PATAU SYNDROME:- Trisomy 13 47 XX Characteristic features:- 1. Microcephaly and mental retardation. 2. Microphthalmia 3. Cleft lip and palate. 4. Cardiac and renal defects 5. Umbilical hernia 6. Rocker bottom feet {Reference:Robbins basic pathology 9E pg no.248}
", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trisomy 21", "opb": "Trisomy 18", "opc": "18 P", "opd": "Trisomy l3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "932d3005-4ebe-436f-8c00-4031da024d17", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "A defect in xeroderma pigmentosum", "exp": "Explanation:\nTypes of defects in DNA-repair systems and conditions associated", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nucleotide excision repair", "opb": "Mismatch repair", "opc": "Base excision repair", "opd": "Double strand break repair", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "002069fc-9b6f-4b1e-a000-6716c487bc2f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Medulloblastoma most commonly metastasize to", "exp": "Spread through the CSF is common, may present as nodular masses anywhere in the CNS. Metastases to the cauda equina are sometimes termed drop metastases. Refer robbins 9/e 844", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "CSF", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6d67bf38-03dc-4068-b7f5-a3db3786a4a0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "F body is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Y chromatin(Ref: Emery Genetics)Quinacrine, a fluorescence dye, binds strongly to the Y chromosome forming a bright fluorescent spot (F body). This is clearly visible in stained interphase cells from various tissues from the human male and in mature spermatozoa", "cop": 1, "opa": "Y chromatin", "opb": "X chromatin", "opc": "Chromosome 1", "opd": "Chromosome 21", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "e2957ada-da8f-47bb-a74f-544a504e07db", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pagets disease of the nipple is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1057 Paget disease of the nipple is a rare manifestation of Breast cancer that presents as a lateral erythematous eruption with a scale crust.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infection", "opb": "Dermatitis", "opc": "Neoplasia", "opd": "Hypopigmentation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "8e101bf0-bb15-4b8f-80a3-a20847a177df", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common primary in brain metastasis is from", "exp": "Brain metastases occur when cancer cells spread from their original site to the brain. Any cancer can spread to the brain, but the types most likely to cause brain metastases are lung, breast, colon, kidney and melanoma. Brain metastases, or secondary brain tumors, occur in 10 to 30 percent of adults with cancer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Breast carcinoma", "opb": "Lung carcinoma", "opc": "Gastric carcinoma", "opd": "Colo-rectal carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e159ffb4-e5a1-4a92-9ca2-0a2d9594c487", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Deficiency of enzyme hexosaminidase, n subunit causes", "exp": "Tay-Sachs disease, by far the most common of all gangliosidoses, is characterized by a mutation in and consequent deficiency of the b subunit of theenzyme hexosaminidase A, which is necessary for the degradation of GM2. More than 100 mutations have been described; most affect protein folding or intracellular transpo. The brain is principally affected Type II glycogenosis (Pompe disease) is caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid maltase and so is associated with deposition of glycogen in viually every organ, but cardiomegaly is most prominent. MPS type I, also known as Hurler syndrome, is caused by a deficiency of a-L-iduronidase. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 229)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tay-Sachs disease", "opb": "Hurler syndrome", "opc": "Fabry disease", "opd": "Pompe disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "42bff942-96af-4a7d-bf82-cb05793ceba3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary arises", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., From surface coelomic epithelium", "cop": 2, "opa": "From cystic teratoma", "opb": "From surface coelomic epithelium", "opc": "From sex cord stomal cells", "opd": "From ectopic mucin secreting glands", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "15229a5a-f93b-4449-81d9-e82c64486a0c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The causative agent for \"Oculoglandular syndrome of Parinoud\" is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Arachnia propionica", "opb": "Bartonella henselae", "opc": "Bifidobacterium dentium", "opd": "Mycobacterium leprae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c507a92-2d59-4de3-af41-42da0f09f326", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "List the odd one out among the following", "exp": "Trisomy 18 is Edward syndrome & not Noonan syndrome. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype(46,XX and 46,XY). Refer to the image below.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trisomy 18 (Noonan syndrome)", "opb": "Trisomy 21 (Downs syndrome)", "opc": "Trisomy 18 (Edwards synd.)", "opd": "Trisomy 13 (Patau synd.)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Single Gene Disorders", "id": "23f0133c-c14f-4ca1-9e69-f3cb4672aca3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Premalignant lesion of the vulva is", "exp": "Leukoplakia of vulva means white plaque which may indicate : -\n\n\nBenign Lesions\nPremalignant Lesions\nMalignant Lesions", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kraurosis", "opb": "Leucoplakia", "opc": "Condyloma accuminata", "opd": "Localised scleroderma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "08e97650-1508-4532-affd-09ab049e00c4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Bohn's nodules are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cystic swellings in neonates", "opb": "Cysts associated with soft palate", "opc": "Cysts of gingiva in growing children", "opd": "Warts on the tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ffc8ab89-0698-4078-b977-9a3f689faf88", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Best test to detect benign form malignant thyroid is", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no, 729, Answer is option 3,excision Ultimately it is the morphological evaluation of a given thyroid nodule by fine needle aspiration, combined with histological study of surgically resected thyroid parenchyma, that provides the most defenitive information about its nature.", "cop": 3, "opa": "FNAC", "opb": "CT scan", "opc": "Excision", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "46eb375f-96c8-4226-99a2-d24734ff576e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia)", "exp": "Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Medullary carcinoma is a less frequent type derived from parafollicular or C-cells present in the thyroid and comprises about 5% of thyroid carcinomas. It is equally common in men and women. There are 3 distinctive features which distinguish medullary carcinoma from the other thyroid carcinomas. They are : its familial occurrence, secretion of calcitonin and other peptides, and amyloid stroma. 1. Familial occurrence. Most cases of medullary carcinoma occur sporadically, but about 10% have a genetic background with point mutation in RET-protooncogene located on chromosome 10q. The familial form of medullary carcinoma in association with pheochromocytoma and parathyroid adenoma (multiple endocrine neoplasias, MEN II A), or with pheochromocytoma and multiple mucosal neuromas (MEN II B). 2. Secretion of calcitonin and other peptides. Like normal C-cells, tumour cells of medullary carcinoma secrete calcitonin, the hypocalcaemic hormone. In addition, the tumour may also elaborate prostaglandins, histaminase, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ACTH. These hormone elaborations are responsible for a number of clinical syndromes such as carcinoid syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and diarrhoea. 3. Amyloid stroma. Most medullary carcinomas have amyloid deposits in the stroma which stains positively with usual amyloid stains such as Congo red. The amyloid deposits are believed to represent stored calcitonin derived from neoplastic C-cells in the form of prohormone. Most cases of medullary carcinoma present as solitary thyroid nodule but sometimes an enlarged cervical lymph node may be the first manifestation. Most medullary carcinomas are slow-growing. Regional lymph node metastases may occur but distant organ metastases are infrequent. The prognosis is better in familial form than in the sporadic form: overall 10-year survival rate is 60-70%. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th EDITION - HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:813-814", "cop": 4, "opa": "Follicular", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Anaplastic", "opd": "Medullary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "cc7e6312-20cb-4848-a615-0e5f7734f43e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Deficiency of folic acid leads to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Pernicious anemia", "opb": "Megaloblastic anemia", "opc": "Iron deficiency anemia", "opd": "Thalassemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "171df9e5-e283-4fe0-a3a9-2555610d65fd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most ideal explanation for recurrence of odontogenic keratocyst is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased mitotic activity of the epithelial lining", "opb": "Friability of the epithelial lining", "opc": "Presence of satellite cysts or daughter cysts", "opd": "Continued proliferation of rests of dental lamina", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea2b92d7-e16d-4229-9f52-fe6d69487a16", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Phlegmon is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "STD", "opb": "Type of cellulitis", "opc": "Type of osteomyelitis", "opd": "Veneral disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d192838-8d26-4bc6-b156-3e6c8d5f5cb5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Anti GBM antibodies are seen in", "exp": "Goodpasture syndrome (GPS), also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure. It is thought to attack the alpha-3 subunit of type IV collagen, which has therefore been referred to as Goodpasture's antigen.Goodpasture syndrome may quickly result in permanent lung and kidney damage, often leading to death. It is treated with medications that suppress the immune system such as coicosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and with plasmapheresis, in which the antibodies are removed from the blood", "cop": 1, "opa": "Good pasture syndrome", "opb": "RPGN", "opc": "Membrane GN", "opd": "Minimal change disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4b38f9e3-d604-4fe6-900b-9606ceebeec3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The cells most frequently found in a granuloma are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Mast cells", "opb": "Giant cells", "opc": "Lymphocytes", "opd": "Neutrophilis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a874d5f-9034-45f4-98b0-238a6324205f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In Serotonin syndrome the most characteristic feature is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sweating", "opb": "Myoclonic jerks", "opc": "Palpitation", "opd": "Anxiety", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "dec8b829-e410-47dd-8b9f-d7053a723bd7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "An ovarian neoplasm in a 15l4 year old girl is most likely to be", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no 1029 Benign teratomas are bilateral in 10% to 15% of cases. Characteristically they are unilocular cysts containing hair and sebaceous material (Fig. 22-38). Sectioning reveals a thin wall lined by an opaque, gray-white, wrinkled epidermis, frequently with protruding hair shafts. Within the wall, it is common to find grossly evident tooth structures and areas of calcification. Microscopically, the cyst wall is composed of stratified squa- mous epithelium with underlying sebaceous glands, hair shafts, and other skin adnexal structures (Fig. 22-39). In most cases tissues from other germ layers can be identified, such as cailage, bone, thyroid, and neural tissue. Dermoid cysts are sometimes incorporated within the wall of a mucinous cystad- enoma. About 1% of the dermoids undergo malignant transformation, most commonly to squamous cell carci- noma, but also to other cancers as well (e.g., thyroid carcinoma, melanoma)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Germ cell tumor", "opb": "Epithelial tumor", "opc": "Seoli Leydig cell tumor", "opd": "Granulosa cell tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "756a6002-33f5-43ec-bbc3-9555408e0523", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The condition commonly involving V1 is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Trigeminal Neuralgia", "opb": "Trotter’s syndrome", "opc": "Post herpetic neuralgia", "opd": "Hunt’s syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "044ccbf8-f37a-43fa-a76d-6bfb641d0d8d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Crescentic glomerulonephritis seen in", "exp": "RPGN presents with an acute reduction in renal function resulting in acute renal failure in a few weeks or months. It is characterized by the formation of 'crescents'(crescentic GN)outside the glomerular capillaries (extracapillary GN).' crescents' are formed from the proliferation of parietal epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule with contribution from visceral epithelial cells and the invading mononuclear cells. The stimulus for crescent formation appears to be the presence of fibrin in the capsular space. From HARSH MOHAN 7th edition, pg no:654", "cop": 4, "opa": "PSGN", "opb": "MPGN", "opc": "Membranous GN", "opd": "RPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "1bc06828-7297-4b6e-8eaf-e02d93b5fb10", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils is", "exp": "H2O2-MPO-halide system is the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils H2O2 is not able to efficiently kill microbes by itself. the azurophilic granules of neutrophils contain the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), in the presence of a halide such as Cl-, conves H2O2 to hypochlorite(OCl2-) which is a potent antimicrobial agent that destroys microbes by halogenation (in which the halide is bound covalently to cellular constituents) or by oxidation of proteins and lipids (lipid peroxidation). Robbins 9th ed page 79", "cop": 1, "opa": "H2O2-MPO-Halide", "opb": "NADPH oxidase", "opc": "Lysozyme", "opd": "Reactive nitrogen species", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b5951cd5-a670-43eb-a2e3-72e29e62df1f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Increased IgA levels are seen in", "exp": "Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is characterised by increasing levels of immunoglobulins. Increased levels of IgA was observed in alcoholic cirrhosis. REFERENCE: NCBI.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcoholic hepatitis", "opb": "Alcoholic cirrhosis", "opc": "Microvesicular fatty change", "opd": "Macrovesicular fatty change", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "f7bd1b3f-7296-4e7a-bb43-25def3e618ec", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "ITGCN is seen in", "exp": "ITGCN is seen adjacent to all germ cell tumors in adults except for spermatocytic seminoma and epidermoid and dermoid cysts. With rare exceptions, it is also not seen in pediatric tumors (teratomas, yolk sac tumors... Robbins 7th edition page 1096) ITGCN is seen with a high frequency in the following conditions: a. Cryptorchidism b. Prior germ cell tumors c. Strong family history of germ cell tumor d. Androgen insensitivity syndrome e. Gonadal dysgenesis syndrome. Ref: gradestack.com", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pediatric yolk sac tumor", "opb": "Pediatric teratoma", "opc": "Seminoma", "opd": "Adult spermatocytic seminoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4e79d9fa-3a28-4874-8d72-aef8828cc404", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "\"Jack in the box\" phenomenon is because of", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Loss of accommodation", "opb": "Reduced visual acuity", "opc": "Prismatic effect", "opd": "Spherical aberration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5dfd119b-dc00-4c4e-8b4a-bb9ff4e8efe8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Michalis Gutmann bodies are seen in", "exp": "Malakoplakia *Etiology : Inflammation due to chronic bacterial infection, mostly by E.coli and proteus.*Common in immunosuppressed individuals*Pathogenesis : Disturbed phagocytic activity due to overloaded bacteria within macrophages*Sites : Urinary bladder, Colon, Lungs,Bones, Kidneys, prostate and epididymis *Microscopic findings : Sheets of macrophages, giant cells and michaelis-gutmann bodies *Michaelis gutmann bodies - Laminated mineralized concretions resulting from deposition of calcium In enlarged lysosomes of macrophages (Ref: Robbins 8/e p975)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis", "opb": "Malakoplakia", "opc": "Nail patella syndrome", "opd": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "2f79d57e-54b7-49f5-9b5e-ffabe36c3103", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common neuroendocrine tumour in MEN 1 is", "exp": "Most common neuroendocrine tumor of MEN1 is Gastrinoma where there is over production of Gastrin. MEN1 associated gastrinomas are frequently multifocal whereas sporadic ones are single. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1122 A gastrinoma is a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. There is hypersecretion of HCl acid into the duodenum, which causes the ulcers", "cop": 3, "opa": "Insulinoma", "opb": "Glucaganoma", "opc": "Gastrinoma", "opd": "VIPoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b7647212-c188-41ff-968e-9f2d3a0af6eb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Reagent used in Apt test", "exp": "Alkali denaturation test (Apt-Downey test / apt test)Used to detect differentiate Fetal or neonatal blood from maternal blood (Qualitative).PrincipleMethodFetal hemoglobin (alpha 2 gamma 2 subunits) is resistant to alkali (basic) denaturation, whereas adult hemoglobin (alpha2 beta 2 subunits) is susceptible to such denaturation.Exposing the blood specimen to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) will denature the adult but NOT the fetal hemoglobin.The fetal hemoglobin will appear as a pinkish color under the microscope while the adult hemoglobin will appear as a yellow-brownish colorThe blood is mixed with sterile water to cause hemolysis of the RBCs, yielding free hemoglobin,The 5 ml pink hemoglobin-containing supernatant is then mixed with 1 mL of 1% NaOH.Fetal hemoglobin will stay pink and adult hemoglobin will turn yellow-brown.Adult hemoglobin changes color because it is less stable and will conve to hematin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sodium hydroxide", "opb": "Sodium chloride", "opc": "Potassium Chloride", "opd": "Sodium bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "99f8d5a8-8158-4cd9-a073-cb5d8fc7663d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Comment on the histopathological specimen", "exp": "Ref: Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology, 3rd ed. pg. 356* Teratomas are made up of a variety of parenchymal cell types representing more than 1 germ layer and often all 3 germ layer.* Cells differentiate along various germ lines, essentially recapitulating any tissue of the body. Examples include hair, teeth, fat, skin, muscle, and endocrine tissue.* Arising from totipotential cells, these tumors typically are midline or paraxial.* The most common location is sacrococcygeal (57%).* Because they arise from totipotential cells, they are encountered commonly in the gonads (29%).* The most common gonadal location is the ovary, although they also occur somewhat less frequently in the testes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyoma", "opc": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opd": "Neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Head & Neck", "id": "bbe0a15c-70fc-46bc-8f6a-9d91609041c6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Receptor of joint capsule and ligaments is", "exp": "Receptors can be classified into rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors and slowly adapting (tonic) receptors.Rapidly adapting receptorsSlowly adapting receptorsCutaneous mechanoreceptors such as:Meissner corpuscles (respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations)Pacinian corpuscles (respond to deep pressure and fast vibration)Cutaneous mechanoreceptors such as:Merkel cells (respond to sustained pressure and touch)Ruffini endings (respond to sustained pressure)ProprioceptorsNociceptors (free nerve endings - respond to thermal, chemical and thermal noxious stimuli)(Refer: Ganong&;s Review of Medical physiology 24th edition,pg no: 158)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Slow adapting", "opb": "Fast adapting", "opc": "Different to slow and fast adapting", "opd": "Non adapting", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "39099ba9-cd4b-4113-b82e-0e3b441d5f9a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Myotonic dystrophy is inherited in chromosomes", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 19 o Myotonic dystrophy is associated with a trinucleotide CTG repeat expansion on chromosome 9. o This expansion affects the mRNA for the dystrophila myotonia protein kinase (DMPK). Myotonic dystrophy' o The characteristic feature of myotonic dystrophy is myotonia, i.e., the sustained involuntary contraction of group of muscles. o Of all the dysdrophies, only myotonic dystrophy shows pathological changes in the intrafusal fibres of the muscle spindles. o Extra-muscular abnormalities are : - Cataract Frontal baldness Gonadal atrophy o DM Dementia Decreased IgG", "cop": 3, "opa": "21", "opb": "20", "opc": "19", "opd": "24", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfff9fde-8958-4dcf-bc66-20a28bee451c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Spindle cell tumor is", "exp": "Alveolar soft pa sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, poor prognosis neoplasm of unknown histogenesis with a distinctive histology, specific molecular characteristics, and unique clinical behaviors. ASPS generally develop in younger patients. Unlike other soft tissue sarcomas, ASPS also metastasizes to the brain. Ramdas Nayak 2nd edition page no. 371", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leiomyoma", "opb": "Schwannoma", "opc": "Fibrous histiocytoma", "opd": "Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "5be037de-7803-4274-8654-a69921ee8101", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most consistent and persistent feature of Ca Bladder", "exp": "Hematuria is the most consistent and Persistent feature of Ca Bladder.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Frequency", "opb": "Dysuria", "opc": "Lump", "opd": "Hematuria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "993e99fe-1e35-4102-b9d0-65f945e8b234", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common reported oral malignancy in HIV infection is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Sguamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Verrucous carcinoma", "opc": "Multiple myeloma", "opd": "Kaposi sarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd54f391-07bd-43ce-a5ef-d99e4f13bbf8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "At a constant blood flow, an increase in the number of perfused capillaries improves the exchange between blood and tissue because of", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Greater surface area for the diffusion of molecules", "opb": "Faster flow velocity of plasma and red blood cells in capillaries", "opc": "Increased permeability of the microvasculature", "opd": "Decreased concentration of chemicals in the capillary blood", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8a3d247b-f8bc-40bf-b071-53f094e6eae5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Invasion of perineural space is a feature of", "exp": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma Most common location -Parotid & submandibular glands are M/E - Small cells having dark, compact nuclei & scant cytoplasm. Pattern : Tubular, solid, or cribriform patterns reminiscent of cylindromas arising in adnexa of skin Slow growing, adenoid cystic carcinomas are unpredictable tumors with tendency to invade perineural spaces & are stubbornly recurrent.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opb": "Wahin's tumor", "opc": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma", "opd": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Salivary Glands", "id": "3ebee70a-396b-4cbb-b974-48c266764186", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MCV is", "exp": "(82-92 FL) (283-Harsh mohan 6th/(439-CMDT-10)Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) =PCV in L/L--------RBC count / L* The normal values is 85 + 8fL (77-93-fL)* MCH normal values - 26-34 pg* MCHC normal values - 31 - 36g/dL* A severely microcytic anemia (MCV < 70 fL) is due to iron deficiency or thalassemia* MCV in infants of 1 month of age is = 90- 110fl**** A severely macrocytic anemia (MCV > 125 fL) is almost always due to either megaloblastic anemia or myelo dysplasia* Aplastic Anemia - Hallmark of aplastic anemia is pancytopenia**, Decreased reticulocytosis, macrocytosis,Neutrophils and platelets are reduced in number, no abnormal cells seen, Hypocellular bone marrow**B12 deficiency MCV is usually strikingly elevated between 110 and 140 fL Vitamin B12 deficiency | ||HaematologicalNeurological manifestations* Megaloblastic anemia(due to demyelination)* Macrocytic anemia||| ||||CerebrumSpinal cordCranial nervePeripheral nerve|||DementiaMyelopathyOptic neuritis| (SACD)/optic atrophyPeripheral neuropathy* Megaloblastic anemia should be treated with both folic acid and vitamin B12 because - folic acid alone causes improvement of hematologic symptoms but worsening of neurological symptoms*** Megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency is commonly due to- Inadequate dietary intake or increased metabolic demand**. The deficiency of cobalamine is almost always due to malabsorption*** Megaloblastic, anemia in blind loop syndrome is due to Bacterial over growth*** Intrinsic factor of castle is secreted by parietal cells in gastric glandsSCHILLING-TEST - measures cobalamine absorption by measuring urine radioactivity after an oral dose of radioactive cobalamine.The test is useful in demonstrating that the anemia is caused by an absence of intrinsic factor schilling test may be abnormal (usually defined as <10% excretion in 24 hr) in pernicious anemia, chronic pancreatitis, blind loop syndrome, and ileal diseaseFalse positive Schilling test - results are observed in patients with incomplete 24 hour urine collections or renal insufficiency**** Cells are macrocytic, hyperchromic, anisocytosis, hypersegmented neutrophils* ** Bone marrow have decreased myeloid: erythroid ratio (Normal 3:1)* In megaloblastic anemia - nuclear maturation lags behind cytoplasmic maturation* BM shows hypercellularity, erythrocyte precursors at different stages of development is found. Increased megaloblast causes ineffective erythropoisis*** Elevated levels of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in the serum (This is more sensitive than serum levels of vitamin BI2)*** FIGLU test for Folate deficiency (F for F)* The gene responsible for folic acid transport is situated on chromosome 21***", "cop": 1, "opa": "Normal value is 82-92 FL", "opb": "Increased in aplastic anemia", "opc": "Decreased in B12 deficiency", "opd": "Normal in Iron deficiency anemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "f4d6259e-96a6-44a0-96f9-66a1227f1a64", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Oval cells are seen in the stem cells of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Cornea", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Bone", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "26069817-a8f1-498b-a0d0-59340b15ba4b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common vascular tumour in AIDS", "exp": "(Kaposi - sarcoma) (256 - R) (164- Basic pathology 8th)* Patients with AIDS have a high incidence of certain tumours especially Kaposi-sarcoma, non hodgkins B-cell lymphoma, cervical cancer in women and anal cancer in men* Kaposi - sarcoma is a vascular tumour that is otherwise rare in US is the most common neoplasm in patients with AIDS* The lesion of kaposi sarcoma are characterised by the proliferation of spindle cells that express markers of both endothelial (vascular or lymphatic) and smooth muscle lineages. There is also a profusion of slit -like vascular spaces, suggests that the lesions may arise from primitive mesenchymal precursors of vascular channels", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kaposi - sarcoma", "opb": "Angiosarcoma", "opc": "Lymphangioma", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "2212aadd-cb21-4c0b-8239-e7159455764b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lack of differentiation of cell is known as", "exp": "Anaplasia: Lack of differentiation is called anaplasia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anaplasia", "opb": "Hypertrophy", "opc": "Dysplasia", "opd": "Metaplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3f0e2a2c-0c1f-41df-9508-b175040d928b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "To prevent exercise induced bronchial asthma drug used is", "exp": "Sodium cromoglycate (Mast cell stabilizing agent)Inhibit degranulation of mast cells, thereby preventing the release of the chemical mediators of anaphylaxis.Improves lung function, reduce symptoms, and lower airway activity in persons with asthma.Most effective in patients who have either seasonal disease or perennial airway stimulation.Steroids have no role in exercise-induced asthma.(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2106-2115)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sodium cromoglycate", "opb": "Ipratropium bromide", "opc": "Terbutaline", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cc8602d7-d4e2-42cb-aca5-d33557c5507c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Bilateral Renal cell carcimoma is seen in", "exp": "VHL syndrome: Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome, characterized by: Cerebellar hemangioblastomas Retinal angiomas Clear cell RCC Pheochromocytoma Cysts in various organs. Patients of VHL disease have germline mutations of tumor suppressor VHL gene located on chromosome 3p, commonly as homozygous loss of the VHL gene. About 35% of cases of VHL develop RCC. Ref: Ram Das Nayak 2nd edition page no: 633", "cop": 3, "opa": "Eagle Barett's syndrome", "opb": "Beckwith Weideman syndrome", "opc": "Von Hippel Lindau disease", "opd": "Bilateral Angiomyolipoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "1302b5fe-ad1b-41a4-8cb8-1a0449cd039c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Oncocytes are modified form of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Nucleolus", "opb": "ER", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8cf72ad7-30e7-4ff9-97ee-f44c4e6f98a3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Atheromatous plaque do not contain", "exp": "Atherosclerotic plaque have 3 principal components: 1. Cells including smooth muscle cells,macrophages and T cells 2. Extra cellular matrix including collagen,elasticfibers,proteoglycans 3. Intracellular and extracellular lipid Robbins 9th edition page no. 341", "cop": 2, "opa": "Platelets", "opb": "Neutrophils", "opc": "Smooth muscle fibres", "opd": "Monoctyes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "11990136-0f1b-466f-a334-22138b44d37a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The following condition is not a single gene disorder", "exp": ". Dilated cardiomyopathy", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy", "opb": "Hyperophic cardiomyopathy", "opc": "Dilated cardiomyopathy", "opd": "Mitral valve prolapsed", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6f93b0c-fbd6-4336-bf59-a2382fd16a9f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The cause of oedema in Nephritic syndrome is", "exp": "(Sodium and water retension) (80, 522 - R) (100, 683 - HM) (554- Basic pathology 8th)Patho Physiologic categories of EDEMAIncreased Hydrostatic pressureReduced plasma Osmotic pressure(Hypo proteinemia)Increased venous return* CHF* Constrictive pericarditis* Ascites (liver cirrhosis)* Venous obstruction or compression* Thrombosis* External pressure (e.g. mass)* Lower extremity inactivity with prolong dependancy* Arterioler dilation- Heat- Neuro humoral dysregulation- Protein losing glomerulopathies (Nephroticsyndrome)- Liver cirrhoses (ascitis)- Malnutrition- Protein losing gastro enteropathySODIUM RETENSION* Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency* Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium- Renal hypoperfusion- Increased renin - angio tension aldosterone secretion* Reduced plasma osmotic pressure can result from excessive loss or reduced synthesis of albumin, the serum protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure. An important cause of albumin loss is the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME characterized by a leak glomerular capillary wall and generalized edema* Nephritic syndrome - oedema is due to excessive reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules via renin angiotensin - aldosterone mechanism", "cop": 4, "opa": "Decreased in plasma protein concentration", "opb": "Increased in plasma protein concentration", "opc": "Reduced plasma osmotic pressure", "opd": "Sodium and water retension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "c2b38fd4-caf0-4f14-b185-50e042ef9df2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cause of leukocoria in newborn is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Congenital cataract", "opb": "Toxocara infection", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "CMV infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c3486349-0243-4b8a-9e17-abb9922727a4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Giant cells seen", "exp": "Giant cell tumors of bone also known as osteoclastomas are relatively common bone tumors, usually benign which are arising from metaphsis and typically extending into epiphysis of the long bones. Young adults of ages 20-40 are more prone to these conditions. In a x ray we can find soap bubble appearance . >aicles > REF OF IMG:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Osteoclastoma", "opb": "Chondroblastoma", "opc": "Chordoma", "opd": "Osteitis fibrosa cystisca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "216b722c-01cb-4032-be2e-32fbfdf9beb2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lowest in the hierarchy of specialisation", "exp": "Ans b: (Ref:Ganong)The bone marrow contains multipotent uncommitted stem cells otherwise called pluripotent stem cells Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into one or other type of committed stem cells otherwise called Progenitor cellsBut pluripotent stem cells are derived from uncommitted totipotent stem cells that can be stimulated to form any cell in the body.