Appeals Nos 21 to 23 46 47 125 and 274 of 1969
Appeals from the judgment and orders dated April 10 1968 of the Madras High Court in Writ Petitions Nos
387 of 1968 etc
section V Gupte G Ramanujam and A V Rangam for the appel lants in CAs
21 to 23 of 1969 and the respondent in CAs
Nos 46 47 125 and 274 of 1969
V K T Chari T N C Rangarajan and D N Gupta for the appellants in CAs
Nos 46 and 47 of 1969 and the respondents in CAs
Nos 21 and 23 of 1969
V K T Chari A R Ramanathan T N C Rangarajan and R Gopalakrishnan for the appellant in CA No 125 of 1969
K C Rajappa section Balakrishnan and section Laxminarasu for the appellant in CA No 274 of 1969
K C Rajappa section Balakrishnan section Laxminarasu and N M Ghatate for the respondents in CA No 22 of 1969
The Judgment of the court was delivered by Ramaswami J
In these appeals which have been heard together a common question of law arises for determination namely whether the Madras Urban Land Tax Act 1966 12 of 1966 is constitutionally valid
In 1963 the Madras Legislature enacted the Madras Urban Land Tax Act 1963 which came into force in the city of Madras on the 1st of July 1963
In the Statement of Object and Reasons of the 1963 Act it was stated that the Taxation Enquiry 271 Commission and the Planning Commission were suggesting the need for imposing a suitable levy on lands put to non agricultural use in urban areas
The State Government after examining the report of the Special Officer decided to levy a tax on urban land on the basis of market value of the land at the rate of 04 on such market value
Section 3 of the Act of 1963 which win be referred to as the old Act provided that there shall be levied and collected for every fasli year commencing from the date of the commencement of the Act a tax on urban land from every owner of urban land at the rate of 04 of the average market value of the urban land in a sub zone as determined under subsection 2 of section 6
Section 7 provided for the determination of the highest and lowest market value in a zone
For determining the average market value the Assistant Commissioner shall have regard to any matters specified in clauses a to e of sub section 2 of section 6 namely a the locality in which the urban land is situated b the predominant use to which the urban land is put that is to say industrial commercial or residential c accessibility or proximity to market dispensary hospital railway station educational institution or Government offices d availability of civil amenities like water supply drainage and lighting and e such other matters as may be prescribed
The constitutional validity of Act 34 of 1963 was challenged and in Buckingham  Carnatic Co Ltd vs State of Madras1 a Division Bench of the Madras High Court held that the im pugned Act fell under Entry 49 List 11 of Schedule VII to the Constitution and was within the legislative competence of the State Legislature
But the Act was struck down on the ground that article 14 of the Constitution was violated because the charging section of the Act levied the tax on urban land not on the market value of such urban land but on the average value of the lands in the locality known as a sub zone
The new Act Act 12 of 1966 was passed by the State Legislature after the decision of the Madras High Court
In the new Act provisions relating to fixation of average market value in the sub zone were omitted
Instead section 5 of the new Act provides that there shall be levied and collected from every year commencing from the date of the commencement of the Act a tax on each urban land from the owner of such urban land at the rate of 04 of the market 11966 II MLJ 172
272 value of such urban land
Section 210 defines owner as follows Owner includes i any person including a mortgagee in possession for the time being receiving or entitled to receive whether on his own account or as agent trustee guardian manager or receiver for another person or for any religious or charitable purposes the rent or profits of the urban land or of the building constructed on the urban land in respect of which the word is used ii any person who is entitled to the kudiwaram in respect of any inam land but does not include a a shrotriemdar or b any person who is entitled to the melwaram in respect of any inam land but in respect of which land any other person is entitled to the kudiwaram
Explanation
For the purposes of clause 9 and clause 10 inam land includes lakhiraj tenures of land and shrotriam land
Section 213 defines land  to mean any land which is used or is capable of being used as a building site and includes garden or grounds if any appurtenant to a building but does not include any land which is registered as wet in the revenue accounts of the Government and used for the cultivation of wet crops
 Section 6 states For the purposes of this Act the market value of any urban land shall be estimated to be the price which in the opinion of the Assistant Commissioner or the Tribunal as the case may be such urban land would have fetched or fetch if sold in the open market on the date of the commencement of this Act
Section 7 provides for the submission of returns by the owner of urban land and reads Every owner of urban land liable to pay urban land tax under this Act shall within a period of one month from the date of the publication of the Madras Urban Land Tax Ordinance 1966 Madras Ordinance 273 III of 1966 in the Fort St George Gazette furnish to the Assistant Commissioner having jurisdiction a return in respect of each urban land containing the following particulars namely  a name of the owner of the urban land b the extent of the urban land c the name of the division or ward and the street survey number and subdivision number of the land and other particulars of such urban land d the amount which in the opinion of the owner is the market value of the urban land
 Section 1 0 deals with the procedure for the determination of the market value by the Assistant Commissioner and states  1 Where a return is furnished under section 7 the Assistant Commissioner shall examine the return and made such enquiry as he deems fit
If the Assistant Commissioner is satisfied that the particulars mentioned therein are correct and complete he shall by order in writing determine the market value of the urban land and the amount of urban land tax payable in respect of such urban land
2 a Where no examination of the return and after the enquiry the Assistant Commissioner is not satisfied that the particulars mentioned therein are correct and complete he shall serve a notice on the owner either to attend in person or at his office on a date to be specified in the notice or to produce or cause to be produced on that date any evidence on which the owner may rely in support of his return
