the parties and therefore the transaction could not be considered as a sale
Rejecting this contention it was observed by Hegde J who spoke for the Constitution Bench that though the controller fixed the base price of the steel products and determined the 1  452 buyers the parties were stiff free to decide the other terms of the bargain as for example the time and date of delivery and the time and mode of payment and therefore it could not be said that there was no agreement between the parties to sell and buy the goods
It was held that though the area within which it was possible for the parties to bargain was greatly relieved on account of the Iron and Steel Control Order it was not correct to contend that because law imposes restrictions on freedom of contract there could be no contract at all
So long as mutual assent is not completely excluded in any dealing in law it is a contract
 The second decision is reported in Andhra Sugar Ltd vs State of Andhra Pradesh1
In that case the occupier of a sugar factory had to buy sugarcane from cane growers in conformity with the directions
of the Cane Commissioner issued under the Andhra Pradesh Regulation of Supply and Purchase Act 1961
Under section 21 of that Act sales and purchase of sugarcane were exempt from tax under the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act 1957 but under section 21 of the Act of 1961 the State Government had power by notification to levy a tax on the purchase of cane required for use consumption or sale in a sugar factory
Various sugar factories in the State filed writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution challenging the validity of section 21 mainly on the ground that since they were compelled by law to buy cane from the cane growers their purchases were not made under agreements and were not taxable under entry 54 List 11 of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution having regard to the decision in Gannon Dunkerley supra
The writ petitions were decided by a Constitution Bench of this Court which delivered its un animous judgment through Bachawat J
It is necessary in the first place to state that though it was argued on behalf of the State Government in that case that the occupier of the factory had some option of not buying the sugarcane from the grower and had some freedom of bargaining about the terms and conditions of the agreement that point was not pursued any further and the writ petitions proceeded on the basis that there was no option left for any bargain in the transaction
After referring to the definition of contract of sale of goods in section 41 of the Indian  and the relevant provisions of the Contract Act relating to offer and acceptance the Court observed that under section 10 of the Contract Act an agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object and are not by the Act expressly declared to be void
Section 13 of the Contract Act defines consent and section 14 says that consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion undue influence fraud misrepresentation or mistake as defined in sections 15 to 22
In the background of those provisions the Court observed that the cane grower in the factory zone was free to make or not to make an offer of sale of cane to the occupier of the factory
But if be made an offer the occupier of the factory was bound to accept it and the consent of the occupier not being caused by coercion undue influence fraud misrepresentation or mistake was free 1  453 consent as defined in section 14 of the Contract Act even though he was obliged by law to enter into the agreement
The compulsion of law is not coercion as defined in section 15 of the Act and in the eye of the law the agreement is freely made
 Since the parties were competent to contract the agreement was made for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object the agreement was not void under any provision of law and it was enforceable at law the Court held that the purchases of sugarcane were taxable by the State legislature under Entry 54 List 11 of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution
Strong reliance was placed by the factory owners in Andhra Sugars supra on the majority  judgment of Kapur and Shah JJ in New India Sugar Mills Ltd vs Commissioner of Sales Tax supra to which we must refer here
The admitted course of dealing between the parties in that case was that the Governments of various consuming States used to intimate to the Sugar Controller of India from time to time their requirements of sugar and similarly the factory owners used to send to the Sugar Controller of India statements of stocks of sugar held by them
On a consideration of the requests received from the State Governments and the statements of stock received from the factories the Sugar Controller used to make allotment of sugar allotment order was addressed by the Sugar Controller to the factory owner directing him to supply sugar to the State Government in question in accordance with the despatch instructions received from the competent officer of the State Government
A copy of the allotment order was simultaneously sent to the State Government concerned on receipt of which the competent authority of the State Government sent to the factory concerned detailed instructions about the destinations to which the sugar was to be despatched as also the quantities of sugar to be despatched to each place
The Madras Government which under this arrangement received its quota of sugar from the New India Sugar Mills also laid down the  procedure of payment
The Patna High Court having held that the supply of sugar by the mills to the Province of Madras was liable to be taxed under the Bihar Sales Tax Act 1947 the mills filed an appeal to this Court which was decided by a Bench of three learned Judges
Kapur and Shah J held that since the mills were compelled to carry out the directions of the Controller and since they had no volition in the matter of supply of sugar to the State of Madras there was no offer by them to the State Government and no acceptance by the latter
Shah J speaking for the majority observed that a contract of sale between the seller and the buyer is a prerequisite to a sale and since there was no such contract the transaction in question which the Bihar Sales Tax authorities sought to tax was not exigible to sales tax
Hidayatullah J who delivered a dissenting opinion observed after reviewing the position both under the English and the Indian Law that though it was true that consent makes a contract of sale such consent may be express or implied and it cannot be said that unless the offer and acceptance are there in an elementary form there can be no taxable sale
 Taking the view that on obtaining the necessary permit the sugar mills on the one hand and the Government of 454 Madras on the other agreed to sell and purchase sugar could admit of no doubt the learned Judge said that when the Province of Madras after receiving the permit telegraphed instructions to despatch sugar and the mills despatched it a contract emerged and consent must be implied on both sides though not expressed antecedently to the permit
 The Controller brought the seller and the purchaser together gave them permission to supply and receive sugar leading thereby to an implied contract of sale between the parties
The learned Judge accepted that there was an element of compulsion in both selling and buying perhaps more for the supplier than for the receiver but according to him a compelled sale is nevertheless a sale and sales often take place without volition of party
