Appeal No 92 of 1961
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated January 9 1958 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Appeal No 211 of 1949
K R Choudhry for the appellant
T V R Tatachari for respondents Nos 2 3 and 24 to 27
R Thiagarajan and P Ram Reddy for respondents Nos 4 to 7 and 17
April 27
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by J
GAJENDRAGADKAR J
If the appellate decree passed by the High Court makes a variation in the decision of the trial Court under appeal in favour of a party who intends to prefer an appeal against the said appellate decree can the said decree be said to affirm the decision of the trial court or not under article 1331 of the Constitution That is the short question Which arises for our decision in the present appeal
The appellant Tirumalachetti Rajaram filed a suit in forma pauperis in the Court of the Subordinate Judge Chittoor for his half share in the properties which once belonged to the joint family consisting of himself and his father and to this suit he impleaded his father and several alienees from him
His case was that the alienations effected by his father as well as the sales held in execution proceedings against his father were not binding on him and so his share in the properties covered by the said alienations was not affected by them
It is on this basis that he claimed his half share in all the said properties
The trial court rejected his contention that the alienations did not bind him upheld all the alienations and so dismissed his suit
On appeal the High Court of Madras reversed the trial court s decree in respect of alienations which covered items 2 10 and 14 in Schedule A as well as item 5 in Schedule B It held that the alienations in respect of these item did not bind the appellant s share and so a preliminary decree for partition was passed in his favour in respect of the said 455 items
The rest of the decree passed by the trial court was confirmed
The appellant then applied to the High Court for a certificate under article 1331 of the Constitution
This application was rejected on the ground that the decree sought to be appealed from was one of affirmance and there was no substantial question of law raised by the proposed appeal
In coming to this conclusion the High Court followed an earlier Full Bench decision in Chittam Subba Rao vs Vela Mankanni Chilamayya 1
The appellant then applied for and obtained special leave from this Court and on his behalf it is urged that the view taken by the Madras High Court in the case of Chittam Subba Rao 1 proceeds on a misconstruction of the relevant clause in article 1331
That is how the short question which falls to be considered in the present appeal relates to the construction of the said relevant clause in article 1331
It is common ground that the test of valuation prescribed by article 1331a is satisfied in this case
Article 1331 which corresponds to section 110 of the Code of Civil Procedure reads thus 1331
An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies a that the amount or value of the subject matter of the dispute in the court of first instance and still in dispute on appeal was and is not less than twenty thousand rupees or such other sum as may be specified in that behalf by Parliament by law or b that the judgment decree or final order involves directly or indirectly some claim or question respecting property of the like amount or value or c that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court and where the judgment decree or final order appealed from affirms the decision of the court immediately below in any case other than a case referred to in sub clause c if the High Court further certifies that the appeal involves some substantial question of law i ILR1953 Mad
i 456 In the present case we are concerned with the clause where the judgment decree or final order appealed from affirms the decision of the court immediately below in any case other than a case referred to in sub
clause c
It is common ground that if the appellate a decree of the High Court makes a variation in the decision of the trial court against the intending appellant the appellate decree is not a decree of affirmance but variation and this position is not affected even if the variation in question is to a very small extent and may be of very minor significance
The decisions of the High Courts however show a sharp conflict in regard to the question as to the character of the appellate decree where it makes a variation in favour of the intending appellant
Broadly stated the majority of the High Courts have taken the view that an appellate decree which makes a variation in favour of the intending appellant is a decree of affirmance and it is only the Punjab High Court and the majority decision of the Patna High Court which have taken a contrary view
The decisions of different High Courts bearing on this point show that the learned Judges did not always try so much to construe the terms of the relevant constitutional provision as to reconcile their earlier decisions which disclosed a different approach and a tendency to reach different conclusions
Indeed on occasions some judgments have expressed the hope that the sharp conflict of judicial opinion resulting from the difference in approach adopted in dealing with the problem can be effectively resolved only when this Court considers the matter and makes its authoritative pronouncement
Thus it would be clear that though this important question lies within a narrow compass it is not free from difficulty