b The Assistant Commissioner after hearing such evidence as the owner may produce in pursuance of the notice under clause a and such other evidence as the Assistant Commissioner may require on any specified points shall by order in writing determine the market value of the urban land and the amount of urban land tax payable in respect of such urban land
c Where the owner has failed to attend or produce evidence in pursuance of the notice under clause a the Assistant Commissioner shall on the basis of the enquiry made under clause a by order in writing determin e the market value of the urban land and the amoun t of urban land tax payable in respect of such urban land
 274 Section 11 enacts  1 Where the owner of urban land has failed to furnish the return under section 7 and the Assistant Commissioner has obtained the necessary information under section 9 he shall serve a notice on the owner in respect of each urban land specifying therein a the extent of the urban land b the amount which in the opinion of the Assistant Commissioner is the correct market value of the urban land and direct him either to attend in person at his office on a date to be specified in the notice or to produce or cause to be produced on that date any evidence on which the owner may rely
2 After hearing such evidence as the owner may produce and such other evidence as the Assistant Com missioner may require on any specified points the Assistant Commissioner shall by order in writing determine the market value of the urban land and the amount of urban land tax payable in respect of such urban land
3 Where the owner has failed to attend or to produce evidence in pursuance of the notice under subsection 1 the Assistant Commissioner shall on the basis of the information obtained by him under section 9 by order in writing determine the market value of the urban land and the amount of the urban land tax payable in respect of such urban land
 Section 20 provides for an appeal to the Tribunal from the orders of the Assistant Commissioner  1 a Any assessee objecting to any order passed by the Assistant Commissioner under section 10 or 11 may appeal to the Tribunal within thirty days from the date of the receipt of the copy of the order
b Any person denying his liability to be assessed under this Act may appeal to the Tribunal within thirty days from the date of the receipt of the notice 1 of demand relating to the assessment 
Provided that no appeal shall lie under clause a or clause b of this sub section unless the urban land tax has been paid before the appeal is filed
275 2 The Commissioner may if he objects to any order passed by the Assistant Commissioner under section 10 or 11 direct the Urban Land Tax Officer concerned to appeal to the Tribunal against such order and such appeal may be filed within sixty days from the date of the receipt of the copy of the order by the Commissioner
3 The Tribunal may admit an appeal after the expiry of the period referred to in clause a or clause b of sub section 1 or in sub section 2 as the case may be if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not presenting it within that period
4 An appeal to the Tribunal under this section shall be in the prescribed form and shall be verified in the prescribed manner and shall be accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed
5 The Tribunal may after giving both parties to the appeal an opportunity of being heard pass such orders thereon as it thinks fit and shall communicate any such orders to the assessee and to the Commissioner in such manner as may be prescribed Section 30 confers power of revision in the Board of Revenue and is to the following effect  1 The Board of Revenue may either on its own motion or on application made by the assessee in this behalf call for and examine the records of any proceeding under this Act not being a proceeding in respect of which an appeal lies to the Tribunal under section 20 to satisfy itself as to the regularity of such proceeding or the correctness legality or propriety of any decision or order passed therein and if in any case it appears to the Board of Revenue that any such decision or order should be modified annulled reversed or remitted for reconsideration it may pass orders accordingly  Provided that the Board of Revenue shall not pass any order under this subsection in any case where the decision or order is sought to be revised by the Board of Revenue on its own motion if such decision or order had been made more than three years previously  Provided further that the Board of Revenue shall not pass any order under this section prejudicial to any 276 party unless he has had a reasonable opportunity of making his representations
 Section 33 states  1 The Tribunal the Board of Revenue the Commissioner the Assistant Commissioner or the Urban Land Tax Officer or any other officer empowered under this Act shall for the purposes of this Act have the same powers as are vested in a Court under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 Central Act V of 1908 when trying a suit in respect of the following matters namely  a enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath b requiring the discovery and production of documents c receiving evidence on affidavit d issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and any proceeding before the Tribunal the Board of Revenue the Commissioner the Assistant Commissioner the Urban Land Tax Officer or any other officer empowered under this Act shall be deemed to be a judicial proceeding within the meaning of sections 193 and 228 and for the purposes of section 196 of the Indian Penal Code Central Act XLV of 1860
2 In any case in which an order of assessment is passed ex parte under this Act the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 Central Act V of 1908 shall apply in relation to such order as it applies in relation to a decree passed ex parte by a Court
 The validity of the new Act was challenged in a group of writ petitions before the Madras High Court on various constitutional grounds
By a common judgment dated the 10th April 1968 a Full Bench of five Judges overruled all the contentions of the petitioners with regard to the legislative competence of the Madras Legislature to enact the new Act
However the Full Bench by a majority of 4 to 1 struck down section 6 of the new Act as being violative of articles 14 191f of the Constitution