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Unipotent stem cells", "opb": "Totipotent stem cells", "opc": "Multipotent uncommitted stem cells", "opd": "Committed stem cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "c49502fd-5e9b-454e-b855-3fce1b52268d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Cachexin is", "exp": "In patients with advanced cancers, this inflammatory reaction can be so extensive as to cause systemic signs and symptoms such as Cachexia, or wasting due to cancer, manifests with weakness, weight loss, anorexia, anaemia, and infection. The principal cytokine responsible for such manifestations is tumour necrosis-a (TNF-a) IL-12 Increased production of IFN-g IFN-g Activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumour cells) IL-2 growth factor for T cell ref robbins 9th ed page 315, 101", "cop": 4, "opa": "IL-2", "opb": "IL-12", "opc": "INF-gamma", "opd": "TNF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "84f08e3d-6414-4f42-b8ed-001cd05a6dcc", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Preformed antibodies cause", "exp": "Rejection- Antibody mediated Humoral or hyperacute rejection When preformed antidonor antibodies are present in circulation of recipient Previous rejection of a transplant Multiparous women Prior blood transfusions Mechanisms of injury - complement dependent cytotoxicity, inflammation, ADCC. Target is graft vasculature - rejection vasculitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperacute rejection", "opb": "Acute rejection", "opc": "Chronic rejection", "opd": "Acute humoral rejection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0c605814-1436-4705-9dfc-860bf9f8ed22", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Mycosis fungoides is a", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Papillitis", "opb": "Fungal infection", "opc": "T cell Lymphoma", "opd": "Paracytic infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e4ee8012-ea9e-4bf7-82d0-4a5f25eb37ba", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Chronic granulomatous disease is due to deficiency of", "exp": "(Oxydase): (153- Baveja 4th Microbiology)Chronic Granulomatous disease (CGD) is fatal genetic disorder, deficiency of NADPH oxidase. In these patients polymorphonuclear leucocytes phagocytose invading bacteria normally but are unable to kill ingested micro organism because engulfment of bacteria is not followed by activation of oxygen-dependent killing mechanism. The bacteria involved in the recurrent infections are catalase positive organisms such as staphylococci and coliforms Leucocytes from these patients fail to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) during phagocytosis. This property has been used (NBT test) for diagnosis of CGD", "cop": 2, "opa": "Opsonization", "opb": "Oxydase", "opc": "Lysozyme", "opd": "Cytokines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "555f0b74-e417-4381-9d8a-d7b6bd52c1b8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath Is", "exp": "Giant cell tumours of tendon sheath are benign tumours, occurs as discrete nodules on a tendon sheath along wrist and fingers. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is the second most common tumor of the hand after ganglion cysts (1,2). It is a slowly growing, usually painless benign lesion of soft tissues. Robbins basic pathology. 7tyh edition. chapter - joints and soft tissue tumours. Page no 1315. REF IMG answer is option 4.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Traumatic", "opb": "Infective", "opc": "Malignant tumor", "opd": "benign tumor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "0c143995-5898-4750-a833-dbcd513cedb1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Severe hereditary spherocytosis is seen due to the defect of the following protein", "exp": ". Spectrin", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spectrin", "opb": "Ankyrin", "opc": "Band 3", "opd": "Band 4.2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "185a269d-b520-418e-bbc4-0a985aee0530", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Caseous necrosis is seen in", "exp": "Caseous necrosis is encountered most often in foci of tuberculous infection. Caseous means \"cheese-like,\" referring to the friable yellow-white appearance of the area of necrosis.Unlike with coagulative necrosis, the tissue architecture is completely obliterated and cellular outlines cannot be discerned. The area of caseous necrosis is often enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border; this appearance is characteristic of a focus of inflammation known as a granuloma.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 10)", "cop": 1, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Cryptococcal infection", "opd": "Gangrene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "89a8b351-37c9-40fa-a331-eb5e23fafb6e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Proopiomelanocoin is released from", "exp": "Proopiomelanocoin (POMC) is the pituitary precursor of circulating melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH), adrenocoicotropin hormone (ACTH), and b-endorphin released from hypothalamus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypothalamus", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Adrenal", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b231eb26-a62d-4d6c-a2b7-cc95a6ed6fa6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The combination of rest pain, colour changes, oedema and hyperaesthesia", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Gangrene", "opb": "Pregangrene", "opc": "Necrosis", "opd": "Vasculitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07817cb3-3ad3-4fcb-9608-996dff884856", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Highest molecular weight immunoglobulins are", "exp": "Ref: Ananthanarayan and Paniker's, 8th ed. pg. 100Immunoglobulins and their salient featuresImmuno-globulinsSalient featuresIgG* Most abundant Ig, makes as about 80%* Marker of chronic infection* Only Ig that can cross placentaIgA* 2nd most abundant, 10-13%* Found in glandular secretion like saliva, tear, ileum, and mucosal secretion like bronchial secretionIgM* 5-8% of total Ig; aka pentameric Ig - has highest molecular weight* First Ig to be synthesized by fetus (20 weeks AOG)* Marker of acute infectionIgD* Present mostly intravascular* Serve as recognition receptor for antigensIgE* Mostly extravascular in distribution* Highly elevated levels in case of type-I HPS reaction* Produced chiefly in the linings of respiratory and intestinal tractsImmunoglobulin and their effective valencyAntibodyEffective valency* IgM5* IgG2* IgD2* IgE2* IgA2,4* Ig having maximum molecular weight: IgM* First antibody produced by newborn: IgM* All immunoglobulins are heat stable except: IgE* Ig present in breast milk: IgA* Ig with maximum half-life: IgG* Ig with minimum half-life: IgE* Ig having maximum serum concentration: IgG* Ig having least serum concentration: IgE", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "f3b40fe2-81d9-493e-9367-c8263939c0f5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "GNAS mutation is associated with malignancy of", "exp": "GNAS encodes for alpha subunit of stimulatory G-protein , Gsalpha . Oncogenic activation of GNAS constitutively activates Gsalpha leading to Growth hormone(GH) adenomas. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1076", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lactotrophs", "opb": "Somatotrophs", "opc": "Thyrotrophs", "opd": "Coicotrophs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6db766d6-9bf6-4c23-abe1-7f59fce3d10e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Sweat chloride in cystic fibrosis", "exp": "Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 226, An increase in sweat chloride concentration is a major criteria for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Page no 223: the primary defect in cystic fibrosis is abnormal function of an epithelium chloride channel protien encoded by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene at chromosome locus. Thus the epithelium membrane become impermeable to chloride channels", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased", "opb": "Increased", "opc": "No change", "opd": "May increase or decrease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "23cebcd2-af8f-4e7d-97b4-1d492a83da5b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Microarray is used to", "exp": "A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface Summery of Microarry; Within the organisms, genes are transcribed and spliced to produce mature mRNA transcripts (red). The mRNA is extracted from the organism and reverse transcriptase is used to copy the mRNA into stable ds-cDNA (blue). In microarrays, the ds-cDNA is fragmented and fluorescently labelled (orange). The labelled fragments bind to an ordered array of complementary oligonucleotides, and measurement of fluorescent intensity across the array indicates the abundance of a predetermined set of sequences. These sequences are typically specifically chosen to repo on genes of interest within the organism's genome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Study multiple genes", "opb": "Study disease", "opc": "Study organism", "opd": "Study blood group", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bd60756d-5a0c-4da0-8d4a-220684dd085e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MYD88 L265P mutation is seen in", "exp": "Ans. A. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemiaExplanationMYD88L 265P is expressed in 90 to 95% of WM cases when more sensitive allele-specific PCR has been employed.Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM):It is a IgM-secreting lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL).Clinical manifestations:Cytopenia resulting from bone marrow infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic cells,Paraprotein-related cryoglobulinemia,The cold agglutinin syndrome,Demyelinating neuropathySymptomatic hyperviscosity.Oncogenic basis: not been defined.Familial clustering of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and other B-cell disorders suggests that genetic factors play a role in certain patients.IgM monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) is characterized by the presence of a monoclonal IgM protein and the absence of bone marrow disease involvement on histologic examination. IgM MGUS can progress to Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia or other B-cell lymphoproliferative disordersMYD88 L265P is a commonly recurring mutation in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia that can be useful in differentiating Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and non-IgM LPL from B-cell disorders that have some of the same features.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia", "opb": "Multiple myeloma", "opc": "Burkitts lymphoma", "opd": "B cell disorders", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "a7d1be1b-1d41-44c3-9e1b-8d1f529653a7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Antibiotic stomatitis is the other name for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute atrophic Candidiasis", "opb": "Chronic atrophic Candidiasis", "opc": "Chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis", "opd": "Acute pseudomembranous Candidiasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a9130fcb-6204-462c-b3f1-7048f0e0d884", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In Wegener's granulomatosis cytoplasmic anti neutrophilic antibodies are directed against", "exp": "Wegener granulomatosis is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by a specific triad of findings: * Granulomas of the lung and/or the upper respiratory tract (ear, nose, sinuses, throat) * Vasculitis of small to medium-sized vessels (capillaries, venules, aerioles, and aeries), most prominently in the lungs and upper respiratory tract * Glomerulonephritis PR3-ANCAs are present in almost 95% of cases and probably drive the subsequent tissue injury; they also are useful markers of disease activity. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.353)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Proteinase 1", "opb": "Proteinase 2", "opc": "Proteinase 3", "opd": "Proteinase 4", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "9188b908-a773-4a9f-9a5d-69e98560e897", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Internal resorption is characterised by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Pain on percussion", "opb": "Slow dull continuous pain", "opc": "No characteristic feature, symptom free", "opd": "Increased pulpal pain when lying down", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1b2f722c-a09e-41bc-8e5e-83699751a903", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "First enzyme to be raised in MI is", "exp": "The laboratory evaluation of MI is based on measuring blood levels of macromolecules that leak out of injured myocardial cells through damaged cell membranes these molecules include myoglobin, cardiac troponins T and I (TnT, TnI), creatine kinase (CK) (specifically the myocardial isoform, CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase. Troponins and CK-MB have high specificity and sensitivity for myocardial damage. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.382)", "cop": 3, "opa": "CPK-MB", "opb": "LDH", "opc": "Myoglobin", "opd": "Troponin-I", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "875ef62b-6e36-42e4-b059-8585e17bba80", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The following is not a feature of malignant transformation by cultured cells", "exp": "Malignant cells do not require stimulation by growth signals. they have capacity to proliferate without it.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased cell density", "opb": "Increased requirement for growth factors", "opc": "Alteration of cytoskeletal structures", "opd": "Loss of anchorage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "82e8c552-27cc-43df-b65d-cd0f175a1747", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Sideroblastic anemia is seen in chronic poisoning of", "exp": "Ans. (a) Lead(Ref: Wintrobe's 12th/pg837)Sideroblastic anemia is seen in:*. Alcoholism*. Lead poisoning*. Drugs (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, chloramphenicol)*. Copper deficiency (zinc ingestion, copper chelation, nutritional, malabsorption)*. Hypothermia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lead", "opb": "Arsenic", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Mercury", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "a9bed671-c2a2-4f29-b51f-9b6db5e07b7d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The layer responsible for the strength of an intestinal anastomosis is", "exp": "Mechanical propeiesThe mechanical propeies of intact intestine in axial and transversal directions were different. The mechanical strength of the intact intestinal wall was conditioned by the submucosa and muscularis, while the serosa and mucosa showed no significant strength. Comparison of axial specimens&; mechanical propeies of the intact intestinal wall and intestinal wall with all layers sutured through determined that only the submucosa supplies mechanical strength to anastomosis.Other layers contribute no significant force to anastomotic strength. The strength applied to the thread during knot tying does not change the paicipation of the intestinal layers in supplying suture-holding capacity for 8 and 12 mm stitch depth. (Refer:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucosa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Muscularis propria", "opd": "Serosa", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "afc689c2-3f13-4755-85db-2f8517baf55b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Dilated cardiomyopathy is due to", "exp": "Option a: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular hypertrophy\nOption b: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy\nOption d: Left ventricular hypertrophy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Defective desmosomes", "opb": "Mutated β myosin heavy chain", "opc": "Mutated titin", "opd": "Mutated osteoglycin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e51d1a3b-d0bf-4fff-b298-8954a1ea540a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The single most important predictor of survival in multiple myeloma", "exp": "Ans. (d) Serum b2 -microglobulin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 598-602/8th 608-612)b2-M concentration is the strongest and most reliable prognostic factor for multiple myeloma. It depends not only on tumor burden but also on renal function. Elevated b2-M values predict early death", "cop": 4, "opa": "IL-6 levels", "opb": "Bence jones proteinuria", "opc": "CD 138 positivity", "opd": "Serum b2-microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "28bebe6e-fe69-4ddc-88d9-b973a37a549c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Sentinel node biopsy for Carcinoma breast is for", "exp": "Sentinel node biopsy is a surgical procedure used to determine whether cancer has spread beyond a primary tumor into your lymphatic system. It's used most commonly in evaluating breast cancer and melanoma. The sentinel nodes are the first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Early diagnosis of cancer", "opb": "For staging the tumors", "opc": "Frozen section", "opd": "Occult disease detection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "9a66901b-fda2-4f04-b05e-d3b7c6a6bdc5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The primary cause of acantholysis in pemphigusvulgaris is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "auto immunity", "opb": "intercellular oedema", "opc": "intra epithelial oedema", "opd": "chronic alcoholism", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1196a21-d8c9-435c-b6bf-b30b64389f5d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The probable interval between throat infection and onset of rheumatic fever is", "exp": "Rheumatic fever is an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease that occurs after group A b-hemolytic streptococcal infections (usually pharyngitis, but also rarely with infections at other sites such as skin). Acute rheumatic fever occurs most often in children; the principal clinical manifestation is carditis. Neveheless, about 20% of first attacks occur in adults, with ahritis being the predominant feature. Symptoms in all age groups typically begin 2 to 3 weeks after streptococcal infection, and are heralded by fever and migratory polyahritis. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.391)", "cop": 3, "opa": "2-4 hours", "opb": "2-4 days", "opc": "2-4 weeks", "opd": "2-4 months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "93574400-04c8-4aa0-8cf8-bcc4c5d78097", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Crescents are characteristic of", "exp": "Crescents are histological characteristic of RPGN.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Membranous nephropathy", "opb": "PSGN", "opc": "MPGN", "opd": "RPGN", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28982986-69c7-4abb-8326-964d9eaf5fbb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "RB gene is located on", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' 13q14Retinoblastoma is a prime example of a tumour which is associated with loss of heterozygosity.The mutations required to produce retinoblastomas involve the RB genelocated on chromosome 13 q14.", "cop": 1, "opa": "13q14", "opb": "14g13", "opc": "13p14", "opd": "14p13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1fcfec19-2f86-4be1-bd93-c8f3e9172543", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Toxic megacolon is most commonly associated with", "exp": "inflammation and inflammatory mediators can damage the muscularis propria and disturb neuromuscular function leading to colonic dilation and toxic megacolon TEXT BOOK OF ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.590-591", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ulcerative colitis", "opb": "Crohn's disease", "opc": "Whipple's disease", "opd": "Reiter's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6a375571-0a85-42b6-bab2-ea595f63f510", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Autophagy is the function of", "exp": "Autophagy refers self eating (lysosomal digestion) of cell's own components during nutrient deprivation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ribosomes", "opb": "Centrosomes", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab0a97a2-9066-47c6-8056-2ec8c08dbd3e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The principle cell in granuloma", "exp": "Ans. (b) Epithelioid cell(Ref: Anderson 10th ed pg 583)Macrophages (also known as histiocytes) are the cells that define a granulomaThe macrophages in granulomas are often referred to as \"epithelioid\"Epithelioid macrophages differ from ordinary macrophages in that they have elongated nuclei that often resemble the sole of a slipper or shoe.These changes are thought to be a consequence of \"activation\" of the macrophage by the offending antigen.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibroblast", "opb": "Epithelioid cell", "opc": "Giant cell", "opd": "Plasma cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "c379659b-5e7c-442a-b349-fa4951e0dd99", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Turner no of chromosomes", "exp": "Turner syndrome, characterized by primary hypogonadism in phenotypic females, results from paial or complete monosomy of the sho arm of the X chromosome. With routine cytogenetic methods, the entire X chromosome is found to be missing in 57% of patients, resulting in a 45,X karyotype Clinical features Low posterior hairline Sho stature Coarctation of aoa Cubitus valgus Streak ovaries, infeility, amenorrhea Peripheral lymphedema at bih Webbing of neck Broad chest and widely spaced nipples Pigmented nevi (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 240)", "cop": 1, "opa": "45", "opb": "47", "opc": "46", "opd": "42", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "33901198-9bc6-472b-9f0d-4ba1da27c2aa", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most important for diapedesis", "exp": "Diapedesis or Transmigration-process of leukocyte recruitment is migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium.\n\nMost important for diapedesis is PECAM- 1 and CD31 molecules", "cop": 1, "opa": "PECAM", "opb": "Selectin", "opc": "Integrin", "opd": "Mucin like Glycoprotein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c88b58e8-7a13-4527-a195-3e700e17ef7a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common nerve injury associated with thyroid surgery", "exp": ".The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is at risk of injury during thyroid operations when dissection of the superior pole and ligation of the superior thyroid vessels (STV) are carried out. From that perspective, EBSLN injury poses a threat to handicap all patients undergoing thyroid operations. ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 4, "opa": "Right recurrent laryngeal", "opb": "Left recurrent laryngeal", "opc": "Right internal laryngeal", "opd": "External branch of superior laryngeal nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "82e67ce7-d356-4bda-99fe-722a3702cb2c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Not a feature of multiple myeloma", "exp": "Answwe is option 4, elevated alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase only increase if there is a bone fracture along with multiple myeloma Bone-specific ALP may increase in Paget's disease, osteosarcoma, bone metastases of prostatic cancer (high/very high ALP values), other bone metastases, fractured bones, multiple myeloma (only when associated with fractures), osteomalacia, rickets, vitamin D deficiency (moderate rise), malignant tumors (ALP originating from tumors), renal disease (secondary hyperparathyroidism), and primary hypothyroidism", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypercalcemia", "opb": "Anemia", "opc": "Hyperviscosity", "opd": "Elevated alkaline phosphatase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "455d0ee7-1f16-4e54-adf6-03b3b809ae39", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The risk of sarcoma developing in a fibroid uterus is approximately", "exp": "Though uterine sarcoma is rare--with the annual incidence of leiomyosarcomas at approximately 0.4 to 0.64 per 100,000 women--it has been estimated that approximately 1:8300 to 1:352 women undergoinguterine surgery for presumedfibroids have unsuspected sarcoma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "<1%", "opb": "<10%", "opc": ">30%", "opd": ">50%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "8407a7b9-f4b7-4584-9126-3a29d84d9540", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MI is a type of", "exp": "Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the underlying tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days. The affected tissues take on a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes, thereby blocking the proteolysis of the dead cells; Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of infarcts (areas of ischemic necrosis) in all of the solid organs except the brain.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 10 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Liquefactive necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fat necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "a2ba5ea2-8588-4b1f-8795-1762d16c0b12", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Iron is absorbed from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Stomach", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60c23f57-e5ec-4445-bc7a-e165b4c773d2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In amyloidosis of tongue, the amyloid is deposited primarily in the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Stromal conncective tissue", "opb": "Cells of the surface epithelium", "opc": "Nuclei of the striated muscle cells", "opd": "Cytoplasm of the striated muscle cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9578cd5b-9578-4146-ac2c-9a6cc9e5ba9d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Not a sequelae of cellular events in atherosclerotic infarction", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neutrophilic infiltration", "opb": "Astrocytes", "opc": "Ingress of macrophages", "opd": "Intense eosinophilia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9485e30e-4100-4a0c-961f-8c3853d92af0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Migratory thrombophlebitis is caused by", "exp": "Carcinomas of the pancreas typically remain silent until theirextension impinges on some other structure. Pain usually is thefirst symptom, but by that point these cancers are oftenbeyond cure. Obstructive jaundice can be associated withcarcinoma in the head of the pancreas, but it rarely drawsattention to the cancer soon enough for timely intervention.Weight loss, anorexia, and generalized malaise and weaknessare manifestations of advanced disease. Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau syndrome) occurs in about 10% of patients and is attributable to the elaboration of platelet aggregating factors and pro-coagulants from the tumor or its necrotic products.Robbins Basic pathology, 9th edition, pg no.654", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pancreatic carcinoma", "opb": "Colonic carcinoma", "opc": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "32444741-4981-4360-826c-376ab50f5926", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Swiss cheese pattern endometrium is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Metropathia hemorrhagica(Ref: Textbook of gynecology by Rao:65)Metropathia hemorrhagicaAnovulatory DUB associated with endometrial hyperplasia with acyclical bleedingOvergrowth of endometrial stroma and glands producing swiss cheee appearance", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma endometrium", "opb": "Metropathia hemorrhagica", "opc": "Hydatidiform mole", "opd": "Halban's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Female Genital Tract", "id": "bbf6d63b-2b12-42a4-b503-ba5774b4e3ca", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Acanthosis means", "exp": "HISTOPATHOLOGIC TERMS Before describing the pathology of common skin diseases, the following pathologic terms in common use need to be defined for the understanding of Dermatopathology: Acanthosis: Thickening of the epidermis due to hyperplasia of stratum Malpighi. Acantholysis: Loss of cohesion between epidermal cells with formation of intraepidermal space containing edema fluid and detached epithelial cells. Dyskeratosis: Abnormal development of epidermal cells resulting in rounded cells devoid of their prickles and having pyknotic nuclei. Dyskeratosis is a feature of premalignant and malignant lesions and is rarely seen in benign conditions. Hyperkeratosis: Thickening of the horny layer. Parakeratosis: Abnormal keratinization of the cells so that the horny layer contains nucleated keratinocytes rather than the normal non-nucleate keratin layer. Spongiosis: Intercellular edema of the epidermis which may progress to vesicle formation in the epidermis. Pigment incontinence: Loss of melanin pigment from damaged basal cell layer so that the pigment accumulates in the melanophages in the dermis. Ref: Textbook of pathology (Harsh Mohan)6th edition, page no.769", "cop": 3, "opa": "Loss of intracellular connections", "opb": "Abnormal premature keralinization", "opc": "Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia", "opd": "Thickening of stratum corneum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "83a7be38-a067-421a-95d0-7ff2232ae4bf", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common mutation in hereditary spherocytosis", "exp": "Ans. (b) Ankyrin(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 632; 8th/pg 642)Most common mutation:Hereditary spherocytosis is Ankyrin>Band-3>spectrinHereditary elliptocytosis is Spectrin", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spectrin", "opb": "Ankyrin", "opc": "Glycophorin A", "opd": "Band 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "42d42c58-ec38-4666-9b1d-77b8cbdd6ad4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Inhalational agent of choice for Pediatric Anaesthesia ina child with congenital hea disease", "exp": "Anaesthetic agent of choice in Pediatric age group Inhalational agentIV anaestheticsNM blockersIM anaestheticsSevoflurane, Nitrous oxide Thiopentone, Propofol Rocuronium, Atracurium, Mivacurium, Succinylcholine Ketamine ( Reserved drug )(Refer: Morgan's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 4th edition, pg no: 922-938)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sevoflurane", "opb": "Isoflurane", "opc": "Halothane", "opd": "Enflurane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b613b89d-d5f7-45bc-8375-9ac3b5d0be68", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MHC class III genes encode", "exp": "*HLA class III contains genes for\n• Complement components C2 and C4 of classical pathway (Not C3)\n• Properdin factor B of alternate pathway\n• Tumor necrosis factor: Alpha and Beta\n• Heat shock protein 70 \n• Enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase\n• Genes for MHC (also known as HLA) are located on short arm of chromosome 6.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Complement component C3", "opb": "Interleukin 2", "opc": "Tumor necrosis factor", "opd": "Beta 2 microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec232c5b-06c3-4690-8ea9-d49a34d78e7f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Telomerase activity is expressed in", "exp": "Telomeres are sho repeated sequences of DNA present at the ends of linear chromosomes that are impoant for ensuring the complete replication of chromosome ends and for protecting the ends from fusion and degradation. When somatic cells replicate, a small section of the telomere is not duplicated and telomeres become progressively shoened. As the telomeres become shoer, the ends of chromosomes cannot be protected and areseen as broken DNA, which signals cell cycle arrest. Telomere length is maintained by nucleotide addition mediated by an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is a specialized RNA-protein complex that uses its own RNA as a template for adding nucleotides to the ends of chromosomes. Telomerase activity is expressed in germ cells and is present at low levels in stem cells, but it is absent in most somatic tissues.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 2; Cellular aging; Page no: 67", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myocytes", "opb": "Keratinocytes", "opc": "Osteocytes", "opd": "Germ cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e7d3cedc-e851-4f3f-bf45-ce96909e2018", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common condition of inherited blindness to mitochondrial chromosomal anomaly is", "exp": "(Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy) Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) * Which is result of maternal mitochondria] DNA mutations 34660, 14484, 1778 and 15257) * The majority of patients are males in their twenties with the 11778 mutation, which carries worst prognosis * Diagnosis of any patients with bilateral] optic neuritis, painless visual loss * Telangiectatic female relatives", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinopathy of prematurity", "opb": "Leber's Hereditary optic neuropathy", "opc": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opd": "Retinal detachment", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5877ea47-3188-4f12-bcd7-d5842394415b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gene for Wilm’s tumor is located on", "exp": "Easiest way to remember that info….. count the number of letters in Wilms tumour..yea it is exactly 11…the location ofboth genes associated with Wilms tumour \nSo, the two genes associated with Wilms tumour WT1 gene (located on chr 11p13)and WT2 gene (located on chr 11p15).