ivil Appeal Nos
14 32 902 879 1130 32 1121 1172 1215 1201 1127 1128 1222 1224 1223 1275 1129 1523 1539 1280 863 1361 1323 1375 1621 1374 1410 1628 2117 1961 1917 1918 1919 1920  2290 of 1978 3447 345079
Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgments and order dated 13101977 etc
Of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petition No 187277 etc
AND WRIT PETITION Nos 3973 3998 3836 4198 4199 4200 4210 4263 4317 4318 4414 4256 4537 and 4500 of 1978
F section Nariman K Krishna Rao and K Rajendra Choudhary far the Appellants in CA Nos
14 to 23 25 29 1223 1224 162878 3447 and 344979
A Subba Rao for the Appellants in CA No 1126  WP Nos
3973 4198 4199 4200 4317 4318 421078
A V V Nair for the Appellants in CA Nos
1215 1361 2117 1286 and WP No 137478
G section Rama Rao for the Appellants in CA No 1121  Petitioners in WP Nos 4256 and 383678
Vepa Sarathi and B Ranta Rao for the AppellantsPetitioners in CA Nos 24 30 32 1172 1127 1128 1129 1261 1323 1275 78 and WP Nos
4263 4500 453778
section Venkata Reddy and G Narsimulu for the Appellants in CA Nos 31 902 879 1130 32 1410 1621 1917 20 196178  137378
A K Ganguli for the Appellants in CAs 1222 and 86378
R A V Rangam for the Petitioners in WP No 399878
section Balakrishan for the Petitioners in WP 441478
VS Desai and A Subba Rao for the ApplicantIntervener
1147 K K Venugopal Addl
 Ram Chandra Reddy Adv
A Genl
A P and B Parthasarthy for the appearing respondents
BHAGWATI J
These appeals by special leave and the writ petitions represent a last but desperate attempt by the class of land holders in Andhra Pradesh to defeat an agrarian reform legislation enacted by the State or the benefit of the weaker sections of community
It is indeed a matter of regret that a statute intended to strike at concentration of land in the hands of a few and to act as a great equaliser by reducing inequality in holding of land between the haves and the have nots should have practically remained unimplemented for a period of over seven years
Unfortunately this is the common fate of much of our social welfare legislation
We can boast of some of the finest legislative measures calculated to ameliorate the socio economic conditions of the poor and the deprived and to reach social and economic justice to them but regret ably a large part of such legislation has remained merely on paper and the benefits of such legislation have not reached the common man to any appreciable extent
The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act 1 of 1973 hereinafter referred to as the Andhra Pradesh Act which is challenged in the present appeals was enacted by the Andhra Pradesh Legislature on 1st January 1973
Soon after its enactment the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act was challenged before the Andhra Pradesh High Court on various grounds but a full Bench of the High Court negatived the challenge and held the Andhra Pradesh Act to be constitutionally valid
Though this judgment was delivered by the High Court as early as 11th April 1973 no effective steps for implementation of the Andhra Pradesh Act could be taken since the Andhra Pradesh Act merely remained on the statute book and for some inexplicable reason it was
not brought into force until 1st January 1975
Even after the Andhra Pradesh Act was brought into force not much enthusiasm was shown be the Government in implementing its provisions and in the mean while it was found necessary to amend the legislation and hence the Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Amendment Act 1977 was enacted with retrospective effect from 1st January 1975 and by this amending Act certain amendments were made which included inter alia the introduction of section 41A
We shall presently refer to the relevant provisions of the amended Andhra Pradesh Act but before we do so it is necessary to point out that as soon as the amending Act was passed another round 1148 of litigation was started by the landholders by filing writ petitions in the High Court challenging once again the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act
There were several grounds on which the constitutional validity was challenged but the main ground was that by reason of the enactment of the Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act 1976 hereinafter referred to as the Central Act the Andhra Pradesh Act had become void and inoperative
Certain other questions involving the interpretation of the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act were also raised in some of the writ petitions but they too need not be mentioned here because in the course of the hearing we made it clear to the parties that we would examine only the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act and other questions could be agitated by the landholders in the appeals filed by them against the orders determining surplus land
It was pointed out to us that some of the landholders had not filed appeals within the prescribed time and grave injustice would therefore result to them if these question were not decided by us
But the learned Additional Solicitor General appearing on behalf of the State family stated before us that if appeals have been filed beyond time or are filed within a month of disposal of these appeals the delay in filing the appeals would be condoned
Turning to the constitutional challenge which in those days was required to be decided by a full Bench of 5 Judges of the High Court it was held that the enactment of the Central Act did not have the effect of invalidating the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act but since the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act were repugnant to the provisions of the Central Act so far as concerned land satisfying both the definition of land in the Andhra Pradesh Act and the definition of vacant land in the Central Act the Andhra Pradesh Act was held not applicable to vacant land falling within the ambit of the Central Act