 The learned Judge summed up the matter pithily thus  So long as the parties trade under controls at fixed price and accept these as any other law of the realm because they must the contract is at the fixed price both sides having or deemed to have agreed to  such a price
Consent under the law of contract need not be express it can be im plied 
The present is just another example of an implied contract with an implied offer and implied acceptance by the parties
 Adverting to the construction of the legislat ive entry 48 of List 11 VII Schedule to the Government of India Act 1935 the learned Judge observed that the entry had to be interpreted in a liberal spirit and not cut down by narrow technical consideration
The entry in other words should not be shorn of all its content to leave a mere husk of legislative power
For the purposes of legislation such as on sales tax it is only necessary to see whether there is a sale express or implied 
The entry has its meaning and within its meaning there is a plenary power
If a sale express or implied is found to exist then the tax must follow
We are of the opinion that the true position in law is as is set out in the dissenting judgment of Hidayatullah J and that the view expressed by Kapur and Shah JJ in the majority judgment with deference cannot be considered as good law
Bachawat J in Andhra Sugar supra was with respect right in cautioning that the majority judgment of Kapur and Shah JJ in New India Sugar Mills supra should not be treated as an authority for the proposition that there can be no contract of sale under compulsion of a statute
 pages 715 716
Rather than saying what in view of the growing uncertainty of the true legal position on the question we are constrained to say namely that the majority judgment in New India Sugar Mills supra is not good law Bachawat J preferred to adopt the not unfamiliar manner of confining the majority decision to the special facts of that case
The majority judgment in New India Sugar Mills supra is based predominantly on the decision of this Court in Gannon Dunkerley supra to which we have referred at length in another context
In fact Shah J observes at page 459 of the report after discussing the judgment in Gannon Dunkerley supra that the ratio decidendi of that decision must govern this case
 The decision in Gannon Dunkerley supra really turned on a different point the question for consideration therein being whether the value of the materials used in the execution 455 of building contracts could be included within the taxable turnover of the company
It was contended on behalf of the company that the power of the Madras Legislature to impose a tax on sales under entry 48 List 11 of Schedule VII of the government of India Act 1935 did not extend to unposing a tax on the value of materials used in construction works as there was no transaction of sale in respect of those goods and that the provisions introduced in the Madras General Sales Tax Act 1939 by the Madras General Sales Fax Amendment Act 1947 authorising the imposition of such tax were ultra vires
Venkatarama Aiyar J posed the question thus  The sole question for determination in this appeal is whether the provisions of the Madras General Sales Tax Act are ultra vires in so far as they seek to impose a tax on the supply of materials in execution of works contract treating it as a sale of goods by the contractor 
The Court accepted that building materials were goods  and limited the inquiry to whether there was a sale of those materials within the meaning of that word in entry 48
Reference was then made to Benjamin on Sale in which it is said that in order to constitute a sale four elements must concur 1 Parties competent to contract 2 mutual assent 3 a thing the absolute or general property in which is transferred from the seller to the buyer and c a price in money paid or promised Vide 8th Edn p 3
On the strength of this statement and on a consideration of the provisions of the Contract Act and the it was concluded that according to the law both of England and of India in order to constitute a sale it is necessary that there should be an agreement between the parties for the purpose of transferring title to goods
The Court then proceeded to examine the true nature of a building contract and held It has been already stated that both tinder the common law and the statute law relating to sale of goods in England and in India to constitute A transaction of sale there should be an agreement express or implied relating to goods to be completed by passing of title in those goods
It is of the essence of this concept that both the agreement and the sale should relate to the same subject matter
Where the goods delivered under the contract are not the goods contracted for the purchaser has got a right to reject them or to accept them and claim damages for breach of warranty
Under the law therefore there cannot be an agreement relating to one kind of property and a sale as regards another
We are accordingly of opinion that on the true interpretation of the expressionsale of goods  there must be an agreement between the parties for the sale of the very goods in which eventually property passes
In a building contract the agreement between the parties is that the contractor should construct a building according to the specifications contained in the agreement and in consideration therefor receive payment as provided therein and as will presently be shown there is in such An agreement neither a contract to sell the materials used in the construction nor does property pass therein as movables
It is therefore impossible to maintain that there 456 is implicit in a building contract a sale of materials as understood in law pages 413 414
The final conclusion on the point involved in the appeal was expressed thus To sum up the expression sale of goods  in Entry 48 is a nomen juris its essential ingredients being an agreement to sell movables for a price and property passing therein pursuant to that agreement
In a building contract which is as in the present case one entire and indivisible and that is its norm there is no sale of goods and it is not within the competence of the Provincial Legislature under Entry 48 to impose a tax on the supply of the materials used in such a contract treating it as a sale pages 425 426 Thus the two reasons given by the Court in support of its conclusion were firstly that in a building contract there was no agreement express or implied to sell goods  and secondly that property in the building materials does not pass in the materials regarded a goods  but it passes as part of immovable property
In New India Sugar Mills supra the commodity with which Court was concerned was sugar and was delivered as sugar just as in the instant case the commodity with which we are concerned is cement which was delivered as cement
That meets the first reason in Gannon Dunkerley supra
As regards the second it is quite clear that the tax was demanded after the commodity had changed hands or putting it in the words of the Sale of Goods law after property in it had passed
With great respect therefore the majority in New India Sugar Mills supra was in error in saying that the ratio decidendi of that decision Gannon Dunkerley must govern this case 
