Appeal No 280 of 1961
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated August 2 1960 of the Rajasthan High Court in D E Civil Misc
Election Appeal No 1 of 1960
GS Pathak A V Viswanatha Sastri section N Andley and P L Vohra for the appellant
G C Mathur for the respondent No 2 1962
February 8
This appeal by special leave arises out of an election petition filed by the appellant challenging the validity of the election of respondent No 1 Lal Singh on several grounds
The appellant is an elector in the Chittorgarh Constituency and the election which led to the present petition was held in March
1957 for the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from the said constituency
As a result of the election respondent No 1 was declared to have been duly elected on the 11th March 1957
He secured 7272 votes whereas respondent No 2 Laxman Singh so Maharawal Sir Bijey Singh secured 7261 votes and respondent No 3 Chhoga lal secured 569 votes
The appellant s case was that respondent No 1 s election wag invalid inasmuch as he had practiced corrupt practices at the said election
According to the appellant respondent No 1 procured or abetted or attempted to procure either by himself or by his agents or by other persons with his connivance or that of his agents the reception of invalid votes and as a result of the said votes the result of the Election had been materially affected The appellant stated in detail the manner in which the said invalid votes bad been procured
The appellant further pleaded that respondent No 1 his agents and other persons with the connivance of respondent No 1 or that of his agents published such 116 statements of facts Exts 3  6 which were false and which they either believed to be false or did not believe to be true in relation to the personal character or conduct of respondent No2 which were likely to prejudice the prospect of respondent No 2 at the election
It is on these two grounds that the appellant claimed a declaration that the election of respondent No 1 was invalid
He also claimed that respondent No 2 should be declared to have been validly elected
Respondent No 2 filed his written statement supporting the petition but he did not appear before the Tribunal at the hearing
Respondent No 3 did not appear at all while respondent No 1 denied all the allegations made by the appellant and contended that the election petition filed by the appellant should be dismissed
On the pleadings of the parties the Election Tribunal framed as many as 26 issues
In substance it held that the several allegations made by the appellant in respect of the receipt of invalid votes bad not been proved and so the first ground on which respondent No 1 s election was challenged by appellant could not succeed
In regard to the second ground on which respondent No 1 s election was challenged by the appellant the Tribunal held that Ext
3 had been published by the agent of respondent No 1 but not with his express consent and in regard to Ext
6 the Tribunal was not satisfied that it had been published by respondent No 1 s agent
That is how even the second ground made by the appellant disputing the validity of respondent No 1 s election did not succeed
In the result the election petition was dismissed
Against the said decision the appellant preferred an appeal in the Rajasthan High Court
The High Court confirmed the finding of the Tribunal on the first point in regard to the receipt of invalid votes
It is true that the High Court was not 117 satisfied with the approach adopted by the Tribunal in dealing with this part of the case and it thought that some of the reasons given by the Tribunal in support of its conclusions were not satisfactory
Even so the High Court felt that the final conclusion of the Tribunal was on the whole correct and need not be reversed
Thus both the Tribunal and the High Court have recorded findings against the appellant on the first part of his case
In regard to the second contention raised by the appellant the High Court has accepted the finding of the Tribunal about the publication of Ext
In regard to the other document Ext
6 the High Court has reversed the conclusion of the Tribunal and hold that the said document had been published for the benefit of respondent No 1 and differing from the view taken by the Tribunal the High Court has hold that the Publication of both the pamphlets was with consent of respondent No 1 and so was outside the purview of section 1002 of the Representation of the People Act 1951 43 of 1951 hereinafter called the Act
Having thus found that the two pamphlets had been published by the agent of respondent No1 and with his consent the High Court preceded to examine the question as to whether the material allegations made against respondent No 2 by the said pamphlets were true or false
The High Court bold that the said material allegations were false and it came to the conclusion that they were calculated to effect prejudicially the prospects of the election of respondent No2
The High Court was however not satisfied that the said allegations had relation to the personal character or conduct of respondent No 2 and so it held that the corrupt practice alleged by the appellant against respondent No 2 on the strength of the said two pamphlets under section 1234 of the act had not been proved
 The result was that though the High Court differed from the Election Tribunal in regard to some of the findings recorded 118 by the Tribunal on the second ground its ultimate conclusion was the same as that of the Tribunal
The appeal preferred by the appellant was accordingly dismissed
