// Vulnerability label: clean
pragma solidity ^0.4.18;

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal constant returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a * b;
    assert(a == 0 || c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal constant returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return c;
  }

  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal constant returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal constant returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

/**
 * @title ERC20Basic
 * @dev Simpler version of ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/179
 */
contract ERC20Basic {
  uint256 public totalSupply;
  function balanceOf(address who) public constant returns (uint256);
  function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for ERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
  function safeTransfer(ERC20Basic token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
    assert(token.transfer(to, value));
  }

  function safeTransferFrom(ERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
    assert(token.transferFrom(from, to, value));
  }

  function safeApprove(ERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
    assert(token.approve(spender, value));
  }
}

/**
 * @title Basic token
 * @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
 */
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  mapping(address => uint256) balances;

  /**
  * @dev transfer token for a specified address
  * @param _to The address to transfer to.
  * @param _value The amount to be transferred.
  */
  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    require(_to != address(0));

    // SafeMath.sub will throw if there is not enough balance.
    balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
  * @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
  * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
  */
  function balanceOf(address _owner) public constant returns (uint256 balance) {
    return balances[_owner];
  }

}

/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
  function allowance(address owner, address spender) public constant returns (uint256);
  function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}


/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * @dev https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 * @dev Based on code by FirstBlood: https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 */
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {

  mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) allowed;


  /**
   * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
   * @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
   * @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
   * @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
   */
  function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    require(_to != address(0));

    uint256 _allowance = allowed[_from][msg.sender];

    // Check is not needed because sub(_allowance, _value) will already throw if this condition is not met
    // require (_value <= _allowance);

    balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    allowed[_from][msg.sender] = _allowance.sub(_value);
    Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
   *
   * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
   * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
   * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
   * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
   */
  function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
    Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
   * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
   * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
   */
  function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public constant returns (uint256 remaining) {
    return allowed[_owner][_spender];
  }

  /**
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   */
  function increaseApproval (address _spender, uint _addedValue)
    returns (bool success) {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue);
    Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

  function decreaseApproval (address _spender, uint _subtractedValue)
    returns (bool success) {
    uint oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
    if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
    } else {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
    }
    Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

}

/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
  address public owner;


  event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);


  /**
   * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
   * account.
   */
  function Ownable() {
    owner = msg.sender;
  }


  /**
   * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
   */
  modifier onlyOwner() {
    require(msg.sender == owner);
    _;
  }


  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function transferOwnership(address newOwner) onlyOwner public {
    require(newOwner != address(0));
    OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
    owner = newOwner;
  }

}

/**
 * @title Mintable token
 * @dev Simple ERC20 Token example, with mintable token creation
 * @dev Issue: * https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/zeppelin-solidity/issues/120
 * Based on code by TokenMarketNet: https://github.com/TokenMarketNet/ico/blob/master/contracts/MintableToken.sol
 */

contract MintableToken is StandardToken, Ownable {
  event Mint(address indexed to, uint256 amount);
  event MintFinished();

  bool public mintingFinished = false;


  modifier canMint() {
    require(!mintingFinished);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to mint tokens
   * @param _to The address that will receive the minted tokens.
   * @param _amount The amount of tokens to mint.
   * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
   */
  function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) onlyOwner canMint public returns (bool) {
    totalSupply = totalSupply.add(_amount);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_amount);
    Mint(_to, _amount);
    Transfer(0x0, _to, _amount);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to stop minting new tokens.
   * @return True if the operation was successful.
   */
  function finishMinting() onlyOwner public returns (bool) {
    mintingFinished = true;
    MintFinished();
    return true;
  }
}

/**
 * @title Pausable
 * @dev Base contract which allows children to implement an emergency stop mechanism.
 */
contract Pausable is Ownable {
  event Pause();
  event Unpause();

  bool public paused = false;


  /**
   * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
   */
  modifier whenNotPaused() {
    require(!paused);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
   */
  modifier whenPaused() {
    require(paused);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev called by the owner to pause, triggers stopped state
   */
  function pause() onlyOwner whenNotPaused public {
    paused = true;
    Pause();
  }

  /**
   * @dev called by the owner to unpause, returns to normal state
   */
  function unpause() onlyOwner whenPaused public {
    paused = false;
    Unpause();
  }
}

