SDICTION Writ Petition Civil No 811 of 1986 etc
Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India
FS Nariman GL Sanghi SN Kacker RC Kaushik DK Garg Mohan Katarki SS Javali Ravi P Wadhwani CS Vaidyanathan KV Mohan section Ravindra Bhatt P Chowd hry SR Setia and Mukul Mudgal for the PetitionerAppel lant
G Ramaswamy Additional Solicitor General BRL Iyengar M Veerappa and Ashok Sharma for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RANGANATH MISRA J
The obstinate problem of inter se seniority this time amongst officers in the Karnataka Administrative Service has fallen for determination in this group of appeals by special leave and writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution at the instance of both direct recruits and promotees
It is not disputed that under the relevant Recruitment Rules of 1957 in regard to Class I Junior Scale posts there was a quota system 889 two thirds of the vacancies had to be filled up by promotion by selection from Class II Officers and the remaining one third by direct recruitment by competitive examination to be held by the Public Service Commission
When direct recruit ment had not been made timely as envisaged by the scheme in the Rules officiating promotions were given in respect of posts covered by the direct recruit quota
Such temporary promotions remained effective for a number of years some times varying between 5 and 8 and later when the vacancies within the direct recruitment quota were filled up the appointments made in latter years were deemed to carry weightage for seniority on the footing of deemed filling up when vacancies had arisen
Thus the dispute as to seniority inter se between those who had manned the promotional posts beyond the 2 3rds limit and the direct recruits subsequently appointed has come for judicial determination
A three Judge Bench of this Court in VP Badami etc
vs State of Mysore  Ors dealt with a situa tion of this type with reference to the same set of Rules
A similar dispute came before the Karnataka High Court in a bunch of writ petitions filed both by promotees and direct recruits and in view of common questions of fact and law involved therein the High Court disposed them by a common leading judgment in the case of MG Kadali vs State of Karnataka  Ors 1982 2 KLJ 453
The High Court noticed the ratio in Badami s case and found that with a view to implementing the rule in Badami s case the State Government issued an official memorandum on 571976
laying down guidelines for determination of seniority between the direct recruits and promotees
The Gradation List of Junior Scale officers as on 3061973 was drawn up following such guide line and was notified on 1081976 with the following ex planatory cover note i Between 2121957 and 1091959 the number of substantive vacancies were thirty nine and of those twenty six were promotional and thirteen were the share of direct re cruits
The first fifteen of the promotional posts were given to allottees and the remain ing eleven to promotees
In the absence of direct recruitment these thirteen posts were carried forward ii Between 1191959 and 26101964 when 1962 direct recruits became due for promotion the vacancies were seventy six of which fiftyone were available for direct recruits and twentyfive for promotees in view of the change in the proportion in the 1959 Rules
Twentythree substantive vacancies were given to direct 890 recruits of 1962
The net result therefore was 13 direct recruit posts of the earlier period and twentyeight of this period were carried forward iii After October 1964 the vacancies were classified on annual basis
Upto 7101971 sixty vacancies were filled up by promotion
As noticed earlier fortyone direct recruits vacancies had been carried forward and thirty five fresh vacancies were available to direct recruits
Eleven vacancies were filled up by direct recruitment and sixtyfive were carried forward
By a latter notification dated 22
197 1 when a further gradation list was pub lished the following explanatory note was added i During the period 761974 to 15776 when direct recruits of 1974 were eligible for confirmation eleven substantive vacan cies were available on the basis of the perma nent strength of the cadre ii Out of one hundred and thirty three temporary posts available during that period eightynine posts were assigned to promotees
The direct recruitment vacancies carried forward from the earlier period
The recruits of the 1964 batch were assigned ranks taking into account the direct recruitment vacancies carried forward for the previous period
 On a representation by the 1974 batch of direct re cruits for refixation of inter se seniority in the Gradation List taking into account only the permanent posts in the cadre and by taking into account the carried forward vacan cies the State Government made an order on 225
1980 to the effect that the 1974 batch of direct recruits should be shown immediately below serial number 64 and above serial number 65 in the continuation Gradation List published on 22
Certain promotees being aggrieved by this Governmental direction approached the High Court under Article 226 for relief claiming protection of their seniority
The High Court classified their contentions into the following five i The only basis for determination of inter se seniority of officers in a cadre whether by promotion or direct recruitment should be the date of entry into the cadre and the quota rule is 891 not available to be used for pushing up or down officers of the cadre ii Even if there be any carry forward  it should not extend beyond three years iii Quota rule should be applied taking into account both substantive as well as temporary vacancies in the cadre iv The quota rule did no longer operate in regard to the junior scale officers when the 1959 rules became operative at any rate it was clearly so when the 1966 Rules came into force and v The impugned Government order of 1980 was invalid and liable to be quashed on several grounds one of them being that it was made without providing an opportunity to the promo tees who were adversely affected by it
