Appeal No 787 of 1964
Appeal from the judgment and decree dated January 5 1961 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No 1012 of 1955
AK Sen and D N Mukherjee for the appellant
Sukumar Ghose for respondent No 1
The Judgment of WANCHOO C J and MITTER J was delivered by MITTER J BHAGAVA J delivered a separate Opinion
Mitter J This is an appeal by a certificate granted by the High Court at Calcutta from a judgment and decree in Second Appeal passed by that court in January 1961
The question before us is whether the respondent No 1 was entitled
to the benefit of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 as amended finally by an Act of 1953
The facts necessary for the disposal
of this appeal are as follows
On the 18th June 1948 the plaintiff the appellant before us instituted Suit No 292 of 1948 for ejectment of three Persons namely Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid and Abdul Gaffur from the property in suit a parcel of land about 1 cottah 8 chittaks being part of premises No 6  1 Shibtola Lane Entally Calcutta
In the notice to quit served on the 7th May 1948 the first two persons were described as tenants under the plaintiff and the third as a person who had purported to purchase the structures on the land and the tenancy right therein
In the plaint itself the first two defendants were described as thika tenants
No claim was made for rents or taxes although it was alleged that the same were in arrears
The suit was contested only by the third defendant who filed a written statement in September 1948 contending that the suit was bad for non joinder of parties
The suit was decreed by a Munsif of Sealdah court 24 Parganas on March 18 1949 after the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act of 1949 had come into force on February 28 1949
The appeal filed therefrom by the third defendant was dismissed by the Subordinate Judge
Fifth Additional 172 Court Alipore on November 23 1949
The decree holder put the decree in execution and recovered possession of the land on December 18 1949
The Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Ordinance 1952 was passed on October 21 1952 introducing various changes in the Act and substituting a new definition of a thika tenant
On March 14 1953 the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Act 1953 was passed amending the definition of thika tenant still further and introducing important changes in the Act of 1949
The effect of these provisions will be considered later on
Before the Subordinate Judge a point was taken that after the coming into force of the Act of 1949 the Rent Controller alone had jurisdiction in respect of ejectment suits as the defendant appellant was a thika tenant
The Subordinate Judge dismissed the plea on the ground that the defendant appellant had not erected the structures on the land and was not a successor in interest of the tenant but only a transferee
Abdul Gaffur preferred a Second Appeal to the High Court and this was heard and disposed of by a single Judge of that court on July 21 1954 long after the Thika Tenancy Ordinance of 1952 and the Amending Act of 1953 had come into force
The learned Judge held that at the time when the appeal of the defendant was disposed of by the Subordinate Judge the rights of the parties were governed by the Thika Tenancy Act of 1949 and the definition of a thika tenant in that Act was not such as to afford any protection to the appellant
In view of the amendment of the Act in 1953 however
the learned Judge felt that the question whether the appellant was entitled to the benefit of that Act had to be re examined and consequently he remanded the matter to the lower appellate court with a direction that there should be a fresh decision of the case after considering the law applicable and taking further evidence if necessary
On remand the Subordinate Judge Seventh Court Alipore rejected the plea of the landlord that the appellant Gaffur could not be regarded as a thika tenant inter alia on the ground that he had sold his interest by a registered sale deed dated April 12 1949 to one Subasini
On a consideration of the provisions of the Act and the Ordinance the Subordinate Judge held that the appellant Gaffur was not liable to ejectment in the absence of any grounds therefor in the notice to quit in accordance with section 3 of the Act as he was a thika tenant within the meaning of the Act as it was finally amended
He also observed that section 4 of the Act would be applicable
The landlord went up in appeal once more to the High Court
On this occasion the main plank of the argument on behalf of the landlord was that with the omission of section 29 civil courts became unable to remit ejectment suits to the controller with the result that the Act as finally amended could not apply to pre Act suits and thika tenants could get no relief under the Act
The learned Judges of the Division Bench of the High Court found themselves unable to accept this argument and held that the only power vested in civil courts in respect of ejectment suits against 173 thika tenants like the present one was to be found in sections 28 and 29 of the original Act and by their omission from the statute suits for eviction became infructuous before civil courts
In the result they dismissed the appeal
We have now to trace the relevant changes in the law made from time to time and see whether the landlord was entitled to eject Abdul Gaffur notwithstanding the Act as amended from time to time
The first attempt to give relief to persons described as thika tenants was made by West Bengal Ordinance No XI of 1948 promulgated on October 26 1948
The Ordinance had only six sections