The High Court accordingly granted a declaration to this effect to the landholders but save for this limited relief dismissed the writ petitions in all other respects since in the opinion of the High Court there was no substance in any of the other contentions raised on behalf of the landholders
The landholders thereupon preferred the present appeals after obtaining special leave from this Court
The principal contention urged on behalf of the landholders in support of the appeals was that the Andhra Pradesh Act was ultra vires and void as being outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature
This contention was based on two resolutions one dated 7th April 1972 passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council and the other dated 8th April 1972 passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly under clause 1 of Article 1149 252 of the Constitution
This Article carves out an exception derogating from the normal distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States under Article 246 and is in the following terms article 2521  If it appears to the legislatures of two or more States to be desirable that any of the matters with respect to which Parliament has no power to make laws for the States except as provided in Articles 249 and 250 should be regulated in such States by Parliament by law and if resolutions to that effect are passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of those States it shall be lawful for Parliament to pass an Act for regulating that matter accordingly and any Act so passed shall apply to such States and to any other State be which it is adopted afterwards by resolution passed in that behalf by the House or where there are two Houses by each of the Houses of the Legislature of that State
2 An Act so passed by Parliament may be amend ed or repealed by an Act of Parliament passed or adopted in like manner but shall not as respects any State to which it applies be amended or repealed by an Act of the Legislature of that State
 The effect of passing of resolutions be the Houses of Legislature of two or more States under this constitutional provision is that Parliament which has otherwise power to legislate with respect to a matter except as provided in Articles 249 and 250 becomes entitled to legislate with respect to such matter and the State Legislatures passing the resolutions cease to have power to make law relating to
that matter
The resolutions operate as abdication or surrender of the powers of the State Legislatures with respect to the matter which is the subject of the resolutions and such matter is placed entirely in the hands of Parliament and Parliament alone can then legislate with respect to it
It is as if such matter is lifted out of List II and placed in List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution
This would seem to be quite clear on a plain natural construction of the language of clauses 1 and 2 of Article 252 and no authority
is necessary in support of it but if any was wanted it may be found in the decision of a Full Bench of five Judges of this Court in Union of India vs V V Chaudhary in fact the same Bench as the present one where an identical view has been taken
It was in pursuance of clause l of this Article that a Resolution 1150 was passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council on 7th April 1972 to the effect that the imposition of a ceiling on urban immovable property and acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and all matters connected therewith or ancillary and incidental thereto should be regulated in the State of Madhya Pradesh by Parliament by law and an identical resolution in the same terms was passed on the next day by the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Assembly
Similar resolutions were also passed by the Houses of Legislature of some other States though there is no material to show as to when they were passed
It was however common ground that at best some of these resolutions were passed prior to the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Act
The result was that at the date when the Andhra Pradesh Act was enacted Parliament alone was competent to legislate with respect to ceiling on urban immovable property and acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and all connected ancillary or incidental matters and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature stood denuded of its power to legislate on that subject
Now the Andhra Pradesh Act as its long title shows was enacted to consolidate and damned the law relating to the fixation of ceiling on agricultural holdings and taking over of surplus land and matter connected therewith
On its plain terms it applies to land situate in any part of Andhra Pradesh
Section 3f creates an artificial unit called family unit  by defining it as follows Sec 3f family unit means i in the case of an individual who has a spouse or spouses such individual the spouse or spouses and their minor sons and their unmarried minor daughters if any ii in the case of an individual who has no spouse such individual and his or her minor sons and unmarried minor daughters iii in the case of an individual who is a divorced husband and who has not remarried such individual and his minor sons and unmarried minor daughters whether in his custody or not and iv where an individual and his or her spouse are both dead their minor sons and unmarried minor daughters