/**
 * @title Pausable token
 *
 * @dev StandardToken modified with pausable transfers.
 **/

contract PausableToken is StandardToken, Pausable {

  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public whenNotPaused returns (bool) {
    return super.transfer(_to, _value);
  }

  function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public whenNotPaused returns (bool) {
    return super.transferFrom(_from, _to, _value);
  }

  function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public whenNotPaused returns (bool) {
    return super.approve(_spender, _value);
  }

  function increaseApproval(address _spender, uint _addedValue) public whenNotPaused returns (bool success) {
    return super.increaseApproval(_spender, _addedValue);
  }

  function decreaseApproval(address _spender, uint _subtractedValue) public whenNotPaused returns (bool success) {
    return super.decreaseApproval(_spender, _subtractedValue);
  }
}

/**
 * @title Burnable Token
 * @dev Token that can be irreversibly burned (destroyed).
 */
contract BurnableToken is StandardToken {

    event Burn(address indexed burner, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens.
     * @param _value The amount of token to be burned.
     */
    function burn(uint256 _value) public {
        require(_value > 0);

        address burner = msg.sender;
        balances[burner] = balances[burner].sub(_value);
        totalSupply = totalSupply.sub(_value);
        Burn(burner, _value);
    }
}

/**
 * @title ModulumToken
 * @dev ModulumToken is ERC20-compilant, mintable, pausable and burnable.
 */
contract ModulumToken is MintableToken, PausableToken, BurnableToken {

  // Token information
  string public name = "Modulum Token";
  string public symbol = "MDL";
  uint256 public decimals = 18;

  /**
   * @dev Contructor
   */
  function ModulumToken() {
  }
}

contract Crowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  // The token being sold
  MintableToken public token;

  // start and end timestamps where investments are allowed (both inclusive)
  uint256 public startTime;
  uint256 public endTime;

  // address where funds are collected
  address public wallet;

  // how many token units a buyer gets per wei
  uint256 public rate;

  // amount of raised money in wei
  uint256 public weiRaised;

  /**
   * event for token purchase logging
   * @param purchaser who paid for the tokens
   * @param beneficiary who got the tokens
   * @param value weis paid for purchase
   * @param amount amount of tokens purchased
   */
  event TokenPurchase(address indexed purchaser, address indexed beneficiary, uint256 value, uint256 amount);


  function Crowdsale(uint256 _startTime, uint256 _endTime, uint256 _rate, address _wallet) {
    require(_startTime >= now);
    require(_endTime >= _startTime);
    require(_rate > 0);
    require(_wallet != 0x0);

    token = createTokenContract();
    startTime = _startTime;
    endTime = _endTime;
    rate = _rate;
    wallet = _wallet;
  }

  // creates the token to be sold.
  // override this method to have crowdsale of a specific mintable token.
  function createTokenContract() internal returns (MintableToken) {
    return new MintableToken();
  }


  // fallback function can be used to buy tokens
  function () payable {
    buyTokens(msg.sender);
  }

  // low level token purchase function
  function buyTokens(address beneficiary) public payable {
    require(beneficiary != 0x0);
    require(validPurchase());

    uint256 weiAmount = msg.value;

    // calculate token amount to be created
    uint256 tokens = weiAmount.mul(rate);

    // update state
    weiRaised = weiRaised.add(weiAmount);

    token.mint(beneficiary, tokens);
    TokenPurchase(msg.sender, beneficiary, weiAmount, tokens);

    forwardFunds();
  }

  // send ether to the fund collection wallet
  // override to create custom fund forwarding mechanisms
  function forwardFunds() internal {
    wallet.transfer(msg.value);
  }

  // @return true if the transaction can buy tokens
  function validPurchase() internal constant returns (bool) {
    bool withinPeriod = now >= startTime && now <= endTime;
    bool nonZeroPurchase = msg.value != 0;
    return withinPeriod && nonZeroPurchase;
  }

  // @return true if crowdsale event has ended
  function hasEnded() public constant returns (bool) {
    return now > endTime;
  }


}

/**
 * @title FinalizableCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale where an owner can do extra work
 * after finishing.
 */
contract FinalizableCrowdsale is Crowdsale, Ownable {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  bool public isFinalized = false;

  event Finalized();