Section 2 defined a thika tenant  as meaning any person who under the system commonly known as thika thika masik utbandi thika masik thika bastu or under and other like system held land under another person whether under a written lease or otherwise and was or but for a special contract would be liable to pay rent at a monthly or any other periodical rate for that land to such other person and had erected any structure on such land and was entitled to use it for residential purposes or for manufacturing or business purposes and included the suc cessors in interest of such person
Section 3 Provided that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force no decree or order for the ejectment of a thika tenant shall be executed during the continuance in operation of the Ordinance
We need not consider the proviso to the section as we are not concerned with the condition mentioned therein
It is to be noted that by the definition of thika tenant a person could only get the protection of the Ordinance if he could establish that he was holding land under any of the systems expressly mention ed or any other like system
A comprehensive Act was later passed ie West Bengal Act II of 1949 which as already noted came into force on Feb ruary 28 1949
The definition of a thika tenant was modified slightly but the change affected thereby need not be taken account of because the respondent Gaffur s position was not improved thereby
The incidents of thika tenancy were mentioned in various sections from section 3 to section II contained in Chapter 11 of the Act
section 3 provided that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract a thika tenant shall subject to the provisions of the Act be liable to ejectment from his holding on one or more of the specified grounds and not otherwise
The six grounds mentioned are i failure to pay an arrear of rent due to the landlord in respect of the holding ii user of the land comprised in the holding in a manner when rendered it unfit for any of the purposes mentioned in cl
5 of section 2 the definition of a thika tenant or violation of a condition consistent with the Act by a breach of which he was under the terms of a contract between himself and his landlord liable to be ejected iii refusal to agree to pay rent at such enhanced rate as might be determined under section 25 iv requirement 174 of the land by the landlord for his own occupation or for the purpose of building on the land or otherwise developing the land except during any period limited by a registered lease under which the tenant might be holding v failure on the part of the holding for his own residential manufacturing or business purpose for more than six consecutive months omitting the priviso and vi on the expiry of a registered lease in favour of the tenant
S 4 provided It shall not be competent for a landlord to eject any thika tenant from his holding unless the landlord has given the thika tenant notice in the manner provided in section 106 of the  a in the case where he wishes to eject the thika tenant on any of the grounds specified in clauses i ii iii and iv of section 1 at least one month s notice in writing expiring with the end of a month of the tenancy and b in the case where he wishes to eject the thika tenant on the ground specified in clause iv of section 3 at least three months  notice in writing expiring with the end of a month of the tenancy
 The section has two provisos one of which laid down that no thika tenant Shall be ejected from his holding on any of the grounds specified in cls iv and v of _ 3 except on payment to him or 0 deposit with the Controller for payment to him such compensations might be agreed upon or might be determined in  the manner prescribed bythe Controller
5 enacted that 1 Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force a landlord wishing to eject a thika tenant on one or more of the grounds specified in section 3 shall apply in the prescribedmanner to the Controller for an order in that behalf andon receipt of such application the Controller shall after giving the thika tenant a notice to show cause within thirty days from the date of service of the notice why the application shall not be allowed and after making an inquiry in the prescribed manner either allow the application or reject it after recording the reasons for making such order  The section further provided that no  order allowing an application was to be made unlesscompensation payable to the tenant was either deposited with the Controller or paid to the tenant Chapter IV of the Act by several sections provided for appeals reviews etc
Under section 27 any person aggrieved by an order of the Controller might present an appeal in writing either to the Chief Judge of the Court of Small Causes in the Presidency town or to 175 the District Judge of a district in which the holding was situate
Sub section
5 of the section provided for reviews
Section 28 enactect that Where any decree or order for the recovery of possession of any holding from a thika tenant has been made before the date of commencement of this Act but the  possession of such holding has not been recovered from the thika tenant by the execution of such decree or order the Court by
which the decree or order was made may if it is of opinion that the decree or order is not in conformity with any provision of this Act other than sub section 1 of section 5 or section 27 rescind or vary the decree or order in such manner as the Court may think fit for the purpose of giving effect to such provision and a decree or order so varied by any Court shall be transferred by such Court to the Controller for execution under this Act as if it were an order made under and in accordance with the provisions of this Act