The State of Madras and other respondents to the writ petitions hereinafter called the respondents for the sake of convenience filed appeals 277 Nos
21 to 23 of 1969 under a certificate granted by the High Court under articles 132 and 1 3 3 I a b and c of the Constitution
The writ petitioners hereinafter called the petitioners have filed CAs Nos 46 47 125 and 274 of 1969 against the same judgment on a certificate granted by the High Court under article 132 of the Constitution
The first question to be considered in these appeals is whether the Madras Legislature was competent to enact the legislation under Entry 49 of List 11 of Schedule VII of the Constitution which reads  Taxes on lands and buildings
It was argued on behalf of the petitioners that the impugned Act fell under Schedule VII List 1 Entry 86 that is Taxes on the capital value of the assets exclusive of agricultural land of individuals and companies taxes on the capital of companies
 The argument of Mr V K T Chari may be summarised as follows  The impugned Act was both in form and substance taxation of capital and was hence beyond the competence of the State Legislature
To tax on the basis of capital or principal value of assets was permissible to Parliament under List 1 Entries 86 and 87 and to State under Entry 48 of List II
Taxation of capital was the appropriate method provided for effecting the directive principle under article 39 of the Constitution namely to prevent concentration of wealth
Article 3669 contains a definition of estate duty  with reference to the principal value
Entry 86 of List I Taxes on capital value of assets exclusive of agricultural land and Entry 88 Duties in respect of succession to such property form a group of entries the scheme of which is to carry out the directive principle of article 39c
The Constitution indicated that capital value or principal value shall be the basis of taxation under these entries and therefore the method of taxation of capital or principal value was prohibited even to Parliament in respect of other taxes and to the States except in respect of Estate Duty on agricultural land
Such in effect is the
argument of Mr V K T Chari
But in our opinion there is no warrant for the assumption that entries 86 88 of List I and Entry 48 of List II form a special group embodying any particular scheme
The directive principle embodied in article 39c applies both to Parliament and to the State Legislature and it is difficult to conceive how entries 86 to 88 of List I would exclude any power of the State Legislature to implement the same principle
The legislative entries must be given a large and liberal interpretation the reason being that the allocation of the subjects to the lists is not by way of scientific or logical definition but by way of a mere sixplex enumeratio of broad categories
We see no reason therefore for holding that the entries 86 and 87 of List I preclude the State Legislature from taxing capital value of lands and buildings under 13SupCI69 4 278 Entry 49 of List II
In our opinion there is no conflict between Entry 86 of List I and Entry 49 of List 11
The basis of taxation under the two entries is quite distinct
As regards Entry 86 of List I the basis of the taxation is the capital value of the asset
It is not a tax directly on the capital value of assets of individuals and companies on the valuation date
The tax is not imposed on the components of the assets of the assessee
The tax under Entry 86 proceeds on the principle of aggregation and is imposed on the totality of the value of all the assets
It is imposed on the total assets which the assessee owns and in determining the net wealth not only the encumbrances specifically charged against any item of asset but the general liability of the assessee to pay his debts and to discharge his lawful obligations have to be taken into account
In certain exceptional cases where a person owes no debts and is under no enforceable obligation to discharge any liability out of his assets it may be possible to break up the tax which is leviable on the total assets into components and attribute a component to lands and buildings owned by an assessee
In such a case the component out of the total fax attributable Lo lands and buildings may in the matter of computation bear similarity to a tax on lands and buildings levied on the capital or annual value under Entry 49 List II
But in a normal case a tax on capital value of assets bears no definable relation to lands and buildings which may or may not form a component of the total assets of the assessee
But Entry 49 of List II contem plates a levy of tax on lands and buildings or both as units
It is not concerned with the division cf interest or ownership in the units of lands or buildings which are brought to tax
Tax on lands and buildings is directly imposed on lands and buildings and bears a definite relation to it
Tax on the capital value of assets bears no definable relation to lands and buildings which may form a component of the total assets of the assessee
By legislation in exercise of power under Entry 86 List I tax is contemplated to be levied on the value of the assets
For the purpose of levying tax under Entry 49 List 11 the State Legislature may adopt for determining the incidence of tax the annual or the capital value of the lands and buildings
But the adoption of the annual or capital value of lands and buildings for determining tax liability will not make the fields of legislation under the two entries overlapping
The two taxes are entirely different in their basic concept and fall on different subject  matters
In Ralla Ram vs Province of East Punjab1 the Federal Court held that the tax levied by section 3 of the Punjab Urban 1 279 Immoveable Property Tax Act 17 of 1940 on buildings and lands situated in a specified area at such rate not exceeding twenty per cent
of the annual value of such buildings and lands as the Provincial Government may by notification in the official Gazette direct in respect of each such rating area was not a tax on income but was a tax on lands and buildings within the meaning of Item No 42 of List 11 of the Seventh Schedule of the Government of India Act 1935
In that case it was contended that under the provisions of the Punjab Act the basis of the tax was the annual value of the buildings and since the same basis was used in the Income tax Act for determining the income from property and generally speaking the annual value is the fairest standard for measuring income and in many cases is indistinguishable from it the tax levied by the impugned Act was in substance a tax on income
