ns nor in arguments any challenge was advanced against the vires of the Rules
In the absence of challenge to the Rules and the Regulations resultant situations flowing from compliance of the 274 same are not open to attack
Occasion for similar grievance would not arise in future as the proviso in the relevant regulation and clauses 4 and 5 Of the Regulation 3 will now meet the situation
280F G  ORIGINAL JURISDICTION Writ Petition Nos
9328933382  483083 Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India RK Garg VJ Francis for the petitioners
Shanti Bhushan Miss A Subhashini A Subba Rao for the Respondents
SN Andley SS Jouhar RN Poddar KM Sharma Randhir Jain JD Jain and Mrs K Kocher for the Interveners
These 12 applications under Article 32 of the Constitution are by Assistants covered by the Central Secretariat Service Rules 1962  Rules  for short and challenge is to the select list for the grade of Section Officers for the years 1978 1979 and 1980 and the common seniority list dated April 26 1979 as also the provisional supplementary list of Assistants dated August 211980
They have further prayed that the select list and seniority list be re published on the basis of length of continuous service in the grade of Assistants and promotion to the grade of Section Officers be granted from the dates when Assistants junior to them were promoted as Section Officers
The Rules framed under the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution came into force from October 11962
Under the Rules the Central Secretariat Service was constituted and as per rule 3 there are four grades in the Service classified as follows i Selection Grade Deputy Secretary to the Government of India or equivalent ii Grade I Under Secretary to the Government of India or equivalent iii Section Officers iv Assistants
275 The first two grades are classified as Central Civil Service Grade A  while the other two are known as the Central Civil Service Grade B  Ministerial
Post in the first three grades are gazetted while posts in the Assistants  Grade are non gazetted
The Rules contemplate that there shall be separate cadres in respect of Section Officers  grade and the Assistants  grade and these shall be constituted for each Ministry or office specified in col 2 of the First Schedule
Under rule 4 a single point gradation list in respect of officers of the Selection Grade and Grade I for all the Ministries or offices specified in col 2 and for the offices specified against such Ministries or offices in col 3 of the Schedule is to be maintained
The Rules contemplate direct recruitment as also promotion in respect of certain grades
According to the petitioners the quota rule had broken down as direct recruitment had not been made in many years and on account of such failure fixation of seniority with reference to the rotational method was not available to be followed
The petitioners also contended that select lists as contemplated by the Rules had not been framed for quite a long period and in the absence of such a select list framed in time select lists of 1978 1979 and 1980 prepared without following the criterion of length of service of officers in the grade of Assistants was not only unfair and arbitrary but worked out prejudicially to the petitioners
The main grievance of the petitioners in short is that the scheme for fixation of seniority and consequently the provisions relating to promotion having not worked out as contemplated the manner of determination of seniority should be usual rule of total length of service and action taken otherwise should be struck down and seniority should be directed to be redetermined on the basis of length of service only
F Respondent No 1 Union of India has challenged these allegations by contending that the manner of fixation of seniority is covered by statutory rules and the petitioners are therefore not entitled to claim determination of seniority on the basis of length of service the plea of the petitioners that there had been no direct recruitment for several years is denied and it has been pleaded that direct recruits have come into the service in all years except only two viz 1966 and 1970
The quota rule has therefore really not broken down as pleaded by the petitioners and the rules having contemplated a scheme of direct recruitment and promotion quota and rota have to work together Therefore fixing seniority 276 with reference to the rotational method was not open to challenge
The Rules have been in force for well over two decades
Great care has been taken in making provision in the Rules to safeguard the interests of the different groups and greater care has also been taken by the Department of Personnel in the Ministry of Home Affairs to give effect to the Rules
Since the officers are drawn from different Ministries for promotion and working out the scheme involves a somewhat complicated process as long as the policy under the Rules has been given effect to the working should not be allowed to be attacked merely on account of a casual failure to work up to mathematical precision
Before we start examining the correctness of the rival contentions advanced on either side it is appropriate that a detailed reference to the Rules is made in order to ascertain the scheme Cadre  has been defined in rule 2 sub rule 2 to mean the group of posts in the grades of Section Officer and Assistant in any of the Ministries or offices specified in col 2 of the First Schedule and any of the offices specified against such Ministry or office in col 3 of that Schedule Cadre Officer  in rule 2g in relation to the Section Officers  grade or the Assistants  grade means a member Of the service of the Section Officers  grade or Assistants  grade as the case may be and includes a temporary officer approved for long term appointment to that grade Long term appointment  means under rule 21 appointment for an indefinite period as different from a purely temporary or ad hoc appointment
