Appeal No 2822 of 1979
from the Judgment and Order dated 2891978 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Civil Revision No 480 of 1977
EC Agrawala for the Appellants
Bishambar Lal Khanna and Ms Geetanjali Mohan for the Respondents
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KASLIWAL J
This appeal by grant of special leave is directed against the judgment of Punjab  Haryana High Court dated September 281978
The short controversy raised in the present case is regarding the date from which the period of limitation shall commence under Article 137 of the 
According to the facts found established on record Grubachan Singh respondent was delivered actual possession of 135 Kanals of land and symbolical possession of 62 kanals 13 marlas on June 131963 in execution of decree for pre emption obtained by him
According to the decree Gurbachan Singh was only entitle to actual possession was concerned it was beyond the terms of the decree
Ladha Singh father of the appellants having come to know about the said mistake filed a suit for declaration and for permanent injunction in the year 1965
The said suit was decreed in favour of Ladha Singh and the said declaratory decree was affirmed in appeal by the Additional District on actual possession of the portion over which symbolical possession was recorded in execution proceedings
It remains undisputed that the aforesaid judgment given by the Additional District Judge Karnal dated 1251969 became final
Gurbachan Singh has now filed a suit for partition in the year 1973 claiming not only 135 kanals on which he had obtained actual physical possession but also 62 Kanals and 13 marlas on which he had been granted symbolical possession in the execution proceedings in 1963
After the filing of the suit for partition the appellants filed an objection petition under Sections 47152151 of the code of Civil Procedure Praying that necessary correction may be made in revenue record by restitution of excessive area wrongly delivered to the decree holder
The respondent decree holder contested the above application
Apart from the other objections one the ground raised was that the objection petition was barred by limitation as the same was not filed within three years of the order dated 1361963 under which the symbolical possession was given to the decree holder
The Learned Sub Judge First Class Karnal held that the limitation will only start to run when the respondent decree holder tried to interfere in the possession of the petitioners by filing the partition proceedings in the year 1973
It was also held that the decree holder had already obtained possession of the area measuring 135 Kanals to which he was entitled under the decree and he was not entitled to retain the possession of the excessive area of 62 Kanals 13 marlas of which only symbolical possession was given to him
It was thus held that the possession of the land measuring 62 Kanals 13 marlas of which symbolical possession was obtained was to be restored in favour of the objector judgment debtor
Aggrieved against the aforesaid order the decree holder filed a revision before the High Court
Learned Single Judge allowed the revision on the ground that the limitation in case of such applications is three years and as the symbolical possession had been delivered on June 131963 the present application filed on July 221973 was barred by time
The High Court further held that actual possession of the land was never delivered by the Executing Court and it was only symbolical possession which was delivered
Thus for the purpose of restitution if at all there was a necessity to move the application the same could be done within three years from the date of the delivery of the symbolical possession
The High Court as such allowed the revision and set aside the order of the Executing Court and dismissed the application filed by the judgment debtor
3 We have heard Learned Counsel for the parties and have gone through the record
It is not in dispute that Article 137 of the shall govern the present case
Article 137 reads as under table  137
Any other application for which Three years
When the no period of limitation is provided right to apply elsewhere in this Division
accrues
 table  The period of limitation under Article 137 is three years which commences from the date when the right to apply accrues
The question when such right to apply accrues will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case
In the present case in execution of the decree for pre emption on 1361963 the delivery of symbolical possession on an area measuring 62 Kanals 13 marlas was wrongly recorded
Ladha Singh father of the appellants continued to remain in possession over the aforesaid land and he also filed declaratory suit challenging the recording of the delivery of symbolical possession in favour of the decree holder
The Said declaratory suit was decreed in favour of Ladha Singh by the trial court and was affirmed by the Additional District Judge by order dated 1251969
No in actual possession of the land
The decree holder now in 1973 filed suit for partition claiming land on the basis of order dated 1361963
The appellants as such submitted an objection petition under Sections appellants as such submitted an objection petition under Sections 47152151 of the Code of Civil Procedure in the Executing Court on 2271973 for rectifying the mistake and for restitution of the land for which symbolical possession was wrongly recorded
In the aforesaid admitted facts we are of the view that the period of limitation under Article 137 would commence when actual threat of dispossession commenced ie on taking the proceedings for partition in the 1973