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chromosome 1", "opb": "Chromosome 11", "opc": "Chromosome 10", "opd": "Chromosome 12", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be5292b8-0e8b-49a7-acef-10734dcdc89a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pioneer bacteria in dental caries are in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Enamel", "opb": "Dentin", "opc": "Pulp", "opd": "Cernenturn", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "812abd75-6f4a-449d-a13e-5520f38c3b47", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "You expect a patient in the oliguric phase of renal failure to have a 24 hour urine output less than", "exp": "Oliguria is defined as urine output of less than 400ml/24hours", "cop": 2, "opa": "200ml", "opb": "400ml", "opc": "800ml", "opd": "1000ml", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "643e9ffd-2b7b-4b64-bb4e-0f7d503bcf50", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Herpes simplex is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "< 10 yrs. of age", "opb": "12-15 yrs. of age", "opc": "25-30 yrs. of age", "opd": "55-60 yrs. of age", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebc60c3c-1be7-448a-b385-18c377172f7d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pyogenic infection and brain infarction associated with", "exp": "(Liquefactive necrosis) (10- Basic- Robbins 8th) (52-(i) Coagulative necrosis - Infarcts in all solid organs (heart, kidney , splen) Except brain(ii) Liquefactive necrosis - Bacterial or fungal infection and brain infarctions(iii) Caseous necrosis - Tuberculosis(iv) Fat necrosis - Acute pancreatic necrosis and traumatic necrosis commonly in breasts(v) Fibrinoid necrosis - Immune complex vasculitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Liquefaction necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fat necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "2e78bd38-214e-4f31-9d57-8eca5ba4dbd6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Forcheimer sign is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Infectious monocucleosis", "opb": "Scarlet fever", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Rubeola", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbbd3632-5b69-4e98-a2c7-d924302b88ef", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Trinucleotide repeat seen in Fragile X syndrome is", "exp": "Examples of Trinucleotide-Repeat DisordersDiseaseRepeatFragile X syndromeCGGFriedreich ataxiaGAAMyotonic dystrophyCTGSpinobulbar muscular atrophy(Kennedy disease)Huntington diseaseSpinocerebellar ataxiaCAGRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 5; Genetic Disorders; Page no: 168", "cop": 1, "opa": "CGG", "opb": "CTG", "opc": "CAG", "opd": "GAA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f022d79e-5270-4086-8c8f-5ba6342fc8e7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Not seen in children is", "exp": "Seminoma, the most common GCT in adults, does not occur before 5 years of age. seminoma is considered a postpubeal tumor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Hepatoblastoma", "opd": "Seminoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "c7fa5b72-9f2e-4eaa-a848-8063beac2f7f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In a specimen of kidney, fibrinoid necrosis is seen and onion peel appearance is also present. Most probable pathology is", "exp": "Ans. b. Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis Aeriolosclerosis Hyaline Aeriolosclerosis with associated luminal narrowingdeg. These changes stem from plasma protein leakage across injured endosthelial cells, and increased smooth muscle cell matrix synthesis in response to chronic hemodynamic stressdeg. Although the vessels of elderly persons (either normo- or hypeensive) also frequently show hyaline aeriosclerosis, it is more generalized and severe in individuals with hypeensiondeg. Major morphologic characteristic of benign hypertensiondeg Also a common feature of diabetic microangiographydeg; in that case the underlying etiology is hyperglycemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunctiondeg. In nephrosclerosis due to chronic hypeension, the aeriolar narrowing of hyaline aeriosclerosis causes diffuse impairment of renal blood supply and causes glomerular scarringdeg Hyperplastic Aeriolosclerosis Occurs in severe (malignant) hypeensiondeg Vessels exhibit \"onion-skin lesions,\" deg characterized by concentric, laminated thickening of the walls and luminal narrowing. The laminations consist of smooth muscle cells with thickened, reduplicated basement membranesdeg In malignant hypeension they are accompanied by fibrinoid deposits and vessel wall necrosisdeg (necrotizing aeriolitis)deg, paicularly in the kidney. Characteristic of malignant hypeension", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyaline degeneration", "opb": "Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis", "opc": "Glomerulosclerosis", "opd": "Fibrillary glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d20d1ad-f17d-4364-b427-2cc2e30c4019", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Anti GDla", "exp": "Immunopathological studies suggest that the target of immune attack is different in the subtypes of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). In acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), the attack appears directed against the axolemma and nodes of Ranvier. In acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), the attack appears directed against a component of the Schwann cell. However, the nature of the antigenic targets is still not clear. We prospectively studied 138 Chinese GBS patients and found that IgG anti-GD1a antibodies were closely associated with AMAN but not AIDP. With a cutoff titer of greater than 1:100, 60% of AMAN versus 4% of AIDP patients had IgG anti-GD1a antibodies; with a cutoff titer of greater than 1:1,000, 24% of AMAN patients and none of the AIDP patients had IgG anti-GD1a antibodies. In contrast, low levels of IgG anti-GM1 antibodies (> 1:100) were detected in both the AMAN and the AIDP forms (57% vs 35%, NS). High titers of IgG anti-GM1 (>1:1,000) were more common in the AMAN form (24% vs 8%, NS). Serological evidence of recent Campylobacter infection was detected in 81% of AMAN and 50% of AIDP patients, and anti-ganglioside antibodies were common in both Campylobacter-infected and noninfected patients. Our results suggest that IgG anti-GD1a antibodies may be involved in the pathogenesis of AMAN.", "cop": 2, "opa": "AIDP", "opb": "ASMAN", "opc": "AMAN", "opd": "Fisher syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "41de5972-4b7b-413e-9c11-8b6fbccb0c35", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Myelofibrosis leading to a dry tap on bone marrow aspiration is seen with ach of the following condition", "exp": "Ans. c. Acute megakaryocytic leukemia Bone marrow maybe difficult to aspirate in Acute megakaryocytic leukemia and more than 2/3rd of patients have significant fibrosis caused by release of fibrogenic cytokine Erythroleukemia (M6) FAB Bone marrow findings: Usually hypercellular with megaloblastic changesdeg - Erythroid precursors commonly have multicentricity (65%), karyorrhexis (53%), morulae (25%) and cytoplasmic inclusionsdeg. MC immunophenotypic marker for erythroleukemia: Glycoprotein 7 and transferring receptor (CD-71 Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia (M7) FAB Bone marrow findings: Bone marrow maybe difficult to aspirate and more than 2/3' of patients have significant fibrosisdeg caused by release of fibrogenic cytokine Burkitt's Lymphoma Bone marrow findings: When the bone marrow is involved, aspirates reveal tumor cells with slightly clumped nuclear chromatindeg, 2-5distinct nucleoli and royal blue cytoplasm containing clear cytoplasmic vacuole Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia (M4) FAB Bone marrow findings: Ultra-structures are present in association with monocytosis and myeloblastic/monoblastic infiltration of bone", "cop": 3, "opa": "Burkitt's lymphoma", "opb": "Acute erythroleukemia", "opc": "Acute megakaryocytic leukemia", "opd": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6366362c-8536-44d3-bbcd-443ee355f4fd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia", "exp": "Ans. (b) The fusion gene bcr-abl forms a protein with tyrosine kinase activity(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 616-618)a. FALSE, as ABL gene is on chr9q while BCR is on chr22qb. The fusion gene bcr-abl forms a protein with tyrosine kinase activity: TRUEc. FALSE; Massive splenomegaly is a feature of CMLd. FALSE; as response to Imatinib is good in patients with Philadelphia chromosome +ve", "cop": 2, "opa": "ABL gene on Chr. 22 is trans-located to BCR gene on Chr.9", "opb": "The fusion gene bcr-abl forms a protein with tyrosine kinase activity", "opc": "Splenomegaly is unusual", "opd": "Philadelphia chromosome positive patients respond poorly to Imatinib", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "f4209cdf-80cc-4cf4-9547-c6d228ad8db8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Eruption fails in this bone disease, as there is no bone resorption", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Primary hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Phantom bone disease", "opc": "Paget's disease", "opd": "Osteopetrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "841baa97-fd89-4aa2-be19-6ac4c36997cf", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most friable vegetation is seen in", "exp": "Vegetations on hea valves are the classic hallmark of IE; these are friable, bulky, potentially destructive lesions containing fibrin, inflammatory cells, and bacteria or other organisms (Figs. 12-24 and 12-25). The aoic and mitral valves are the mostsites of infection, although the valves of the right hea may also be involved, paicularly in intravenous drug abusers. Vegetations can be single or multiple and may involve more than one valve; they can occasionally erode into the underlying myocardium and produce an abscess (ring abscess; Fig. 12-25B). Vegetations are prone to embolization; because the embolic fragments often contain virulent organisms, abscesses frequently develop where they lodge, leading to sequelae such as septic infarcts or mycotic aneurysms. The vegetations of subacute endocarditis are associated with less valvular destruction than those of acute endocarditis, although the distinction can be subtle. Microscopically, the vegetations of subacute IE typically exhibit granulation tissue at their bases indicative of healing. With time, fibrosis, calcification, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate can develop.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Infective endocarditis", "opb": "Libman sacks endocarditis", "opc": "Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis", "opd": "Rheumatic hea disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "69c2fc92-89c6-4ee1-a8c6-75b59b969e01", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "'Wireloop' lesions in kidney are seen in", "exp": "Ans. b (SLE) .(Ref. Robbins, Pathology, 6th/pg.221)SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)# Connective tissue disorder associated with HLA B8 and DR3.# 'Onion skin' lesions in spleen occur.# 'Wire-loop' lesions in kidneys are seen.- Photosensitive erythematous butterfly rash on the face/discoid rash, lupus profundus, livido reticularis.- Transient, migratory or seronegative chronic arthritis.; Bony erosions- Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegaly, Alopecia- Pericarditis/myocarditis/Libmann Sack's verrrucous endocarditi- Pleurisy, ILD, fibrosing alveolitis, shrinking lung syndrome- Kerato-conjunctivitis sicca, episcleritis, retinal vasculitis, soft exudates- CNS features# Treatment; antimalarials, immunosupressants and steroids.# Congenital lupus erythematosus is characterized by- Complete heart block- Lupus erythematosus rash# Drug induced lupus- Procainamide, hydralazine, phenothiazines, OC pills, anticonvulsants implicated.- Anti-histones abs +- Absent anti dd DNA abs- Renal and CNS lesions.", "cop": 2, "opa": "DM", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "PAN", "opd": "Scleroderma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "b60afe54-eceb-4e4b-a86d-53e402521d74", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Berry aneurysm most commonly occurs due to", "exp": "Ref: Harrison 20th, P 2084As an aneurysm develops, it typically forms a neck with a dome. The length of the neck and the size of the dome vary greatly and are important factors in planning neurosurgical obliteration or endovascular embolization. The arterial internal elastic lamina disappears at the base of the neck. The media thins, and connective tissue replaces smooth- muscle cells. At the site of rupture (most often the dome), the wall thins, and the tear that allows bleeding is often <=0.5mm long. Aneurysm size and site are important in predicting risk of rupture. Those>7mm in diameter and those at the top of the basilar artery and at the origin of the posterior communicating artery are at greater risk", "cop": 2, "opa": "Endothelial injury of vessel due to HTN", "opb": "Muscle intimal elastic lamina layer defect", "opc": "Endothelial layer defect", "opd": "Adventitia defect", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "dec8644f-b84b-4f84-ab73-767e496b2e4a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Nut meg liver occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Jaundice", "opb": "Chronic venous congestion", "opc": "Cirrhosis", "opd": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bbf2ed3-9fa2-4001-8389-e1847fda1bdd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The diagnostic procedure not done in case of ph eochromoc ytoma.", "exp": "FNAC \"Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of chromallin tumors is contraindicated; indeed, pheochronwcytoma should be considered before adrenal lesions are aspirated.\" -Harrison \"Catastrophic hypeensive crisis and fatal cardiac arrhythmias can occur spontaneously or may be triggered by intravenous contrast dye or glucagon injection, needle biopsy of the mass, anesthesia, and surgical procedures.\" -", "cop": 3, "opa": "CT scan", "opb": "MRI", "opc": "FNAC", "opd": "MIBG scan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1b5bbf5-1072-421e-87da-846c05e52a85", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The only Species of Shigella that produces exotoxin", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Shigella sonnei", "opb": "Shigella flexneri", "opc": "Shigella boydii", "opd": "Shigella dysenteriae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b70ec7e3-5da7-4e71-b70d-d2016a542b37", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pleomorphic adenoma arises from", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Myoepithelial cells", "opb": "Acinar cells", "opc": "Connective tissue", "opd": "Stem cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "66ab1d67-6ab7-48ed-966f-8cece71d28bd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The following chemical mediator is a product of arachidonic add metabolite by cyclo oxygenase pathway", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "LxA4", "opb": "LxB4", "opc": "5-HETE", "opd": "PGH2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "895b054f-dd1d-48a5-b4f2-5e92b5372921", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Maximum IMR is seen in", "exp": "State (2014)IMR / 1000Tamil Nadu20Orissa/Odisha49Maharashtra22Kerala12Madhya Pradesh52(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no:604)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tamilnadu", "opb": "Orissa", "opc": "Maharashtra", "opd": "Kerala", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "675d3f90-1b08-4834-840f-a9d3c96cfee1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lymphocytic colitis", "exp": "The characteristic feature of LC is an infiltration by lymphocytes into the colonic epithelium. Collagenous colitis (CC) shares this feature but additionally shows a distinctive thickening of the subepithelial collagen table. LC and CC have been suggested to represent different phases of a single pathophysiologic process, with LC possibly being a precursor or earlier phase of CC; however, this has not been proven. REFERANCE. MEDSCAP.COM IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bloody diarrhea", "opb": "Intra epithelial lymphocytes", "opc": "Lymphocytes is stools", "opd": "Through Ileoscopy look for payer's patches", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "88aef4f8-4bb8-449a-be92-ad4b98a5d58d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In Bing test, on alternately compressing and releasing the external acoustic meatus, the sound increases and decreases. This indicates", "exp": "Tests for bone conduction TestPrincipleMethodImpressionBing test Examines the effect of occlusion of ear canal on hearing Tuning fork placed on mastoid while examiner alternatively closes & opens the ear canal by pressing on the tragus inwards Patient hears louder when the ear canal is occluded & softer when the ear canal is open - Normal persons or sensorineural deafness ( Bing + ve )No change in ear canal opening or occlusion - conductive deafness ( Bing - ve )Gelle's test Examines the effect of increased air pressure in ear canal on hearing Placing a vibrating fork on mastoid while changes in air pressure in the ear canal are brought about by Siegel&;s speculum Positive - normal persons or sensorineural deafnessNegative - ossicular chain fixed or disconnected(Refer: PL Dhingra, Textbook of Ear, Nose, Throat, 6thedition, pg no: 21,22,23)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Otosclerosis", "opb": "Sensorineural deafness", "opc": "Adhesive otitis media", "opd": "Chronic suppurative otitis media", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9e659639-b8e0-4395-879d-0d3be6c0a992", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Amino acid that is high in root dentin used for age estimation is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosine", "opb": "Serine", "opc": "Aspartic acid", "opd": "Glycine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "081e6fde-b593-4cf1-97fe-9101b62c57d7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The inheritance pattern of Familial hypercholesterolemia is", "exp": "Mutations involving single genes follow one of three patterns of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Familial hypercholesterolemia Huntington disease Marfan syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Hereditary spherocytosis Neurofibromatosis, type 1 Adult polycystic kidney disease Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial hypercholesterolemia is among the most common mendelian disorders; the frequency of the heterozygous condition is 1 in 500 in the general population. It is caused by a mutation in the LDLR gene that encodes the receptor for low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the form in which 70% of total plasma cholesterol is transpoed. A brief review of the synthesis and transpo of cholesterol follows. Normal Cholesterol Metabolism. Cholesterol may be derived from the diet or from endogenous synthesis. Dietary triglycerides and cholesterol are incorporated into chylomicrons in the intestinal mucosa, which drain by way of the gut lymphatics into the blood. These chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by an endothelial lipoprotein lipase in the capillaries of muscle and fat. The chylomicron remnants, rich in cholesterol, are then delivered to the liver. Some of the cholesterol enters the metabolic pool (to be described), and some is excreted as free cholesterol or bile acids into the biliary tract. The endogenous synthesis of cholesterol and LDL begins in the liver (Fig. 6-2). The first step in the synthesis of LDL is the secretion of triglyceride-rich very- low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) by the liver into the blood. In the capillaries of adipose tissue and muscle, the VLDL paicle undergoes lipolysis and is conveed to intermediate- density lipoprotein (IDL). In comparison with VLDL, the content of triglyceride is reduced and that of cholesteryl esters enriched in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), but IDL retains on its surface two of the three VLDL- associated apolipoproteins B-100 and E. Fuher metabo- lism of IDL occurs along two pathways: Most of the IDL paicles are directly taken up by the liver through the LDL receptor described later; others are conveed to cholesterol- rich LDL by a fuher loss of triglycerides and apolipopro- tein E. In the liver cells, IDL is recycled to generate VLDL. Two thirds of the resultant LDL paicles are metabo- lized by the LDL receptor pathway, and the rest is metabo- lized by a receptor for oxidized LDL (scavenger receptor), to be described later. The LDL receptor binds to apolipo- proteins B-100 and E and thus is involved in the transpo of both LDL and IDL. Although the LDL receptors are widely distributed, approximately 75% are located on hepatocytes, so the liver plays an extremely impoant role in LDL metabolism. The first step in the receptor-mediated transpo of LDL involves binding to the cell surface receptor, followed by endocy- totic internalization inside so-called \"clathrin-coated pits\" (Fig. 6-3). Within the cell, the endocytic vesicles fuse with the lysosomes, and the LDL molecule is enzymatically degraded, resulting ultimately in the release of free cholesterol into the cytoplasm. The cholesterol not only is used by the cell for membrane synthesis but also takes pa in intracel- lular cholesterol homeostasis by a sophisticated system of feed- back control: * It suppresses cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthetic pathway. * It stimulates the formation of cholesterol esters for storage of excess cholesterol. * It downregulates the synthesis of cell surface LDL recep- tors, thus protecting cells from excessive accumulation of cholesterol. The transpo of LDL by the scavenger receptors, alluded to earlier, seems to take place in cells of the mononuclear- phagocyte system and possibly in other cells as well. Monocytes and macrophages have receptors for chemically modified (e.g., acetylated or oxidized) LDLs. The amount catabolized by this \"scavenger receptor\" pathway is directly related to the plasma cholesterol level. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no. 219)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X-linked dominant", "opd": "X-linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "65f33222-8ead-41f2-8166-26518039e316", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "ARDS is due to a defect", "exp": "Ans. d. Endothelial cells The alveolar capillary membrane is formed by two separate barriers: Microvascular endothelium and Alveolar epithelium. In ARDS the integrity of this barrier is compromised by either endothelial or epithelial injury or, more commonly, both.\" ARDS is a clinical syndrome associated with pathological findings including pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Of these, the pathology most commonly associated with ARDS is DAD, which is characterized by a diffuse inflammation of lung parenchyma. The triggering insult to the parenchyma usually results in an initial release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators secreted by local epithelial and endothelial cells.\"-http://en.wikipedia.otg/wiki/Acute_respiratory_ distress syndrome \"The intimal lining of all blood vessels is a single layer of functionally and structurally heterogeneous endothelial cells depending on organ and vascular bed location. Pulmonary microvascular endothelium is a metabolically active organ essential for maintaining adequate pulmonary and systemic cardiovascular homeostasis. Noxious stimuli compromise pulmonary endothelial functional and structural integrity leading to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and parenchymal inflammation. Thus, pulmonary endothelium has a key role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). \"- Curr Opin Crit Care 14:22-30 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pathogenesis: The alveolar capillary membrane is formed by two separate barriers: Microvascular endothelium Alveolar epithelium. In ARDS the integrity of this barrier is compromised by either endothelial or epithelial injury or, more commonly, both. Markers of endothelial injury and activation such as endothelin and von Willebrand factor can be detected at high levels in the serum of patients with ARDS. The acute consequences of damage to the alveolar capillary membrane include increased vascular permeability and alveolar flooding, loss of diffusion capacity, and widespread surfactant abnormalities caused by damage to type II pneumocytesQ Endothelial injury also triggers the formation of microthrombi that add the insult of ischemic injury. Hyaline membranes so characteristic of ALI/ARDS result from inspissation of protein rich edema fluid that entraps debris of dead alveolar epithelial cellsQ.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type 1 pneumocytes", "opb": "Type 2 pneumocytes", "opc": "Clara cells", "opd": "Endothelial cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e37f57f-2b16-4aea-8d29-0521d7d4b1d2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Free radical scavanging system enzyme is", "exp": "Answer-B. Glutathione peroxidaseAntioxidant mechanisms1. Non-enzymatic systemAntioxidants (Vit E , Vit A, Vit C, glutathione and Cysteine)Tissue proteins (transferrin, ferritin, laetofeftifl, and ceruloplasmin).2. Enzymatic systemCatalaseSupuoxide damutase (SOD)3. Glutathione peroxidasePresent in mitochondria & cytosol.It catalyzes free radical breakdown.H2O2 + 2 G S H - G S S G + 2 H2O2OH + 2 G S H - G S S G + 2H2O", "cop": 2, "opa": "NADPH oxidase", "opb": "Glutathione peroxidase", "opc": "Endonuclease", "opd": "Phospholipase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "499cbe58-353a-487e-9f60-a1826195bbf0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Salivary gland tumor exclusively seen in parotid gland", "exp": "Answer-A. Wahin's tumor\"Wahin's tumor arises only in the parotid gland\" - Textbook of surgery\"Wahin's tumor arises almost exclusively in the parotid gland (the only tumor viually restricted to the parotid)\"Salivary gland tumor seen only it parotid gland- Wahins'tumor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wahin's tumor", "opb": "Pleomorphic adenoma", "opc": "Mucoepidermoid Ca", "opd": "Adenoid cystic Ca", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a36ce22-2d2a-41bc-8cbf-1df76c61d9b5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Herpetic Whitlow is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fingers", "opb": "Lymph nodes", "opc": "Bone", "opd": "Tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4871803-ea34-4f2b-90a0-70e80ffd3142", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MC site of composite complex odontoma", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Posterior Jaw", "opb": "Anterior maxilla", "opc": "Maxillary canine", "opd": "Maxillary molar", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bad9d49c-60a0-41be-b08e-35c351ed8339", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with the proliferation of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "T- cell", "opb": "B — cell", "opc": "Lymph vessels", "opd": "Lymph nodes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c3250b17-c262-453d-a216-7ce3b22437e9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Long thyroid stimulating agent is", "exp": "Answer is option 2, antibody to thyroid receptors. Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies that stimulate the thyroid (TSAb) cause Graves' hypehyroidism and TSHR antibodies which block thyrotropin action (TBAb) are occasionally responsible for hypothyroidism. Unusual patients switch from TSAb to TBAb (or vice versa) with concomitant thyroid function changes. We have examined case repos to obtain insight into the basis for \"switching.\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antibody to thyroid globulin", "opb": "Antibody to thyroid cell receptors", "opc": "Antibody to thyroxine", "opd": "Antibody to thyroid cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "80e64981-fab4-4f2d-bbfe-23f5dd405386", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common gene associated with renal cell carcinoma", "exp": "Both sporadic and familial RCC is associated with: Loss of sequence on chromosome 3 either by translocation (3:6, 3:8, 3:11) or deletion. This region harbours the VHL gene. Familial RCC is associated with:- Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 633", "cop": 3, "opa": "WT1", "opb": "BRCA 1", "opc": "VHL", "opd": "PATCH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "909c8fb1-0708-4a7a-bfc1-8101bbe38217", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Struma ovarii is", "exp": "Struma ovarii is the most common type of specialised teratoma.\nIt is composed of mature thyroid tissue and may present as hyperthyroidism.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Teratoma of ovary", "opb": "Thyroid gland tumor in pregnancy", "opc": "May present as hypothyroidism", "opd": "Ovarian stromal hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "777366ea-d1d7-4017-a5ec-254d6a4af12c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The division of a single tooth resulting in one normal and one supernumerary tooth is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Gemination.", "opb": "Fusion.", "opc": "Twinning.", "opd": "Concrescence.", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "386f9560-ca11-41cb-878e-02815f97c4b7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Yellowish discolouration of oral mucous membrane, skin and sclera of eye is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pernicious anemia", "opb": "Sickle cell anemia", "opc": "Chloromycin therapy", "opd": "Carotinemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02c46e0a-5379-4416-98c4-185f37cf85ac", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Abtropfing affect is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Junctional nevus", "opb": "Pennphigus", "opc": "Apthous ulcer", "opd": "Erythema multiformae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e8caead-cae3-42f6-a0f3-e7a8dac98d28", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Fibrin degradation product help in detection of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "haemophilia", "opb": "DIC", "opc": "Thrombocytopenic purpura", "opd": "Thrombasthenia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f373ebe9-7445-4080-8e64-8a8c09369376", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The type of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ most likely to result in a palpable abnormality in the breast is", "exp": "Refer Robbins page no necrosis DCIS can be divided into two major architectural subtypes, comedo and noncomedo (Fig. 23-17). Some cases of DCIS have a single growth pattern, but most are comprised of a mixture of patterns. Nuclear grade and necrosis are better predictors of local recurrence and progression to invasion than architectural type. Comedo DCIS may occasionally produce vague nodularity, but more often it is detected on mammography as clustered or linear and branching areas of calcification (Fig. 23-17A). It is defined by two features: (1) tumor cells with pleomorphic, high-grade nuclei and (2) areas of central", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apocrine DCIS", "opb": "Neuro endocrine DCIS", "opc": "Will -differentiated DCIS", "opd": "Comedo DCIS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "4fa03eef-b8aa-4a7e-a8fa-a40a7b849464", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Squamous cell carcinoma spreads commonly", "exp": "In SCC, when deep invasion leads to eventual metastasis.Local and regional lymph nodes are the most common sites of metastasis.AJCC 8E pg: 171", "cop": 3, "opa": "Implantation", "opb": "Hematogenous spread", "opc": "Lymphatic spread", "opd": "Trancoelomic spread", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b6b83c62-ab86-4689-9df6-b83c37fc63ef", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Complement complex that attacks cell membrane is", "exp": "The complement complex attacking the cell membrane is membrane attack complex having a composition of C56789\nAction of this complex leads to entry of fluid and ions inside the cells leading to cell lysis.\n\tComplement system has three main function\n\t1. Inflammation\n\t2. Opsonization\n\t3. Cell lysis", "cop": 4, "opa": "C12345", "opb": "C23456", "opc": "C34567", "opd": "C56789", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed3fa42c-1d5e-46ac-824d-9f53d16d22ce", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Feulgen reaction is used to test", "exp": "DNA should be stained red. The background, if counterstained, is green. The Feulgen reaction is a semi-quantitative technique. If the only aldehydes remaining in the cell are those produced from the hydrolysis of DNA, then the technique is quantitative for DNA.", "cop": 3, "opa": "mRNA", "opb": "tRNA", "opc": "DNA", "opd": "SnRNA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "2b7907b1-584f-4201-92a9-d2ad98071d91", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "60 year old diabetic female presented with burning sensation to spicy food. Intraoral examination revealed multiple periodontal abscess and keratotic area in a lace pattern with occasional erosive areas inside the lace pattern.\n\nProvisional diagnosis for this lady will be", "exp": "Oral lichen planus is a common mucocutaneous disease, characterised by bilateral white striations, papules, plaques on the buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva. Erosive form may present as erosions or frankly ulcerated lesions, with characteristic radiating striae on the periphery of the individual lesions. Grinspan's syndrome is an interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oral hairy Leukoplakia", "opb": "Oral lichen planus", "opc": "Oral squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Oral pemphigus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6441f04-bc25-48d4-9d2f-73743a0f60cf", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Liquefaction necrosis is commonly seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6d3cccf-fbd5-4308-b536-cf4ff4283a3c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ca 125 is used for", "exp": "Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. ☆ CA 125 is a tumor marker of ovarian cancer. Most commonly used for follow up of ovarian cancer. ☆ pancreas tumor marker CA 19-9.