The Court pointed out that the annual value is not necessarily actual income but is only a standard by which income may be measured and merely because the Income tax Act had adopted the annual value as the standard for determining the income it did not follow that if the same standard is employed as a measure for any other tax that latter tax becomes also a tax on income
It was held by the Court that in substance the property tax levied by section 3 Punjab Urban Immoveable Property Tax Act 1940 fell within item 42 of the Provincial List and was not a tax on income falling within item 54 of the Federal List although the basis of the tax was the annual value of the building
The same view has been expressed by this Court in Sudhir Chandra Nawn vs Wealth Tax Officer1 wherein it was held that the power to levy tax on lands and buildings under Entry 49 of List II did not trench upon the power conferred on Parliament by Entry 88 of List I and therefore the enactment of the Wealth Tax Act by Parliament was riot ultra vires
The problem in this case is the problem of characterisation of the law or classification of the law
In other words the question must be asked  what is the subject matter of the legislation in its pith and substance or in its true nature and character for the purpose of determining whether it is legislation with respect to Entry 47 of List 11 or Entry 86 of List 1
In Gallahagher vs Lynn 2  the principle is stated as follows  It is well established that you are to look at the true nature and character of the legislation the pith and substance of the legislation
If on the view of the statute as a whole you find that the substance of the legislation 1  2 1937 C 853 870 280 is within the express powers then it is not invalidated if incidentally it affects matters which are outside the authorized field
The legislation must not under the guise of dealing with one matter in fact encroach upon the forbidden field
Nor are you to look only at the object of the legislator
An Act may have a perfectly lawful object eg to promote the health of the inhabitants but may seek to achieve that object by invalid methods eg direct prohibition of any trade with a foreign country
In other words you may  certainly consider the clauses of an Act to see whether they are passed in respect of  the forbidden subject
 In the case of Subrahmanyan Chettiar vs Muttuswami Goundan1 Sir Maurice Gwyer CJ said  It must inevitably happen from time to time that legislation though purporting to deal with a subject in one list touches also on a subject in another list and the different provisions of the enactment may be so closely intertwined that blind adherence to a strictly verbal interpretation would result in a large number of statutes being declared invalid because the Legislature enacting them may appear to have legislated in a forbidden sphere
Hence the rule which has been evolved by the Judicial Committee whereby the impugned statute is examined to ascertain its pith and substance  or its true nature and character  for the purpose of determining whether it is legislation with respect to matters in this list or in that  Citizens Insurance Company of Canada vs Parsons Russell vs The Queen3 Union Colliery Co of British Columbia vs Bryden4 Att
Gen for Canada vs Att
Gen for British Columbia5 Board of Trustees of Lethbridge Irrigation District vs Independent Order of Foresters6
In my opinion this rule of interpretation is equally applicable to the Indian Constitution Act
 For the reasons already expressed we hold that in pith and substance the new Act in imposing a tax on urban land at a percentage of the market value is entirely within the ambit of Entry 49 of List II and within the competence of the State Legislature and does not in any way trench upon the field of legislation of Entry 86 of List I 1 194O FCR 188 at 201
2 1881 7 AC 96
3 1882 7 5 301 AC III
6 281 It was then said that as Entry 49 of List 11 provides for taxes on lands and buildings the impugned Act which imposes tax on lands alone cannot be held to fall under that entry
It was submitted that when the Legislature taxed land deliberately the legislation fell under List 11 of Entry 45 ie land revenue including the assessment and collection of revenue the maintenance of land records survey for revenue purposes and records of rights and alienation of revenues   and not under Entry 49 of that List
The legislative history of Entry 49 of List 11 does not however lend any support to this argument
Before the Government of India Act 1935 lands and buildings were taxed separately and all that was done under the Government of India Act 1935 and  the Constitution was to combine the two entries relating to land and buildings into a single entry
Section 45 A of the Government of India Act 1919 provided for making rules under the Act for the devolution of authority in respect of provincial subjects to local Governments and for the allocation of revenues or other moneys to those Governments  The Government of India by a notification dated December 16 1920 made rules under that provision called the Scheduled Tax Rules
These Rules contained two schedules
The first Schedule contained eight items of tax or fee
The Legislative Council of a Province may without obtaining the previous sanction of the Governor General make and take into consideration any law imposing for the purposes of the local Government any tax included in Schedule I Schedule II contained eleven items of tax
In making a law imposing or authorising any local authority to impose for the purposes of such local authority any tax in Schedule 11 the Legislative Council required to previous sanction of the Governor General
In Schedule II item No 2 was tax on land or land values and item 3 was a tax on buildings
In the Government of India Act 1935 the two entries were combined and List 11 Entry 42 is Taxes on lands and buildings and hats and Windows
The legislative history of Entry 49 List 11 does not therefore lend any support to the argument that Entry 49 of List 11 relating to tax on land and buildings cannot be separated
On the other hand we are of opinion that Entry 49 Taxes on lands and buildings should be construed as taxes on land and taxes on buildings and there is no reason for restricting the ampli tude of the language used in the Entry
This view is also borne out by authorities
In Raja Jagannath Baksh Singh vs The State of UP1 the question at issue was whether the tax imposed by the UP Government on land holdings under the UP Large Land Holdings Tax Act 1957 UP Act 31 of 1957 was constitutionally valid
