Appeal No 640 of 1961
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 14 1961 of the Calcutta High Court in Matter No 44 of 1961
WITH Civil Appeals Nos 173 to 175 of 1962
Appeal by special leave from the judgments and order dated September 14 and 21 1961 of the Calcutta High Court in Matters Nos 149 258 and 162 of 1961
MC Setalvad Attorney General of India B Sen and P K Boae for the appellants in CA No 640 of 61
Sachine Chaudhuri Ellis Meyer Subrota K Chaudhuri and I N Shroff for the respondent in CA No 64061
956 NC Chatterjee B L Kanodia and B P Mahemari for the appellants in CA No 173 of 1962
BSen B L Kanodia and B P Maheshwari for the appellants in CAs
No 174 and 175 of 1962
GS Pathak M G Poddar and D N Mukherjee for the respondents in CA No 17362
PL Khaitan section N Andley and Rameshwar Nath for the respondents in C A No 17462
AO Bhabra M G Poddar P L Khaitan and DN Mukherjee for the respondents in C A No 17562 1962
May 3
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SK DAS J
These four appeals all with special leave of this Court have been heard together because they raise common questions of law  and fact
This judgment will govern them all
In the High Court of Calcutta in or about February July 1961 a series of applications numbering about 170 were filed by sellers of raw jute
The main relief asked for by those applications was the revocation of the authority of an arbitrator appointed under certain contracts Which the applicants had entered into with the respondents in circumstances which we shall presently state
Except in two or three casts the respondents were all jute mill companies which purchase raw jute and manufacture finished goods therefrom
The main controversy which these applications gave rise to was dealt with by the High court in its judgment dated September 14
1961 in the application entitled Ram Kumar Chhotaria vs Titaghur Jute Factory Co Ltd Matter No 20 of 1961 before the High Court
957 Certain special points arising in some of the other applications were dealt with in separate  judgments
The High Court stated in its judgment in Ram Kumar Chhotaria vs Titaghur
Jute Factory Co Ltd that the only relief among the many included in the petition pressed at the hearing was leave to revoke the authority of the appointed arbitrator under the provisions of section 5 of the Act 10 of 1940 which provides that the authority of an appointed arbitrator or umpire shall not be revocable except with the leave of the Court unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration agreement
 We shall now state the circumstances in which the applications were made for leave to revoke the authority of the appointed arbitrator and in doing so we shall state somewhat fully the facts alleged in the application of Ms Amarchand Lalitkumar a firm registered under the Indian Partnership Act and carrying on business in Calcutta which firm is the appellant before us in Civil Appeal No 640 of 1961
The facts being similar we shall not repeat them with regard to the other three appeals but refer to such special facts or points in those appeals as have been pressed before us
On April 22 1960 Ms Amarchand Lalitkumar whom we shall refer to as the appellant entered into a contract being contract No 1786 with Shree Ambica Jute Mills Ltd respondent in Civil Appeal No 640 of 1961 whereby the appellant agreed to sell and the respondent agreed to buy some 10000 maunds of Middle and Bottom Jute at a particular price
The Contract was negotiated by a firm of brokers Ms A M Mair  Co Private Ltd and was entered into in the standard printed form prescribed by the East India Jute  Hessian Exchange Ltd hereinafter referred to as the 958 Exchange and was subject to the rules and bylaws made by it
The contract was a forward contract being a transferable specific delivery contract in raw jute the contract providing by a guarantee clause for shipment or despatch during AugustSeptember 1960
By the operation of the provisions of the Forward Contracts Regulation Act 1952 Act 74 of 1952 and the notifications made by the  Central Government thereunder forward contracts for the sale or purchase of raw jute in the city of Calcutta which included the area within the municipal limits of Calcutta the Port of Calcutta and the districts of 24 Parganas Nadia Howrah and Hooghly could only be entered into between members of a recognised association or through or with any such member
The exchange was such a recognised association
The Act empowered recognised associations to make bye laws for the regulation and control of forward contracts subject to the previous approval of the Central Government
The Exchange made such bye laws relating to the transferable specific delivery contracts in raw jute which bye laws will be found in Chapter IX of the Working Manual issued by the Exchange
Terms and conditions of transferable specific delivery contracts in raw jute as prescribed by the said byelaws provided for arbitration of all claims and disputes arising out of or in relation to such contracts by the Tribunal of Arbitration of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry or the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Calcutta in accordance with the rules framed by the said Chambers
In some appeals before us the contracts provided for arbitration by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry and some by the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Calcutta
The rules of the two Chambers for constituting Tribunals of Arbitration are similar and such difference as is material for our purpose will be adverted to later in this judgment
