ION Criminal Appeal No 3 of 1954
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated the 22nd June 1951 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Revision Application No 1425 of 1950arising out of the judgment and order dated the 9th September 1950 of the court of the Presidency Magistrate Fifth Court Dadar Bombay in Cause No 7825P of 1949
P R Das section A Desai Shellim Samuel and I N Shroff for the appellant
B D Boovariwala Jindra Lal and R H Dhebar for the respondent
October 8
The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINHA J
The main question for determination in this appeal by special leave is whether the High Court has power and if so the extent of such power to revise an order of discharge passed by a Presidency Magistrate
The order impugned in this case was passed by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court Bhagwati and Vyas JJ dated June 22 1951 setting aside the order dated September 9 1950 passed by a Presidency Magistrate of Bombay directing the appellants who were accused 1 and 2 before the learned magistrate to take their trial in the Court of Session on a charge under section 409 Indian Penal Code as against 620 the first accused and under section 409 read with section 109 Indian Penal Code as against the second accused
The facts leading upto this appeal in bare outline are as follows On July 8 1947 Raja Dhanraj Girji Narsingh Girji Chairman of the Dhanraj Mills Limited who will be referred to in the course of this judgment as the complainant lodged a first information report before the Inspector of Police General Branch CID Bombay in writing to the effect that the Dhanraj Mills were formerly his private property which he converted into a limited concern in 1935
He is the life Chairman of the Board of Directors of the concern
Till 1937 he was the Managing Agent but in that year he transferred the managing agency to Ramgopal Ganpatrai the first appellant who converted the managing agency into a private limited concern consisting of himself and members of his family
In 1943 the first appellant floated two private limited concerns under the name and style of 1 Ramgopal Ganpatrai and Sons as the Managing Agents and 2 Ramrikhdas Balkisan and Sons Limited as the selling agents
Thus the first appellant came to have control of the managing agency and the selling agency as also of the Mills all inter connected
The complainant had six annas share in the managing agency and the remaining interest therein was owned by the first appellant and his family
Differences arose between the complainant and the first appellant in respect of the affairs of the Mills
The complainant s suspicions were aroused with respect to the accounts of the Mills and as a result of his private enquiries he claims to have discovered that  there were large defalcations committed in the management of this Mill
It appeared to him that during September to December 1945 the first appellant as the Managing Agent in the course of his large purchases of cotton bales for consumption in the Mills had  dovetailed in these transactions about 20 bogus entries of socalled purchases of 3719 cotton bales from fictitious merchants in the Bombay market
The cost of these purchases involved an approximate sum of Rs 827000
 Against the customary practice of the 621 Mills the first appellant made payments in respect of those fictitious purchases by bearer cheques which were cashed by his men and the cash thus obtained was misappropriated by him to his personal use and account
In order to cover up those fictitious and bogus purchases false entries had been made in the books and registers and the receipts kept by the Mills In order to balance the stock in hand of cotton bales the first appellant and his associates in the crime like the second appellant who is described as the office manager showed bogus sales of an equal number of bales said to contain deteriorated cotton at reduce rates
The sale price of such bogus sales amounted to Rs 419000 thus causing a loss of over four lacs of rupees to the shareholders
The sale price is also said to have been received in cash by bearer cheques which have likewise been cashed by the employees of the Mills and similarly misappropriated to the appellant s account
A third series of bogus purchases are said to have been in respect of stores dyes an chemicals etc approximately of the value of five lacs of rupees  by falsely debiting various sums of money to a number of non existent parties
In order to conceal the fraud thus perpetrated on the Mills other false entries in the books of account and other documents relating to those bogus transactions were alleged to have been made by the first appellant and his underlings
It was further alleged that the complainant s suspicions were further strengthened by the false statement made at a Directors  meeting that there was a strike and that the strikers had burnt some records of the Mills
Three persons namely the first appellant Harprasad Gupta the second appellant and A R Mulla Feroz who was subsequently discharged by the magistrate were named as the three accused persons concerned in the crime of embezzlement in respect of the funds of the Mills
During their investigation the Police had taken possession of the relevant books of account from the precincts of the Mills
On July 19 1948 a charge sheet under section 409 and section 409109 Indian Penal Code was submitted by the Police against the aforesaid three persons for 622 defalcation of Rs 897735 and odd between August 1 1945 to July 31 1956
The names of 40 witnesses appear in the charge sheet
The learned Presidency Magistrate Shri C B Velkar passed a I preliminary order  in which he considered the question whether the enquiry against the accused persons should take the form of the procedure for summons trial or for a warrant trial or commitment proceedings preliminary to their being placed on trial before a Court of Session