It is against this order that the appellant has come to this Court by Special leave
In this appeal the only question which we are called upon to consider is whether the two pamphlets justify the contention of the appellant that respondent No 1 has committed a corrupt practice under section 1534
The question as to whether respondent No 1 s election has been materially assisted by the receipt of invalid votes is concluded by concurrent finding of  fact recorded against the appellant and so we have not allowed Mr Sastri to dispute the correctness of that finding
Before dealing with the short point raised for our decision under section 1234 of the Act it is necessary to set out the material portion of the pamphlets on which the appellant s case of corrupt practice is based
The relevant portion in the pamphlet Ext
3 to which objection is taken by the appellant reads thus  1 Enemy of Democracy 2 Agent of the foreigners strangling the freedom of Bharat 3 Supporter and collaborator of the conspiracy of Pakistani attack on Bharat 4 Bringer of tyrannical rule of Rajas in Rajasthan 5 Destroyer of Hindu Muslim unity by raising the slogan of Ram Rajya 6 Purchaser of the opponents of the Congress by means of Money 119 Maharawal of Dangarpur Shri Laxman Singh who was defeated in the last election by thousands of votes has come to mislead the people of Chittor has come to push back the backward district of Chittor by 100 years has come to destroy the peace and tranquility of Chittor under cover of communal organisation has come to provide means to the public to spend their hard earned money on drinking orgies has come to intensify again the tyranny of Raja Maharajas in Rajasthan has come to make a gift of Kashmir to the aggressor Pakistan has come to enslave India again by collaborating with Pakistan and Pakistan s friends
He is a friend of Raja Maharajas and an enemy of cultivators and laborers
He wants to grant land to Bhooswamis and thereby oust the cultivators and wants to establish once more his pagent by exploitation of the hard labour of cultivators
 The other pamphlet contains substantially the same portion and so it need not be reproduced
It is urged for the appellant that in describing respondent No 2 as the agent of foreigners strangling the freedom of Bharat
the personal character of respondent No 2 has been falsely and adversely criticised
The same comment is made in respect of the description of respondent No 2 as the supporter and collaborator of the conspiracy of Pakistani attack on Bharat and in support of this argument reliance has been placed on the further statement in the pamphlet that respondent No 2 had come to make a gift of Kashmir to the aggressor Pakistan and had come to enslave India by collaborating with Pakistan and Pakistan s friends
It is also argued that describing respondent No 2 as the purchaser of the opponents of the Congress by means of money attracts the provisions of 123 4
It is mainly on these three allegations in the 120 pamphlet that the case of the appellant rests and the argument is that by making these allegations the private character of respondent No 2 has been falsely vilified and that the said vilification was reasonably calculated to prejudice the prospects of his election
On the other hand for respondent No 1 Mr Mathur who appeared amicus curaie at our request has contended that the three allegations though false cannot be said to touch or effect the private character of respondent No 2
He has argued that in dealing with section 123 4 it is necessary to make a distinction between the personal or private character or conduct of a candidate and his public or political character
Mr Mathur s contention is that though the criticism made against respondent No 2 by the impugned pamphlet may be extravagant unreasonable
and false it is nevertheless criticism made against him in his public and political character and as such a 123 4 cannot be invoked
It is therefore necessary to determine the true scope and effect of the relevant provision in a 123 4
Section 123 deals with corrupt practices and amongst them is the corrupt practice specified by subjection 4
That sub section reads thus  The publication by a candidate or his agent or by any other person of any statement of fact which is false and which he either believes to be false or does not believe to be true in relation to the personal character or conduct of any candidate or in relation to the candidature or withdrawal or retirement from contest of any candidate being a statement reasonably calculated to prejudice the prospects of that candidates election
 It would thus be seen that the publication in question must be by a candidate or his agent or by any other person  the said publication should be 121 in regard to a statement of fact which is false and which he either believes to be false or does not believe to be true  that it must have relation to the personal character or conduct of the candidate or should have relation to the candidature with drawl or retirement from contest of any candidate and that it should be a statement reasonably calculated to prejudice the prospects of that candidate s election
All the requirements of this subsection except one are held to have been satisfied by the High Court
The only requirement of the sub section which has not been satisfied according to the High Court is that the statement has no relation to the personal character or conduct of respondent No 2
Mr Sastri contends that this finding of the High Court is erroneous in law