  /**
   * @dev Must be called after crowdsale ends, to do some extra finalization
   * work. Calls the contract's finalization function.
   */
  function finalize() onlyOwner public {
    require(!isFinalized);
    require(hasEnded());

    finalization();
    Finalized();

    isFinalized = true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Can be overridden to add finalization logic. The overriding function
   * should call super.finalization() to ensure the chain of finalization is
   * executed entirely.
   */
  function finalization() internal {
  }
}

/**
 * @title RefundVault
 * @dev This contract is used for storing funds while a crowdsale
 * is in progress. Supports refunding the money if crowdsale fails,
 * and forwarding it if crowdsale is successful.
 */
contract RefundVault is Ownable {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  enum State { Active, Refunding, Closed }

  mapping (address => uint256) public deposited;
  address public wallet;
  State public state;

  event Closed();
  event RefundsEnabled();
  event Refunded(address indexed beneficiary, uint256 weiAmount);

  function RefundVault(address _wallet) {
    require(_wallet != 0x0);
    wallet = _wallet;
    state = State.Active;
  }

  function deposit(address investor) onlyOwner public payable {
    require(state == State.Active);
    deposited[investor] = deposited[investor].add(msg.value);
  }

  function close() onlyOwner public {
    require(state == State.Active);
    state = State.Closed;
    Closed();
    wallet.transfer(this.balance);
  }

  function enableRefunds() onlyOwner public {
    require(state == State.Active);
    state = State.Refunding;
    RefundsEnabled();
  }

  function refund(address investor) public {
    require(state == State.Refunding);
    uint256 depositedValue = deposited[investor];
    deposited[investor] = 0;
    investor.transfer(depositedValue);
    Refunded(investor, depositedValue);
  }
}

/**
 * @title RefundableCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale contract that adds a funding goal, and
 * the possibility of users getting a refund if goal is not met.
 * Uses a RefundVault as the crowdsale's vault.
 */
contract RefundableCrowdsale is FinalizableCrowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  // minimum amount of funds to be raised in weis
  uint256 public goal;

  // refund vault used to hold funds while crowdsale is running
  RefundVault public vault;

  function RefundableCrowdsale(uint256 _goal) {
    require(_goal > 0);
    vault = new RefundVault(wallet);
    goal = _goal;
  }

  // We're overriding the fund forwarding from Crowdsale.
  // In addition to sending the funds, we want to call
  // the RefundVault deposit function
  function forwardFunds() internal {
    vault.deposit.value(msg.value)(msg.sender);
  }

  // if crowdsale is unsuccessful, investors can claim refunds here
  function claimRefund() public {
    require(isFinalized);
    require(!goalReached());

    vault.refund(msg.sender);
  }

  // vault finalization task, called when owner calls finalize()
  function finalization() internal {
    if (goalReached()) {
      vault.close();
    } else {
      vault.enableRefunds();
    }

    super.finalization();
  }

  function goalReached() public constant returns (bool) {
    return weiRaised >= goal;
  }

}

/**
 * @title CappedCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale with a max amount of funds raised
 */
contract CappedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  uint256 public cap;

  function CappedCrowdsale(uint256 _cap) {
    require(_cap > 0);
    cap = _cap;
  }

  // overriding Crowdsale#validPurchase to add extra cap logic
  // @return true if investors can buy at the moment
  function validPurchase() internal constant returns (bool) {
    bool withinCap = weiRaised.add(msg.value) <= cap;
    return super.validPurchase() && withinCap;
  }

  // overriding Crowdsale#hasEnded to add cap logic
  // @return true if crowdsale event has ended
  function hasEnded() public constant returns (bool) {
    bool capReached = weiRaised >= cap;
    return super.hasEnded() || capReached;
  }

}

/**
 * @title ModulumInvestorsWhitelist
 * @dev ModulumInvestorsWhitelist is a smart contract which holds and manages
 * a list whitelist of investors allowed to participate in Modulum ICO.
 * 
*/
contract ModulumInvestorsWhitelist is Ownable {

  mapping (address => bool) public isWhitelisted;