After a consideration of the police charge sheet and his own powers adequately to punish the offenders if their offence were made out and the relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code he recorded the following order  
I hold that this case is governed by section 207 Criminal Procedure Code and as such I order that this case should be proceeded with on Sessions Form
 Thereafter the learned magistrate examined as many as 42 witnesses for the prosecution between November 1948 and October 1949
He also considered the written statements of the accused persons filed in October and December that year and a very large volume of documentary evidence which was exhibited in the case numbering many hundreds of exhibits and running into thousands of pages as will presently appear
On December 17 1949 after hearing counsel for the parties and considering their respective versions as contained in the oral and documentary evidence the learned magistrate recorded the following order  
I agree with this view and order that accused No 3 should be discharged
As regards accused Nos 1 and 2 1 hold that there is a prima facie case to charge them and for reasons already mentioned I restrict the charges to the following counts
Then he framed seven separate charges in respect of much smaller sums against the two accused persons under section 409 read with section 109 Indian Penal Code
He also decided apparently on a misunderstanding of a circular issued b the Registrar of City Civil and 623 Sessions Court of August 1949 to try the case himself
This in our opinion was a serious mistake on his part inasmuch as he lost sight of those very considerations on which he had previously in his order of May 6 1948 decided to bold only a preliminary inquiry  on Sessions Form The learned magistrate appears to have thought that as an offence under section 409 Indian Penal Code was not exclusively triable by a Court of Session irrespective of the enormity of the offence alleged and his power properly and adequately to punish such an offence he was empowered by the Circular aforesaid to try the case
This was a grave error in exercise of judicial discretion vested in the magistrate
The State Government of Bombay moved the High Court against the order aforesaid of the learned Presidency Magistrate deciding to try the case himself on the seven mutilated charges framed by him
The application in revision was heard by a Division Bench consisting of Bavdekar and Chainani JJ
The High Court by its order dated March 1 1950 remitted the proceedings to the learned magistrate after reframing the charges which are as under That you accused No 1 Ramgopal Ganpatrai Ruia being an agent of the Dhanraj Mills Ltd and in such capacity entrusted with property viz the amount of Rs 606661 3 6 being the proceeds of the cheques Nos
Exhibits J22 J23 J25 H3 H4 J1 J2 J4 J15 J30 to J32 J33 J34 J10 to J13 belonging to the said Mills committed at Bombay between the dates of the 21st August 1945 and the 31st of December 1945 criminal breach of trust with respect to the above property and thereby committed an offence punishable under section 409 of the Indian Penal Code and within the cognizance of the Court of Session of the City of Greater Bombay
And I further charge you accused No 2 Harprasad Ghasiram Gupta and the said RamgopaI Ganpatrai Ruia accused No 1 between the dates of the 21st of August 1945 and the 31st of December 1945 at Bombay committed the offence of criminal breach of trust as an agent in respect of the amount of 624 Rs 606661 3 6 being the proceeds of the cheques Exhibits J22 J23 J25 H3 and H4 J1 J2 J4 J15 J80 to J32 J33 J34 J10 to J13 belonging to the said Mills and that you between the said dates and at the same place abetted the said accused No 1
Ramgopal Ganpatrai Ruia in the commission of the said offence of criminal breach of trust as an agent which was committed in consequence of your abetment and you have thereby committed an offence punishable under section 109 when read with section 409 of the Indian Penal Code and within the cognizance of the Court of Session Greater Bombay After setting out the case of the parties in some detail the High Court acceded to the arguments made on behalf of the State that the charges framed by the learned Presidency Magistrate required to be completely changed in form and substance
Though it did not desire to fetter the discretion of the magistrate it clearly expressed the view that the case ought to be committed to the Court of Session
The High Court clearly took the view that the magnitude of the case and the amount of punishment in the event of a conviction clearly justified a committal
But inspite of giving that clear direction in view of the fact that the magistrate himself had found a prinza facie case for the prosecution it returned the proceedings to the learned magistrate after reframing the charges with a direction to expedite the case
On receiving the case back from the High Court the learned magistrate recorded the evidence of two defence witnesses in great detail covering about 50 pages in print and accounting for the months of March to June 1950
It appears that in spite of the expression of opinion by the High Court as aforesaid that it was a fit case for committal to the Court of Session the learned magistrate decided to discharge the accused
On September 9 1950 after hearing the arguments he wrote a very elaborate judgment running into more than 30 pages in print
Though in form it is an order passed in commitment proceedings it reads like a judgment after a full trial
The learned magistrate stated the prosecution case in all its details setting 625 out the documentary evidence on which the charges were based running into 33 paragraphs and ten pages in print
