l Appeal No P 409 of 1958
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated May 13 1958 of the Punjab High Court at Chandigarh in First Appeal from Order No 24 of 1958
C B Aggarwala and Naunit Lal for the appellant
H section Doabia K R Chaudhury and M K Ramamurty for the respondent No 1 1958
September 30
This appeal by special leave has been filed against the decision of the Punjab High Court confirming the order passed by the Election Tribunal by which the appellant s election has been declared to be void
The appellant Shri Baru Ram was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Rajaund constituency in the Karnal District
Initially seventeen candidates had filed their nomination papers in this constituency
Out of these candidates thirteen withdrew and the nomination paper filed by Jai Bhagawan was rejected by the returning officer
That left three candidates in the field
They were the appellant Baru Ram Mrs Prasanni and Harkesh respondents 1 and 2 respectively
The polling took place on March 14 1957 and the result was declared the next day
Since the appellant had secured the largest number of votes he was declared duly elected
Soon thereafter Mrs Prasanni respondent 1 filed an election petition in which she alleged that the appellant had committed several corrupt practices and claimed a declaration that his election was void
The appellant denied all the allegations made by respondent 1
The election tribunal first framed six preliminary issues and after they were decided it raised twenty nine issues on the merits
The tribunal was not 1406 satisfied with the evidence adduced by respondent I to prove her allegations in respect of the corrupt practices committed by the appellant and so it recorded findings against respondent 1 on all the issues in regard to the said corrupt practices
Respondent I had also challenged the validity of the appellant s election on the ground that the returning officer had improperly rejected the nomination paper of Jai Bhagawan
This point was upheld
by the election tribunal with the result that the appellant s election was declared to be void
The appellant then preferred an appeal to the Punjab High Court
He urged before the High Court that the election tribunal was in error in coming to the conclusion that the nomination paper of Jai Bhagawan  had been improperly rejected
This contention was accepted by the High Court and the finding of the tribunal on the point was reversed
Respondent 1 sought to support the order of the election tribunal on the ground that the tribunal was not justified in holding that the appellant was not guilty of a corrupt practice under section 1237c
This argument was also accepted by the High Court and it was held that the appellant was in fact guilty of the said alleged corrupt practice
In the result though the appellant succeeded in effectively challenging the only finding recorded by the tribunal against him his appeal was not allowed because another finding which was made by the tribunal in favour of the appellant was also reversed by the High Court
That is why the order passed by the tribunal declaring the appellant s election to be void was confirmed though on a different ground
It is this order which is challenged before us by Mr Aggarwal on behalf of the appellant and both the points decided by the High Court are raised before us by the parties
At the hearing of the appeal Mr Doabia raised a preliminary objection
He contends that the present appeal has been preferred beyond time and should be rejected on that ground alone
The judgment under appeal was delivered on May 13 1958 and the petition for leave to appeal under article 136 of the Constitution 1407 has been filed in this Court on September 2 1958
It is common ground that the appellant had appliedfor leave to the Punjab High Court on June 9 1958and his application was dismissed on August 22 1958If the time occupied by the appellants application for leave is taken into account his appeal would be in time on the other hand if the said period is not taken into account his application would be beyond time
Mr Doabia argues that the proceedings taken on an election petition are not civil proceedings and so an application for leave under article 133 of the Constitution was incompetent the time taken in the disposal of the said application cannot therefore be taken into account in computing the period of limitation
On the other hand Mr Aggarwal urges that section 116A 2 of the Representation of the People Act 43 of 1951 hereinafter called the Act specifically provides that the High Court in hearing an appeal presented to it shall have the same powers jurisdiction and authority and follow the same procedure with respect to the said appeal as if it were an appeal from an original decree passed by a civil court situated within the local limits of its civil appellate jurisdiction
The result of this provision is to assimilate the election proceedings coming before the High Court in appeal to civil proceedings as contemplated by article 133 of the Constitution and so according to him it was not only open to the appellant but it was obligatory on him to make an application for leave to the Punjab High Court under the said article
That is why the time occupied by the said proceedings in the Punjab High Court must be excluded in deciding the question of limitation
We do not propose to deal with the merits of these contentions
