Appeal No 461 of 1957
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated July 5 1954
of the Punjab High Court in L P A No 29 of 1953
N section Bindra and Sardar Singh for the appellant
P D Ahuja and H P Wanchoo for respondent No 1
471 1961
March 21
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by WANCHOO J
This is an appeal by special leave from the judgment of the Punjab High Court and arises out of a suit for possession of land brought by Munshi Ram respondent
The following pedigreetable will be useful in understanding the claim put forward by the respondent Heman Karori Laghi Maghi Jai Dayal issueless Gobind Ata Nanak Chand Santu Munshi Ram adopted son plaintiff Hans Raj Salig Kam  Defdt MunshiRam adopted by Ata The claim of Munshi Ram was with respect to the property left by Nanak Chand who is his natural grandfather and also Santu
There is no dispute now about the property of Santu and we are concerned in this appeal only with the property of Nanak Chand
Nanak Chand died in 1939
Munshi Ram s natural father Hans Raj had predeceased Nanak Dhand
Munshi Ram himself was adopted by Ata in 1918 before the death of his natural father Hans Raj which took place in 1920
It will be clear from these dates therefore that Hans Raj never succeeded to the property of his father Nanak Chand and Munshi Ram had been adopted by Ata even before Hans Raj s death
The case of Munshi Ram was that he was entitled to one half share of the property left by Nanak Chand as his their according to Zamindara custom
The parties it may be Mentioned are Brahmins and Munshi Ram claimed joint possession of the half share of the property left by Nanak Chand on his 472 death
The suit was resisted by Salig Ram defendant appellant who is the other son of Nanak Chand
His case was that Munshi Ram was not entitled either according to personal law or the riwaj i am of Amritsar district to any share in the property left by Nanak Chand
The trial court held that Munshi Ram was entitled to succeed to the property left
by Nanak Chand along with Salig Ram and decreed the suit accordingly Salig Ram went in appeal to the District Judge but failed
He then went in second appeal to the High Court but the second appeal was also dismissed The High Court having refused to grant a certificate the appellant applied to this Court for special leave which was granted and that is how the matter has come up before us
In questions regarding succession and certain other matters the law in the Punjab is contained in section 5 of the  No IV of 1872
Clause b of that section provides that the rule of decision in such matters shall be the Hindu law where the parties are Hindus except in so far as such law has been altered or abolished by legislative enactment or is opposed to the provisions of this Act or has been modified by any such custom as is referred to in cl
a thereof
Clause a provides that any custom applicable to the parties concerned which is not contrary to Justice equity or good conscience and has not been by this or any other enactment altered or abolished and has not been declared to be void by any competent authority shall be applied in such matters
The position therefore that emerges is where the parties are Hindus the Hindu law would apply in the first instance and whosoever asserts a custom at variance with the Hindu law shall have to prove it though the quantum of proof required in support of the custom which is general and well recognised may be small while in other cases of what are called special customs the quantum may be larger
As was pointed out by Robertson J as far back as 1906 in Daya Ram vs Sohel Singh and others 1 in all cases under section 5 of the  it lies upon the person asserting that he is ruled 1 1906 P R No 110
473 in regard to a particular matter by custom to prove that he is so governed and not by personal law and further to prove what the particular custom is
There is no presumption created by the clause in favour of custom on the contrary it is only when the custom is established that it is to be the rule of decision
 These observations were approved by the Privy Council in Abdul Hussein Khan vs Bibi Sona Dero and another 1
The same view has been taken by this Court in Ujagar Singh vs Mst
Jeo 2
We have therefore in the first instance to apply Hindu law to the parties to this suit and it is only when a custom different from Hindu law is proved that rights of the parties would be governed by that custom
Munshi Ram s case was that he was adopted by Ata according to custom ie in accordance with the mode prevalent in the community for purposes of adoption during the lifetime of Hans Raj
Thus Munshi Ram having been adopted by Ata would have no right left in the family of his natural father Hans Raj unless the adoption was in the dvyamushyayana form