The question before us which was the very question involved in New India Sugar Mills supra viz whether a transaction effected in accordance with the obligatory terms of a statute can amount to a sale did not arise in Gannon Dunkerley
Just as the majority Judges in New India Sugar Mills supra applied to the case before them the ratio of Gannon Dunkerley supra the Court in the latter case applied the ratio of the House of Lords decision in Kirkness vs John Hudson and Co Ltd1 observing categorically that the derision in Kirkness must be hold to conclude the matter P 412
We think it necessary to lay particular emphasis on this aspect because it shows how the question for decision in Gannon Dunkerley supra was basically different from the question in New India Sugar Mills supra or in the appeals before us
In Kirkness supra railway wagons belonging to the respondent company were taken over by the Transport Commission compulsorily it exercise of the powers conferred by section 29 of the Transport Act 1947 and compensation was paid therefor
The question was whether this amount was liable to income tax on the footing of sale of the wagons by the company
The contention on behalf of the revenue if was that compulsory acquisition being treated as sale under the English law the taking over of the wagons and payment of compensation 1 457 therefor must also be regarded as sale for purpose of income tax and therefore the company was liable to a balancing charge under section 17 of the Income tax Act 1945
The case turned on the meaning of the word sale  for the purposes of the Excess Profits Tax legislation and the income tax Act 1945 8  9 Geo 6 c 3
Lord Morton in his dissenting speech found it impossible to say that the only construction which can fairly be given to the word sold  in section 171 a of the Income Tax Act 1945 is to limit it to a transaction in which the element of mutual assent is present But the majority of the House came to A different conclusion and held that the element of bargain was essential to constitute a sale  and to describe compulsory taking over of property as a sale was a misuse of that word
We are not concerned in these appeals with Compulsory acquisition  of goods nor indeed was the Court concerned with it in Gannon Dunkerley supra
The majority in New India Sugar Mills supra was right in saying that the decision in Kirkness supra and the observations made therein have little relevance in determining the limits of the legislative power of the Provincial legislature under the Government of India Act 1935 and the interpretation of statutes enacted in exercise of that power
 In fact if we may say so with great respect  the observation in Gannon Dunkerley supra that the decision in Kirkness supra concluded the question before the Court seems to us somewhat wide of the mark
Since Kirkness supra involved an altogether different point we would have avoided referring to it put the reliance upon it in Gannon Dunkerley supra may lead to a misunderstanding regarding its true ratio which needs to be clarified
Besides Kirkness supra has been referred to in various decisions and has been considered as an authority for apparently conflicting propositions which too made it necessary to understand the decision in a proper perspective
It is not the decision in Kirkness supra but another English decision which may with advantage be noticed
That is the decision of the Court of Appeal in Ridge Nominees Ltd vs Inland Revenue Commissioners1 The question in that case was whether a transfer of shares executed under section 209 of the Companies Act 1948 on behalf of a stockholder who declined to accept the offer of purchase was required to be stamped as a transfer on sale
Under section 209 the transferee company was entitled in certain circumstances to give a notice to a dissenting shareholder that it desired to acquire his shares
Upon such notice being given the transferee company became entitled to acquire the shares of the dissenting shareholder at a particular price
If the dissenting shareholder did not transfer the shares then subsection 3 provided for the execution of a transfer on behalf of the shareholder by a person appointed by the transferee company
In the First Schedule to the Stamp Act 1891 was included the item Conveyance or transfer on sale of any property 
In the light of this entry under which stamp duty was payable the question which the Court had to consider was whether a transfer executed on behalf of a dissenting shareholderwasatransferonsale
Theanswerdepended upon whether there could be a sale even though the essential element 1 45 8 of mutual assent was totally absent
Lord Evershed MR observed in his judgnient that what the Companies Act had done by file machinery it had created was that in truth it brought into being a transaction which ex facie in all its essential characteristics and effect was a transfer on sale
Donovan LJ in his concurring judgment said that when the legislature by section 209 of the C Act empowered the trans feree company to appoint an agent on behalf of a dissenting shareholder 3 for thempurpose of executing a transfer of his shares against a price to be paid to the transferor company and held in trust for the dis senting shareholder it was clearly shring his dissent and putting him in the same position as if he had
For the purpose of considering whether the transaction amounted to a sale one must according to the learned Judge regard the dissent of the shareholder as overriden by an assent which the statute imposed upon him fictional though it may be
Danckwerts LJ also by a concurring judgment said that a sale may not always require the consensual element and that there may in truth be a compulsory sale of property in which the owner is compelled to part with Ws property for a price against his will
We will proceed to refer to the Other decisions of this Court bearing on the point under discussion
In State of Rajasthan vs Ms Karam Chand Thapper  Bros Ltd1 the respondent assessee which was registered as a dealer under the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act 1954 entered into a contract with the Equitable Cod Company under which it acquired monopoly rights to supply coal in_Rajasthan as an agent of the Coal Company
The respondent supplied coal to the State of Rajasthan under an agreement with it and that transaction was included in the respondent s turnover by the Sales Tax Officer Jaipur
The High Court of Rajasthan allowed the respondents writ petition against the order of assessment on the ground inter alia that the supply of coal by the respondent to the State of Rajasthan did not constitute salt as the supply was controlled by a statutory order namely the Colliery Control Order 1945
In appeal to this Court by the State of Rajasthan it was held that under the Colliery Control Order coal could be supplied under a contract and the effect of the Control Order was only to superimpose upon the agreement between the parties the rate fixed by the Control Order
The four elements required to constitute a sale namely competency of parties mutual assent of the parties passing of property in the goods supplied to the purchaser and lastly payment or promise of payment of price were all present to render the turnover liable to sales tax Shah J who spoke for the Court relied upon the judgments in Indian Steel and Wire Products supra and Andhra Sugar supra observing that in these two cases the Court had held that when goods supply of which is controlled by statutory orders are delivered pursuant to a contract of  The the principle of the case in Ms New India Suqar Mills Ltd case supra has no application 