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Follow up of ovarian cancer", "opb": "Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer", "opc": "Diagnosis of stomach cancer", "opd": "Diagnosis of ovarian cancer", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b1a7412-24ec-4208-b8ef-e779bbc253a9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Person having heterozygous sickle cell trait is protected from infection of", "exp": "Ans. a. P. falciparum", "cop": 1, "opa": "P. falciparum", "opb": "P. vivax", "opc": "neumococcus", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37ece523-733c-4847-ac00-bbe9a01f1143", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "An enzyme that protects the brain from free radical injury is", "exp": "Reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced in small amounts in all cells during redox reactions that occur during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. In this reaction, molecular oxygen is reduced by addition of four electrons to generate water. As this reaction is incomplete, toxic intermediates are produced.These intermediates include superoxide, which is conveed to H2O2 spontaneously by the action of enzyme superoxide dismutase. MPO: myeloperoxidase Conves H2O2 to highly reactive compound hypochlorite. Present in leucocytes. Refer robbins 9/e p39", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myeloperoxidase", "opb": "Superoxide dismutase", "opc": "MAO", "opd": "Hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "160295ad-7e35-4d46-85ee-75da33c4650a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Food interferes with absorption of", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candesaan", "opb": "Valsaan", "opc": "Telmisaan", "opd": "Irbesaan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bf48fd86-19aa-4558-b812-9f204963442e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "\"Proofreading\" is the role of", "exp": "\"Polymerase II (pol II) is mostly involved in proofreading and DNA repair. Polymerase I (pol I) completes chain synthesis between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA primase", "opb": "DNA Polymerase", "opc": "Exonuclease I", "opd": "Restriction endonuclease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1db5d03a-4ebb-4575-9bad-48bf68a8af5f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "On rectal examination, a patient is found to have a large, fungating mass protruding into the rectal lumen. Biopsy of this mass demonstrates an invasive malignant tumor composed of glandular structures. The development of this condition is most strongly associated with", "exp": "The disease is adenocarcinoma of the colon. Predisposing conditions include inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis more than Crohn's disease) and adenomatous polyps occurring either as an isolated finding or as pa of familial syndromes including familial polyposis coli, Gardner syndrome, and Turcot syndrome. Western diets high in fat and protein and low in fiber are also thought to predispose for colon cancer. Diveiculitis (inflamed diveicula) and diveiculosis (presence of diveicula in colon) do not appear to predispose for colon cancer. Neither juvenile polyposis syndrome , in which the polyps consist of mucus-filled tubules, nor Peutz-Jeghers syndrome , in which polyps form around an arborizing tree of connective tissue and smooth muscle, predisposes for colon cancer. Ref: Wyatt C., Butterwoh IV J.F., Moos P.J., Mackey D.C., Brown T.G. (2008). Chapter 14. Gastrointestinal Pathology. In C. Wyatt, J.F. Butterwoh IV, P.J. Moos, D.C. Mackey, T.G. Brown (Eds), Pathology: The Big Picture.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diveiculitis", "opb": "Diveiculosis", "opc": "Juvenile polyposis syndrome", "opd": "Ulcerative colitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a786ea4-7bea-4f19-a9a2-f9c7f0e90c9a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Werner syndrome is", "exp": "Patients with Werner syndrome show premature ageing due to the defect in DNA helicase enzyme, a protein involved in DNA replication and repair and other functions requiring DNA unwinding.Wermer syndrome is MEN-1 (note the spelling)Robbins 9th edition 66", "cop": 3, "opa": "MEN-I", "opb": "MEN-II", "opc": "Premature ageing", "opd": "Defective sirutins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "28382d78-99aa-4815-b306-e00220931443", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hepatolenticular degeneration is seen with deposition of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "cadmium", "opb": "Lead", "opc": "aluminium", "opd": "copper", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5dbe386-0761-4480-99d8-0af427369fa9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "42 years old female presents diagnosed as iron deficiency anemia was staed on oral iron therapy and her Hb condition during review was 8 g%. The cause for failure of treatment is", "exp": ". Poor compliance to oral iron", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acquired sideroblastic anemia", "opb": "Inadequate iron dosage", "opc": "Poor compliance to oral iron", "opd": "Folate deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a53546c7-1ea7-46bd-b171-8bb4e763ce9e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Intestional absorption of Calcium is decreased by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Lactose", "opc": "Phytic Acid", "opd": "Acidity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c99ab2e-0548-4d44-ab25-2211da541875", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Feature of acanthosis nigricans is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Insulinoma, obesity & cutaneous hypopigmentation", "opb": "Insulin resistance, obesity, cutaneous hyperpigmentation", "opc": "Thickening of spinous Layer, insulin resistance, obesity", "opd": "Thickening of spinous layer, insulin resistance, lean", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca777e4b-7909-4f7c-afc6-fa76c2002780", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Agent responsible for increasing factor VIII activity in haemophilia is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "a)\tEpsilon amino caproic acid", "opb": "b)\tTranexamic acid", "opc": "c)\tAvitene", "opd": "d)\tDeamino D Arginine vasopressin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ac4a14a-05e5-4bea-a19f-8f323a8217bd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Juvenile polyp is a", "exp": "Ans: b) Hamartomatous polyp ( Ref: Robbins 7th ed / Pg 857 )All four options are non neoplastic (benign) lesions of intestine.Juvenile polyps:Focal hamartomatous malformations involving mucosal epithelium and lamina propriaUsually large rounded glistening lesions with stalks upto 2 cm in length.Usually in children < 5 years of age. Around 80% occurs in rectum.Peutz Jeghers polypsHamartomatous polyps involving mucosal epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa.Peutz Jeghers syndrome - AD disorder. Multiple polyps throughout GIT, mucocutaneous pigmentation.M/E: Arborizing network of connective tissue and well developed smooth muscle extends into the polyp and surrounds normal abundant glands lined by normal intestinal epithelium rich in goblet cells.- Increased chance of intussusception- No malignant potential of its own, but increased risk of Ca ovary, lung, pancreas, breast, uterus (adenoma malignum), sertoli cell tumors of testes.Bridge:Juvenile polyposis syndrome.AD disorder with risk of adenocarcinoma along with mutations in SMAD4 /DPC4 gene (encoding TGF beta)Mutations of STKII (LKbl ) on chromosome 19.Other hamartomatous polyposis1) Cowden syndromeAD, involving all 3 germ layers.Intestinal hamartomatous, facial trichilemmomas, acral keratosis, oral papillomasIncreased chance of thyroid and breast cancerMutation - PTEN gene on chromosome 10.2) Cronkhite Canada syndromeNm hereditary disorder; idiopathicGI hamartomatous polyps + ectodermal abnormalities (nail atrophy, alopecia)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypeplastic type", "opb": "Hamartomatous polyp", "opc": "Inflammatoyr polyp", "opd": "Lymphoid polyp", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "bab0f136-347b-4e21-aae0-ad26af4535b5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "EBV infects B cells binding to", "exp": "CD21- EBV uses this receptor to bind and infect B cellsReference: Robbins; 9th edition; Volume I; Page no: 327", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD 21", "opb": "CD 40", "opc": "CD 79a", "opd": "CD 23", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "b1735c36-6392-40e9-8f84-9daf3b76e6c2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common site of osteoma", "exp": "Bone forming tumor Osteomas are benign lesions most commonly encountered in the head and neck, including the paranasal sinuses, but which can occur in elsewhere also. Hence the most apt answer is skull. Robbins basic pathology 9th edition page no 775,heading", "cop": 4, "opa": "Femur", "opb": "Humerous", "opc": "Tibia", "opd": "Skull", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "6ffed34a-79ae-426f-bb18-d6a432a5f359", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The teeth that erupt prematurely after 30 days of birth are known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Neonatal teeth", "opb": "Natal teeth", "opc": "Early infancy teeth", "opd": "Early childhood teeth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "027b3e76-b345-422e-ad9f-6cf381f164a9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Blashco's lines are present along the", "exp": "Blaschko's Lines: a. The lines of Blaschko were delineated over 100 years ago. b. First described by Blaschko in 1901. The pattern is attributed to the lines of migration and proliferation of epidermal cells during embryogenesis (i.e., the bands of abnormal skin represent clones of cells carrying a mutation in a gene expressed in the skin).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nerves", "opb": "Lymphatics", "opc": "Vessels", "opd": "Lines of development", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9c3b3a58-20cf-4207-b058-0ab04103be31", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Patient with blood group O receive plasma from", "exp": "Persons with a given antigen do not make antibodies against their own antigen, but will against the other antigens in that group. For example, if a person has type A blood, he (or she) will make antibodies against the B antigen, but not against the A antigen. That means that if this person is given either type B red blood cells or type AB red blood cells, his or her antibodies will attack and destroy the foreign red cells possessing the B antigen, causing a transfusion reaction. Similarly, a person having the RhD antigen will not make antibodies against RhD antigen, but the RhD negative person will make antibodies against blood with RhD positive red cells. Recipient Blood Type Matching Donor Blood Type A+ A+, A-, O+, O- A- A-, O- B+ B+, B-, O+, O- B- B-, O- AB+ Compatible with all blood types AB- AB-, A-, B-, O- O+ O+, O- O- O- Antibodies in the plasma of donors with different blood types cause a reverse situation. For example, since a person with Type AB blood makes no antibodies against Type A or Type B cells, his or her plasma can be given to a person with Type A, Type B, Type AB, or Type O blood", "cop": 4, "opa": "Group A only", "opb": "Group B only", "opc": "Group AB only", "opd": "From Group A,B, AB", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0c349181-dbbc-4dd5-8b85-18d225e9c282", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Osteomalacia is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "defective osteoid + normal mineralization", "opb": "normal osteoid + defective mineralization", "opc": "abnormal osteoid + abnormal mineralization", "opd": "normal osteoid an demineralization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af1cf2f7-762f-4c76-9c28-af2f7e9c38a1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Venous air embolism during surgery is seen with", "exp": "Venous air embolismEntrapment of air or medical gases into the venous system causing symptoms and signs of pulmonary vessel obstruction. Medical gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide, nitrogen, and helium can also cause or aggravate this condition.Numerous studies on VAE have been repoed in medical or surgical procedures and trauma. Neurosurgery performed in a sitting position has a high risk of VAE, with an incidence of 76% in posterior fossa surgery but 25% or 7% in cervical laminectomy whereas, neurosurgical procedures in lateral, supine or prone position showed an incidence of 15% to 25%VAE is also repoed in total hip replacement surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic procedures, lung & abdominal trauma.(Refer: Morgan's, Clinical Anaesthesia, 4thedition, pg no:638-639)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Supine position", "opb": "Sitting position", "opc": "Prone position", "opd": "Lateral position", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c6cb9a77-c666-4366-8aee-0bd274460b06", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gain of function mutation in RAS gene is equal to loss of function mutation in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Rb", "opb": "Bcr-tyrosine kinase", "opc": "Bcl-2", "opd": "GAP protein", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "0959b11b-1f53-464b-acbe-633d8e728f68", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "A critical factor in the regulation of craniofacial development", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sonic hedgehog (SHH)", "opb": "Fibroblast Growth factor (FGFz)", "opc": "Wingless Drosophila melanogaster segment — Polarity gene (Wnt)", "opd": "Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "14f11d2a-2696-46f7-b268-08d505dd57fa", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "RBC casts seen in", "exp": "RBC casts are a feature of glomerular damage .Normally <3 RBC/HPF are going to leak. But in the case of glomerular damage the number of RBC in the urine will exceed the limit mentioned above and these RBC get impinged on Tamm horsefall protein. The resultant RBC casts can be seen under microscopic examination of urine. Refer robbins 9/e p912", "cop": 4, "opa": "Minimal change disease", "opb": "Renal vein thrombosis", "opc": "Bladder schistosomiasis", "opd": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "b746ebc7-72d0-49f9-9418-3a6a60e200ee", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Radiation caries develops in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "3 weeks", "opb": "3 days", "opc": "3 months", "opd": "3 years", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e5fb532-2a0c-48db-aaef-e04367537a19", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Principle mediator of vasodilation in acute inflammation is", "exp": "Vasodilation is induced by chemical mediators such as histamine and is the cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow in acute inflammation.Histamine causes dilation of aerioles and increases the permeability of venules. Histamine is considered to be the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability, producing interendothelial gaps in venules. Its vasoactive effects are mediated mainly binding to receptors, called H1 receptors, on microvascular endothelial cells. The antihistamine drugs that are commonly used to treat some inflammatory reactions, such as allergies, are H1 receptor antagonists that bind to and block the receptor.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 3; Acute inflammation; Page no: 75", "cop": 3, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "IL-1", "opc": "Histamine", "opd": "TNF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b35f38a5-b5d9-4e30-b4ca-b346268928b7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hemophilia A due to deficiency of", "exp": "Hemophila A:- \n\nHemophilia A is due to deficiency of factor VIII\nHemophilia A is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait.\nFactor VIII is an intrinsic pathway component required for activation of factor X. \nClinical manifestations are due to defect in coagulation system : -\n\n\nLarge post traumatic ecchymoses or hematoma. Prolonged bleeding after a laceration or any form of surgical procedure.\nBleeding into weight bearing joints.\n\n\nPetechiae are characteristically absent (in contrast to platelet dysfunction where bleeding occur from small vessels of skin and mucous membrane, e,g.: petechiae). \nLaboratory findings :-\n\n□ ↑ PTT □ Normal BT □ Normal PT\nNormal platelet counts Remember \nHemophilia B (christmas disease) is due to deficiency of factor IX.\nHemophilia B has clinical features and laboratory findings similar to hemophilia A", "cop": 1, "opa": "Factor VIII", "opb": "Factor IX", "opc": "Factor X", "opd": "Factr XI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9a71db9d-4834-4549-95a2-8841b3ed10f0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most reliable test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is", "exp": "Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms of chromaffin cells,which synthesize and release catecholamines. The lab diagnosis of this condition is based on demonstration of increased urinary excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites; vanilylmandelic acid and metanephrines. (ref:ROBBINS Text book of pathology", "cop": 1, "opa": "24 hour urinary metanephrine", "opb": "Urinary catecholamines", "opc": "Urinary catecholamines", "opd": "Basal plasma catecholamines", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4abe1b6a-30a5-4ef9-9ac3-3eb24a8e13a7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Leucocyte common antigen", "exp": "Antigen DesignationNormal Cellular DistributionCD14MonocytesCD15Granulocytes; Reed-Sternberg cells and variantsCD23Activated mature B cellsCD45All leukocytes; also known as leukocyte common antigen(LCA)Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 13; Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus; Page no: 590", "cop": 4, "opa": "CD 14", "opb": "CD 15", "opc": "CD 23", "opd": "CD 45", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "6f722557-2640-4d76-982d-dab781cc87b9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis presents with", "exp": "Clinical Features The most common clinical presentation is acute nephritic syndrome. Edema and hypeension are common, with mild to moderate azotemia. Characteristically, there is gross hematuria, the urine appearing smoky brown rather than bright red due to oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Some degree of proteinuria is a constant feature, and, as mentioned earlier, it occasionally may be severe enough to produce the nephrotic syndrome. Serum complement levels are low during the active phase of the disease, and serum antistreptolysin O antibody titers are elevated in poststreptococcal cases. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 561", "cop": 2, "opa": "Asymptomatic hematuria", "opb": "Renal failure", "opc": "Massive anasarca", "opd": "Massive renomegaly", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "680726ee-e3af-4f8a-93fe-2db88f91e349", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ground glass hepatocytes are seen in", "exp": "Ground glass hepatocytes are liver cells which have eosinophilic, granular, glassy cytoplasm on light microscopy. It is due to HBs Ag accumulation inside the cells, seen in Hepatitis B virus infection.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatitis A virus infection", "opb": "Hepatitis B virus infection", "opc": "Hepatitis C virus infection", "opd": "Hepatitis D virus infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5fd5c5d8-56f7-4cd4-a897-b819b13ac7a0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ultrastructural finding of irreversible injury", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Amorphous densities in mitochondria Reversible injuryIrreversible injuryGeneralized swelling of the cell and its organelleBlebbing of the plasma membraneDetachment of ribosome from the endoplasmic reticulumClumping of nuclear chromatingIncreased swelling of the cellSwelling and disruption of lysosomesPresence of large amorphous densities in the swollen mitochondriaProfound nuclear changes which include:Pyknosis (nuclear condensation)Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)Karyolysis (dissolution of nucleus)The earliest changes associated with various forms of cell injury are:decreased generation of A.T.P.loss of cell membrane permeabilitydefect in protein synthesiscytoskeletal damageDNA damageWithin limits the cell can compensate for these derangements and if injurious stimulus is removed, it will return to normality.Persistent or excessive injury, however causes cells to pass the threshold and cause irreversible injury.But the \"point of no return\" at which irreversible damage has occurred is still largely undetermined thus we have no precise cut off points to establish irreversibility.Actually, there is probably no single final common pathway by which cells die. It is therefore difficult to define the stage beyond which the cell is doomed for destruction.However, two phenomenon consistently characterize irreversibilityFirst is the inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction.The second is the development of profound disturbances in membrane function.Membrane damage leads to massive leak of intracellular enzymes and massive influx of calcium.Injury to lysosomal membranes results in leakage of hydrolysis in the cytoplasm, which degrade cytoplasmic and nuclear components.Massive influx of calcium and release of calcium from intracellular stores result in activation of enzymes that can catabolize membranes, proteins, ATP and nucleic acid and cause irreversible damage to the cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ribosomal detachment from endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Amorphous densities in mitochondria", "opc": "Formation of phagolysosomes", "opd": "Cell swelling", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Mechanisms of Cell Injury", "id": "fae692fa-f2a9-44e3-93d8-8562c7b7e958", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Familial amyloidosis is seen in", "exp": "Answer- B. Senile cardiac amyloidosisSystemic senile amyloidosis (Senile cardiac amyloidosis). Wild or non-mutant transthyretin amyloid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alzheimer's disease", "opb": "Senile cardiac amyloidosis", "opc": "Renal amyloidosis", "opd": "Splenic amyloidosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e534358-79ee-49bd-ba81-2de12b3b499e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Venous emboli are most often lodged in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Intestines", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Kidneys", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8fcfaaf6-3dee-4002-bd31-fc3f9e1e208d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Retinoblastoma gene regulates", "exp": "Tumor suppressor gene types (Based on the location in the cell):*Cell surface: TGF-beta, E-cadherin*Inner plasma membrane: NF-1*Cytoplasm: NF-2, APC/beta-catenin, PTEN, SMAD 2 and SMAD 4*Nucleus: RB1, P53, WT-1, BRCA1, and BRCA2Cell cycle :*Four phases of cell cycle in the following order: G1, S, G2, and M*There are classes of proteins that stimulates or suppresses cell cycle progression from one phase to another which are CDK (Cyclin dependent kinases), Cyclins and CDK inhibitors*There are 4 CDKs (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6) and 4 cyclins (Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Cyclin A and Cyclin B) involved in regulation of cell cycle.*2 Checkpoints in the cell cycle: G1-S checkpoint and G2-M checkpoint*Proteins that enhance cell cycle progression are CDKs which are helped by Cyclins*Proteins that cause cell cycle arrest are CDK inhibitorsFactors causing cell cycle progression at the G1-S checkpoint:uCyclinD-CDK4, CyclinD-CDK6, Cyclin E-CDK2. (Sholy D4, D6, E2)uGrowth factors (EGF, PDGF)uHyperphophorylated RB gene (E2F released from RB )Factors causing cell cycle arrest at G1-S check point:uHypophosphorylated RB (E2F binds to RB)uP53uCDK inhibitors- p15,p16,p18,p19 ( inhibits CyclinD-CDK4)uCDK inhibitors - p21,p27,p57 (inhibits both CyclinD-CDK6, CyclinE-CDK2)Factors causing cell cycle progression at the G2-M checkpoint:uCyclin B-CDK1 (B1)Factors causing cell cycle arrest at the G2-M checkpoint uCDK inhibitors - p21,p27,p57 (inhibits CyclinB-CDK1)uIonising radiationFactors causing cell cycle progression at S phase uCyclinA-CDK2 (A2)Factors causing cell cycle arrest at S phase uCDK inhibitors - p21,p27,p57 (inhibits CyclinA-CDK2) Note: D4 inhibited by p15, 16, 18 and 19 D6, E2, A2 and B1 inhibited by p21, 27 and 57.Key regulators of the cell cycle: Cyclin D, CDK4, RB, and p16.(Ref: Robbins 8/e p284-290)", "cop": 1, "opa": "G1-S phase", "opb": "G2- M phase", "opc": "G0 - S phase", "opd": "S- G2 phase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "ce24cee5-fd06-44a3-850b-a047e42d14b9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Munro microabscesse are seen in", "exp": "PSORIASIS. It usually appears first between the age of 15 and 30 years. The lesions are characterised by brownish-red papules and plaqueswhich are sharply demarcated and are covered with fine, silvery white scales. As the scales are removed by gentle scraping, fine bleeding points appear termed Auspitz sign. In about 25% of cases, peculiar pitting of nails is seen. Psoriatic ahritis resembling rheumatoid ahritis is produced in about 5% of cases but the rheumatoid factor is absent.Histologically, the following features are observed in fully-developed lesions.i) Acanthosis with regular down growth of rete ridges to almost the same dermal level with thickening of their lower poion.ii) Elongation and oedema of the dermal papillae with broadening of their tips. iii) Suprapapillary thinning of stratum Malpighi.iv) Absence of granular cell layer.v) Prominent parakeratosis.vi) Presence of Munro microabscesses in the parakeratotic horny layer is diagnostic of psoriasis. Ref: Harsh Mohan - Textbook of Pathology, 6th Edition.page no.778", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Mycosis fungoides", "opc": "Psoriasis", "opd": "Eczema", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "ee3fbb6e-4032-4c84-b554-ba2e49632929", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Chronic periostitis in children is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Cherubisrn", "opb": "Garre's osteomyelitis", "opc": "Histiocytosis X", "opd": "Tuberculous osteomyelitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d534010-2371-4018-8427-27b5d47c9b53", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Botryomycosis is a ..................... disease", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fungal", "opb": "Bacterial", "opc": "Viral", "opd": "Parasitic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62214ed7-1200-4c34-8ca4-1da4642f668c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Substance playing a role in tumor metastasis cascade is", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. Collagenase IVVarious steps of metastasis and molecules involvedDetachment of tumor cells - Down regulation of expression of either E-cadherins or cateninsAttachement to ECM (including basement membrane) - Tumor cells express integrins that helps in the attachement.Degradation of ECM - proteolytic enzymes (most impoant proteases are metalloproteinases (MMPs) including collegenase IV).Vascular dissemination and homing of tumor cells - Among adhesion molecule CD44 is of paicular interest.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collagenase IV", "opb": "TNF-alpha", "opc": "CD99", "opd": "NM23", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60bb2e74-8370-4826-b0a1-d77661566371", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Indication for cryoprecipitate is", "exp": "Medical uses for giving cryoprecipitate include: Haemophilia - Used for emergency back up when factor concentrates are not available. von Willebrand disease - Not currently recommended unless the last reserve. ddAVP is the first line, followed by factor concentrates. Hypofibrinogenaemia (low fibrinogen levels), as can occur with massive transfusions Afibrinogenemia Bleeding from excessive anticoagulation - Fresh frozen plasma contains most of the coagulation factors and is an alternative choice when anticoagulation has to be reversed quickly. Massive hemorrhage - RBCs and volume expanders are preferred therapies. Disseminated intravascular coagulation Uremic bleeding tendency", "cop": 2, "opa": "DIC", "opb": "vWD", "opc": "Haemophilia b", "opd": "Severe plasma loss", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0f8c118d-ef41-4ed3-8445-741652e4477f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Following is used to stain fungi", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "PAS", "opb": "Fontana stain", "opc": "Ferrous trichrome", "opd": "Pearls prussian blue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "edda2042-4ce7-49bf-8b78-c128ba93381d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common congenital defect of the face and jaws is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Macrostomia", "opb": "Fetal alcohol syndrome", "opc": "Cleft lip and palate", "opd": "Ectodermal dysplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "06f0f88b-c876-476f-bcbc-df194af66c2f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ring sideroblasts, with iron laden occurs in", "exp": "i.e. (Mitochondria) : (301-Harsh Mohan 6th ) (625-Robbins & Cotran-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Ringed sideroblasts is characteristic of sideroblastic anemia /Myelodysplastic SyndromeRinged sideroblast in which haem synthesis is disturbed as occurs in sideroblastic anaemiasRinged sideroblasts containing numerous large granules, often forming a complete or partial ring around the nucleus. These ringed arrangement of these granules is due to presence of iron laden mitochondria around the nucleus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Nuclear membrane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "d72f1d0f-b091-48f0-8986-c1920d587db4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Coagulative necrosis is seen in", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "TB", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Gangrene", "opd": "Cryptococcal infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7f8ee29e-3ad0-4621-9c02-75d1d49e8653", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hypertrophy is a type of", "exp": "Physiological adaptive responses include: \n\nHypertrophy - increase in cell size \nHyperplasia - increase in the number of cells \nAtrophy - decrease in cell size and number \nMetaplasia - reversible replacement of one cell type by another differentiated cell type", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell injury", "opb": "Cellular adaptation", "opc": "Carcinoma", "opd": "Cell aging", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca23e34f-517f-47c0-ba1f-9b18c6267cdd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Is a sex-linked disorder of bones that develop in cartilage", "opb": "manifests with blue sclera which are pathognomonic of this disease", "opc": "May be associated with deafness", "opd": "Has associations with amelogenesis imperfecta", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a416ccba-a1a3-4c20-8456-e93759bd8b61", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Cell injury occurs due to", "exp": "Cell injury occurs due to decreased generation of cellular ATP ATP is necessary for Na+--K+ ATPase pump and Ca pump action and many other cellular functions for the existence of the cell THE MORPHOLOGY OF CELL AND TISSUE INJURY It is useful to describe the structural alterations that occur in damaged cells before we discuss the biochemical mecha- nisms that bring about these changes. All stresses and noxious influences exe their effects first at the molecular or biochemical level. Cellular function may be lost long before cell death occurs, and the morphologic changes of cell injury (or death) lag far behind both (Fig. 1-7). For example, myocardial cells become noncontractile after 1 to 2 minutes of isch- emia, although they do not die until 20 to 30 minutes of ischemia have elapsed. These myocytes may not appear dead by electron microscopy for 2 to 3 hours, or by light microscopy for 6 to 12 hours. The cellular derangements of reversible injury can be corrected, and if the injurious stimulus abates, the cell can return to normalcy. Persistent or excessive injury, however, causes cells to pass the nebulous \"point of no return\" into irreversible injury and cell death. The events that determine when reversible injury becomes irreversible and progresses to cell death remain poorly understood. The clinical rele- vance of this question is obvious; if the biochemical and molecular changes that predict cell death can be identified with precision, it may be possible to devise strategies for preventing the transition from reversible to irreversible cell injury. Although there are no definitive morphologic or biochemical correlates of irreversibility, two phenomena con- sistently characterize irreversibility: the inability to correct mito- chondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation) even after resolution of the original injury, and profound disturbances in membrane function. As mentioned earlier, injury to lysosomal membranes results in the enzymatic dissolution of the injured cell, which is the culmination of injury progressing to necrosis. As mentioned earlier, different injurious stimuli may induce death by necrosis or apoptosis (Fig. 1-6 and Table Refer robbins 9/e p6", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased cellular ATP generation", "opb": "Cytosolic Ca++", "opc": "Membrane damage", "opd": "Intracellular K+", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "64658e9a-9034-42b1-99fe-aaad9cc2a587", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Incidence of most common malignant tumours in women is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Breast", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Cervix", "opd": "Ovary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "94c68828-e7cc-4c51-bbc8-666fc9c4da3b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Platelet function can be assessed by", "exp": "Bleeding time is the time taken for bleeding to stop (time for platelet plug to form)\nBleeding time is a test of platelet function.