Then he proceeded to state the defence version equally elaborately and embarked upon a very detailed examination of the evidence in the case to find which version is the more acceptable one
He felt convinced that the defence version depending as it did on the large mass of documentary evidence explained by oral evidence of both sides was the more acceptable one
He discussed seriatim the evidence which according to the prosecution lent itself to the sinister inferences to be drawn against the accused persons and then weighed all that evidence and balanced it as against the innocent interpretations sought to be put on that large mass of evidence on behalf of the accused
In the result be passed the following order in the last paragraph of this judgment This case is pending with me for about two years and had gone on practically on the basis of audit of the mill accounts in respect of these transactions in a Criminal Court
I do not think that I will be justified in permitting the time of another court being occupied for this case unless a conviction in the case is reasonably probable
For several reasons given above and looking to the evidence of the prosecution as regards the question of delivery being taken or not I am of the opinion that on the evidence before me no criminal court would convict the accused and I therefore hold that there are no sufficient grounds for committing the accused for trial and this is not a fit case to go to the sessions
 The Government of Bombay moved the High Court in revision against the aforesaid order of discharge against the two appellants
The revisional application was heard and disposed of by a Division Bench by its judgment and order dated June 22 1951 which is almost as long as that of the learned Presidency Magistrate running into about 30 printed pages
The High Court after going into the history of the case set out the prosecution version and the voluminous evidence on which the prosecution case was founded
The High Court pointed out that from a cursory 626 examination of the evidence led on behalf of the prose cution it appeared that 3719 bales of cotton were purported to be purchased by the Mills and an equal number of bales of that commodity were purported to be sold on behalf of the Mills during the months of September to December 1945 that not only the number of bales was the same but also the classification of cotton purchased and sold that except in two instances in almost all cases of purchases and sales the transactions of sales purported to have taken place some days after the alleged purchases and that in no case did any sale purport to have taken place earlier than the purported purchase that unlike admittedly genuine transactions weigh ment certificates were not taken by the sellers but by the accused No 2 to P W Chottey Lal that the invoices from Chottey Lal were not taken by the sellers but by the accused No 2 that cheques for large amounts running into thousands and lacs of rupees prepared by BhAt A bank employee were not crossed and order cheques but bearer cheques that such bearer cheques were not made over to the alleged sellers
or their agents but were taken away by accused No 2 that those cheques were not cashed by the alleged sellers but by the employees of the Mills that the receipts for the amounts were signed by persons like accused No 2 for fictitious agents of fictitious vendors
These were some of the circumstances which had been strongly relied upon by the prosecution for showing that all those alleged transactions of sale and purchase of cotton bales were bogus transactions which had been entered in the books of account kept by the company with a view to benefiting the accused persons particularly the first accused
It was also pointed out that most of the moneys obtained in the course of the alleged transactions of sales and purchases were in one thousandrupee notes
278 of such one thousand rupee notes were traced to a bank on account of the first appellant and 118 of such one thousand rupee notes were traced to another bank on similar account
It was also pointed out in the judgment that no previous permission of the Textile Controller was obtained in 627 respect of the movement of cotton which during the relevant period was necessary under the law
Similarly in respect of the purchases of stores etc the persons shown in the memoranda of purchase were not found in the market to be dealing with any such commodities and did not possess the necessary licence
The High Court also noticed the arguments advanced on behalf of the accused persons to the effect that the transactions of sales and purchases which were alleged by the prosecution to be mere fictitious transactions which had no existence in fact were real transactions but had been in the ostensible names of some persons for the benefit of the second accused and his partners who did not think it advisable or expedient to use their own names that the transactions have been regularly entered in the books and registers maintained by the Mills and passed through several hands in the usual course of business as done by the Mills and as evidenced by the large number of entries relating to the transactions im peached in this case
The High Court also noticed the several explanations offered by the defence to show that the transactions had no sinister significance and that they were capable of bearing innocent inter retstions supporting the defence version
In our opinion the High Court need not have examined the defence version in as great a detail as they have done but perhaps they took that course in view of the very elaborate judgment written by the learned Presidency Magistrate
The High Court expressed their conclusions in these terms  We have referred to the evidence on which the prosecution relies and also to the evidence on which the defence relies
We do not wish nor is it our function in this application to express our views regarding its eventual acceptance or otherwise