It is not seriously disputed by Mr Doabia that parties aggrieved by orders passed by High Courts in appeals under section 116A of the Act generally apply for leave under article 133 and in fact such applications are entertained and considered on the merits by them
It is true that Mr Doabia s argument is that this practice is erroneous and that article 133 has no application to the appellate decision of the High Court under section 116A 179 1408 of the Act
Assuming that Mr Doabia is right it is clear that the appellant has merely followed the general practice in this matter when he applied for leave to the Punjab High Court his application was entertained considered on the merits and rejected by the High Court
Under these circumstances we think that even if we were to hold that article 133 has no application we would unhesitatingly have excused the delay made in the presentation of the appeal and so we do not think we can throw out the appeal in limine on the ground of limitation
If necessary we would excuse the delay alleged to have been made in presenting this appeal
On the merits Mr Aggarwal contends that the finding of the High Court that the appellant has committed a corrupt practice under section 1237c is not supported by any evidence
Before dealing with this argument it would be relevant to consider the legal position in the matter
Corrupt practice as defined in section 2c of the Act means  any of the practices specified in section 123 
Section 1237c provides inter alia that the obtaining or procuring or abetting or attempting to obtain or procure by a candidate any assistance other than giving of vote for the furtherance of the prospects of that candidate s election from any person in the service of the Government and who is a member of the armed forces of the Union is a corrupt practice
The case against the appellant as set out by respondent 1 in her election petition on this point is that the appellant secured the assistance of Puran Singh who is a member of the armed forces of the Union
It was alleged that Puran Singh  actively canvassed for the appellant on March 11th to 13th 1957 in his village and so much so that he subsequently served as his polling agent at polling booth No 15 at village Kotra on March 14 1957 
Both the tribunal and the High Court are agreed in holding that it had not been proved that Puran Singh actively canvassed for the appellant on March 11th to 13th as alleged by respondent 1
They have however differed on the question as to whether the appellant had appointed Puran Singh as his polling agent for the 1409 polling booth in question
It would thus be seen that the point which falls for our decision in the present appeal lies within a very narrow compass
Did the appellant secure the assistance of Puran Singh by appointing him as his polling agent  Going back to section 123 explanation 2 to the said section provides that  for the purpose of cl
7 a person shall be  deemed to assist in the furtherance of the prospects of a candidate for election if he acts as an election agent or polling agent or a counting agent of that candidate 
In other words the effect of explanation 2 is that once it is shown that Puran Singh had acted as polling agent of the appellant it would follow that the appellant had committed a corrupt practice under section 1237c
But it is important to bear in mind that before such a conclusion is drawn the provisions of section 46 of the Act must be taken into account
Section 46 authorises a contesting candidate to appoint in the prescribed manner such number of agents and relief agents as may be prescribed to act as polling agents of such candidate at each polling station provided under section 25 or at the place fixed under subs
1 of section 29 for the poll
There can be no doubt that when explanation 2 to section 123 refers to a person acting as a polling agent of a candidate it contemplates the action of the polling agent who is duly appointed in that behalf by the candidate under section 46
It is only when it is shown that a person has been appointed a polling agent by the candidate and has in consequence acted as such agent for the said candidate that explanation 2 would come into operation
If without being appointed as a polling agent by the candidate a person fraudulently or without authority manages to act as the polling agent of the said candidate explanation 2 would not apply
That being the true legal position the short point which arises for our decision is whether the appellant had appointed Puran Singh as his polling agent and whether Puran Singh acted as such polling agent at the polling booth No 15 at Kotra
What then are the facts held proved by the High Court in support of its conclusion against the appellant 1410 under section 1237c  The first point which impressed the High Court is in respect of the writing by which the appellant is alleged to have appointed Puran Singh as his polling agent
The printed prescribed forms were not available to the candidates and so they had to copy the prescribed form for the purpose of appointing their polling agents
This position is not disputed
The form by which Puran Singh is alleged to have been appointed the appellant s polling agent contains a glaring mistake in that while reciting that the polling agent agreed to act as such polling agent the form says  I agree to act as such following agent  P W 481
The same glaring mistake is to be found in the form by which the appellant admittedly appointed Pal Chand to act as his polling agent at the same polling booth