Section 29 ran as follows The provisions of this Act shall apply to all suits and proceedings including proceedings _ in execution for ejectment of a thika tenant which are pending at the date of commencement of this Act and if any such suit or proceeding relates to any matter in respect of which the Controller is competent after the date of such commendment to pass orders under this Act such suit or proceeding shall be transferred to the Controller who shall on suit transfer deal with it in accordance with the provisions of this Act as if this Act had been in operation on the date of institution of the suit or proceeding Provided that in applying the provisions of the Act to any suit or proceeding instituted for the ejectment of a thika tenant so transferred the provisions regarding notice in section 4 of this Act shall not apply
Section 33 provided that on the expiry of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Ordinance 1948 the provisions of section 8 of the Bengal General Clauses Act 1899 would apply as if it were an enactment then repealed by a West Bengal Act
It will be noted from the provisions of the Act that it was intended to benefit all thika tenants expressly covered thereby
Unfortunately the Act did not afford any real protection to persons for whom it Was meant because of the peculiar definition of thika tenant in it
A series of decisions of the Calcutta High Court shows that the tenants failed to get any relief because they could not prove any system either of the kind specifically mentioned in section 2 sub section
5 or an other like system
It is however clear that the benefit of section 28 was available only if the decree or order for the recovery of possession had been made before the date of the commencement of the Act but 176 possession of such holding had not been recovered from him
Section 29 on the other hand was made applicable to all proceedings including proceedings in execution which were pending at the date of the commencement of the Act
No exception was made under section 29 to cases where possession of the holding had been recovered from the thika tenant
The consequence was that even if the tenant had lost possession but any proceeding even arising from an execution proceeding was pending the provisions of the Act would be attracted
If any such pending suit or proceeding related to any matter in respect of which the Controller was competent to pass orders the suit or proceeding would be transferred to the Controller who would deal with it in accordance with the provisions of the Act just as if the Act had been in operation on the date of the commencement of the suit or proceeding
The only qualification was that even if the suit had been filed before the Act but was riot disposed of by that date the landlord had to establish that be was entitled to possession because of the existence of any of the grounds mentioned in section 3
He was however not to be bound he could not have done because of the passing of the Act after the filing of his suit
As already stated the Act failed to achieve its object see Murari vs Prokash1 and Mohammad Mateen vs Baijnath Bajoria2 To get over this difficulty an Ordinance namely the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Ordinance XV of 1952 was promulgated on October 21 1952
By section 2 of this Ordinance the definition of thika tenant in the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 was substituted by a new one namely 5 thika tenant  means any person who holds whether under a written lease or otherwise land under another person and is but for a special contract would be liable to pay rent at a monthly or at any other periodical rate for that land to that another person and has erected any structure on such land for a residential manufacturing or business purpose and includes the successor in interest of such person but does not include a person a who holds such land under that another person in perpetuity or b who holds such land under that another person under a registered lease in which the duration of the lease is expressly stated to be for a period of not less than twelve years or c who holds such land under that another person and uses or occupies such land as a khattal
1AIR 1950 Calcutta 230
2ATR 1951 Calcutta 358
177 Other amendments were made in different sections of the Act
The most important one was however that contained in section 5 sub section
1 of this section which enatced that Save as provided in sub section 2 the provisions of the said Act as amended by this Ordinance shall apply to all cases pending before a Court or Controller on the date of the commencement of this Ordinance
Sub section
2 of section 5 provided as follows If at any time between the commencement of the said  Act and of this Ordinance a decree or order has been passed for the recovery of possession of any land and for other relief if any and delivery of possession has not been given then on application made in this behalf by the person against whom the decree or order was passed within three months of the commencement of this Ordinance the Court which or the Controller who passed the decree or the order shall decide after hearing the parties and after taking fresh evidence if necessary whether the person is a thika tenant within the meaning of the said Act as amended by this Ordinance
If the Court or Controller holds that the person is not such a thika tenant
it or he shall dismiss the application
If the Court or Controller holds that the person is such a thika tenant
it or he shall set aside the decree or the order and annul the execution proceedings if any and ii where the proceedings are before a Court it shall remit the case to the Controller to be dealt with by him according to law
