Appeals Nos
379 to 383 of 1959
Appeals from the judgment and orders of the ex Judicial Commissioner s court Bhopal Now Madhya Pradesh High Court dated April 9 30 1956 in Misc
Civil Case Nos 13 of 1954 and 21 and 35 of 1955 dated April 9 27 1956 in Misc
Civil Case No 25 of 1955 and dated April 9 17 1956 in Misc
Civil Case No 49 of 1955
B Sen and I N Shroff for the appellants
M C Setalvad and M section Gupta for respondents in CA No 38059
K K fain for respondents in CA Nos 381 38359 December 19 1963
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 37 AYYANGAR J
These five appeals which have been consolidated for hearing raise for consideration principally two points 1 the constitutional validity of the Bhopal Reclamation and Development of Lands Eradication of Kans Act 1954 Act XIII of 1954 which will be hereafter referred to as the Apt and 2 whether the provisions of the Act even if constitutionally valid were complied with in the case before us
The Act the provisions of which we shall set out and examine later empowered the State Government to notify areas of the State as Kans infested areas and on such notification officers of the State were enabled to enter on the lands within the notified areas and conduct deep ploughing tractorisation operation with a view to eradicate the kans
We might mention even here that Kans are a species of weeds which infest large areas of land in and around the former State of Bhopal now forming part of Madhya Pradesh
The weeds are hardy quick growing rapidly expanding the area of their infestation and sap the fertility from the soil and thus lead to very poor yield of the land and if the growth is more extensive practically prevent any crops
The Act provided for the cost incurred in these eradication operations being recovered from the farmers on whose lands the tractorisation was effected
Acting under the said law considerable extents of land in the former State of Bhopal were tractorised and demands were made on the owners of the lands for the payment of the charges claimed as due
Five of these farmers on whom these demands were made thereupon filed petitions under article 226 before the Judicial Commissioner Bhopal challenging the constitutionality of the Act as well as the legality of the levy even assuming the law to be valid and these petitions were allowed and the learned Judicial Commissioner holding the Act to be unconstitutional and the levy illegal granted the declaration and mandamus prayed for
The appellants thereafter applied for and obtained from the Judicial Commissioner certificates of 38 fitness under article 1331 c and have preferred the appeals which are now before us
We shall narrate a few facts which serve as a background to the enactment of the legislation now impugned and which would also throw some light on some of the points urged by the respondents
It was recognised as early as the first decade of this century that without the eradication of Kans there could be no improvement in the return from the land in the Bhopal and surrounding areas
The question was as to how this was to be accomplished
With this end in view research was conducted by the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research from about 1940 onwards and as a result it was concluded that the only method of eradicating the pestilential weed was by deep ploughing of the land with tractors which would reach a sufficient depth wherefrom the roots of the weed could be pulled out and exposed and thus destroyed
This conclusion was accepted by the then Government of Bhopal who between the years 1944 48 carried out experiments by tractorisation or deep ploughing of lands in several areas of the State
The experiments demonstrated that tractorisation would increase the outturn of crops
This experimental ploughing was however confined to particular villages and areas in the State but the results achieved in them showed that if done systematically deep ploughing by tractors would help to eradicate the pest and increase the yield from the land
In order to carry out this purpose an Ordinance XXXVIII of 1949 was promulgated on October 20 1949 whose provisions were substantially identical with those contained in the Act which we shall presently read
The notifications now impugned defining the areas to undergo tractorisation which included in them the places where the lands of the respondents are situated were issued under this Ordinance
Similarly the notices demanding payment of sums from the respondents whose validity is likewise challenged were also issued under it  The Ordinance however it is now admitted was constitutionally incompetently promulgated and had therefore no legal validity
All action however taken under the Ordinance was validated by the Act and by its 39 section 17 all acts done notifications issued authorisations inquiries made duties assigned notices served or any action taken with respect to or on account of eradication of kans during the period commencing October 20 1949 and ending with the date of the commencement of this Act etc
shall be as valid and operative as if they had been done issued made assigned served or taken in accordance with the law
 The validity of this provision which was upheld by the Judicial Commissioner is not challenged before us and therefore notwithstanding that the notifications which will be referred to later were issued anterior to the enactment of the Act that circumstance is immaterial for considering their effectiveness
Before however proceeding with the narration of the facts and particularly with those touching the issue of the impugned notifications and the notice of demand we consider it would be convenient to set out the relevant provisions of the Act and in particular those whose constitutional validity is challenged