The High Court in our view was not right in holding that the limitation in the facts and circumstances of the present case would commence from 1361963 and not in 1973
Even otherwise it is a case where by mistake excess land beyond the terms of the decree was recorded by way of symbolical possession in favour of the Decree holder even in written arguments submitted before this court
This error has been rightly corrected by the Executing Court on an objection petition filed under Section 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure read with Section 151
Apart from that the judgment in the declaratory suit filed by Ladha singh in this regard has also become final and binding on the decree holder
We therefore do not consider it proper in the interest of justice to prolong this litigation by remanding the matter to the High Court as prayed in the alternative on behalf of the respondents
We find support in the view taken by us on the decision of this Court in Merla Ramanna vs Nallaparaju and others  in which it was held that an application by a party to the suit to recover possession of properties which had been taken delivery of under a void execution sale would be in time under Article 181 corresponding Article 137 of the  if it was filed within three years of dispossession
In the result we allow this appeal set aside the judgment of the High Court dated 2891978 and restore the judgment of the Executing Court dated 1921977
No order as to costs in the facts and circumstances of the case


Summary:
While pronouncing its Judgment in Reserve Bank of India vs Peerless General Finance and Investment Co Ltd   this Court observed that it would be open to the Reserve Bank of India RBI to take such steps as were open to it in law to regulate 407 the savings schemes run by Residuary Non Banking Companies RNBCs to prevent exploitation of ignorant investors while at the same time taking care to protect the thousands of employees working in such companies
This Court also expressed grave concern at the mushroom growth of financial investment companies offering staggering rates of interests to depositors leading to suspicion whether these companies were speculative ventures floated to attract unwary and credulous investors and capture their hard earned savings
Pursuant to the said observations of this Court and keeping in mind the public interest the RBI in exercise of its powers under sections 45J and 45K of the  and of all powers enabling it in that behalf issued certain directions by way of Notification No DFC 55DG O 87 dated 1551987
A Writ Petition was filed before the High Court challenging the constitutional validity of the said directions issued by the RBI
A Single Judge of the High Court passed certain interim orders
Being aggrieved against the interim orders the RBI preferred an appeal before the Division Bench
The Division Bench disposed of the appeal as well as the Writ Petition
It held that the RBI was empowered to issue directions to the Residuary Non Banking Companies in the interest of depositors but to the extent such directions were found to be prohibitory or unworkable and as such unreasonable would be beyond the powers of RBI
Peerless which became a party respondent filed an application for clarification of the judgment as regards payment against discontinued certificates
The High Court clarified that in such cases the depositors be allowed to take loan against payments made till discontinuance on such terms and conditions as the company may stipulate
The present appeals were filed by RBI against the orders of the High Court
A Writ Petition has been filed directly before this Court challenging the directions as being ultra vires of sections 45J and 45K of the as also violative of the provisions of the constitution
On behalf of the Writ Petitioners it was contended that since the 1987 directions issued by RBI were in the nature of subordinate legislation it was clear that RBI overstepped the bounds of the 408 parent statute that the source of power for issuing the directions as being derived from section 45L was only an after thought that from the working results it appeared impossible to carry on the traditional business for any longer period without incurring huge losses that from in the business carried on by Peerless and other similar RNBCs that the working capital is generated out of the subscriptions received from the certificate holders either in lump sum or in instalments and such deposits are paid back with the guaranteed accretions bonus interest etc
in terms of contract at the end of the stipulated term that the interest of the depositors has not been impaired in any manner whatsoever by the method of accountancy followed by Peerless and all similar companies namely appropriation of a part of the subscription to the profit and loss account and meeting the working capital requirements out of the same
On behalf of the appellant RBI it was contended that it had the power to issue the said directions that the said directions were issued in pursuance to this Court s observations and in public interest that the said directions had not imposed any restriction on the right to carry on business but only placed a restriction with respect to one of the modes of raising reserves ie through public deposits that the directions cannot be condemned as being violative of Article 191 g and that formula laid down by the High Court was self defeating and deprived altogether the benefits of security provisions given to depositors under the 1987 directions