We wish to appraise it only prima facie and from that point of view it appears to us that having regard to the mass of circumstances and evidence in the case it is not possible to say that no Court would ever convict the accused or that the Judge would withdraw the case 628 from the Jury on the round of there being no evidence at all The High Court then examined the legal arguments advanced on behalf of the parties and a number of rulings of the different High Courts in India
Upon such an examination the High Court s conclusion is as follows  The correct position is not that be should commit the case to the Sessions Court only if a conviction in his opinion is bound to follow
If there are circumstances for and against if there are probabilities for and against if there is evidence for and against with which there is nothing wrong prima facie which on an appraisement by the jury may lead to a conviction or may not his duty is to commit the case and not discharge the accused
The test is that if there is credible evidence which if accepted may lead to conviction he ought to commit
If the magistrate comes to the conclusion that the evidence is such that no Court would ever convict he should not commit the case In the result the High Court allowed the application setting aside the order of the learned magistrate and directing that the appellants shall stand committed to the Court of Session the first appellant for a charge under section 409 Indian Penal Code and the second appellant under section 409 read with section 109 Indian Penal Code that is to say on the charges as framed by the Division Bench of the High Court in their order dated March 1 1950 when the matter was before them on the previous occasion
The accused persons then moved this Court and obtained special leave to appeal from the order aforesaid of the High Court directing their committal to the Court of Session
The special leave was granted by this Court on January 15 1952 and further proceedings against the appellants in the Court of Session were stayed
The learned counsel for the appellants has raised three main contentions against the order passed by the High Court 1 that this Court should not direct a trial of the persons after such a long delay 629 of about 12 years from the time the offence is alleged to have been committed 2 that the High Court bad no jurisdiction to revise the order of discharge passed by a Presidency Magistrate and 3 that assuming that the High Court had such a jurisdiction it erred
in setting aside the order of the magistrate when there was no misdirection in the order of discharge nor had it been shown that it was an improper order in all the circumstances of the case
Under the last heading a further contention was raised that the High Court had not considered all the grounds on which the order of discharge was passed
It is convenient to deal with the contentions in the order in which they have been raised at the Bar
As regards the delay in bringing the case to trial it cannot be said that the blame lies all at the door of the prosecution
As will presently appear the accused persons themselves have largely contributed to this inordinate delay in bringing the case to trial
During the period of 1948 to 1951  the case traveled to the High Court of Bombay four times on interlocutory matters
Only two of those revisional proceedings have been noticed above the other two not being necessary to be referred to for the purposes of this appeal
As already stated special leave was granted by this Court in January 1952
The records the preparation of which lay mainly with the appellants was not received until January 1954
The record as prepared at the instance of the appellants and as it stands now runs into eleven big volumes running into over 5700 closely printed pages
Of these volumes only the first three have been referred to in the course of the arguments at the Bar only portions of them
The remaining eight volume have all gone waste
This case is a very telling illustration of waste of public time and private funds
Even after the receipt of the records the parties between them have succeeded in preventing the case from being put up for final hearing and disposal for another three years
It is not necessary to go into any further details but the Court must look with great disfavour upon and publicly denounce the way in which the appeal has 630 been prosecuted during the last more than 5 years that the case has remained pending in this Court
It cannot therefore be said that the appellants have any just grievance that the case has remained pending for more than nine years since after the submission of the charge sheet and has not yet been brought to trial
They have largely to thank themselves for this result
We cannot therefore for a moment entertain the plea that on the ground of delay the case should not proceed to trial if this Court upholds the order of commitment made by the High Court
The most important ground of attack against the order of the High Court is that it had no jurisdiction to set aside the order of discharge passed by a Presidency Magistrate
This contention is based upon the ground firstly that section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which specifically deals with the power to order commitment does not in terms apply to a case dealt with by a Presidency Magistrate
It was therefore suggested that the Legislature did not intend that an order of discharge passed by such a magistrate should be interfered with at all
Secondly it was contended that those cases to be presently noticed which have held that the authority of the High Court to interfere with such an order is derived from the provisions of sections 435 and 439 read with section 423 of the Code have been wrongly decided