The High Court thought that the identity of this glaring mistake in both the forms coupled with the similarity of the handwriting of the rest of the writing in them showed that the two forms must have been written by the same scribe
This is a finding of fact and it may be accepted as correct for the purpose of our decision
It would however be relevant to add that it is not at all clear from the record that the same scribe may not have written similar forms for other candidates as well
There is no evidence to show that the scribe who made this glaring mistake had been employed as his own scribe by the appellant
The High Court was also disposed to take the view that Puran Singh in fact had acted as the polling agent on the day of the election at the said polling booth
Respondent 1 had examined herself in support of this plea and Banwari Lal whom she examined supported her in that behalf
The tribunal was not impressed by the evidence of these two witnesses and it has given reasons for not accepting their evidence as true or reliable
It is unnecessary to emphasize that in dealing with an appeal under section 116A of the Act High Courts should normally attach importance to the findings of fact recorded by the tribunal when the said findings rest solely on the appreciation of oral evidence
The judgment of the High Court does not show that 1411 the High Court definitely accepted the evidence of the two witnesses as reliable in dealing with the question the High Court has referred to this evidence without expressly stating whether the evidence was accepted or not but it may be assumed that the High Court was disposed to accept that evidence
In this connection we would like to add that it is difficult to understand why the High Court did not accept the criticism made by the tribunal against these two witnesses
If we consider the verifications made by respondent I in regard to the material allegations on this point both in her petition and in her replication it would appear that she had made them on information received and not as a result of personal knowledge that being so it is not easy to accept her present claim that she saw Puran Singh working as polling agent but apart from this consideration the evidence of respondent 1 even if believed does not show that Puran Singh was working as a polling agent of the appellant  and the statement of Banwari Lal that Puran Singh was working as the appellant s polling agent loses much of its force in view of his admission that he had no knowledge that Puran Singh had been appointed by the appellant as his polling agent
Even so we may assume though not without hesitation that Puran Singh did act as appellant s polling agent as alleged by respondent 1
in dealing with this question the High Court appears to have been considerably influenced by the statement made by Jangi Ram whom the appellant had examined
In his cross examination Jangi Ram stated that Jagtu and Pal Chand were the agents of Shri Baru Ram but he added that Puran Singh was not at the polling booth
It may be mentioned that the appellant s case was that he had appointed only one polling agent at Kotra and this allegation according to the High Court was disproved by the statement of Jangi Ram inasmuch as he referred to two polling agents working for the appellant
In considering the effect of this statement the High Court has failed to take into account the positive statement of the witness that Puran Singh was not at the polling 1412 station at all
The evidence of the witness may be rejected if it appears to be unreliable but if it is accepted it would not be fair to accept it only in part and to hold that two polling agents had been appointed by the appellant one of whom was Puran Singh
There is another serious infirmity in the inference drawn by the High Court from the statement of Jangi Ram  that is that Jagtu to whom the witness has referred as a polling agent of the appellant appears in fact to have acted as a polling agent of Harkesh respondent 2
Jhandu another witness examined by the appellant has stated so on oath and his statement has not been challenged in cross examination
Thus reading the evidence of Jhandu and Jangi Ram it would be clear that Jangi Ram was right when he said that Jagtu was acting as a polling agent but he was wrong when he thought that Jagtu was the polling agent of the appellant
If the attention of the High Court had been drawn to the unchallenged statement of Jhandu on this point it would probably not have drawn the inference that Jangi Ram s evidence supports the case of respondent I about the appointment of Puran Singh as the appellant s polling agent
The next  circumstance on which reliance has been placed in the judgment of the High Court is that Puran Singh has signed the prescribed form appointing him as the polling agent and he must have presented it to the returning officer
The prescribed form requires that a candidate appointing his polling agent and the polling agent himself should sign the first part of the form
Then the polling agent is required to take the form to the returning officer sign in token of his agreeing to work as a polling agent before the said officer and present it to him
The High Court has found that Puran Singh must have signed the form and presented it as required by law
Puran Singh was examined by respondent 1 but when he gave evidence he was allowed to be treated as hostile and cross examined by her counsel
