Criminal Appeal Nos
452 53 of 1990
From the Judgment and Order dated 2331989 of the Rajasthan High Court in SB Cr R No 426 and 325 of 1982
Badridas Sharma Manoj Jain H Shekhar Anil Kumar Gupta Indra Makwana Prem Sunder Jha Lahoty and Ms Meeta Sharma for the Appearing Parties
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KN SAIKIA J
Special leave granted
These two criminal appeals are from the common Judgment of 812 the High Court of Rajasthan dated 2331989 in SB Criminal Revision No 426 of 1982 filed by the appellants Nos 1 2 and 3 and SB Criminal Revision No 325 of 1982 filed by the appellants Nos 4 and 5 herein
On 2141980 one Shanti Lal lodged a report at Bikaner Police Station stating therein that the appellants and two others namely Uttam Chand and Hanuman Chand at about 2 PM that day were pelting stones at the informant s house caus ing damage to it and that Durgabai Tara and Sunita who at the relevant time were sitting at the chowk of the house were injured
After recording FIR No 22 dated 214
1980 and on completion of investigation police framed charges under section 147 323 325 336 and 427 IPC and the charge sheet was forwarded to the Judicial Magistrate No 2 Bikaner under section 173 Cr
After taking cognizance and after hearing the arguments the Judicial Magistrate Bikaner by his order dated 3101980 in Criminal Case No 165 of 1980 had been pleased to discharge the appellants Nos 4 and 5 namely Bijya Bai and Jiya Bai of all the charges levelled against them
Appellants Nos 1 2 and 3 namely Sohan Lal Padam Chand and Vishnu were ordered to be charged only under section 427 IPC on the basis of site inspection and injury report On 25282 the Assistant Public Prosecutor submitted an application to the Magistrate under section 216 Cr
PC signed by Durga Bai stating The accused have been charged under section 427 IPC whereas from the entire evidence and the medical evidence prima facie case under various sections ie 147 325 and 336 IPC is made out
Hence it is prayed that accused be charged in accordance with the evidence and the charge be amended in the light of the evidence
 After recording the plea of the accused persons prose cution led evidence and examined PW 1 Shanti Lal PW 2 Sampat Lal PW 3 Chagan Lal on 12582 and PW 4 Durga Bai on 8782
The learned Magistrate on 8982 after referring to the aforesaid application submitted by APP dated 25282 and heating the APP and the learned advocate for the accused and discussing the evidence and observing that if any ac cused was discharged of any charge under any section then there would be no bar for taking fresh cognizance and recon sideration against him according to section 2 16 Cr
PC and that 813 the provision of section 319 Cr
PC was also clear in that connection recorded the following order Hence cognizance for offences under sections 147 427 336 323325 IPC is taken against accused Sohan Lal Padam Chand Smt
Vijya Bai Jiya Bai Vishnu Hanuman Chand and Uttam Chand
Orders for framing the charges against accused Sohan Lal Padam Chand Vishnu under the aforesaid sections are passed and accused Smt
Jiya Bai Vijya Bai Uttam Chand and Hanuman Chand be summoned through bailable warrants in the sum of Rs500 each
File to come on 201082 for framing the amended charge against the accused present
Exemption from appearance of accused Vishnu Chand and Padam Chand is canceled until further order
The advocate for the accused shall present the said accused in the Court in future
 The above order was challenged in the aforesaid two criminal revision petitions in the High Court of Rajasthan and the same were dismissed by the order under appeal
According to the learned Single Judge the question that arose for consideration in those revision petitions was whether a Magistrate was competent to take cognizance of the offence after recording some evidence against the accused persons who had been earlier discharged of those offences
It was urged by the revision petitioners that having once discharged them it was not open to the Magistrate to proceed against them and the only remedy was to go in revision and the Magistrate could not review his own order
The learned Judge dismissed the petitions taking the view that it was not a case of reviewing the order of discharge passed by the Magistrate but was a case of taking cognizance of the of fence on the basis of the evidence recorded by the Magis trate himself which was not in any way prohibited in law and that under the provisions of section 3 19 Cr
PC the Magis trate was fully competent to take cognizance of the offences on the basis of evidence recorded by him though for the same offences order of discharge was passed by him earlier
Mr BD Sharma the learned counsel for the appellants firstly submits that the learned Magistrate while deciding the application dated 25282 submitted by the APP under section 216 Cr
PC committed error of jurisdiction in passing an order far beyond what was prayed in the application and could not have revised his own order of discharging the appellants
Secondly section 319 Cr
PC was applicable only to a person not being the accused and the appellants having been 814 accused but discharged could not have been charged as was done in this case
Counsel submits that the High Court having failed to notice this fact if this order is allowed to stand it will cause grave miscarriage of justice to the appellants
The learned counsel for the State supports the impugned order submitting that the learned Magistrate found enough materials for taking cognizance and framing charges against the appellants after examining P Ws 1 to 4 and accordingly framed charges under sections 147 323 325 and 336 against them and summoned the appellants through bailable warrants and he had the jurisdiction to do so under section 3 19 Cr