It may be mentioned that the Act received the assent of the President on November 7 1954 and was published in the State Gazette on November 25 1954
Its preamble recites that it was enacted to provide for the reclamation and development of lands by eradication of kans weed in certain areas of the State of Bhopal
 Section 2 contains the definitions and cl
c defines a kans area  wherein eradication operations are to be conducted under the provisions of the Act as meaning the area which the Government may by notification declare under sub section
1 of section 4 to be an area infested with kans Section 3 empowers the Government to appoint a Reclamation Officer
Section 4 is one of the main provisions whose validity is challenged and has therefore to be set out in full 4
1 If the Government is of opinion that any area is infested with kans it may by notification declare such area giving full particulars thereof to be a kans area for the purpose of this Act
2 Such notification shall be a sufficient notice of the fact stated therein to all persons holding 40 or having interest in the land comprised in such area
3 The Reclamation Officer shall give publicity to the notification issued under sub section 1 in such manner as he deems fit
4 The Reclamation Officer may enter upon any land in such area and take possession thereof for such period as may be necessary for the purpose of eradication of k ans from such area and carry on other ancillary subsidiary operations therein
 Section 5 provides for the constitution of a Reclamation Board a provision to which we shall have occasion to refer at a later stage
Section 6 deals with the consequences of a notification under section 41 and with the matters which take place thereon and is thus intimately connected with section 4 and we shall therefore set it out in full  6
1 On issue of a notification under sub section 1 of section 4 the Reclamation Officer and his subordinates and workmen authorised by him in this behalf may notwithstanding the provisions of the Bhopal Land Revenue Act 1932 TV of 1932 a enter upon any land in the kans area for the purpose of survey and any other ancillary purpose and b taken possession of the whole or any part of the kans area and carry on eradicating and other ancillary and subsidiary operations therein
2 No person shall use the land so notified for any purpose till such date as the Reclamation Officer after the completion of the reclamation and demarcation operations may by notification in the official Gazette specify for the restoration of the same to the person who was on the date of taking over in lawful 41 possession of the same or was entitled to such possession Provided that no revenue shall be charged from a person whose land has been taken over by the Reclamation Officer under this section in res pect of the period during which the land has so remained in the possession of the said Officer
3 For the purposes of this section any reference to the person entitled to take possession of land notified above shall if he is dead be deemed to include a reference to his successors in interest
4 The notification mentioned in sub section 2 shall be final and full discharge of the Government from all liability in respect of such delivery of possession and the possession of the land shall on the date specified in this behalf be deemed to have been delivered by the Government to the person entitled to it
 Section 7 provides the machinery for ascertaining the share of the cost which has to be paid by persons having interest in the land who have benefited by the tractorisation and it is the procedure contained in this section that is stated to have been departed from in making the demands on the respondents by reason of which the respondents successfully resisted the demands made on them
Section 7 runs 7
1 The total expenditure incurred or to be incurred by the Government on eradicating or other ancillary or subsidiary operations in the kans area shall be equitably apportioned by the Reclamation Board between the several holders of or persons having interest in the lands comprised in the Kans area
2 Every person holding or having interest in the land in which eradicating or other ancillary or subsidiary operations have been carried out or intended to be carried on shall be liable to pay the costs of such operations on his land
42 3 The Reclamation officer shall fix the amount of costs payable by each holder or other person having interest in the land comprised in the kansa area
The amount so fixed shall be charged on the land to which it relates and shall not be called in question in any suit or other legal proceedings
4 The Reclamation Officer shall also determine whether the amount so apportioned shall be paid by the person holding or having interest in the land in one lump sum or by such annual instalments as he may fix for the amount
5 The payment mentioned in sub section 4 may be made in cash or agricultural produce of such land or both
6 If the actual cost of the eradicating or other subsidiary or ancillary operations exceeds or falls short of the amount to be payable by a holder of or other person having interest in the land the difference shall be returned to or recovered from the person concerned as the case may be The machinery for collection is contained in section 8 and it is enough to point out that it makes provision for the Reclama tion Officer serving on the person holding or having interest in the land in which eradication operations have been carried out a notice of demand which in the context would mean such sum as has been determined under section 7 and for the recovery of the said sum as an arrear of land revenue Section 9 makes provision for the payment of compensation and it is one of the sections of the Act which have been struck down for unreasonableness