In other words it is contended that on a proper construction of those sections of the Code it should be held that there was no power in the High Court to set aside an order of discharge passed by a Presidency Magistrate though it has been taken as settled law during the last about half a century so far as High Courts are concerned that such an order is revisable by the High Court
Before examining the rulings of the High Courts of Bombay and Calcutta bearing on this controversy we shall first examine the relevant provisions of the Code itself and find out for ourselves whether as a matter of interpretation of those sections the contention has any force
Under section 435 the High Court or any Sessions Judge or a District Magistrate or a Subvisional Magistrate specially so empowered has 631 been vested with the power to call for and examine the record of any proceeding before any inferior criminal court for the purpose of satisfying itself or himself as to the correctness legality or propriety of any finding sentence or order
Section 436 dealing as it does with the power to direct further inquiry need not detain us
Section 437 is equally out of the way because it deals with the powers of a Sessions Judge or a District Magistrate to order commitment in cases triable exclusively by a Court of Session
Section 439 is the operative section and the question now before us must be answered with reference to the terms of that section
It provides that on examining the record of any proceeding the High Court may in its discretion exercise any of the powers conferred on a court of appeal by sections 423   omitting portions not necessary for our present purpose except that the section does not authorise a High Court to convert a finding of acquittal into one of conviction
 We have therefore to examine the terms of section 423 which contains the powers of an appellate court in dealing with appeals
The learned counsel for the appellants contended that as an order of discharge is not appealable under the Code it can be set aside only under the specific provisions of the Code contained in sections 436 and 437 and not otherwise
It has already been pointed out that these two sections are out of the way in this appeal
In other words the argument is that only that order is revisable under section 439 of the Code which is appealable under the Code
This argument has only to be stated to be rejected in view of the very wide terms in which section 439 has been worded
Section 439 has to be read along with section 435 so far as the present controversy is concerned
Section 435 certainly authorizes the High Court besides other courts mentioned therein to call for and examine the record of any proceeding before any inferior criminal court
It has not been and it cannot be contended that a Presidency Magistrate is not such an inferior criminal court
If the High Court is empowered to call for the record of any proceeding before a Presidency Magistrate it follows that it may examine the 632 correctness legality or propriety of any order passed by him and if it finds that the order is not correct or is illegal or improper it may acting under section 439 exercise any of the powers conferred on a court of appeal by section 423
But at this stage it has been pointed out that the power to order committal for trial is contained in clause a of section 4231 and that clause begins with the words  in an appeal from an order of acquittal
It has therefore been contended that unless there is an appeal against an order of acquittal the High Court s power to order that the accused be committed for trial cannot be exercised under section 439
But section 417 of the Code specifically deals with an appeal to the High Court against acquittal and its powers in dealing with such an appeal are contained in section 423 1a
If the appellant s argument is well founded section 439 becomes redundant in so far as it deals with the power of the High Court to order committal for trial
In our opinion the fallacy of this argument lies in reading all the words of section 423 into section 439 which the latter section does not contemplate
Section 439 only authorizes the High Court in revision to exercise any of the powers conferred under section 423
It does not further make reference to the cases in which such powers have to be exercised
The latter question does not arise because section 439 itself makes the sweeping provision that in the case of any proceeding the High Court may exercise the powers enumerated in section 423
We have therefore to look into section 423 to find out not the cases in which the High Court can interfere but only the nature of the power that it can exercise in a case in its revisional jurisdiction that is to say we have to incorporate only the several powers contained in section 423 into section 439 except the power to convert a finding of acquittal into one of conviction
The argument that the power of revision contained in section 439 can be exercised only in cases of appealable orders is also negatived by referring to section 441 which incorporates section 435
Section 441 specifically provides for the record of any proceeding of any Presidency Magistrate being called for by the High Court under section 435
In such a case such a magistrate is empowered 633 to submit along with the record a statement setting forth the grounds of his decision or order and the High Court shall then consider such statement before overruling or setting aside the said decision or order
 Section 441 is so widely worded as to include the decision or order of a Presidency Magistrate in any proceeding which the High Court may set aside in a proper case
Under the Code a Presidency Magistrate may pass an order without recording the reasons for such an order for example an order under section 213 1 committing the accused for trial
