iminal Appeal No 287 71
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 10 9 71 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Revision No 310 of 1970
AN Mulla Miss Uma Mehta RK Mehta SK Bagga and Mrs section Bagga for the Appellants
SN Anand and RN Sachthey for the Respondent
D Mookerjee BP Maheshwari Suresh Sethi and NK lain for the Intervener
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BHAGWATI J
This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment of the High Court of Delhi confirming the conviction of 594 the appellants under section 7i read with section 161ai of the 
The prosecution case was that all material times the 2nd appellant was the owner of a grocery shop situate at Maharani Bagh New Delhi and the 1st appellant was employed as a salesman in the shop
On 23rd June 1969 Bhanot a Food Inspector went to the shop of the 1st appellant and finding the 1st appellant there as a sales man took from him a sample of mustard oil for analysis after paying its purchase price
He divided the sample into three parts and sent one part to the Public Analyst for analysis handed over the other part to the 2nd appellant and retained the 3rd part with him
The Public Analyst reported that the sample was misbranded as it was of Lin Seed Oil and it was adulterated due to the presence of artificial dye
On the strength of this report the appellants were chargesheeted under section 7i read with section 161ai before the Judicial Magistrate Delhi
The defence of the 1st appellant was that the 2nd appellant was at no time engaged by him as the salesman and no mustard oil was purchased by Bhanot from the 2nd appellant
The 2nd appellant also claimed that he was never an employee of the l st appellant and while he was going to his house after pur chasing sarson oil for his personal use he was caught by two or three persons near Maharani Bagh and a sample was taken from the oil which he was carrying and his signatures were obtained by threat on certain papers
The learned Judicial Magistrate accepted the evidence led on behalf of the prosecution and rejected the defence version and held that the appellants were guilty of the offence of selling lin seed oil containing artificial dye which was an offence punishable under section 7i read with section 161a i
The learned Judicial Magistrate accordingly convicted the appellants and sentenced each of them to suffer rigorous imprisonment for nine months and to pay a fine of Rs 1000 
The appellants preferred an appeal but the appeal was rejected by the learned Sessions Judge and the convic tion was confirmed with only a slight modification in the sentence
The sentence was reduced from nine months to six months rigorous imprisonment
This led to the filing of a revision application in the High Court by the appellants but the revision application was also unsuccessful
Hence the present appeal by special leave obtained from this Court
The first contention raised on behalf of the appellant in support of the appeal was that the conviction was bad inasmuch as it rested solely on the evidence of Bhanot and one other Food Inspector namely Bhatnagar who happened to come there at the tinge of taking the sample and there was no independent witness to support the prosecution case
Now it is true that the prosecution could not produce my independent witness to depose to the taking of the sample by Bhanot from the 2nd appellant at the shop of the 1st appel lant but that by itself cannot be regarded as sufficient to warrant rejection of the prosecution case out of hand
The sample was taken by Bhanot in the presence of one Keshav Dutt Sharma and a panchnama evidencing the transaction was prepared and signed by Keshav Dutt Sharma on the spot
But in the witness box Keshav Dutt Sharma turned hostile and denied that he was present at the time of taking the sample
Of 595 course
he could not deny that the endorsement B to B on the Panchanama was in his hand writing and he had put his signa ture at the foot of it but his explanation was that one Food Inspector came to the shop where he was working and asked him either to give a sample of the ice cream he was selling at the shop or to give his signature on the pancha nama
This explanation is palpably dishonest and cannot be accepted by any court
Moreover it does not explain how the endorsement B to B came to be made by Keshav Dutt Sharma in his handwriting
There can be no doubt that Keshav Dutt Sharma was present at the time of taking of the sample and he wrote down the endorsement B to B on the panchanama and signed it as he was a witness to the transaction
It is unfortunately not an infrequent occurrence to find that pancha witnesses turn hostile and go back upon what is stated in the panchanama in utter disregard of truth
This betrays lack of character and absence of civic sense which not only result in the guilty escaping the punishment but lead to general deterioration in standards of honesty and integrity
This is a highly reprehensible phenomenon which has to be curbed in the larger interest of the administra tion of justice