iiiwhere the proceedings are before the Controller he shall reopen the case and pass a new order
Sub section
4 provided that the provisions of this section would have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law or elsewhere in the said Act as amended by the Ordinance
The second Explanation to the section provided that the expression  court would include a court exercising appellate or revisional jurisdiction and the expression controller  meant the controller referred to in sub section
2 of section 2 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 for the time being in force or the person deciding an appeal under section 27 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 for the time being in force as the case may be
The effect of this was that a person who before the Ordinance would not come within the pale of the Act because he could not prove a system came within its protection because of the amendment of the definition of a thika tenant
Sub section
1 of section 5 made the Act as amended by the Ordinance applicable to all cases pending before a court or a controller
This was irrespective of the question whether the suit had been filed before the Act or 178 after the Act or whether a decree had been passed before the Act or thereafter
Sub section
2 of section 5 made a special provision for cases where a decree or order for possession had been made between the commencement of the Act and of the Ordinance and delivery of possession had not been given to the decree holder
In such a case it became open to a person covered by the new definition of a thika tenant to make an application within three months of the commencement of the Ordinance either to the court or to the Controller as the case may be for relief on the basis that the applicant was a thika tenant
Such an application could be made even if the decree for ejectment had become final and order for recovery of possession made but actual delivery of possession had not been given
In such a case if it was found that the person applying was a thika tenant the court before whom the proceedings were pending had to remit the case to the controller and if the authority before whom the application was made was a controller he had to re open the case and pass a new order
If the matter was in appeal the appellate court had to exercise jurisdiction under this sub section determine whether the tenant was a thika tenant and send the matter to the controller if it was found that the tenant was entitled to the benefit of the Act 
Even if no proceedings were pending in any court it was open to the thika tenant to apply for relief provided delivery of possession had not been given
Finally came the Thika Tenancy Amendment Act VI of 1953
It made important changes in the Act itself
It came into force on March 14 1953 on which date the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Ordinance 1952 ceased to operate
Sub section 2 of section 1 provided that the Act was to come into force immediately on the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Ordinance 1952 ceasing to operate provided that the provisions of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 as amended by this Act were subject to the provisions of section 9 to apply and be deemed to have always applied to all suits appeals and proceedings a before any court or b before the Controller or c before a person deciding an appeal under section 27 of the said Act on the date of the commencement of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Ordinance 1952 ie 21st October 1952
Section 2 of the Act amended the definition of thika tenant  still further by giving the benefit of the Act to persons who had erected or acquired by pur chase or gift any structure on the land for a residential manufacturing or business purpose and was to include the successors in interest of such person
The word successor in interest  had not been defined in the Act or in the Ordinance but as words in the Act were under section 2 sub section
6 to have the same meaning as those used in the and the Bengal Tenancy Act 1885 it would but for the amendment of the definition of a thika tenant have meant only those persons who inherited from tenants and 179 not those who acquired by purchase
Sections 3 4 and 5 introduced changes with which we are not concerned Section 8 laid down that sections 28 and 29 of the Act of 1949 shall be omitted
Under section 9 any proceedings commenced under sub section
2 of section 5 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Ordinance were to be continued as if such sub sections
2 3 and 4 of that section and the Explanation to that section were in force
The net result seems to be that after the Amendment Act of 1953 came into force the position of a tenant had to be examined in the light of the Act as it finally emerged
Sub section
2 of section 1 made the provisions of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 as amended by the Act of 1953 applicable to all suits appeals and proceedings pending on 21st October before any court or before the controller or before a person deciding an appeal under section 27 of the Act
No reference is made in this subsection to the date when the suit was instituted
Only suits which were pending on 21st October 1952 were to be decided in terms of the Act as finally amended
The question therefore arises whether a tenant could claim the benefit of the Act in a pre Act suit
It is a general principle of law that statutes are not to operate retrospectively so as to defeat vested rights but such operation may be given by express enactment or by necessary implication from the language employed