Paragraph 11 in Ch
IX of the 959 Working Manual of the Exchange made certain provisions for unavoidable delay in the supply of goods by the sellers of jute
In order to appreciate the main controversy between the parties it is necessary to quote the relevant portion of that paragraph 11
a In the case of jute and in the event of seller being prevented or delayed in carrying out their obligations under the con tract by the occurrence of fire strikes riots political or communal disturbances hartals and or civil Commotions breakdown of public transport services suspension of bookings they shall give immediate intimation thereof to buyers
The sellers  and buyers  rights shall thereupon be as follows  iOn the sellers Producing satisfactory evidence of the prevention or delay they shall be granted an extension of time for delivering not exceeding thirty days from due date of all penalties
iiIf the contract be not implemented within the extended period referred to in clause i above buyers shall thereupon be entitled to exercise any one of the following option 1 of cancelling the contract 2 of buying against sellers in the open market on the day on which the option is declared and charging them any difference 3of cancelling the contract and charging sellers the difference between contract and the market price on the day on which the option is declared 960 Sellers shall notify buyers that the goods will or will not be shipped within such extended period referred to in clause i and in the case of sellers intimating that they will be unable to ship within the extended time buyer shall exercise their option under clause ii on the fifth working day of receiving such notice and notify sellers
In  the absence of any such notice from sellers it shall be deemed that the goods have not been shipped and buyers shall exercise their aforesaid option on the fifth working day after expiration of the extended date and notify sellers     The case of the appellant was that at the relevant time certain emergent conditions srose in the raw jute trade and industry which prevented the appellant from supplying the raw jute stipulated for in the contract within the time mentioned in the guarntee clause
By a letter dated October 10 1960 the respondent exercised its option under para
1 1 quoted earlier cancelled the contract and charged the appellant for the difference in price between the contract rate  and the market rate prevailing on the date of cancellation
The appellant denied that it bad any liability to pay the difference
Thereupon the respondent applied for arbitration by the Tribunal of Arbitration constituted in accordance with the rules of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry
The Registrar of the Chamber wrote to the appellant that the arbitration case No 10 of 1961 would be heard by the Tribunal on a certain date
The date was then extended and before the Arbitration Tribunal could decide the matter the applications in the High Court were made for revoking the authority of the appointed arbitrator
The facts and circumstances which according the appellant situated the emergency were 961 stated in para 11 of the petition and the substance of the allegations was that owing to the two causes of scarcity of raw jute and speculation the prices of raw jute shot up abnormally giving rise to an emergent condition in the jute trade and industry and especially in respect of trading in future contracts in raw jute
The appellant s case was that by reason of that emergency the buyers and sellers of raw jute were placed in two conflicting camps and the vast majority of the arbitrators in the panel of arbitration comprising the Tribunal of Arbitration of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry were either directly or indirectly connected with one or other of the jute mills which were all buyers of raw jute
In paras
21 22 and 23 of its petition the appellant stated that when the parties entered into the contract they never contemplated that there would happen such an exceptional situation as arose in the jute trade during the relevant period of September October 1960  that the arbitrators of the Tribunal of Arbitration of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry were disqualified from acting as arbitrators inasmuch as they were all connected with the buyers and there was every probability that they would be biased in favour of the buyers therefore the appellant reasonably apprehended that it would not be possible for the arbitrators to act as impartial or disinterested judges
In para 33 the appellant stated  The interest of the sellers of raw jute are in conflict with the interest of the buyers of raw jute
In the events that have happened the sellers of raw jute have formed themselves into a group and the buyers of raw jute have formed another group
The Indian Jute Mills Association is dominated by the buyers
The Indian Jute Pi ills Association dominates the said Chamber and its Arbitrator
The Indian Jute Mills Association is committed 962 to the view that the said contracts have not been frustrated
The said Association has also formed an opinion in respect of the disputes between the buyers and the sellers of raw jute
 These were the allegations on which the appellant prayed that the authority of the appointed arbitrator should be revoked under section 5 of the 
The application was opposed by the respondent which denied the allegations made by the appellant both as to the facts and circumstances which were said to constitute the emergency and as to the alleged reasonable apprehension of bias in the appointed Arbitration Tribunal