It was however never the case of Munshi Ram that the adoption was in dvyamushyayana form and so far as Hindu law is concerned if it applies to this case Munfshi Ram would not be entitled after the adoption to succeed to the property left by Nanak Chand
But Munshi Ram s case was that according to Zamindara custom he was entitled to succeed to half of the properties left by Nanak Chand
The question therefore arises what the Zamindara custom is in the present case
In the plaint the custom was not actually pleaded though strictly speaking this should have been done
However the custom that is relied upon is to be found in para
48 of the Digest of Customary Law in the Punjab by Rattigan at p 572 13th Edition
This paragraph appears in section V dealing with Effect of Adoption on Succession and is in the following terms An heir appointed in the manner above described ordinarily does not thereby lose his right to succeed 1 1917 L R 45 I A 10 13
2 1959 SUPP
2 SC R 781 60 474 to property in his natural family as against collaterals but does not succeed in the presence of his natural brothers
 It is not disputed before is that para
48 applies in the case of adoption also but what is contended on behalf of the appellant is that para
48 only mentions a custom prevalent throughout the Punjab while the riwaj i am of Amritsar district from which area the parties come also records a custom confined to that area which really governs the parties
It appears that in 1865 the riwaj i am of Amritsar district stated that an adopted son will not be a co sharer amongst his brothers in the property left by his natural father ie a son given away in adoption will not inherit in the natural father s family
We may in this connection refer to Jai Kaur and others vs Sher Singh and others 1 where this Court held that there is therefore an initial presumption of correctness as regards the entries in the Riwaj i am and when the custom as recorded in the Riwaj i am is in conflict with the general custom as recorded in Rattigan s Digest or ascertained otherwise the entries in the Riwaj i am should ordinarily prevail except that as was pointed out by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in a recent decision in Mt Subhani vs Nawab 2 that where a in the present case the Riwaj i am affects adversely the rights of females who had no opportunity whatever of appearing before the revenue authorities the presumption would be weak and only a few instances would suffice to rebut it
 As females are not concerned in this case the entries in the riwaj i am of Amritsar district in 1865 if they conflict with para
48 of Rattigan s Digest should prevail
On that view Munshi Ram would have no right to succeed in the family of his natural father after he was adopted by Ata
The High Court however pointed out that there were decisions of courts which did not accept the riwaj i am of Amritsar district of 1865 as laying down the correct custom and therefore para
48 of the Digest by Rattigan would still prevail
1 AI R 2 AIR 1941 PC 21 475 In this connection the High Court relied on Majja Singh and others vs Rain Singh 1
That was however a case of Jats and not of Brahmins and the person who was adopted in that case was an only son
That case would not therefore necessarily override the custom so far as it applies to Brahmins
In any case the position is made clear by the Manual of Customary Law prepared in 1911 12 by Mr Cralk
The custom recorded in that compilation is that with the exception of Brahmins and Khatris an adopted son does not retain his right to inherit from his natural father even if the latter dies without leaving any other son
The High Court however pointed out that the Brahmin and khatris did not accept this custom but it failed to notice a further paragraph in answer to that very question where it was pointed out that among Brahmins and Khatris the same custom prevailed except that where there was no other son the son who was adopted in another family would succeed to the property of his natural father
In 1940 the customary law of Amritsar district was again compiled and the custom recorded is that an adopted son loses his right to inherit from his natural father but if the latter dies without other sons the adopted son cannot inherit as a son but may inherit collaterally as a successor of his adoptive father
The position as it emerges from a comparison of the entries in the riwaj i am of 1865 1911 12 and 1940 is somewhat confused and the High Court therefore thought that the custom recorded in para
48 should be adhered to as Brahmins and Khatris did not accept the extreme position that as on given away in adoption was excluded altogether from succeeding in his natural father s family as recorded in 191112