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Prothrombin time", "opb": "Fibrinogen degradation products", "opc": "Clotting time", "opd": "Bleeding time", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2729cd78-0774-4b7b-8630-5641bbe62d7f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Paradoxical respiration is seen in", "exp": "Diaphragmatic palsy Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysisUnilateral diaphragmatic paralysisMost common cause of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are:High spinal cord injuryThoracic trauma (cardiac surgery)Multiple sclerosisAnterior horn disease Muscular dystrophyMost patients present with hypercapnic respiratory failure, frequently complicated by cor pulmonale and right ventricular failure, Atelectasis and pneumonia.The degree of diaphragmatic weakness is best quantitated by measuring trans diaphragmatic pressures.Treatment of choice is assisted ventilation for all or pa of each day.If the nerve to the diaphragm is intact, diaphragmatic pacing may be a ble alternativeUnilateral palsy is MC than bilateral, MC cause is nerve invasion from malignancy, usually a bronchogenic carcinoma.Diagnosis is suggested by an elevated hemidiaphragm on the CXR.Confirmation is best established with the \"sniff test\"(when the patient is observed with fluoroscopy while sniffing, then paralyzed diaphragm will move paradoxically upward due to the negative intrathoracic pressure).Patients with unilateral paralyzed diaphragm are usually asymptomatic, vital capacity and total lung capacity is reduced about 25%.No treatment if CXR is normal and patient is asymptomatic(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2221)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multiple fracture ribs", "opb": "Diaphragmatic palsy", "opc": "Bulbar polio", "opd": "Severe asthma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3ff98111-521c-49d1-adbe-94a61f36b4e2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Staining done for sebaceous cell carcinoma", "exp": "Ans. a. Oil Red 0 Histopathology of Sebaceous cell carcinoma Tumor is composed of lobules or sheets of cells separated by a fibrovascular stroma. The cell extend deeply and often involve the subcutaneous tissue and even the underlying muscle. The cells show various sebaceous differentiation, manifest as finely vacuolated or foamydeg rather than clear cytoplasm. There is more differentiation at the centre of the nest. Sometimes pseudoglandular formationdeg occurs. The vacuolated cells show abundant lipid, if a frozen section is stained with Oil Red '0' or Sudan Blackdeg. Sebaceous cell carcinoma Chlazion is tarsal or meibomian cyst and sebaceous cell carcinoma arises from the meibomian glands, so a recurrent chlazion should be subjected to histo-pathologic evaluation to exclude possibility of Sebaceous cell carcinomadeg. Usually presents as a nodule (which maybe mistaken for chlazion)deg, which then grows to form a big growth Surgical excision with reconstruction of the lids is the treatment of choicedeg", "cop": 1, "opa": "Red 0", "opb": "PAS", "opc": "Methamine silver", "opd": "KOH", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e4ce058f-9c0e-4fe7-9b6b-c21038bc7ddf", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Autoantibodies Ani Ro and Anti La are completely absent\nin", "exp": "Decreasing order of frequency of finding Anti - Ra (or SSa) & Anti- La (or SSb) antibodies is Sjogren's syndrome, SLE, Systemic sclerosis. SSa antibodies may be occasionally found but SSb antibodies may be totally absent in rheumatoid arthritis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Systemic Lupus erythematosus", "opb": "Sjogren's syndrome", "opc": "Diffuse Scleroderma", "opd": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "66060ad3-30ef-405d-aece-58c9cfc18e01", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hemophilia B is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease\nDeficiency of factor 9 X linked recessive\n\n\n\nDisorder\nDeficiency\n\n\nHemophilia A\n\t\t\tHemophilia B\n\t\t\tHemophilia C\nFactor 8\n\t\t\tFactor 9\n\t\t\tFactor 11", "cop": 1, "opa": "Factor IX", "opb": "Factor VII", "opc": "Factor XI", "opd": "Factor X", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "05d1de1a-9e98-4334-88f0-328b9792ce98", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Alosetron is", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "5HT1 receptor antagonist", "opb": "5HT2 receptor antagonist", "opc": "5HT3 receptor antagonist", "opd": "Analogues of somatostatin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "28be8a71-3e50-4a37-9e55-8870e6f3171f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Shelf life of gamma irradiated pRBC is", "exp": "Irradiation reduces RBC storage shelf life to not >28 days postirradiation depending on the time of irradiation relative to collection. Irradiation followed by refrigerator storage causes a higher concentration of in the product. To avoid wastage of RBC units, irradiation prior to issue is optimal. Ref baley and love 27 pg 17-18", "cop": 2, "opa": "21 days", "opb": "28 days", "opc": "35 days", "opd": "42 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "faa3f876-12c3-429f-941c-43b45d45a220", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Linear pattern of Ig deposition in glomerular basement membrane is seen in", "exp": "Ans: d (Good pasture s disease)Reference: Robbins, 8th ed pg. 912Renal InvolvementCharacteristic1. Post Streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)2. Membranous glomerulopathy3. IgA nephropathy4. Membrano proliferative glomerulo nephritis (MPGN)Enlarged hypercellular glomeruli Severe form - Crescent formation IF: Granular deposits of IgG, IgM, C3 along GBM E/M: \"Subepithelial humps\"Diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary wallE/M: electro denseSubepithelial deposit of IgSilver- \"Spike like projection\"Focal segmental or diffuseProliferation of mesangiumIF: IgA deposits in mesangiumE/M: Electron dense mesangial deposits Thickening of GBM with proliferation of glomerular cells & leukocytic infiltrationLight microscopy - Double contour or tram-track appearance - split basement membraneType 1 - Subendothelial depositsType 2 - Intramembranous deposits5. Lupus nephritis IF: Irregular mesangial & capillary loop deposits Subendothelial location6. Good Pasture Dense linear IgG staining of syndrome the GBM7. Diabetic Nephropathy Nodular Mesangial expansion \"Kimmelstal Wilson Nodule\" with increased mesangial matrix and cellularity & micro aneurysm formation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lupus nephritis", "opb": "Diabetic glomerulonephropathy", "opc": "Renal vein thrombosis", "opd": "Good pasture's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "0539285a-8975-4690-9406-dec89790af57", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Plasmacytoid lymphomas may be associated with increase in", "exp": "Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is a B-cell neoplasm composed of small lymphocytes, plasmacytoidlymphocytes, and plasma cells, which typically affects older adults. There is maturation to plasmacytoid cells, but lacking the features of other lymphomas (pseudofollicles, neoplastic follicles, monocytoid B cells). lymph nodes; the pattern is diffuse or interfollicular, sparing the sinuses. The infiltrate consists of small lymphocytes,plasmacytoid cells and plasma cells Immunoblasts, epithelioid histiocytes and mast cells may be present. bone marrow; diffuse, nodular or interstitial infiltration. The consensus panel requires bone marrow involvement for the diagnosis of WM4. There may be circulating neoplastic cells, but the count is lower than for CLL", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "22362a35-3598-4a88-9ef5-a033c8e05483", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Red infarct is seen in", "exp": "Ans. a (Lung). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology 6th ed., 1308) Hemorrhagic/ Red infarctNonhemorrhagic/pale/ bland/anaemic infarct1Ovarian torsionHeart2LungSpleen3Small intestineKidney", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lungs", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "34373910-797e-4e74-93b1-f7750ed26d98", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In internal auditory meatus", "exp": "The facial nerve lies lateral to superior vestibular nerve. The IAM on either side face each other across the posterior fossa", "cop": 2, "opa": "The cochlear nerve is medial to inferior vestibular nerve", "opb": "The facial nerve is lateral to superior vestibular nerve", "opc": "The inferior vestibular nerve is inferior to the cochlear nerve", "opd": "The superior vestibular nerve is medial to the inferior vestibular nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a070978c-8c7c-4b52-8d65-0727f25c7606", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Mulberry molars are characteristic features of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Severe fluorosis", "opb": "Trauma at the time of birth", "opc": "Congenital syphilis.", "opd": "Due to chronic suppurative abscess in over lying gingival tissue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12bc3cd7-03ad-4d75-927b-1d3851e9764c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Microarray is best characterised by", "exp": "Microarrays are gene chips used to sequence genes or portions of genes.In this technique, short sequences of DNA(oligonucleotides) that are complementary to the wild-type sequence and to known mutations are “tiled” adjacent to each other on the gene chip, and the DNA sample to be tested is hybridized to the array. Before hybridization the sample is labeled with fluorescent dyes. The hybridization (and consequently, the fluorescent signal emitted) will be strongest at the oligonucleotide that is complementary to wild-type sequence if no mutations are present, while the presence of a mutation will cause hybridization to occur at the complementary mutant oligonucleotide.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Study of organisms", "opb": "Study of disease", "opc": "Study of multiple genes", "opd": "Study of blood group", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "febec198-ce37-489e-98a3-a176e2ccd849", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Stony dull note on percussion is characteristic of", "exp": "Pleural Effusion - Percussion findings Stony dullness with increased resistance and no shifting dullness below the level of fluid.Skodaic resonance (boxy note) just above the effusionObliteration of Traube&;s space in left side effusionGrocco&;s triangle: Triangular area of dullness against veebral column, at the base of opposite lung, due to collapse&; of lungEllis&;S&; shaped curve(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2178-2180)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pleural effusion", "opb": "Consolidation", "opc": "Pleurisy", "opd": "Tuberculosis cavity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b8311f72-84a4-4549-b189-f263d83cfc19", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Generalised thickening of cortical and cancellous bones is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Osteopetrosis", "opb": "Pagets disease", "opc": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "opd": "Infantile hyperostosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ba7be74-d02c-464a-beab-eb016eab8ec3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common precancerous lesion for oral malignancy is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "chronic hypertrophic candidiasis", "opb": "leukoplakia", "opc": "dental ulcers", "opd": "atrophic glossitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e80b4bdf-652a-4dcd-9598-4afe2cb692d0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common nephropathy in the world is", "exp": "IgA nephropathy (nuh-FROP-uh-thee), also known as Berger's disease, is akidney disease that occurs when an antibody called immunoglobulin A(IgA) builds up in your kidneys. This results in local inflammation that, over time, can hamper your kidneys' ability to filter waste from your blood. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgA nephropathy", "opb": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis", "opc": "Minimal change disease", "opd": "Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "93576219-81d4-4963-bb0f-2be409069003", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Delayed dentition with multiple supernumerary teeth is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opb": "Cleidocranial dysplasia", "opc": "Pierre Robin Syndrome", "opd": "Mongolism (Down's Syndrome)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36a83d46-1c7e-4036-98c1-68a48049a29a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Amyloidosis most commonly affects", "exp": "Amyloidosis*A disease due to an accumulation of abnormal proteins which are formed due to abnormal protein misfolding. *Light microscopy: Amorphous, eosinophilic, hyaline, extracellular substance that causes atrophy of adjacent cells*Congored stain: Pink or red color to amyloid deposits*Congored under polarized microscopy: Apple green birefringence*To differentiate primary amyloidosis from secondary amyloidosis: Treat with potassium permanganate and then perform congo red stain. Congo red stain show positive in primary amyloidosis but negative in secondary amyloidosis due to potassium permanganate treatment. (Primary-persists) *Electron microscopy: Continous non-branching fibril with a diameter of 7.5 to 10nm*X-ray crystallography and Infrared spectroscopy- cross beta-pleated sheet conformation*Most common organs involved: Kidney and Hea *Most common test performed to diagnose amyloidosis: Abdominal fat pad aspiration*Most reliable test performed to diagnose amyloidosis: Tissue biopsy*Most rapid test to diagnose amyloidosis: Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid O component*Test used in treatment follow up: Scintigraphy with radiolabelled serum amyloid O componentRef: Robbins 8/e p249", "cop": 4, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Tongue", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Hea", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "ce909ba1-8794-4152-a2e8-2724e8654e8e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperkeratosis", "opb": "Parakeratosis", "opc": "Acanthosis", "opd": "Erosion", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c0eb17f-fb06-4bff-9f1a-447f4307ecf6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The commonest site of endometriosis", "exp": "Endometriosis\n\nEndometriosis (ectopic endometrium) is the term used to describe the presence of endometrium (endometrial glands or stroma) in abnormal locations outside the uterus.\nIt occurs in following sites, in decreasing order of frequency -\n\n1. Ovary 2. Uterine ligaments 3. Rectovaginal septum 4. Pelvic peritoneum\n5. Laprotomy scar 6. Umbilicus, vagina, vulva or appendix.\n\nAdenomyosis is the presence of endometrial tissue in the uterine wall, i.e., in the myometrium.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vagina", "opb": "Ovary", "opc": "Urinary bladder", "opd": "Peritoneal cavity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bff990fd-be62-4958-8928-0faed0f5ec3d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "OsteoscLerosis of bone occurs due to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased host resistance", "opb": "Increase in the virulence of organisms causes infection", "opc": "Increased host response", "opd": "Occurs in immunocompromised patients", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b17bd4ab-a488-47e7-a654-383ef09bef3d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common cause of Addison's disease is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Autoimmune adrenalitis o Most common cause (60%-70%) of primary adrenocoicol insufficiency (Addison'discases) is autoimmune adrenelitis. o Other common cause are. Tuberculosis -*Most common cause of Addison's disease in India . AIDS Metastatic cancers", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autoimmune adrenalitis", "opb": "Meningococcal septicemia", "opc": "Malignancy", "opd": "Tuberculosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b69d6290-421f-4e2f-92ac-8714eca2cb7c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lacunar cells are seen in", "exp": "Hodgkins Lymphoma*Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses a group of lymphoid neoplasms*Arise almost invariably in a single lymph node or chain of lymph nodes and spread characteristically in a stepwise fashion to the anatomically contiguous nodes. Hence staging is impoant.*Its characterized by presence of noeplastic giant cells called as Reed-Sternbergs cell with two nuclear lobes, large inclusion-like nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm.Classification1.Nodular sclerosis2.Mixed cellularity3.Lymphocyte rich4.Lymphocyte depleted5.Lymphocyte predominanceCharacteristics of different subtypes of Hodgkin lymphomaSubtypeMorphology Background infiltrateImmunophenotypeNodular sclerosisLacunar cellsOccasional RS cellsT cells, esinophils, macrophages, plasma cellsCD15+ CD30+ EBV-Mixed cellularityMononuclear cells ( Hodgkin cell) & RS cellT cells, esinophils, macrophages, plasma cellsCD15+ CD30+ EBV+ (70%)Lymphocyte richMononuclear cells ( Hodgkin cell) & RS cellT cells richCD15+ CD30+ EBV+ (40%)Lymphocyte depletedFrequent RS cellsPaucity of background reactive cellsCD15+ CD30+ EBV+ (90%)Lymphocyte predominanceFrequent L&H (popcorn cells)Follicular dentritic cells and reactive B cellsCD15- CD30- EBV- CD20+Note: 1) L&H - lymphocytic and histiocytic variant of Hodgkin lymphoma seen in Lymphocyte predominant subtype. 2) CD 15 and 30 are the classical markers of Hodgkin lymphoma 3) Lymphocyte predominant is different from the other 4 subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Hence called as a NONCLASSICAL variant.4) Prognosis Excellent - Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte-rich, Lymphocyte predominant Less orable- Lymphocyte depleted(Ref: Robbins 8/e p618, 7/e p422-423)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lymphocyte predomninat HL", "opb": "Lymphcyte depleted HL", "opc": "Nodular sclerosis", "opd": "Mixed cellularity", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "8f445d36-2edf-445f-b6c0-10a1a58b4866", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Type of necrosis seen in Neervous tissue", "exp": "Different type of necrosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coagulative", "opb": "Caseeous", "opc": "Fibrinoid", "opd": "Liquefactive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5fa8d970-e471-4089-9720-f5a47f51bc29", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Popkorn cells are found in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hodgkins Lymphoma", "opb": "Non Hodgekins lymphoma", "opc": "Multiple myeloma", "opd": "Iron deficiency anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "26fdaad3-3f6d-444e-aa1c-2e4f526f15e0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Break up time (BUT) test is done in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sjogren's syndrome", "opb": "Multiple sclerosis", "opc": "SLE", "opd": "Myasthenia gravis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8176de09-d97e-480b-8643-816d27e82f02", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Anti trans glutaminase antibodies are seen in", "exp": "- Celiac sprue is associated with Anti-tissue transglutaminase Ab Anti-endomysial Ab Anti-gliadin Ab OTHER OPTIONS: - Tropical sprue is infectious disease most commonly caused by E.coli involving complete small intestine resulting in iron, folic acid & vit B12 deficiencies - Crohn's disease is inflammatory bowel disease associated with Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibody - Familial adenomatous polyposis is autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutation in APC gene resulting in multiple polyps in GI tract.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Celiac sprue", "opb": "Tropical sprue", "opc": "Crohn's disease", "opd": "Familial adenomatous polyposis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Small Intestine Malabsorption disorders", "id": "ced8d7fe-f468-4fac-8719-9df34f3dd047", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "ANCA is associated with", "exp": "• ANCA or antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies are formed against certain proteins in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. Out of the given options, Wegener’s granulomatosis is most strongly associated with ANCA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Henoch-Schonlein Purpura", "opb": "Wegener’s granulomatosis", "opc": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "opd": "Goodpasture syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d0ff45ed-3b92-45c9-ac7e-e60a0d756c5f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Scar in lung tissue may get transformed into", "exp": "“Peripheral adenocarcinomas with a small central invasive component associated with scarring and a predominantly peripheral bronchioloalveolar growth pattern may have a better outcome than invasive carcinomas of the same size.”.. Robbins", "cop": 4, "opa": "Columnar cell carcinoma", "opb": "Oat cell carcinoma", "opc": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Adenocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04dc4a34-40ab-4d6b-b669-f5e892572cc7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "As a general rule, veins carry", "exp": "All veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart with the exception of the pulmonary vein\nwhich carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Urine", "opb": "Lymph fluid", "opc": "Oxygenated blood", "opd": "Deoxygenated blood", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1130ac3f-006b-444a-8eec-5630f3350828", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hea failure cells are found in", "exp": "It is seen characteristically found in lungs during left hea failure.The morphology of lung in LVH described by: Lungs. Rising pressure in the pulmonary veins is ultimately transmitted back to the capillaries and aeries of the lungs, resulting in congestion and edema as well as pleural effusion due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the venules of the visceral pleura. The lungs are heavy and boggy, and microscopically show perivascular and interstitial transudates, alveolar septal edema, and accumulation of edema fluid in the alveolar spaces. In addition, variable numbers of red cells extravasate from the leaky capillaries into alveolar spaces, where they are phagocytosed by macrophages The subsequent breakdown of red cells and hemoglobin leads to the appearance of hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages-- so-called hea failure cells--that reflect previous epi sodes of pulmonary edema. (Robbins Basic Pathology,9th edition,pg no.367)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myocardium", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d3bc837d-eb02-40b4-be61-980473c8d334", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Phagocytosis in brain is caused by", "exp": "Microglia is the nervous system counter- pa of the monocyte-macrophage system. Although the term 'microglia' is commonly used but it is inappropriate since these cells, unlike neuroglia, are not of neuroectodermal origin. Microglial cells (or Hoega cells) are not fixed but are mobile cells. These cells are found throughout the brain and are often present close to the blood vessels. Normally, microglial cells appear as small inconspicuous cells with bean-shaped vesicular nuclei, scanty cytoplasm and long cytoplasmic processes (Fig. 30.1,C). In response to injury or damage, however, these cells have capability to enlarge in size, proliferate and develop elongated nuclei, so called rod cells. Microglial cells may actually assume the shape and phagocytic function of macrophages and form gitter cells. The foci of necrosis and areas of selective hypoxic damage to the neurons are surrounded by microglial cells which perform phagocytosis of damaged and necrosed cells; this is known as neuronophagia. NEUROGLIA. The neuroglia provides suppoive matrix and maintenance to the neurons. It includes 3 types of cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells Neuroglia is generally referred to as glia; thetumours originating from it are termed gliomas, and reactive proliferation of the astrocytes being called gliosis. i) Astrocytes. The astrocytes are stellate cells with numerous fine branching processes. In routine haematoxylin and eosin stains, an astrocyte has round or oval vesicular nucleus, but unlike neuron, lacks a prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm is generally scanty. The processes radiate from the cell body. Depending upon the type of processes, two types of astrocytes are distinguished: Protoplasmic astrocytes have branched processes and are found mostly in the grey matter. Fibrous astrocytes have long, thin processes and are present mainly in the white matter. Some astrocytic processes are directed towards neurons and their processes, which others surround capillaries by terminal expansions called foot processes. The astrocytic processes may not be visible by routine stains but can be demonstrated by phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) stain. Ultrastructurally, these processes are composed of abundant intermediate filaments, mostly vimentin. The main functions of astrocytes in health are physio- logical and biochemical suppo to the neurons and interactions with capillary endothelial cells to establish blood brain barrier. In case of damage to the brain, astrocytes act like fibroblasts of other tissues. The astrocytes in respond to injury undergo hyperplasia and hyperophy termed 'gliosis' which is an equivalent of scar elsewhere in the body. Gemistocytic astrocytes are early reactive astrocytes having prominent pink cytoplasm. Long-standing progressive gliosis results in the development of Rosenthal fibres which are eosinophilic, elongated or globular bodies present on the astrocytic processes. Corpora amylacea are basophilic, rounded, sometimes laminated bodies, present in elderly people in the white matter and result from accumulation of starch-like material in the degenerating astrocytes. ii) Oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are so named because of their sho and fewer processes when examined by light microscopy with special stains (oligo=sho). In haematoxylin-eosin stained sections, these cells appear as small cells with a darkly-staining nucleus resembling that of small lymphocyte. The cytoplasm appears as a clear halo around the nucleus. Oligodendrocytes are present throughout the brain in grey as well as white matter and are most numerous of all other cells in the CNS. In grey matter, they are clustered around the neurons and are called satellite cells. In white matter, they are present along the myelinated nerve fibres and are termed interfascicular oligodendroglia. The major function of oligodendrocytes is formation and maintenance of myelin. Thus, in this respect they are counterpas of Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Diseases of oligodendrocytes are, therefore, disorders of myelin and myelinisation such as inherited leucodys- trophies and acquired demyelinating diseases. iii) Ependymal cells. The ependymal cells are epithelium- like and form a single layer of cells lining the ventricular system, aqueduct, central canal of the spinal cord and cover the choroid plexus. They are cuboidal to columnar cells and have ciliated luminal surface, just beneath which are present small bodies termed blepharoplasts. The ependymal cells influence the formation and composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by processes of active secretion, diffusion, absorption and exchange. The function of cilia is not very clear but probably they play a role in the circulation of CSF. The ependymal cells respond to injury by cell loss and the space left is filled by proliferation of underlying glial fibres. Ref:TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6th EDITION - HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:871-872 MICROGLIA.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Astrocytes", "opb": "Microglia", "opc": "oligodendrocytes", "opd": "Ependymal cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5de496fe-8ae8-4188-9830-9a12da1beb50", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Protein affected in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6", "exp": "Ans. (b) a1A-Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit(Ref: 19tha/pg 451)Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 is due to CACNA2A gene on chromosome 19pl3.3, which codes for a1A-Voltage- dependent calcium channel subunit protein.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ataxin", "opb": "a1A-Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit", "opc": "Atrophin", "opd": "Androgen receptor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "bbe69707-e906-46ef-9210-53ed82c4db26", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency is seen in the following disease", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Common variable immunodeficiency", "opb": "Severe combined immunodeficiency", "opc": "Chronic granulomatous disease", "opd": "Nezelof syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "08019e26-9ed8-4e88-84e3-baa42193243a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Low serum haptoglobin in hemolysis is masked by", "exp": "Bile duct obstruction llapatoglobin is a transpo glycoprotein synthesized by the liver. - It is a carrier, for.free Hb in plasma. - Its primary physiological. function is the preservation of iron. - Haptoglobin binds hemoglobin and carries it to the reticuloendothelial system. A decrease in haptoglobin (with normal liver function) is most likely to occur with increased consumption of haptoglobin due to increased intravascular activity. The concentration of haptoglobin is inversely related to the degree of hemolysis and to the duration of hemolytic episode. aiims pginee answers & explanations - Nov 2009 - Normal blood has sufficient haptoglobin to bind to about 100-200 mg of hemoglobin. As a result the hemoglobin released due to intravascular hemolysis binds to haptoglobin. The resulting hemoglobin complex is removed by hepatocytes. \"This result in decreased serum haptoglobin in individuals with hemolytic disease\". \"In biliary obstruction the serum haptoglobin level is increased this may mask the decrease in serum haptoglobin due to hemolysis\".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pregnancy", "opb": "Liver disease", "opc": "Bile duct obstruction", "opd": "Malnutrition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5384e5e-3917-46a7-9fe9-aa9ab02e6ce1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Chromosome on ABO blood group is", "exp": "Histo-blood group ABO system transferaseis an enzyme with glycosyltransferaseactivity, which is encoded by the ABO genein humans. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. ABO determines the ABO blood group of an individual by modifying the oligosaccharides on cell surface glycoproteins. The ABO gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9q34.2 and contains 7 exons. The ABO locus encodes three alleles. The A allele produces a-1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase (A-transferase), which catalyzes the transfer of GalNAc residuesfrom the UDP-GalNAc donor nucleotide to the Gal residues of the acceptor H antigen, conveing the H antigen into A antigen in A and AB individuals. The B allele encodes a-1,3-galactosyl transferase (B-transferase), which catalyzes the transfer of Gal residues from the UDP-Gal donor nucleotide to the Gal residues of the acceptor H antigen, conveing the H antigen into B antigen in B and AB individuals.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ch1", "opb": "Ch 3", "opc": "Ch 6", "opd": "Ch 9", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "1bfc56df-372b-4af8-adff-4f17c435252d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In Hodgkin's disease, the lymphoma cells seen are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Eosinophils", "opb": "Plasma cells", "opc": "Reed-sternberg cells", "opd": "Giant cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bd430cb7-1215-4f43-b68e-f70263034f0a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome", "exp": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Caused by deficiencies of complement regulatory proteins or agents that damage endothelial cells, such as a Shiga-like toxin elaborated by E. coli strain O157:H7. The endothelial injury initiates platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and microvascular thrombosis. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 491", "cop": 2, "opa": "Most commonly caused by verocytogenic E.Coli", "opb": "Causes mild to severe coombs positive hemolytic anemia", "opc": "Recurrences rare", "opd": "Transient thrombocytopenia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "32fc55a1-5056-41da-9182-cb74f57e29fd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The subtype of hodgkin lymphoma characterized by L and H cells", "exp": "L and H cells are seen in lymphocyte predominane type of Hodgkin&;s disease. It is also known as polyploid type or popcorn type RS (reed -sternberg) cells This type of RS cells is larger with lobulated nucleus in the shape of popcorn Reference: textbook of Pathology 6th edition Author Harsha Mohan page number 369", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nodular sclerosis", "opb": "Mixed cellularity", "opc": "Lymphocyte depletion", "opd": "Lymphocyte predominance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "3c8af7c1-0cfb-4286-b114-a5b37f35de31", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lymphocytosis is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fungal infections", "opb": "Viral infections", "opc": "Bacterial infections", "opd": "Protozoal infections", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "157ca08f-bc9c-4cef-a705-88a7d0640513", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In comparison to hyperplasia, hyperophy is", "exp": "* Hyperophy: increase in size of cells. There are no new cells just bigger cells containing increased amount of structural proteins and organelles * Hyperplasia: increase in cell number Both results in enlarged organ * Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of replication * Hyperophy occurs in cells which have limited capacity to divide Refer robbins 9/e p3.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in cell size and number", "opb": "Increase in cell size without increase in number", "opc": "Increase in cell number without increase in size", "opd": "Increase in cell size and decrease in number", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "b6ba710a-cb16-4755-a8fd-2385878e9c61", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "During a routine checkup a 70 year old mate is found to have Serum Alkaline Phosphatase three times the upper limit of norrnal. Serum Calcium, Serum Phosphorous and liver function tests are normal. The most likely diagonsis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Paget's disease of the bone", "opc": "Osteomalacia", "opd": "Metastatic bone disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa1146ec-158c-4d20-a1a9-46403fd91182", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Effective red cell diameter", "exp": "Answer: (C) Thalassemia minor anemia may present with normal RBC diameter (265-68-Hrshmohon 7th) (630= Rabbins- basis disease)Red blood cell distribution width (RDW or RCDW) is a measure of the variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6-8 pm in diameter. Certain disorders, however, cause a significant variation in cell size. Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in size. Normal reference range in human red blood cells is 11.5-14.5%. If anemia is observed, RDW test results are often used together with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) results to determine the possible causes of the anemia. It is mainly used to differentiate an anemia of mixed causes from an anemia of a single cause. Deficiencies of Vitamin Bl2 orfolate produce a macrocytic anemia (large cell anemia) in which the RDW is elevated in roughly two- thirds of all cases; however, a varied size distribution of red blood cells is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia, and as such shows an increased RDW in virtually all cases. In the case of a mixed iron and B!2 deficiency, there will normally be a mix of both large cells and small cells, causing the RDW to be elevated. An elevated RDW (red blood cells of unequal sizes) is known as anisocytosis. An elevation in the RDW is not characteristic of all anemias; anemia of chronic disease,hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, aplastic anemia (anemia resulting from an inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and certain hereditary hemoglobinopathies (including some cases of thalassemia minor) all may present with a normal RDW* The human erythrocyte is a biconcave disc, 7-2 pm in diameter, and has a thickness of 2-4 pm at the periphery and 1 mm in the centre* More than 90% of the weight of erythrocytes consists of haemoglobin. The life span of red cell is 120 +- 30 day.