We have stated earlier that in the High Court to main controversy between the parties centred round the question 1 if there was such an emergent condition in the jute trade and industry at the relevant time as divided the sellers and buyers of raw jute into two opposing camps and 2 if the existence of such opposing camps provided such opposing camps were proved to exist would justify the revocation of the authority of the appointed arbitrator
The learned Judge who heard the applications dealt first with the legal position in England and India in the matter of revocation of the authority of an appointed arbitrator
Having dealt with the legal position he Went into the facts of the case and held that no such emergent condition has been proved as would justify the revocation of the authority of an appointed arbitration
He expressed his final conclusion in these words In my opinion the allegations about the buyers and sellers in raw jute being thrown into conflicting camps by the operation of emergent circumstances or above 963 reasonable apprehension of bias in the minds of the sellers that they will not get justice from the persons whose names appear on the list of the panel of arbitrators of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry are unsubstantial He accordingly dismissed the applications with costs
We consider that as a matter of logical sequence we should deal with the question of fact first whether there was any such emergent condition in the jute trade aid industry at the relevant time as divided the sellers and buyers of raw jute into two conflicting camps so as to give rise to a reasonable apprehension in the minds of the sellers that they will not get a just decision from the appointed arbitrator
It is only when we answer the question of fact in favour of the appellants that a consideration of the legal position would be necessary
What are the circumstances on which the appellants rely in support of their allegation of an emergent condition in the jute trade dividing the buyers and sellers of raw conflicting camps  It is pointed out that on October 18 1960 the Exchange issued a press note in which it was stated inter alia that owing to emergent conditions prevail ing in the jute trade the Director of the Exchange had imposed from time to time various control measures in respect of trading in future contracts in raw jute and had taken up a review of the trading position in transferable specific delivery contracts
On October 31 1960 a notice by the Exchange directed that trading in transferable specific delivery contracts in raw jute shall be registered with the Exchange
In their petitions for leave to revoke the authority of the arbitrator the appellants also referred to reports made by reporters of 964 certain newspapers as also news items published therein
We do not think that these newspapers reports establish anything beyond
what the reporters heard from people whose identity is not disclosed and they are not admissible in evidence to establish either that an emergency had arisen or the nature thereof
At best they show that there were reports in the market of a short fall in jute production a shortage of supply of raw jute from Pakistan sealing of some of the looms in the raills and a reduction in working hours
The affidavits filed on behalf of the appellants do not however establish that there had been any failure of the jute crop in Bengal Bihar and Assam or that jute had become unavailable at its normal sources or that such a crisis had arisen as would divide the buyers and sellers into conflicting camps
It is Worthy of note that like any other trade in goods in a short market the jute trade especially the trade in future contracts is very sensitive and readily responds to any stimulus including forces which affect supply and demand even temporarily
Such responses can even be said to be the normal feature of the jute trade like any other trade in commodities
As there was no evidence of the rise and fall in prices of raw jute during the relevant period except from what we could gather from the differences in price between the contract rate and the market rate claimed by
the respondents we allowed the parties to produce before us the rates quoted by authorised brokers for various kinds of jute from April 1960 to August These figures show that the market in raw jute almost always fluctuates sometimes there is steady rise  sometimes a fall sometimes there is a steep rise or a steep fall
Take for example the period between August 1960 to January 1961 the period of delivery in most of the cases in one of the varieties of jute viz Assam Bottom Jute
965 August 1960 there was a steady rise from Rs35 to about Rs40 per maund
In September 1960 the rise continued and reached to about Rs 43 
It continued also in October and reached about Rs 54 
Towards the middle of November there was a fall
In January 1961 there was again a rise which continued till March
In April there was again a fail which continued till July 1961
We have taken only one example but these ups and downs in price levels are noticeable in other varieties of jute also such as Pakistan N C Cuttings etc
A person trading in future contracts must take these ups and downs into consideration when entering into contracts and we fail to appreciate how these ups and downs can constitute an emergent condition which will divide the buyers and sellers into two conflicting camps
The question whether the seller was entitled to an extension of time in the circumstances then prevailing would undoubtedly arise for determination by the appointed arbitrator who having practical experience of the fluctuations which the trade normally undergoes would be in a position to judge the validity of such a claim