The High Court analysed the judgment of this Court in Badami s case and also referred to and relied upon the observations in Col Iyer s case and with reference to the issues catalogued above came to the conclusion as stated below in its own words i If promotions have taken place in excess of the quota for promotion pushing down the promotees promoted in excess of their quota or if direct recruitment was done in excess of the quota for direct recruitment pushing down direct recruits appointed in excess of their quota in a necessary concomitant of the quota rule
Carrying forward of direct recruitment vacancies or promotional vacancies to the next recruitment period is merely the consequence of such pushing down
What was perhaps in tended to be said was that pushing down was the direct outcome of the mandate to carry forward we are unable to accept the conten tion of learned counsel for the promoteepeti tioners that there should be no such pushing down or such carry forward
 ii In the light of the above ruling of the Supreme Court it must be held that carry forward of direct recruitment vacancies cannot extend beyond three years
However this ruling of the Supreme Court In AS Iyer s case does not affect the finality and binding character of the earlier judgment of the Supreme Court in Badami s case which specifi cally dealt with the Grada 892 tion List of Junior Scale officers as on 11
1972 and gave direction as to how a fresh Gradation List should be prepared
Those directions are bound to be obeyed while pre paring such Gradation List of officers who entered that cadre upto 111972 without any limitation as to the period upto which promo tional or direct recruitment vacancies should be carried forward to the next recruitment period
But such carry forward cannot exceed three years after 111972
 iii The above ruling of the Supreme Court Badami s case is binding on all courts under Article 141 of the Constitution
It is not open to us to speculate what would have been the conclusion of the Supreme Court if it had known the correct factual position that the cadre of Junior Scale officers consisted both of permanent and temporary posts
That the promotee petitioners in the present writ petitions were not parties to Badami s case in no way detracts from the binding character of the law declared by the Supreme Court iv Hence we reject the contention that 1959 Rules abrogated the quota rule in regard to recruitment to the cadre of Junior Scale officers 
We therefore reject the contentions of learned counsel for promotee petitioners that after the 1966 Rules came into force the quota rule ceased to apply to the recruitment to the cadre of Junior Scale officers and that thereafter the date of entry into the cadre whether by direct recruitment or by promotion became the only basis for determining the seniority in that cadre v The High Court examined the individual cases of both the groups and finally directed dismissal of Kadali s or promotee writ application as also of the direct recruits of 1976 and 1977
It further quashed the Govern ment order dated 225
1980 by which certain modifications were made in the Gradation List of 1976 and called upon the State Government to make appropriate alterations in the Grada tion List of 108
1976 and the continuation list of 22
1977 on the basis that the carry forward rule should operate for a maximum period of three years subsequent to 11
 We have before us a batch of appeals by special leave and two writ petitions under Article 32
Both the writ petitions are by direct recruits Civil Appeal Nos 2906 and 2910 and 2911 of 1984 are by 893 promotees while Civil Appeal Nos
2902 to 2905 to 2907 to 2909 of 1984 are by direct recruits
The promotees challenge the propriety of the direction of the High Court to modify the Gradation List by applying the quota rule while the direct recruits seek to have full application of the quota rule instead of the limitation of three years and have asked for consequential benefits
This group of cases has been heard at great length and learned counsel for the parties have produced a lot of papers
On looking into the matter objectively in the back drop of Badami s decision we are of the view that if the following aspects are answered all that arose for judicial determination would be appropriately met
Those aspects are i What is the effect of the quota rule in the matter of fixation of inter se seniority in the Gradation List so far as recruits from different sources are concerned ii Though admittedly in 1957 under the relevant rule a quota existed was that basis altered or given up during the relevant peri od iii What is the effect of this Court s judgment in Badami s case Was the High Court correct in observing that this Court would not have come to the conclusion that quota was confined to substantive vacancies only if the true state of facts was known iv What is the effect of the observation in Iyer s case and does it supersede the rule in Badami s case v Does the situation highlighted in this case require any other direction It is a well settled position in law that where recruit ment is from two sources to a service a quota rule can be applied fixing the limits of recruitment from the two sources
HC Sharma vs Municipal Corporation of Delhi  Ors  FIRST ASPECT In SG Jaisinghani vs Union of India  Ors a Constitution Bench of this Court observed The Solicitor General on behalf of respond ents 1 2 894 and 3 submitted that the quota rule was merely an administrative direction to determine recruitment from two different sources in the proportion stated in the rule and a breach of that quota rule was not a justiciable issue
The Solicitor General said that there was however substantial compliance with the quota rule  
We are unable to accept the argument of the Solicitor General that the quota rule was not legally binding on the Government
It is not disputed that Rule 4 of the Income Tax Officers Class I Grade II Service Recruitment Rules is a statutory rule and there is a statutory duty cast on the Government under this rule to determine the method or methods to be employed for the purpose of filling the vacancies and the number of candidates to be recruited by each method
In the letter of the Government of India dated October 1951 there is no specific reference to rule 4 but the quota fixed in their letter must be deemed to have been fixed by the Government of India in exercise of the statutory power given under rule 4 it is not now open to the Government of India to say that it is not incumbent upon it to follow the quota for each year and it is open to it to alter the quota on account of the particular situation