The Court distinguished the decision in New India Sugar Mills supra on the ground that it was founded on a different principle since the condition requiring mutual assent of the parties was lacking in that case
1 1969
1 SCR 861
459 In Chhitter Mal Narain Das vs Commissioner of Sales Tax1 the appellants who were dealers in food grains supplied to the Regional Food Controller diverse quantities of wheat in compliance with the provisions of the UP Wheat Procurement Levy Order 1959
The High Court held in a reference made to it under the Sales Tax Act that the transaction amounted to a sale And was exigible to sales tax
In appeal to this Court it was held by a Bench consisting of Shah and Hegde JJ that clause 3 of the UP Procurement Levy Order 1959 sets up a machinery for compulsory acquisition by the State Government of stocks of wheat belonging to the licensed dealers that the Order contains a bald injunction to supply wheat of the specified quantity day after day that it did not envisage any consensual arrangement and that the Order did not even require the State Government to enter into an informal contract with the supplier
Delivering the judgment of the Bench Shah J observed that the transaction in which an obligation to supply goods is imposed and which does not involve an obligation to enter into a contract cannot be called a sale  even if the person supplying goods is declared entitled to the value of goods which is determined in the prescribed manner
It was observed that the decision in Indian Steel and Wire Products supra does not justify the view that even if the liberty of contract in relation to the fundamentals of the transaction is completely excluded a transaction of supply of goods pursuant to directions issued under a Control Order may be regarded as a sale
This decision is clearly distinguishable since the provisions of the Wheat Procurement Order were construed by the Court as being in the nature of compulsory acquisition of property obliging the dealer to supply wheat from day to day
Cases of compulsory acquisition of property by the State stand on a different footing since there is no question in such cases of offer and acceptance nor of consent either express or implied
We would however like to clarify that though compulsory acquisition of property would exclude the element of mutual assent which is vital to a sale the learned Judges were with respect not right in holding in Chitter Mal1 that even if in respect of the place of delivery and the place of payment of price there could be a consensual arrangement the transaction will not amount to a sale p 677
The true position in law is as stated above namely that so long as mutual assent express or implied is not totally excluded the transaction will amount to a sale
The ultimate decision in Chitter Mal supra can be justified only on the view that clause 3 of the Wheat Procurement Order envisages compulsory acquisition of wheat by the State Government from the licensed dealer
Viewed from this angle we cannot endorse the Court s criticism of the Full Bench decision of the Allahabad High Court in Commissioner Sales Tax UP vs Ram Bilas Ram Gopal2 which held while construing clause 3 that so long as there was freedom to bargain in some areas the transaction could amount to a sale though effected under compulsion of a statute
Looking at the scheme of the UP Wheat Procurement Order particularly clause 3 thereof this Court in Chitter Mal supra seems to have concluded that the transaction was in truth and substance in the nature of compulsory acquisition with no real freedom to bargain in any area
Shall J expressed the Court s interpretation of clause 3 in no uncertain terms by saying that it did not envisage any consensual arrangement In Salar Jung Sugar Mills Ltd vs State of Mysore supra which was decided by a Bench of seven learned Judges the appellants were subjected to levy of tax on purchase of sugarcane after the inclusion of sugarcane in the Third Schedule to the Mysore Sales Tax Act 1957
They challenged the levy on the ground that on account of the Central and State Control Orders applicable to the transactions there was no mutual assent between them and the growers of sugarcane in regard to supply of sugarcane by the latter and since there was no purchase and sale of sugarcane they were not dealers within the meaning of section 2k of the Mysore Sales Tax Act
After referring to the cases which we have considered above it was held by the Court that the decisions relating to compulsory sales establish that statutory orders regulating
the supply and distribution of goods do not absolutely impinge on the freedom of contact
In spite of the fact that under the relevant Control Orders the parties the minimum price and the minimum quantity of supply were determined or regulated the Court held that the Control Orders left to the parties the option in regard to a higher quantity then was stipulated in the Orders It higher price than the minimum as also the form and manner of payment
A factory could reject goods after inspection which indicated not only freedom in the formation but also in the performance of the contract
A combination of all these factors according to Ray J who spoke for a unanimous Court indicated with unerring accuracy that the parties entered into agreement with mutual assent and with volition for transfer of  goods in consideration of price
The transactions were accordingly held as amounting to sales within the meaning of section 2t of the Mysore Sales Tax Act
In coming to this conclusion the Court relied on the statement in Benjamin on Sale 8th ed
page 68 that though a contract of sale requires mutual assent The assent need not as a general rule be express and that it may be implied from the language of or conduct of parties and indeed it may even be inferred from the silence on the part of parties in certain cases
As an instance the Court referred to the common case of a person buying rationed articles from a ration shop The parties the price the shop the supply and the acceptance of goods in accordance with the provisions of the Ration Order ire all regulated
 All the same said the Court when the customer presents the ration card to the shopkeeper the shopkeeper delivers the rationed articles the customer accepts the articles and pays their price there is indisputably a sale
In State of Tamil Nadu vs Cement Distributors Private Ltd the principal question which arose for decision was whether producers who supplied cement to the State Trading Corporation or its agents in gunny bass in pursuance of the directions given by the Government were liable to pay sales tax on the turnover relating to the price of gunny bags
In some of the connected appeals the question also arose whether the 1  461 selling agents of the State Trading Corporation were liable to pay sales lax in respect of the price of the gunny bags in which they sold cement to the consumers
As regards the question whether the transactions between producers and the State Trading Corporation in so far as the supply of cement was concerned amounted Lo sales within the meaning of the Madras General Sales Tax Act 1959 Hegde J who spoke for the three Judge Bench observed that there was no dispute that those transactions could not amount to sales in view of the Cement Control Order 1958