This conclusion seems to be fortified by the statements of Brahmins and Khatris in 1911 12 that a son given away in adoption succeeded in the family of his natural father if he had no brothers though the High Court did not notice this part of the answer in the riwaj i am of 1911 12
The conclusion therefore at which we arrive is that amongst Brahmins and 1 1879 PR No 43 476 Khatris of Amritsar district a son given away in adoption can succeed to the property of his natural father only if there is no other son of the natural father if there is another son he cannot succeed
Now let us see how this proposition works out in the present case
In this case Munshi Ram was claiming to succeed not to the property of Hans Raj his natural father but to the property of Nanak Chand his natural grandfather
If the case was for succession to the property of the natural father namely Hans Raj the custom might have favoured Munshi Ram for Hans Raj had no other son and Munshi Ram would thus have succeeded to the property of Hans Raj
But Hans Raj having died in the lifetime of his father Nanak Chand never succeeded to the property of his father
The High Court however thought that on the principle of representation Munshi Ram stepped into the shoes of Hans Raj and therefore was entitled to succeed to the estate left by Nanak Chand as his father would have succeeded if he had been alive at the time of the death of Nanak Chand
But if Munshi Ram is to succeed by the application of the principle of representation it would follow that Munshi Ram would really be deemed to be Hans Raj at the time of the death of Nanak Chand
In that case the position would be that Nanak Chand would have died leaving two sons namely Salig Ram and Munshi Ram in the guise of Hans Raj
But Munshi Ram having been adopted away and there being another son of Nanak Chand even the custom recorded in para
48 would exclude Munshi Ram because then there would be a brother of Munshi Ram alive in the family of Nanak Chand and this brother would succeed in exclusion of Munshi tam who would be representing his father
The argument on behalf of Munshi Ram is that though for the purpose of representation Munshi Ram would be treated as if he stood in the shoes of his father the representation could not go further and it could not be held that there were two sons of Nanak Chand living it the time of his death one of whom in the guise of Munshi Ram was adopted away
We cannot accept this 477 argument and if Munshi Ram is to succeed on the principle of representation that principle must be fully worked out and he must for all intents and purposes be deemed to be Hans Raj
As the person who is deemed to be Hans Raj was adopted away and has a brother in the shape of Salig Ram he would not succeed even under the custom recorded in para
48 of Rattigan s Digest
The position therefore is that neither under Hindu law nor under the custom recorded in para
48 can Munshi Ram succeed to the property of Nanak Chand
We therefore allow the appeal and set aside the decree of the courts below and dismiss the suit of the plaintiff respondent so far as the property of Nanak Chand is concerned
In the circumstances we also order the parties to bear their own costs throughout as the High Court did
Appeal allowed


Summary:
M a Hindu belonging to the Brahmin community in the Amritsar District of Punjab instituted a suit for the possession of a half share in the property left by his natural paternal grandfather
His father had predeceased him but another son of his grandfather was alive
He had been adopted away in a different family but he claimed that according to the custom of his community in the district he was entitled to get his share in the estate of his natural grandfather
The based his claim on the principle of representation that he stepped into the shoes of his natural father
Held that under section 5 of the  the law applicable to Hindus in Punjab in respect of questions regarding succession and other matters referred to in that section is Hindu law in the first instance but where a custom different from Hindu law is proved then the rights of the parties would be governed by that custom and whosoever asserts a custom at variance with Hindu law has to prove it though the quantum of proof required in support of the custom which is general and well recognised may be small while in other cases of what are called special customs the quantum may be larger
Held further that in the Amritsar district of Punjab amongst Brahmins and Khatri s a son given away in adoption can succeed to the property of his natural father if there is no other son of the natural father but if there is another son he cannot succeed
Held also that in the present case neither under Hindu law nor under the customary law of Punjab could M succeed to the property of his natural grandfather