According to Craies on Statute Law Sixth Edition at p 391 If it is a necessary implication from the language employed that the legislature intended a particular section to have a retrospective operation the courts will give it such an operation
The learned author points out at p 397 It is a well recognised rule that statutes should be interpreted if possible so as to respect vested rights and such a construction should never be adopted if the words are open to another construction  
For it is not to be presumed that interference with existing rights is intended by the legislature and if a statute be ambiguous the court should lean to the interpretation which would support existing rights
 Again at page 398 the learned author states In the absence of anything in an Act to show that it is to have a retrospective operation it cannot be so construed as to have the effect of altering the law applicable to a slaim in litigation at the time when the Act is passed  
Where however the necessary intendment of an Act is to affect pending causes of action the Court will give effect to the intention of the legislature even though there is no express reference to pending actions
180 Reference may be made to the case of Knight vs Lee1 where Parke B in his judgment said It seems a strong thing to hold that the legislature could have meant that a party who under a contract made prior to the Act had as perfect title to recover a sum of money as he had to any of his personal property should be totally deprived of it without compensation
This was decided in terms of the Gaming Act 1845 section 18 of which enacted that  no suit shall be brought or maintained for recovering any such sum of money  and the question was whether that enactment was retrospective so as to defeat an action already commenced
The Gaming Act1922 enacted that no action for the recovery of money under the said section section 2 of the Gaming Act 1835 shall be entertained by any court
In Headling vs Goll1 it was held that the section was not retrospective and that the Act did not operate to put an end to pending actions
According to Halsbury s Laws of England third edition Vol 36 page 413 article 627 Unless it is clearly and unambiguously intended to do so a statute should not be construed so as to interfere with or prejudice established private rights under contracts or the title to property or so as to deprive a man of his property without his having an opportunity of being heard
The provisions of the Act of 1949 as finally amended by the Act of 1953 have to be examined to show how far they disturb the rights of landlord to recover possession of the property from a person who would be a thika tenant on 28th February 1949
Section 3 of the Act which cuts down the right of the landlord to recover possession except on the grounds therein specified musi be held to apply to all suits even though filed before 28th February 1949
The language of the section leaves no room for doubt as to this
It expressly states that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract a thika tenant shall be liable to ejectment on ground specified and not otherwise
Consequently a landlord who had filed a suit before the 28th October 1949 but was unable to establish any of the grounds mentioned in section 3 could not claim to eject his tenant
But the provisions of sections 4 and 5 of the Act are not couched in the same kind of language as section 3
The legislature clearly meant section 4 to be prospective because according to its language the landlord who wishes to eject the thika tenant 1 2 39 Times Law Reporter 31 181 must give at least one month s notice in writing or three months  notice as the case may be
A landlord who had already filed the suit before the Act had evinced his intention and the question of his wishing to eject the thika tenant afresh after the Act or giving a notice for the purpose did not arise
Again section 5 lays down in clear terms that a landlord wishing to eject a thika tenant on one or more of the grounds specified in section 3 shall apply in the prescribed manner to the controller
This is only consistent with the wish of a landlord after the Act has come into force
Before the Act had come into force the landlord could not possibly know that his suit would be liable to be defeated unless he applied to the controller because there was no such authority functioning then
The section shows clearly that when a landlord wished to eject a thika tenant after the Act had come into force he had to consider whether any of the grounds in section 3 was available to him and if so he did not have to file a suit but apply to the controller for an order in that behalf
The language of sections 4 and 5 leave no room for doubt that after the coming into force of the Act it was not open to the landlord to file a suit
He could only make an application under section 5 after giving notice under section 4
Sections 28 and 29 of the Act which were omitted as a result of the enactment of the Act of 1953 bring this out in clear terms
Section 28 was meant to give relief to a thika tenant in a case where a decree or order for recovery of possession of any holding from a thika tenant had been made before the date of commencement of the Act
It could not apply to the facts of a case like the present where the decree was made after the Act had come into force
Section 29 on the other hand shows that it was to be applicable to all suits and proceedings which were pending at the date of the commencement of the Act of 1949
In other words it was to apply to any suit or appeal or any proceeding in execution which was pending on 28th February 1949