In dealing with this question we think the best course to adopt would be to consider the problem of construction without reference to the previous decisions on the point and in construing the relevant clause it is obviously necessary to bear in mind that the clause under discussion deals with the constitutional right of the litigant to make an appeal to this Court and so it would be inappropriate to adopt a 457 technical or pedantic approach in interpreting the material words used in the relevant clause
Reading the clause as a whole and giving the material words their plain grammatical meaning it seems prima facie to show that the test of affirmance prescribed by the clause can best be satisfied if we take the appellate decree in its entirety and enquire whether the said decree affirms the decision of the trial court considered in its entirety
It is a matter of comparing the appellate decree with the decision of the trial court under appeal
If the appellate decree affirms the decree of the trial court it is a decree of affirmance if there is a variation made by the appellate decree in the decision of the trial court the appellate decree is not a decree of affirmance and this position would not be affected whether the variation is made in favour of the intending appellant or against him and whether the variation made is minor or major
It is however urged that the words judgment decree or final order appealed from denote that part of the judgment decree or final order in appeal which is intended to be challenged in the proposed appeal to this Court
In other words the word decree it is suggested refers to the part of the decree under appeal
On this construction a decree has to be split up into different parts and the words appealed from have to be treated as words of limitation
The argument in a slightly different form has also been pressed before us
It is suggested that in cases where different causes of action and different claims and reliefs have been combined different decrees are in fact passed though in form there may be one paper on which one decree is drawn and so it is argued that the decree appealed from must mean the decree under appeal dealing with the subject matter or matter in dispute proposed to be brought to this Court by the intending appellant
For one thing this argument may not be available where there is only one cause of action and it is quite clear that the word decree must have one meaning applicable to all cases
Besides in our opinion this construction on which the argument is based is far too technical and artificial and cannot be 458 regarded as reasonable
Normally in each suit there is one decree and so it would be inconsistent with the scheme of the Code to divide the decree into several parts by reference to its relation to different claims or subject matters or to treat one single decree as consisting in fact of several decrees
The normal natural and reasonable construction to place on the first part of the relevant clause is to hold that it refers not merely to that part of the decree which is sought to be challenged in the appeal but the entire decree from which the appeal arises or the decree giving rise to the appeal
On this construction the clause appealed from is not a clause of limitation
It is merely a descriptive clause and it describes the decree as one from which the appeal arises
If that be so in deter mining the character of the decree it would be necessary to take the decree as a whole and enquire whether it is a decree of affirmance or not
In support of the argument that there can be more decrees than one in a suit which combines different causes of action and different claims made against different defendants in respect of different subject matters Mr Tatachari for the respondent has relied on the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Dhirendra Nath Sarkar vs Nischintapore Company 1
In that case the Court was dealing with a decree which was made in favour of the plaintiffs for the recovery of arrears of rent in respect of three tenancies held by three different tenants and the question raised was one of limitation under article 182 cl
5 of the Limitation Act IX of 1908
The court held that although the decree was passed in one suit and was set out on one sheet of paper the position was precisely the same as if the plaintiffs had brought three distinct suits against the defendants and had obtained three different decrees
It appears that the decree holder s claim for execution was in time in respect of one of the tenants but not in respect of the two others but he urged that since the decree was one it was not open to the two other tenants to plead limitation by splitting up the decree into three different decrees and by seeking to 459 invoke the provisions of article 182 cl
5 severally as against each one of the said decrees
This argument was rejected and it was held that under explanation 1 to article 182 the decree holder s application for execution was barred by limitation in respect of the said two tenancies
It would thus be clear that the discussion about the character of the decree and the conclusion that though in form there was one decree in fact and law the decrees were three are based on the provisions of explanation 1 and so must be confined to the said explanation
Explanation 1 provides that where the decree or order has been passed severally in favour of more persons than one distinguishing portions of the subject matter as payable or deliverable to each the application mentioned in cl
5 of article 182 shall take effect in favour only of such of the said persons or their representatives as it may be made by