It would be noticed that in prescribing the requirement that the false statement should have relation to the personal character of the candidate a distinction is intended to be drawn between the personal character of the candidate and his public or political character
The provision postulates that if a false statement is made in regard to the public or political character of the candidate it would not constitute a corrupt practice even if it is likely to Prejudice the prospects of that candidate s election
This assumption is presumably based on the theory that the electorate being politically educated and mature would not be deceived by a false criticism against the public or political character of any candidate
The public and political character of a candidate in open to public view and public criticism and even if any false statements are made about the political views of a candidate or his public conduct or character the electorate would be able to judge on the merits and may not be misled the allegations by any false allegations in that behalf
It is on this theory that false statements of fact effecting the public or political character of a candidate are not brought 122 within the mischief of sections 1234
In order that the elections should be free it is necessary that the electorate should be educated on political issues in a fearless manner and so the Legislature thought that full and ample scope should be left for free and fearless criticism by candidates against the public and political character of their opponents
But the position with regard to the private or personal character of the candidate is very different
Circulation of false statements about the private or personal character of the candidate during the period preceding elections is likely to work against the freedom of election itself inasmuch as the effect created by false statements cannot be met by denials in proper time and so the Constituency has to be protected against the circulation of such false statements which are likely to effect the voting of the electors
That is why it is for the protection of the constituency against acts which would be fatal to the freedom of election that the statute provides for the inclusion of the circulation of false statements concerning the private character of a candidate amongst corrupt practices
Dissemination of false statements about the personal character of a candidate thus constitutes a corrupt practice
Though it is clear that the statute wants to make a broad distinction between public and political character on the one hand and private character on the other it is obvious that a sharp and clear cut dividing line cannot be drawn to distinguish the one from the other In discussing the distinction between the private character and the public character sometimes reference is made to the  man beneath the politician and it is said that if a statement of fact affects the man beneath the politician it touches private character and if it affects the politician
It does not touch his private character
There may be some false statements of fact which clearly affect the private character of 123 the candidate  if for instance it is said that the candidate is a cheat or murderer there can be no doubt that the statement is in regard to his private character and conduct and so if the statement is shown to be false it would undoubtedly be a corrupt practice Similarly if the economic policy of the party to which the candidate belongs or its political ideology is falsely criticised and in strong words it is suggested that the said policy and ideology would cause the ruin of the country that clearly would be criticism though false against the public character of the candidate and his political party and as such it would be outside the purview of the statute
But there may be oases on the border line where the false statement may affect both the politician and the man beneath the politician and it is precisely in dealing with cases on the border line that difficulties are experienced in deter mining whether the impugned false statement constitutes a corrupt practice or not
If for instance it is said that in his public life the candidate has utilised his position for the selfish purpose of securing jobs for his relations it may be argued that it is criticism against the candidate in his public character and it may also be suggested that it nevertheless affects his private character
Therefore it is clear that in dealing with corrupt practices alleged under is
1234 where we are concerned with border line cases we will have to draw a working line to distinguish private character from public character and it may also have to be borne in mind that in some cases the false statement may affect both the private and the public character as well
In the present case we are satisfied that the allegation made in the pamphlet that respondent No 2 is a purchaser of the opponents of the Congress by means of money clearly attracts the 124 provisions of sections 1234
In plain terms the statement amounts to an allegation that respondent No 2 buys by offering bribes the votes of the opponents of  the Congress
Bribery is itself a a corrupt practice and if it is said against a candidate that the practices the corrupt practice of buying the votes of the opponents of the Congress by means of bribery that clearly and unequivocally affects his private character
Offering a bribe in an election introduces an element of moral turpitude and it cannot be denied that a person who offers bribe loses reputation as an individual in the eyes of the public
The statement alleges that the bribes are offered by respondent No 2 for the pur pose of election and in that sense it may be that it is his public character which is falsely criticised
