N Criminal Appeal No 516 of 1983
Appeal by Special leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 4th November 1980 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Criminal Revision No 652 of 1980
VM Tarkunde PH Parekh and Ms Pinki Mishra for the Appellant
Harbans Lal and ND Garg for the Respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 178 DESAI J
 Appellant Shri Vishwa Mitter a dealer in beedies and cigarettes as also the constituted attorney of Ms Mangalore Ganesh Beedies Works Mysore filed a complaint in the Court of Sub Divisional Magistrate Ist Class Pathankot on December 6 1977 complaining of commission of offences by the four respondents impleaded as accused under Sections 78 and 79 of the  Act  for short and Sec
420 IPC
It was alleged in the complaint that the principals of the complainant Ms Mangalore Ganesh Beedies Works Mysore are the registered owners of four trade marks in respect of beedies manufactured by them
The name under which beedies manufactured by the principals of the complainant are sold in the market is Mangalore Ganesh Beedies  having a registered trade mark in the wrapper being pink colour wrapper containing the motif of Lord Ganesha and the numeral 501 
One additional registered trade mark used by the manufacturers of the beedies is the Ganesh Beedies  wrapped in a wrapper as mentioned above and bearing a multy colour seal label containing the numeral 501  at its centre
The owners of the registered trade mark came to know that respondent No 4 Ms Shri Ganesh Beedi Works Chakradhapur Bihar were guilty of infringing the trade mark by using a wrapper and seal label identical with or deceptively similar to the registered trade mark and the principals of the complainant filed a suit complaining of infringement and passing off against the 4th respondent
There was a prayer for perpetual injunction in the suit
The suit ended in a decree in favour of the owners of the registered trade mark
Somewhere in August 1977 the complainant who is a dealer in the beedies manufactured by the owners of the registered trade mark came to know that the 4th respondent was selling beedies of inferior quality after wrapping them in a wrapper and using the trade mark deceptively similar to that of the registered trade mark
A complaint thereupon was filed which led to the seizure of some goods
Subsequently the complainant came to know that the 4th respondent in league with the 2nd and 3rd respondents were storing for sale and selling beedies of inferior quality wrapped in deceptively similar wrapper and were thereby infringing the registered trade mark despite the injunction of the Court
It was alleged that respondents Nos
1 to 3 knowing of the registered trade mark in favour of the principals of the complainant were storing for sale and selling beedies of inferior quality manufactured by the 4th respondent and wrapped in wrappers falsifying the registered trade mark and thereby it was alleged that respondents committed offences under Sections 78 and 79 of the and Sec
420 of the IPC 179 On this complaint being filed after a preliminary enquiry the learned Magistrate directed process to be issued to the accused
The accused moved revision petition in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh with a request to quash the proceedings
The learned Single Judge of the High Court accepted the revision petition on the narrow ground that the order issuing the process is not a speaking order and directed the learned Magistrate to consider the question of issuing process afresh
When the matter came back to the learned Magistrate he after hearing the parties held that no case was made out for issuing the process and proceeded to dismiss the complaint
The reasons which impelled the learned Magistrate to reach the aforementioned conclusion may better be extracted in his own words That complainant who has filed the present complaint is not the Holder of the Trade Marks which is said to have been impugned by the accused in collaboration with each other
He is only a sub dealer of Ms Mangalore Ganesh Beedies Works Vinoba Road Mysore and there must be hundred and thousand dealers of this firm like him
It is only Ms Mangalore Ganesh Beedies Works who are holders of the Trade Mark and it is only they who are competent to file the complaint against the accused
The complainant has got no any cause of action because the trade mark which is impugned by the accused does not belong to him but belongs to Ms Ganesh Beedies Works Mysore Karnataka State
As no trade mark of the complainant has been violated by the accused as he is only a sub dealer and not holding any trade mark
I find no reason absolutely to issue the process and the complaint is hereby dismissed
 The complainant moved the High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Revision Petition No 652 of 1980 which was dismissed in limine
Hence this appeal by special leave
The reasons which appealed to the learned Magistrate to come to the conclusion that the complaint filed by the complainant cannot be entertained because he is not registered owner of the trade mark is clearly erroneous Sec
4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 provides for trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and other laws
Sub 180 Sec
1 of Sec
4 deals with offences under the Indian Penal Code
Sub sec
2 of Sec 4 provides that all offences under any other law other than offences under the Indian Penal Code shall be investigated inquired into tried and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating inquiring into trying or otherwise dealing with such offences
Fasciculus of sections included in Chapter XIV of the Criminal Procedure Code set out conditions requisite for initiation of proceedings
190 provides for cognizance of offences by Magistrates which inter alia provides that subject to the provisions of Chapter XIV an Magistrate of the first class and any Magistrate of the second class specially empowered in this behalf under sub section 2 may take cognizance of any offence a upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence Sec 190 thus confers power on any Magistrate to take cognizance of any offence upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence
It does not speak of any particular qualification for the complainant
Generally speaking anyone can put the criminal law in motion unless there is a specific provision to the contrary
This is specifically indicated by the provision of sub sec
2 of Sec 4 which provides that all offences under any other law meaning thereby law other than the Indian Penal Code shall be investigated inquired into tried and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions in the Code of Criminal Procedure but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating inquiring into trying or otherwise dealing with such offences
It would follow as a necessary corollary that unless in any statute other than the Code of Criminal Procedure which prescribes an offence and simultaneously specifies the manner or place of investigating inquiring into trying or otherwise dealing with such offences the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply in respect of such offences and they shall be investigated inquired into tried and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure
One such provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure in Sec 190 which empowers any Magistrate of the class specified therein to take cognizance of any offence upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitutes such offence
If after taking cognizance of an offence it is permissible under Sec 192 such Magistrate may make over the case to other Magistrate therein specified
Therefore from a combined reading of Sec
42 with Sec 190 of the Code of Criminal 181 Procedure it transpires that upon a complaint filed by a person setting out facts therein which constitutes the offence before a Magistrate specified in Sec
190 the Magistrate will be competent to take cognizance of the offence irrespective of the qualifications or eligibility of the complainant to file the complaint
It must however be conceded that where a provision to the contrary is made in any statute which may indicate the qualification or eligibility of a complainant to file the complaint the Magistrate before taking cognizance is entitled and has power to inquire whether the complainant satisfies the eligibility criteria
One illustration would indicate what can be a provision to the contrary as contemplated by sub sec
2 of Sec 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
1951 provides that no Court shall take cognizance of any offence set out therein except on the complaint in writing of the public servant concerned or of some other public servant to whom he is administratively subordinate
Similarly sub sec
2 of Sec 195 provides that no Court shall take cognizance of any of the offences specified therein except on the complaint in writing to that Court or to some other Court to which that Court is subordinate
198 provides that no Court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under Chapter XX of the Indian Penal Code except upon a complaint made by some person aggrieved by the offence
199 provides that no Court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under Chapter XXI of the Indian Penal Code except upon a complaint made by some person aggrieved by the offence
Sec 20 of the provides that no prosecution for an offence under the  not being an offence under Section 14 or Section 14 A shall be instituted except by or with the written consent of the Central Government or the State Government or a person authorised in this behalf by general or special order by the Central Government or the State Government
Section 621 of the provides that no Court shall take cognizance of any offence against the other than an offence with respect to which proceedings are instituted under section 545 which is alleged to have been committed by any company or any officer thereof except on the complaint in writing of the Registrar or of a shareholder of the company or of a person authorised by the Central Government in that behalf
It is not necessary to multiply the illustration
It is thus crystal clear that anyone can set the criminal law in motion by filing a complaint of facts constituting an offence before 182 a Magistrate entitled to take cognizance under Sec 190 and unless any statutory provision prescribes any special qualification or eligibility criteria for putting the criminal law in motion no Court can decline to take cognizance on the sole ground that the complainant was not competent to file the complaint
190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure clearly indicates that the qualification of the complainant to file a complaint is not relevant
But where any special statute prescribes offences and makes any special provision for taking cognizance of such offences under the statute the complainant requesting the Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence must satisfy the eligibility criterion prescribed by the statute
Even with regard to offences under the Indian Penal Code ordinarily anyone can set the criminal law in motion but the various provisions in Chapter XIV prescribe the qualification of the complainant which would enable him or her to file a complaint in respect of specified offences and no Court can take cognizance of such offence unless the complainant satisfies the eligibility criterion but in the absence of any such specification no Court can throw out the complaint or decline to take the cognizance on the sole ground that the complainant was not competent to file the complaint
Section 89 of the provides that no Court shall take cognizance of an offence under Section 81 Section 82 or Section 83 except on a complaint in writing made by the Registrar or any officer authorised by him in writing
This provision manifests the legislative intention that in respect of the three specified offences punishable under Sections 81 82 and 83 the Registrar alone is competent to file the complaint
This would simultaneously show that in respect of other offences under the  the provision contained in Sec 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure read with sub sec
2 of Sec 4 would permit anyone to file the complaint
The indication to the contrary as envisaged by sub sec