But it is difficult to appreciate how this periodical rise or fall in prices can be called an emergency which made the contracts impossible of performance or divided  the buyers and sellers into two conflicting camps at the relevant time
Much was made of the fact that the Indian Jute Mills Association was a very influential body of jute mill owners affiliated with the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry
It was alleged that they were sister bodies having their offices at the came place and that they carried out a common policy in matters of trade
It was pointed out that the majority of arbitrators in the panel of arbitration of the Behgal Chamber of Commerce and Industry were either directly or in
directly connected with one or other of the jute 966 mills
The relevant rules of Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry it was pointed out provided that the Tribunal shall consist of such members or assistants to members and of such other persons who were from time to time on the panel of special Advisory Board to the Indian Jute Mills Association as may from time to time be selected by the Registrar
In this respect there is a difference in the rules made by the Indian Chamber of Commerce Calcutta
Those rules provide for an unrestricted selection and say that in making an appointment and nomination the Registrar shall select as far as possible persons or a person having practical knowledge of the subject matter of the contract or contracts in question and the Registrar shall not appoint any person who for any reason within his knowledge would not be a proper person to act as Arbitrator etc
in the parti culor matter
The appellant in Civil Appeal No 640 brought to our notice the circumstance that his solicitor wrote to the Registrar of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry for the names of the arbitrators and was told in reply that it was not the practice of the Tribunal to disclose the names of the arbitrators but a classification of arbitrators of some of the cases was furnished and this showed that one of the arbitrators would be a mill representative and the other a jute broker or baler
We have taken all these circumstances into our consideration and we are unable to agree with the appellants that they made out a case of a reasonable apprehension of bias on the basis alleged namely that of a clash of interests between buyers and sellers on the ground of a rise in prices
The High Court has rightly pointed out that it is not quite correct to say that the persons who made the applications were only sellers of raw jute and not buyers their turn  they are people who carry 967 on business in Calcutta and some of them probably have buying agencies in the mofussil
They must be buying jute from others and selling them to shippers balers and jute mills
The jute mills usually buy raw jute and turn out manufactured products therefrom which they sell
Balers and shippers buy raw jute and sell the same after pressing and baling
At one end of the chain there are jute growers who are only sellers while others are both buyers and sellers of jute or jute goods
This latter category of persons must be taking note of the trends in the market in entering into their contracts and unless there was an emergency of the kind which nobody could foresee it is impossible to say that there was such a clash of interests between buyers and sellers that the appointed arbitrator having practical experience of normal fluctuations of the market would not be able to judge with fairness and impartiality the claim of the sellers that they were entitled to an extension of time or other relief
The high Court further pointed that though there were 170 applications the number of applicants was only 42 and some only of the
jute mills in West Bengal were involved
The High Court then said If one takes into consideration the number of jute mills situate in the district of 24 Parganas Howrah Hooghly and Nadia and considers further that there are thousands of persons who are engaged in the trade of raw jute it is significant that only a few dozen of them have come to this Court in between the period February 1961 to the end of June 1961
It appears to me that the difficulty real or assumed is confined to a very small number of persons not brought about by any emergent conditions at all as alleged
There can be no denying the fact that the outturn of jute has been smaller 968 thaw expected and that jute mills have had to reduce their working hours
Such a shortage in jute cannot be said to have brought about an upheaval in the trade throwing buyers and sellers into sharply divided conflicting camps
 We are in agreement with the view thus expressed by the High Court
As to the arbitrators to be appointed by the Indian Chamber of Commerce Calcutta and in some of the appeals before us the arbitrators have to be so appointed there can hardly be any ground for a reasonable apprehension
The names of the arbitrators are not known nor even their classification
The rules contemplate that the Registrar shall not appoint any person as arbitrator who for any reason within his knowledge would not be a proper person to act as arbitrator
What grounds can there be of a reasonable apprehension in such cases We have held that there are no conflicting camps of buyers and sellers and even if there are such camps the Registrar can select persons who have practical experience of the subject matter of the contract and not other wise improper persons to act as arbitrators