PC irrespective of the application under section 216 Cr
PC filed by the APP We may now proceed to examine the contentions
From the application submitted by the APP dated 25582 there could be no doubt that what he prayed for was the charging the accused in addition to section 427 IPC whereunder they were already charged under sections 147 323 325 and 336 IPC of which they were already discharged
This application ex facie did not envisage the appellants Vijya Bai and Jiya Bai who were wholly dischargedunder all the above sections
Under section 219 Cr
PC the court may alter charge
It says 2 16
Court may alter charge
1 Any court may alter or add to any charge at any time before judgment is pronounced
2 Every such alteration or addition shall be read and explained to t he accused
3 If the alteration or addition to a charge is such that proceeding immediately with the trial is not likely in the opinion of the Court to prejudice the accused in his de fence or the prosecutor in the conduct of the case the Court may in its discretion after such alteration or addition has been made proceed with the trial as if the altered or added charge had been the original charge
4 If the alteration or addition is such that proceeding immediately with the trial is likely in the opinion of the court to prejudice the accused or the prosecutor as 815 aforesaid the Court may either direct a new trial or ad journ the trial for such period as may be necessary
5 xxxxx Add to any charge means the addition of a new charge
An alteration of a charge means changing or variation of an existing charge or making of a different charge
Under this section addition to and alteration of a charge or charges implies one or more existing charge or charges
When the appellants Vijya Bai and Jiya Bai were discharged of all the charges and no charge existed against them naturally an application under section 216 Cr
PC was not maintainable in their case
In cases of appellants Sohan Lal Padam Chand and Vishnu against whom the charge under section 427 IPC was already in existence there of course could arise the ques tion of addition to or alteration of the charge
The learned Magistrate therefore while disposing of the application under section 216 Cr
PC only had no jurisdiction to frame charges against the appellants Vijya Bai and Jiya Bai
In his order the learned Magistrate did not say that he has proceeding suo motu against Vijya Bai and Jiya Bai though he said that section 319 Cr
PC was also clear in this connection
As regards the other three appellants namely Sohan Lal Padam Chand and Vishnu they were already accused in the case
Section 2 16 Cr
PC envisages the accused and the additions to and alterations of charge may be done at any time before Judgment is pronounced
The learned Magistrate on the basis of the evidence on record was satisfied that charges ought also to be framed under the other sections with which they were charged in the charge sheet
That was also the prayer in the APP s application
However the learned Magistrate invoked his jurisdiction under section 3 19 Cr
PC which says 3 19
Power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of offence 1 Where in the course of any inquiry into or trial of an offence it appears from the evidence that any person not being the accused has committed any offence for which such person could be tried together with the accused the Court may proceed against such person for the offence which he appears to have committed
2 Where such person is not attending the Court he may 816 be arrested or summoned as the circumstances of the case may require for the purpose aforesaid
3 Any person attending the Court although not under arrest or upon a summons may be detained by such Court for the purpose of the inquiry into or trial of the offence which he appears to have committed
4 Where the Court proceeds against any person under sub section 1 then a the proceedings in respect of such person shall be commenced afresh and the witnesses reheard b subject to the provisions of clause a the case may proceed at if such person had been an accused person when the Court took cognizance of the offence upon which the inquiry or trial was commenced
 The crucial words in the section are any person not being the accused  This section empowers the Court to proceed against persons not being the accused appearing to be guilty of offence
Sub sections 1 and 2 of this section pro vide for a situation when a Court heating a case against certain accused person finds from the evidence that some person or persons other than the accused before it is or are also connected in this very offence or any connected offence and it empowers the court to proceed against such person or persons for the offence which he or they appears or appear to have committed and issue process for the pur pose
It provides that the cognizance against newly added accused is deemed to have been taken in the same manner in which cognizance was first taken of the offence against the earlier accused
It naturally deals with a matter arising from the course of the proceeding already initiated
The scope of the section is wide enough to include cases insti tuted on private complaint
There could be no doubt that the appellants 1 2 and 3 were the accused in the case at the time of passing the impugned order by the Magistrate and as such section 319 Cr
PC would not cover them
Could appellants 4 and 5 be brought under that section Were they accused in the case Precise ly when a person can be called the accused Generally speaking to accuse means to allege whether the person is really guilty of the crime or not