We are of opinion that having fixed the quota in exercise of their power under rule 4 between the two sources of recruitment there is no discretion left with the Govern ment of India to alter that quota according to the exigencies of the situation or to deviate from the quota in any particular year act its own will and pleasure
As we have already indicated the quota rule is linked up with the seniority rule and unless the quota rule is strictly observed in practice it will be difficult to hold that the seniority rule ie rule 1fiii and iv is not unrea sonable and does not offend Article 16 of the Constitution
 In Badami s case supra this aspect was examined by the Court
The learned Chief Justice spoke for the three Judge Bench thus In working out the quota rule these principles are generally followed
First where rules prescribe quota between direct recruits and promotees confirmation or substantive appointment can only be in respect of clear vacancies in the permanent strength of the cadre
Second confirmed persons are senior to those who are officiating
895 Third as between persons appointed in offici ating capacity seniority is to be counted on the length of continuous service
Fourth direct recruitment is possible only by compet itive examination which is the prescribed procedure under the rules
In promotional vacancies the promotion is either by selec tion or on the principle of seniority cummer it
A promotion could be made in respect of a temporary post or for a specified period but a direct recruitment has generally to be made only in respect of clear permanent vacancy either existing or anticipated to arise at or about period of probation is expected to be completed
Fifth if promotions are made to vacancies in excess of the promotional quota the promotions may not be totally illegal but would be irregular
The promotees cannot claim any right to hold the promotional posts unless the vacancies fall within their quota
If the promotees occupy any vacancies which are within the quota of direct recruits when direct recruitment takes place the direct recruits will occupy the vacancies within their quota
Promotees who were occupying the vacancies within the quota of direct recruits will either be reverted or they will be ab sorbed in the vacancies within their quota in the facts and circumstances of a case
The important principle is that as long as the quota rule remains neither promotees can be allotted to any of the substantive vacan cies of the quota of direct recruits nor recruits can be allotted to promotional vacan cies
The result is that direct recruitment vacancies between 11th September 1959 and 26th October 1964 cannot be occupied by any promotees
The fact that direct recruits were confirmed on 28th October 1964 will not rob the direct recruits of their quota which remained unfilled from 2nd December 1957  
In SC Jaisinghani vs Union of India supra it was said that when the quota was fixed for the two sources of recruitments the quota could not be altered according to exigencies of the situation
It was held there that the promotees who had been promoted in excess of the prescribed quota should be held to have been illegally promot ed
In Bishan Sarup s case 1978 SCR Suppl
491 it was held that when it was ascertained that not more than 13rd of the vacancies were to go to the promotees and the rest to the direct recruits the ratio was not mere depend ant on whether any direct recruit was appoint ed in 896 any particular year or not
The promotees were entitled to 13rd of the vacancies in any particular year whether or not there was direct recruitment by competitive examination in that year
Two principles are established in the decision referred to
One is that quotas which are fixed are unalterable
according to exi gencies of situation
Quotas which are fixed can only be altered by fresh determination of quotas under the relevant rules
The other is that on the ground one group cannot claim the quota fixed for the other group either on the ground that the quotas are not filled up or on the ground that because there has been a number in excess of quota the same should be absorbed depriving the other group of quota
In Bachan Singh  Anr
vs Union of India  Ors the two appel lants were promoted in the year 1958 and 1959
The respondents were appointed by direct recruitment in 1962 1963 and 1964
The re spondents were confirmed in their posts before the appellants
The appellants contended that the respondents who were directly appointed after the appellants had been promoted were not to be confirmed in permanent posts before the appellants
It was held that the direct recruits were confirmed against permanent vacancies within their quota
The earlier confirmation of direct recruits though ap pointed later was upheld on the ground that they fell within their quota of permanent vacancies
Subraman s case 1975 2 SCR 979 on which the appellants relied also held that each quota would have to be worked independ ently on its own force
In that case the Assistant Executive Engineers who were ini tially entitled to 34th and subsequently to 23rd of the vacancies while Assistant Engi neers who were entitled initially to 14th and subsequently to 13rd of such vacancies were held to be entitled to their respective quotas independent of the fact that whether any person from one class or the other was promot ed or not
It was illustrated by saying that if there were three vacancies in a year two would go to the Assistant Executive Engineers and one would go to the Assistant Engineers and even if there were not eligible 897 Assistant Executive Engineers who could be promoted to fill in two vacancies belonging to their quota one vacancy is to be filled up by promotion of an Assistant Engineer if he was eligible
Similarly if two vacancies belong ing to the quota of Assistant Executive Engi neers are to be filled by Assistant Engineers for want of availability of eligible Assistant Executive Engineers the appointment of As sistant Executive Engineers have to be pushed down to later years when their appointment could be regularised as a result of absorption in their lawful quota for those years
 Badami s case referred to several authorities of the Court and clearly drew out the judicial consensus on the point in issue by concluding that the quota rule had to be strictly enforced and it was not open to the authorities to meddle with it on the ground of administrative exigencies