But where the decree or order has been passed jointly in favour of more persons than one such application if made by any one or more of them or by his or their representative shall take effect in favour of them all
The facts in the case of Dhirendra Nath Sarkar 1 were converse of the case contemplated by the first part of explanation 1 and so the principle laid down by the said part of explanation 1 was applied and it was held that in respect of the two tenancies the decree holder s application for execution was barred by article 182 cl
It would be idle to contend that considerations which are relevant and material under explanation 1 are of such a general application as to support the plea that in a suit where different causes of action are included and different reliefs are claimed against different individuals several decrees are passed and not one
There are cases in which more than one decree can be and are passed under the Code of Civil Procedure for instance cases where preliminary decrees are passed but the normal rule is one decree is passed in one suit and so we are not prepared to accede to the argument that the first part of the relevant clause of article 1331 should be read on the basis that every decree passed in a suit should be held to be a 1  22 CWN 192
460 composite decree made up of several decrees in respect of several claims or reliefs and that the decree appealed from is only that particular decree which is proposed to be brought in appeal to this Court
The next question to consider is what is the denotation of the word decision used in the said clause
The argument for the respondent is that the word decision does not mean the whole of the decision but the decision on that part of the controversy between the parties which is brought to this Court in appeal
In support of the argument that the decision does not mean the entire decision of the trial court reliance is placed on the provisions of O 20 rr 4 and 5
Rule 4 of O 20 deals with the judgments of Small Cause Courts and judgments of other Courts and it provides that the judgments falling under the first clause need not contain more than the points for determination and decision thereon whereas the judgments falling under the latter class should contain a concise statement of the case the points for determination the decision thereon and the reasons for such decision
There is no doubt that the decision in the context means the decision on the points for determination
That of course is the meaning of the word decision but whether or not the word decision means the decision on one point or the decision of the whole suit comprising of all the points in dispute between the parties must inevitably depend upon the context and the context is plainly inconsistent with the argument that the decision should mean the decision on a specific point
If the word decree in the first part of the relevant clause means not a part of the decree but the whole of the decree then it would be reasonable to hold that the word decision must likewise mean the entire decision of the trial court and not a part of it
Then it is urged that O 41 r 33 seems to contemplate that there can be an appeal against a part only of the decree and so the word decree in the first part of the relevant clause may well mean a part of the decree under appeal
It is true that under the interpretation clause in section 2 the word decree means 461 inter alia the formal expression of an adjudication which conclusively determines the rights of parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in suit and it is also true that a party aggrieved by a decree may appeal only against a part of it and is not bound to file an appeal against the whole of the decree but we do not see how this can assist the respondent in contending that the word decree must mean a part of the decree when the context clearly speaks to the contrary
Therefore we are inclined to hold that both the decree and the decision referred to in the clause mean the decree and the decision respectively taken as a whole and not in part
The question as to the meaning of the word decision in the corresponding provision of the Code of 1882 section 596 was considered by the Privy Council in Rajah Tasadduq Rasul Khan vs Manik Chand 1
The question which arose for the decision of the Privy Council was whether the appellate decree in that case was one of affirmance or not
Tile appellate decree had confirmed the trial court s decision though on different grounds and so it was urged that the appellate decree was not one of affirmance
In rejecting this argument the Privy Council stated that the natural obvious and prima facie meaning of the word decision is decision of the suit by the Court and that meaning should be given to it in the section section 596
The Privy Council examined the definition of the word judgment in the Code of 1882 and came to the conclusion that the word decision meant the decision of the suit by the trial court and not the grounds stated in support of the said decision in the result it was held that the appellate decree which confirmed the decision of the trial court though on different grounds was in law a decree of affirmance
It would thus be seen that this decision undoubtedly supports the conclusion that the word decision in article 1331 should mean not a part of the decision or the grounds given for it but the decision of the suit as a whole and if that be so the clause could be harmoniously construed to mean that in determining the character of the appellate decree we have to look at the appellate decree as 1 1902 LR 30 IA 35 162 a whole compare it with the decision of the trial court as a whole and decide whether the appellate decree is one of affirmance or not