Here apart from the endorsement B to B in the panchanama and the signature at the foot of it showing that Keshav Dutt Sharma was a witness to the taking of the sample we have the statement of Bhanot who said in his evidence that Keshav Dutt Sharma was taken by him to witness the taking of the sample and Keshav Dutt Sharma made the endorsement B to B on the panchanama and put his signa ture below it and this statement made by Bhanot was not challenged in the cross examination nor was it even sug gested to Bhanot that Keshav Dutt Sharma was not present at the taking of the sample
The prosecution case obviously cannot be thrown out merely because Keshav Dutt Sharma refused to support what had been stated by him in his own hand writing in the panchanama and went back upon it to the utter dismay of the prosecution
It is true that by reason of the defection of Keshav Dutt Sharma the prosecution was left only with the evidence of Bhanot and Bhatnagar but this evidence was regarded by the High Court as well as the learned Judicial Magistrate and the learned Sessions Judge sufficient to found the conviction of the appellants and we do not see why we should interfere with the concurrent view taken by them as regards the appreciation of this evidence
There is no rule of law that conviction cannot be based on the sole testimony of a food Inspector
It is only out of a sense of caution that the courts insist that the testimony of a food Inspector should be corroborated by some independ ent witness
This is a necessary caution which has to be borne in mind because the food Inspector may in a sense be regarded as an interested witness but this caution is a rule of prudence and not a rule of law if it were other wise it would be possible for many guilty persons to escape punishment by resorting to the device of bribing punch witnesses
The conviction of the appellants cannot there fore be assailed as infirm on the ground that it rested merely on the evidence of Bhanot and Bhatnagar
The appellants then contended that on the opinion expressed by the Public Analyst the offence committed by the appellants was one 596 under section 161ai with respect to an article of food adulterated under clause 1 of section 2 and the Court had therefore discretion under the proviso to section 16 1  to impose a lesser sentence of imprisonment than six months for adequate and Special reasons
The argument of the appellants was that this was a fit case in which the discre tion under the proviso to section 161 should have been exercised and the minimum sentence of six months imprison ment should not have been imposed on the appellants
This was in substance a plea for reduction of the sentence of imprisonment and this plea raises the question as to which is the clause of section 2i in which the present case falls
Does it fail within the clause 1 as claimed by the appellants or within clause j as contended on behalf of the prosecution or within both and if it falls within both what the effect  Section 2i defines adulterated  and says that an article of food shah be deemed to be adulterat ed if the article fails within the description given in any of the succeeding clauses a to 1
Clause j provides that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated j if any colouring matter other than that prescribed in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability is present in the article and clause 1 deems an article of food to be adulterated 1 if the quality or purity of the article fails below the prescribed standard or if constitu ents are present in quantities which are in excess of the prescribed limits of variability
 In the present case what was sold by the appellants was linseed oil which contained artificial dye
The standard of quality of linseed oil is defined in Paragraph A 1704 of Appendix B to the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules 1955 as follows A l704
Linseed oil Tilli ka tel means the oil obtained by process of expressing clean and sound linseed Linum usitatissimum
It shall be clear free from rancidity suspended or other foreign matter separated water added colouring or flavouring substances or mineral oil
It shall conform to the following standards a Butyro refractometer reading at 40 deg
C  695 to 743 b Saponification value   188 to 195 c Iodine value  
Not less than 170 d Unsaphnifiable matter  
Not more than 15 per cent e Free fatty acid as Oleic acid not more than 20 per cent The argument of the appellants was that the requirement of this paragraph that linseed oil shall be free from foreign matter or added colouring substances lays down a standard of quality of linseed oil and since the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye the quality of the linseed oil fell below the prescribed standard and 597 hence the case was covered by clause i of section 2i
The appellants contended that if clause 1 of section 2i was applicable in the present case it excluded the applica bility of clause j and the linseed oil containing artifi cial dye could not be said to be adulterated under that clause
It was also urged on behalf of the appellants that in any event no colouring matter was prescribed in respect of linseed oil and