On the question whether the gunny bags in which the cement was supplied can be considered to have been sold it was observed that there was no dispute  that if the price of gunny bags was held to have been wholly controlled then the supply of gunny bags also could not be considered as sales
This position was held to have been concluded by the decisions in New India Sugar Mills Ltd supra and Chittar Mal Narain Das supra
The only question which the Court considered was whether in fact the price of the gunny bags in which cement was supplied to the State Trading Corporation was controlled by the Cement Control Order of 1958
On that question it was held that since the Central Government had fixed the actual price of the gunny bags also the supply of gunny bags did not amount to sales
In the first place the decision proceeds on a concession in so far as the supply of cement is concerned as is shown by the statement that there was no dispute  that the same cannot be considered as sales
As regards the other question concerning gunny bags the Court did not allow the Advocate General of Tamil Nadu to contend that since tinder clause 64 of the Cement Control Order the Central Government could have fixed the maximum and not the actual price of gunny bags was scope for bargaining between the parties
That question not having been raised in the High Court or in the appeal memo filed in this Court and the Central Government not having put in its appearance in this Court permission was declined to raise the questions Thus the decision is not an authority for the proposition for which the appellant contends
Besides the judgment rests partly on the decision in New India Sugar Mills Supra which we have dissented from and partly on Chitter Mal supra which by reason of the compulsory acquisition  inferred therein was distinguishable
In oil and Natural Gas Commission vs State of Bihar1 a three Judge Bench speaking through Ray CJheld following the judgment in Salar Jung Sugar Mills Ltd supra that the supplies of crude oil by the Oil and Natural Gas Commission to a refinery of the Indian Oil Corporation amounted to sales even though the supplies were made pursuant to the directions and orders of the Central Government and the Commission had no volition in the matter
Law presumes assent of parties it was observed when there is transfer of goods from one party to the other
This resume of cases long as it is may yet bear highlighting the true principle underlying the decisions of this Court which have 1  462 taken the view that a transaction which is effected in compliance with the obligatory terms of a statute may nevertheless be a safe in the eye of law
The Indian Contract Act which was passed in 1872 contained provisions in its seventh chapter comprising sections 76 to 123 relating to sale of goods which were repealed on the enactment of a comprehensive law of sale of goods in 1930
The Contract Act drew inspiration from the English law of contract which is almost entirely the creation of English courts and whose growth is marked by features which are peculiar to the social and economic history of England
Historically the English law of contract is largely founded upon the action on the case for assumpsit where the essence of the matter was the undertaking
The necessity for acceptance of the undertaking or the promise led the earlier writers on legal theories to lay particular emphasis on the consensual nature of contractual obligations
It was out of the importance which political philosophers of the eighteenth century gave to human liberty that the doctrine was evolved that every person should be free to pursue his own interest in the way he thinks best and therefore law ought to give effect to the will of the parties as expressed in their agreement
Adam Smith in his famous work on The Wealth of Nations propounded in 1776 the view that the freedom of contract must as far as possible be left unimpaired
Gradually as would appear from Friedman s statement in Law in a Changing Society 1959 ch4 freedom of contract the freedom to contract on whatever terms might seem most advantageous to the individuals become a cornerstone of nineteenth centuary laissez faire economics
Champions of individualist social philosophy who protested against legal and social restrictions in order to advance the policies of expansion and exploitation pursued by I industry and commerce won their battle and freedom of contract was one of the trophies of victory see Anson s Law of Contract 23rd Ed page 3
The freedom and sanctity of contract thus became the necessary instruments of laissez faire and it was the function of the courts to foster the one and to vindicate the other
Where a man sowed there he should be able to reap
is Cheshire and Fifoot s Law of Contract 8th Ed page 19
it is significant that the maxim itself laissez faire laissez passer which derived from eightenth century France has been commonly attributed to Gournay at first a merchant and later one of the intendants of commerce and a friend of Turgot
Turgot attributes the phrase laissez nous faire to another merchant Legendre who is said to have used it in impressing upon Colbert the desire on the part of the mercantile community for non interference by the state 
When Colbert asked a meeting of French businessmen what the state might do to assist them Legendre pointedly replied laissez nous faire The underlying assumption of the laissez faire doctrine turns on an optimistic view of the nature of the universe and on the conception of a natural order  or system of economic harmonies which will prevail and work out to mankind s advantag e in the absence of positive regulation
see International Encyclo paedia of the Social Sciences 1968 Ed
edited by David L Sills Vol 8 page 546 and Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences edited by Edwin R A Seligman Vol
IX pages 15 16
463 Towards the close of the nineteenth century it came to be realised that private enterprises in order to be socially just had to ensure economic equality
The very freedom on contract with its corollary the freedom to complete was merging into the freedom to combine and in the last resort competition and combination were incompatible
Individualism was yield ing to monopoly where strange things might well be done in the name of liberty
The twentieth century has seen its progressive erosion on the one hand by opposed theory and on the other by conflicting practice
The background of the law social political and economic has changed Laissez fare as an ideal has been supplanted by social security  and social security suggests status rather than contract
The State may thus compel persons to make contracts as where by a series of Road Traffic Acts from 1930 to 1960 a motorist must insure against third party risks it may as by the Rent Restriction Acts prevent one party to a contract from enforcing his right under it or it may empower a tribunal either to reduce or to in crease the rent payable under a lease
In many instances a statute prescribes the contents of the contract
The Moneylenders Act 1927 dictates the terms of any loan caught by its provisions the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 contains six pages of rules to be incorporated in every contract for the carriage of goods by sea from any port in Great Britain or Northern Ireland to any other port  the Hire Purchase Act 1965 inserts into hire purchase contracts a number of terms which the parties are forbidden to exclude successive Landlord and Tenant Acts from 1927 to 1954 contain provisions expressed to apply notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary 