Accusation according to 817 Black s Law Dictionary means a formal charge against a person to the effect that he is guilty of a punishable offence laid before a Court or Magistrate having jurisdic tion to inquire into the alleged crime
In this sense accu sation may be said to be equivalent of information at common law which is mere allegation of prosecuting officer by whom it is preferred
In the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 hereinafter called the Code the expression the accused  has been used in a narrower sense
Chapter XII of the Code deals with information to the police and their power to investigate
Section 154 deals with information in cognizable cases and section 155 with information as to non cognizable cases and investigation of such cases
Section 167 dealing with procedure when investigation cannot be completed in 24 hours says 1 Whenever any person is arrested and detained in custody and it appears that the investigation cannot be completed within the period of 24 hours fixed by section 57 and there are grounds for believing that the accusation or information is well rounded the officer in charge of the police station or the police officer making the investigation if he is not below the rank of sub inspector shall forthwith transmit to the nearest Judicial Magistrate a copy of the entries in the diary hereinafter prescribed relating to case and shall at the same time forward the accused to such Magistrate
2 The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section may whether he has or has not jurisdic tion to try the case from time to time authorise the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate thinks fit for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole and if he has no jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial and considers further detention unnec essary he may order the accused to be forwarded to a Magis trate having such jurisdiction Emphasis ours Thus the words the accused  have been used only in respect of a case where there are grounds for believing that the accusation or information is well founded Information  and accusation  are synonymously used
818 Chapter XV deals with complaints to Magistrate
SectiOn 200 provides for examination of complainant
Section 202 deals with postponement of issue of process and says in sub section 1 that any Magistrate on receipt of a com plaint of an offence which he is authorised to take cogni zance or which has been made over to him under section 192 may if he thinks fit postpone the issue of process against the accused and either inquire into the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit for the purpose of deciding whether or not there sufficient ground for proceed ing
Thus we find that the expression the accused has been used in relation to a complaint case under this section even before issue of process
It also appears that in the Code the expression the accused is used after cognizance is taken by the Magistrate
Chapter XVI of the Code deals with commencement of proceedings before Magistrates
Section 204 dealing with issue of process uses the expression the accused
Under sub section 1 thereof if in the opinion of a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence there is sufficient ground for proceeding and the case appears to be a a summon scase he shall issue his summons for the attendance of the accused or b a warrant case he may issue a warrant or if he thinks fit a summons for causing the accused to be brought or to appear at a certain time before such Magis trate or if he has no jurisdiction himself some other Magistrate having jurisdiction
Under sub section 2 no summons or warrant shall be issued against the accused under sub section 1 until a list of the prosecution witnesses has been filed
Thereafter the expression the accused  has been used in subsequent sections
Thus one is referred to as the accused  even before issue of process
Section 273 provides for evidence to be taken in presence of the accused in the course of trial or other proceedings
The explanation to the section says that accused includes a person in relation to whom any proceed ing under Chapter VIII Security for keeping the peace and Good Behavior has been commenced under this Code
In Chandra Deo Singh vs Prokash Chandra Bose  Anr   during the pendency of the first complaint on which the Magistrate directed an inquiry the nephew of the deceased filed a complaint alleging that the respondent No 1 had committed the murder
The Sub Divisional Magis trate directed the First Class Magistrate to inquire into that complaint and also to report
During the 819 inquiry apart from the witness produced by the complainant respondent No 1 was allowed to be represented by a counsel and two persons who had been named in the First Information Report alongwith respondent No 1 were examined with court witnesses
The First Class Magistrate after conducting the inquiry under section made a report stating that a prima facie case had been made out against the persons mentioned in the first complaint
He made anoth er report on the second complaint stating that no prima facie case has been made against respondent No 1
The Sub Divisional Magistrate directed the initiation of committal proceedings against the persons mentioned in the first complaint
On a revision application filed by the complain ant of the second complaint the Sessions Judge directed the Sub Divisional Magistrate to conduct further inquiry against respondent No 1 who took the matter in revision to the High Court