The difference between an application under a 5 of the and one under a 34 is a difference as to the point of time when the application is made
If proceedings are commenced in Court application is made under section 34 if
proceedings have not commenced in Court the application is made under section 5
The object of both the section is the same namely to prevent arbitration
But different considerations would arise on an application to set aside an award on the ground that the arbitrator was biased
It is true that on an application under section 5 it is not necessary to show that
the arbitra or is in fact biased and it is enough to show that 969 there is a reasonable ground for apprehension that the arbitrator will be biased
But the reasonable ground must be established to the satisfaction of the Court to which an application for leave to revoke  the authority of an appointed arbitrator is made
No such reasonable ground is made out in the present appeals
We now turn to the legal position which seems to us to be quite clear
Before the Court exercises its discretion to give leave to revoke an arbitrator s authority it should be satisfied that a substantial miscarriage of justice will take place in the event of its refusal
In considering the exercise by the Court of the power of revocation it must not be forgotten that arbitration is a particular method for the settlement of disputes
Parties not Wishing the law s delays  know or ought to know that in referring a dispute to arbitration they take arbitrator for better or worse and that his decision is final both as to fact and law
In many cases the parties prefer arbitration for these reasons
In exercising its discretion cautiously and sparingly the Court has no doubt these circumstances in view and considers that the parties should not be relieved from a tribunal they have chosen because they fear that the arbitrator s decision way go against them
See Russel on Arbitration 16th edition page 54
The grounds on which leave to revoke may be given have been put under five heads  1 Excess or refusal of jurisdiction by arbitrator
Misconduct of arbitrator
Disqualification of arbitrator
Charges of Fraud
Exceptional cases
970 We have held that there were no such exceptional circumstances in these cases as would justify us to come to the conclusion that the appointed arbitrator would be disqualified as a result of bias by reason of a conflicting class interest
In view of this finding it is unnecessary to examine the decisions English or Indian as respects the principle that an interest of which the parties were fully aware at the date of the arbitrators appointment will not in general disqualify him nor will the fact that he stands in a particular relationship to the parties or to the matters in dispute if it can be said that the parties selected him with knowledge that this was or must be so
Nor are we concerned with the exception to which the aforesaid rule is subject in relation to arbitrators appointed to determine future disputes and the statutory changes made in English law relating thereto
There are however four decisions of the Calcutta High Court which bear an apparent resemblance to the cases under our consideration and to those decisions we must now turn
In Balabux Agarwala vs Lachminarain Jute Manufacturing Co Ltd1 the question was of a certain suits on applications under section 34 of the and one of the grounds taken was that persons interested in or connected with various jute mill companies were members of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and were on the panel from which arbitrators were chosen and a reference was made to a circular letter which showed that the arbitrators or the firms they represented were all buyers and as such interested in seeing that the points in issue were decided against the others
After scrutinising the allegations made in support of this ground the Court said  For all know the tremendous rise in prices which it is said will prompt the 1 194751CWN863875
971 arbitrators who are buyers to decide against the plaintiffs who are sellers so as to make huge profit for themselves may well have induced the plaintiffs to make these allegations against the arbitrators or their firms so as to get out of their submission and to take their chance of winning the suit in Court and getting the benefit of that rise in prices
In my opinion the allegations in the affidavits are not such as I may act upon them
The Bengal Chamber of Commerce has gained a reputation for the excellence of their arbitration proceedings and I shall require much more specific averments of facts properly verified showing that in any particular case justice will be denied by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce to any party
 These observations do not help the appellants of the present oases
Rather they show that the Court must be fully satisfied before it exercises its discretion under section 5
to revoke the authority of an appointed arbitrator
The same learned Judge came to a contrary conclusion in Tolaram Nathmull vs Birla Jute Manufacturing Co Ltd1 That was also a case of stay under section 34 and one of the questions raised was whether there was sufficient reason why the matter should not be referred to arbitration
One of the points to be decided in that connexion was whether mesta  was jute within the meaning of the Jute Price Control Order and if the Jute Mills Association had issued a circular while the arbitration was pending stating or deciding that mesta  was not included in that Order