Puran Singh denied that he had acted as the appellant s polling agent and that he had signed the form and presented it to the returning officer
It however appears that Chand 1413 Jamadar to whose platoon Puran Singh is attached gave evidence that the signature of Puran Singh on the form in question PW 481 appeared to be like the signatures on acquittance rolls which had been admittedly made by him
On the same question hand writing experts were examined by both the parties
Mr Om Parkas was examined by respondent I and he stated that he had compared the admitted signatures of Puran Singh with the disputed signature and had come to the conclusion that Puran Singh must have made the disputed signature
On the other hand Mr Kapur whom the appellant examined gave a contrary opinion
The tribunal thought that in view of this conflicting evidence it would not be justified in finding that Puran Singh had signed the form
The High Court has taken a contrary view
Mr Aggarwal for the appellant contends that the High Court was in error in reversing the finding of the tribunal on this point
There may be some force in this contention  but we propose to deal with this appeal on the basis that the finding of the High Court on this question is right
The position thus is that according to the High Court Puran Singh signed the form appointing him as the appellant s agent and presented it before the officer
Puran Singh was seen at the polling booth and the scribe who wrote the form in question also wrote the form by which the appellant appointed Pal Singh as his polling agent at the same booth
The High Court thought that from these circumstances it would be legitimate to infer that the appellant had appointed Puran Singh as his polling agent and had in fact signed the form in token of the said appointment
It is the correctness of this finding which is seriously disputed by Mr Aggarwal before us
It is significant that from the start the parties were at issue on the question as to whether Puran Singh had been appointed by the appellant as his polling agent and so respondent 1 must have known that she had to prove the said appointment in order to obtain a finding in her favour on issue 29 under section 123 7c of the Act
Respondent I in fact led evidence to prove the signature of Puran Singh but no attempt 1414 was made by her to prove the signature of the appellant on the said form
The appellant had specifically denied that he had appointed Puran Singh as his polling agent and when he stepped into the witness box he stated on oath that he had not signed any form in that behalf
Under these circumstances it was clearly necessary for respondent I to examine competent witnesses to prove the appellant s signature on the form
It is true that the appellant s signature on the form appears to have been overwritten but it is only the expert who could have stated whether the overwriting in question made it impossible to compare the said signature with the admitted signatures of the appellant
It appears that after the whole of the evidence was recorded respondent woke up to this infirmity in her case and applied to the tribunal for permission to examine an expert in that behalf
This application was made on February 6 1958 and the only explanation given for the delay in making it was that it was after the appellant denied his signature on oath that respondent I realized the need for examining an expert
The tribunal rejected this application and we think rightly
In its order the tribunal has pointed out that respondent I had been given an opportunity to examine an expert and if she wanted her expert to give evidence on the alleged signature of the appellant her counsel should have asked him relevant questions when he was in the witness box
Thus the position is that there is no evidence on the record to support the case of respondent I that the said alleged signature has in fact been made by the appellant
The only relevant evidence on the record is the statement of the appellant on oath that he had not signed the form in question
Mr Doabia fairly conceded that there was no legal evidence on this point but his argument was that from the other findings of fact recorded by the High Court it would be legitimate to infer that the appellant had made the said signature
In our opinion this contention is wholly untenable
It must be borne in mind that the allegation against the appellant is that he has committed a corrupt practice and a finding 1415 against him on the point would involve serious consequences
In such a case it would be difficult to hold that merely from the findings recorded by the High Court it would be legitimate to infer that the appellant had signed the form and had in fact appointed Puran Singh as his polling agent
Mr Doabia argues that it is not always absolutely necessary to examine an expert or to lead other evidence to prove handwriting
It would be possible and legal he contends to prove the handwriting of a person from circumstantial evidence
Section 67 of the Indian Evidence Act provides inter alia that if a document is alleged to be signed by any person the signature must be proved to be in his handwriting
Sections 45 and 47 of the said Act I of 1872 prescribe the method in which such signature can be proved
Under section 45 the opinion of the handwriting experts is relevant while under section 47 the opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the person who is alleged to have signed the document is admissible