* Range of normal red cell count in health in 5.5 +- 1.0 x1012/L in men and 4.8 +- l.0x 1012/l in women* Packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit- 0.47 + 0.07L/L (40-54%) in men- 0.42 +- 0.05 L/L (37-47%) in women* Reticulocyte count (%)0.5-l .5* Red cell distribution width-11.5-14.51. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) =PCV in L/LRBC Count/L Normal value is 85 +- 8fl (77-93 fl)2. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) =Hb/LRBC Count/L Normal range is 29.5 +2.5pg (27-32 Pg)3. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) =Hb /dlPCV in L/LNormal value is 32.5 +2.5 g/dl (30-35 g/dl)* The size of the RBC is measured by MCV. MCHC is independent of red cell count and size *** Monocyte is the largest mature leucocyte in peripheral blood* Flow cytometry is done on - Lymphocytes* The anticoagulant used in Wintrobe ESR- Double oxalate1. Alkaline phosphatase is specific to Neutrophils cells2. Acid phasphatase is found in all hematopoitic cells but the highest levels are found in macrophages and osteoclasts (Monocytes)* Anticoagalant of choice for coagulation test is 3.2% sodium citrate *** Potassium oxalate + sodium fluoride is anticoagulant used in collection of blood sugar.Increases Leucocyte Alkaline phosphateDecreased Leucocyte Alkaline phosphate* Infections* Leukamoid reactions* Polycythemia- vera* Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)* CMLBlood group A is associated with1. Carcinoma stomach, cervix salivary gland pancreas2. Pernicious anemia3. Thrombosis in OCP users", "cop": 3, "opa": "Different in males and females", "opb": "Diameter of 500 microns", "opc": "Thalassemia minor anemia may present with normal RBC diameter", "opd": "Mixed iron and folic deficiency anemia produce microcytic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "4600d02f-5965-4b62-8549-0626a3952919", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "An acute inflammation would attract", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Monocytes", "opb": "Plasma cells", "opc": "Neutrophils", "opd": "Eosinophils", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a2b2de43-3320-4223-89d1-20c4507a0496", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Whipple's disease is caused by.", "exp": "Whipple disease is cause by bacteria called tropheryma whippli. It is responsible fot causing influx of lot of macrophages leading to compression of lacteals and impairment in absorption of nutrients. Rod shaped bacillis in macrophage is seen. Patient complains of malabsorption. Pas +ve diastase resistant is seen in macrophage. Treatment with antibiotic will show dramatic improvement.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacteria", "opb": "Virus", "opc": "Protozoa", "opd": "Helminths", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "125a7e80-7f7d-4537-8afb-1780ca741c34", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Berger disease does not involve", "exp": "Ans. (d) Lymphatics(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 512; 8th/pg 517)Buerger's disease: Segmental, thrombosing, acute and chronic inflammation of medium-sized and small arteries, principally the tibial and radial arteries, with occasional secondary extension into the veins and nerves of the extremities", "cop": 4, "opa": "Artery", "opb": "Veins", "opc": "Nerve", "opd": "Lymphatics", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "4ceff79c-c531-4166-8921-77b445dd762f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Anemia of chronic disorder is characterized by", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., T Bone marrow iron", "cop": 3, "opa": "T Sideroblast", "opb": "T TIBC", "opc": "T Bone marrow iron", "opd": "T Protoporphyrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "45a872ef-f1a2-4b82-a459-4180e0e6a752", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia is due to", "exp": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia is an autosomal recessive disorder. There is a failure of primary platelet aggregation with ADP or collagen due to inherited deficiency of two platelets membrane glycoproteins. It is caused due to deficiency of glycoprotein IIb- IIa.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased GpIb", "opb": "Decreased GpIIb/IIa", "opc": "Anti-GpIIb/IIIa antibodies", "opd": "Inhibition or deficiency of ADAMTS 13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5eeff1eb-62ce-480a-a27f-d61cd173439d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The risk factor in cholangiocarcinoma", "exp": "Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the biliary tree, arising from bile ducts within or outside the liver,\no Risk factors All risk factors for cholangiocarcinomas cause chronic inammation and cholestasis,\nwhich presumably promote the occurrence of somatic mutations or epigenetic alterations in cholangiocytes. Primary sclerosing cholangitis.\nHepatolithiasis. Congenital bro-polycystic disease of the biliary system (Caroli disease, choledochal cyst). Hepatitis B and C. Exposure to thorotrast.\nOpisthorchissinensis and clonorchiasis infection", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pancreatitis", "opb": "Ulcerave coltis", "opc": "Pyelonephritis", "opd": "Caroli disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cdd978e2-f662-4aa8-b30c-4cdb30e89273", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pauci immune glomerulonephritis is seen in aEUR'", "exp": "Microscopic polyangitis fRef Bobbin's Th/e p. 976] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis may be caused by number of different diseases, some restricted to the kidneys and others systemic. Although no single mechanism can explain all cases, there is little doubt that in most cases, the glomerular injury is immunologically mediated. Thus a practical classification divides rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis into three groups on the basis of immunological findings. RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS II Type RPGN Type I RPGN (anti GBM antibody) m (Immune (I complex) Type III RPGN (Pauci immune) * Idiopathic * Idiopathic * ANCA associated * Goodpasture * Post infectious * Idiopathic syndrome * Systemic lupus * Wegener erythematous granulomatosis * Henoch schnolein * Microscopic PAN purpura * Microscopic polyangitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "After transplant in alpos", "opb": "Microscopic polyangiitis", "opc": "Henoch-Schonlein nephritis", "opd": "Lupus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "008eb50a-c602-4908-9ff9-c9180d0e311b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasm derived from", "exp": "Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms composed of chromaffin cells, which synthesize and release catecholamines and in some instances peptide hormones. Pheochromocytomas that develop in extra-adrenal paraganglia are designated paragangliomas Robbins 9e pg: 1134 Ref img", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromaffin cells", "opb": "Paraganglia in neck", "opc": "An adrenal gland tumor due to nephrogenic rest", "opd": "Primitive totipotential cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bce06e7c-7bbf-43d0-9eb1-23a159fae5b4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Constant feature associated with a radicular cyst", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "An impacted tooth", "opb": "A missing tooth", "opc": "A non-vital tooth", "opd": "An anomalous tooth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a92955bf-d974-4b56-b301-4191aeaf780f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Collagen most abundant in Hyaline cailage", "exp": "Hyaline cailage is a unique connective tissue ideally suited to serve as an elastic shock absorber and wear-resistant surface It lacks a blood supply and does not have lymphatic drainage or innervation it is composed of water (70%), type II collagen (10%), proteoglycans (8%), and chondrocytes ref robbins 9th ed page 1208", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "5b7229a3-a399-4ea1-b597-433970fd6cbd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cancer in liver is", "exp": "Answer- C. MetastasisMost commonhqtatic neoplasm is metastasis.Most common primary benig nlesion of liver is cavernous hemangioma.Most common primary malignant lesion of liver is hepatocellular carcinoma.Most common primary hepatic tumor of children is hepatoblastoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Papilloma", "opb": "Hepatic adenoma", "opc": "Metastasis", "opd": "Cavernous Hemangioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c884578d-5666-4699-9603-7335fa544e66", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The gene involved in GIST", "exp": "Pathogenesis of GISTs\n\nApproximately 75% to 80% of all GISTs have oncogenic, gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding the tyrosine kinase c-KIT.\nApproximately 8% of GISTs have mutations that activate a related tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor a (PDGFRA).\nConstitutively active c-KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases activate RAS and P13K/AKT pathways and thereby promote tumor cell proliferation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "C-KIT", "opb": "BRAC-1", "opc": "p53", "opd": "BRAC-2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e2a98706-ad45-43bc-9730-f5ad7319cf41", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Shoest acting synthetic opioid is", "exp": ".Remifentanil is a potent, sho-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well as combined with other medications for use in general anesthesia Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fentanyl", "opb": "Remifentanil", "opc": "Alfentanil", "opd": "Sufentanil", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b018d1b1-4c1d-433a-aca5-1bcaadcf69e1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ratio of fat cells and RBC in bone marrow", "exp": "Bone marrow contains two types of stemcells: hemopoietic (which can produce blood cells) and stromal (which can produce fat, cailage and bone). ... Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow; some white blood cells develop in yellow marrow", "cop": 1, "opa": "4:01", "opb": "1:01", "opc": "1:02", "opd": "2:01", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "e741bed5-1385-4be3-a679-73ae57915d57", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "KleihauerBetke test is used to detect", "exp": "Ans. (c) Fetomaternal blood leak(Ref: Oski's Pediatrics: Principles & Practice, chapter 66; Dacie 11th/pg 307)Ring sideroblasts are not seen in sickle cell anemia, but in Sideroblastic AnemiaPeripheral smear finding in sickle cell anemia:Ansiopoikilocytosis, polychromasia, Increased Retie %Irreversibly sickle RBCs and target cells (increased after autosplenectomy).Howell-Jolly bodies due to asplenia. Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ferning pattern in follicular phase", "opb": "Cephalopelvic disproportion", "opc": "Fetomaternal blood leak", "opd": "Sperm-cervical mucus interaction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "948e5f7d-99be-4c19-b147-3d2c2e8ceaeb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common site of metastasis from the mandibular sarcoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Heart", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "beb22bb2-1a7d-4980-8dff-69f11c59393d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The following is not a pyrogenic cytokine", "exp": "Ans. (c) Substance P(Ref: J Infect Dis. (1999) 179 (Supplement 2): S294-S304. doi: 10.1086/513856, Harrison 18th ed:2666.)IL1 AND TNF are well known pyrogenic cytokines In the hypothalamus, the prostaglandins, especially PGE2, stimulate the production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point at a higher level, hence pyrogenic", "cop": 3, "opa": "IL-1", "opb": "TNF", "opc": "Substance P", "opd": "Prostaglandins", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "06e9eaab-ed28-49c7-a0a6-427ed49c85c5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The incidence of bilaterality in a dermoid cyst is approximately", "exp": "Dermoid cyst is a benign germ cell tumour (very rarely malignant 1.7% typically in women older than 40 years). They are bilateral in 10% cases, usually unilocular with smooth surface, contains hair and sebaceousmaterial, lined in pa by squamous epithelium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "10%", "opb": "30%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "70%", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "a01991f1-e591-4885-9fc6-41dab6e8a3bb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Two siblings with ostegenesis imperfect, but their parents are normal. Mechanism of inheritance Is", "exp": "Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the gamete cells. Somatic mosaicism, a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells, and germline mosaicism can be present at the same time or individually depending on when the conditions occur. When the mosaicism is only found in the gametes and not in any somatic cells, it is referred to as pure germline mosaicism. Germline mosaicism can be caused either by a mutation that occurs after conception, or by epigenetic regulation, alterations to DNA such as methylation that do not involve changes in the DNA coding sequence. A mutation in an allele acquired by a somatic cell early in its development can be passed on to its daughter cells, including those that later specialize to gametes. It can also be caused by a sporadic mutation in a gamete cell. If the germline mosaicism causing mutation occurs in the somatic cell, it never results in pure germline mosaicism because it will be present in somatic cells as well.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anticipation", "opb": "Genomic impriting", "opc": "Germ line mosaicism", "opd": "New mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c9fd662b-bddc-4a4e-9c14-84a05b7b323e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Defect in xeroderma pigmentosum (Repeat)", "exp": "Ans: C (Nucleotide excision repair) Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition, Pg: 275 & Frosiius G Commentary: DNA base excision repair defects in human pathologies Free Radic Res. 2004 Oct:38(10): 1037-54.Explanation:Types of defects in DNA-repair systems and conditions associatedDNA Repair MechanismsDiseases associatedMismatch repair* Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome* Muir-Torre SyndromeNucleotide excision repair* Xeroderma pigmentosum* Cockayne's syndrome* T richothiodystrophyBase excision repair* Gross defects - Not compatible with life* Partial defects -Colorectal cancer & LungRecombinational repairCancers* Ataxia Telangiectasia (ATM gene, genome instability syndrome)* Bloom syndrome (RecQ DNA helicase; BLM gene)* Fancont anemia (BRCA-2)* Werner syndrome (WRNp protein- RecQ DNA helicase)Direct Repair-- DNA damaging agent X-raysoxygen radicals (internal/external) alkylating agents spontaneousUV-light oxygen radicals (internal/external)X-raysoxygen radicals (internal/external) UV-lightanti-tumor agentsreplicationerrorsnon-enzymatic methylation of DNA by cellular S-adenosyl- methionine||Lesions|||Uracilabasic site 8-oxoguanme single-strand break6-4 photoproduct bulky adducts cyclobutane pyrimidine dimerdouble-strandbreakinterstrand-crosslinkA-G mismatchT-C mismatch insertiondeletionO-6-methyl-guanine||Repairprocess|||Base excision repair (BER)Nucleotide excision repair (NER)Recombinational repair (HR/NHEJ)Mismatch repair (MMR)Direct reversal (DR)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mismatch repair", "opb": "Base excision repair", "opc": "Nucleotide excision repair", "opd": "Double strand break repair", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nature of Gene Abnormalities", "id": "5768d7d3-a3f0-4e4c-92ea-fe3a3234ed23", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "&;Lacunar cells&; seen in the following histological type of Hodgkin&;s lymphoma", "exp": "WHO classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma Nodular sclerosisMixed cellularityLymphocyte richLymphocyte depletedLymphocyte predominantMost common type of HL Most common type of HL in India Associated with HIV M = FM > FM > FM > FM > FReed Sternberg cell variant in lacunar cell ( clear space surrounding cell)Has eosinophils & plasma cells and Reed Sternberg cell in maximum numbersMononuclear and Reed Sternberg cell in low numbers Reed Sternberg cell - pleomorphic , mummified & necrobiotic LH cells ( pop corn cells ) with absence of B cellCells are CD 15+ and CD 30+Cells are CD 15+ and CD 30+Cells are CD 15+ CD 30+and CD 20 -Cells are CD 15+ and CD 30+Cells are CD 15- , CD 30- , CD 20 +, BCL6+ and EMA+No association with EBV Associated with EBV Associated with EBV Associated with EBV No association with EBV Excellent prognosis Very good prognosis Good to excellent prognosis Poor prognosis Excellent prognosis Adolescent and young adult Biphasic incidence Old age group Old age group Young males (Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 607-609)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nodular sclerosis", "opb": "Lymphocyte depleted", "opc": "Lymphocyte dominant", "opd": "Mixed", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f6c555fa-1673-4a82-ae27-cb670fc24981", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Increased osmotic fragility seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hereditary spherocytosisOsmotic fragility of Red blood cells.Red blood cell osmotic fragility is the resistance of RBC hemolysis to osmotic changes.Normally RBC maintains osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium i.e., with serum that has 0.9% NaCI.As the surrounding medium becomes hypotonic fluid will enter into the cell along osmotic gradiant, eventuallyunder very hypotonic conditions the cell will enlarge to capacity and rupture Osmotic lysis.Osmotic fragility is determined by measuring the degree of hemolysis in hypotonic saline. Normal red cell begins to lyse at 0.5% NaC1 and the hemolysis is complete at 0.3 NaCl.Red blood cells osmotic fragility is considered to be increased if hemolysis occur in a NaCI concentration > 0-5%.Osmotic fragility is considered to be decreased if the hemolysis is not complete in a 0-3% of NaCI.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alpha thalasemmia", "opb": "Beta thalassemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anemia", "opd": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1c3e162-a3e8-4422-8d4d-89745adf543a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Kilnefelter no of chromosomes", "exp": "Klinefelter syndrome is best defined as male hypogonadism that develops when there are at least two X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes. Most affected patients have a 47,XXY karyotype. This karyotype results from nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis. The extra X chromosome may be of either maternal or paternal origin. (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 239)", "cop": 1, "opa": "47", "opb": "46", "opc": "45", "opd": "44", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e49b493d-e10b-4465-8541-39bab1ed11f2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Mitochondrial chromosomal abnormaity leads to", "exp": "Diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes are rare. Because mitochondrial DNA encodes enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, diseases caused by mutations in such genes affect organs most dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (skeletal muscle, hea, brain). Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is the prototypical disorder in this group. This neurodegenerative disease manifests itself as progressive bilateral loss of central vision that leads in due course to blindness. Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes- Diseases Caused by Alterations of Imprinted Regions (Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition. page : 243)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy", "opb": "Angelman syndrome", "opc": "Prader villi syndrome", "opd": "Myotonic dystrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "76ddc44c-b631-4394-9443-7d05acccba7e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Increased levels of haemoglobin A2 is characteristic of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Sickle cell trait", "opb": "Beta-Thalassaemia trait", "opc": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency", "opd": "Alpha-Thalassaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a10dc640-55eb-416a-8c63-a49acb448c95", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Salivary duct calculi", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Produce pain on eating", "opb": "Are commonest in the parotid ducts", "opc": "Are common cause of acute parotitis", "opd": "Are associated with hypercaleaemic states", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c81740f-a5b2-4fca-83c4-4f4a6cd829be", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Reactive oxygen free radical in lysosome is released by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "NADPH oxidase", "opb": "Superoxide dismutase", "opc": "Peroxidase", "opd": "Myeloperoxidase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3658352-35f1-481a-b55f-8e99e0634a25", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Bronchopneumonia means", "exp": "Ans. b (Inflammatory involvement of the airways; the bronchus & the lung parenchyma).BRONCHOPNEUMONIA# It is multi focal, heterogenous inflammatory involvement of distal airways, thus distributed along the course of airways & patchy affection of lung parenchyma.# An Airbronchogram is usually absent & volume loss is common with occasional pneumatoceles.# Staphylococcus is a common bacteria causing bronchopneumonia.QLOBAR PNEUMONIA# It is usually unifocal & central in distal airspaces adjacent to the visceral pleura.# It spreads rapidly via the pores of Kohn across segmental boundaries producing a uniform consolidation in lung parenchyma.# It spares distal airways.# Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common organism causing lobar pneumonia.# Klebsiella pneumoniae:- Friedlander's pneumonia- Causes a only small proportion of cases of Community acquired pneumonia- Lobar pneumonia (\"bulging fissure\" sign)--- Predisposing factors:* Alcoholism,* Diabetes &* COPD.# Rx:- Given both the undesirability of treating the latter strains with penicillins or cephalosporins and the quinolone resistance, empirical treatment of serious or health care-associated Klebsiella infections with amikacin, carbapenems, or tigecycline is prudent.- Polymyxin B can be considered for use against highly resistant strains but is an agent of last resort because of its potential toxicities.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inflammatory involvement of a lobe of a lung", "opb": "Inflammatory involvement of the airways; the bronchus & the lung parenchyma", "opc": "Dilatation of the bronchioles", "opd": "Inflammatory involvement of the lymphatics", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiration", "id": "33a1cea1-4781-4e74-8824-db296fe901aa", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Sarcoidosis(Ref: R 9th/pg 507-8,510; 8th/pg 512-13)Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in PanAschoff Nodule, SLE, HIV and Malignant Hypertension", "cop": 4, "opa": "Polyarteritis nodosa", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "HIV", "opd": "Sarcoidosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "fede58ae-a793-4bdf-bf83-d6dce7f0b6ab", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The two pathogenic Neisseria species, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, differ from the nonpathogenic Neisseria species in that", "exp": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis are true human pathogens, surviving best in the human host. They are more fastidious in their nutritional requirement, requiring an enriched selective medium and temperature for growth. All Neisseria are oxidase positive. Normal flora (nonpathogenic) Neisseria will grow at room temperature on simple medium. Because of beta-lactamase production, sensitivities should be done to ensure proper antimicrobial selection for treatment. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 400", "cop": 3, "opa": "The former are less resistant to ceain antibiotics than the nonpathogenic species", "opb": "The pathogenic species are oxidase positive", "opc": "The pathogenic species grow well in enriched chocolate agar", "opd": "The pathogenic species do not grow well at room temperature", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6de09891-0cc0-49cc-80ba-bf0f89aa2ce4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "A person experiences throbbing pain at night. It is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute pulpal degeneration", "opb": "Acute periodontal abscess", "opc": "Chronic pulpitis", "opd": "Cellulitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64f96b89-1f2c-4a0a-944a-8fe05a5891d1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lactobacilli are numerous in carious lesions because they", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Are the main causative agent", "opb": "Can produce insoluble extracellular polysaccharides", "opc": "Can attach to smooth enamel surfaces", "opd": "Are secondary invaders", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3647db32-f6dc-4978-ad0f-47e96b03f81a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Paget's disease of bone is a chronic disease of the", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Prepubertal skeleton", "opb": "Pubertal skeleton", "opc": "Infantile skeleton", "opd": "Adult skeleton", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e98e441-8c75-41ad-96e3-eac41d3b1920", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Chromosomal translocation characteristic in acute promyclocytic leulamia", "exp": "In Aml with +(15;17), acute promyelocytic leulamia (M3 stage), auer rode present (most common stage associated with DIC).", "cop": 1, "opa": "+ (15;17)", "opb": "+ (22;9)", "opc": "+ (21;17)", "opd": "+ (9;22)", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0524958a-a93f-470a-9443-f271c4568998", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Coombs positive hemolytic anemia is associated with", "exp": "Amongst the collagen vascular diseases, SLE is most frequently associated with Coomb's positive hemolytic anemia.\nPAN can also cause Coomb's positive hemolytic anemia, but it is very rare.", "cop": 3, "opa": "TTP", "opb": "PAN", "opc": "SLE", "opd": "HUS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd625cee-4e46-441f-b6a3-6d9efa8cf7e7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Prolonged use of antibiotics in children can result in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Necrotising ulcerative gingivtis", "opb": "Candidiasis", "opc": "Actinomycosis", "opd": "Apthous ulcers", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "96452745-c2cb-4d44-987a-f531c6915c6e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Annexin V is a marker of", "exp": "Ans. (d) Apoptosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 53; Robbins 9th/pg 29-30)Apoptotic cells express phosphatidylserine/thrombos - pondinQ on the outer layer of plasma membrane because of which these cells are recognized by the dye Annexin V", "cop": 4, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Gangrene", "opc": "Aging", "opd": "Apoptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "603127ef-a1e1-4f19-8a50-a65eb80b945e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Feature common to carcinoma pancreas, lungs,stomach is,a) Retinoblastomab) Migratory thrombophlebitisc) Ascitesd) DIC", "exp": "Migratory or recurrent thrombophlebitis and DIC may be seen in following Cancers-\n\nPancrease\nBreast\nLymbphomas\nLung\nStomach\nProstate\nBrain", "cop": 2, "opa": "acd", "opb": "abd", "opc": "abc", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "95bc7ff5-7f84-4551-8e42-0058889ad565", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Peptic ulcer is caused by", "exp": "A. i.e. (H. pylori) (594 - Basic pathology 8th)PEPTIC ULCER - two conditions are key for the development of peptic ulcers1. H. pylori infection(i) 70 - 90% persons with duodenal ulcer(ii) 70% persons with gastric ulcers2. Mucosal exposure to gastric acid and pepsin* NSAIDs are the major cause of peptic ulcer disease in persons who do not have H. pylori infection", "cop": 1, "opa": "H. pylori", "opb": "Campylobacter jejuni", "opc": "Pneumocystis carinii", "opd": "Crypto sporidium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "334e83e9-cd7a-47c3-85e1-10ef5055dfda", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ladder pattern of DNA electrophoresis is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Apoptosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 53; R 9th/pg 29-30)DNA breakdown (Internucleosome cleavage by endonuclease into 200 bp oligonucleosomes is a characteristic)Q at specific sites can be detected by 'step ladder pattern' on gel electrophoresis or TUNEL (TdT mediated d-UTP Nick End Labelling) technique", "cop": 2, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Apoptosis", "opc": "Cytolysis", "opd": "Karyorrhexis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "04f76805-9d6c-4e68-b8c9-a3a283d88c8f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Example of Type IV Hypersensitivity is/are", "exp": "Clinical examples of Type IV HS TB Sarcoidosis Temporal aeritis Contact dermatitis Lepromin test and PPD Patch test/contact HS Type I DM", "cop": 2, "opa": "Farmer's lung", "opb": "Contact hypersensitivity", "opc": "Immediate hypersensitivity", "opd": "Myasthenia gravis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "44722189-ef5c-4ed8-b93f-1fb3eca0987c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Vertical measure in mm from granular cell layer to the deepest part of tumour used in Melanoma for prognosis is", "exp": "Breslow s thickness less than 1.7mm carries favorable prognosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Breslow s method", "opb": "Clarks s method", "opc": "Thomas method", "opd": "Ashpit s method", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "747f2499-ee21-4bdf-8039-ff8d13307ddd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The diagnostic procedure of applying pressure to a suspected lesion to visualize the evacuation of coloration of the lesion is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Fluoroscopy", "opb": "Diascopy", "opc": "Arthroscopy", "opd": "Endoscopy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c6aa36b-001a-4d41-935c-1473682ca20d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy spares", "exp": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes(which provide suppo and insulation to axons in CNS) The term Leukoencephalopathy refers to all of the brain white matter diseases Toxic leukoencephalopathy or toxicspongiform leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition that is characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) to white matter (-leuko-) in the brain (-encephalo-), paicularly myelin, due to causes such as exposure to drug abuse, environmental toxins, or chemotherapeutic drugs", "cop": 4, "opa": "White matter of cerebrum", "opb": "White matter of parietal lobe", "opc": "White matter of periventricular area", "opd": "Spinal cord and optic nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b3827c3d-e424-418f-a867-96bb939f7111", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The protein in the GBM responsible for charge dependent filtration is", "exp": "Glomerular basement membrane contains: a. Collagen type IV b. Laminin c. Polyanionic proteoglycans (responsible of charge-dependent filtration) d. Entactin e. Fibronectin f. Sialoglycoprotein coating on endothelial and visceral epithelial cells. Ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th ed Pg no: 551", "cop": 4, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Collagen type IV", "opc": "Fibronectin", "opd": "Proteoglycan", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "12f94e6e-10b3-44b0-bf3f-138ee297c7b0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Paroxysmal lacrimation during mastication occurs due to damage to", "exp": "Paroxysmal lacrimation (crocodile tears) is seen in patients exhibiting profuse lacrimation when food is eaten, particularly hot and spicy foods. It generally follows facial paralysis, either Bell's palsy type or the result of herpes zoster, head injury or intracraniaL operative trauma. This is thought to be due to the degeneration of autonomic nerve, when adjacent normal autonomic fibers will give sprouts that connect up with appropriate cholinergic or adrenergic endings, resulting in crocodile tears.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Facial nerve", "opb": "Auriculotemporal nerve", "opc": "Occulomotor nerve", "opd": "Mandibular nerve", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ccafec3-9d0a-452d-b074-479bf916f5c1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gluten free diet is use in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Celiac disease", "cop": 1, "opa": "Celiac disease", "opb": "Tropical sprue", "opc": "Ulcerative colitis", "opd": "Irritable bowel syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c363353a-202c-4337-912b-af608702f07e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Another name for encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Rendu-osler weber syndrome", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Beckwidth weidmann syndrome", "opd": "Cushing syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a4948fe-0355-4ab8-adbf-7218fa293ed6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Nasal mucosa is supplied by", "exp": "Branch of external carotid aery supplying nasal mucosa are Sphenopalatine aery, Greater palatine aery, Superior labial aery (Branch of facial aery), while, the only branch of Branch of internal Carotid aery supplying nose is Anterior ethmoidal aery.