It enacts 9
1 Any person may within thirty days from the date of the taking over of the land under section 6 apply to the Reclamation Board for payment of compensation for destruction of or damage to any plant tree building hut or other structure in his land as a result of the eradicating operation
43 2 On receipt of such application the Reclamation Board may make such inquiry as it deems fit and if in its opinion the payment of compensation is justified it may grant such compensation as it deems fit
3 The decision of the Reclamation Board shall be final in all respects and shall not be called in question in any court of law Though some of the other sections of the Act have been dealt with and examined by the learned Judicial Commissioner they do not bear materially on the points which have been urged before us in the appeals and we do not therefore consider it necessary to refer to them
To resume the narration of the facts leading to the filing of these petitions it would suffice to mention those relating to any one of these petitions as those of the others are substantially similar
We shall refer to the facts in Case 18 of 1954 from which CA 379 of 1959 has arisen as illustrative of the rest
On January 18 1951 a notification was issued by the Chief Commissioner under section 41 of the Ordinance declaring all the villages in seven tehsils which were set out in it as Kans areas and this was published in the Gazette on January 27 1951
This notification was amended by a further notification dated May 30 1951 by which all the villages in two more tehsils were added to the original seven
Among these newly added was Tehsil Huzur in which the lands of the petitioners who number thirty were situate
Needless to add that this amendment was also published in the Gazette
Subsequently on November 21 1952 there was a notification stating inter alia that 10 named villages in Tehsil Huzur were being taken over for tractorisation operations during the ensuing season and after this these operations were conducted on the lands of the petitioners
Thereafter on February 4 1953 a communication was addressed by the Land Reclamation Officer Bhopal to the Tahsildar Huzur among other Tahsils which read to quote the material passage I forward herewith demand lists of villages of your Tehsil in respect of the tractorisation charges for the season 1951 52
Pending final decision 44 regarding exact rates of bush clearance and ploughing it has been found advisable that collection may be made at the rate of Rs 10 per acre towards first instalment of the demand
As soon as the rates are finalised intimation as to the exact rate will b e sent to you to adjust the account likewise
 This was finalised at a later date on receipt of intimation from the Government of India on August 12 1953 but the figure was modified slightly in March 1954 and again in October 1954 by a revision to a lower figure but nothing turns on the modifications because the challenge in the petitions to the demand does not turn on the quantum of the levy or its unreasonableness quoad the service rendered
When demands were made on the petitioners for the payment of the first instalment at Rs 10 per acre they filed the petition 18 of 1954 and sought relief primarily by way of 1 a declaration that the Ordinance and the Act which repealed and re enacted it with retrospective effect were unconstitutional and void 2 a permanent injunction restraining the State and its authorities from enforcing the demands on them
The petition also prayed for certain other reliefs which were not granted and are no longer material
The Judicial Commissioner substantially allowed the petition and granted the principal reliefs sought and hence this appeal
As stated earlier the contents of the other petitions are substantially the same and all these five were dealt with by a common judgment and so it is unnecessary to set them out
Four points were urged by Mr Sen learned counsel for the appellant 1  That the learned Judicial Commissioner was wrong in holding that the principal and operative sections of the Act were unconstitutional and void2 that the procedure prescribed by sections 7 and 8 of the Act for enabling the demand to be made was substantially complied with3 that even if the Act be unconstitutional still it must be taken to have been validated by the Madhya Pradesh Re clamation of Lands Extension to Bhopal Act 1957 by which the Madhya Pradesh Act whose constitutional validity was not open to challenge had been extended to the Bhopal 45 area 4 that in any event having regard to the benefit that had been conferred on the farmers by the tractorisation operations the charges which were demanded could be recovered under section 70 of the Indian Contract Act
We shall deal with these submissions in that order
The first of the sections of the Act which has been held unconstitutional is section 41
Under it would be seen the Government is empowered by notification to declare areas as kans areas  if it is of opinion that any area is infested with kans
Two points were urged in support of the challenge to the validity of this provision and both of them have been accepted by the learned Judicial Commissioner
They were first that the provision constituted an excessive delegation of legislative power and secondly that the power thus conferred was arbitrary and constituted an unreasonable restriction on the right to hold and enjoy property and therefore violative of articles 14 and 19 1  f of the Constitution