In this enquiry the nature of the variation made whether it is in favour of the intending appellant or otherwise would not be relevant
It is then argued that this construction is inconsistent with the provision made by article 1331a in regard to the value of the subject matter of the dispute
There is no doubt that in applying the test of the value of the subject matter of the dispute what we have to consider is the dispute in the Court of First Instance and the dispute on appeal
In other words the value of the subject matter has to be determined by reference to the subject matter which is actually the subject matter of the proposed appeal to this Court
The argument is that if for determining the value of the subject matter it is necessary to consider only that part of the decree and subject matter which are actually proposed to be brought to this Court in appeal in interpreting the word decree in the relevant clause a similar approach should be adopted and only that part of the decree should be considered which is proposed to be brought to this Court in appeal
We do not see the materiality of this consideration nor even its relevance
The test prescribed by article 1331a is an independent additional test and its effect has to be judged by interpreting the words used by the relevant clause
If the said clause refers to the amount of the value of the subject matter still in dispute on appeal quite plainly we must take into account only the subject matter in dispute in appeal and nothing more
The words used in this connection are clear and unambiguous but they cannot reasonably control the meaning of the word decree in the relevant clause which provides for an additional and an independent condition
Therefore in our opinion the argument based on the construction of article 1331a is not well founded
The same comment falls to be made in regard to the other argument based on the provision which requires the High Court further to certify that the 463 appeal involves some substantial question of law
It is urged that this requirement has to be satisfied by reference to that portion of the decree which is proposed to be brought to this Court under appeal and that would suggest that even the test of affirmance should be applied by reference to the part of the decree under appeal and not by reference to the whole of the appellate decree
Here again the words used are that the appeal involves some substantial question of law which must necessarily mean the appeal as it is proposed to be brought and that must refer only to the decree brought under appeal
Therefore even this argument does not afford material assistance in construing the relevant clause with which we are concerned
There is yet another argument which must be examined It is contended that the adoption of the literal construction of the relevant clause relating to affirmance would lead to anamolous and unreasonable consequences
It is pointed out that if the decision of the trial court is wholly confirmed the intending appellant would not be entitled to come to this Court as a matter of right unless there is a substantial question of law
On the literal construction however he would be entitled to come to this Court even if there is a very minor and slight modification in the decision of the trial court and that too in his favour
Prima facie it may no doubt seem somewhat unreasonable that even a slight modification made in the decision should give the intending appellant the right to come to this Court but on the other hand even this position cannot be regarded as unreasonable because it would really be found to be consistent with the principle underlying the doctrine of affirmance
What is the basic idea underlying the relevant provision If two courts which have judged the dispute between the parties and applied their independent minds to it agree in their conclusions the appellate decision is one of affirmance and unless there is a substantial question of law no further right to appeal should lie
That is the basis of the provision
When however a variation is made by the appellate court it tends to 464 show that the two courts have not entirely agreed and so it is not a case of affirmance
The extent of the difference does not matter so much as the fact that there is a difference in the result and go in prescribing the doctrine of affirmance the Constitution makers may well have intended that the said doctrine should be confined only to cases where there is a complete affirmance and not to cases of partial affirmance
We do not think that the consequence of the view we are inclined to take can be reasonably charac terised as opposed to common sense
Besides if on a fair and reasonable construction the words used in the relevant clause lead to the conclusion which we are inclined to draw it would be unreasonable to limit the scope of the said words on hypothetical considerations of unreasonable consequences
As we have already observed we are dealing with a constitutional right conferred on litigants and unless the limitation contended for by the respondent can be said to flow reasonably from the words used in the relevant clause it would not be open to us to adopt that limited construction merely on such hypothetical considerations
Then it is urged that the majority of the High Courts in India have taken the same view which the Madras High Court has taken in the present case and so we should be slow to interfere with the majority decision
In support of this conclusion the principle of stare decisis is pressed into service
We are not impressed by this argument