therefore it could not be said that there was present in the linseed oil sold by the appellants artificial dye other than that prescribed in respect there of and in amounts not within the prescribed limits 0f variability so as to bring the case within the scope of clause j of section 2i
These contentions of the appellants plausible though they may seem at first sight are without merit and must be rejected
Our reasons for saying so are as follows
It may be made clear at the out set that the different clauses of section 2i are not mutually exclusive
They overlap one another red it is quite possible that an article of food may be found adulterated under two or more clauses of section 2i
Take for example a case where an article of food contains a foreign substance which affects injuriously the quality thereof and at the same time renders it unfit for human consumption
Such a case would clearly fall within clauses b and f of section 2i and the article of food would be deemed to be adulterated under both these clauses
So also a case may arise where a colouring matter not permitted under the rules is added to an article of food and such colouring matter affects injuriously the quality of the article of food and in such a case too more than one clause of section 2i would be attracted namely clause b and i
These instances which we have given are merely by way of illustration and they show that merely because an article of food is covered by one clause of section 2i it does not exclude the applicability of another clause of the section an article of food may be deemed to be adulterated under more than one clauses of section 2i
It is therefore not a valid argument that because the present case falls under clause 1 of section 2i the applicability of clause j is ipso facto nega tived and the case cannot come within that clause
That takes us to the question whether the present case falls within clause i of section 2i for if it does it would be immaterial whethere it falls also within clause 1 of section 2 i and in so far as the linseed oil sold by the appellants is deemed to be adulterated under clause j of section 2i the proviso to section 161 would not be attracted
Now the report of the Public Analyst showed that the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained arti ficial dye and this was clearly prohibited under the Rules
Rule 23 provided that the addition of a colouring matter to an article of food except as specifically permitted by the Rules shall be prohibited
The only artificial dyes which were permitted to be used in food were those set out in Rule 28 and Rule 29 prohibited the use of permitted coal tar dyes in or upon any food other than those enumerated in that Rule
Linseed oil was admittedly not one of the arti cles of food enumerated in Rule 29 and hence even permitted coal tar dyes could not be added to linseed oil
It does not appear from the report of the Public Analyst 598 as to what was the artificial dye found mixed in the sample of linseed oil sent to him but we will assume in favour of the defence that it was a permitted coal tar dye
Even so by reason of Rules 23 and 29 it could not be added to linseed oil
In the circumstances the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye which was prohibited under the Rules
The argument of the appellants was that since colouring matter was prohibited in respect of linseed oil it could not be said that any colouring matter was prescribed in respect of linseed oil by the Rules and hence the presence of artificial dye in linseed oil did not at tract the applicability of clause j of section 2i
It was said that clause j of section 2i would be attracted only if a colouring matter is prescribed in respect of an article of food and the article is found to contain a co louring matter different from that prescribed
But if no colouring matter is prescribed which would be the position where colouring matter is totally prohibited it cannot be said that the article of food contains a colouring matter other than that prescribed in respect of it
This argument has the merit of ingenuity but it has no force and cannot be sustained
When no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food what is prescribed in respect of the article is nil colouring matter and if the article contains any colouring matter it would be other than that prescribed in respect of the article
Clause j of section 2i is not merely intended to cover a case where one type of colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food and the article contains another type of colouring matter but it also takes in a case where no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food or in other words it is prohibited and yet the article contains a colouring matter
There is really no difference h3 principle between the two kinds of cases
Both are equally reprehensible in fact the latter may in conceivable cases be more serious than the former
Where no colouring matter is permitted to be used in an article of food what is prescribed in respect of the arti cle is that no coIouring matter shall be used and if any colouring matter is present in the article in breach of that prescription it would clearly involve violation of cl