Explanation Where a minor son is married his wife and their offspring if any shall also be deemed to be members of the family unit of which the minor son is a member 1151 The term land is defined in section 3j to mean land which A is used or is capable of being used for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto including horticulture forest land pasture land waste land plantation and tope and includes land deemed to be agricultural land under this Act
Explanation I to this definition enacts a rebuttable presumption that land held under Ryotwari settlement shall unless the contrary is proved be deemed to be land  under the Andhra Pradesh Act
Section 3o defines person  as including inter alia an individual and a family unit
Section 10 is the key section which imposes ceiling on the holding of land by providing that if the extent of the holding of a person is in excess of the ceiling area the person shall be liable to surrender the land held in excess
If therefore an individual or a family unit holds land in excess of the ceiling area the excess would have to be surrendered to the State Government
But the question then arises what is the ceiling area above which a person cannot hold land
The answer is provided by section 4 which reads as follows Sec
41 The ceiling area in the case of a family unit consisting of not more than five members shall be an  extent of land equal to one standard holding
2 The ceiling area in the case of a family unit consisting of more than five members shall be an extent of land equal to one standard holding plus an additional extent of one fifth of one standard holding for every such member in excess of five so however that the ceiling area shall not exceed two standard holdings
3 The ceiling area in the case of every individual who is not a member of a family unit and in the case of any other person shall be an extent of land equal to one standard holding
Explanation In the case of a family unit the ceiling area shall be applied to the aggregate of the lands held by all the members of the family unit
It will thus be seen that the ceiling area in the case of an individual who is not a member of a family unit is equivalent to one standard holding and so also in the case of a family unit with not more than five members the ceiling area is the same but if the family unit consists of more than five members the ceiling area would stand increased by one fifth of one standard holding for every additional member of the family unit subject however to the maximum limit of 2 standard holdings
When the ceiling area is applied to the holding of a 1152 family unit the Explanation requires that the lands held by all the members of the family unit shall be aggregated for the purpose of computing the holding of the family unit
Where therefore there in a family unit consisting of father mother and three minor sons or daughters the lands held by all these persons would have to be clubbed together and then the ceiling area applied to the aggregate holding
There is no distinction made in the definition of family unit  between a divided minor son and an undivided minor son
Both stand on the same footing and a divided minor son is as much a member of the family unit as an undivided minor son and consequently the lands held by a divided minor son would have to be included in the holding of the family unit for the purpose of application of the ceiling area
Section 7 invalidates certain transfers of land and provides for inclusion of such lands in the holding of an individual or a family unit
Then there is a provision in section 8 for furnishing a declaration in respect of his holding by every person whose land exceeds the ceiling area and the Tribunal is required by section 9 to hold an enquiry
and pass an order determining the land held in excess of the ceiling area
Such land has to be surrendered by the person holding the land and on such surrender the Revenue Divisional officer is empowered under section 11 to take possession of the land which thereupon vests in the State Government free from all encumbrances
Section 14 provides inter alia that the land vested in the State Government shall be allotted for use as house sites for agricultural labourers
village artisans or other poor persons owning no houses or house sites or transferred to the weaker sections of the people dependent on agriculture for purposes of agricultureor for purposes ancillary thereto in such manner as may be prescribed by the Rules subject to a proviso that as far as practicable not less than one half of the total extent of land so allotted or transferred shall be allotted or transferred to the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
Section 15 enacts a provision for payment of compensation for land vested in the State Government at the rates specified in the Second Schedule
These are the only relevant provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act which need to be referred to for the purpose of the present appeals
We may now turn to examine the relevant provisions of the Central Act
This Act was enacted by Parliament pursuant to the authority conferred upon it by the resolutions passed by the Houses of legislature of several States including the State of Andhra Pradesh under clause 1 of Article 252
It received the assent of the President on 17th February 1 976 and as its long title and recital shows it was enacted to provide for the imposition of a ceiling on vacant 1153 land is urban agglomerations for the acquisition of such land in excess of the ceiling limit to regulate the construction of buildings on such land and for matters connected therewith with a view to preventing the concentration of urban land in the hands of a few persons and speculation and profiteering therein and with a view to bringing about an equitable distribution of land in urban agglomerations to sub serve the common good
We shall refer to a few material provisions of this Act