The explanation to the section explains when a person can be said to be acquainted with the handwriting of another person
Thus there can be no doubt as to the manner in which the alleged signature of the appellant could and should have been proved but even assuming that the signature of the appellant can be legally held to be proved on circumstantial evidence the principle which governs the appreciation of such circumstantial evidence in cases of this kind cannot be ignored
It is only if the court is satisfied that the circumstantial evidence irresistibly leads to the inference that the appellant must have signed the form that the court can legitimately reach such a conclusion
In our opinion it is impossible to accede to Mr Doabia s argument that the facts hold proved in the High Court inevitably lead to its final conclusion that the appellant had in fact signed the form
It is clear that in reaching this conclusion the High Court did not properly appreciate the fact that there was no legal evidence on the point and that the other facts found by it cannot even reasonably support the 180 1416 case for respondent 1
We must accordingly reverse the finding of the High Court and hold that respondent I has failed to prove that the appellant had committed a corrupt practice under section 1237c of the Act
This finding however does not finally dispose of the appeal because Mr Doabia contends that the High Court was in error in reversing the tribunal s conclusion that the nomination paper of Jai Bhagawan had been improperly rejected
Mr Aggarwal however argues that it is not open to respondent I to challenge the correctness of the finding of the High Court on this point
In support of his objection Mr Aggarwal has referred us to the decision of this Court in Vashist Narain Sharma vs Dev Chandra 1
In this case when the respondent having failed on the finding recorded by the tribunal in his favour attempted to argue that he could support the decision of the tribunal on other grounds which had been found against him this Court hold that he was not entitled to do so
The provision of the Code of Civil Procedure which permits the respondent to adopt such a course it was observed has no application to an appeal filed by special leave under article 136
We have no appeal before us on behalf of the respondent  observed Ghulam Hasan J  and we are unable to allow that question to be reagitated 
Mr Doabia challenges the correctness of these observations
He relies on section 116A of the Act which empowers the High Court to exercise its jurisdiction authority and power and to follow the same procedure as would apply to appeals preferred against original decrees passed by a civil court within the local limits of its civil appellate jurisdiction
There is no doubt that in an ordinary civil appeal the respondent would be entitled to support the decree under appeal on grounds other than those found by the trial court in his favour
Order 41 rule 22 of the Code of Civil Procedure which permits the respondent to file crossobjections recognize the respondent s right to support the decree on any of the grounds decided against him by the court below
In the present case no appeal 11955 1 SCR 509
1417 could have been preferred by respondent I because she had succeeded in obtaining the declaration that the appellant s election was void and it should therefore be open to her to support the final conclusion of the High Court by contending that the other finding recorded by the High Court which would go to the root of the matter is erroneous
Prima facie there appears to be some force in this contention but we do not think it necessary to decide this point in the present appeal
Mr Aggarwal s objection assumes that respondent I should have preferred a petition for special leave to appeal against the finding of the High Court on the issue in question if that be so the application made by her for leave to urge additional grounds can be converted into a petition for special leave to appeal against the said finding and the delay made in filing the same can be condoned
As in the case of the preliminary objection raised by respondent 1 against the appellant on the ground of limitation so in the case of the objection raised by the appellant against respondent I in this matter we would proceed on the basis that we have condoned the delay made by respondent 1 in preferring her petition to this Court for leave to challenge the finding of the High Court that the nomination form of Jai Bhagawan had been properly rejected
That is why we have allowed Mr Doabia to argue this point before us
We may add that the two points of law raised by the respective objections of both the parties may have to be considered by a larger Bench on a suitable occasion
On the merits Mr Doabia s case is that the returning officer was not justified in rejecting Jai Bhagawan s nomination under section 362b of the Act
The facts on which this contention is raised are no longer in dispute
Mr Jai Bhagawan who presented his nomination paper to the returning officer on January 29 1956 was admittedly not an elector in the constituency of Rajaund in the District of Karnal
It is alleged that he was a voter in another constituency
When his nomination paper was presented he did not produce a copy of the electoral roll of the said constituency or of the relevant part thereof or a certified copy of the 1418 relevant entries in the said roll nor did he produce any of these documents on the first of February which was fixed for scrutiny of the nomination papers
