minal Appeal No 443 of 1993
From the Judgment and Order dated 22492 of the Calcutta High Court in Crl
Revision No 80092
AK Sen SC Ghosh Rajiv K Dutta and BB Tawakley for the Appellant
Amlan Ghosh and Ranjan Mukherjee for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MOHAN J
leave granted
The appellant herein was married to second respondent on 16th January 1990 according to Hindu Rites and Customs
They lived together for sometime until second respondent left the matrimonial home to reside with her parents in order to prepare for Higher Secondary Examination which commenced on 5490 920 and continued upto 10590
In the month of April 1990 she conceived on coming to know that she was pregnant the appellant and the family members did not want her to beget a child
Therefore she was forced to undergo abortion which was refused by the second respondent
During the stay She was meted out cruetreatment both physically and mentally
She came back to the matrimonial home during Durga Pooja in the month of October 1990
A female child was born on 3191
She filed a petition under section 125 Cr
PC before the Learned Chief Judicial Magistrate Alipore in Misc
Case No 143 of 1991 both for herself and the child
By an order dated 14891 which was passed ex parte he awarded a sum of Rs 300 per mansum to the mother and Rs 200 to the child
Against that order he moved a revision to the High Court
That revision is pending as 1837 of 199 1
Thereafter the petitioner filed a Crl
Case No 143 of 1991 for blood group test of the second respondent and the child
In that proceeding the petitioner herein disputed the paternity of the child and prayed for blood group test of the child to prove that he was not the father of the child
According to him if that could be established he would not be liable to pay maintenance
That application was dismissed on two grounds i there were other methods in the Evidence Act to disprove the paternity ii moreover it is settled law that medical test cannot be conclusive of paternity
Aggrieved by this order a revision was preferred before the High Court
Dismissing the revision it was held that section 112 of the Evidence Act says where during the continuance of valid marriage if a child is born that is a conclusive proof about the legitimacy
This section would constitute a stumbling block in the way of the petitioner getting his paternity disproved by blood group test
The English law permitting blood test for determining the paternity of legitimacy could not be applied in view of section 112 of the Evidence Act
Therefore it must be concluded that section 112 read with section 4 of the said Act debars evidence except in cases of non access for disproving the presumption of legitimacy and paternity
It is the contention of Mr Ashok Sen learned counsel for the appellant that the only way for the father to disprove the paternity is by blood group test
Having regard to the development of medical jurisprudence to deny that request to the appellant will be unreasonable
As a matter of fact in England this is commonly resorted to as it will leave no room for doubt
In 1968 1 All England Reports p 20 Re 1 it was held that even without the consent of the guardian ad litem the court had power to order an infant be subjected to a blood group test
921 There is no justification for the court below to refuse the same on the ground that section 112 of the Evidence Act would be an obstacle in seeking relief of blood group test
Before we deal with the arguments we will examine the law as available in England
At the beginning of the century scientists established that human blood had certain characteristics which could be genetically transmitted
The first recognised system was ABO blood group
The blood group of a child is determined by the parents  genetic make up but the number of possibilities is such that it is not possible to prove that certain individuals are the father on the basis of comparing blood groups only that they are not the father
By 1930s other immunological test became available
As a result the possibility of establishing paternity increased
An attempt by way of statutory provision to make blood test compulsory in En land failed in 1938
However in 1957 the Affiliation Proceedings Act was passed
Under that Act it was assumed that a man was the father once a sexual relationship with the mother at the time of conception was proven unless he could show another man had intercourse with her at that time
Failing the father s attempt the mother s evidence had to be corroborated by facts such as blood test etc
Under the Act either party could ask for a blood test and either was entitled to refuse to take part although only the mother can apply for maintenance
The Family Reforms Act 1969 conferred powers on the court to direct taking blood test in civil proceedings in paternity cases
Courts were able to give directions for the use of the blood test and taking blood samples from the child the mother and any person alleged to be the father
Since the passing of 1969 Act the general practice has been to use blood tests when paternity is in issue
However it is to be stated the court cannot order a person to submit to tests but can draw adverse inferences from a refusal to do so
Now under the Fan lily Reforms Act 1987 in keeping with modern thinking on the continuing and shared responsibility of parenthood parentage  rather than paternity has to be determined before the court
Fathers as well as mothers can apply for maintenance
Therefore contests can include mothers denial of paternity
This Act finally removed the legal aid for corroboration of mother s statement of paternity
Two cases may be usefully referred to Re L Lord Denning MR 1968 All England Reports p 20 stated thus 922 but they can say positively that a given man cannot be the father because the blood groups of his and the child are so different emphasis supplied