It is perfectly true that in construing the clause we would carefully have to bear in mind the views expressed by the majority of our High Courts but as we have already indicated there is a sharp conflict of opinion on this point and it can be stated generally that in almost all the High
Courts different views have been expressed at one time or the other
Besides it would be singularly inappropriate to invoke the doctrine of stare decisis in a case of this kind where High Courts have differed and the matter has been brought to this Court for resolving the said difference of opinion
In such a case it is open to us and indeed it is our duty to construe the relevant clause and decide which of the two 465 conflicting views should hereafter prevail
Therefore the argument based on the practice prevailing in the majority of the High Courts in this country is not of much assistance
At this stage we may deal with another argument urged by Mr Rama Reddy who appeared for some of the respondents
He contends that in construing the relevant clause we may have regard to the fact that the Constitution intended to restrict the right of the  appellant to come to this Court and not to widen it
In support of this argument be relies on the fact that the value of the subject matter prescribed by article 1331a is now made Rs 20000 whereas formerly it was Rs 10000 and he also relies on the provisions of article 1333 under which no appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from the judgment decree or final order of one judge of a High Court
In our opinion there is no substance in this contention
It is well known that in raising the amount of the value of the subject matter article 133 1 a has merely partially recognised the fall in the price of the rupee and so it cannot be read as showing the intention to restrict the appellant s right in any manner
In regard to the provisions of article 1333 there is no material change made by the Constitution since the position under section III of the Code of 1908 as well as section 597 of the Code of 1882 was substantially the same
We would accordingly hold that in determining the question as to whether the appellate decree passed by the High Court affirmed the decision of the trial court the appellate decree must be considered as a whole in relation to the decision of the trial court similarly considered as a whole
That is the proper approach in applying the test of affirmance
If there is a variation made in the appellate decree in the decision of the trial court it is not a decree of affirmance and this is not affected either by the extent of the variation made or by the fact that the variation is made in favour of the intending appellant and not against him
In this connection it would be interesting to refer to three decisions which afford judicial background for 466 the controversy that has been agitated in the several High Courts for so many years past
In Raja Sree Nath Roy Bahadur vs The Secretary of State for India in Council 1 a Full Bench of the Calcutta High Court had occasion to consider the effect of the relevant provisions of section 596 of the Code of 1882
In a land acquisition case the applicant had claimed a sum of Rs 77000 odd as the value of his land
The Collector had assessed the value at Rs 28287
On a reference the judge upheld the Collector s award
The applicant then moved the High Court by appeal and in his appeal he valued his claim at Rs 49000
The High Court partially allowed the appeal and granted him an additional sum of Rs 7000
The applicant then applied for leave to appeal to the Privy Council and urged that the decree passed by the High Court on appeal was not a decree of affirmance and since the test of the value of the subject matter was satisfied be was entitled to go to the Privy Council
This application was rejected by the High Court
The appellant desires observed Maclean C J to appeal only against the decision of this Court so far as it affirmed the decision of the court below nothing else
This seems to be in substance as far as the subject of the appeal goes a decree of affirmance
The learned Chief Justice also added that whilst the decree of the High Court modified in the petitioner s favour the original decree as regards the subject matter of the proposed appeal to His Majesty in Council it most certainly affirmed the decree of the first court
This judgment was pronounced in 1904 and the construction which it put on the relevant clause of section 596 is in conformity with the views for which the respondents contend in the present appeal
The same point was raised before the Privy Council in Annapurnabai vs Ruprao 2
In that case the plaintiff who claimed to have been adopted by the senior widow of Shanker Rao sued the junior widow of Shanker Rao defendant 1 as well as the person who claimed to have been adopted by her defendant 2 for possession of half the property of Shanker Rao
1 2 1924 LR 51 IA 319
467 Both the defendants denied the plaintiff s adoption land set up the adoption of defendant 2
The trial court held that the plaintiff s adoption had been proved and that the alleged adoption of defendant 2 had not been proved
It however found that the plaintiff was bound to provide maintenance for defendant I at the rate of Rs 800 per annum
Defendant I had in that behalf claimed Rs 3000 per annum for her maintenance out of the estate
Upon appeal by the defendants to the Court of the Judicial Commissioner the trial court s decree was modified by increasing the maintenance from Rs 800 to Rs 1200 per annum
In other respects the decree was affirmed
The defendants then applied to the Court of the Judicial Commissioner for leave to appeal to the Privy Council