It was held that at a meeting of the representatives of five associations the view was expressed that mesta  did not come within the Order
In those circumstances the learned Judge said 1 196 972 In the light of these principles the question I have to consider is whether in the events that have happened it will be fair to drive the plaintiff firm to a tribunal both the members of which are members of associations which have expressed some definite views on the question in controversy
There is to my mind considerable justification for the apprehension expressed by the plaintiff firm of probable bias of the arbitrators
I do not question the honesty and integrity of the two arbitrators but in the circumstances appearing in the evidence before me it will be unfair alike to them and to plaintiff firm to put them in a position of conflict with their own associations
On the whole I have come to the conclusion that this is a case here circumstances exist which are calculated to bias the mind of the arbitrators and where the plaintiff firm may legitimately ask the Court to release it from its bargain to go to arbitration
The decision rested on the facts established in that case and cannot help the appellants to prove their case on the present applications
In fairness to learned Counsel for the respondents we must say that he submitted before us that the decision in Tolaram Nathmull vs Birla Jute Manufacturing Co Ltd 1 went much beyond what was accepted as the correct legal position in English decisions referred to by the learned Judge but that is an aspect of the matters which we consider it unnecessary to decide
We hold that the facts which must be established to call in aid that decision have not been established in these cases
In Dwarkadas Co vs Keshardeo Bubna 2 the same learned Judge explained the position succinctly by holding see headnote pars 4 1  196
2 973 The fact that members of a committee of an association of commercial men dealing in a particular commodity are themselves the arbitrators and ate also buyers and sellers of that commodity will not ordinary dispute between a particular buyer and a particular seller
But extraordinary circumstance may nevertheless arise as in the case of a commercial crisis when the members of the association may be sharply divided into two opposing groups as buyers in general and sellers in general as may make it improper for the committee which may be packed with an overwhelming majority of buyers or sellers as the case may be to adjudicate upon a dispute between a buyer and a seller
 The pre requisite condition for the application of the principle which be laid down is not fulfilled in the present cases
The last decision is Bhuwalka Brothers Ltd vs Fatechand Murlidhar 1
That was a case which proceeded on different grounds viz 1 frustration and 2 applicability of an Ordinance to the contract under consideration
On those two grounds the learned Judge thought that he should give leave to the petitioner to revoke the authority of the appointed arbitrator
We say nothing as to the correctness of the decision but merely point out that the facts of the cases under our consideration are entirely different
We have therefore come to the conclusion that on the main point of controversy between the parties the High Court came to a correct finding on facts and there are no grounds for interference
It remains now to consider two special points taken on behalf of the appellants  in Civil Appeals 1 974 Nos 174 and 175
The points taken were  1 that the contracts were not in accordance with law and 2 that the parties were not ad idem with regard to one of the clauses thereof
Both these points have been dealt with by the learned Judge of the High Court in his judgment dated September 21 1961 in great detail and as we are in agreement with him it is not necessary to deal with these two points in detail
On point number 1 the argument before us was based on para
7c of the byelaws in Ch
IX of the Working Manual
That paragraph so far as it is relevant here reads as follows 7c In the case of Pakistan Jute buyers to deliver to sellers or sellers  nominee letter of authority to import the Pakistan Jute or open confirmed irrevocable Letter of Credit in terms of paragraph 8bii within 14 working days from the commencement of the delivery period of the contract failing which there shall be free extension for delivery equal to the period of delay occurring after the 14 working days but where stipulated quantities monthly are sold the free extension shall only be in respect of the delivery for the first month
If buyers do not deliver letter of authority or open confirmed irrevocable Letter of Credit within one month from
the commencement of the delivery period of the contract the sellers shall be entitled to exercise any One of the following options on the next working day following the expiry of the said month i Cancelling the contract
ii Cancelling the contract and charging buyers the difference if any between the contract price and the market price 975 on the date of cancellation of the contract
The clause in the bought note said  The buyers to give letter of authority to the sellers and the sellers to open letter of credit
If the buyers fail to furnish the license up to December 1960 the contract will be deemed as cancelled
 The corresponding clause in the sold note said The buyers to give letter of authority to the sellers and the sellers to open letter of credit
If the buyers fail to furnish the license up to December 1960 the contract will be deemed as cancelled without any difference on the both sides