The erosion of contract by statute continues briskly and there are no immediate signs of a reaction Cheshire and Fifoot s Law of Contract 8th Ed
pages 21 22
In the words of Anson Freedom of contract is a reasonable social ideal only to the extent that equality of bargaining power between contracting parties can be assumed and no injury is done to the economic interests of the community at large
In the more complicated social and industrial conditions of a collectivist society it has ceased to have much idealistic attraction
It is now realised that economic equality Often does not exist in any real sense and that individual interests have to be made to subserve those of the cornmunity
Hence there has been a fundamental change both in our social outlook and in the policy of the legislature towards contract and the law today interferes at numerous points with the freedom of the parties to make what contract they like   464  This intervention is especially necessary today when most contracts entered into by ordinary people are not the result of individual negotiation
It is not possible for a private person to settle the terms of his agreement with the British Railways Board or with the local electricity authority
The standard form contract is the rule
He must either accept the terms of this contract in toto or go without
Since however it is not feasible to deprive oneself of such necessary services the individual is compelled to accept on those terms
In view of this fact it is quite clear that freedom of contract is now largely an illusion Anson s Law of Contract 23rd Ed pages 3 4
Anson is perhaps over optimistic in saying that there has been a fundamental change in social outlook and in the legislative policy towards contract
Anyway with the high ideals of the Preamble and the directive principles of our Constitution there has to be such a fundamental change in judicial outlook
Instances given in Cheshire and Anson have their parallels in India too wherein freedom of contract has largely become an illusion
The policy of our Parliament in regard to contracts including those involved in sale of goods has still to reflect recognition of the necessity for a change which could be done by a suitable modification of the definition of sale of goods
It all began with the reliance in Gannon Dunkerley supra pages 396 398 on the statement in the 8th Edition 1950 of Benjamin on Sale that to constitute a valid tale there must be a concurrence of four elements one of which is mutual assent
That statement is a reproduction of what the celebrated author had said in the 2nd and last edition prepared by himself in 1873
The majority judgment in New India Sugar Mills supra page 467 also derives sustenance from the same passage in Benjamin s 8th edition
But as observed by Hidayatullah J in his dissenting judgment in that case consent may be express or implied and offer and acceptance need not be in an elementary form page 510
It is interesting that the General Editor of the 1974 edition of Benjarnin s Sale of Goods says in the preface that the editors decided to produce an entirely new work partly because commercial institutions modes of transport and of payment forms of contract types of goods market areas and marketing methods and the extent of legislative and governmental regulation and intervention had changed considerably since 1868 when the 1st edition of the book was published
The formulations in Benjamin s 2nd edition relating to the conditions of a valid sale  of goods which are reproduced in the 8th edition evidently require modi fication in the light of regulatory measures of social control
Hidayatullah J in his minority judgment referred to above struck the new path and Bachawat JWho spoke for the Court in Andhra Sugars supra went a step ahead by declaring that the contract is a contract of sales and purchase of cane though the buyer is obliged to give his assent under compulsion of a statute
The concept of freedom of contract as observed by Hedge J in Indian Steel and 4 6 5 Wire Products supra has undergone a great deal of change even in those countries where it was considered as one of the basic economic requirements of a democratic life
Thus in Ridge Nominees Ltd supra the Court of Appeal while rejecting the argument that there was no sale because the essential element of mutual assent was lacking held that the dissent of the shareholder was overridden by an assent which the statute imposed on him fictional though it may be that a sale may not always require the consensual element mentioned in Benjamin on Sale 8th Edition page 2 and that there may in truth be a compulsory sale of property with which the owner is compelled to part for a price against his will
pages 405 406
Decisions in case of compulsory acquisition where such acquisition is patent as in Kirkness supra or is inferred as in Chitter Mal supra fall in a separate and distinct class
The observations of Lord Reid in Kirkness supra that sale  is a women juris the name of a particular consensual contract have therefore to be under stood in the context in which they were made namely that compulsory acquisition cannot amount to sale
In Gannon Dunkerley supra Venkatarama Aiyar J was influenced largely by these observations see pages 411 412 and 425 and by the definition of sale  in Benjamin s 8th edition  Gannon Dunkerley _supra involved an altogether different point and is not an authority for the proposition that there cannot at all be a contract of sale if the parties to a transaction are obliged to comply with the terms of a statute
Since we are putting in a nutshell what we have discussed earlier we would like to reiterate in the interest of uniformity and certainty of law that with great deference the majority decision in New India Sugar Mills supra is not good law
The true legal position is as is stated in the minority judgment in that case and in Indian Steel and Wire Products supra Andhra Sugars supra Salar Jung Sugar Mills supra and Oil and Natural Gas Commission
To the extent to which Cement Distributors PvtLtd supra is inconsistent with these judgments it is also with respect not good law
The conclusion which therefore emerges is that the transactions between the appellant Ms Vishnu Agencies Pvt Ltd and the allottees are sales within the meaning of section 2g of the Bengal Finance Sales Tax Act 1941
For the same reasons transactions between the growers and procuring agents as also those between the rice millers on one hand and the wholesalers or retailers on the other are sales within the meaning of section 2n of the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act 1957
The turnover is accordingly exigible to sale tax or purchase tax as the case may be
The appeals are accordingly dismissed with costs with one hearing fee
PBR Appeals dismissed


Summary:
The Cement Control Order promulgated under the West Bengal Cement Control Act 1948 prohibits storage for sale and sale by a seller and purchase by a consumer of cement except in accordance with the conditions specified in a licence issued by a designated officer
It also provides that no person shall sell cement at a higher than the notified price and no person to whom a written order has been issued shall refuse to sell cement at a price not exceeding the notified price