Their argument that they were entitled to appeal to the Privy Council was rejected on the ground that the appellate decree was one of affirmance and that a small change made by it in favour of the defendants did not affect that position
It was this decision which was challenged before the Privy Council
Lord Dunedin who delivered a very short judgment on behalf of the Board stated that in the opinion of their Lordships the contention of the petitioners  coun sel as to the effect of section 110 of the Code of Civil Proce dure is correct and the petitioners had a right of appeal
In other words this decision clearly shows that though the trial court s decision had been varied to some extent in favour of the intending appellants it was held that the appellate decree was not one of affirmance and so the intending appellants were entitled to obtain leave to appeal to the Privy Council
It does appear that the appellants in that case confined their appeal only to the amount of maintenance having regard to the concurrent findings made by the courts below in respect of other matters and so the special leave granted to them was limited to the question of the said maintenance allowance
That however had nothing to do with the decision of the Privy Council as to the character of the appellate decree
The appellants did not want to agitate the other points and asked for permission to limit their appeal only to 468 the question of their maintenance that is about all
Thus it is clear that the decision of the Privy Council in that case construed the relevant provisions of section 110 literally and held that if the appellate decree makes any variation in the decision of the trial court may be in favour of the intending appellant it is not a decree of affirmance and the intending appellant was entitled to go to the Privy Council in appeal
It is true that the judgment does not purport to discuss the question of construction but the conclusion has been emphatically recorded and there can be no doubt that conclusion proceeds on the literal construction of section 110 of the Code
This judgment was pronounced in 1924
Three years later the same question arose before the Calcutta High Court in Narendra Lal Das Chaudhury vs Gopendra Lal Das Chaudhury 1
In that case the intending appellant had brought a suit for partition of the joint family property valued at Rs 1000000
A preliminary decree was passed against which an appeal was brought to the High Court
It appeared that the first question which the plaintiff appellant raised was that the preliminary decree had given him a smaller share in the property than what he was entitled to get
This contention was upheld by the High Court and in consequence his share was increased
In that respect the High Court reversed the finding of the trial Court
On other points raised by the plaintiff appellant the High Court confirmed the judgment of the trial court
It was against this appellate decision that an application was made for leave to go to the Privy Council and it was urged that as a result of the decision of the Privy Council in Annapurnabai s case 2 the appellant was entitled to obtain leave and that squarely raised the question about the effect of the decision in Annapurnabai s case 2
Chief Justice Rankin took the view that the only effect of the said decision was to reverse the conclusion of the Calcutta High Court in Raja Sree Nath Roy s case 3 and nothing more
It appears to me observed the learned Chief 1 AIR 1927 Cal 543
2 1924 LR 51 IA 319
3 469 Justice that the case of Annapurnabai 1 is not in itself a sufficient authority to justify this Court in abandoning the principle which it has with other High Courts acted upon that is to say I do not think that it shows that it is an erroneous view that we have to look to the substance and see what is the subject matter of the appeal to His Majesty in Council
The learned Judge then proceeded to express his doubt as to whether in the end even that principle would be found to be in accordance with the construction to be put upon section 110 but he added this Court and other High Courts have for many years acted upon that principle and I am not prepared to accept the case of Annapurnabai a going further than this that where there is a dispute as to the amount of decree or as to the amount of damages the reasoning of Raja Sree Nath Roy s case 2 is not a correct application of that principle
We may take it said the learned Chief Justice that where the amount is a question in dispute the fact that the courts differ and that the higher court differs in favour of the applicant does not mean that the decision is one of affirmance but I am not in a case of this kind prepared to say that because on a totally different point namely a point about the share the applicant has succeeded and succeeded altogether so that he has no further grievance in that matter he can without showing a substantial question of law have a right to litigate upon other points upon which both the courts have been in agreement
It is the interpretation thus put by Chief Justice Rankin on the decision in the case of Annapurnabai 1 that subsequently became the starting point of elaborate discussion in which legal subtlety was pressed into service and distinction was made between action arising on a single cause of action and giving rise to a single claim and actions in which different causes of actions were combined against different persons and different reliefs were claimed
As we have just indicated the learned Chief Justice undoubtedly entertained a doubt as to the correctness of the test of substance which was then applied by some of the High 1 1924 LR 51 IA 319 2 60 417O Courts in interpreting the provisions of section 110 of the Code