On behalf of the Peerless Field Officers Association it was contended that if the directions of 1987 were to be upheld the undertakings of Peerless would face inevitable closure and almost 14 lac field officers would lose their only source of livelihood
Allowing the appeals filed by RBI and dismissing the Writ Petition filed by the Finance Companies this Court HELD Per Kasliwal J 11 The Reserve Bank was competent and authorised to issue the impugned directions of 1987 in exercise of powers conferred under Section 45K3 of the Act
431 C 12 A combined reading of Section 45J 45K and 45L of the unmistakably goes to show that the Reserve Bank if it considers necessary in the public interest so to do can specify the conditions subject to which any prospectus or advertisement soliciting deposits of money from the public may be 409 issued
It can also give directions to non banking institutions in respect of any matters relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits including the rates of interest payable on such deposits and the periods for which deposits may be received
This latter power flows from sub section 3 of Section 45K of the Act
The Bank under this provision can give directions in respect of any matters relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits
Thus a very wide power is given to the RBI to issue dirctions in respect of any matters relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits
It cannot be considered as a power restricted or limited to receipt of deposits only
Such an interpretation would be violating the language of section 45K 3 which furnishes a wide power to the Reserve Bank to give any directions in respect of any matters relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits
The Reserve Bank under this provision is entitled to give directions with regard to the manner in which the deposits are to be invested and also the manner in which such deposits are to be disclosed in the balance sheet or books of accounts of the company
The word any  qualifying matters relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits in the above provision is of great significance and directions of 1987 are fully covered under Section 45K 3 of the Act which gives power to the Reserve Bank to issue such directions
430 D H 431 A 13 When an authority takes action which is within its competence it cannot be said to be invalid merely because it purports to be made under a wrong provision if it can be shown to be within its power under any other provision
431 B Indian Aluminium Company etc
vs Kerala State Electricity Board   relied on
21 The function of the Court is to see that lawful authority is not abused but not to attain itself the task entrusted to that authority
It is well settled that a public body invested with statutory powers must take care not to exceed or abuse its power
It must keep within the limits of the authority committed to it
It must act in good faith and it must act reasonably
Courts are not to interfere with economic policy which is the function of experts
It is not the function of the Courts to sit in Judgment over matters of economic policy and it must necessarily be left to the expert bodies
The function of the Court is not to advice in matters relating to financial and economic policies for which bodies like Reserve Bank are fully competent
It would be hazardous and risky for the Courts to tread an 410 unknown path and should leave such task to the expert bodies
442 C D 22 Reserve Bank of India which is banker s bank is a creature of Statue
It has large contingent of expert advice relating to matters affecting the economy of the entire country and nobody can doubt the bonafides of the Reserve Bank in issuing the impugned directions of 1987
The Reserve Bank plays an important role in the economy and financial affairs of India and one of its important functions is to regulate the banking system in the country
It is the duty of the Reserve Bank to safeguard the economy and financial stability of the country
In fact the directions of 1987 were issued by RBI after mature consideration with the help and advice of experts
441 B D 443 D E Delhi Cloth and General Mills etc
vs Union of India etc
   Ms Prag Ice  Oil Mills and Anr
vs Union of India   Shri Sitaram Sugar Company Limited and Anr
vs Union of India  Ors
   RK Garg vs Union of India  Ors etc   relied on
The Reserve Bank was right in taking the stand that if the companies want to do their business they should invest their own working capital and find such resources elsewhere with which the Reserve Bank has no concern
445 C 4
It is not the concern of this Court to find out as to whether actuaial method of accounting or any other method would be feasible or possible for the companies to adopt while carrying out the conditions contained in paragraphs 6 and 12 of the directions of 1987
The companies are free to adopt any mode of accounting permissible under the law but it is certain that they will have to follow the entire terms and conditions contained in the directions of 1987 including those contained in paragraphs 6 and 12
445 E F 51 It is not possible for the Court to determine as to how much percentage of deposit of first instalment should be allowed towards expenses which may consist of commission to agents office expenses etc
It would depend from company to company based on various factors such as paid up capital percentage of commission paid to the agents rate of interest paid to the depositors period of maturity for repayment office expenses and various other factors necessary to mop up working capital out of the depositors money