Common Seniority List  has been defined in rule 2hh in relation to any grade to mean the seniority list of officers in that grade serving in all the cadres specified in the First Schedule as on the appointed day any revised from time to time in accordance with the regulations to be framed in that behalf by the Central Government Probationer  has been defined in clause o of rule 2 to mean a direct recruit appointed to a grade on probation in or against a substantive vacancy and select list  under rule 2q is defined to mean the select list prepared in accordance with the regulations made under rule 124 or under the regulations contained in the Fourth Schedule
Rule 8 contemplates the initial constitution of each cadre and provides that the permanent and temporary officers of the Section Officers  grade and the Assistants  grade in each cadre on the appointed day shall be determined by the Central Government in the Department of 277 Personnel  Administrative Reforms in the Ministry of Home Affairs
Rule 12 makes provision for recruitment to selection grade and grade I
We are not concerned with this rule in the present case as the dispute is raised by Assistants and the promotional rank to which claim has been laid is that of Section Officer
For them rule 13 is the relevant rule
Sub rules 1 to 5 relate to Section Officers while the remaining sub rules 6 to 10 relate to Assistants
At the time when the Service was constituted sub rule 1 read thus Subject to the provisions of sub rule 3 for a period of five years from the appointed day 14 of the substantive vacancies in the Section Officers  grade in any cadre and thereafter 13 of the substantive vacancies in that grade shall be filled by direct recruitment on the results of the competitive examinations held by the Commission for this purpose from time to time  Sub rule I of rule 13 as it now stands reads thus 16 of the substantive vacancies in the Section Officers  grade in any cadre shall be filled up by direct recruitment on the results of the competitive examinations held by the Commission for this purpose from time to time
The remaining vacancies shall be filled by the substantive appointment of persons included in the select list for the Section Officers  grade in that cadre
Such appointments shall be made in the order of seniority in the select list except when for reasons to be recorded in writing a person is not considered fit for such appointment in his turn
 It is thus clear that the proportion of direct recruits has been reduced from the initial l4th or 13rd to the present 16th
Sub rule 2 of rule 13 prescribes Temporary vacancies in the Section Officers grade in any cadre shall be filled by the appointment of persons included or approved for inclusion in the select list for the Section Officers  grade in that cadre
Any vacancies remaining thereafter shall be filled in equal proportion from among the a officers of the Assistants  grade who have rendered 278 not less than 8 years  approved service in the grade and are within the range of seniority on the basis of seniority subject to the rejection of the unfit and b officers of the Assistants  grade in that cadre with the longest period of continuous service in that grade on the basis of length of service subject to the rejection of the unfit
 Sub rule 5 prescribes the preparation of a select list of Assistants for promotion to the Section Officers  grade and the manner of preparing and revising the select list has been set out in the Fourth Schedule
Sub rule 6 prescribes that 50 of the vacancies in the Assistants  grade in any cadre is to be filled by direct recruitment on the results of the competitive examinations to be conducted by the Commission from time to time and the remaining vacancies are to be filled by substantive appointment of persons included in the select list for the Assistants  grade in that cadre
Such appointments are to be made in the order of seniority in the select list except when for reasons to be recorded in writing a person is not considered fit for appointment in his turn
When difficulties were experienced in working out the rule two provisos were added to sub rule 6 one with effect from December 15 1979
these were to the following effect Provided further that substantive vacancies in any cadre reserved for direct recruitment on the appointed day against which no direct recruits have been appointed may be filled by substantive appointments made after the date of commencement of the Central Secretariat Service Third Amendment Rules 1970 of persons included in the Select List for the Assistants  grade in that Cadre
Provided also that if sufficient number of candidates are not available for filling up the vacancies in a cadre in any year by direct recruitment as aforesaid the unfilled vacancies in the direct recruitment quota in that cadre shall be filled by the substantive appointment of persons included in the Select List for the Assistants  Grade in that cadre