The Revision Applications by respondent No 1 and three others were allowed wherefrom there was an appeal to this Court by certificate
The main contentions of the appellant before this Court were that the respondent No 1 had no locus standi to appear and contest a criminal case before the issue of process
This Court held It seems to us clear from the entire scheme of Chapter XVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 that an accused person does not come into the picture at all till process is issued
This does not mean that he is precluded from being present when an enquiry is held by a Magistrate
He may remain present either in person or through a counsel or agent with a view to be informed of what is going on
But since the very question for consideration being whether he should be called upon to face an accusation he has no right to take part in the proceedings nor had the Magistrate any jurisdiction to permit him to do so Joginder Singh  Anr
vs State of Punjab and Anr reported in  is an authority for the propo sition that the expression any person not being the ac cused clearly covers any person who is not being tried already by the Court
A criminal complaint was registered against 5 persons including the 2 appellants
The police having found that the two appellants were innocent charge sheeted the remaining 3 persons and they were committed to trial
At the trial evidence having shown the appellants  involvement in the crime the prosecution moved an applica tion that they be tried along with the three accused and the Sessions Judge directed the appellants to stand trial to gether with other accused
Their revision application in the 820 High Court was dismissed
In their appeal in this Court it was inter alia submitted that Section 3 19 Cr
PC was inapplicable to the facts of this case because the phrase any person not being the accused occurring in the section excluded from its operation an accused who had been released by the police
This Court rejected the contention holding that the said expression clearly covered by person who has not been tried already by the Court and the very purpose of enacting such a provision like section 3 19 clearly showed that even a person who had been dropped by the police during investigation but against him evidence showing his involve ment in the offence came before the criminal court were included in the said expression
In Municipal Corporation of Delhi vs Ram Kishan Rohtagi  Ors    under the Food Adulteration Act the respondent No 1 was Manager of the company and the respondent No 2 to 5 were the directors of the company including the company
The High Court quashed the proceed ings against the directors as also against the manager
This court set aside a part of the Judgment of the High Court which quashed the proceedings against the manager respondent No 1
It was held that where the allegations set out in the complaint did not constitute any offence and the High Court quashed the order passed by the Magistrate taking cognizance of the offence there would be no bar to the Court s discre tion under section 3 19 Cr
PC if it was made out on the additional evidence laid before it
Section 3 19 gives ample powers to any Court to take cognizance against any person not being an accused before it and try him along with the other accused
This Court clearly observed In these circumstances therefore if the prosecution can at any stage produce evidence which satisfies the court that the other accused or those who have not been arrayed as accused against whom proceedings have been quashed have also committed the offence the Court can take cognizance against them and try them along with the other accused
But we would hasten to add that this is really an extraordinary power which is conferred on the Court and should be used very sparingly and only if compelling reasons exist for taking cognizance against the other person against whom action has not been taken
More than this we would not like to say anything further at this stage
We leave the entire matter to the discretion of the Court concerned so that it may act according to law
We would however make it plain that the mere fact that the proceedings have been 821 quashed against respondent Nos
2 to 5 will not present the court from exercising its discretion if it is fully satis fied that a case for taking cognizance against them has been made out on the additional evidence led before it
 It was pointed out that under the Cr
PC 1973 the Court can take cognizance against persons who have not been made accused and try them in the same manner along with other accused
In the old Code Section 35 1 contained a lacuna in the mode of taking cognizance if a new person was to be added as an accused
The Law Commission in its 41st Report para 2481 adverted to this aspect of the law and section 3 19 of the present Code gave full effect to the recommenda tion of the Law Commission by removing the lacuna which was found to exist in section 35 1 of the old Code
In Dr SS Khanna vs Chief Secretary Patna  Ors reported in  this Court had to consider wheth er a person against whom a complaint was filed along with some other persons and who after an enquiry under section 202 of the Code was not proceeded against by the Court could be summoned at a later stage under section 3 19 of the latter Code to stand trial for the same or a connected offence or of fences along with the other persons against whom process had been issued earlier by the Court
It was held that having regard to the nature of the proceedings under section 202 of the Cr