411 One cannot ignore the possibility of persons having no stake of their own starting such business and after collecting huge deposits from the investors belonging to the poor and weaker sections of the society residing in rural areas and to stop such business after a few years thus devouring the hard earned money of the small investors
In such kind of business the agents always take interest in finding new depositors because they get a high rate of commission out of the first instalment but they do not have same enthusiasm in respect of deposit of subsequent instalments
In these circumstances if the Reserve Bank has issued the directions of 1987 to safeguard the larger interest of the public and small depositors it cannot be said that the directions are so unreasonable as to be declared constitutionally invalid
447 E H 448 A 52 It cannot be said that the directions of 1987 amount to prohibition of the business in a commercial sense and without reasonable basis
Nor are the directions violative of Article 191 g of the Constitution of India
442 G H 443 A B Mohammad Yasin vs The Town Area Committee Jalalabad and Anr   Premier Automobiles Ltd and Anr vs Union of India   Shree Meenakshi Mills Ltd vs Union of India   referred to
So far as Peerless is concerned there is no possibility of its closing down such business
It has already large accumulated funds collected by making profits in the past serveral years
Thus it has enough working capital in order to meet the expenses
It cannot be said that after some years Peerless will have to close down its business if the directions contained in paragraphs 6 and 12 are to be followed
The working capital is not needed every year as it can be rotated after having invested once
If the entire amount of the subscriptions is deposited or invested in the proportion of 10 in public sector banks 70 in approved securities and 20 in other investments such amounts will also start earning interest which can be added and adjusted while depositing or investing the subsequent years  deposits of the subscribers
In any case it lies with the new entrepreneurs while entering such field of business to make arrangement of their own resources for working capital and for meeting the expenses and they cannot insist in utilising the money of the depositors for this purpose
So far as the companies already in this field they must have earned profits in the past years which can be utilised as their working capital
It is important to note that the direc 412 tions of 1987 have been made applicable from 15th May 1987 prospectively and not retrospectively
447 H 448 C F 7
The directions of 1987 as well as any other directions issued from time to time by the Reserve Bank relating to economic or financial policy are never so sacrosanct that the same cannot be changed
Even the financial budget for every year depends on the economic and financial policy of the Government existing at the relevant time
So far as the impugned directions are concerned if it is found in future that the same are not workable or working against the public interest the Reserve Bank is always free to change its policy and scrap or amend the directions as and when necessary
If at any time the Reserve Bank feels that the business of the kind run at present by the Peerless and other companies in terms of the directions of 1987 are not yielding the result as envisaged by the Reserve Bank it will always be prepared to consider any new proposals which may be conductive both in the interest of the large multitude of the investors as well as the employees of such companies
448 G H 449 A B Per Ramaswamy J Concurring  1
The directions of 1987 issued by RBI are within the power of the RBI to provide tardy stable identifiable and monitorable method of operations by each RNBC and its compliance of the directions
This will ensure security to the depositors at all times and also make the accounts of the company accurate accountable and easy to monitor the working system of the company itself and continuance of its workmen
The directions in paragraphs 6 and 12 are just fair and reasonable not only to the depositors but in the long run to the every existence of the company and its continued business itself
Therefore they are legal valid and constitutionally permissible
464 G H 465 A 2
Section 45K of the empowers the RBI to collect information from non banking institutions as to deposit and to give directions that every non banking institution shall furnish to the Bank in such form at such intervals and within such time such statements information or particulars relating to or connected with deposits received by the non banking institution as may be specified by RBI by general or special order including the rates of interest and other terms and conditions on which they are received
Under sub section 3 thereof the RBI is entitled to issue 413 in the public interest directions to non banking institutions in respect of any matter relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits including the rates of interest payable on such deposits and the periods for which deposits may be received
The use of the adjective any  matter relating to or connected with the receipt of deposits is wide and comprehensive to empower the RBI to issue directions in connection therewith or relating to the receipt of deposits
But exercise of the power is hedged with and should be in the public interest 
450 C F 31 The State can regulate the exercise of the fundamental right to save the public from a substantive evil
The existence of the evil as well as the means adopted to check it are the matters for the legislative judgment
But the court is entitled to consider whether the degree and mode of the regulation is in excess of the requirement or is imposed in an arbitrary manner