 Sub rule 6 a which was inserted along with the latter proviso authorised Notwithstanding anything contained in sub rule 6 the substantive vacancies reserved for direct recruitment as on 30th June 1979 on each cadre against which no direct recruits have been appointed till that date plus 50 of the number of such 279 substantive vacancies in the cadre may be filled by substantive appointments made after the date of commencement of Central Secretariat Service Third Amendment Rules 1979 of persons included in the select list for the Assistants  grade in that cadre Under rule 15 every direct recruit to the grade of Assistant is Initially to be appointed on probation for the period of two years from the date of appointment and every person other than a direct recruit when he is appointed would be on trial for a period of two years also
Rule 16 makes provision for confirmation of probationers subject to passing of prescribed tests and satisfactory completion of probation
Rule 18 prescribes seniority in the different grades as on the appointed day
Sub rule 1 indicates that relative seniority shall be as already determined on that day and if there had been no such determination the same has to be determined by the Department of Personnel  Administrative Reforms
Sub rule 2 provides that all permanent officers included in the initial constitution of a grade shall rank senior to all persons substantively appointed to that grade after the appointed day and all temporary officers included in the initial constitution of a grade under rule 8 shall rank senior to all temporary officers appointed to that grade after the appointed day
Rule 18
sub rule 3 makes provision for the rule in the matter of fixation of inter se seniority for the Assistants  grade
Direct recruits are to rank inter se in the order of merit in which they are placed in the competitive examination on the result which recruitment is effected
Recruits of an earlier examination are to rank senior to those of a later examination
Persons appointed substantively to the grade from the select list for that grade p shall rank inter se according to the order in which they are so appointed and the inter se seniority between direct recruits and persons substantively appointed to the grade for that grade shall be regulated in accordance with the provision made in the Fourth Schedule
Regulation 3 in the Fourth Schedule deals with seniority
Clause 3 of this regulation provides Direct recruits to a Grade and persons substantively appointed to the Grade from the Select List for the Grade shall be assigned seniority inter se according to the quotas of substantive vacancies in the Grade reserved for direct 280 recruitment and the appointment of persons included in the Select List
respectively From December 1977 contemporaneously with the insertion of the second proviso to rule 136 of the Rules the following was added as a proviso to clause 3 of Regulation 3 Provided that persons appointed substantively in accordance with the provisions of sub rule 6 of rule 13 to the Grade from the Select List in any cadre in any year against direct recruitment vacancies for which direct recruits are not available shall be placed en bloc below the last direct recruit appointed in that year irrespective of the quotas reserved for direct recruits and persons included in the Select List
 In Course of the hearing counsel for the petitioners referred to instances where a direct recruit coming into the cadre several years after others coming into the cadre from the Select List had been assigned seniority over such promotees
This was explained by counsel for the respondents to have been the outcome of giving effect to clause 3 of Regulation 3 as it stood prior to December 1977 without the proviso
The instances relied upon were found to be events prior to the introduction of the proviso
In the absence of challenge to the Rules and the Regulations resultant situations flowing from compliance of the same are not open to attack
Occasion for similar grievance would not arise in future as the proviso in the relevant regulation and clauses 4 and 5 of the Regulation 3 will now meet the situation
Neither in the writ petitions nor in arguments before us any challenge was advanced against the vires of the Rules
One of the known patterns of constituting public service particularly in the executive side is to draw officers both by promotion as also by direct recruitment
The proportion is fixed depending upon the nature of the service the availability of suitable manpower and other relevant considerations
The petitioners have therefore rightly not challenged before us the scheme under which a moiety of the substantive vacancies in the Assistants  grade is to be filled by direct recruitment and the other by promotion through select lists
The Rules have held the field for 22 years now
During this period direct recruitment had not been made only in two years 281 being 1966 and 1970
Though in the writ petitions of general stand had been adopted that direct recruitment had not been made in several years after the counter affidavit was filed and it was emphatically asserted that excepting in these two years direct recruitment had been made in other years there has been no challenge to that assertion
We agree with the contention that quota and rota have got to go hand in hand and if the quota is not properly adhered to the rota system must fail
In fact the scheme is such that it can operate in an appropriate way only when recruitment is effected through both the processes as envisaged
As we have already pointed out difficulty was experienced in working out the process when the quota fixed by the Rules had not been adhered to for one reason or the other and vacancies were being carried forward for being filled up in future years