2 of Sec 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is to be found in Sec 89 and that section does not prescribe any particular eligibility criterion or qualification for filing a complaint for contravention of Sections 78 and 79 of the 
Therefore the learned Magistrate was in error in rejecting the complaint on the sole ground that the complainant was not entitled to file the complaint
Even otherwise in the absence of a specific qualification if the person complaining has a subsisting interest in the protection of the registered trade mark his complaint cannot be rejected on the 183 ground that he had no cause of action nor sufficient subsisting interest to file the complaint
Ms Mangalore Ganesh Beedies Works a partnership firm is the registered owner of trade marks falsification and infringement of which is complained by the present complainant who is not only a dealer in these beedies manufactured and sold by the registered owner of the trade marks but he is also the constituted attorney of the owners of the registered trade mark
To say that the owner of the registered trade mark can alone file the complaint is contrary to the provisions of the statute and commonsense and reason
Therefore the order of the learned Magistrate dismissing the complaint at the threshold on the ground that the present appellant has no cause of action to file the complaint is utterly unsustainable and must be quashed and set aside
Surprisingly the High Court dismissed the revision petition of the complainant in limine which order is equally unsustainable and must be set aside
This appeal is accordingly allowed and order of the learned Magistrate dismissing the complaint and refusing to issue process dated February 20 1980 and the order of the High Court rejecting the revision petition in limine dated November 4 1980 are set aside and the matter is remanded to the learned Magistrate to proceed further according to law in the light of the observations made in this judgment
HLC Appeal allowed


Summary:
The appellant in his capacity as a dealer of beedies and as the constituted attorney of the firm manufacturing a particular brand of beedies filed a complaint alleging commission of offences by the respondents under sections 78 and 79 of the and section 420 IPC The Magistrate after a preliminary inquiry directed issue of process to the respondents but the same was quashed in revision by the High Court on a technical ground and the Magistrate was directed to consider the question of issue of process afresh
The Magistrate re heard the matter and dismissed the complaint on the ground that the appellant was not competent to file the complaint against the respondents as he was not the registered owner of the trade mark in question
The appellant approached this Court after the revision petition filed by him was dismissed in limine by the High Court
Allowing the appeal HELD Anyone can set the criminal law in motion by filing a complaint of facts constituting an offence before a Magistrate entitled to take cognizance under section 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and unless any statutory provision prescribes any special qualification or eligibility criteria for putting the criminal law in motion no court can decline to take cognizance on the sole ground that the complainant was not competent to file the complaint
Section 190 of the Code clearly indicates that the qualification of the complainant to file a complaint is not relevant
181 H 182 A B b Section 4 Cr
PC provides for trial of offences under the Penal Code and other laws
Sub section
1 of section 4 deals with offences under the Penal Code
Sub section
2 of section 4 provides that all offences under any other law shall be investigated inquired into tried and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating inquiring into trying or otherwise dealing with such offences
From a combined reading of section 42 with section 190 it transpires that upon a complaint being filed by a person setting out 177 facts therein which constitute the offence before a Magistrate specified in section 190 the Magistrate will be competent to take cognizance of the offence irrespective of the qualifications or eligibility of the complainant to file the complaint
179 H 180 A B H 181 A c Section 89 of the provides that no court shall take cognizance of an offence under section 81 82 or 83 except on a complaint in writing made by the Registrar or any officer authorised by him in writing
This provision manifests the legislative intention that in respect of the three specified offences punishable under sections 81 82 and 83 the Registrar alone is competent to file the complaint
This would show that in respect of other offences under the Act the provision contained in section 190 Cr
PC read with sub section
2 of section 4 thereof would permit anyone to file the complaint
The indication to the contrary as envisaged by sub section
2 of section 4 is to be found in section 89 of the Act and that section does not prescribe any particular eligibility criterion or qualification for filing a complaint for contravention of sections 78 and 79 of the Act
182 E G d Even otherwise in the absence of a specific qualification if the person complaining has a subsisting interest in the protection of the registered trademark his complaint cannot be rejected on the ground that he had no cause of action or sufficient subsisting interest to file the complaint
In the instant case the appellant who was the complainant was not only a dealer in the beedies manufactured and sold by the registered owner of the trade mark but also its constituted attorney
182 H 183 A B e Even with regard to offences under the Penal Code ordinarily anyone can set the criminal law in motion but the various provisions in Chapter XIV Cr
PC prescribes the qualification of the complainant which would enable him or her to file a complaint in respect of specified offences and no court can take cognizance of such offence unless the complainant satisfies the eligibility criterion but in the absence of any such specification no court can throw out the complaint or decline to take cognizance on the sole ground that the complainant was not competent to file the complaint
182 C D