When the returning officer noticed that the candidate had not produced the relevant document he gave him at his request two hours time to produce it
The candidate failed to produce the document within the time allowed and thereupon the returning officer rejected his nomination paper tinder section 36 2b of the Act
It is true that the candidate subsequently purported to produce before the officer his affidavit that his name was entered as a voter in the list of voters No 1074 Constituency No 6 Karnal Baneket No 21 Vol 10 but the returning officer refused to consider the said affi davit because he had already rejected his nomination paper under section 362b
Thus the rejection of the nomination paper was the result of the candidate s failure to produce any of the prescribed documents before the returning officer
On these facts the question which arises for decision is whether the returning officer was justified in rejecting the nomination paper under section 362b
Section 33 of the Act deals with the presentation of nomination papers and prescribe  the requirements for valid nomination
It would be relevant to refer to sub sections
4 and 5 of this section
Sub section 4 provides that on the presentation of the nomination paper the returning officer shall satisfy himself that the names and electoral roll numbers of the candidate and his proposer as entered in the nomination paper are the same as those entered in the electoral roll
The proviso to this sub section requires the returning officer to permit clerical or technical errors to be corrected
Under this sub section it would have been open to Jai Bhagawan while presenting his nomination paper to produce one of the prescribed documents to show his electoral roll number on the roll of his constituency
However his failure to do so does not entail any penalty
Sub section 5 of section 33 deals with the stage of the scrutiny of the nomination papers and it provides that where a candidate is an elector of a different constituency a copy of the electoral 1419 roll of that constituency or the relevant part thereof or a certified copy of the relevant entry of such roll shall unless it is filed along with the nomination paper be produced before the returning officer at the time of the scrutiny
It is thus clear that when the stage of scrutiny is reached the returning officer has to be satisfied that the candidate is an elector of a different constituency and for that purpose the statute has provided the mode of proof Section 36 sub section
7 lays down that the certified copies which are required to be produced under section 33 5 shall be conclusive evidence of the fact that the person referred to in the relevant entry is an elector of that constituency
In other words the scheme of the Act appears to be that where a candidate is an elector of a different constituency he has to prove that fact in the manner prescribed and the production of the prescribed copy has to be taken as conclusive evidence of the said fact
This requirement had not been complied with by Jai Bhagawan and the returning officer thought that the said non compliance with the provisions of section 335 justified him in rejecting the nomination paper under section 362b of the Act
The question is whether this view of the returning officer is right
Section 36 of the Act deals with the scrutiny of nominations and the object of its provisions as shown by sub section
8 is to prepare a list of validly nominated candidates that is to say candidates whose nominations have been found valid and to affix it to the notice board of the returning officer
Sub section 1 of section 36 provides that on the date fixed for the scrutiny of nominations each candidate and one other person duly authorized may attend at such time and place as the returning officer may appoint and the returning officer is required to give them all reasonable facilities for examining the nomination papers of all candidates which have been duly delivered
Sub section 2 then deals with the scrutiny of the nomination papers and provides that the returning officer shall decide all objections which may be made to any nomination and may either on such objection or on his own motion after such summary enquiry if any as he thinks 1420 necessary reject any nomination on any of the grounds mentioned in cls
a b and c of the said sub section
It is obvious that this enquiry must be summary and cannot be elaborate or prolonged
In fact sub section
5 directs that the returning officer shall not allow any adjournment of the proceedings except when such proceedings are interrupted or obstructed by riots by open violence or by causes beyond hip control and the proviso to this sub section adds that in case an objection is made the candidate concerned may be allowed time to rebut it not later than the next day but one following the date fixed for scrutiny and the returning officer shall record his decision on the date to which the proceedings have been adjourned
Sub section 2 b deals with cases where there has been a failure to comply with any of the provisions of section 33 or section 34
There is no doubt that in the present case there was failure on the part of Jai Bhagawan to comply with section 335 and prima facie section 362b seems to justify the rejection of his nomination paper on that ground