It was held that the legislation fell under Entry 1 282 49 of List 11 and the tax on land would include agricultural land also
Similarly in H R section Murthy vs Collector of Chittoor  Anr1 it was held that the land cess imposed under sections 78 and 79 of the Madras District Boards Act Mad
Act No XIV of 1920 and Mines and Minerals Regulation and Development Act Act 67 of 1957 was a tax on land falling under Entry 49 of the State List
We are of opinion that the argument of Mr V K T Chari on this aspect of the case must be rejected
We proceed to consider the argument that no machinery is provided for determining the market value and the provisions of the new Act therefore violate article 14 of the Constitution
The argument was stressed by Mr V K T Chari that the guidance given under the 1963 Act has been dispensed with and the Assistant Commissioner is not bound to take into account among other matters the sale price of similar sites the rent fetched for use and occupation of the land the principles generally adopted in valuing land under the Land Acquisition Act and the compensation awarded in recent land acquisition proceedings
We see no justification for this argument
The procedure for determining the market value and assessment of urban land is described in Chapter III of the new Act
Section 6 provides that the market value of the urban land shall be estimated to be the price which in the opinion of the Assistant Commissioner or the Tribunal as the case may be such urban land would have fetched or fetch if sold in the open market on the date of the commencement of this Act
 It was said on behalf of the petitioners that the opinion which the Assistant Commissioner has to form is purely subjective and may be arbitrary
We do not think that this contention is correct
Having regard to the language and context of section 6 of the new Act we consider that the opinion which the Assistant Commissioner has to form under that section is not subjective but should be reached objectively upon the relevant evidence after following the requisite formalities laid down in sections 7 to 11 of the new Act
Instead of the Assistant Commissioner classifying the urban land and determining the market value in a zone the present Act requires a return to be submitted by the owner mentioning the amount which in the opinion of the owner is the market value of the urban land
On receipt of the return if the Assistant Commissioner is satisfied that the particulars mentioned are correct and complete he may determine the market value as given by the owner of the land
If he is not satisfied with the return he shall serve a notice to the owner asking him to attend his office with the relevant evidence in support of his return
After bearing the owner and considering the evidence produced the Assistant Commissioner may determine the 1 28 3 market value
In case the owner fails to attend or fails to produce the evidence the Assistant Commissioner is empowered to assess the market value on the basis of an enquiry made by him
Section 11 prescribes the procedure for determining the market value when the owner fails to furnish a return as required under section 7
The section requires the Assistant Commissioner to serve a notice on the owner specifying amongst other things the amount which in the opinion of the Assistant Commissioner is the correct market value and directing the owner to attend in person at his office on a date specified in the notice or to produce any evidence on which the owner may rely
After hearing such evidence as the owner may produce and considering such other evidence as may be required the Assistant Commissioner may fix the market value
The proceeding before the Assistant Commissioner is judicial in character and his opinion regarding the market value is reached objectively on all the materials produced before him
Section 20 provides for an appeal by the assessee objecting to the determination of the market value made by the Assistant Commissioner to a Tribunal within thirty days from the date of the receipt of the copy of the order
The Act requires that the Tribunal shall consist of one person only who shall be a judicial officer not below the rank of a Subordinate Judge
By section 30 the Board of Revenue is empowered either on its own motion or on application made by the assessee in this behalf to call for and examine the records of any proceedings under the Act not being a proceeding in respect of which an appeal lies to the Tribunal under section 20  to satisfy itself as to the regularity of such proceeding or the correctness legality or propriety of any decision or order passed therein and if it appears to the Board of Revenue that any such decision or order should be modified annulled  reversed or remitted for reconsideration it may pass orders accordingly
Section 32 enables the urban land tax officer or the Assistant Commissioner or the Board of Revenue or the Tribunal to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record at any time within three years from the date of any order passed by him or it
Section 33 confers power on the Assistant Commissioner to take evidence to require discovery and production of documents and to receive evidence on affidavit etc
Thus the Act envisages a detailed procedure regarding submission of returns the making of an assessment after hearing objections and a right to appeal to higher authorities
We are hence unable to accept the contention of the petitioners that the provisions of section 6 of the new Act are violative of article 14 of the Constitution
It is necessary to state that the High Court decided the case in favour of the respondents mainly on the ground that investment 284 of the power to determine value of the urban land under section 6 of the Act constituted excessive delegation of authority and so violative of articles 191 and 14 of the Constitution
see the judgment of Veeraswami J who pronounced the main judgment in the High Court
But Mr V K T Chari did not support this line of reasoning in his arguments before this Court
On the other hand learned counsel conceded that the power of determining the value of the urban land being judicial or quasi judicial in character the doctrine of excessive delegation of authority had no application
We pass on to consider the next contention raised on behalf of the petitioners namely that the Act should be struck down as an unreasonable restriction on the right to acquire hold and dispose of property and as such violative of article 1 9 1 f of the Constitution