The scheme in force relating to the services for fixing inter se seniority takes into account the filling up of the vacancies in the service from the two sources on the basis of the quota and therefore fixation of inter se seniority in the Gradation List has to be worked out on the basis of quota
SECOND ASPECT There was no dispute either before the High Court or before us that in the 1957 Rules there existed a quota for filling up vacancies in the Class I Junior Scale posts
The High Court found that the quota continued throughout during the relevant period
Before us Mr Nariman supported that finding while Mr Kacker maintained that the quota had in later years been given up
Rule 3 of Mysore Recruitment of Gazetted Probationers Rules 1959 made the following provi sions 1 The provisions of these rules shall be applicable in respect of direct recruitment to the cadres in State Civil Services Class I and Class II specified in column 3 of the Schedule to these rules relating to the Services speci fied in the corresponding entries of Column 2 of the said Schedule
2 These rules shall have effect notwith standing anything contrary contained i in the Cadre and Recruitment Rules for the time being in force applicable to the Cadres in the 898 State Civil Services referred to in sub rule i and ii in the Mysore State Civil Service General Recruitment Rules 1957
3 During the period of five years from the date of commencement of these rules as nearly as may be two thirds of the number of vacan cies arising in the cadres in the State Civil Services referred in to in sub rule i shall be filled by appointment of candidates herein after in these rules referred to as probation ers selected in accordance with the provisions of these rules and the actual number of vacan cies to be so filled shall be determined by the Government
 Admittedly these rules related only to direct recruitment and as it appears in sub rule 3 remained in force for five years said to have been extended for one more year with the lapse of a total period of six years from the date when these rules came into force they cease to have effect
In 1966 rules were made under the proviso to Article 309 known as the Karnataka Government Gazetted Probationers Posts Appointment by Competitive Examination Rules 1966 and sub rule 3 of Rule 3 thereof provided inter alia That notwithstanding anything contrary in the rules of recruitment to the Karnataka Adminis trative Service the number of vacancies as determined by the Government in that service should be filled by direct recruitment after holding a competitive examination by the Commission
 On the 11th of August 1977 the Karnataka Administra tive Service Recruitment Amendment Rules 1977 came into force
Rule 2 thereof provided Amendment to Schedule In the Schedule to the Karnataka Administrative Service Recruitment Rules 1957 for the entries at the Item b the following entries shall be subsituted namely 1 2 3 bAll Class I i50of vacancies to be ForpromotionClassII Junior Scale filled by promotion Officers must have 899 Posts
from Class II Officers worked for at least a and period of four years ii 50 by Direct including the period of Recruitment in accor officiation or probation dance with the Karnataka Recruitment of Gazetted Probationers Appoint ment etc Rules 1966
Unless the 1957 Rules remained in force till 1977 there would have been really no necessity to refer to them for the purpose of amendment Badami s case did proceed on the footing that the quota system in the Recruitment Rules continued till 1971 72
It is not Mr Kacker s case that anything happened after 1972 which brought about dissolution of the quota
We reject the contention of Mr Kacker that the quota system had been abandoned and confirm the finding of the High Court in that regard
It is however a fact that the ratio has been changed from time to time
THIRD ASPECT As already pointed out Badami s case was concerned with these very rules and a similar situation though for a dif ferent period
It is a decision of a three Judge Bench and we proceed on the footing that it is binding on us
The High Court has pointed out in the leading judgment in Kadali s case There are numerous Government orders sanc tioning from time to time temporary posts of Assistant Commissioner which are the same as the posts of Junior Scale Officers and extend ing the tenure of those temporary posts from time to time     
Though the Karnataka Administrative Service Cadre Rules mention of only permanent posts and not temporary posts in the cadre of Junior Scale Officers the material produced before us clearly establishes that the cadre of Junior Scale Officers consisted of a consider able number of temporary posts at all material times
In para 6 of the statement of objec tions filed on behalf of the State in these petitions the State has admitted thus The cadre strength of KAS Class I Junior Scale Officers had itself undergone revision and figures 900 showed that 152 permanent posts and 133 tempo rary posts were available as is clear from the notification No GAD 590 SMC 74 dated 33 1976
 However learned counsel for direct recruits on the following observations of the Supreme Court in Badami s case at page 1564 of the report In EP Royappa vs State of Tamii Nadu  this Court said on the con struction of Rule 2 of the relevant Cadre Rules in that case that the State Government might add for a period to the cadre one or more posts
But the posts so added could not become cadre posts
The temporary posts which are created due to exigencies of the service are posts which are outside the Cadre
 From the above observations it would appear that the Supreme Court took the view that temporary posts which were created due to exigencies of service were posts which were outside the cadre
In other words the Supreme Court seems to have thought that temporary posts added to the cadre were ex cadre posts
The attention of the Supreme Court does not appear to have been drawn to Note 2 to R 49 of the KCSR which classifies temporary posts into two categories namely posts created to perform the ordinary work for which permanent posts already exist in the cadre and isolated posts created for the performance of special task unconnected with the ordinary work which a service is called upon to perform