The Court has to see whether the measure adopted is relevant or appropriate to the power exercised by the authority or whether it over stepped the limits of social legislation
Smaller inroads may lead to larger inroads and ultimately result in total prohibition by indirect method
If if directly transgresses or substantially and inevitably affects the fundametal right it becomes unconstitutional but not where the impact is only remotely possible or incidental
The Court must life the veil of the form and appearance to discover the true character and the nature of the legislation and every endeavour should be made to have the efficacy of fundamental right maintained and the legislature is not invested with unbounded power
The Court has therefore always to guard against the gradual encroachments and strike down a restriction as soon as it reaches that magnitude of total annihilation of the right
453 F H 454 A 32 In the interest of the general public the law may impose restrictions on the freedom of the citizen to start or carry on his business
Whether an impugned provision imposing a fetter on the exercise of the fundamental right guaranteed by Article 191 g amounts to a reasonable restriction imposed in the interest of general public must be adjudged not in the background of any theoretical standard or pre determinate patterns but in the light of the nature and the incidence of the right the interest of the general public sought to be secured by imposing restrictions and the reasonableness of the quality and the extent of the fetters imposed by the directions
The credit worthiness of RNBCs undoubtedly would 414 be sensitive
It thrives upon the confidence of the public on the honesty of its management and its reputation of solvency
The directions intended to promote freedom  and facility which are required to be regulated in the interest of all concerned
457 E F Hatisingh Mfg Co Ltd  Anr
vs Union of India  Ors
   Latafat Ali Khan  Ors
vs State of UP 1971 Supp
SCR 719 relied on
There is presumption of constitutionality of every statute and its validity is not to be determined by artificial standards
The court has to examine with some strictness the substance of the legislation to find what actually and really the legislature has done
The court would not be over persuaded by the mere presence of the legislation
In adjudging the reasonableness of the law the court will necessarily ask the question whether the measure or scheme is just fair reasonable and appropriate or unreasonable unnecessary and arbitrarily interferes with the exercise of the right guaranteed in of the Constitution
The Court has to maintain a delicate balance between the public interest envisaged in the challenged provision and the individual s right taking into account the nature of his right said to be infringed the underlying purpose of the restriction the extent and urgency of the evil sought to be remedied thereby the disproportion of the restriction imposed the prevailing condition at the time the surrounding circumstances the larger public interest which the law seeks to achieve and all other relevant factors germane for the purpose
All these factors should enter into the zone of consideration to find the reasonableness of the impugned restriction
The Court weighs in each case which of the two conflicting public or private interest demands greater protection and if it finds that the restriction imposed is appropriate fair and reasonable it would uphold the restriction
The court would not uphold a restriction which is not germane to achieve the purpose of the statute or is arbitrary or out of its limits
454 B C E G 5
The directions are incorporated and became part of the Act itself
They must be governed by the same principles as the statute itself
The statutory presumption that the legislature inserted every part thereof for a purpose and the legislative intention should be given affect to would be applicable to the directions of 1987 as well
445 E 61 The RBI issued the directions to regulate the operations 415 of the RNBCs to safeguard the interest of the depositors
Payment of interest bonus premium or other advantage in whatever name it may be called is reward for waiting or parting with liquidity
It is paid because of positive time preference one rupee today is preferred to one rupee tomorrow on the part of the depositor
Therefore the directions avowed to preserve the right of the depositors to receive back the amount deposited with the contracted rate of interest it aims to prevent depletion of the deposits collected from the weaker segments of the society and also tends to affect free flow of the business of the RNBCs who would desire to operate in their own way
455 F H 62 Mushroom growth of non banking agencies put afloat diverse schemes with alluring offers of staggering high rate of interest and other catchy advantages which would generate suspicion of the bona fides of the offer
But gullible depositors are lured to make deposits
It is not uncommon that after collecting fabulous deposits some unscrupulous people surreptiously close the company and decamp with the collections keeping the depositors at bay
Therefore the need to regulate the depositssubscriptions in particular in private sector became imperative to prevent exploitation or mismanagement as a social justice strategem
457 A B 63 RBI occupies place of pre eminence  to ensure monetary discipline and to regulate the economy or the credit system of the country as an expert body
It also advises the Government in public finance and monetary regulations