This situation necessitated insertion of the first proviso to sub rule 6 of rule 13 in August 1970 and the other proviso in 1977 as also sub rule 6 a in 1979
The grievance voiced in these writ petitions obviously relates to a period prior to the modification of the scheme The petitioners had inter alia prayed for the relief of striking down the select lists and for direction that the select lists he reframed on the basis of the length of continuous service in the grade of Assistants
In view of what we have said regarding the claim of seniority on the basis of length of continuous service it is not at all necessary to examine the validity of that contention and give any direction regarding the select lists particularly because the claim relating to reconsideration of select lists was grounded upon length of continuous service
Nothing was also shown in course of arguments as to why the select lists were bad
Tn fact unless the Rules and Regulations are successfully assailed the select lists are not at all disputable
The field which these Rules cover is indeed very wide one
Assistants in all the Ministries or offices specified in the First Schedule are covered by the Rules
With a view to maintaining the efficiency of the service and at the same time to meet the requirements and exigencies of the service
separate cadres have been formed in respect of Assistants and Section Officers in the different Ministries and offices attached to such Ministries
Notwithstanding the fact that these cadres are different the scheme makes provision for pro 282 motional avenue taking all of them into consideration
Obviously working it out keeping in view the interests of so many employees in the different cadres is indeed a very onerous and difficult task
This has therefore been assigned to the Department of Personnel
Unless there is any serious failure in implementing the Rules and grave injustice is done to some individuals or a group of officers we do not think it would be proper to interfere with the working of the scheme and dislocate the inter se seniority of the officers in these grades
No mala fides has been pleaded nor has any grave injustice been established in the writ petitions
At the most a case of improper working of the scheme with reference to some of the officers has been alleged
Hairsplitting arguments if accepted might indicate that some of the petitioners have not been promoted to the grade of Section Officers as and when due
We are of the view that if there has been substantial compliance in implementing the scheme under the Rules judicial interference is not called for
In a vast country such as ours a strong and independent bureaucratic set up is indispensable
At the same time it is equally necessary that the service from top to bottom must be alive to the fact that it is its obligation to maintain proper attitudes discipline and duty oriented working
While it is the right of every person in the Service set up to expect just and fair treatment in regard to his employment frequent litigation between him and the State involving countless other co employees in the Service in the battle is a deviation from the right direction
It is true that very often instances come to light where the grievance is genuine and the treatment meted is unwarranted and uncalled for
Government in a democratic polity runs on impersonal basis but on the cardinal code that every one shall perform his duty
We may recall what this Court observed in Dr G Marulasiddaiah vs Dr TG Siddapparadhya  Ors The canker of litigiousness has spread even to a sphere of life where discipline should check ambition concerning personal preferment
A teacher is justified in taking legal action when he feels that a stigma or punishment is undeserved but he is expected to bear with fortitude and reconcile himself to his lot suppressing disappointment when he finds a co worker raised to a position which he himself aspired after
 1 283 There has been a phenomenal rise in service disputes in the last three decades
It is time that serious attention is devoted to discover the reason for it and take effective steps to ensure curtailment thereof
Whether such litigations come before courts or tribunals is of no consequence here
Frequent litigations between the State and its employees ultimately affect the efficiency of the service and bring about indiscipline lack of loyalty and an attitude of indifference
In the course of arguments reference was made to certain decisions of this Court
In NK Chauhan  Ors
vs State of Gujarat  Ors
l this Court held that the quota system does not necessitate the adoption of the rotational rule in practical application and many ways of working out quota prescribed can be devised of which rota is certainly one
It was further held that while laying down a quota when filling up vacancies in a cadre from more than one source it is open to Government subject to tests under Article 16 to choose a year  or other period or vacancy by vacancy basis to work out the quota among the sources
But once the Court is satisfied examining the constitutionality of the method proposed that there is no invalidity administrative technology may have free play in choosing one or the other of the familiar processes of implementing the quota rule
This Court did indicate that as Judges we cannot strike down a particular scheme because it is unpalatable to forensic taste
This Court further pointed out that ordinarily seniority is measured by length of continuous officiating service
This however does not preclude a different prescription constitutionality tests being satisfied