Any contravention of the order becomes punishable with imprisonment or fine or both
Under the AP Procurement Levy and Restriction on Sale Order 1967 Civil Appeals Nos 2488 to 2497 of 1972 every miller carrying on rice milling operation is required to sell to the agent or an officer duly authorised by the Government minimum quantities of rice fixed by the Government at the notified price and no miller or other person who gets his paddy milled in any rice mill can move or otherwise dispose of the rice recovered by milling at such rice mill except in accordance with the directions of the Collector
Breach of these provisions becomes punishable
It was contended in this Court on behalf of the appellants that the word sale in the Bengal Finance Sales Tax Act 1941 must receive the same meaning as in the since the expression sale of goods was at the time when the Government of India Act 1935 was enacted a term of well recognised legal import in the general law relating to sale goods and in the legislative practice relating to that topic both in England and in India and 2 since under the there can be no sale without a contract of sale and since the parties had no volition but were compelled by law to supply the goods at prices fixed under the Control Orders by the authorities the transactions were not sales and so were not exigible to tax
Disssing the appeals
HELD  Per curiam Sale of cement by the allottees to the permit holders and the transactions between the growers and procuring agents as well as those between the rice millers on the one band and the wholesalers or retailers on the other are sales exigible to sales tax in the respective States
465 F G Per Beg
CJ The transactions in the instant cases are sales and are exigible to tax on the ratio of Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd Andhra Sugar Ltd and Karam Chand Thapar
In cases like New India Sugar Mills the substance of the concept of a side itself disappears because the transaction is nothing more than the execution of an order
Deprivation of property for a compensation called price does not amount to a sale when all that is done is to carry out an order so that 434 the transaction is substantially a compulsory acquisition
On the other hand a merely regulatory law even if it circumscribes the area of free choice does not take away the basic character or core of sale from the transaction
Such a law which governs a class obliges a seller to deal only with parties holding licences who may buy particular or allotted quantities of goods at specified prices but an essential element of choice is still left to the parties between whom agreements take place
The agreement despite considerable compulsive elements regulating or restricting the area of his choice may still retain the basic character of a transaction of sale
In the former type of case the binding character of the transaction arises from the order directed to particular parties asking them to deliver specified goods and not from a general order or law applicable to a class
In the latter type of cases the legal tie which binds the parties to perform their obligations remains contractual
The regulatory law merely adds other obligations such as the one to enter into such a tie between the parties
Although the regulatory law might specify the terms such as price the regulation is subsidiary to the essential character of the transaction which is consensual and contractual
The parties to the contract must agree upon the same thing in the same sense
Agreement on mutuality of consideration ordinarily arising from an offer and acceptance imparts to it enforceability in courts of law
Mere regulation or restriction of the field of choice does not take away the contractual or essentially consensual binding core or character of the transaction
438B D EG 439A C 440B New India Sugar Mills vs Commissioner of Sales Tax Bihar   1963 Supp 2 SCR 459 explained
Commissioner Sales tax UP vs Ram Bilas Ram Gopal AIR 1970 All 518 Chittar Mal Narain vs Commissioner of Sales Tax 1971 1 SCR 671 Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd vs State of Madras   Andhra Sugar Ltd vs State of Andhra Pradesh  and State of Rajasthan vs Karam Chand Thapar AIR 1969 SC 343 referred to
Per Chandrachud Bhagwati Krishna Iyer Untwalia Murtaza Fazal Ali and Kailasam JJ According to the definitions of Sale in the two Acts the transactions between the appellants and the allottees or nominees are patently sales because in one case the property in cement and in the other property in the paddy and rice was transferred for cash consideration by the appellants
445D 1
When essential goods are in short supply various types of Orders are issued under the with a view to making the goods available to the consumer at a fair price
Such Orders sometimes provide that a person in need of an essential commodity like cement cotton coal or iron and steel must apply to the prescribed authority for a permit for obtaining the commodity
Those wanting to engage in the business of supplying the commodity are also required to possess a dealer s licence
The permit holder can obtain the supply of goods to the extent of the quantity specified in the permit from the named dealer only and at a controlled price
The dealer who is asked to supply the stated quantity to the particular permit holder has no option but to supply the stated quantity of goods at the controlled price
440 E G 2
In State of Madras vs Gannon Dunkerley  Co Ltd  after considering a variety of authorities on the subject this Court held that the expression sale of goods in Entry 48 List 11 Government of India Act 1935 cannot be construed in its popular sense and that it must be interpreted in its legal sense
Whereas in popular parlance a sale is said to take place when the bargain is settled between the parties through property in the goods may not pass at that stage as where the contract relates to future or unascertained goods the essence of sale in the legal sense is the transfer of property in a thing from one person to another for a price
It was further held that according to the law both of England and India in order to constitute a sale it is necessary that there should be an agreement between the parties for the purpose of transferring title to the goods which pre supposes capacity to contract supported by valuable consideration and that as a result of the transaction property must actually pass 435 in the goods
Unless all these elements are present there can be no sale
 The effect of the construction which the Court put on the words of Entry 48 in Gannon Dunkerley is that a sale is necessarily a consensual transaction and if the parties have no volition or option to bargain there can be no sale
If this view is assumed to reflect the correct legal Position the transactions in these cases will amount to sales
447B C D F 449D E 3
Offer and acceptance need not always be in an elementary form nor does the law of contract or of sale of goods require that consent to a contract must be express
Offer and acceptance can be spelt out from the conduct of the parties which covers not only their acts but omissions as well
On occasions silence can be more eloquent than eloquence itself
Just as correspondence between the parties can constitute or disclose an offer and acceptance so can their conduct
This is because law does not require offer and acceptance to conform to any set pattern or formula
450D E 4
In the instant case it is not correct to say that the transactions between the dealer and the consumer were not consensual