We agree with Mr Sen that section 4 1 does not suffer from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power
The preamble and long title of the Act make it clear that the enactment is one for the reclamation and development of lands by the eradication of kans weed in certain areas in the State the purpose being specified as the eradication of kans in areas infested with it
The legislative policy behind the provision is thus writ large and what remains and is left to the executive is to carry out that mandate and give effect to the law so as to achieve the purposes of the Act The areas infested  is manifestly not capable of legis lative definition but must obviously be left to the executive to determine having regard to the intensity of the weed infestation and its distribution
There is thus legislative guidance offered of the criteria which must be borne in mind by the Government before any area is declared as a kans area  and if the determination of the particular area is left to the executive it cannot be said to be any delegation of legislative power at all
The second point however about the power conferred being unreasonable in the context of the other provisions of the Act deserves more serious consideration
In this connection it is necessary to notice certain admitted facts
46 The notification under section 41 dated January 18 1951 read in conjunction with the addition made by a further noti fication dated May 30 1951 already referred to declared all the villages in 9 tehsils which were named to be kans areas 
It was the complaint of the respondents who were the petitioners in the writ petitions that their lands were not kans infested and that the notification was issued and the subsequent proceedings thereunder taken without giving them an opportunity of establishing that fact
No doubt it was the case of the State that this complaint was not correct and that the lands were in fact kans infested
In this connection however it is necessary to refer to one fact which is a matter of admission
Among the affidavits filed in support of the written statement by the State was one by Syed Majid Ali who had conducted previous experiments under the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research and who was one of those on whose recommendation it was decided that tractorisation was the best method of eradicating kans
He stated in paragraph 9 of his affidavit Before I started my experiments in the State of Bhopal a statement showing kans infestation tehsil wise had already been prepared by the State authorities and it is filed in the case
A corresponding map was also prepared and that is also filed in the case
 The map that was prepared then and which was filed in the case showed the lands in the State divided into three groups of areas dependent on the intensity of the kans infestation and these three groups of areas were differently coloured The highest intensity comprised areas in which the infesta tion was 60 per cent those between 40 60 per cent formed the second class while those below 40 per cent formed the last
A glance at the map which is part of the record before us shows an uniform colouring throughout these three groups of areas which is apt to indicate that in all the tehsils which are included in any of these three groups there was uniform infestation to the percentages indicated
Mr Sen strongly relied on this map as establishing this
But that this is not a correct picture of the spread of infestation appears to be made out by the statement prepared in July 47 1941 which is the document first referred to by Syed Majid Ali
In this statement which is marked as exhibit N4 the State is divided into two districts one western and the other eastern the former comprising 7 tehsils and the latter ll
It gives a break up of the occupied and the unoccupied land the area of each tehsil wise the area which has been cleared of kans in each tehsil and the area still remaining similarly infested
Taking the 1st of the tehsils which is included in the notification dated January 18 1951 Nasrullaganjit is seen from exhibit N4 that of the occupied land 8478 86 acres were kans infested while 2101603 acres were areas which had been cleared
It might not be clear from these figures whether the areas cleared were merely some isolated fields or larger contiguous patches but one thing is clear that the entire tehsil or rather the entire occupied land in the tehsil was not kans infested as the map would indicate but there were considerable portions in which eradication operations had been carried out already
It is possible that between the years 1941 when this statement was prepared and January 1951 when the notification under section 41 of the Act was issued lands which had once been cleared might again have become infested but anyway it would show that before there was any interference with the right of the farmers to their property they should have been given an opportunity to prove to the satisfaction of the authorities that their land was not kans infested and therefore did not need tractorisation
The provision contained in section 4 4 under which the Reclamation Officer is empowered to enter upon any land in the area so declared under section 4 1 and commence and complete eradication operations has also to be taken into account in this context
If at least at the stage when the Reclamation Officer selected the particular land in which the eradication operation was to be conducted there was notice required to be given to the owner or the occupier in order to give him an opportunity to establish that notwithstanding his land being included in the notification under section 41 the particular land in which he was interested was not kans infested and therefore did not stand in need of any eradication operation the provision in section 41 would not have been open to serious challenge