It was argued that the test of reasonableness would be that the tax should not be so high as to make the holding of the property or the carrying on of the activity business or profession which is subject to taxation uneconomic according to accepted rates of yield
In this connection it was said that the new Act by imposing a tax on the capital value at a certain rate was not correlated to the income or rateable value and therefore violates the requirement of reasonableness
We are unable to accept the proposition put forward by Mr Chari
It is not possible to put the test of reasonableness into the straight jacket of a narrow formula The objects to be taxed the quantum of tax to be levied the conditions subject to which it is levied and the social and economic policies which a tax is designed to subserve are all matters of political character and these matters have been entrusted to the Legislature and not to the Courts
In applying the test of reasonableness it is also essential to notice that the power of taxation is generally regarded as an essential attribute of sovereignty and constitutional provisions relating to the power of taxation are regarded not as grant of power but as limitation upon the power which would otherwise be practically without limit
It was observed by this Court in Rai Ramakrishna vs State of Bihar1  It is of course true that the power of taxing the people and their property is an essential attribute of the Government and Government may legitimately exercise the said power by reference to the objects to which it is applicable to the utmost extent to which Government thinks it expedient to do so
The objects to be taxed so long as they happen to be within the legislative competence of the Legislature can be taxed by the legislature according to the exigencies of its needs because 1 ATR 1963 SC 1667 at 1673
28 5 there can be no doubt that the State is entitled to raise revenue by taxation
The quantum of tax levied by the taxing statute the conditions subject to which it is levied the manner in which it is sought to be recovered are all matters within the competence of the Legislature and in dealing with the contention raised by a citizen that the taxing statute contravenes article 19 Courts would naturally be circumspect and cautious
Where for instance it appears that the taxing statute is plainly discriminatory or provides no procedural machinery for assessment and levy of the tax or that it is confiscatory Courts would be justified in striking down the impugned statute as unconstitutional
In such cases the character of the material provisions of the impugned statute is such that the Court would feel justified in taking the view that in substance the taxing statute is a cloak adopted by the Legislature for achieving its confiscatory purposes
This is illustrated by the decision of this Court in the case of Kunnathat Thathunni Moopil Nair vs State of Kerala  where a taxing statute was struck down because it suffered from several fatal infirmities
On the other hand we may refer to the case of Jagannath Baksh Singh vs State of Uttar Pradesh  where a challenge to the taxing statute on the ground that its provisions were unreasonable was rejected and it was observed that unless the infirmities in the impugned statute were of such a serious nature as to justify its description as a colourable exercise of legislative power the Court would uphold a taxing statute As a general rule it may be said that so long as a tax retains it
character as a tax and is not confiscatory or extortionate the reasonableness of the tax cannot be questioned
Mr Chari submitted that the existing property tax under section 100 of the City Municipal Corporation Act and the tax on urban lands under the new Act both enacted under Entry 49 of the State List one of them imposing a tax on the capital value of urban lands and the other on the annual value of lands and buildings exhaust an unreasonably high proportion of income
I Or instance it is pointed out that in WP No 2835 of 1967 the annual income on property was Rs 6000 and the proposed market value for the lands alone comes to Rs 1040000
The urban land tax at 04 of the market value is Rs 4160 and the income tax at the rate applicable to the petitioner was Rs 1234
The total tax burden in the aggregate under the three beads was Rs 6794 which 286 exceeds the rental income
In WP No 3686 of 1967 the municipal annual value was Rs 4095 the property tax was Rs 1098 and the urban land tax at 04 was Rs 1523
The proportion of the two taxes together to yearly or annual municipal value worked out to Rs 625
It was therefore said that the taxes put together would practically exhaust the total income and the charging section in the new Act was unreasonable
The answer to the contention is that the charge is on the market value of the urban land and not on the annual letting value on which the municipal property tax is based
The basis of the two taxes being different it is not permissible to club together the two taxes and complain of the cumulative burden
If the tax is on the market value of the urban land as it is in this case it does not admit of a complaint that it takes away an unreasonably high proportion of the income
A tax on land values and a tax on letting value though both are taxes under Entry 49 of List II cannot be clubbed together in order to test the reasonableness of one or the other for the purposes of article 19 I
But so far as the new Act is concerned we consider that the levy at 04 of the market value of the urban land is by no means confiscatory in effect
It was also pointed out by Mr V K T Chari that in certain cases the market value of the urban land was arrived at by applying what is known as the contractor s method not to the building which stands on the land whose value is ascertained by that means but to some other building on a different land taken for comparison
It was said that it was difficult enough for a to apply the contractor s method of valuation to his own building which could be done by a competent architect after taking into account all measurements
But it is absolutely an impossible task to check up or make objections to the contractor s method applied to another man s property which cannot be trespassed upon
It was said that the contractor s method was the last resort in valuation when a building has to be valued apart from the land and that it was a wrong application of the formula to use it to value the land without the building particularly when valuation of land can be made by applying the principles of the Land Acquisition Act