If such an order is called in question before the High Court the Presidency Magistrate concerned unlike other magistrates is permitted by the Code to supplement the record by a statement setting forth the grounds of his decision or order so that the High Court may have before it not only the order or decision in question but also a statement of the reasons therefor
It is manifest therefore that on a consideration of the relevant provisions of the Code there is no warrant for th extremely wide proposition which has been canvassed before us
Until the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Malik Pratap Singh vs Khan Mahomed 1 there was a divergence of judicial opinion in that Court as to the power of the High Court under section 439 to revise an order of discharge passed by a Presidency Magistrate
The cases pro and con are discussed in that ruling and need not be specifically cited here
The learned counsel for the appellants has not drawn our attention to any decision of any High Court in India to the contrary
A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court also in the case of Emperor vs Varjivandas alias Kalidas Bhaidas 2  has taken the same view after discussing the Calcutta and Allahabad cases
In view of these considerations it must be held that there is no merit in the second contention raised on behalf of the appellants
Having held that the High Court had the necessary jurisdiction it remains to  consider the last serious objection raised on behalf of the appellants to th 1 Cal
2 Bom 84
634 exercise of that jurisdiction by the High Court
In this connection it was contended that the High Court erred in reversing the order of the Presidency Magistrate and directing the accused to take their trial in the Court of Session because it was further argued the High Court has not shown any misdirection in the well considered order passed by the Presidency Magistrate or that it was otherwise improper
It was further urged that the sole ground on which the High Court has set aside the order of discharge was that the jury may spell out a case which was not alleged by the prosecutions case which is wholly inconsistent with the case set out in the first information report and sought to be made out in evidence
In order to appreciate the grounds on which this part of the appellants  contentions has been rested it is necessary to examine the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure
Chapter XVIII deals with the procedure before a committing magistrate
Under section 208 the magistrate has to take all such evidence as may be produced by the prosecution and by the accused
Section 209 authorizes the magistrate to discharge the accused person  if he finds that there are not sufficient grounds for committing the accused person for trial
 Similarly section 210 authorizes the magistrate to frame a charge declaring with what offence the accused is charged if he is satisfied that there are sufficient grounds for committing the accused for trial
 If the magistrate frames a charge against the accused person as aforesaid it is open to the latter to examine witnesses in defence
After such defence witnesses have been examined by the magistrate section 213 authorizes him either to commit the accused for trial or to cancel the charge and to discharge the accused if he is satisfied that there are not sufficient grounds for committing him to the Court of Session
As will presently appear there is a large volume of case law on the question as to when a magistrate should or should not commit an accused person for trial
The controversy has centered round interpretation of the words sufficient grounds occurring in the relevant sections of the Code set out above
635 In the earliest case of Lachman vs Juala 1 decided by Mr Justice Mahmood in the Allababad High Court governed by section 195 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1872 Act No X of 1872 the eminent judge took the view that the expression sufficient grounds has to be understood in a wide sense including the power of the magistrate to weigh evidence
In that view of the matter he ruled that if in the opinion of the magistrate the evidence against the accused cannot possibly justify a conviction there was nothing in the Code to prevent the magistrate from discharging the accused even though the evidence consisted of statements of witnesses who claimed to be eye witnesses but whom the magistrate entirely discredited
He also held that the High Court could interfere only if it came to the conclusion that the magistrate had committed a material error in discharging the accused or had illegally or improperly underrated the value of the evidence
Thus he overruled the contention raised on behalf of the prosecution that the powers of the committing magistrate did not extend to weighing the evidence and that the expression sufficient grounds did not include the power of discrediting eye witnesses
Though the Code of Criminal Procedure was several times substantially amended after the date of that decision the basic words sufficient grounds have continued throughout
That decision was approved by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in In re Bai Parvati2 and the observations aforesaid in the Allahabad decision were held to be an accurate statement of the law as contained in section 209 of the Code as it now stands
The High Court of Bombay held in that case that where the evidence tendered for the prosecution is totally unworthy of credit it is the duty of the magistrate to discharge the accused
It also added that where the magistrate entertains any doubt as to the weight or quality of the evidence he should commit the case to the Court of Session which is the proper authority to resolve that doubt and to assess the value of that evidence