But even at the second stage when the officer was empowered to select 48 the land for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the Act and conduct tractorisation operations thereon the Act contains no provision for the persons interested having such an opportunity
We consider therefore that section 41
read in conjunction with the power contained in section 44 coupled with the absence of any provision for entertaining objections would in the circumstances of there being admittedly patches of land in the same tehsil which had bead cleared at least in 1941 must be characterised as arbitrary and imposing an unreasonable restriction on the right to hold and enjoy property within article 191 f
The operation of the several sub sections of section 6 to which we shall immediately make reference reinforces our conclusion as regards the unconstitutionality of the provisions of section 41 read with section 44
Under section 61b immediately on the issue of a notification under section 41 the Reclamation Officer is empowered to take possession of the whole or any part of the kans area and carry on eradicating and other ancillary and subsidiary operations therein
 Now in regard to this it was submitted that this provision under which the land owner is deprived of the possession of his property is unconstitutional as violative of article 31 2 as it originally stood before the 4th amendment
That Article then ran No property movable or immovable shall be taken possession of or acquired for public purposes under any law authorising the taking of such possession unless the law provides for compensation for the property taken possession of and either fixes the amount of the compensation or specifies the principles on which and the manner in which the compensation is to be determined and given The argument urged on behalf of the respondents and which the learned Judicial Commissioner accepted was based on the circumstance that no compensation was provided for the taking possession by the State or an officer acting on its behalf of the lands notified under section 41 and 4
Mr Sen however submitted two answers to this objection
The first was that the duration during which the owner was 49 deprived of possession if at all was so short as not to amount to taking possession within article 31 2
This was also presented in a slightly modified form by stating that there was in reality no taking of possession at all but that the Reclamation Officer merely entered on the land and carried out the tractorisation operation without disturbing the possession of the owner
The argument that the land owner is not disturbed in his possession by the tractorisation operations and that he is not deprived of the same by the operation of the Act proceeds upon overlooking the provisions which directly point to possession of the land statutorily passing to the Reclamation authorities on the issue of the notifications
Section 62 enacts a ban on the owner using the land notified under section 41 until there is in effect a renotification of that land by the Reclamation Officer and the lawful possession of the land is restored to the owner
In the circumstances it is clear that the possession of the Reclamation Officer is exclusive and amounts to taking possession within article 312
Nor is there any force in the point about the shortness of the duration during which the owner is deprived of possession or rather the period during which the State through the Reclamation Officer is in possession of the land  As regards this it might be pointed out that the Act itself specifies no period of time within which the reclamation should be completed
Nor are we satisfied that the mere fact that this duration is not considerable has any materiality or relevance for considering whether there has been a taking possession of the land by the State
If the period during which the owner is deprived of possession be short the compensation payable to him might be less but that does not in any manner affect the reality of the dis possession or rather the taking of possession by the State within the meaning of article 312
We thus reach the posi tion that there has been a taking possession by the State of the immovable property of the owner within the Article
The second submission related to the question which arises whether the law provides for compensation for the property taken possession of for it was not disputed that if it did not the law providing for the taking would be un constitutional
In regard to this Mr Sen relied on the proviso to section 62 as providing compensation
That proviso 134 159 SC 4
50 it would be recollected enacted that during the period when the land was in the possession of Government for the conduct of the eradication operation no land revenue would be charged to the land owner
Mr Sen urged that there was in law an obligation cast upon the owner to pay land revenue and the foregoing of this payment during the period when the owner was out of possession would in the eye of law amount to compensation and therefore satisfied the requirements of article 31 2 as it originally stood
We consider this wholly without substance
In the first place the framers of the Act knew what compensation was and they made provi sion for compensation in section 9 in respect of the injury suffered by the owner
In the context of this provision and its language they could certainly not be treated as considering the abstention from charging land revenue during the period when the land was not available to the owner as compensation