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Only external carotid aery", "opb": "Only internal carotid aery", "opc": "Mainly internal carotid aery", "opd": "Mainly external carotid aery", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f815322c-74dc-4aad-b791-e1676ded949d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The activation of caspases is likely to lead to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Apoptotic cell death", "opb": "Blood coagulation", "opc": "Mitotic cell division", "opd": "G1 to S phase of cell cycle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcc8e29b-1dc7-48f2-a449-612c85f4a80f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "White piedra is caused by", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Piedraia hoae", "opb": "Pityrosporum orbiculares", "opc": "Hoae werneckii", "opd": "Trichosporon beigelii", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7eca6156-ee88-4446-8f9c-5b835d721960", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "HPV oncogene expression is", "exp": "The oncogenic potential of HPV can be related to production of two early viral genes E6&E7 Together they interact with variety of growth regulating proteins encoded by protooncogene and tumour suppressor genes E6- binds to and mediate the degradation of p53 E7-binds to Rb protein and release E2F transcription factor,also inactivates the CDKIs Robbins basic pathology 9th edition chapter 5 pageno. 202", "cop": 4, "opa": "E1E2", "opb": "E1E3", "opc": "E3E5", "opd": "E6E7", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0261df1b-2fea-4392-9f81-c02726aa5f13", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Decrease in cell size refers to", "exp": "* Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy * Although atrophied cells have diminished its function, they are not dead Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy. When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size, becoming atrophic (Fig. 1-4). Although atrophic cells may have diminished function, they are not dead. Causes of atrophy include a decreased workload (e.g., immobilization of a limb to permit healing of a fracture), loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging (senile atrophy). Although some of these stimuli are physiologic (e.g., the loss of hormone stimulation in menopause) and others pathologic (e.g., denervation), the fundamental cel- lular changes are identical. They represent a retreat by the cell to a smaller size at which survival is still possible; a new equilibrium is achieved between cell size and dimin- ished blood supply, nutrition, or trophic stimulation. The mechanisms of atrophy consist of a combination of decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells. * Protein synthesis decreases because of reduced meta- bolic activity. * The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Nutrient deficiency and disuse may activate ubiquitin ligases, which attach mul- tiple copies of the small peptide ubiquitin to cellular proteins and target them for degradation in protea- somes. This pathway is also thought to be responsible for the accelerated proteolysis seen in a variety of cata- bolic conditions, including the cachexia associated with cancer. * In many situations, atrophy is also accompanied by increased autophagy, with resulting increases in the number of autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy (\"self-eating\") is the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to survive. We describe this process later in the chapter. Refer robbins 9/e p4-5", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrophy", "opb": "Metaplasia", "opc": "Hyperplasia", "opd": "Hyperophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "c23899ae-c492-412e-bcb4-1feb58eac9c5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In hypodontia, the most commonly affected tooth is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Permanent third molar", "opb": "Permanent second premolar", "opc": "Permanent lateral incisor", "opd": "Permanent Canine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9ac46cf4-81bd-4331-aad7-fb6871d11ac8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Koenen&;s tumour is seen in", "exp": "Tuberous sclerosis is a rare disease that causes tumors, or growths, in the brain and other organs. These growths can occur in the skin, kidneys, eyes, hea, or lungs. They are usually benign (non-cancerous). The first signs of tuberous sclerosismay occur at bih.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tuberous sclerosis", "opb": "Neurofibramatosis", "opc": "VHL syndrome", "opd": "Turcot syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "33f21194-00b0-4185-bb71-63d2aab83b90", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Stary sky\" appearance is seen in", "exp": "(A) (Burkitt's lymphoma) (456 - HM) (453- Basic pathology 8th)Burkitt's lymphoma - The tumour cells have a very high mitotic rate, and therefore high cell death. This features accounts for presence of numerous macrophages in the background of this tumour containing phagocytosed tumour debris giving it a \"starry sky appearance\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Burkitt's lymphoma", "opb": "Mantle cell lymphoma", "opc": "Extra nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type", "opd": "Chronic myeloid leukemia,", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood", "id": "c415d361-b4cc-43b0-9f10-c43152c7247a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Thorium dioxide causes", "exp": "Angiosarcoma of liver is a aggresive neoplasm associated with exposure to vinyl chloride ,arsenic or thorotrast GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.464 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "Lymphanfiosarcoma", "opc": "Angiosarcoma", "opd": "Hemangioendothelioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c0a9e99d-529d-4226-9c6e-47296af49be6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common gene associated with pancreatic cancer", "exp": "Ans. (a) KRAS(Ref Robbins 9th/pg 892-894)GeneChrPercentage KRAS12p90Most commonly involved Oncogene Qp16/CDKN2A9p95Most commonly involved Tumor suppressor gene QTP5317p50-70Involved in Response to DNA damageSMAD418q55TGF b pathwayBRCA213q10Germ-line mutation Q", "cop": 1, "opa": "KRAS", "opb": "SMAD", "opc": "P53", "opd": "Rb", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pancreas", "id": "4b9f7320-3fe5-4bc1-9e74-9e6bba32e87a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lacunar variant Reed Sternberg cells are Characteristic of", "exp": "SubtypeReed Sternberg cellsNodular SclerosisLacunar variantLymphocyte-richMononuclear variantsLymphocyte depletionReticular variantLymphocyte predominanceL&H (lymphocytic and histiocytic)Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 11; Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus; Page no: 609", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nodular Sclerosis type", "opb": "Lymphocyte-Rich type", "opc": "Lymphocyte depletion type", "opd": "Lymphocyte predominance type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "c8fbac5c-3a3e-469b-8233-69271b4e3a3d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Protector or inhibitor of Apoptosis", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "BCL-2", "opb": "BRCA", "opc": "RB", "opd": "TGF –β", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "451e5570-d4fb-4644-bb4c-a65ebd3c50c9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Owl eye inclusion is seen in", "exp": "Owl's eye appearance is a pattern in medical radiology and histopathology, and may refer to: Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies, which is highly specific for cytomegalovirus infection. Owl's eye appearance of the entire nucleus - a finding in Reed-Sternberg cells in individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Owl's eye appearance of the Lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia on head CT scan images in individuals with cerebral hypoxia Ref: WIKIPEDIA", "cop": 2, "opa": "HSV", "opb": "CMV", "opc": "EBV", "opd": "Hepatitis B virus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "dermatology and infectious disease", "id": "d2c55107-dcff-474a-bbf5-c18ad89ec68d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Serum amyloid associated protein is form in", "exp": "The AA (amyloid associated) type of amyloid fibriprotein is derived from a unique non- Ieg protein madeby the liver.\nA fibrils are derived by proteolysis from a larger (12,000 daltons) percursorian the serum called SAA (serum amyloid - associated) protein that is synthesized in the liver and circustesbound to high density lipoproteins.\nThe production of SAA protein is increased in inflammatory states as part of the acute phase response, therefore, this form of amyloidosis associated with chronic inflammation, and isotten called secondary amyloidosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alzheimer's disease", "opb": "Chronic inflammatory states", "opc": "Chronic renal failure", "opd": "Malignant hypertension", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a64e991-59f4-4734-a680-d5717eee518b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Denominator in crude death rate is", "exp": "Crude death rate is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 estimated mid year population in one year, in a given place. Crude death rate = ( Number of deaths during the year / Mid year population ) x 1000CDR summaries the effects of two factors:population composition age specific death rates (reflects the probability of dying)(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 62)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mid-year population", "opb": "Mid-year females 15-44 years", "opc": "Mid-year married females 15-44 years", "opd": "Mid-year males 15-44 years", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9cca46f6-d0b3-4f7a-a941-7025d701ab55", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Elephantiasis neuromatosa is a feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Von Recklinghausen's disease", "opb": "Neurilemmoma", "opc": "Paraganglioma", "opd": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "856f8d9b-da1a-475e-9aaa-477a51c12bb0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Wickham's striae are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Leukoplakia", "opc": "Leukoedema", "opd": "Erythema multiformae", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5e904d7-25e2-4303-b74d-4065ee923f76", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Low serum hepatoglobin in hemolysis is masked by", "exp": "In case of Bile duct obstruction, serum haptoglobin not excreted properly, so their levels falsely normal even in Intravascular hemolysis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pregnancy", "opb": "Liver Disease", "opc": "Bile duct Obstruction", "opd": "Malnutrition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b31ec64-9cad-475f-9b88-30010943df7f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Eosinophilia in necrosed tissue is due to", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Denaturation of protein Necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stains. It is due to - Loss of cytoplasmic RNA (or ribonucleoprotein/RNP) which binds the blue dye, hematoxylin. Denatured cytoplasmic proteins which bind the red dye, eosin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coagulation of proteins", "opb": "Denaturation of enzymes", "opc": "Denaturation of protein", "opd": "Mitochondrial damage", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "972775ac-9ee0-4bbf-bf8c-3b705cf3301f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Florid duct lesions are diagnostic of", "exp": "Ans. (c) Primary biliary cirrhosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 858; 8th/pg 867)In Primary biliary cirrhosis: Interlobular bile ducts are actively destroyed by lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with or without granulomas (the florid duct lesion)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Klatskin tumor", "opb": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis", "opc": "Primary biliary cirrhosis", "opd": "Secondary biliary cirrhosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Liver & Biliary Tract", "id": "40a4a037-0436-4f17-b64e-ec97502e7545", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Increased amounts of calcium in the cytosol of an injured cell reflect a release of calcium from stores in the", "exp": "Increased amounts of calcium in the cytosol of an injured cell result from an influx from extracellular space, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Peroxisomes", "opb": "Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum", "opc": "Lysosomes", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "7c24b9ed-df7f-467d-b146-a1026ca332a0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In an acute attack of migraine, the drug of choice", "exp": "Headaches are believed to be either vascular or muscular in origin. Migraine is most common of the vascular headaches, and it occasionally causes pain of the face and jaws. Migraine is due to vasoconstriction of intracranial vessels (that causes neurologic symptoms) followed by vasodilation that results in pounding headache. Basilar migraine is most common in young women.\nDrugs that are useful. in aborting migraine include ergotamine and sumatriptan. These drugs must be used cautiously since they may cause hypertension and other CNS problems. Methysergide or monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine can be used to manage difficult cases.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ergontamine tortrate", "opb": "Methysergide", "opc": "Propranolol", "opd": "Caffeine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "283a8192-b878-4b90-a113-e98863da6839", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Curshmann&;s crystals are seen in", "exp": "Ref: Textbook of pathology (Harsh Mohan) 6th edition, page No.484 MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES. The pathologic changes are similar in both major types of asthma. The pathologic material examined is generally autopsy of lungs in patients dying of status asthmaticus but the changes are expected to be similar in non-fatal cases. Grossly, the lungs are overdistended due to over-inflation. The cut surface shows characteristic occlusion of the bronchi and bronchioles by viscid mucus plugs. Microscopically, the following changes are observed: 1. The mucus plugs contain normal or degenerated respiratory epithelium forming twisted strips called Curschmann's spirals. 2. The sputum usually contains numerous eosinophils and diamond-shaped crystals derived from eosinophils called Charcot-Leyden crystals. 3. The bronchial wall shows thickened basement membrane of the bronchial epithelium, submucosal oedema and inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells with prominence of eosinophils. There is hyperophy of submucosal glands as well as of the bronchial smooth muscle. 4. Changes of bronchitis and emphysema may supervene, especially in intrinsic asthma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bronchial asthma", "opb": "Bronchiectasis", "opc": "Chronic bronchitis", "opd": "Wegners granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "73055050-b556-4236-bb16-c2d4a06205f4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most accurate method to detect pregnancy at 6 weeks gestation is", "exp": "\"Most accurate and safest method to diagnose ble pregnancy at 6 weeks is USG for fetal cardiac activity.\" Ref: DaftaryFetal cardiac activity by Transvaginal USG can be picked as early as 6 weeks.Fetal cardiac activity by Transabdominal USG can be picked as early as 7 weeks.Doppler is most sensitive but not safe in early pregnancy.Doppler examination of fetal vessels in early pregnancy shouldn&;t be performed without a clinical indication. TAS can detect the fetal parameters in the following sequences:Gestational sac - 4-5 weeks of menstrual age.Fetal pole - 6th week.Fetal cardiac activity 7th week.CRL - 7th week.TVS detects the parameters 1 week earlier.(Refer: William's Obstetrics, 23rd edition)(Refer: Ultrasound Obstetric Gynaecology 2011; 37: 625-8)", "cop": 1, "opa": "USG fetal cardiac activity", "opb": "Doppler", "opc": "Urine HCG", "opd": "Clinical examination", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "85359376-303e-42fc-ad18-4f888141b0bf", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Loss of tooth surface because of chemomechanical action is known as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Abrasion", "opb": "Erosion", "opc": "Abfraction", "opd": "Attrition", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8464bca3-e2c0-4a95-a529-5072f7fc8f1b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Uterine leiomyoma is least likely to undergoe", "exp": "Refer 9/e 1020 Leiomyomas are sharply circumscribed, discrete, round, firm, gray-white tumors varying in size from small, barely visible nodules to massive tumors that fill the pelvis. Except in rare instances, they are found within the myometrium of the corpus. Only infrequently do they involve the uterine ligaments, lower uterine segment, or cervix. They can occur within the myome- trium (intramural), just beneath the endometrium (submucosal) or beneath the serosa (subserosal) (Fig. 22-28A). Whatever their size, the characteristic whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles on cut section usually makes these lesions readily identifiable. Large tumors may develop areas of yellow-brown to red softening. Leiomyomas are typically composed of bundles of smooth muscle cells that resemble the uninvolved myometrium", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malignant change", "opb": "Hyaline change", "opc": "Calcification", "opd": "Red degeneration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "2ee6f45d-9773-48ce-b0a1-2d1ca3faa99f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Dilation of the salivary duct secondary to epithelial atrophy as a result of repeated inflammatory or infectious process is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sialodochitis", "opb": "sialadenitis", "opc": "Sialolithiasis", "opd": "Mucocele", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c246c812-413a-499b-a6f6-29a79c59e6c9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Crescents are derived from", "exp": "Crescents are feature of RPGN.\nThey are made up of parietal epithelial cells,\nfibrin and monocytcs / Macrophages.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mesangium + fibrin + macrophage", "opb": "Visceral epithelial cells + fibrin + macrophage", "opc": "Parietal epithelial cells + fibrin + macrophages", "opd": "Tubular epithelium + fibrin + macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0606f445-fef4-4e45-b367-ac5f5a1b0cec", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The least extrapyramidal side effects are seen with the following phenothiazine", "exp": "Side effects of impoant CNS drugs Midazolam Ataxia , Blackouts in elderlyTolcapone Hepatotoxic Phenytoin Hirsuitism , Gingival hyperplasia , Osteomalacia , Teratogen , Megaloblastic anemia , Ataxia , Lymphadenopathy , Hyperglycemia , Arrhythmias , Vitamin K deficiency Valproate Irreversible hepatic necrosis in older children , Acute pancreatitis Zonisamide , Topiramate Renal stones VigabatrineIrreversible visual field defectsFelbamate Aplastic anemia Thioridazine Male sexual dysfunction , Retinal damage , Least extra pyramidal symptomsClozapine Agranulocytosis , Myocarditis Risperidone Extra pyramidal symptoms HaloperidolExtra pyramidal symptoms , Akathisia Olanzapine Risk of stroke and death Ziprasidone , Pimozide QT prolongation Quetiapine Cataract Iloperidone Ohostatic hypotension Lithium in expectant mothers Ebstein's anomalyFormic acid Retinal damage Opioids Tolerance & addiction", "cop": 4, "opa": "Clozapine", "opb": "Triflupromazine", "opc": "Fluphenazine", "opd": "Thioridazine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8f28e17d-8be0-4008-85b4-a327e25df568", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "BRCA 1 gene is located on chromosome", "exp": "A BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are tumour suppressor genes. ... Women with harmful mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a risk of breast cancer that is about five times the normal risk, and a risk of ovarian cancer that is about ten to thiy times normal.", "cop": 2, "opa": "17p21", "opb": "17q21", "opc": "13p21", "opd": "13q21", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "dbf60196-6ce8-445e-8a2e-6cd45d71e822", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Benign tumour of voluntary muscle", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Leiomyoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyoma", "opc": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opd": "Leiomyosarcorna", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10755497-1152-40de-b015-9eb309909c26", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common metabolic abnormality predisposing patients to the renal stone formation is", "exp": "The most common metabolic abnormality predisposing patients to renal stone formation is hypercalciuria. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones are the two most common stones. Hypercalciuria combined with decreased fluid intake is frequently associated with stone formation; thus, adequate hydration is impoant in the treatment of stones.Hyperuricemia can contribute to stone formation, but uric acid stones are not as common as calcium stones and most people with hyperuricemia do not have stones. Distal renal tubular acidosis can lead to calcium phosphate stones, but this disorder is not as common as stone formation in hypercalciuria. Increased urine volume and increased urine citrate concentration would both decrease the incidence of stones. In adequate concentrations, citrate binds to calcium and renders it unavailable for stone formation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyperuricemia", "opb": "Hypercalciuria", "opc": "Distal renal tubular acidosis", "opd": "Increased urine volume", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c536cf08-09c6-4268-93c0-37fce0a1504f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Not an inherited disorder", "exp": "Antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS or APLS), or often known also as Hughes syndrome in the UK, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. APS provokes blood clots (thrombosis) in both aeries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage, stillbih, preterm delivery, and severe preeclampsia. The diagnostic criteria require one clinical event, i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication, and two antibody blood tests spaced at least three months apa that confirm the presence of either lupus anticoagulant, or anti-b2-glycoprotein-I (since b2-glycoprotein-I antibodies are a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies, an anti-cardiolipin assay can be performed as a less specific proxy). Antiphospholipid syndrome can be primary or secondary. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs in the absence of any other related disease. Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In rare cases, APS leads to rapid organ failure due to generalised thrombosis; this is termed \"catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome\" (CAPS or Asherson syndrome) and is associated with a high risk of death.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Protein S deficiency", "opb": "Factor V leiden mutation", "opc": "Antiphospholipid antibody (APLAS)", "opd": "Proein 'c' resistance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "f4ccd86c-75ae-4a21-b396-3a6666071b85", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The cause of oedema in nephritic syndrome", "exp": "Robbins page no p922 Glomerular diseases presenting with a nephritic syn- drome are often characterized by inflammation in the glomeruli. The nephritic patient usually presents with hematuria, red cell casts in the urine, azotemia, oliguria, and mild to moderate hypeension. Proteinuria and edema are common, but these are not as severe as those encountered in the nephrotic syndrome, discussed later. The acute nephritic syndrome may occur in such multi- system diseases as SLE and microscopic polyangiitis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increase in plasma protein concentratn", "opb": "Decrease plasma protein concentratn", "opc": "Reduced plasma osmotic pressure", "opd": "Sodium and water retention", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "e8f17b12-1cdd-4ea4-9f5d-ef03a47d41ff", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Post spinal headache can be prevented by", "exp": "The most impoant causative factor for spinal headache is needle size, so use of small gauge needle is the best method to prevent post spinal headache. There is no evidence that any duration of bed rest after lumbar puncture has a role in preventing headache. Improving hydration by increased fluids (either oral or intravenous) has not been shown to prevent headache after lumbar puncture Ref Robbins 9/e pg 234", "cop": 1, "opa": "Use of thinner needle", "opb": "NSAIDs", "opc": "Preanesthetic medication", "opd": "Plenty of oral fluids", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3fec68c4-c10a-4cfe-a98b-88194dda76af", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Diagnosis is", "exp": "This is a specimen of linitis plastica, a diffuse type of gastric carcinoma.These infiltrative tumors often evoke a desmoplastic reaction that stiffens the gastric wall. When there are large areas of infiltration, diffuse rugal flattening and a rigid, thickened wall may impa a leather bottle appearance termed linitis plastica.Meitner&;s disease has hyperophic gastric folds.Ref: Robbins Pathology; 9th edition; Page no: 772", "cop": 3, "opa": "Atrophic gastritis", "opb": "Gastric ulcer", "opc": "Linitis plastica", "opd": "Meitner's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6860f29c-8505-4441-aed4-9b180d7bf387", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gamma gandy bodies are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f2d276ba-0746-4c11-aa56-84bed13b2b42", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Oncogene was first identified in", "exp": "(D) Retrovirus > Cellular Protooncogenes were first discovered in their mutated or \"oncogenic\" forms as \"passengers\" within the genome of acute transforming retroviruses by the 1989 Nobel laureates Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Epstein-Barr Virus", "opb": "Echovirus", "opc": "Adenovirus", "opd": "Retrovirus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "1d2a011b-f298-488a-b468-e270549d025d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Histologic sections of the thymus that reveal reactive follicles with germinal centers are diagnostic of", "exp": "The thymus, derived from the third pair of pharyngeal pouches and inconsistently from the fouh pair, is divided into an outer coex and an inner medulla and is composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The lymphocytes are mainly T cells, which are immature (thymocytes) in the coex and are mature in the medulla, where they have phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The epithelial cells are mainly located in the medulla, forming Hassall's corpuscles. The thymus normally has a few neuroendocrine cells, which may give rise to carcinoid tumors or small cell carcinoma, and a few myoid cells, which are similar to striated muscle cells and may play a role in the autoimmune pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. The appearance of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers is diagnostic of thymic hyperplasia Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acute inflammation", "opb": "Chronic inflammation", "opc": "Thymic hyperplasia", "opd": "Thymic hypoplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a40e3e93-fb1a-44e2-baf7-755916d5fe37", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Chromosome involved in Myotonic Dystrophy is", "exp": "(A) Chromosome 19[?]Myotonic Dystrophy:oGenetics: Myotonic Dystrophy is caused by a triple nucleotide (triplet) expansion (CTG) in the non-coding region of the myotonin gene at chromosome 19q13.3.o3 Genetic loci:-DM1: 98% of families 1 Myotonin protein kinase (DMPK); chromosome 19q 13.3; Dominant-DM 2: 1 Zinc finger protein 9; Chromosome 3q21; Dominant-DM3: 1 Chromosome 15q21-q24; Dominant.-The condition is characterized by extreme variability, anticipation & differential expansion in the maternal & paternal germline.-4-37 repeats Normal->50 repeats affected[?]Inheritance Pattern:oTypical pattern is a heterozygous affected a parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.oEvery child has 1 chance in 2 of having the diseaseoBoth sexes are affected equally.[?]Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DMI):oCommonest form of adult muscular dystrophy (incidence 1:6000)oAge at onset late teensoInheritance autosomal dominant with anticipation[?]Myotonic Dystrophy (MD) is a trinucleotide repeat disease with multi-systemic involvement: muscle (myotonia & weakness), nerve, CNS (MR), heart (conduction problems), eyes (cataract), Hypersomnolence, Apathy, Cognitive impairments, Endocrine dysfunction etc.,oMyotonia refers to the slow/impaired relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation.GENETIC DISEASES & ASSOCIATED CHROMOSOMES*. Chromosome 1: Eliptocytosis, Rh Erythroblastosis, Porphyria cutanea tarda*. Chromosome 2: Protein C deficiency*. Chromosome 3: Protein S deficiency, Orotic aciduria*. Chromosome 4: Huntignton's disease*. Chromosome 5: Gardneris syndrome, Familial polyposis coli*. Chromosome 6: Haemochromatosis, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency)*. Chromosome 7: Cystic fibrosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (one form), Osteogenesis imperfecta (one form)*. Chromosome 8: Nil*. Chromosome 9: Galactosemia, Nail-patella syndrome*. Chromosome 10: MEN type 2*. Chromosome 11: Syndrome of Wilm's tumor, aniridia, gonadoblas- toma, retardation, Beta-thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia, Acute intermittent porphyria*. Chromosome 12: Phenylketonuria, von Willebrand's disease.*. Chromosome 13: Retinoblastoma, Wilson's disease*. Chromosome 14: Nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency*. Chromosome 15: Prader-Willi syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease*. Chromosome 16: Alpha-Thalaseemia, Gout, LCAT deficiency*. Chromosome 17: Growth hormone deficiency (type 1A), von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis*. Chromosome 18: Nil*. Chromosome 19: Familial hypercholesterolemia, Familial type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia, Myotonic dystrophy; Complement C3 deficiency*. Chromosome 20: Adenosine deaminase deficiency*. Chromosome 21: Alzheimer's disease, Homocystinuria*. Chromosome 22: Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Hurler syndrome (MPS-I), Scheie's syndrome (MPS - V)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromosome 19", "opb": "Chromosome 20", "opc": "Chromosome 21", "opd": "Chromosome 22", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "a42e6bf1-35eb-4b19-b217-418d3d43b5bf", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pleural mesothelioma is associated with", "exp": "Ref:Textbook of pathology (Harsh mohan) 6th edition,page no.493 Asbestos exposure predisposes to a number of cancers, most impoantly bronchogenic carcinoma andmalignant mesothelioma . A few others are: carcinomas of oesophagus, stomach, colon, kidneys and larynx and various lymphoid malignancies. 1. Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common malignancy in asbestos workers. Its incidence is 5 times higher in non-smoker asbestos workers than the nonsmoker general population and 10 times higher in smoker asbestos workers than the other smokers. 2. pleural mesothelioma is an uncommon tumour but association with asbestos exposure is present in 30 to 80% of cases with mesothelioma. The exposure need not be heavy because mesothelioma is known to develop in people living near asbestos plants or in wives of asbestos workers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Asbestosis", "opb": "Berylliosis", "opc": "Silicosis", "opd": "Beryliosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "be53122a-0e83-41b6-95ba-227677365c4b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Submerged teeth are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Ankylosed teeth", "opb": "Unerupted teeth", "opc": "Impacted teeth", "opd": "Intruded teeth", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc0d8cae-8aa7-449b-8558-b0b17a30e73e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "HMB 45 is a tumor marker for", "exp": "Malignant melanoma expresses HMB45 ,S-100 and vimentin \nHMB 45 is present in melanosome and is more specific \nS-100 is more sensitive but is non specific (also present in LAngerhan's cell histiocytosis, neural tumors and sarcomas like Liposarcoma and Chondrosarcoma)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Neurofibroma", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Angiosarcoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c03eb547-b492-4394-95de-f961044d6ba8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Squamous cell carcinoma on tongue most common site is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Apex", "opb": "Base", "opc": "Lateral borders", "opd": "Dorsum", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "786d23a7-7ed4-4f89-b62c-11ed1b16ad48", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Soft exudates are most commonly associated with", "exp": "(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology,5thedition,pg no: 527)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Background diabetic retinopathy", "opb": "Coat's disease", "opc": "Bale's disease", "opd": "Hypeensive retinopathy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "77163ad9-3cb8-4aeb-a32a-668d5c66b7cc", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most aggressive and destructive cyst is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Periapical cyst", "opb": "Dentigerous cyst", "opc": "Globulornaxillary cyst", "opd": "Nasopalatine cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1360e978-897e-4caa-8d8b-f86f8752d7a0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Secondaries are common in a/e", "exp": "Secondary cancers in the bone might also be called bone secondaries.Bone secondaries often develop in different bones in the body, and not all secondaries will cause symptoms or problems. Although any type of cancer can spread to the bone, the most common types that do are cancers of the: breast. Refer robbins 9/e breast", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skull", "opb": "Hand & feet bones", "opc": "Proximal limb bones", "opd": "Pelvic", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "4644a6b7-aed0-4084-9466-00b6509c9c17", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Tobacco induced squamous cell carcinoma doesn't involve mutation in", "exp": "Tobacco carcinogens induced cancers involve a mutation in the P53 pathway as well as proteins responsible for squamous differentiation . Conversely HPV associated squamous cell carcinomas overexpress P16.Reference: Robbins; 9th edition; Volume II; Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma molecular biology; Page no: 733", "cop": 2, "opa": "P53", "opb": "P16", "opc": "P63", "opd": "NOTCH 1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Pediatrics, environment and nutrition", "id": "d03d7a0f-085c-445d-8a88-aac1c7cfad86", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Earliest change in atherosclerosis is", "exp": "A. i.e. (Fatty streaks) (385- 86 - Harsh Mohan 5th) (349 - Basic pathology 8th)ATHEROSCLEROSIS - is an intima- based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel- like) core and composed by smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells inflammatory cells, lipids and necrotic debris* Atherosclerosis is a slowly evolving lesion usually requiring many decades to become significant. However acute plaque changes {eg rupture, thrombosis or hematoma formation) can rapidly precipitate clinical sequalae (so-called - Clinical Horizon)* Early lesions in the form of diffusal internal thickening, fatty streaks and gelatinous lesions*** Earliest light microscopic changesin MI is- Waviness of the fibres***Morphological features, pathogenic events and clinical complications* Most common cause of aortic aneurysm is - Athero sclerosis*** Most common site for MI is - Anterior wall of left ventricles*** Granulation tissue appears in acute MI - At 1 weeks*** Calcification of the aortic valve is seen in - Aortic stenosis** Me - Collum's patch is diagnostic of - Rheumatic endocarditis*** Osier's node, Janueway and Roth spot seen in Subacute Bacterial endocarditis*** Most common change in atherosclerotic vessel is - Dystrophic calcification* Atherosclerosis LDL is present in LDL monocytes**", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fatty streaks", "opb": "Fibrofatty plaque", "opc": "Calcification", "opd": "Gelatinous lesions", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "b489644c-4245-4ad8-9ff5-d7f31f2d4d77", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lipofuscin is associated with", "exp": "o Deposition of lipofuscin in the heart is referred as brown atrophy", "cop": 1, "opa": "Brownatrophy", "opb": "White atrophy", "opc": "Red atrophy", "opd": "Black atrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2eadcedb-6c80-403b-83af-c99bea047b6a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "A histologic evidence of widespread formation of globular hypocaLcified dentin and puLp horns reaching the dentinoenamel junction, absence of lamina dura around the tooth in radiograph are the characteristic features of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin-D resistant rickets", "opb": "Hypophosphatasia", "opc": "Hypervitaminosis-A", "opd": "Vitamin-A deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eba2a055-a12f-4932-b58a-0d3b5a314994", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Polygonal violaceous , well defined flat topped ,itchy papules are the primary lesions of", "exp": "Lichen planus lesions are classically violaceous well defined polygonal itchy papules.