Section 335 requires the candidate to supply the prescribed copy and section 362b provides that on his failure to comply with the said requirement his nomination paper is liable to be rejected
In other words this is a case where the statute requires the candidate to produce the prescribed evidence and provides a penalty for his failure to do so
In such a case it is difficult to appreciate the relevance or validity of the argument that the requirement of section 335 is not mandatory but is directory because the statute itself has made it clear that the failure to comply with the said requirement leads to the rejection of the nomination paper
Whenever the statute requires a parti cular act to be done in a particular manner and also lays down that failure to comply with the said requirement leads to a specific consequence it would be difficult to accept the argument that the failure to comply with the said requirement should lead to any other consequence
It is however urged that the statute itself makes a distinction between defects which are of a substantial character and those which are not of a substantial 1421 character
This argument is based upon the provisions of section 364 of the Act which provides that the returning officer shall not reject any nomination paper on the ground of any defect  which is not of a substantial character 
The failure to produce the requisite copy it is urged may amount to a defect but it is not a defect of a substantial character
We are not impressed by this argument
There is no doubt that the essential object of the scrutiny of nomination papers is that the returning officer should be satisfied that the candidate who is not an elector in the constituency in question is in fact an elector of a different constituency
The satisfaction of the returning officer is thus the matter of substance in these proceedings and if the statute provides the mode in which the returning officer has to be satisfied by the candidate it is that mode which the candidate must adopt
In the present case Jai Bhagawan failed to produce any of the copies prescribed and the returning officer was naturally not satisfied that jai Bhagawan was an elector of  a different constituency
If that in substance was the result of Jai Bhagawan s failure to produce the relevant copy the consequence prescribed by section 362b must inevitably follow
It is only if the returning officer had been satisfied that Jai Bhagawan was an elector of a different constituency that his nomination papers could have been accepted as valid
It is well settled that the statutory requirements of election law have to be strictly observed
As observed by Mahajan C J who delivered the judgment of this Court in Jagan Nath vs Jagwant Singh1  an election contest is not an action at law or a suit in equity but is a purely statutory proceeding unknown to the common law and that the court possesses no common law power 
The learned Chief Justice has also added that  it is a sound principle of natural justice that the success of a candidate who has won at an election should not be lightly interfered with and any petition seeking such interference must strictly conform to the requirements of the law In this connection we may usefully refer to another decision of this Court in Rattan Anmol 11954 SC R 892 895 896
1422 Singh vs Atma Ram 1
While dealing with the question as to whether the requirements as to attestation were of a technical or of an unsubstantial character Bose J observed that  when the law enjoins the obser vance of a particular formality it cannot be disregarded and the substance of the thing must be there 
We must therefore hold that the High Court was right in coming to the conclusion that the nomination paper of Jai Bhagawan had been validly rejected by the returning officer
Mr Doabia however contends that the view taken by the High Court is purely technical and does not take into account the substance of the matter
This approach it is said is inconsistent with the decision of this Court in Pratap Singh vs Shri Krishna Gupta 1
It is true that in this case Bose J has disapproved of the tendency of the courts towards technicalities and has observed that  it is the substance that counts and must take precedence over mere form 
But in order to appreciate the scope and effect of these observations it would be necessary to bear in mind the relevant facts and the nature of the point raised before the court for decision in this case
The question raised was whether the failure of the candidate to mention his occupation as required by r 91i rendered his nomination paper invalid and it was answered by the court in the negative
The question arose under the provisions of the C P and Berar Municipalities Act 11 of 1922
It is significant that the decision of this Court rested principally on the provisions of section 23 of the said Act according to which  Anything done or any proceedings taken under this Act shall not be questioned on account of any  defect or irregularity in affecting the merits of the case 
It was held by this Court that reading r 91 iii c which directed the supervising officer to examine nomination papers in the light of section 23 the court had to see whether the omission to set out a candidate s occupation can be said to affect the merits of the case and on that point there was no doubt that the said failure could not possibly affect the merits of the case
The High Court had however taken a 1   488
2 AIR 1956 SC 140141
1423 contrary view and it was in reversing this view that Bose J disapproved the purely technical approach adopted by the High Court