In BRB vs JB 1968 2 All England Reports 1023 applied this dictum and held as under The Country court judge will refer it to a High Court Judge as a matter suitable for ancillary relief and the High Court Judge can order the blood test
Likewise of course a magistrate s court has no power to order a blood test against the will of the parties
The magistrate can only do it by consent of those concerned namely the grown ups and the mother on behalf of the child but nevertheless if any of them does not consent the magistrate can take that refusal into account1 adhere to the view which expressed in Re L that 6 If an adult unreasonably refuses to have a blood test or to allow a child to have one I think that it is open to the court in any civil proceedings no matter whether it be a paternity issue or an affiliation summonsor a custody proceedings to take his refusalas evidence against him and may draw an inference there from adverse to him
This is simple common sense The conclusion of the whole matter is that a judge of the High Court has power to order a blood test whenever it is in the best interests of the child
The judges can be trusted to exercise this discretion wisely
I would set no limit condition or bounds to the way in which judges exercise their discretion
To object of the court always is to find out the truth
When scientific advances give us fresh means of ascertaining it we should not hesitate to use those means whenever the occasion requires Having heard full argument on the case lam satisfied beyond any reasonable doubt to use the expression used in rebutting the presumption as to legitimacy that LORD DENNING MR was right in saying that such an order may be made in any case where the child is made a party to the proceedings and in the opinion of the judge of the High Court it is in the child s best interests that it should be made
 923 As regard United States the law as stated in Forensic Sciences edited by Cyril H Wecht is as under Parentage testing is the major but not the exclusive involvement of forensic serology in civil cases
The majority of disputed parentage cases involve disputed paternity although an occasional disputed maternity or baby mix up case does arise and can be solved using the tools of forensic serology described in this chapter
Blood typing has been used to help resolve paternity cases since the mid 1920 section According to Latters there were 3000 cases tested in Berlin in 1924 and Schiff and Boyd said that the first case went to court in Berlin in 1924
Ottenberg in this country published paternity exclusion tables in 192 1 as did Dyke in England in 1922
It took somewhat longer to satisfy the courts both in Europe and in country that parentage exclusions based upon blood grouping were completely valid
Wiener said that he had obtained an exclusion in a paternity case in this country which reached the courts early in 1933
In January of 1934 Justice Steinbrink of the New York Supreme Court in Brooklyn ordered that blood tests be performed in a disputed paternity action using a s precedent a decision by the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation but his order was reversed upon appeal
Soon afterward however laws were passed in a number of states providing the courts with statutory authority to order blood testing in disputed paternity cases
Paternity testing has developed somewhat more slowly in the Unitted States than in certain of the European countries but today the differences in the number of systems employed and judicial acceptance of the results are no longer that great
A number of authorities have recently reviewed the subject of paternity testing in some detail and in some cases have summarized the results of large number of cases that they have investigated
Walker points out that failure to exclude a man even at the 95 percent level of paternity exclusion does not mean that the alleged father is proven to be biologic father because absolute proof of paternity cannot be established by any known blood test available
Although this fact is well known and appreciated by workers it the field of blood grouping and by attorneys active in this area it is not generally understood by the lay public
However blood group 924 serology using proven genetic marker systems represents the most accurate scientific information concerning paternity and is so recognised in the United States as well as in a number of countries abroad
 In India there is no special statute governing this
Neither the Criminal Procedure Code nor the Evidence Act empowers the court to direct such a test to be made
In 1951 1 Madras Law Journal p58O Polavarapu Venkteswarlu minor by guardian and mother Hanwnamma vs Polavarapu Subbayya in that case the application was preferred under section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure invoking the inherent powers of the Court to direct a blood test
The learned judge was of the following view Section 15 1 Civil Procedure Code has been introduced in to the Statute book to give effect to the inherent powers
of Courts as expounded by Woodroffe J in Hukum Chand Boid vs Kamalan and Singh
Such powers can only be exercised ex debito justice and not on the mere invocation of parties or on the mere volition of courts
There is no procedure either in the Civil Procedure Code or in the Indian Evidence Act which provides for a test of the kind sought to be taken by the defendant in the present case
It is said by Mr Ramakrishna for the respondent before m e that in England this sort of test is resorted to by Courts where the question of non access in connection with an issue of legitimacy arises for consideration