 The argument was that the clauses in the bought and sold notes were not in conformity with para
7c and therefore the contracts were not in conformity with law
We do not see any material conflict between para
7c of the bye laws and the clauses in the
bought and sold note
Instead of one month given to the buyers for delivery of letter of
authority in para 7c the time given in the contracts was up to December 1960
We do not think that this extension of time brought the contracts into any material conflict with the provisions of para
7 c
As to the second point the argument was that the expression without any difference on both sides occurred in the sold notes not in the bought notes and therefore the parties were not ad idem with regard to this clause
The learned Judge rightly pointed out that the expression without any difference on both sides made no real difference
Clearly the parties contemplated that in case the buyer failed to furnish the license to import Pakistan Jute within the period 976 mentioned the contract would be deemed to be cancelled which meant that the contract was to be treated as non est for all purposes
If the contract was deemed to be cancelled it must mean that the right and obligations of the parties came to an end simultaneously
It was not really necessary to insert the words with out any difference on both sides in the bought notes and such addition in the sold notes did not make any difference to the rights of the parties
For the reasons given above we hold that there is no merit in any of the appeals
The appeals are accordingly dismissed with costs  one hearing fee


Summary:
The appellants as sellers of raw jute entered into forward contracts with the respondent jute mills to sell such jute to them
The contracts being transferable specific delivery contractswere entered into in the standard printed forms of the East India Jute  Hessian Exchange Ltd which was an association recognised under the Forward Contracts Regulation Act 1912 and thus were subject to the rules and bye laws made by the Exchange which provided for arbitration of disputes by the tribunal of Arbitration of the 954 Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry or the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Calcutta
The appellants failed to supply the stipulated jute within the time mentioned in the guarantee clauses
The respondents exercised their option under the rules aforesaid cancelled the contracts and charged the appellants for the difference in price between the contract rate and the market rate prevailing on the dates of cancellation and on the appellants denying their liability applied for arbitration
The appellants thereupon applied to the High Court under section 5 of the  for revoking the authority of
the arbitrator
There case in contemplated in Para 11 in Ch
IX of the Working Manual of the Exchange substance was that there was an emergency as due to scarcity of raw jute and speculation at the relevant time and the price of raw jute shot up abnormally this placed the buyers and sellers of raw jute in two conflicting camp and the majority of the arbitrators in the panel of arbitration of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry being connected with the buyers of raw jute the jute mills were disqualified from acting as impartial arbitrators
The High Court held that no such emergent condition had been proved as would justify revocation of the authority of an appointed arbitrator
Held that the normal periodical fluctuation in the price of raw jute could not constitute an emergency within the meaning of para
11 in Ch
IX of the Manual since such fluctuations have been taken into consideration by those who entered into forward contracts
Such an emergency must be one which is abnormal and which none could foresee
It could not therefore be said that in the present case there was such a conflict of interest between sellers and buyers as would tender the panel of arbitrators having a practical experience of the normal fluctuations of the market disqualified to act as impartial arbitrators
The object of sections 5 and 34 of the was the same namely to prevent arbitration with this difference that an application under s5 would lie if proceedings had not yet been commenced in Court whereas under section 34 an application lay when they had commenced
But a Court would not lightly exercise its discretion to grant leave to revoke an arbitrator s authority
Before it would do so it must be satisfied that a substantial miscarriage be relieved from a tribunal of their own choice simply because they feared that its decision might go against them 955 and the court had to base its decision on one on other of five grounds namely excess or refusal of jurisdiction by arbitrator misconduct of arbitrator disqualification of arbitrator charges of fraud and lastly the existence of exceptional circumstances
In the instant cases there were no exceptional circumstances to justify the conclusion that the arbitrator was disqualified by bias due to conflicting class interest
Balabux Agarwala vs Lachminarain Jute Mfg Co Ltd  Tolaram Nathmull vs Birla Jute Manufacturing Co Ltd  Dwarkadas Co vs Keshardeo Bubna and Bhuwalka Bros Ltd vs Petechand Murlidhar  distinguished
The extension of time given to the buyers by the contracts beyond a month specified by para 7c in Ch
IX of the Working Manual for delivering letter of authority did not bring the contracts materially into conflict with that provision nor could the absence of the expression without any difference on both sides which occurred in the sold notes from the bought notes make any difference to the rights of the parties