In any such case the suit or proceeding wherever it was pending had to be transferred to the controller
The controller in his turn had to deal with the matter in accordance with the provisions of the Act of 1949 as if it had been in operation on the date of the institution of the suit or proceeding which might be before the commencement of the Act but he was to deal with all pre Act suits on the basis that no notice under section 4 was necessary
If the legislature did not want to impose the bar of section 4 to pre Act suits in 1949 it does not stand to reason that the legislature should seek to impose it in the year 1953 to be operative in all suits pending not on February 28 1949 but on 21st October 1952
The logical conclusion is that the legislature always proceeded on the basis that section 4 was prospective
The language of section 5 being closely similar to that used in section 4 that section should also be held to be prospective only
182 We cannot speculate as to why the legislature thought fit to omit sections 28 and 29 from the Act of 1949
The effect of omission of section 28 has been considered by this Court in Mahadeolal Kanodia vs Administrator General of West Bengal1 where it was held that a thika tenant against whom proceedings for execution of the decree for eviction were pending and who had applied for relief under section 28 lost the protection of that section as a result of the Amending Act of 1953
The effect of omission of section 29 is that we must measure the rights of the parties in the appeal before us on the basis that the section had never been on the statute book
The situation which arises as a result thereof is that we must deal with the rights of the parties to a suit filed before the Act of 1949 was enacted in terms of such provisions as were clearly applicable thereto
As Abdul Gaffur came under the definition of a thika tenant by the Amending Act of 1953 we have to proceed on the basis that he was such a tenant in 1949 with the result that he could claim the benefit of section 4 of the Act
As already noted sections 4 and 5 could not be made to apply to such a suit which in the view expressed were prospective and not retrospective
Consequently the absence of a notice under section 4 would not stand in the way of the landlord nor could his suit be rejected on the ground that he had not applied to the controller
There being no provision for transfer of the proceedings of the suit to the controller the court had to apply the Act as it found applicable to the facts of the case
It is open to the legislature to impose a bar or a qualification to the rights of the parties by the use of suitable words such as notwithstanding any law to the contrary or in any agreement between the parties
In such a case a litigant desiring to have relief in a suit must show that the bar does not affect his case
For instance it is open to the legislature to enact that notwithstanding the rights which a landlord may have against a tenant under the ordinary law of the land he shall not be entitled to eject the tenant unless he makes out a special ground for eviction as has been done by section 3 in this case
Most of the Rent Control Acts all over India contain similar provisions and courts have always held such provisions applicable to pending proceedings
Whereas before the enactment of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 it was not necessary for the landlord either to allege any of the grounds specified in section 3 or to prove the existence thereof at the hearing of the suit he had to establish the existence of such a ground when the suit was heard
The ground need not be specified in the plaint but nevertheless it had to be established in the suit
In this case the learned Subordinate Judge Seventh Court Alipore who was directed by the remand order of the Calcutta High Court to take fresh evidence if necessary was not called upon by any of the parties to hear or record fresh evidence
He however directed his attention to the 1 19603 SCR 578
183 question as to whether the tenant appellant was entitled to press into service the provisions of sections 3 and 4 of the Act
According to him both these sections would apply to the facts of this case
The learned Subordinate Judge seems to have been of the opinion that it was necessary to state some ground under section 3 on the basis of which the landlord wanted to eject the tenant
Referring to the notice of ejectment served in this case he said Not any one of the grounds as enumerated in section 3 was called in aid or could be called in aid
He was not right in his view that the grounds specified in section 3 could not be called in aid
Section 3 does not purport to lay down that the grounds mentioned therein had got to be stated in the notice of ejectment
All that the section lays down is that ejectment could not be had unless the existence of one of the grounds was proved
Such proof could have been adduced at the trial even if no mention of the grounds had been made before
As section 4 of the Act was prospective only it could not apply to this case
The decision of the Subordinate Judge is however right inasmuch as the landlord made no attempt to establish any of the grounds for eviction mentioned in section 3
The decision of the High Court when the matter was heard for the second time must be upheld on that ground
However the view expressed by the Calcutta High Court finally hearing the appeal that suits for eviction of thika tenants became infructuous before civil courts after the omission of section 29 is not correct
The correct view is that sections 4 and 5 being prospective and as such inapplicable to pre Act suits the landlord had to establish the existence of one of the grounds specified in section 3 in order to succeed