Secondly even a cursory examination would demonstrate the fallacy underlying this submission
If the exemption from payment of land revenue should suffice as compensation for deprivation of possession for a time it would follow that for possession of property being taken for ever or say for 99 years exemption from land revenue for that period would suffice as compensation
This would illustrate the utter untenability of this argument
Normally speaking land revenue is charged on the basis that the owner is free under the law to utilise the land for profitable use
When therefore he is deprived of the opportunity of so utilising it the State exempts him from payment of the same
This can in no sense be treated as compensation for the deprivation of possession
Besides the theory of land revenue is that it represents a proportion of the income which the owner derives from the land and is in theory fixed on the basis of allowing him some surplus over the State s share
When by deprivation of possession he is prevented from making any income from the land the exemption from payment of land revenue offers him no compensation only it alleviates his loss
In this view it is unnecessary for us to consider the question whether under article 312 as it stood at the relevant date the compensation even if provided need be adequate and how far the adequacy could be justiciable
We have therefore no hesitation in saying that section 41 read 51 with section 61b is unconstitutional as violative of article 31 2
The learned Judicial Commissioner has also struck down section 62 as unconstitutional and Mr Sen did not question the correctness of this conclusion
There are other minor points about section 6 which also have been held to render that section unconstitutional but to these it is not necessary to refer in the view that we have expressed about the provisions we have discussed
If the appellant State is unable to sustain the validity of sections 4 and 6 which are the key provisions of the Act Mr Sen conceded that it would not be necessary to consider the validity of the other provision and we accordingly refrain from doing so
This takes us to the second principal ground on which the respondents have succeeded viz that even if the Act be valid the provisions of section 7 were not complied with and as a result the demand made on the respondents for payment of an installment of the tractorisation charges was unautho rised and illegal
It was Mr Sen s contention that the learned Judicial Commissioner was in error in upholding this contention
The point arises this way
Section 5 makes provision for the constitution of a Reclamation Board
The Board consisted at the relevant date of the Development Commissioner as the Chairman six non official members who were members of the Legislative Assembly of the State besides five other officials with the Director Land Reclamation as the Secretary of that Board
Section 7 entrusts this Board with the duty first of ascertaining the total expenditure incurred or to be incurred and then to equitably apportion it among those land owners on whose lands eradication operations have been or would be conducted
Now in the present case the facts were that the Central Government incurred the expenditure in the first instance by utilising the Central Tractor Organisation a body set up by the Central Government and then intimated to the State Government both the total amount which they had expended and which was repayable to them by the State as well as the manner in which the amount thus recoverable from the State was to be allocated among the several land holders
It is common ground that the Reclamation Board never met and consequently neither computed the total expenditure incurred or 52 to be incurred for the eradication operations nor did it make the allocation among the holders of the lands on which eradication operations were conducted
After referring to these features the respondents pointed out in their petitions that without the requirements of section 7 being satisfied they were informed of the contents of a letter dated October 29 1954 from an Under Secretary to the Government of India to the Secretary to the Government of Bhopal Development Department in which the amount to be recovered from the land owners for the deep ploughing of their lands was mentioned which amount the revenue officials of the State were directed to recover
It is now admitted that this is the basis on which the impugned demands were made on the respondents
The learned Judicial Commissioner held that the terms of section 7 were mandatory and that unless the mind of the Reclamation Board was brought to bear on the question and the Board computed the total expenditure as well as the proper allocation of this sum among the several land owners no lawful demand could be made under section 8 nor could the same be recovered from the respondents
We find ourselves in entire agreement with the learned Judicial Commissioner in holding 1 that the procedure prescribed by section 7 is mandatory and 2 that as admittedly there was no compliance with it no lawful demand could be made for the contribution payable by any landholder by the Central Government or by the State Government at the instance of the Central Government without recourse to the machinery provided by section 7
The notices of demand were therefore properly quashed as illegal
It is only necessary to add that the validity of these noti ces of demand would arise only in the event of the crucial provisions of the Act section 4 and section 6 being valid and in view of our conclusion as regards the constitutional validity of those provisions even in the event of the terms of section 7 being complied with there could be no lawful demand made on the respondents