 The conclusion indicated in the decision of the learned Chief Justice of this Court in Badami s case had been sup ported by reasons
As it would appear at page 8 19 of the Reports this aspect was raised as the first of the six contentions formulated for consideration of the Court
Keeping the facts of the case in the background three reasons were indicated in the judgment for the conclusion that quota covered permanent posts
Reference was made to certain decisions of this Court as also
to Rule 9 of the Probation Rules of 1959
It was held that Rule 9 establishes the exclusion of temporary posts from the cadre
Royappa s case supra was relied upon for the same conclusion by saying that posts temporarily added to the cadre by exercise of power under a permissive rule would not become cadre posts and temporary 901 posts created due to exigencies of the service should be treated as posts outside the cadre
The High Court in the judgment in Kadali s case relied upon Note 2 of Rule 49 of the KCSR and thought that this Court was not properly in formed of the factual situation when in Badami s case it said that temporary posts were not to be taken into consid eration for the purpose of working out the quota
The note to Rule 49 has indeed no bearing on the point and we are of the view that there was really no justification for the doubt indicated by the High Court
Apart from the fact that the conclusion of this Court in Badami s case on this score is a binding authority on us from an examination of the matter we also reiterate that conclusion to be correct
FOURTH ASPECT The High Court in these cases has taken the view that the quota could be carried forward for a maximum period of three years and not beyond
This has been done by placing reliance on the Constitution bench judgment of this Court in the case of Col AS Iyer  Ors
vs V Balasubramanyam  Ors  Krishna Iyer J speaking for the Court at page 1058 of the Reports stated The total number of vacancies at the DSS level for each year shall be divided in the ratio of 21 50 for the Army Corps and 25 for direct recruits
The 50 reserved for the army corps shall be available to be filled by those candidates
The 25 seats to be filled by direct recruits shall be filled only by such recruits
Even if enough direct re cruits are not available they will not be filled by the army nominees but shah be kept vacant to be carried forward and filled in later years by such direct recruits
A reason able period for the carry forward scheme will be three years not more
Likewise military vacancies at the DSS level each year shall be filled only by such nominees
If enough such hands are not available a similar procedure of carry forward will govern
For the SS posts 25 belongs to promotees from Class II offi cers
The total number will be worked out by adding all the posts of SS Deputy Directors and Directors and Surveyor General and allot ting 14th of it as the quota for Class II promotees for appointment as SS
Such is the reasonable interpretation of the rule The Court in that case had been called upon to decide the dispute of 902 seniority between the direct recruits and promotees within the civilian quota in the Survey of India service
Survey of India Recruitment Corps of Engineer Officers Rules 1950 came for consideration of the Court
The opinion expressed by this Court in the extracted paragraph was with reference to the rules before the Court
The provisions as indicated in the extracted paragraph were somewhat peculiar
After the quota was provided there was a prohibition against filling up of the vacancies in the respective quotas from other categories even when suitable candidates were not available from within the reserved sphere
This meant that the posts were allowed to go vacant even though in public interest the same should have been filled up on account of the bar in the rule
It is in that background that this Court indicated that a reasonable period for the carry forward scheme would be three years and at the end of the paragraph indicated that that would be a reasonable interpretation of that rule
Obviously nothing of general application was intended to be said and this Court did not certainly intend to lay down a time limit of general application
The Mysore State Civil Service General Recruitment Rules 1957 which admittedly applied to the services in question by Rule 17 provided Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules or in the rules of recruitment specially made in respect of any service or post the appointing authority may a recruit by direct recruitment to a post reserved to be filled by promotion when it is satisfied that the person eligible to be considered for appointment by promotion is not fit to be also appointed or b fill up by promotion any vacancy relating to a post which is required to be filled by direct recruitment when such vacancy is not likely to last for more than one year     In exercised of the powers conferred under this rule the appointments in excess of the quota limit appear to have been made
It is conceded that every appointment to the promotional post made in excess of the quota was at the commencement a temporary one
The 1957 Rules were substitut ed in 1977 by the Karnataka Civil Services General Recruit ment Rules 1977
As far as relevant Rule 17 thereof pro vides Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules or in 903 the rules of recruitment specially made in respect of any service or post the appointing authority may a         b         c fill by promotion temporarily on the basis of senioritycum merit a vacancy required to be filled by direct recruitment where selection to the post has not been finally made and there is likelihood of delay in making direct recruitment
No such promotion shall be made unless a requisition has been sent to the Commission or to the appropriate recruiting authority for selection of a suitable candi date
A candidate temporarily promoted under this sub rule shall not have any preferential claim for regular promotion and also shall not count the period of service in the promoted post for seniority he shall revert to his original post on the expiry of one year or on the appointment of a direct recruit whichever is earlier       The scheme in the Rules of 1977 clearly indicates that the transgression of the quota rule was a deviation of a tempo rary nature and was intended to be balanced in good time