The question of the extent of the power of a committing court under sections 209 and 210 of the Criminal 636 Procedure Code of 1882 Act X of 1882 arose in the case of Queen Empress vs Namdev Satvaji 1 and a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court presided over by Mr Justice West made the following observations which correctly laid down the legal position   an accused ought to be committed when there is a prima facie case substantiated against him by the testimony of credible witnesses
According to the English law a commitment ought to be made whenever one or two credible witnesses give evidence showing that the accused has perpetrated an indictable offence see Hale s Pleas of the Crown 11 121  Hawkins  Pleas of the Crown Ch
XVI Cox vs Coleridge 14 Calc
W R Cr Rul 16
And the sort of prima facie case that warrants a committal is defined by Stat
and 12 Vic Ch 42 section 25 as one that is sufficient to put the party upon his trial for an indictable offence According to our Criminal Procedure Code sections 209 and 210 the magistrate is to commit or not as there are or are not in his opinion sufficient grounds for committing 
What are sufficient grounds for committing is not in any way defined but it is manifest that they are not identical with grounds for convicting since taken in that sense the provisions would enable the magistrate virtually to supersede the Court of Session to which the cognizance of the case for actual trial belongs
The true principle appears to be that expressed in the English statute
The magistrate ought to commit when the evidence is enough to put the party on his trial and such a case obviously arises when credible witnesses make statements which if believed would sustain a conviction
The weighing of their testimony with regard to improbabilities and apparent discrepancies is more properly a function of the Court having jurisdiction to try the case
 A Division Bench of the same High Court dealing with a case arising under the Code of 1898 Act V of 1898 observed that the words sufficient grounds for committing do not mean sufficient grounds for convicting but have reference to a case in which the evidence is sufficient to put the accused on his trial that is to 1 Bom
372 374 1 Bom
372 374
637 say when there is credible evidence which if believed would sustain a conviction
Hence a committing court has only to be satisfied that there is a prima facie case made out by the prosecution evidence
In the same High Court on account of certain observations made in the case of Parasram Bhikha vs Emperor 1 the question of the ambit of the powers of a committing court was referred to a Full Bench presided over by Sir John Beaumont C J
The learned Chief Justice in the course of his judgment overruled the previous decision in ILR  to the effect that the magistrate was entitled and bound to value and weigh the evidence and that the revisional court could interfere only if the order was perverse or manifestly contrary to the evidence
He also observed that under section 209 a magistrate has the power to consider the evidence and thus to satisfy himself that there are sufficient grounds for committing the accused for trial and for that purpose he has to look into the nature of the evidence and credibility of the witnesses but that is not the same thing as examining evidence with a view to reaching a conclusion that a case for convicting the accused bad been made out
In other words it is not the magistrate s duty to try the accused which duty is cast upon the Court of Session
In his view if the magistrate came to the conclusion that there was evidence which required to be weighed he ought to commit the accused for trial and he ought not to discharge the accused simply because in his view the evidence was not sufficient for the conviction of the accused
Thus according to the learned Chief Justice there is a difference between the power of a committing court to consider and appreciate the evidence and its power to weigh the evidence
Rangnekar J who delivered a separate but concurring judgment does not appear to have agreed with the learned Chief Justice in all his observations particularly in so far as he made a distinction between considering the evidence and weighing the same
See Ramchandra Babaji Gore vs Emperor 1 Bom
2 Born
638 It is not necessary to multiply instances where the High Courts in India have in some cases held that the duty of the committing court is only to satisfy itself that there are sufficient grounds for committing the accused for trial in the sense that there is prima facie evidence which if believed by the Court of Session may lead to conviction of the accused
Whereas there are also cases as laid down in the earliest case referred to above in ILR 5 Allahabad 161 judgment of Mahmood J to the effect that the magistrate holding a preliminary inquiry is empowered to weigh the evidence led on behalf of the prosecution and to decide for himself whether there is a probability of the trial ending in the conviction of the accused
An examination of the large number of rulings cited before us which we do not think it necessary to refer to in detail shows that though it is easy to say that a magistrate should commit the accused for trial if he is satisfied that sufficient grounds for doing so have been made out it is difficult to apply those crucial words sufficient grounds to individual cases
Apparently conflicting observations about the powers of a committing magistrate have been made in the reported cases but those observations have to be read in the light of the facts and circumstances disclosed in the case then before the Court
In our opinion the law in India and the law in England on the question now under consideration appears to be the same
In Halsbury s Laws of England Vol 10 3rd ed
Lord Simonds in article 666 at p 365 the law has been stated thus When all the evidence has been heard the examining justices then present who have heard all the evidence must decide whether the accused is or is not to be committed for trial