The banks or non banking institutions shall have to regulate their operations in accordance with not only as per the provisions of the Act but also the rules and directions or instuctions issued by the RBI in exercise of the power thereunder
Chapter 3B of the expressly deals with regulations of deposit and finance received by the RNBCs
The directions therefore are statutory regulations
455 B D Joseph Kuruvilla Vellukunnel vs Reserve Bank of India  Ors 1962 Suppl
3 SCR 632 State of UP vs Babu Ram   DVK Prasada Rao vs Govt
of AP AIR 1984 AP 75 relied on
The objects of the direction are to preserve the ability of the RNBC to pay back to subscribersdepostitors at any given 416 time safety of the subscribers  money and his right to unencumbered repayment are thus of paramount public interest and the directions aimed to protect them
The directions cannot and would not be adjudged to be ultra vires or arbitrary by reasons of successful financial management of an individual company
An overall view of the working system of the scheme is relevant and germane
460 C D 8
The obligation in paragraph 12 of periodical disclosure in the accounts of a company of the deposits together with the interest securd thereon whether or not payable but admittedly due as a liability is to monitor the discipline of the operation of the schemes and any infraction would be dealt with as per law
The certificate by a qualified Chartered Accountant is to vouchsafe the correctness and authenticity of accounts and would and should adhere to the statutory compliance
460 D E 9
The settled accounting practice is that a loan or deposit received from a creditor has to be shown as a liability together with accrued interest whether due or deferred
The actuarial accounting applies to revenues and costs to which the concept of the going concern  can be adopted
Therefore in providing the costs of the company it can set apart its costs on the basis that liability is created for interest bonus etc
payable in foreseeable future
Undoubtedly the actuarial principle applied by the LIC or the gratuity schemes are linked with life of the assured or the premature death before retirement of an employee but RNBC in its contract does not undertake any such risk
The deposit or loan is a capital receipt but not a revenue receipt and its full value shall be shown in the account books or balance sheet as liability of the company
It cannot be credited to the profit and loss account
of Schedule I of the requires that the amount shown in the profit and loss account should be confined to the income and expenditure of the company
Para 12 of the directions is thus in consonance with the 
Paragraph 6 only elongates the contract in the public interest to safeguard the interest of the vulnerable sections of the depositors
The RBI cannot be expected to constantly monitor the working of the RNBC in its day to day function
The actuarial basis cannot be adopted by the RNBCs
and the liability must always be reflected in its balance sheet at its full value
Compliance of the direction in para 12 dehors any method of accountancy adopted by a company intended to discipline its operations
460 E H 461 A C 417 10
Regulation includes total prohibition in a given case where the mischief to be remedied warrants total prohibition
The directions of 1987 are neither palpably arbitrary nor unjust nor unfair
The mechanism evolved in the directions is fool proof to secure the interest of the depositors as well as capable of monitoring the business management of every RNBC
It also protects the interest of the employeesfield staffcommission agents etc
on permanent basis over coming initial convulsion
It was included in the best possible manner to subserve the interest of all without putting any prohibition in the ability of a company to raise the deposit even the absence of any adequate paid up capital or reserve fund or such pre commitment of the owner to secure such deposits
462 E G Narendra Kumar vs Union of India   relied on
Reserve Bank of India etc
vs Peerless General Finance and Investment Co Ltd  Ors
   referred to
So long as the power is traceable to the statute mere omission to recite the provision does not denude the power of the legislature or rule making authority to make the regulations nor consiered without authority of law
The asbsence of reiteration of objective satisfaction in the preamble as of one under Section 45L does not denude the powers the RBI admittedly has the power under Section 45L to justify the actions
Though Section 45L was neither expressly stated nor mentioned in the Preamble of the directions of the required recitation or satisfaction of objective facts to issue the directions from the facts and circumstances it is demonstrated that the RBI had such satisfaction in its consideration the power under Section 45L when the directions were issued
Even otherwise Section 45K 3 itself is sufficient to uphold the directions
464 F H 12
The court has to see whether the scheme measure or regulation adopted is relevant or appropriate to the power exercised by the authority
Prejudice to the interest of depositors is a relevant factor
Mismanagement or inability to pay the accrued liabilities are evils sought to be remedied
The directions of 1987 designed to preserve the right of the depositors and the ability of RNBC to pay back the contractual liability
It also intended to prevent mismanagement of the deposits collected from vulnerable social segments who have no knowledge of banking operations or credit system and repose unfounded blind faith on the company with fond hope of its ability to pay back the contracted amount
Thus the directions maintain 418 the thrift for saving and streamline and strengthen the monetary operations of RNBCs
463 E G