The conclusion of Ray CJ is fortified by the spirit of Rule 17 of the 1957 Rules as clarified in clause c of that rule in 1977
The presence of such a rule in the field excludes the application of the ratio of Col Iyer s case to the facts hereof
We do not think the High Court was right in overlooking the binding judgment of this Court in Bada mi s case and preferring to apply the observations of Iyer J in the latter decision made with reference to a different set of rules containing a different scheme of implementing quota
The rule on this aspect of Badami s case was quoted with approval by a two Judge Bench of this Court in PS Mahal  Ors
vs Union of India  A lot of argument was advanced at the Bar particularly on the side of the promotees that serious prejudice was being caused to them by enforcing the quota rule
Reliance was placed on a number of authorities of this Court begin ning with the case of A Janardhana vs Union of India  Ors   GS Lamba  Ors
vs Union of India  Ors
   GP Doval  Ors
vs Chief Secre tary Government of UP  Ors 1985 1 SCR70 OP Singla Anr
vs Union of India  Ors  and DS Nakara  Ors
vs Union of India  904 In Lamba s case supra the Court found that the promo tion was not styled as temporary or ad hoc or stop gap on the other hand the Court at page 459 of the judgment in the Reports referred to the case of NK Chandan  Ors
vs State of Gujarat  where on the basis of a power of relaxation the Court had held such promotion to be regu lar
The Court further held Once the promotees were promoted regularly to substantive vacancies even if temporary unless there was a chance of their demotion to the lower cadre their continuous officiation confers on them an advantage of being senior to the later recruits under Rule 214
If as stated earlier by the enormous departure or by the power to relax the quota rule was not adhered to the rota rule for inter se senior ity as prescribed in Section 251ii cannot be given effect
In the absence of any other valid principle of seniority it is well estab lished that the continuous officiation in the cadre grade of service will provide a valid principle of seniority    This principle appears to have been followed in this Court in some cases during the last two years or so
The excep tional circumstances indicated in Lamba s case for support ing the departure in the judicial opinion has been over looked in some of these cases and the resultant benevolent approach to protect the promotees in their claim for senior ity has been accepted without considering the special cir cumstances in which the ratio had been inducted in support of the departure
In a precedent bound judicial system binding authorities have got to be respected and the procedure for developing the law has to be one of evolution
It is not necessary for disposal of these matters before us to go into that aspect except noticing the existence of distortion in the field
The rationalisation of the view in a way known to law is perhaps to be attempted some day in future
In the present batch of cases the law being clear and particularly the mandate in the rule being that when recruitment takes place the promotee has to make room for the direct recruit every promotee in such a situation would not be entitled to claim any further benefit than the advantage of being in a promo tional post not due to him but yet filled by him in the absence of a direct recruit
One aspect which we consider relevant to bear in mind is that the promoted officer has got the advantage of having been promoted before it became his due and is not being made to lose his 905 promotional position
The dispute is confined to one of seniority only
The advantage received by the promotee before his chance opened should be balanced against his forfeiture of claim to seniority
If the matter is looked at from that angle there would be no scope for heartburning or at any rate dissatisfaction is expected to be reduced so far as the promotees are concerned
LAST ASPECT In Karam Pal vs Union of India  a three Judge Bench of this Court to which one of us was a party indicated as follows In a vast country such as ours strong and independent bureaucratic set up is indispens able
At the same time it is equally necessary that the service from top to bottom must be alive to the fact that it is its obligation to maintain proper attitudes discipline and duty oriented working
While it is the right of every person in the service set up to expect just and fair treatment in regard to his employment frequent litigation between him and the State involving countless other co employees in the service in the battle is a deviation from the right direction
It is true that very often instances come to light where the grievance is genuine and the treatment meted is unwarranted and uncalled for
Govern ment in a democratic polity runs on impersonal basis but on the cadinal code that everyone shall perform his duty This Court further observed There has been a phenomenal rise in service disputes in the last three decades
It is time that serious attention is devoted to discover the reason for it and take effective steps to ensure curtailment thereof
Whether such litigations come before Courts or Tribunals is of no consequence here
Frequent litigations between the States and its employees ultimate ly affect the efficiency of service and bring about indiscipline lack of loyalty and an attitude of indifference   We are struck by the innumerable rules that have been framed within a period of about thirty years to cover the field relating to constitution 906 recruitment and provision for other conditions of service
It is proper that service rules should be simple making reasonable provision for necessary aspects
While framing such rules the relevant provisions of the Constitution and laws in force have to be kept in view
There should be no frequent alteration of the service rules through
Exigencies of circumstances and unforeseen situations will certainly justify alterations
Those will be indeed rare occasions
Experience shows that legal battles are fought in court between government servants whether individual pitched against individual or group against group this embitters relationship inter se and often results in a switch over of attention from public duty to personal cause