j of section 2i
The words of clause j of section 2i other than that prescribed in respect thereof recall to the mind similar words used in section 292 of the Limita tion Act which makes certain provisions of the Limitation Act applicable in cases where a special or local law pre scribes a period of limitation different from the period prescribed by the Schedule to the Limitation Act
These words of section 292 of the Limitation Act came up for interpretation before this Court in Vidyacharan Shukla vs Khubchand Baghel1 It was contended in that case that on a true construction of these words it is only where a period of limitation is specifically prescribed in the Schedule and a special or local law prescribes a different period of limitation that section 292 would be attracted and that section would have no application where no time limit is prescribed by the Schedule
This contention was negatived and it was held by this Court that where the Schedule does not specifically prescribe any period of limitation for an application but is silent and a special or local law prescribes a period of limitation for such an  599 application it can appropriately be said that the special or local law has prescribed a period of limitation differ ent from that prescribed in the Schedule and section 292 would be applicable
The analogy of this decision is very apt and it supports the construction we are inclined to place on the words other than that prescribed in respect thereof in clause j of section 2i
We take the view that even where the Rules prescribe that no colouring matter or artificial dye shall be used in respect of an article of food clause j of section 2i would apply if it is found that some colouring matter or artificial dye is present in the article
Here the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye despite the prohibition in the Rules and hence the case was dearly covered by clause j of section 2i and the linseed oil must be deemed to be adulterated under that caluse
That would exclude the applicability of the provi so to section 1 since the offence in this view would be one with respect to an article of food deemed to be adul terated under clause j of section 2i
The appellants  plea invoking the liberality of the provision enacted in the proviso to section 161 must in the circumstances be rejected and the minimum sentence of imprisonment for six months must be maintained
The appellants then pleaded that in any event on the facts and circumstances of the present case the benefit of the should be given to them and they should not be consigned to the rigours of jail life
This plea also does not impress us
It is no doubt true and that was laid down by this Court in the first pronouncement made by it on the subject in Isher Das vs State1 that the operation of the is not excluded in case of persons found guilty of offences under the Prevention of the Food Adulteration Act 1954
To quote the words of Krishna lyer 3 in PK Tejani vs
MR Dange2 The rehabilatory purpose of the is pervasive enough technically to take within its wings an offence even under the Act
But in the very same decision in Isher Das s case supra this Court sounded a note of caution which must be borne in mind Adulteration of food is a menace to public health
The has been enacted with the aim of eradicating that anti social evil and for ensur ing purity in the articles of food
In view of the above object of the Act and the intention of the legislature as revealed by the fact that a minimum sentence of imprisonment for a period of six months and a fine of rupees one thou sand has been prescribed the courts should not lightly resort to the provisions of the in the case of persons above 21 years of age found guilty of offences under the   The imperatives of social defence must discourage the applicability of the probation principle
No chances can be taken by society with a man whose anti social activites in the guise of a respectable trade jeopardise the health and well being of numerous innocent consumers
1 2 1974 2 SCR 154
600 The adulterator is a social risk
It might be dangerous to leave him free to carry on his nefarious activities by applying the probation principle to him
Moreover it must be remembered that adulteration is an economic offence prompted by profit motive and it is not likely to lend itself easily to therapeutic treatment by the probationary measure
It may be pointed out that the Law Commission also in its Forty Seventh Report recommended the exclusion of applicability of the probationary process in case of social and economic offences and presumably in response to this recommendation the Legislature has recently amended the by introducing section 20AA providing that nothing contained in the or section 360 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 shall apply to a person convict ed of an offence under the Act unless that person is under eighteen years of age This amendment of course would not apply in the present case but it shows the legislative trend which it would not be right for the court to ignore
We cannot therefore give the benefit of the to the appellants and release them on probation