Section 2a i defines appointed day to mean in relation to any State to which this Act applies in the first instance which includes the State of Andhra Pradesh the date of introduction of the Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Bill 1976 in Parliament
This was the Bill which culminated in the Act and it was introduced in Parliament on 28th January 1976
Consequently this date would be the appointed day  for the purpose of applicability of the Act to the State of Andhra Pradesh
The definition of family in section 2 f is materially in the same terms as the definition of family unit in the Andhra Pradesh Act
Then follow two important definitions which needed to be set out in extenso
The word person is defined in section 2i as including inter alia an individual  and the family 
Section 2n defines urban agglomeration in the following terms Sec2n A in relation to any State of Union territory specified in column 1 of Schedule 1 means i the urban agglomeration specified in the corresponding entry in column 2 thereof and includes the peripheral area specified in the corresponding entry in column 3 thereof and ii any other area which the State Government may with the previous approval of the Central Government having regard to its location population population being more than one lakh and such other relevant factors as the circumstance of the case may require by notification in the official Gazette declare to be an urban agglomeration and any agglomeration so declared shall be deemed to belong to category D in that Schedule and the peripheral area there for shall be one kilometre B xx xx xx xx xx The term urban land  is defined in section 2o to mean Sec
2oi any land situated within the limits of an urban agglomeration and referred to as such in the master plan or 1154 ii in a case where there is no master plan or where the master plan does not refer to any land as urban land any land within the limits of an urban agglomeration and situated in any area included within the local limits of a municipality by whatever name called a notified area committee a town area committee a city and town committee a small town Committee a cantonment board or a panchayat but does not include any such land which is mainly used for the purpose of agriculture
Explanation For the purpose of this clause and clause q A agriculture includes horticulture but does not include i raising of grass ii dairy farming iii poultry farming iv breeding of live stock and v such cultivation or the growing of such plant as may be prescribed
B land shall not be deemed to be used mainly for the purpose of agriculture if such land is not entered in the revenue or land records before the appointed day as for the purpose of agriculture C notwithstanding anything contained in clause B of this Explanation land shall not be deemed to be mainly used for the purpose of agriculture if the land has been specified in the master plan for a purpose other than agriculture  Section 2q gives a definition of vacant land by providing that vacant land means subject to certain exceptions which are not material land not being land mainly used for the purpose of agriculture in an urban agglomeration
Section 3 is the rebuttal section which imposes ceiling on holding of vacant land  by providing that Sec 3
Except as otherwise provided in this Act on and from the commencement of this Act no person shall be n entitled to hold any vacant land in excess of the ceiling limit in the territories to which this Act applies under sub section 2 of section 1 1155 Section 4 divides urban agglomeration into categories A B C and D lays down different ceiling limits for these different categories
Then there is a provision in section 5 invalidating in certain circumstances the transfer of vacant land made at any time during the period commencing on the appointed day and ending with the commencement of the Act
The procedure for determining vacant land held in excess of the ceiling limit is laid down in sections 6 to 9 and section 10 enacts a provision for acquisition of such land held in excess of such limit
Section 23 provides for disposal of vacant land acquired under the Act and it empowers the State Government to allot such vacant land to any person for any purpose relating to or in connection with any industry or for providing residential accommodation of such type as may be approved by the State Government to the employees of any industry
It will thus be seen that the Central Act imposes a ceiling on holding of land in urban agglomeration other than land which is mainly used for the purpose of agriculture and agriculture in this connection includes horticulture but does not include raising of grass dairy farming poultry farming breeding live stock and cultivation or the growing of such plants as may be prescribed by the Rules and moreover in order to fall within the exclusion the land must be entered in the revenue or land record before the appointed day as for the purpose of agriculture and must also not have been specified in the master plan for a purpose other than agriculture
Now as we have already pointed out above the Andhra Pradesh Legislature had at the time when the Andhra Pradesh Act was enacted no power to legislate with respect to ceiling on urban immovable property
That power stood transferred to parliament and as a first step towards the eventual imposition of ceiling on immovable property of every other description the Parliament enacted the Central Act with a view to imposing ceiling on vacant land other than land mainly used for the purpose of agriculture in an urban agglomeration