Frequent litigations against the State or higher authorities in the hierarchies of administration wipe out reverance loyalty and the sense of discipline and substitute those by anger disrespect and rancour
In the process fellow feeling is lost the sense of brotherhood vanishes
The net resultant of all is deprivation of the efficiency of the bureaucratic community to serve the society
The undue growth of service litigation within these four decades of independence clearly calls for these observations
As and when occasion has arisen the Court has sought to draw the attention of the State as the employer as also the Government servants to this aspect of the matter
This has been done not with a view to subjecting any litigant to undue criticism but with the fond hope that it would help the problem to receive adequate attention
We are surprised that the words spelt out in the different judgments have fallen on deaf ears and created no stir
Thereby the most powerful wing in the administrative set up is gradually moving away from its designated path
We have come across cases where officers have been in court litigating over service disputes for about twenty five to thirty years of their career which would mean almost three fourths of their service period
What would be the contribution of such officers to the public service can well be imagined
Very often a public officer is forced into litigation as he gets no justice in the hands of the superior
There are also several instances where an officer drags the employer into litigation without a cause of action
These are matters which must be taken into account without further loss of time and with fortitude so that the most effective wing of the administration does not further lose its serviceability
A public servant whatever his status be is in the position of a trustee
Social power vests in him for the purpose of rendering service to the community
Every public servant has to be cognizant to that obligation
Once the level of that consciousness grows up there is 907 bound to be a corresponding fail in the attitude to litigate over small issues
What this Court said in the case of Dr TG Siddapparadhya  Ors has to be borne in mind
These were the words then said The canker of litigiousness has spread even to a sphere of life where discipline should check ambition concerning personal preferment
A teacher is justified in taking legal action when he feels that a stigma or punishment is undeserved but he is expected to bear with fortitude and reconcile himself to his lot suppressing disappointment when he finds a co worker raised to a position which he him self aspired after
What applies to a teacher may perhaps well apply to everyone in positions of social trust
It is for the privileged public servant as also his employer to share this philoso phy
The net result of the discussion above requires that rule in Badami s case has to be given full effect
The appeals and writ petitions of the direct recruits have to succeed and those by the promotees have to fail
We hope and trust that the State of Karnataka will not demote anyone who has been in a promotional post for several years to the Class II service as a consequence of this decision but the Gradation List has got to be adjusted to fit into the prin ciples indicated in the judgment
No justification was shown to us as to why the State of Karnataka failed to comply with its obligation of making recruitments in terms of the quota
Once the State frames rules they are binding on the State and like individuals the State has got to regulate its conduct in accordance with the rules nay the State has to observe it all the more
We hope and trust that the State of Karnataka in the years ahead will comply with the quota rule with regularity so that a litigation of this type may not arise again
If any party has to be directed for payment of costs in this bunch of litigation it must be the State
We however do not want to saddle the State with costs for two reasons firstly we do not want the employees to have a feeling that in the fight their employer has been vanquished and secondly we entertain a fond hope that there will be no reoccurrence
In course of arguments we had suggested to learned counsel for the parties to furnish recast Gradation List on the basis of claims advanced before us 1 showing how it would be when full claim of the promotees is granted and 2 how different it would look when the 908 total claim of the direct recruits is allowed
Such charts have been prepared and furnished and we find that the proc ess of pushing up and down would be inevitable but would be within reasonable limits and no irreparable prejudice was apparent
The appeals and writ petitions of the direct recruits are allowed and the appeals by the promotees are dismissed
There shall be no order for costs throughout
SL Appeals and Petitions dis posed of


Summary:
Under the relevant Recruitment Rules relating to Class I junior scale posts there was a quota system two thirds of the vacancies had to be filled up by promotion by selection from Class II officers and the remaining one third by direct recruitment by competitive examination to be held by Public Service Commission
When direct recruitment was not made timely as envisaged by the scheme in the Rules officiating promotions were given in respect of the posts covered by the direct recruit quota
Such temporary promotions remained effective for a number of years and later when the vacancies within the direct recruitment quota were filled up the appointments made in the later years were deemed to carry weightage for seniority on the footing of deemed filling up when the vacancies had arisen
Thus the dispute as to seniority inter se between those who had manned the promotional posts beyond 23rds limit and the direct recruits subsequently appointed arose for judicial determination
This Court in VP Badami etc
vs State of Mysore and Ors had dealt with a similar situation with reference to the same set of rules and with a view to implementing the rule of this Court in Badami s case the State government had issued an official memorandum on 5775 laying down guide lines for determination of the seniority between the direct recruits and promotees and accordingly gradation list of the junior scale officers as on 30673 was drawn up and notified on 10875
By a later notification dated 2277 a further gradation list was published