Before determining this matter they must take into consideration the evidence and any statement of the accused
If the justices are of opinion that there is sufficient evidence to put the accused upon trial by jury for any indictable offence they must commit him for trial in custody or on bail
 In each case therefore the magistrate holding the preliminary inquiry has to be satisfied that a 639 prima facie case is made out against the accused by the evidence of witnesses entitled to a reasonable degree of credit and unless he is so satisfied he is not to commit
Applying the aforesaid test to the present case can it be said that there is no evidence to make out a prima facie case or that the voluminous evidence adduced in this case is so incredible that no reasonable body of persons could rely upon it  As already indicated in this case there is a large volume of oral evidence besides an unusually large volume of documentary evidence the latter being wholly books and registers and other documents kept or issued by the Mills themselves which may lend themselves to the inference that the accused are guilty or to the contrary conclusion
The High Court has taken pains to point out that this is one of those cases where much can be said on both sides
It will be for the jury to decide which of the two conflicting versions will find acceptance at their hands
This was pre eminently a case which should have been committed to the Court of Session for trial and it is a little suprising that the learned Presidency Magistrate allowed himself to be convinced to the contrary
The learned counsel for the appellants also raised a number of points bearing on the merits of the controversy on facts
In view of the fact that we do not propose to interfere with the orders passed by the High Court directing that the accused be committed for trial we think it inexpedient to express any opinion on those controversial matters
We do not think it desirable that any observations made by us should prejudice either party at the trial
In our opinion both the courts below have traveled beyond the limits proper for decision at the stage at which the case was before them
In our opinion the accused persons did not consult their best interests when they invited the courts below to go into those questions which did not properly arise for determina tion at that stage
We do not agree with the last contention raised on behalf of the appellants that the High Court has said too little on the merits of the case
In our opinion the High Court in the circum 640 stances of the case had been taken into matters which should have been left to be determined at the trial
Perhaps they had to cover the ground which had been so elaborately discussed in the order of the learned Presidency Magistrate
For the reasons given above we have come to the conclusion that there are no merits in this appeal
It is accordingly dismissed
It is hoped that the Court of Session which will now be in seizing of the case will conduct the trial and conclude the proceedings with all reasonable speed and without any avoidable delay
We hope that the inordinate delay in bringing this case to trial has not prejudicially affected the case of either party
Appeal dismissed


Summary:
The High Court has ample power under section 439 read with section 435 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to revise an order of discharge made by a Presidency Magistrate in a commitment proceeding and to direct the committal of the accused person to the Court of Session
Section 439 of the Code contemplates all the powers of an Appellate court under section 423
Of the Code except the power to convert a finding of acquittal into one of conviction and that such powers may be exercised in the case of any proceeding
There is therefore no basis for the proposition that the High Court can revise only such orders as are made appealable by the Code
Malik Pratap Singh vs Khan Mahomed Cal 994 and Emperor vs Varjivandas alias Kalidas Bhaidas 19O2 ILR  referred to
The words sufficient grounds occurring in SS 209 210 and 213 of the Code of Criminal Procedure do not mean sufficient grounds for the purpose of conviction but mean such evidence as would be sufficient to put the accused upon trial by the jury
In each case therefore the committing Magistrate has to be satisfied whether or not a prima facie case has been made out against the accused person by reasonably reliable evidence
Where he is satisfied that it has been he has to commit the accused to the Court of Session and it is for the jury to decide which of the conflicting versions it should accept and either to convict or acquit him
Queen Empress vs Namdev Satvaji Bom
372 approved
Case law reviewed
Consequently in a case where a committing Presidency Magistrate on a full and elaborate consideration of a large volume of evidence both oral and documentary adduced both by the prosecution and the defence came to the conclusion that no Criminal court would convict the accused persons on such evidence and discharged them and the Hi Court in exercise of its powers 619 under section 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure set aside the order of discharge and directed the committal of the accused persons to the Court of Session on charges under section 409 and S 409 read with section 109 of the Indian Penal Code and it could not be said that the evidence had not made out a prima facie case against the accused persons or that it could not be reasonably relied on
Held that it was preeminently a case for committal to the Court of Session the order of discharge made by the Presidency Magistrate was highly improper and the High Court s order must be affirmed
Held further that the appellants could not be allowed to make a grievance of the inordinate delay in bringing them to trial for which they themselves were primarily responsible and such delay could be no ground for not holding the trial at all