The argument of the landholders was that the Andhra Pradesh Act sought to impose ceiling on land in the whole of Andhra Pradesh including land situate in urban agglomeration and since the concept of agglomeration defined in section  2n of the Central Act was an expensive concept and any area with an existing or future population of more than one lakh could be notified to be an urban agglomeration the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act was ultra vires and void as being outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature
This argument plausible though it may seem in our opinion is unsustainable
It is no doubt true that if the Andhra Pradesh Act seeks to impose ceiling on land falling within an urban agglomeration it would be outside the area of its legislative competence because it 1156 cannot provide for imposition of ceiling on urban immovable property
But the only urban agglomerations in the State of Andhra Pradesh recognised in the Central Act were those referred to in section 2n A ii and there can be no doubt that so far as these urban agglomerations are concerned it was not within the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature to provide for imposition of ceiling on land situate within these urban agglomerations
It is however difficult to see how the Andhra Pradesh Act could be said to be outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature in so far as land situate in the other areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh is concerned
We accept that any other area in the State of Andhra Pradesh with a population of more than one lakh could be notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2nAii of the Central Act but until it is so notified it would not be an urban agglomeration and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would have legislative competence to provide for imposition of ceiling on land situate within such area
No sooner such area is notified to be an urban agglomeration the Central Act would apply in relation to land situate within such area but until that happens the Andhra Pradesh Act would continue to be applicable to determine the ceiling on holding of land
It may be noticed that the Andhra Pradesh Act came into force on 1st January 1975 and it was with reference to this date the surplus holding of land in excess of the ceiling area was required to be determined and if there was any surplus it was to be surrendered to the State Government It must therefore follow that in an area other than that comprised in the urban agglomerations referred to in section 2n A i land held by a person in excess of the ceiling area would be liable to be determined as on 1st January 1975 under the Andhra Pradesh Act and only land within the ceiling area will be allowed to remain with him
It is only in respect of land remaining with a person whether an individual or a family after the operation of the Andhra Pradesh Act that the Central Act would apply if and when the area in question is notified to be an urban agglomeration under section 2nAii of the Central Act
We fail to see how it can at all be contended that merely because an area may possibly in the future be notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2nAii of the Central Act the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would cease to have competence to legislate with respect to ceiling on land situate in such area even though it is not an urban agglomeration at the date of the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Act
Undoubtedly when an area is notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2nAii the Central Act would apply to land situate in such area and the Andhra Pradesh Act would cease to have application but by that time the Andhra Pradesh 1157 Act would have already operated to determine the ceiling on holding of land falling within the definition in section 3j of that Act and situate within such area
It is therefore not possible to uphold the contention of the landholders that the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act is ultra vires and void as being outside the area of legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature
It is only in respect of land situate within the urban agglomerations referred to in section 2n A i of the Central Act that the Andhra Pradesh Act would not apply but it would be fully applicable in respect of land situate in all the other areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh
The next contention urged on behalf of the landholders was that on a proper construction of the relevant provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act a divided minor son was not liable to be included in family unit as defined in section 3f of that Act
The argument was that sub section 2 of section 7 did not invalidate all partitions of joint family property but struck only against partitions effected on or before 2nd May 1972 and thus by necessary implication recognised the validity of partitions affected prior to that date
If therefore a partition was effected prior to 2nd May 1972 and under that partition a minor son become divided from his father and mother the divided minor son could not be included in the family unit and his property could not be clubbed with that of his father and mother because otherwise it would amount to invalidation of the partition though section 7 sub section 2 clearly recognised such partition as valid
This argument is clearly fallacious in that it fails to give due effect to the definition of family unit in section 3f and the provisions of section 4
It is undoubtedly true that a partition effected prior to 2nd May 1972 is not invalidated by the Andhra Pradesh Act and therefore any property which comes to the share of a divided minor son would in law belong to him and would not be liable to be required as part of joint family property
But under the definition of family unit in section 3f the divided minor son would clearly be included in the family unit and by reason of section 4 his land whether self acquired or obtained on partition would be liable to be clubbed with the land held by the other members of the family unit