One feels tempted to observe with respect that if the learned Chief Justice had examined the question of construction afresh without reference to the prevailing practice or the decisions already pronounced by Indian High Courts he might have adopted the literal construction of section 110 and in that event perhaps all controversies that subsequently arose may have been avoided
It now remains to indicate very briefly the position taken by different High Courts in this controversy
In Chittam Subba Rao vs Vela Mankanni Chelamayya 1 a Full Bench of the Madras High Court was constituted to deal with this point because reported decisions of the said Court showed a difference of approach and a conflict of opinion
Rajamannar CJ who delivered the judgment of the Full Bench carefully examined the previous decisions of the Court and evolved three principles to govern the decision of the point
These principles have been stated in the judgment thus i If the judgment or decree of the High Court varies the decision of the lower court in respect of a matter in controversy in the proposed appeal to the Privy Council then there is a right of appeal not only to the person against whom the variation has been made but even to the party in whose favour the variation has been made
But it is necessary that the matter in respect of which there has been a variation should be the subject matter of the proposed appeal to the Privy Council
ii A matter in controversy cannot be split up or analysed or dissected into component parts or arbitrary divisions
The true test will be to determine the nature of the dispute or controversy
iii If the matter in respect of which there has been a variation is not the subject matter of the proposed appeal then such variation would not confer a right of appeal as regards matters unconnected with the matter in respect of which there has been a variation
Ex hypothesi this will be the case when the variation has been completely in favour of the applicant
1 ILR 1953 mad
1 471 Having evolved these principles the learned Chief justice observed that every one of the decisions cited before the Court can be justified by an application of the principles thus set up
It is evident from the judgment that the task which the Full Bench attempted to achieve was one of reconciling the different expressions of opinion found in the reported decisions of the Court
In doing so more attention has naturally been paid to the said decisions and the reasons on which they were based than to the words used in article 133 itself
In regard to the said Article the lear ned Chief Justice has observed that courts cannot add to the language actually employed and thus give an unwarranted extension to the scope of the statutory provision
At the same time I do not think observed the learned Chief Justice that the letter of the statutory provisions should compel a Court to an unreasonable construction if it is possible to take a reasonable view by taking the letter of the provision along with its substance
Assuming that this principle can be legitimately invoked in construing a con stitutional right of making an appeal it must be borne in mind that hypothetical considerations about unreasonable consequences would not justify the imposition of a strained meaning on the relevant words used in the Article
If in discussing the problem we first begin with the enquiry as to what would be reasonable and having reached a conclusion in that behalf on a priori consideration if we seek to import that conclusion on the words used in article 133 that would not be a proper approach to adopt
The proper approach to adopt would be to take the material words as they occur in article 133 and construe them fairly and reasonably
We have already indicated our conclusion on a fair and reasonable construction of the clause
The Madras decision no doubt attempted to find principles on which its previous decisions could be explained and has in fact evolved three such principles
Even if these principles are assumed to be logical and consistent with each other and even if they are assumed to explain the earlier decisions of the Court it does not follow that the said principles can 472 be legitimately assimilated within the scope of the Article because it seems to us that unless words are added in the Article and the meaning of the words used is unduly strained it would be difficult to justify the said principles as flowing from the said Article
This Madras view has been applied by the Andhra High Court in V Lakshminarayana Sastry vs V Sitaramma Sastry 1
The majority judgment of the Allahabad High Court in Rani Fateh Kunwar vs Raja Durbijai Singh  which in fact preceded the Madras decision has adopted substantially the same approach and has come to the same conclusion
Mr Justice Bhargava who agreed with the majority decision has however placed his conclusions on grounds similar to those which we have adopted
To the same effect are the decisions of the Assam Bombay Mysore and Nagpur High Courts vide G C Bardoloi vs Collector of Kamrup 3 Kapurji Magniram vs Pannaji Debichand 4 Govind Dhondu Kulkarni vs Vishnu Keshav Kulkarni5 Kanakarathnammal vs V section Loganatha Mudaliar6 Ramchandra vs Ganpati 7
The Calcutta High Court has generally adopted the view taken by vs Rankin C J but as its decision in Probodh Chandra Roy vs Hara Hari Roy 8 shows the practice in the Calcutta High Court appears to be to treat the point as one of doubt and as Chief Justice Chakravarti has observed where there is a doubt I would resolve it by deciding in favour of the applicant and granting him leave