We accordingly confirm the conviction and sentence recorded against the appellants and dismiss the appeal
PHP Appeal dismissed


Summary:
The second appellant was the owner of a grocery shop and the first appellant was his salesman in the shop
Food Inspector Bhanot purchased a sample from appellant No 1 of mustard oil after complying with the formalities prescribed by the Act
The Public Analyst reported that the sample was misbranded as it was of in seed oil and it was adulterated due to the presence of artificial dye
The appellants were charge sheeted under section 161ai
The learned Magis trate convicted the appellants and sentenced them to suffer rigorous imprisonment for 9 months
On appeal the learned Sessions Judge confirmed the conviction but reduced the sentence from 9 months to 6 months
The High Court in revision upheld the decision of the Sessions Judge
On appeal of Special Leave the appellants contended 1
The conviction was bad since it rested solely on the evidence of Food Inspector Bhanot
The offence committed by the appellants on the opinion of the Public Analyst fell under sec tion 161ai read with clause 1 of section 2 i and therefore the Court had discretion under the proviso to section 161 to impose a lesser sentence than the minimum of 6 months
In any event the benefit of the  should be given to the appel lants
Dismissing the appeal HELD 1
There is no rule of law that conviction cannot be based on the sole testimony of a Food Inspector
It is only out of a sense of caution that the courts insist that the testimony of a Food Inspector should be corroborated by some independent witness
This is a necessary caution which has to be borne in mind because the Food Inspector may in a sense be regarded as an interested witness
But this cau tion is a rule of prudence and not a rule of law
If it were otherwise it would be possible for many guilty persons to escape punishment by resorting to the device of bribing Panch witnesses
In the present case the sample was taken in the presence of witness Krishan Datt Sharma who has turned hostile
His explanation is palpably dishonest and cannot be accepted
There is also the evidence of another Food Inspector Bhatnagar
The Courts below accepted their evidence and there is no reason to interfere with the con current view taken by the courts below
595A G 2
Section 21 defines Adulterated and says that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if the article fails within the description given in my of the succeeding clauses a to 1
Clause j provides that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if any colouring matter other than 593 that prescribed in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability is present in the article
Clause 1 deems an article of food to be adulter ated if the quality or purity of the article fails below the prescribed standard or its constituents are present in quantities which are in excess of the prescribed limits of variability
596C D 3
It is wrong to contend that if an article fails within clause 1 it cannot fail under clause j or any other clause
Different clauses of section 2i are not mutually exclusive they overlap one another and it is quite possible that an article of food may be found adulter ated trader two or more clauses of section 2i
597A C 4
The report of the public analyst showed that the linseed oil contained artificial dye and this was clearly prohibited under rule 23
The only artificial dyes which were permitted to be used in food were those set out in rule 28 and Rule 29
prohibited the use of permitted coal tar dyes in or upon any articles of food other than those enu merated in that Rule
Lin seed oil was not one of the arti cles of food enumerated in rule 29 and hence artificial dye even if permitted coal tar dye could not be added to linseed oil
597G H 598A 5
The contention of the appellants that clause j would be attracted only if colouring matter is prescribed and the article of food is found to consin a colouring matter different from that prescribed was negatived
When no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food what is prescribed in respect of the article is nil  colouring matter and if the article contains any colouring matter it would be other than that prescribed in respect of the article
597A C 598B D Vidyacharan Shukla vs KhubchandBaghel   relied on
The operation of the is not excluded in case of persons found guilty of offence under the 
Howev er imperatives of social defence must discourage the ap plicability of the probation principle
No chances can be taken by Society with a man whose anti social activities in the guise of a respectable trade jeopardise the health and well being of numerous innocent consumers
The adulterator is a social risk it might be dangerous to leave him free to carry on his nefarious activities by applying the probation principle to him
Adulteration is an economic offence prompted by profit motive and it is not likely to lend itself easily to therapeutic treatment by probationary measure
599D G H 600A B Isher Das vs State and 1
K Tejani vs
MR Dhange 1974 2 SCR 154 followed