When the Court found that promotees had been appointed in excess of their quota the following direction was given Promotees who have been fitted into vacancies beyond their quota during the period B the year being regarded as the unit must suffer survival as invalid appointees acquiring new life when vacancies in their quota fall to be filled up
To that extent they will step down rather be pushed down as against direct recruits who were later but regularly appointed within their quota 1  284 The rationale of this decision is indeed very much against the contentions of the petitioners
Reference was also made to the case of SB Patwardhan  Ors etc
vs State of Maharashtra  Ors
The dispute that fell for adjudication in that case was one of seniority in the cadre of Deputy Engineers and grievance had been laid that notwithstanding the length of continuous service later appointees had been shown as senior
Attention in the decision was mainly confined to the terms of the provisions of the Rules applicable to the State Engineering Service
In the view we have taken of the matter this decision indeed does not help the petitioners
Next is the case of Baleshwar Dass  Ors etc
vs State of UP  Ors
2 etc
This Court pointed out that for the purposes of seniority appointment to the service in a substantive capacity was necessary
But that again was said with reference to Rule 23 of the UP Service of Engineers Junior and Senior Scales Irrigation Branch Rules
This Court in VT Khanzode  Ors
vs Reserve Bank of India  Anr 3took not of the fact that  no scheme governing service matter can be fool proof and some section or the other of employees is bound to feel aggrieved on the score of its expectation being falsified or remaining to be fulfilled
Arbitrariness irrationality perversity and mala fides will of course render any scheme unconstitutional but the fact that the scheme does not satisfy the expectations of every employee is not evidence of these   Next is the case of A Janardhana vs Union of India  Ors4 That was a case relating to dispute of inter se seniority of direct recruits and promotees in the Military Engineering Service
Seniority lists drawn up earlier on the basis of length of service including continuous officiation were subsequently altered to lists based on quota between direct recruits and promotees leading to rota for confirmation and this led to the dispute The Court found that some of the officers had been promoted prior to the enforcement of the Rules 1 1981 1 SCR 449
2  3  4  285 in 1969
The Rules had no retrospective effect and therefore seniority lists drawn up prior to the enforcement of the Rules were not open to be revised and re drawn up after the Rules became operative The Court further found that the quota rule had not been worked out and if rotational confirmation was to be done many of the employees considered hitherto senior would be very badly affected
Here again we must point out that this decision has no application to the facts before us since on the finding reached by us the quota rule was substantially complied with
The writ petitions must accordingly fail
We make no order for costs


Summary:
The petitioners 1 Assistants are covered by the Central Secretariat Service Rules 1962 Rules for short
They challenged under article 32 the correctness of the Select List for the grade of Section Officers for the years 1978 1979 and 1980 and the common seniority list dated April 26 1979 as also the provisional supplementary list of Assistants on the ground i that the quota rule had broken down as direct recruitment had not been made in many years and on account of such failure fixation of seniority with reference to the rotational method was not available to be followed and ii that Select List as contemplated by the Rules had not been framed for quite a long period and in the absence of such a select list framed in time select lists of 1978 1979 and 1980 prepared without following the criterion of length of service of officers in the grade of Assistants was not only unfair and arbitrary worked out prejudicially to the petitioners
The petitioners prayed that the select list and seniority list be republished on the basis of length continuous service in the grade of Assistants and promotion to the grade of Section Officers be granted from the dates when Assistants junior to them were promoted as Section Officers
On the other hand Respondent No 1 Union of India argued that there had been regular direct recruitment into the Service in all years except only two viz 1966 and 1970
Thus the quota rule has therefore really not broken down as pleaded by the petitioners and the Rules having contemplated a scheme of direct recruitment and promotion quota and rota have to work together and since the manner of fixation of seniority is covered by statutory rules the petitioners are not entitled to claim determination of seniority on the basis of length of service
272 Dismissing the Writ Petitions  HELD1 i It will be appropriate if a detailed reference to the Rules is made in order to ascertain the Scheme
The Rules contemplate that there shall be separate cadres in respect of Section Officers  grade and the Assistants  Grade and these shall be constituted for each Ministry or Office specified in Column 2 of the first schedule
Sub rule 6 of Rule 13 prescribes that 50 of the vacancies in the Assistants  grade in any cadre is to be filled by direct recruitment on the results of the competitive examinations to be conducted by the Commission from time to time and the remaining vacancies are to be filled by substantive appointment of persons included in the select list for the Assistants  grade in that cadre