PC it may be difficult to hold that there is a legal bar based on the principle of issue estoppel to proceed under section 3 19 against a person complained against on the same material if the Court has dismissed a complaint under section 203
But the Court did not express any final opinion on the question
In that case however the Magistrate decided to take action under section 3 19 of the Code on the basis of fresh evidence which was brought on record in the course of proceedings that took place after the enquiry contemplated under section 202 of the Code was over
It was further held that even when an order of the Magistrate declining to issue process under section 202 was confirmed by a higher Court the jurisdiction of the Magistrate under section 3 19 remained unaf fected if other conditions were satisfied and the autre low principle adumbrated in section 300 of the Code could not howev er apply to such a case
In the instant case Vijya Bai and Jiya Bai were dis charged by the Magistrate of all the charges and the three other appellants were discharged of the sections other than section 427 IPC After the police submitted charge sheet against them the order of discharge according to Mr BD Sharma could not be taken to be one under 822 section 203 but under section 245 which is included in Chapter XIX and deals with trial of warrant cases by the Magistrates
This submission has not been refuted
That section says 245
When accused shall be discharged 1 If upon taking all the evidence referred to in section 244 the Magistrate considers for reasons to be recorded that no case against the accused has been made out which if unrebutted would warrant his conviction the Magistrate shall discharge him
2 Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent a Magistrate from discharging the accused at any previous stage of the case if for reasons to be recorded by such Magistrate he considers the charge to be groundless
 If that was so the question is what would be the effect of the order of discharge Should the protection resulting from such an order of discharge be allowed to be taken away by allowing the same Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence or offences against them at a later stage of the trial without further enquiry where the order of discharge was not challenged or even if the order of discharge was taken in revision and the same was affirmed by the revision al court Section 397 empowers the High Court or any Ses sions Judge to call for examining the records or any pro ceedings before any inferior criminal court within its jurisdiction for the purpose of satisfying itself or himself as to the correctness legality or propriety of any finding sentence or order recorded or passed etc
Section 398 empowers the High Court or the Sessions Judge to order inquiry
It says On examining any record under section 397 or otherwise the High Court or the Sessions Judge may direct the Chief Judicial Magistrate by himself or by any of the Magistrates subordi nate to him to make and the Chief Judicial Magistrate may himself make or direct any subordinate Magistrate to make further inquiry into any complaint which has been dismissed under section 203 or sub section 4 of section 204 or into the case of any person accused of an offence who has been discharged
Provided that no Court shall make any direction under this section for inquiry into the case of any person who has been discharged unless such person has had an oppor tunity of showing cause why such direction should not be made 823 Thus this provision empowers the Courts to direct further inquiry into any complaint which has been dismissed under section 203 or sub section 4 of section 204 or in the case of any person accused of the offence who has been discharged and no such order shall be made unless such person has had an opportunity of showing cause why such direction should not be made
The question therefore is whether the necessity of making a further inquiry as envisaged in section 398 could be obviated or circumvented by taking resort to section 319
As has already been held by this Court there is need for caution in resorting to section 3 19
Once a person was an accused in the case he would be out of reach of this section
The word discharge in section 398 means discharge of an offence relating to the charge within the meaning of sections 227239245 and 249
Refusing to proceed further after issue of process is dis charge
The discharge has to be in substance and effect though there is no formal order
The language of the section does not indicate that the word discharge should be given a restricted meaning in the sense of absolute discharge where the accused is set at liberty after examination of the whole case
The cases of appellants 4 and 5 would be one of total discharge
But it could not be said that they were not some of the accused in the case or that cognizance was not taken of the offences against them
A personmay be accused of several offences and he may be discharged of some of fences and proceeded against for trial in respect of other offences
This was the position regarding appellants 1 2  3 who were partially discharged
The High Court did not subscribe to the view taken in State vs Gangaram Kalite reported in AIR 1965 Assam and Nagaland 9
Therein a chargesheet having been filed against 9 accused persons in his Court the Sub Divisional Magistrate called for report from the police and on receipt of the final report ordered the discharge of the accused persons on 2661961
Subsequently on 2281961 without any fresh chargesheet or a complaint Sub Divisional Magistrate decid ed to proceed afresh against the accused persons and ordered summons to be issued to them fixing a later date for evi dence