My attention has been drawn by learned counsel to page 69 of Taylor s Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence Volume 2 where it is stated thus  In Wilson vs Wilson Lancet 1942 1 570 evidence was given that the husband s group was OM that the wife s was BM and that the child s was ABN
The Court held that the husband was not the father of child and granted a decree for nullity It is also pointed out by learned counsel that in the text books on Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology by Rai Bahadur Jaising P Moi 8th Edition at page 94 reference is made to a case decided by a Criminal Court at Mercare in June 194 1 in which the paternity and maternity of the child being under dispute the Court resorted to the results of the blood grouping test 925 That may be
But I am not in any event satisfied that if the parties are unwilling to offer their blood for a test of this kind this Court can force them to do so
 The same view was taken by the Kerala High Court in Vasu vs Santha 1975 Kerala Law Times p 533 as A special protection is given by the law to the status of legitimacy in India
The law is very strict regarding the type of the evidence which can be let in to rebut the presumption of legitimacy of a child
Even proof that the mother committed adultery with any number of men will not of itself suffice for proving the illegitimacy of the child
If she had access to her husband during the time the child could have been begotten the law will not countenance any attempt on the part of the husband to prove that the child is not actually his
The presumption of law of legitimacy of a child will not be lightly repelled
It will not be allowed to be broken or shaken by a mere balance of probability
The evidence of non access for the purpose of repelling it must be strong distinct satisfactory and conclusive see Morris vs Davies  The standard of proof in this regard is similar to the standard of proof of guilt in a criminal case
These rigours are justified by considerations of public policy for there are a variety of reasons why a child s status is not to be triffled with
The stigma of illegitimacy is very severe and we have not any of the protective legislations as in England t o protect illegitimate children
No doubt this may in some cases require a husband to maintain children of whom he is probably not their father
But the legislature alone can change the rigour of the law and not the court
The court cannot base a conclusion on evidence different from that required by the law or decide on a balance of probability which will be the result if blood test evidence is accepted
There is an aspect of the matter also
Before a blood test of a person is ordered his consert is required
The reason is that this test is a constraint on his personal liberty and cannot be carried out without his consent
Whether even a legislature can compel a blood test is doubtful
Here no consent is given by any of the respondents
It is also doubtful whether a guardian ad litem can give this consent
Therefore in these circumstances the learned Munsiff was right in 926 refusing the prayer for a blood test of the appellant and respondents 2 and 3
The learned Judge is also correct in holding that there was no illegality in refusing a blood test
The maximum that can be done where a party refuses to have a blood test is to draw an adverse inference see in this connection Subayya Gounder vs Bhoopala AIR 1959 Madras 396 and the earlier decision of the same court in Venkateswarlu vs Subbayya AIR 1951 Madras 910
Such an adverse inference which has only a very little relevance here will not advance the appellants case to any extent
He has to prove that he had no opportunity to have any sexual intercourse with the 1st respondent at a time when these children could have been begotten
That is the only proof that is permitted under section II 2 to dislodge the conclusive presumption enjoined by the Section
 In Hargavind Soni vs Ramdulari AIR 1986 MP at 57 held as The blood grouping test is a perfect test to determine questions of disputed paternity of a child and can be relied upon by Courts as a circumstantial evidence
But no person can be compelled to give a sample of blood for blood grouping test against his will and no adverse inference can be drawn against him for this refusal
 Blood grouping test is a useful test to determine the question of disputed paternity
It can be relied upon by courts as a circumstantial evidence which ultimately excludes a certain invididual as a father of the child
However it requires to be carefully noted no person can be compelled to give sample of blood for analysis against her will and no adverse inference can be drawn against her for this refusal
In Raghunath vs Shardabai  it was observed blood grouping test have their limitation they cannot possibly establish paternity they can only indicate its possibilities
In Bhartiraj vs Sumesh Sachdeo  Ors held as Discussing the evidentiary value of blood tests for determining paternity Rayden on Divorce 1983 Vol 1 p 1054 has this to say Medical Science is able to analyse the blood of individuals 927 into definite groups and by examining the blood of a given man and a child to determine whether the man could or could not be the father
Blood tests cannot show positively that any man is father but they can show positively that a given man could or could not be the father
It is obviously the latter aspect the proves most valuable in determining paternity that is the exclusion aspect for once it is determined that a man could not be the father he is thereby automatically excluded from considerations of paternity
When a man is not the father of a child it has been said that there is at least a 70 per cent chance that if blood tests are taken they will show