Such appointments are to be made in the order of seniority in the select list except when for reasons to be recorded in writing a person is not considered fit for appointment in his turn
When difficulties were experienced in working out the Rule two provision were added to sub rule6
The first proviso provided that substantive vacancies in any cadre reserved for direct recruitment on the appointed day against which no direct recruits have been appointed may be filled by substantive appointments made after the date of commencement of the Central Secretariat Service Third Amendment Rules 1970 of persons included in the Select List for the Assistants  grade in that cadre
The second proviso was to the effect that if sufficient number of candidates are not available for filling up the vacancies in a cadre in any year by direct recruitment as aforesaid the unfilled vacancies in the direct recruitment quota in that cadre shall be filled by the substantive appointment of persons included in the Select List for the Assistants  Grade in that cadre
 Sub rule 6a provides that notwithstanding anything contained in sub rule 6 the substantive vacancies reserved for direct recruitment as on 30th June 1979 on each cadre against which no direct recruits have been appointed till that date plus 50 of the number of such substantive vacancies n the cadre may be filled by substantive appointments made after the date of commencement of Central Secretariat Service Third Amendment Rules 1979 of persons included in the select list for the Assistants  grade in that cadre 276D 278C D H 279A 1ii
Rule 18 sub rule3 makes provision for the rule in the matter of fixation of inter se seniority for the Assistants  grade
Direct recruits are to rank inter se in the order of merit in which they are placed in the competitive examination on the result of which recruitment is effected
Recruits of an earlier examination are to rank senior to those of a later examination Persons appointed substantively to the grade from the select list for that grade shall rank inter se according to the order in which they are so appointed and the inter se seniority between direct recruits and persons substantively appointed to the grade for that grade shall be regulated in accordance with the provision made in the Fourth Schedule
Clause 3 of Regulation 3 in the Fourth Schedule provides that direct recruits to a grade and persons substantively appointed to the Grade from the Select List for the Grade shall be assigned seniority inter se according to the quotas of substantive vacancies in the Grade reserved for direct recruitment and the appointment of persons included in the Select List respectively
The proviso to Clause 3 of Regulation 3 provides that persons appointed substantively in accordance with the provi 273 sions of sub rule 6 of rule 13 to the Grade from the Select List in any cadre in any year against direct recruitment vacancies for which direct recruits are not available shall be placed en bloc below the last direct recruit appointed in that year irrespective of the quotas reserved for direct recruits and persons included in the Select List
279F G 279H 280A 2
i The Rules have held the field for 22 years now
During this period direct recruitment had not been made only in two years being 1966 and 970 Though in the writ petitions a general stand had been adopted that direct recruitment had not been made in several years after the counter affidavit was filled and it was emphatically asserted that excepting in these two years direct recruitment had been made in other years there has been no challenge to that assertion
There is no doubt that quota and rota have got to go hand in hand and if the quota is not properly adhered to the rota System must fall
In fact the scheme is such that it can operate in an appropriate way only when recruitment is effected through both the processes as envisaged
In the instant case the difficulty was experienced in working out the process with the quota fixed by the Rules had not been adhered to for one reason or the other and vacancies were being carried forward for being filled up in future years
This situation necessitated insertion of the first proviso to sub rule 6 or rule 13 in August 197 and the other proviso in 1977 as also sub rule 6 a in 1979
The grievance voiced in these writ petitions obviously relates to a period prior to the modification of the scheme
280H 281A D 2 ii Unless there is any serious failure in implementing the Rules and grave injustice is done to some individuals or a group of officers it would not be proper to interfere with the working of the scheme and dislocate the inter se seniority of the officers in these grades
No mala fides has been pleaded nor has any grave injustice been established in the writ petitions
At the most a case of improper working of the scheme with reference to some of the officers has been alleged
Hari splitting arguments if accepted might indicate that some of the petitioners have not been promoted to the grade of Section Officers as and when due
This Court is of the view that if there has been substantial compliance in implementing the scheme under the Rules judicial interference is not called for
282B C Dr G Marulasiddaiah vs Dr TG Siddapparadhya  Ors   NK Chauhan  Ors vs State of Gujarat State of UP  Ors
1981 1 SCR 449  VT Khanzode  Ors
vs Reserve Bank of India  Anr  referred to
SB Patwardhan  Ors
vs State of Maharashtra  Ors
  A Janardhana vs Union of India  Ors  held inapplicable