There remain two minor points which were urged by Mr Sen but neither of these need detain us long
The first of these was the effect on the present demand of the Madhya Pradesh Reclamation of Lands Extension to Bhopal Act 53 1937
By this enactment the Madhya Pradesh Act which is somewhat analogous to but not identical with the Act now under consideration was extended to the Bhopal area
The argument of Mr Sen was that by virtue of this extension of the Madhya Pradesh Act even if the Bhopal Act were invalid the demand made could be iustifiel as made under the Madhya Pradesh Act
But the extension of the Act in the present case is of no avail to the appellant because that Act was brought into force only prospectively and not retro spectively
If therefore the demand when made was illegal or invalid it cannot be sustained on the basis of the Madhava Pradesh Act
In the circumstances it is unnecessary for us to consider the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Act to find out how far if retrospective they would affect the validity of the demand
The last of the points urged was that even if the Act was invalid and the demand could not be justified as a legal demand having regard to the terms of section 7 still as eradica tion operations which are beneficial in their nature had been conducted on the lands of the respondents which had derived benefit therefrom lands which the respondents still retained the provisions of section 70 of the Indian Contract Act were attracted and that on the basis of a quasi contract which that section postulates the claim for compensation might be sustained
This raises larger questions for which there might be sufficient answers but in view of the circumstances that it was not pleaded as a defence to the writ petitions before the Judicial Commissioner nor put forward in arguments before him nor in the grounds of appeal or even in the statement of the case filed in this Court we have not thought it proper to permit learned counsel to urge the ground at this stage
The facts of the other appeals being substantially similar and the points arising in them being identical
they do not require to be dealt with separately
What we have stated regarding Civil Appeal 379 of 1959 would equally apply to them
The appeals fail and are dismissed with costs one hearing fee Appeals dismissed


Summary:
The respondents are owners of agricultural land in Bhopal
Their lands were taken possession of by the appellant under a notification under section 4 of the Bhopal Reclamation and Development of Land Eradication of Kans Act
The object of this Act was to eradicate by deep tractorisation Kans weeds which are harmful to the productivity of land
The Act provides for the taking possession of the land infested with kans after issuing notifications under section 4 of the Act and for the deep ploughing of the land by tractors
The expenses incurred by the Government were to be apportioned among the owners in the area whose lands had been occupied and ploughed
Demands were made on the respondents whose lands were occupied and tractorised to pay the costs so apportioned
Thereupon they filed writ petitions before the Judicial Commissioner challenging the legality of the Act as well as the legality of the levy
even assuming that the Act was valid
The Judicial Commissioner allowed the petitions
Thereupon the State appealed to this Court with certificate of fitness under article 1331c of the Constitution
In the appeals before this Court the same contentions as those which were raised before the Judicial Commisisoner were canvassed
36 Held
i The Act contains no provision for the person interested having an opportunity to establish that the particular land in which he was interested was not kans infested and therefore did not stand in need of any eradication operation
Section 41 read in conjunction with the power contained in section 44 coupled with the absence of any provision for entertaining objections would in the circumstances of there being admittedly patches of land in the same tehsil which had been cleared at least in 1941 must be characterised as arbitrary and imposing an unreasonable restriction on the right to hold and enjoy property within article 191f of the Constitution
ii The possession of the Reclamation Officer is exclusive and amounts to taking possession within article 312
The shortness of the duration during which the owner is deprived of his possession has no relevancy to the question whether there has been a taking of possession of land by the State
If the duration is short the compensation payable might be small
The exemption from payment of land revenue during the period of occupation by the State as provided in the proviso to section 62 of the Act cannot in any sense be treated as compensation for the deprivation of possession it only alleviates his loss
Section 41 read with s61h is unconstitutional as violative of article 312
iii Section 7 of the Act is mandatory and that as admittedly there was no compliance with it no lawful demand could be made for the contribution payable by any landhorder by the Central Government or by the State Government at the instance of the Central Government without recourse to the machinery provided by section 7
The notices of demand were therefore illegal
iv The extension of the Madhya Pradesh Act to the Bhopal area would be of no avail to the State because the Act was brought into force prospectively and not retrospectively
If therefore the demand when made was illegal or invalid it cannot be sustained on the basis of the Madhya Pradesh Act