Where however the statute requires specific facts to be proved in a specific way and it also provides for the consequence of non P compliance with the said requirement it would be difficult to resist the application of the penalty clause on the ground that such an application is based on a technical approach
Indeed it was precisely this approach which was adopted by this Court in the case of Rattan Anmol Singh vs Atma Ram 1
Mr Doabia has also relied upon a decision of the Andhra High Court in Mohan Reddy vs Neelagiri Muralidhar Rao 2 in support of his argument that the failure to produce the prescribed copy cannot justify the rejection of the nomination paper
In our opinion this decision does not assist Mr Doabia s contention
In this case it was urged before the High Court that the document produced by the party was riot a certified copy as required by section 33 5 of the Act
This argument was based on the assumption that the certified copy mentioned in section 335 of the Act must satisfy the test prescribed by section 76 of the Indian Evidence Act
The High Court rejected this argument for two reasons
It held that the certified copy mentioned ins
335 need not necessarily satisfy the test prescribed by section 76 of the Indian Evidence Act
Alternatively it held on a consideration of the relevant statutory provisions that the document in question was in fact and in law a certified copy under section 76 of the Indian Evidence Act
These points do not arise for our decision in the present appeal
Mr Doabia however relies on certain observations made in the judgment of the nigh Court and it may be conceded that these observations seem to suggest that according to the High Court the provisions of sections 335 and 367 do not preclude proof by other means of the fact that the name of the candidate is on the relevant electoral roll
These observations are clearly obiter
Even so we 1   483
2 AIR 1958 Andhra Pradesh 485
181 1424 would like to add that they do not correctly represent the effect of the relevant provisions of the Act
The result is the appeal is allowed the order passed by the High Court is set aside and the election petition filed by respondent 1 is dismissed with costs throughout
Appeal allowed


Summary:
Respondent No 2 a scheduled caste filed a case for restoration of lands sold to respondent Nos 1 3 and 4 non scheduled castes on the ground that the sale was in viola tion of section 22 of the Orissa Land Reforms Act 1960 as the requisite permission of the Revenue Officer was not obtained
In the sale deed the transferor Respondent was described as Rajaka  while in the caste certificate he was mentioned as  Dhoba 
The Revenue Officer rejected the ease
Respondent No 2 filed an appeal which was allowed by the Additional District Magistrate
Against the order of Additional District Magistrate a revision was preferred by respondent No 1 which was dismissed by the Special Officer Land Reforms by holding that merely because the word Raja ka  does not find mention in the Scheduled Caste Order 1950 does not exclude it from the purview of such an order
In the connected appeal respondent No 5 filed a case for restoration of land sold to respondent No 1 which was allowed by the Revenue Officer
The appeal filed by respond ent No 1 was dismissed by the Additional District Magis trate
A Revision preferred by Respondent No 1 was also dismissed by the Special Officer Land Reforms
Respondent No 1 filed writ petitions in the High Court which quashed the orders made by the Special Officer hold ing that the Revenue Authorities committed a serious error of law in holding that 89 Rajaka  caste was included within the notified castecommu nity of Dhoba 
In these appeals it was contended on behalf of transfer ee respondents that the Caste Rajaka  mentioned in the sale deeds cannot be taken to be synonym of caste Dhoba  men tioned in Item 26 of the List in Scheduled Castes Order 1950
Allowing the appeals this Court HELD 1
Though the respondent Nos 2 and 5 ie the transferors mentioned in the deeds of transfer their caste as Rajaka  there is no such caste mentioned in the Consti tution Scheduled Castes Order 1950
In such circum stances it is necessary and also incumbent on the Court to consider as to what caste they belong to
96B B Basavalingappa vs D Munichinnappa 1965 1 SCR 316 followed
2 Rajaka  is the literal synonym for the word Dhoba  and according to the Purna Chandra Oriya Bhasakosh a which is a recognised authority the definition of Dhoba  is Rajaka washerman
Therefore the submission that the caste Rajaka  is different from caste Dhoba  is not at all sustainable
96A 3
In the record of rights as well as the various cer tificates issued by the revenue authorities and the local MLAs the transferors have been described as belonging to Dhoba  community
The irresistible conclusion that follows is that the respondent transferors belong to Dhoba  caste which is one of the Scheduled Caste in the State of Orissa
96H 97A 31 Therefore the transfers made by respondent Nos 2 and 5 in favour of respondent No 1 who admittedly belongs to Brahmin caste are hit by the provisions of Section 22 of the Orissa Land Reforms Act 1960 in as much as the previous permission in writing of the Revenue Officer had not been obtained to the alleged transfers
95C The transferee respondents directed to restore the lands in question to the possession of the transferor respondents forthwith 97C