Butin our opinion it would be idle to contend that it is a false statement only against the public character of respondent No 2
Having regard to the moral turpitude involved in the offering of the bribe the statement in question undoubtedly affects his private character as well
Unfortunately in dealing with this point the High Court does not appear to have considered this statement at all
It has dealt with this problem in very general terms
It has observed that the impugned statements all refer to the Maharawal as one of those various persons of his class who as a body appear to be responsible in the opinion of the writer for the political mischiefs referred to in the statements land that a general reading of the document shows that the attack upon him is a part of a bigger Organisation of individuals who do not appear to be as the writer thinks well inclined towards the progress of the country
It is perfectly true that in dealing with the contention that the false statement contained in the pamphlet amounts to a corrupt practice under as 1234 it is necessary to read the document as a whole before determining the effect of any particular objectionable statement
125 But reading the document as a whole we see no justification whatever for the view expressed by the High Court that the criticism made in the document is directed against a body of persons and not against respondent No 2 himself
The failure of the High Court to deal with the several specific statements on which the argument of the appellant is based has introduced a serious infirmity in its final conclusion
If only the High Court had considered whether the allegation that respondent No 2 was the purchaser of opponents of the Congress by means of money we are inclined to think that the High Court would not have brushed aside
the appellant s case with the general observations which it has made in its judgment
We are therefore satisfied that the appellant is right in contending that the false statement of fact to which we have just referred constitutes a corrupt practice under as
1234 of the Act
In that view of the matter it is unnecessary to consider whether the other impugned statements of fact also attract the provisions of as
1234
In the result we must reverse the finding of the High Court that publication of the impugned pamphlets does not constitute a corrupt practice under as
1234
The result of this conclusion inevitably is that the election of respondent No 1 must be declared to be invalid because there is no doubt that the corrupt practice proved in this case falls under section 191b and is outside the purview of section 1002
That takes to us the question as to whether respondent No 2 can be declared to have been validly elected at the election in question
This question will have to be decided in the light of provisions of section 101b of the Act
The said section provides inter alia that  if any person who has lodged a petition has in addition to calling in question the election
of the returned candidate 126 claimed a declaration that any other candidate has been duly elected and the Tribunal is of opinion that but for the votes obtained by such returned candidate by corrupt practices such other candidate would have obtained a majority of the valid votes the Tribunal shall after declaring the election of the returned candidate to be void declare such other candidate to have been duly elected
 This question has not been considered by the High Court and it cannot be decided unless the relevant facts are examined on the merits and that normally would mean our remanding the case to the High Court for the decision of the point in accordance with law
We do not however propose to adopt such a course in view of the fact that it would be futile to give any further lease of life to this petition
The election which is challenged took place in 1957 and in fact we are now on the verge of fresh elections which would take place this month That is why we think it would serve no purpose in sending the matter back for the decision of the question as to whether on the evidence adduced in the case respondent No 2 can be declared to have been validly elected
The result is the appeal is allowed and the election of respondent No 1 is get aside
Since respondent No 1 did not appear there would be no order as to costs
Appeal allowed


Summary:
Respondent 1 was declared elected to the Legislative Assembly
His election was challenged inter alia on the ground that he had committed the corrupt practice under section 123 4 of the Representation of People Act 1951 of making false statements in relation to the personal character or conduct of Respondent 2 a defeated candidate The statements were contained in a pamphlet issued by the agent of Respondent 1 with his consent
Among other statements the pamphlet contained a false statement that the Respondent 2 wits purchaser of the opponents of the Congress by means if money
Respondent 1 contended that the statement related to the public or political character of Respondent 2 and not to his private character and did not fall within take mischief of section 123 4
Held that the statement related to the personal character of Respondent 2 and Respondent 1 was guilty of the corrupt practice under section 123 4 of the Act
The offending statement amounted to an allegation that Respondent 2 bought the votes of the opponents of the Congress by offering bribes
Bribery was itself a corrupt practice and an allegation of bribery involved moral turpitude and clearly and unequivocally affected the private character of Respondent 2 115