There being no provision for transfer of pending suits and appeals the court hearing the appeal would have to pass a decree for ejectment even if the defendant was a thika tenant after taking into account section 3
The tenant could not however ask for any compensation for the structures but could only remove them in terms of section 108h of the Transfer of Proper ty Act
For reasons we cannot speculate upon the legislature limited the applicability of the Act only to suits and appeals pending on 21st October 1952 and not in February 1949 ie the date of the commencement of the Act of 1949
It may be because before the Ordinance of 1952 no one could establish his rights as a thika tenant in view of the vague definition of thika tenant in the Act of 1949 which led to the decisions of the Calcutta High Court against persons who sought to establish their rights as such
The legislature cannot be taken to have imposed a ban on all pre Act suits by the circuitous process of sections 4 and 5 of the Act
It could then have said in clear terms that all pre Act suits shall be stayed
Clearly that never was the intention of the legislature as section 29 of the Act of 1949 amply demonstrates
In the result as the landlord has not established any of the grounds specified in section 3 entitling him to ejectment the appeal 184 must be dismissed
On the special facts of the case we make no order as to costs
Bhargava J I agree with the judgment of my brother Mitter J with the exception that I would like to reserve my opinion on the question whether section 4 of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act 1949 as amended up to 1953 is prospective or not
On the view that this appeal must be dismissed because the respondent was entitled to the benefit of section 3 it does not appear to me to be necessary to express any opinion on whether compliance with section 4 was also required or whether it being prospective only no such compliance by the appellant was needed


Summary:
In June 1948 the appellant instituted a suit against the first respondent and others for their ejectment from the property in suit On February 28 1949 the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act came into force
The first respondent was not a thika tenant within the definition therefore of given in the Act
The suit was decreed by the Munsif in March 1949
In November 1949 the appeal filed by the first respondent was dismissed by the first appellate court
He then filed a second appeal in the High Court which was heard in 1954
Before that the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Amendment Act 1953 was passed
Under this Act the first respondent came within the definition of thika tenant
The High Court remanded the case to the Subordinate Judge for trying the case in the light of the amended Act
The Subordinate Judge held that the first respondent was a thika tenant and could not be ejected as none of the grounds mentioned in section 3 of the Act had been established by the appellant
The latter appealed to the High Court and urged that with the omission of section 29 in the 1953 Act Civil Courts became unable to remit ejectment suits to the Rent Controller with the result that the Act as amended could not apply to pre Act suits
The High Court however took the view that after the omission of sections 28 and 29 from the Act suits for eviction before civil courts became infructuous and accordingly dismissed the appeal
The appellant with certificate came to this Court
The questions that fell for consideration were i whether the tenant could take the benefit of section 3 in a pre Act suit ii whether in view of the omission of sections 28 and 29 from the Act the civil courts had jurisdiction to try such a suit
HELDPer Wanchoo CJ  Mitter J i While it is a general principle of law that statutes are not to operate retrospectively so as to defeat vested interests such operation may be given by express enactment or by necessary implication from the language employed
The language of section 3 leaves no room for doubt that it is retrospective since it expressly states that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract a thika tenant will be liable to ejectment on grounds specified therein and not otherwise
179 D E 180 F G
Knight vs Lee and Beadling vs Goll 39 Times Law Reporter 31 referred to
Section 3 does not purport to lay down that the grounds mentioned therein have got to be stated in the notice of ejectment
All that the section lays down is that ejectment could not be had unless the existence of one of the grounds was proved
Such proof could have been adduced at the trial even if no mention of the grounds had been made before
The appellant not having given such proof the case was rightly decided against him
183 C D
171 ii However In a pre Act suit no notice under section 4 could be insisted on as that section  clearly prospective
Section 5 which required proceedings to be filed before the Controller was also clearly prospective
180 H 181 A B H
iii The High Court was wrong in holding that suits for the eviction of thika tenants became infructious before civil courts after the omission of sections 28 and 29
There being no longer any provision for transfer of pending suits and appeals the court hearing the appeal would have to pass a decree for ejectment even if the defendant was a thika tenant after taking into account section 3
183 D F
Per Bhargava J This appeal must be dismissed because the respondent was entitled to the benefit of section 3
It was not necessary to express any opinion whether compliance With section 4 was also required or whether it being prospective only no such compliance by the appellant was needed
184 B