But this argument has no bearing on the constitutional validity of the charging section or the machinery provisions of the Act
It is however open to the writ petitioners to challenge the validity of the particular valuation in any particular case by way of an appeal under a statute or to move the High Court for grant of writ under article 226 of the Constitution
The impugned Act provides for the retrospective operation of the Act
Section 2 states that except sections 19 47 and 48 other sections shall be deemed to have come into force in the City of 287 Madras on the 1st day of July 1963 and sections 19 and 47 shall be deemed to have come into force in the City of Madras on the 21st May 1966
It also provides that section 48 shall come into force on the date of the publication of the Act in the Fort St George Gazette
Section 6 enacts that the market values of the urban lands shall be estimated to be the price which in the opinion of the Assistant Commissioner or the Tribunal such urban land would have fetched or fetch if sold in the open market on the date of the commencement of the Act that is from 1st July 1967
The urban land tax is therefore payable from 1st July 1963
It is contended on behalf of the petitioners that the retrospective operation of the law from 1st July 1963 would make it unreasonable
We are unable to accept the argument of the petitioners as correct
It is not right to
say as a general proposition that the imposition of tax with retrospective effect per se renders the law unconstitutional
In applying the test of reasonableness to a taxing statute it is of course a relevant consideration that the tax is being enforced with retrospective effect but that is not conclusive in itself
Taking into account the legislative history of the present Act we are of opinion that there is no unreasonableness in respect of the retrospective operation of the new Act
It should be noticed that the Madras Act of 1963 came into force on 1st July 1963 and provided for the levy of urban land tax at the same rate as that provided under the new Act
The enactment was struck down as invalid by the judgment of the Madras High Court which was pronounced on the 25th March 1966
The legislature by giving retrospective effect to Madras Act 12 of 1966 that the urban land must be taxed on the date on which the 1963 Act came into force the new Act cured the defect from which the earlier Act was suffering
In Rai Ramkrishna s case1 the question at issue was whether the Bihar Taxation on Passengers and Goods Carried by Public Service Motor Vehicles Act 1961 17 of 1961 was violative of article 195 and 6 of the Constitution for the reason that it was made retrospective with effect from 1st April 1950
It appears that the Bihar Finance Act 1950 levied a tax on passengers and goods carried by public service motor vehicles in Bihar
In an appeal arising out of a suit filed by the passengers and owners of goods in a representative capacity the Supreme Court pronounced on the 12th December 1960 a judgment declaring Part III of the said Act unconstitutional
Thereafter an Ordinance namely Bihar Ordinance No 2 of 1961 was issued on the 1st of August 1961 by the State of Bihar
By this Ordinance the material provisions of the earlier Act of 1950 which had been struck down by this Court were validated and brought into force retrospectively from the 1  288 date when the earlier Act had purported to come into force
Subsequently the provisions of the said Ordinance were incorporated in the Act namely the Bihar Taxation on Passengers and Goods Carried by Public Service Motor Vehicles Act 1961 which was duly passed by the Bihar Legislature and received the assent of the President on 23rd September 1961
As a result of the retrospective operation of this Act its material provisions were deemed to have come into force on April 1 1950 that is to say the date on which the earlier Act of 1950 had come into force 
The appellants challenged the validity of this Act of 1961
Having failed in their writ petition before the High Court the appellants came to this Court and the argument was that the retrospective operation prescribed by section 1 3 and by a part of section 23 b of the Act so completely altered the character of the tax proposed to be retrospectively recovered that it introduced a serious infirmity in the legislative competence of the Bihar Legislature itself
The argument was rejected by this Court and it was held that having regard to the relevant facts of the case the restrictions imposed by the said retrospective operation was reasonable in the public interest under article 195 and 6 and also reasonable under article 304b of the Constitution
In our opinion the ratio of this decision applies to the present case where the material facts are of a similar character
In this context a reference may be made to a recent review of retroactive legislation in the United States of America  It is necessary that the legislature should be able to cure inadvertent defects in statutes or their administration by making what has been aptly called small repairs 
Moreover the individual who claims that a vested right has arisen from the defect is seeking a windfall since had the legislature s or administrator s action had the effect it was intended to and could have had no such right would have arisen
Thus the interest in the retroactive during of such a defect in the administration of government outweighs the individual s interest in benefiting from the defect 
The Court has been extremely reluctant to override the legislative judgment as to the necessity for retrospective taxation not only because of the paramount governmental interest in obtaining adequate revenues but also because taxes are not in the nature of a penalty or a contractual obligation but rather a means of apportioning the costs of government among those who benefit from it
Indeed as early as 1935 one commentator observed that arbitrary retroactivity may continue  to rear its head 289 in tax briefs but for practical purposes in this field it is as dead as wager of law Charles B Hochman in at p 705
In view of the legislative background of the present case we are of opinion that the imposition of the tax retrospectively from 1st July 1963 cannot be said to be an unreasonable restriction
We therefore reject the argument of the petitioners on this aspect of the case For these reasons we hold that the Madras Urban Land Tax Act 1966 Act 12 of 1966 must be upheld as constitutionally valid