The land obtained by the divided minor son on partition would be liable to be aggregated with the lands of other members of the family unit not because the partition is invalid but because the land held by him howsoever acquired is liable to be clubbed together with the lands of others for the purpose of applying the ceiling area to the family unit
We do not therefore see how a divided minor son can be excluded from the family unit
That would be flying in the face of sections 3f and 4 of the Andhra Pradesh Act
1158 Then a contention was advanced on behalf of the landholders that the definition of family unit was violative of Article 14 of the Constitution in that it made unjust discrimination between a minor son and the major son by including minor son in the family unit while excluding a major son from it
This contention has already been dealt with by learned brother Tulzapurkar J in the judgment delivered by him today in the Haryana Land Ceiling matters and we need not repeat what he had already stated there while repelling this contention
Moreover this contention isl no longer open to the landholders since the Andhra Pradesh Act is admittedly an agrarian reform legislation and it is protected against challenge on the ground of infraction of Articles 14 19 and 31 by the protective umbrella of Article 31A
We do not therefore see any substance in the contentions urged on behalf of the landholders and we accordingly dismiss the appeals and the writ petitions with costs
SR Appeals  Petitions dismissed


Summary:
The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act I of 1973 was enacted on 1st of January 1973
Though a Full Bench of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh when challenged by some of the land holders held by its judgment dated 11th April 1973 the Act to be constitutionally valid yet the said Act was not brought into force till 1st January 1975
In 977 the Act was amended with retrospective effect from 1st January 1975 by the Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Amendment Act 1977
As soon ns the Amending Act was passed the land holders once again filed writ petitions in the High Court challenging the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act
The main ground inter alia was that by reason of the enactment of the Urban Land Ceiling  Regulation Central Act 1976 the Andhra Prdesh Act had become void and inoperative
A Full Bench of five judges of the High Court held that the enactment of the Central Act did not have the effect of invalidating the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act but since the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act were repugnant to the provisions of the Central Act so far as concerned land satisfying both the definition of land in the Andhra Pradesh Act and the definition of vacant land in the Central Act the Andhra Pradesh Act was held not applicable to vacant lands falling within the ambit of the Central Act
ave for this limited relief the High Court dismissed the writ petitions in all other respects
Hence the appeals by the land holders after obtaining special leave from this Court
Writ Petitions were also filed directly in this Court by some of the land holders
Dismissing the appeals and writ petitions the Court  HELD 1
Article 246 of the Constitution of India carves out an exception derogating from the normal distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States
The effect of passing of resolutions by the Houses of Legislature of two or more States under this constitutional provision is that Parliament which has otherwise no power to legislate with respect to a matter 1144 except as provided in Articles 249 and 250 becomes entitled to legislate with regard to such matter and the State Legislature passing the resolutions cease to have power to make law relating to that matter
The resolutions operate as abdication or surrender of the powers of the State Legislatures with respect to the matter which is the subject of the resolutions and such matter is placed entirely in the hands of Parliament and Parliament alone can then legislate with respect to each
It is as if such matter is lifted out of list II and placed in List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution
A plain natural construction of the language of Clauses 1 and 2 of Article 252 makes this position clear
It was in pursuance of clause 1 of Article 352 that a resolution was passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council on 7th April 1972 to the effect that the imposition of ceiling of urban immovable property and acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and all matters concerned therewith or ancillary and incidental thereto should be regulated in the State or Andhra Pradesh by Parliament by law and on identical resolution in the same terms was passed on the next day by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The result was that at the date when the Andhra Pradesh Act was enacted Parliament alone was competent to legislate with respect to ceiling on urban immovable property and acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and all connected ancillary or incidental matters and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature stood denuded of its power to legislate on that subject
1149 A E H 1150 A C Union of India vs V B Choudhary 19791 3 SCR 802 followed
Under the powers thus transferred Parliament enacted the Central Act with a view to imposing ceiling on vacant land other land mainly used for the purpose of agriculture in an urban
agglomeration