positively he is not the father and in some cases the chance is even higher between two giver men who have had sexual intercourse with
the mother at the time of conception both of whom undergo blood tests it has likewise been said that there is a 80 per cent chance that the tests will show that one of them is not the father with the irresistible inference that the other is the father
The position which emerges on reference to these authoritative texts is that depending on the type of litigation samples of blood when subjected to skilled scientific examination can sometimes supply helpful evidence on various issues to exclude a particular parentage set up in the case
But the consideration remains that the party asserting the claim to have a child and the rival set of parents put to blood test must establish his right so to do
The court exercises protective jurisdiction on behalf of an infant
In my considered opinion it would be unjust and not fair either to direct a test for a collateral reason to assist a litigant in his or her claim
The child cannot be allowed to suffer because of his incapacity the aim is to ensure that he gets his rights
If in a case the court has reason to believe that the application for blood test is of a fishing nature or designed for some ulterior motive it would be justified in not acceding to such a prayer The above is the dicta laid down by the various High Courts
In matters of this kind the court must have regard to section 112 of the Evidence Act
This section is based on the well known maxim pater est quem nuptioe demonstrant he is the father whom the marriage indicates
The presumption of legitimacy is this that a child born of a married woman is deemed to be legitimate it throws on the person who is interested in making out the illegitimacy the whole burden of proving it
The law presumes both that a marriage ceremony is valid any that every 928 person is legitimate
Marriage or filiation parentage may be presumed the law in general presuming against vice and immoratility
 It is a rebuttable presumption of law that a child born
during the lawful wedlock is legitimate and that access occurred between the parents
This presumption can only be displaced by a strong preponderannce of evidence and not by a mere balance of probabilities
In Smt
Dukhtar Jahan vs Mohammed Faroog  this court held
Section II 2 lays down that if a person was born during the continuance of a valid marriage between his mother and any man or within two hundren and eighty days after its dissolution and the mother remains unmarried it shall be taken as conclusive proof that he is the legitimate son of that man unless it can be shown that the parties to the marriage had no access to each other at anytime when he could have been begotten
This rule of law based on the dictates of justice has always made the courts incline towards upholding the legitimacy of a child unless the facts are so compulsive and clinching as to necessarily warrant a finding that the child could not at all have been begotten to the father and as such a legitimation of the child would result in rank injustice to the father
Courts have always desisted from lightly or hastily rendering a verdict and that too on the basts of slender materials which will have the effect of branding a child as a bastard and its mother an unchaste woman
 This section requires the party disputing the paternity to prove non access in order to dispel the presumption Access and non access mean the existence or non existence of opportunities for sexual intercourse it does not mean actual cohabitation
The effect of this section is this there is a presumption and a very strong one though a reubttable one
Conclusive proof means as laid down under section 4 of the Evidence Act
From the above discussion it emerges 1 that courts in India cannot order blood test as matter of course 929 2 wherever applications are made for such prayers in order to have roving inquiry the prayer for blood test cannot be entertained
3 There must be a strong primafacie case in that the husband must establish non access in order to dispel the presumption arising under section 112 of the Evidence Act
4 The court must carefully examine as to what would be the consequence of ordering the blood test whether it will have the effect of branding a child as a bastard and the mother as an unchaste woman
5 No one can be compelled to give sample of blood for analysis
Examined in the light of the above we find no difficulty in upholding the impugned order of the High Court confirming the order of the Addl
Chief Judicial Magistrate Alipore in rejecting the application for blood test
We find the purpose of the application is nothing more than to avoid payment of maintenance without making any ground whatever to have recourse to the test
Accordingly Criminal Appeal will stand dismissed
Cr MPNo
222493 in SLPcr No 264892 filed by Respondent No 2 will stand allowed
She is permitted to withdraw the amount without furnishing any Security
RP SLP dismissed


Summary:
The appellant was charged with cheating the UP Industrial Corporation of Rs 3935250 by registering a take concern and taking in its name
Three courts concurrently found the charges against him established
On the question of sentence it was contended that more than 20  cars had elapsed the amount involved was not excessive and other mitigating circumstances were placed in the record
Partly allowing the appeal this Court HELD1
The appellant had deposited Rs 40000 the loan amount as directed
901 G 2
In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case conviction maintained but sentence of imprisonment reduced to the period already undergone and a fine of Rs 2000  or one month RI in lieu thereof
902 B