We accordingly set aside the judgment of the Madras High Court dated the 10th April 1968 and order that writ petitions filed by the petitioners should be dismissed
In other words CAs 21 to 23 are allowed and CAs 46 47 125 and 274 are dismissed
There will be no order with regard to costs of these appeals
21 to 23 of 69 allowed
RKPS CAs 46 47 125 and 274 of 69 dismissed


Summary:
By section 3 of the Madras Urban Land Tax Act 1963 a tax was levied on every owner of urban land at the rate of 04  of the average market value of the urban land as determined under section 62 of the Act
The vires of the Act was challenged by a writ petition and the impugned Act
was struck down on the ground that it violated article 14 of the Constitution because the charging section levied the tax on urban land not on the market value of such land but on the average value of the land in a sub zone 
Thereafter the State Legislature passed the Madras Urban Land Tax Act 12 of 1966 which omitted the provisions relating to fixation of average market value in the sub zone and instead provided in section 5 for the levy of a tax on urban land from the owner at the rate of 04 of the market value of such urban land
The validity of the new Act was again challenged in a group of writ petitions before the High Court which held that the Madras Legislature was competent to enact the new Act but that it was violative of articles 14 and 191f of the Constitution
In appeals to this Court it was contended inter alia on behalf of the petitioners 1 that the impugned Act fell under Entry 86 List I and not under Entry 49 of List 2 so that the State Legislature was incompetent to pass the Act furthermore as Entry 49 List 2 provides for taxes on land and buildings the impugned Act which imposed tax on land alone could not be held to fall under the Entry ii that the machinery was provided for determining the market value and the matter having been left to the arbitrary determination of the Assistant Commissioner the provisions of the new Act were violative of article 14 of the Constitution iii that the Act was an unreasonable restriction on the right to acquire hold and dispose of property and as such was violative of article 19 1 f of the Constitution furthermore together with the existing property tax under section 100 of the City Municipality Corporation Act the tax under the impugned Act exhausted an unreasonably high proportion of income and on this account also it was an unreasonable restriction it was also contended that the giving of retrospective operation to the Act from July 1963 made it unreasonable
HELD The Madras Urban Land Tax Act 12 of 1966 was constitutionally valid
i In pith and substance the new Act in imposing a tax on urban land at a percentage of the market value is entirely within the ambit of 269 Entry 49 of List II and within the competence of the State Legislature it does not in any way trench upon the field of legislation of Entry 86 of List 1
280 G H There was no conflict between Entry 86 of List I and Entry 49 of List II
The tax under Entry 86 proceeds on the principle of aggregation and is imposed on the totality of the net value of an assets
Entry 49 of List II contemplates a levy of tax on lands and buildings or both as units it is not concerned with the division of interest or ownership in the units of land or buildings which are brought to tax
278 E F The legislative entries must be given a large and liberal interpretation the reason being that the allocation of the subjects to the Lists is not by way of scientific or logical definition but by way of a mere sixplex enumeratio of broad categories
277 G H Ralla Ram vs Province of East Punjab  Sudhir Chandra Nawn vs Wealth Tax Officer AIR 1969 SC 59 Gallahagher vs Lynn at p 870 and Subrahmanyan Chettiar vs Mittuswami Goundan 1940 FCR 188 at 201 referred to
The legislative history of Entry 49 List II does not lend any support to the argument that Entry 49 of List if relating to tax on land and buildings cannot be separated
On the other hand Entry 49 Taxes on lands and buildings should be construed as taxes on land and taxes on buildings and there is no reason for restricting the amplitude of the language used in the Entry
281 G Raja Jagannath Baksh Singh vs The State of UP   and H R section Murthy vs Collector of Chittoor and Anr   referred to
ii The provisions of section 6 of the new Act were not violative of article 14 of the Constitution
Having regard to the language and context of section 6 of the new Act the opinion which the Assistant Commissioner has to form under that section is not subjective but should foe reached objectively upon the relevant evidence after following the requisite formalities laid down in sections 7 to 1 1 of the new Act
The proceeding before the Assistant Com missioner is judicial in character and his opinion regarding the market value is reached objectively on all the materials produced before him
282 F iii The new Act was also not violative of article 191 f of the Constitution
It is not possible to put the test of reasonableness into the straight jacket of a narrow formula
The objects to be taxed the quantum of tax to be levied the conditions subject to which it is levied and the social and economic policies which a tax is designed to subserve are all matters of political character and these matters have been entrusted to the Legislature and not to the Courts
In applying the test of reasonableness it is also essential to notice that the power of taxation is generally regarded as an essential attribute of sovereignty and constitutional provisions relating to the power of taxation are regarded not as grant of power but as limitation upon the power which would otherwise be practically without limit
284 E Rai Ramakrishna vs State of Bihar  at 1673 referred to
270 The charge under the City Municipality Corporation Act was a tax on the annual letting value whereas the charge under the Act of 1966 was on the market value of the urban land
The basis of the two taxes being different it was not permissible to club the two together and complain of the cumulative burden
As a general rule so long as a tax retains its character as a tax and is not confiscatory or extortionate the reasonableness of the tax cannot be questioned
In so far as the new Act of 1966 was concerned it could not be said that the levy at 04 of the market value of the urban land was confiscatory in effect 285 F iv In view of the legislative background of the new Act of 1966 which replaced the earlier Act of 1963 it could not be said that the imposition of the tax retrospectively from July 1963 was an unreasonable restriction
289 B