The Central Act imposes a ceiling on holding of land in urban agglomeration other than land which is mainly used for the purpose of agriculture and agriculture in this connection includes horticulture but does not include raising of grass daily farming poultry farming breeding live stock and such cultivation or the growing of such plants as may be prescribed by the Rules and moreover in order to fall within the exclusion the land must be entered in the revenue cr land record before the appointed day as for the purpose of agriculture and must also not have been specified in the master plan for a purpose other than agriculture
119 C F 3
It is no doubt true that if the Andhra Pradesh Act seeks to impose ceiling on land falling within an urban agglomeration it would be outside rh art of its legislative competence because it cannot provide for imposition of ceiling on urban immovable property
But the only urban agglomerations in the State of Andhra Pradesh recognised in the Central Act were those referred to in Section 2n A i and there can be no doubt that so far as these urban agglomerations are concerned it was not within the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature to provide for imposition of ceiling on land situate within these urban agglomerations
But the Andhra Pradesh Act is not out side the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative in so far as lands situate in the other areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh are concerned
Any other area in the State of Andhra Pradesh with a population of more than one lakh could be notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2n A ii of the Central Act but until it is so notified would not be an urban agglomeration and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would have legislative competence to provide for imposition of ceiling on 1145 land situate within such area
No sooner such area is notified to be an urban agglomeration the Central Act would apply in relation to land situate within such area but until that happens the Andhra Pradesh Act would continue to be applicable to determine the ceiling on holding of land
The Andhra Pradesh Act came into force on 1st January 1975 and it was with reference to this date that the surplus holding of land in excess of the ceiling area was required to be determined and if there was any surplus it was to be surrendered to the State Government
Therefore in an area other than that comprised in the urban agglomerations referred to in section 2nA i land held by a person in excess of the ceiling area would be liable to be determined as on 1st January 1975 under the Andhra Pradesh Act and only land within the ceiling area will be allowed to remain with him
It is only in respect of land remaining with a person whether an individual or a family after the operation of the Andhra Pradesh Act that the Central Act would apply if and when the area in question is notified to be an urban agglomeration under section 2nAii of the Central Act
1155 G H 1156 A G Merely because an area may possibly in the future be notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2n A ii of the Central Act the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would not cease to have competence to legislate with respect to ceiling on land situate in such area even though it is not an urban agglomeration at the date of the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Act
Undoubtedly when an area is notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2n A ii the Central Act would apply to land situate in such area and the Andhra Pradesh Act would cease to have application but by that time the Andhra Pradesh Act would have already operated to determine the ceiling on holding of land falling within the definition in section 3j of that Act and situate within such area
Therefore the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act is neither ultravires nor void as being outside the area of legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature
It is only in respect of land situate within the urban agglomerations referred to in section 2n Ai of the Central Act that the Andhra Pradesh Act would not apply but it would be fully applicable in respect of land situate in all the other areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh
1156 G X 1157 A B 4
A divided minor cannot be excluded from the family unit  as defined in section 3f of the Andhra Pradesh Act
That would be flying in the face of sections 3f and 4 of the Andhra Pradesh Act
It is true that a partition affected prior to 2nd May 1972 is not invalidated by the Andhra Pradesh Act and therefore any property which comes to the share of a divided minor son would in law belong to him and would not be liable to be regarded as part of joint family property
But under the definition of family unit in section 2f the divided minor son would clearly be included in the family unit and by reason of section 4 his land whether self acquired or obtained on partition would be liable to be clubbed with the land held by the other members of the family unit
The land obtained by the divided minor son on partition would be liable to be aggregated with the lands of other members of the family unit not because the partition is invalid but because the land held by him howsoever acquired is liable to be clubbed together with the lands of others for the purpose of applying the ceiling area to the family unit
1157 C F HI 14 610 SCI80 1146 5
The Andhra Pradesh Act is admittedly an agrarian reform legislation and it is protected against challenge on the ground of infraction of Article 14 19 and 31 by the protective umbrella of Article 31A 1158 B C 6
The definition of family unit  is nor violative of Article 14 of the Constitution by including  a minor son in the family unit while excluding a major son from it
1158 A Seth Nand Lal vs State of Haryana
1980 3 SCR p 1181 followed