On a reference by the Additional District Magistrate calling into question the procedure followed by the Sub Divisional Magistrate a single bench of the High Court of Assam and Nagaland on the basis of Section 241 A of the old Code of the Criminal Procedure held that assuming that the discharge order had been validly passed the Magistrate became functus officio so far as the case was concerned and unless there was a fresh complaint or a fresh chargesheet no action in the matter could have been taken by the Sub Divi sional Magistrate
It was observed that as the order 824 passed was an order of discharge and not one of acquittal a fresh complaint could under law have been entertained by the Magistrate and in the absence of any such complaint any attempt to go back on the order of discharge passed by him and to revive the case as if the case had not been dis charged would amount in law to a review of the Judgment of the Magistrate which was not permissible having regard to section 369 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
Section 369 provided that no Court when it had signed its Judgment shall alter or review the same except to correct clerical errors
The High Court in the instant case followed the decision in Saraswatiben vs Thakurlal Hitnatlal  Anr reported in AIR 1967 Gujarat 263 holding that if at one stage on the evidence before him the Magistrate found that there was no prima facie case against the accused subsequently on en quiry as a result of further evidence if he felt that there was prima facie case against the accused whom he had dis charged under section 251 A 2 Cr
PC it was open to him to frame a charge against the accused and that it was not necessary to take cognizance again and the Magistrate did not become functus officio
The same view was taken in Amarjit Singh  Amba vs The State of Punjab reported in Punjab Law Reporter Vol 85 1983 p 324
The above views have to yield to what is laid down by this Court in the decisions above referred to
The provi sions of section 319 had to be read in consonance with the provi sions of section 398 of the Code
Once a person is found to have been the accused in the case he goes out of the reach of section 3 19
Whether he can be dealt with under any other provi sions of the Code is a different question
In the case of the accused who has been discharged under the relevant provisions of the Code the nature of finality to such order and the resultant protection of the persons discharged subject to revision under section 398 of the Code may not be lost sight of
This should be so because the complainant s desire for vengeance has to be tempered with though it may be as Sir James Stephen says The Criminal law stands to the passion of revenge in much the same relation as marriage to the sexual appetite General view of the Criminal Law of England p 99
The APP s application under section 2 16 in so far as the appellants 1 to 3 were concerned could be dealt with under section 2 16
Appellants 4  5 could be dealt with neither under section 2 16 nor under section 3 19
In that view of the matter the impugned order of the Magistrate as well as that of the High Court in so far as the appellants 4  5 namely Vijya Bai and Jiya Bai are concerned have to be set aside which we hereby do
The appeals are allowed to that extent
GN Appeals allowed


Summary:
The grant of permission to an in service teacher of the appellant University to undertake doctoral programme is subject to the statutory restrictions a that the course of study is not available in other institutions and univer sities b that the study leave would be admissible for pursuing approved courses outside the University only c that the study leave would be granted after the teacher has completed five years of continuous service in the Universi ty and d that the permission to do the same would be given according to seniority
An Assistant Professor becomes entitled to the senior scale after completion of eight years of service
However the senior scale becomes applicable to a person getting PhD degree after five years instead of eight years
The respondent was a PhD student under the Department of Agriculture of the appellant University for a course of study available in several other institutions which he was required to complete in six semesters with entitlement for extension by two semesters each on the recommendation of the Adviser and the Dean respectively
Subsequently he was appointed Assistant Professor in the said University
He had by then completed seven semesters
He was permitted by the Dean to register for the eighth semester without the knowl edge that he had become an employee of the University
However thereafter he was refused permission by the Vice Chancellor to register for the ninth semester on the ground that having become an employee of the University he was not entitled to that benefit
In the writ petition challenging the said refusal the High Court by majority found that the respondent was not an in service candidate as he had already completed eight semesters and directed the Vice Chancellor to register him for the ninth and the tenth semesters
773 Allowing the appeal by special leave the Court HELD The respondent could not escape from the statutory restrictions which became applicable to him as soon as he became an in service candidate for the remaining part of the PhD course on his taking up of the appointment in the University The benefit claimed if granted to him alone would result in his getting consequential benefits much before his several seniors and would seriously prejudice their claim and amount to an act of discrimination
Such a course is impermissible
776D E