  /**
   * @dev Contructor
   */
  function ModulumInvestorsWhitelist() {
  }

  /**
   * @dev Add a new investor to the whitelist
   */
  function addInvestorToWhitelist(address _address) public onlyOwner {
    require(_address != 0x0);
    require(!isWhitelisted[_address]);
    isWhitelisted[_address] = true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Remove an investor from the whitelist
   */
  function removeInvestorFromWhiteList(address _address) public onlyOwner {
    require(_address != 0x0);
    require(isWhitelisted[_address]);
    isWhitelisted[_address] = false;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Test whether an investor
   */
  function isInvestorInWhitelist(address _address) constant public returns (bool result) {
    return isWhitelisted[_address];
  }
}

/**
 * @title ModulumTokenHolder
 * @dev ModulumTokenHolder is a smart contract which purpose is to hold and lock
 * HTO's token supply for 1.5years following Modulum ICO
 * 
*/
contract ModulumTokenHolder is Ownable {
  using SafeMath for uint256;
  using SafeERC20 for ERC20Basic;

  event Released(uint256 amount);

  // beneficiary of tokens after they are released
  address public beneficiary;

  // Lock start date
  uint256 public start;
  // Lock period
  uint256 constant public DURATION = 547 days;

  /**
   * @dev Contructor
   */
  function ModulumTokenHolder(address _beneficiary, uint256 _start) {
    require(_beneficiary != address(0));

    beneficiary = _beneficiary;
    start = _start;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Release MDL tokens held by this smart contract only after the timelock period
   */
  function releaseHTOSupply(ERC20Basic token) onlyOwner public {
    require(now >= start.add(DURATION));
    require(token.balanceOf(this) > 0);
    uint256 releasable = token.balanceOf(this);

    token.safeTransfer(beneficiary, releasable);

    Released(releasable);
  }
}

/**
 * @title ModulumTokenICO
 * @dev ModulumTokenICO is the crowdsale smart contract for Modulum ICO, it is capped and refundable.
 * 
*/
contract ModulumTokenICO is CappedCrowdsale, RefundableCrowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  ModulumTokenHolder public tokenHolder;
  ModulumInvestorsWhitelist public whitelist;
  
  /**
   * @dev Contructor
   */
  function ModulumTokenICO(
    uint256 _startTime, 
    uint256 _endTime, 
    uint256 _rate, 
    uint256 _goal, 
    uint256 _cap, 
    address _wallet, 
    ModulumTokenHolder _tokenHolder, 
    ModulumInvestorsWhitelist _whitelist)
      CappedCrowdsale(_cap)
      FinalizableCrowdsale()
      RefundableCrowdsale(_goal)
      Crowdsale(_startTime, _endTime, _rate, _wallet)
  {
    //As goal needs to be met for a successful crowdsale
    //the value needs to be less or equal than a cap which is limit for accepted funds
    require(_goal <= _cap);    

    //Store other smart contract addresses related to this ICO 
    tokenHolder = _tokenHolder;
    whitelist = _whitelist;

    //Mint HTO's tokens supply to the timelocked smart contract (1.5years)
    token.mint(address(tokenHolder), 8775000 ether);
    //Mint the stakeholders tokens supply immediately available for
    //the HTO to distribute as rewards
    token.mint(_wallet, 3510000 ether);
  }

  function createTokenContract() internal returns (MintableToken) {
    return new ModulumToken();
  }

  // overriding Crowdsale#validPurchase to add extra logic
  // @return true if investors can buy at the moment
  function validPurchase() internal constant returns (bool) {
    // Only accept transfers above 0.2 ETH
    bool aboveMinTransfer = msg.value >= (20 ether / 100);
    // Only accept transfers from inverstor in the whitelist
    bool inWhitelist = whitelist.isInvestorInWhitelist(msg.sender);
    return super.validPurchase() && aboveMinTransfer && inWhitelist;
  }

  // overriding Crowdsale#buyTokens to add a dynamic rate 
  // that will match bonus token rewards
  function buyTokens(address beneficiary) public payable {
    if (weiRaised < 7000 ether) {
      rate = 450;
    } else if (weiRaised < 17000 ether) {
      rate = 360;
    } else if (weiRaised < 34000 ether) {
      rate = 330;
    } else if (weiRaised < 51000 ether) {
      rate = 315;
    } else {
      rate = 300;
    }
    return super.buyTokens(beneficiary);
  }

  // overriding FinalizableCrowdsale#finalization to prevent further  
  // minting after ICO end
  function finalization() internal {
    token.finishMinting();
    super.finalization();
  }
}