The limitations imposed by the Control Order on the normal right of the dealers and consumers to supply and obtain goods the obligations imposed on the parties and the penalties prescribed by the order do not militate against the position that eventually the parties must be deemed to have completed the transactions under an agreement by which one party bound itself to supply the stated quantity of goods to the other at a price not higher than the notified price and the other party consented to accept the goods on the terms and conditions mentioned in the permit or the order of allotment issued in its favour by the concerned authority
in order to determine whether there was any agreement or consensuality between the parties regard must be had to their conduct at or about the time when the goods changed hands
In the first place it is not obligatory on a trader to deal in cement nor on the consumer to acquire it
The primary fact is that the decision of the trader to deal in an essential commodity is volitional
Such volition carries with it the willingness to trade strictly on the terms of the Control Order
The consumer who is under no legal compulsion to acquire or Possess cement decides as a matter of his volition to obtain it on the terms of the permit or the order of allotment issued in his favour
That brings the two parties together one of whom is willing to supply the essential commodity and the other to receive it
When the allottee presents his permit to the dealer he signifies his willingness to obtain the commodity from the dealer on the terms stated in the permit
His conduct reflects his consent
And when upon the presentation of the permit the dealer acts upon it he impliedly agrees to supply the commodity to the allottee on the terms by which he has voluntarily bound himself to trade in the commodity
His conduct too reflects his consent
Thus though both parties are bound to comply with the legal requirements governing the transaction they agree as between themselves to enter into the tranaction on statutory terms one agreeing to supply the commodity to the other on those terms and the other agreeing to accept from him on the very terms
449E H 450C E H451A 5
Secondly though the terms of the transaction are mostly predetermined by law it cannot be said that there is no area at all for bargain
The conditions provided in the order that cement shall not be sold at a higher than the notified price and that no dealer shall refuse to sell it at a price not exceeding the notified price leaving it open to the individuals to charge and pay a price which is less than the notified price or charge a lesser price
Within the bounds of reasonableness it would be open to the parties to fix the time of delivery
The consumer has a right to ask for weighment of goods which shows that he may reject the goods if found short in weight or are not of the requisite quality
The consumer has a right to ask for weighment of goods which shows that he tions have the freedom to bargain militates against the view that the transactions are not consensual
451 AE 6
In New India Sugar Mills Ltd the question was whether sugar supplied by the mills on the orders of the Sugar Controller was exigible to tax
The majority held that a contract of sale between the buyer and the seller which is a pre requisite to a sale being absent the transaction was not exigible to sales 436 tax
But the principle on which the problem should be approached was set out in the dissenting judgment which said that consent may be express or implied and that it could not be said that unless offer and acceptance were present in an elementary form there could be no taxable sale
Taking the view that on obtaining the necessary permit the seller on the one hand and the buyer on the other agreed to sell and purchase sugar it was pointed out that when the buyer after receiving the permit telegraphed instructions to despatch sugar and the seller despatched it a contract emerged and consent must be implied on both sides though not expressed antecendently to the permit
So long as the parties trade under controls at fixed price and accept these as any other law of the realm the contract is at the fixed price both sides having or deemed to have agreed to such a price
Consent under the law of contract need not be express it could be implied
453B G 454A C 7In coming to its conclusion the majority in New India Sugar Mills followed the decision of this Court in Gannon Dunkerley that in a building contract there was no agreement express or implied to sell goods and secondly that property in the building materials does not pass in the materials regarded as goods but it passes as part of immovable property
The majority in New India Sugar Mills was in error in saying that the ratio govern that case because the questions involved in both different
In New India Sugar Mills the commodity with concerned was sugar and was delivered as sugar just as in commodity is cement which was delivered as cement Dunkerley tax was demanded after the commodity had after property in it had passed
The question in this case which was question involved in New India Sugar Mills namely decidendi of Gannon Dunkerley must cases were altogether which the Court was the instant case the Secondly in Gannon changed hands that is the very whether a transaction effected in accordance with the obligatory terms of a statute can amount to a sale did not arise in Gannon Dunkerley Gannon Dunkerley is not an authority for the proposition that there cannot at all be a contract of sale if the parties to a transaction are obliged to comply with the terms of a statute
456C E 8
In Gannon Dunkerley this Court was influenced largely by the observations in the 8th edn of Benjamin on Sale  that to constitute a valid sale there must be a concurrence of four elements one of which is mutual assent
The majority judgment in New India Sugar Mills also derived sustenance from the same passage in Benjamin s 8th edn
Gannon Dunkerley involved an altogether different point and is not an authority for the proposition that there cannot at all be a contract of sale if the parties to a transaction are obliged to comply with the terms of a statute
464E F  465C D 9
With the high ideals of the Preamble and the directive principles of our Constitution there has to be a fundamental change in the judicial outlook
Freedom of contract has largely become an illusion
The policy of the Parliament in regard to the contracts including those involved in sale of goods has still to reflect recognition of the necessity for a change which could be done by a suitable modification of the definition of sale of goods
464C D Majority decision in New India Sugar Mills vs Commissioner of Sales Tax Bihar   1963 Supp 2 SCR 459 overruled
Minority opinion in India Steel  Wire Products vs State of Madras   Andhra Sugar Ltd vs State of Andhra Pradesh   Salar Jung Sugar Mills Ltd vs State of Mysore 1972 2 SCR 228 and Oil and Natural Gas Commission vs State of Bihar  approved
State of Tamil Nadu vs Cement Distributors Pvt Ltd  partly approved
Chhitter Mal Nazrain Das
vs Commissioner of Sales Tax 1971 1 SCR 671 explained
State of Madras vs Gannon Dunkerley  explained and distinguished
Kirkness vs John Hudson and Co Ltd held inapplicable
Ridge No miness Ltd vs Inland Revenue Commissioners referred to
Commissioner Sales Tax UP vs Ram Bilas Ram Gopal AIR 1970 Allahabad 318 referred to