On the other hand the Full Bench decision of the Punjab High Court in Union of India vs Kanahaya Lal Sham Lal 9 and the majority decision of the Patna High Court in Kanak Sunder vs Ram Lakhan have taken the view which we have adopted
Before we part with this appeal we would like to make it clear that if an appellate decree confirms the decision of the trial court but merely makes a variation in regard to the order as to costs such a variation 1 AIR 1959 Andh
2 ILR 1952 2 All
3 AIR 1952 Ass
4 31 BLR 619 SC AIR 1929 Bom
5 ILR 6 AIR 1959 MYS
7 ILR 8 AIR 1954 Cal
9 ILR 1957 Punj
10 ILR 1956 35 Pat
499 473 would not affect the character of the decree which would in law amount to a decree of affirmance whether the variation as to costs is made in favour of one party or the other
The position with regard to interest however is different for instance in regard to a claim for interest before the date of the decree which is a part of the dispute between the parties if the appellate court makes a variation in respect of the award of interest that would affect the character of the appellate decree
Unlike the order of costs which is entirely in the discretion of the Court under section 35 of the Code of Civil Procedure an order as to interest which the Court can make under section 34 of the Code forms part of a dispute between the parties and in that sense if a variation is made in regard to it is an integral part of the decision or the decree
In this connection it may also be necessary to make it clear that if the appeal court makes a variation in the decision of the trial court either because a concession has been made in that behalf or the variation has been obtained by parties by consent or a part of the subject matter covered by the decree has been withdrawn such variation cannot affect the character of the appellate decree
The principle of affirmance on which the provision rests postulates either affirmance or variation by the appeal court as an act of adjudication and that necessarily means the decision
of the appeal court on the merits
The result is the appeal must be allowed the order passed by the High Court by which the appellant s application for certificate has been refused must be set aside and the matter sent back to the High Court for disposal in accordance with law
Parties to bear their own hearing costs but the respondent to pay the cost of court fees which the appellant would have had to pay if he had not been allowed to appeal as a pauper
Appeal allowed


Summary:
The appellant brought a suit for the recovery of his moiety share of the joint family properties against his father and alienees from the latter and his case was that the alienations made by the father were not binding on his share of the properties
The trial court dismissed the suit but the High Court on appeal reversed the decision of the trial court in respect of some of the properties passed a preliminary decree for partition of those properties and confirmed the rest of the decree of the trial court
The appellant applied for a certificate under article 1331 Of the Constitution but the High Court rejected the same holding that the decree was one of affirmance and involved no substantial 453 question of law following a decision of the Full Bench of that Court in Chittam Subba Rao vs Vela Mankanni Chellamayya
The case admittedly satisfied the test of valuation prescribed by article 1331a
Held that in construing the relevant clause of article 1331 of the Constitution which gives a constitutional right to the litigant to appeal to this Court it would be inappropriate to adopt a technical or pendantic approach and the clause must be read as a whole and its material words given their plain grammatical meaning
So construed the correct test to determine whether an appellate decree affirmed the decision of the court below would be to compare the appellate decree taken in its entirety with the decision of the trial court taken as a whole
If on such comparison it was found to do so it was a decree of affirmance but if it made a variation whether for or against the appellant it would be a decree of variation the extent of the variation being wholly immaterial
Chittam Subba Rao vs Vela Mankanni Chelamayya ILR 1953 Mad
i disapproved
The words appealed from in the last part of article 1331 are not words of limitation and they do not refer to a part of the decree that may be under appeal but simply describe the decree viewed as a whole
So also the word decision therein means the decision of the trial court as a whole and not the decision on any point falling for determination
Rajah Tasadduq Rasul Khan vs Manik Chand 1902 LR 30 IA 35 referred to
Dhirendra Nath Sarkar vs Nischintapore Company  held inapplicable
The test in respect of value laid down by article 1331a is an independent condition that cannot control the meaning of the word decree  in the last part of article 1331 which provides for another additional and independent condition
Raja Sree Nath Roy Bahadur vs The Secretary of State for India in Council  Annapurnabai vs Ruprao 1924 LR 51 IA 319 and Narendra Lal Das Chaudhury vs Gopendya Lal Das Chaudhury AIR 1927 Cal
543 considered
Case law reviewed
While any variation of the order as to costs which is in the discretion of the Court under section 35 of the Code of Civil Procedure cannot change the character of the appellate decree which is otherwise one of affirmance variation of the order as to interest under section 34 of the Code must affect its character
Any variation by concession or consent of parties or withdrawal of part of the subject matter of the decree cannot however affect its character
58 454