Then on a representa tion by the 1974 batch of direct recruits for refixation of inter se seniority in the gradation list taking into account the carried forward vacancies the State Government made an order on 22580 to the effect that the 1974 batch of direct recruits should be shown immediately below serial number 64 and above serial number 65 in the continuation gradation list published on 2277
886 Aggrieved by this government direction some promotees moved the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution for protection of their seniority and aggrieved by the decision of the High Court both the direct recruits and promotees moved this Court for relief by appeals by special leave and writ petitions
The promotees challenged the propriety of the direction of the High Court to modify the gradation list by applying the quota rule while the direct recruits sought to have full application of the quota rule instead of the limitation of three years and the consequen tial benefits
Allowing the appeals and the writ petitions of the direct recruits and dismissing the appeals by the promotees the Court HELD The rule of this court in VP Badami etc
vs State of Mysore and others has to be given full effect
The appeals and writ petitions of the direct recruits have to succeed and those by the promotees have to fail
The Court hopes the State of Karnataka will not demote anyone who has been in a promotional post for several years in the Class II service as a consequence of this decision but the gradation list has got to be adjusted to fit into the principles indicated in the judgment
No justification was shown as to why the State of Karnataka failed to comply with its obligation of making recruitments in accordance with the quota system
Once the State frames rules the rules are binding on the State and like individuals the State has got to resulate its conduct in accordance with the rules in fact the State has to observe them all the more
The Court hopes that the State of Karnataka in the years ahead will comply with the quota rule with regularity so that a litigation of this type may not arise again
907D F Upon a suggestion of the Court counsel for the parties filed charts containing recast gradation list on the basis of the claims advanced before the Court showing 1 how it would be when the full claim of the promotees was granted and 2 how different it would look when the total claim of the direct recruits was allowed and the Court notices that the process of pushing up and down would be inevitable but would be within reasonable limits and no irreparable preju dice was apparent
907H 908A B OBSERVATION The Court was struck by the innumerable rules framed within a period of about thirty years to cover the field relating to constitution recruitment and provi sion for other conditions of service
It is proper that service rules should be simple making 887 reasonable provision for necessary aspects
While framing such rules the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the laws in force hove to be kept in view
There should be no frequent alteration of the service rules
Exigencies of circumstances and unforeseen situations will certainly justify alterations
Those would be indeed rare occations
905H 906A B Experience shows that legal battles are fought in court between Government servants whether an individual pitched against an individual or a group against a group this embitters relationship inter se and often results in a switch over of attention from public duty to personal cause
Frequent litigations against the State or the higher author ities in the hierarchies of administration wipe out rever ence loyalty and the sense of discipline and substitute these by anger disrespect and ramour
In the process fellow feeling is lost and the sense of brotherhood vanish es
The net result of all this is the deprivation of the efficiency of the bureaucratic community to serve the socie ty
The undue growth of service litigation within the four decades of independence clearly calls for these observa tions
As and when the occasion has arisen the Court has sought to draw the attention of the State as the  employer as also the government servants to this aspect of the mat ter
This has been done not with a view to subjecting any litigant to undue criticism but with the fond hope that it would help the problem to receive adequate attention
The Court is surprised that the words spelt out in the different judgments have fallen on deaf ears
Thereby the most power ful wing in the administrative set up is gradually moving away from its designated path
There have been cases where officers have been in court litigating over service dis putes for about twenty five to thirty years of their career which would mean almost three fourth of their service peri od
What would be the contribution of such officers to the public service can be well imagined
Very often a public officer is forced into litigation as he gets no justice from his superior
There are also several instances where an officer drags the employee into litigation without a cause of action
These are matters which must be taken into ac count without further loss of time and with fortitude so that the most effective wing of the administration does not further lose its service ability
906B G A public servant is in the position of a trustee
Social power vests in him for rendering service to the community
Every public servant has to be cognizant to that obligation
Once the level of that consciousness grows up there is bound to be a corresponding fail in the attitude 888 to litigate over small issues
It is for the privileged public servant as also his employer to share this philoso phy
906H 907C VP Badami etc
vs State of Mysore  Ors
  MG Kadali vs State of Karnataka  Ors 1982 2 KLJ 453 NC Sharma vs Municipal Corporation of Delhi  Ors   SG Jaisinghani vs Union of India  Ors   Bishan Sarup s case  Bachan Singh  Anr
vs Union of India  Ors
  Sabraman s case  Col AS Iyer  Ors
vs V Balasubramanyam  Ors   PS Sahal  Ors
vs Union of India   A Janardhana vs Union of India  Ors   SS Lamba and Ors
vs Union of India and Ors
   GP Doval and Ors
vs Chief Secretary Government of UP and Ors  OP Singla and Anr etc
vs Union of India and Ors
   DS Nakara and Ors
vs Union of India   NK Chandan  Ors
vs State of Gujarat   Karam Pal vs Union of India  and Dr TC Siddapparadhya