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Phemphigus vulgaris", "opc": "Lupus erythematous", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4dbe1bb6-ff85-4cdd-bde1-fefb18a86662", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cytogenetic abnormality in Multiple myeloma is", "exp": "Multiple myeloma/solitary plasmacytoma: Genotype: Diverse rearrangements involving IgH; 13q deletionsSalient Features: older adults with lytic bone lesions, pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, and renal failure; moderately aggressive Plasmacytoma: isolated plasma cell masses in bone or soft tissue; indolent Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 13; Disorders of white cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deletion 13q", "opb": "T", "opc": "T", "opd": "T", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "eba38aa9-1a5c-4247-8643-add9bcb5b37a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gene of wilsons disease is", "exp": "In Wilson's disease, the initial steps of dietary absorption and transpo of copper to the liver are normal but copper accumulates in the liver rather than being excreted by the liver. The underlying defect in chromosome 13 is a mutation in ATP7B gene, the normal hepatic copper excreting gene. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY 6TH EDITION HARSH MOHAN PAGE NO:628 IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "ATP 7A", "opb": "ATP 7B", "opc": "ADP 7A", "opd": "ADP 7B", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4ae818eb-2eb4-451b-9b4d-42a4b8a43b04", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The cells seen after 72 hours in the infarcted area in MI are", "exp": "Light microscopic finding of infarcted area 3-7 days: Beginning disintegration of dead myofibers, with dying neutrophils; early phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages at infarct border. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.380)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neutrophils", "opb": "Lymphocytes", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Monocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "62ce587d-8f8d-4b90-9fdd-38d329b9abde", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Supratemporal lental subluxation is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Marfans", "cop": 2, "opa": "Weil's marchasani syndrome", "opb": "Marfans", "opc": "Hunters", "opd": "Homocystinuria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04e2f711-d720-40ef-889b-5d12c803af4e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Renal calculi are commonly made up of", "exp": "There are four main types of kidney stones Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones. They are usually made of calcium and oxalate (a natural chemical found in most foods), but are sometimesmade of calcium and phosphate. Uric acid stones form when your urine is often too acidic. Refer robbins 9/e p951", "cop": 1, "opa": "Calcium oxalate", "opb": "Magnesium ammonium phosphate", "opc": "Uric acid", "opd": "Cystine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "2fc2e520-52ba-4941-8360-95706f0c1259", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Prodrornal symptoms precede 1 to 2 days before the onset of disease in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "viral fever", "opb": "erythema multiforme", "opc": "pemphigus", "opd": "pemphigoid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3930fa7f-ce72-4df8-ae2d-af36a10a72d6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "\"Pile of plates\" appearance on angiography suggests diagnosis of", "exp": "Angiography: \"string of beads\"/\"Pile of plates\" appearance of FMD is classically seen on angiography. Fibromuscular dysplasia most commonly causes small stenoses along a vessel with intervening areas of dilatation (small aneurysms), creating a \"string of beads\" appearance. Less commonly the stenosis has a smooth tapered appearance. Fibromuscular dysplasia also weakens the vessel wall which predisposes to dissection ref Robbins 9/e pg 678", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atherosclerosis", "opb": "Fibromuscular Dysplasia", "opc": "Takayasu's Disease", "opd": "Moya Moya disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e326be5f-66e8-4098-87a8-e48787354b09", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "the study of neoplastic growths is referred to as", "exp": "Cancers are often managed through discussion on multi-disciplinary cancer conferences where medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and organ specific oncologists meet to find the best possible management for an individual patient considering the physical, social, psychological, emotional, and financial status of the patient.\nIt is very important for oncologists to keep updated with respect to the latest advancements in oncology, as changes in management of cancer are quite common. \nAll eligible patients in whom cancer progresses, and for whom no standard of care treatment options are available should be enrolled in a clinical trial", "cop": 3, "opa": "tetralogy", "opb": "anaplasia", "opc": "oncology", "opd": "neoplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d347f5fc-abd8-45d0-a50c-e48f68efbe04", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Breast Ca is not a/w", "exp": "Frequently, in FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES the lining cells are large and polygonal with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and small, round, deeply chromatic nuclei. Such morphology is called apocrine metaplasia and viually always is benign. ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-705", "cop": 2, "opa": "BRCA 1 & BRCA 2", "opb": "Apocrine metaplasia", "opc": "Atypical ductal hyperplasia", "opd": "Moderate hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "c8bb4469-5831-4d49-9dcd-97f420e55993", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "\"Acrodermatitis enteropaihica\" is seen in deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. b (Zinc) (Ref. Robbins 7'h/461; Table 9.24; H-17th/ Table 71-2)Robbins 7th/p. 461Essential features of zinc deficiency are:# Distinctive rash, often around the eyes, nose, mouth, anus and distal parts.# Anorexia, often accompanied by diarrhoea# Growth retardation in children# Impaired wound healing# Hypogonadism with i reproductive capacity.# Altered immune function# Impaired night vision related to altered vitamin A metabolism# Depressed mental function# Increased incidence of congenital malformation in infants of Zn-deficient mothers.Micro and macroelementslementDeficiencyToxicityTolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake LevelBoronNo biologic function determinedDevelopmental defects, male sterility, testicular atrophy20 mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)CalciumReduced bone mass(osteoporosis)Renal insufficiency (milk-alkali syndrome), nephrolithiasis, impaired iron absorption2500 mg/d (milk-alkali)CopperAnemia, growth retardation, defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deteriorationNausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic failure, tremor, mental deterioration, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction10 mg/ d (liver toxicity)ChromiumImpaired glucose toleranceOccupational: renal failure, dermatitis, pulmonary cancerNDFluorideDental cariesDental and skeletal fluorosis, osteosclerosis10 mg/d (fluorosis)IodineThyroid enlargement, T4, cretinismThyroid dysfunction, acne-like eruptions1100 g/d (thyroid dysfunction)IronMuscle abnormalities, koilonychia, pica, anemia, work performance, impaired cognitive development, premature labor, perinatal maternal mortalityGastrointestinal effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation), iron overload with organ damage, acute systemic toxicity45 mg/d of elemental iron (GI side effects)ManganeseImpaired growth and skeletal development, reproduction, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; upper body rashGeneral: Neurotoxicity, Parkinson-like symptoms Occupational: Encephalitis- like syndrome, Parkinson-like syndrome psychosis, pneumoconiosis11 mg/d (neurotoxicity)MolybdenumSevere neurologic abnormalitiesReproductive and fetal abnormalities2 mg/d extrapolated from animal dataSeleniumCardiomyopathy, heart failure, striated muscle degenerationGeneral: Alopecia, nausea, vomiting, abnormal nails, emotional lability, peripheral neuropathy, lassitude, garlic odor to breath, dermatitis Occupational: Lung and nasal carcinomas, liver necrosis, pulmonary inflammation400 g/d (hair, nail changes)PhosphorousRickets (osteomalacia), proximal muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, paresthesia, ataxia, seizure, confusion, heart failure, hemolysis, acidosisHyperphosphatemia4000 mg/dZincGrowth retardation, taste and smell, alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, failure to thrive, gonadal atrophy, congenital malformationsGeneral: Reduced copper absorption, gastritis, sweating, fever, nausea, vomitingOccupational: Respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis40 mg/d (impaired copper metabolism)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Molybdenum", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Selenium", "opd": "Chromium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Environment & Nutritional Pathology", "id": "fc578860-76d8-4801-aa05-f60f348657d2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The chemical nature of the amyloid deposited in immunocyte dyscrasias with amyloidosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Serum amyloid A (SAA)", "opb": "Immunoglobulin light chain (AL amyloid)", "opc": "Prealbumin", "opd": "Beta 2 microglobulin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d9b4bd1d-f8e9-403e-aa88-5bc71eef800a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most successful application of tumor markers", "exp": "Answer: b) Effect of treatment and early detection( style=\"font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif\">)Tumor markers* Just an adjunct to diagnosis, and establishing a diagnosis on the basis of tumor markers alone (especially a single result) is associated with pitfalls because of the problem of non-specificity.* Clinical uses can be broadly classified into 4 groups: screening and early detection, diagnostic confirmation, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response and monitoring disease and recurrence.* Serum levels, in certain situations, can be used in staging, prognostication or prediction of response to therapy.* Monitoring disease is, perhaps, the most common clinical use of serum tumor markers.* Rising trend in serum levels may detect recurrence of disease well before any clinical or radiological evidence of disease is apparent (\"biochemical recurrence\").", "cop": 2, "opa": "Screening in asymptomatic periodicity", "opb": "Effect of treatment and early detection", "opc": "Differentiating benign from malignant", "opd": "Staging the extent of disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "49a05ad5-f43b-4d82-b796-79b0eea384a3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most mature normoblast is", "exp": "Development of the red blood cells take place in the following order: Erythroblast /Pronormoblast - Basophilic /Early Normoblast - Polychromatic/ Intermediate Normoblast - Ohochromic /Late normoblast - Reticulocyte - Red blood cell - Maturity increases & size decreases in the following order. - Thus, Ohochromic normoblast is most mature normoblast", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ohochromic Normoblast", "opb": "Pronormoblast", "opc": "Polychromatic Normoblast", "opd": "Basophilic Normoblast", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "RBC Development and Classification of Anemias", "id": "35862d65-aee1-4461-bf63-37fb4d632f08", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hamartoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neoplastic", "opb": "Non-neoplastic", "opc": "Afflicted by trauma", "opd": "Hormonal disturbance", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e9b1c7e-4018-4744-b8b0-646affb63299", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Waardenburg syndrome is due to mutation of", "exp": "Ans. (b) PAX3 gene(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 140; 8th/pg 140)Waardenburg syndrome (WS):Autosomal dominant inherited conditionHypopigmentation of hair, skin, and/or iris of both eyes (partial albinism); and/or congenital deafness.4 types: Types I and II are the most common forms of Waardenburg syndrome, while types III and IV are rare.Mutations in the EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3, SNAI2, and SOX10 genes can cause Waardenburg syndrome.", "cop": 2, "opa": "PAX2 gene", "opb": "PAX3 gene", "opc": "PAX6 gene", "opd": "PAX9 gene", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "d4890eeb-e102-4907-ada4-a4d9bac2ee91", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Taurodontism is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opb": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Turner syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a652d3ae-bfcf-4b93-b632-c3b3afb5343a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Microvesicular steatohepatosis seen in", "exp": "Option a, c, d have macrovesicular steatosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Reye syndrome", "opc": "LIpodystrophy", "opd": "Phosphorces intoxication", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7989f4e8-7cab-4a18-9215-af8eee15818f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Dental caries is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "opb": "Streptococcus mutans", "opc": "Streptococcus bovis", "opd": "Streptococcus anginosus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db873bb0-197e-4f6e-816a-9983c1c4a953", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Squamous papilloma is induced by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "EBV", "opb": "HSV", "opc": "HPV", "opd": "CMV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b5dd8184-2dee-4732-bcd1-335617326270", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "An attack of cluster headache can be aborted by", "exp": "Cluster headache is unilateral and among the most painful of all headache disorders. Periorbital pain is commonly associated with autonomic symptoms including homoLateral lacrimation. Abortive medicines including the use of 100% oxygen at the outset of an episode, are often useful in confirming diagnosis. Oxygen inhalation results in rapid resolution of symptoms over 70% cases.\nTriptan therapy, short courses of glucocorticoids are also effective.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Morphine administration", "opb": "Breathing oxygen", "opc": "Aspirin administration", "opd": "Sublingual nitroglycerine administration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "65b3c901-aae4-4560-9f45-eea29258086e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Carcinoma of lip", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "occurs mostly in females", "opb": "metastases easily", "opc": "occurs mostly in the lower lip", "opd": "is mostly basal cell type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5bed563-4ffe-4381-9696-d8b44390940a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Centrilobular necrosis of liver may be seen with", "exp": "CCl4 is hepatotoxic. Centrilobular necrosis seen in CVC liver. Causes: right sided hea failure. Mechanism: dilatation of central veins-Transmission of increased venous pressure to the sinusoids-dilatation of sinusoids-ischemic necrosis of hepatocytes in centrilobular region. Gross: congested centrilobular area appear dark red brown, peripoal region is better oxygenated hence appear pale Microscopy: centrilobular region: congestion, hemorrhage, thickening of Central veins and fibrosis, centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis. Peripoal region: fatty change in hepatocytes. GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.89", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phosphorus", "opb": "Arsenic", "opc": "ccI4", "opd": "Ethanol", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "790d9ae7-e77e-4c45-a105-4bab980ca67c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Not a chromosoal breakage syndrome", "exp": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is one of nine types of muscular dystrophy. DMD is caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact. Symptom onset is in early childhood, usually between ages 3 and 5. The disease primarily affects boys, but in rare cases it can affect girls.DMD has an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and is passed on by the mother, who is referred to as acarrier.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fragile X syndrome", "opb": "Bloom syndrome", "opc": "Ataxia telangiectasia", "opd": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "e70b985b-711e-42db-87c6-b4eb04942087", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The necrotic tissue and deposits of immune complexes, complement and plasma protein produce a smudy eosinophilic deposit is termed as", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulative necrosis", "opb": "Fibrinoid necrosis", "opc": "Caseous necrosis", "opd": "Fatty necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e66986c4-88e0-4f19-bb6b-d45ea60936c3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Aoic arch syndrome is due to", "exp": "Takayasu aeritis is a granulomatous vasculitis of mediumsized and larger aeries characterized principally by ocular disturbances and marked weakening of the pulses in the upper extremities. (Robbins basic pathology,9th edition,pg no.353) Takayasu's aeritis is an inflammatory and stenotic disease of mediumand large-sized aeries characterized by a strong predilection for the aoic arch and its branches. For this reason, it is often referred to as the aoic arch syndrome. (Harrison&;&;s principle of internal medicine,18th edition,pg no.)", "cop": 3, "opa": "PAN", "opb": "Temporal aeritis", "opc": "Takayasu aeritis", "opd": "Burger disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "64b09234-93cd-4933-83ec-033c3e97352c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Phacolytic glaucoma arises commonly from", "exp": "Types of lens-induced glaucoma'sCausesMechanismPhacomorphicIntumescent cataract, Anterior subluxation or dislocation of LENs and spherophakia Swollen lens pushes iris forwards and obliterates the angle -secondary acute angle closure glaucoma-pupillary block and iris bombe formation Phacolytic Hypermature (Morgagnian) cataract Trabecular meshwork clogged by lens proteins and macrophages have phagocytosed the lens proteins -secondary open-angle glaucomaLens paicle glaucoma Lens paicles left after accidental. Planned ECCE, Following traumatic rupture of lens Trabecular meshwork blocked by lens paicles floating in aqueous humour-secondary open-angle glaucomaGlaucoma with phacogenic uveitis Uveitis Trabecular meshwork clogged by lens proteins and macrophages have phagocytosed the lens proteins -secondary open-angle glaucomaGlaucoma with phacoanaphylaxis Inflammatory reaction due to antigen-antibody reaction Trabecular meshwork clogged by lens proteins and macrophages have phagocytosed the lens proteins -secondary open-angle glaucoma(Refer: AH Khurana, Comprehensive Textbook of Ophthalmology, 5th edition, pg: 247-48)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Late mature cataract", "opb": "Immature cataract", "opc": "Hypermature cataract", "opd": "Intumescent cataract", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "87225a2f-446d-42c4-8364-030c4e8facfa", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas may be associated with", "exp": "Ans. (b) IgM(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 598-602)Lymphoplasmacytic cell proliferation in marrow (Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma) with secretion of IgM", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "ef80da19-8d47-4150-a464-71b3ac0d260d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common Non Hodgkins lymphoma is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Diffuse large B cell lymphoma(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 595-596; 8th/pg 606-607)Most common Non Hodgkins lymphoma is Diffuse large B cell lymphomaDiffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diffuse large B cell lymphoma", "opb": "Follicular lymphoma", "opc": "Anaplastic large cell lymphoma", "opd": "Large T-cell leukemia/lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (W.B.C)", "id": "97eddbe8-642e-4ada-9db7-f4d90abcdd32", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Bone Pain, bone, cysts, fractures and renal stones are\ncharacteristics of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opb": "Cushing's syndrome", "opc": "Multiple myelonia", "opd": "Marfan's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f612452-2b37-42e6-bb76-3713fe9f65d0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ram Devi presented with generalized edema sweating and", "exp": "The symptoms of the patient are d/t hypersensitivity type I reaction Type I is mediated by IgE and it flairs up within minutes.\nThe symptoms range from rashes to anaphylactic shock with vasodilatory hypotension and bronchiolar spasm.\nExamples of type I\nEczema*\nHay fever*\nAsthma*\nAnaphylactic shock*\nUrticaria*\nA cute dermatitis *\nTheobald Smith reaction *\nOther hypersensitivity reactions\nType II\nis characterized by an antigen-antibody reaction on the surface of a host cell*.\nMediated by IgG or IgM.\nExamples\n1. Blood transfusion reactions *\n2. Transplant rejection *\n3. Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia*\n4. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura *\n5. Diabetes disease*\n6. Good pasture’s syndrome *\n7. Grave's disease*\n8. Myasthenia gravis*\n9. Pemphigus\n0. Pernicious anaemia*\n1. Rheumatic fever*\nType HI reactions\nMediated by antigen/antibody complex*.\nExamples\n1. PAN*\n2. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis*\n3. Rheumatoid arthritis*\n4. Systemic lupus erythematosus*\n5. Acute viral hepatitis*\n6. Penicillamine toxicity*\n7. Serum sickness*\n8. Arthus reaction*\nType IV reaction\nCell-mediated reaction (delayed hypersensitivity)*.\nExamples\n1. Tuberculosis*\n2. Sarcoidosis*\n3. Temporal arteritis\n4. Contact dermatitis* (not that acute dermatitis in type I)\n5. Lepromin test*\n6. Patch test*\n7. PPD*", "cop": 3, "opa": "T cell mediated cytotoxicity", "opb": "IgG mediated reaction", "opc": "IgE mediated reaction", "opd": "IgA mediated hypersensitivity reaction", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6737b173-0d6f-4667-80a9-9b7c27462b20", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hypovolemic shock develops after loss of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "10% blood", "opb": "20% blood", "opc": "30% blood", "opd": "40% blood", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "577b53ac-6523-4158-8d3a-177d91d76636", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The type of acute myelogenous leukemia associated with a high incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute erythroleukaemia", "opb": "Acute promyelocytic leukaemia", "opc": "Acute megakaryocytic leukaemia", "opd": "Acute myelomonocytic leukaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "824f9f11-a384-4dc8-b0ea-1a4a3f09f4e3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common supernumerary tooth form is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Tuberculated", "opb": "Conical", "opc": "Screw shaped", "opd": "Incisor shaped", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d6c01d9-6ac6-46f4-b9ec-42ea0408718d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Iron absorption is increased by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Ascorbic acid(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 649-652)Iron Absorption*. Site of iron absorption: duodenum and upper jejunum (proximal small intestine) Q.*. Ferrous form (Fe2+) of Iron is absorbed Q.*. Transport of Fe2+ into enterocyte occurs via DMT1 Q.Increased byDecreased by*. Acids Q*. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Q*. Amino acid containing SH-group*. Meat (these reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+)*. Alkalies*. Phosphates Q*. Phytates Q*. Tetracycline*. Presence of other food in stomach", "cop": 4, "opa": "Phytates", "opb": "Tannates", "opc": "Plant food", "opd": "Ascorbic acid", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc. (R.B.C)", "id": "699323eb-64cc-49b1-8dbb-e9b24e03f209", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hea failure cells are", "exp": "Rising pressure in the pulmonary veins is ultimately transmitted back to the capillaries and aeries of the lungs, resulting in congestion and edema as well as pleural effusion due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the venules of the visceral pleura. The lungs are heavy and boggy, and microscopically show perivascular and interstitial transudates, alveolar septal edema, and accumulation of edema fluid in the alveolar spaces. In addition, variable numbers of red cells extravasate from the leaky capillaries into alveolar spaces, where they are phagocytosed by macrophages The subsequent breakdown of red cells and hemoglobin leads to the appearance of hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages-- so-called hea failure cells--that reflect previous episodes of pulmonary edema. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.367)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipofuscin granules in cardiac cells", "opb": "Pigmented alveolar macrophages", "opc": "Pigmented pancreatic acinar cells", "opd": "Pigment cells seen in liver", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bc80b7cd-43cb-46f6-a0c5-a61148e34af8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The following combination of drugs is best suited for daycare surgery", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atracurium, morphine, isoflurane", "opb": "Mivacurium, fentanyl, sevoflurane", "opc": "Atracurium, remifentanil, halothane", "opd": "Mivacurium, pethidine, desflurane", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3a8b6b48-dcf2-4f23-90e7-75d729250470", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria results from acquired mutations in", "exp": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disease that results from acquired mutations in the phosphatidylinositol glycan complementation group A gene (PIGA), an enzyme that is essential for the synthesis of ceain membrane-associated complement regulatory proteins.PNH blood cells are deficient in three GPI-linked proteins that regulate complement activity: (1) decay accelerating factor, or CD55; (2) membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis, or CD59; and (3) C8 binding protein.Of these factors, the most impoant is CD59, a potent inhibitor of C3 convease that prevents the spontaneous activation of the alternative complement pathway.Red cells deficient in these GPI-linked factors are abnormally susceptible to lysis or injury by complement and manifests as intravascular hemolysisRobbins pathology 9e pg: 642", "cop": 4, "opa": "PML-RARA", "opb": "BCL-2", "opc": "NOTCH1", "opd": "PIGA", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "eabfb292-e2d8-4f1b-926c-484a70a904aa", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gingiva are enlarged in leukemia because of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Capillary dilation", "opb": "Erythrocyte engorgement", "opc": "Edema", "opd": "WBC infiltration", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe07f5c1-ec42-49ff-9019-60a78dadcf48", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common tumor in lateral hemisphere of brain", "exp": "Astrocytomas generally effect lateral hemispheres of brain. Astrocytomas are a type of cancer of the brain. They originate in a paicular kind of glial cells, star-shaped brain cells in the cerebrum called astrocytes. This type of tumor does not usually spread outside the brain and spinal cord and it does not usually affect other organs. Ref : Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg ; 1307", "cop": 1, "opa": "Astrocytoma", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "Ependymoma", "opd": "Medulloblastoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e4cc6409-0da8-4993-8532-f50259bed4a6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Lifespan of transfused platelets is", "exp": "Transfused platelets have an expected life-span of 3-4 days. This may be significantly reduced due to immune refractoriness, consumption, or sequestration. Most platelet products are transfused into non-bleeding thrombocytopenic patients. Thetransfusion \"trigger\" or threshold fortransfusion of these patients is now generally accepted to be 10,000/mL based on the results of a number of studies Ref bailey and love 27th edition ; pg 17-22", "cop": 3, "opa": "<24 hours", "opb": "1-3 days", "opc": "3-5 days", "opd": "7-14 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "c5c09109-184e-455f-a533-cd1c67a7759d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Atrial myxoma commonly arises from", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Left atrium", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left ventricle", "opb": "Left atrium", "opc": "Right ventricle", "opd": "Right atrium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c32e0136-7479-4abc-b78e-ad4f6ddc2392", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "AML with worst prognosis", "exp": "AMLs with t (15;17)have best prognosis. AMLs with t (8;21)or inv (16) have relatively good prognosis with conventional chemotherapy. Poor prognosis for AMLs that follow MDS or genotoxic therapy or that occurs in adults. AMLs following MDS or exposure to DNA damaging agents have deletions or monosomies involving chromosomes 5 and 7.There fore monosomy 7 has the worst prognosis Ref:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.South Asia Edition -9;volume 1.page no.614", "cop": 4, "opa": "8/21 translocation", "opb": "Inversion 16", "opc": "Normal cytogenetics", "opd": "Monosomy 7", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "ade09ed9-f279-4c2d-8d21-5e00e265ece6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MC gene involved in endometrial carcinoma", "exp": "PTEN - Phosphatase & tensin homologue Cowden syndrome - AD disorder with tumours of skin appendages & increased incidence of Breast, Endometrium, Prostate & thyroid cancer Acts as TSG by serving as a break in the pro-growth PI3K/AKT pathway (MCly mutated p/w in human ca) By phosphorylating a number of substrates like BAD and MDM2, AKT enhances cell survival.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PTEN", "opb": "BRAF", "opc": "KRAS", "opd": "Mismatch repair genes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "3f730aff-4518-4220-8edc-196684a1d2f8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "A patient with Carcinoma cheek has tumor of 2.5 cms located close to and involving the lower alveolus. A single mobile homotateral node measuring 6 cm is palpable. Based on these clinical findings TNM stage of the tumor is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "T1 N1 Mo", "opb": "T2 N2 Mo", "opc": "T3 N1 Mo", "opd": "T4 N2 Mo", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "86c3c027-dcde-445f-a25d-5282e02d4d52", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Kaposi's sarcoma is more commonly seen in patient with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "AIDS", "opb": "Amyloidosis", "opc": "Leukemia", "opd": "HSV infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5affc31-d1d5-4f34-b949-ca4423bd3384", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hereditary retinoblastomas develop the following chromosomal deletion", "exp": "(A) 13q 14# Deletion of a small number of tightly clustered genes result in a number of genetic disorders termed as microdeletion syndromes.> Some of the important ones that have been asked include: Wilm's tumor-Aniridia complex 2 (WAGR syndrome) IIpI36 Part of (deletion of short arm of chromosome 11 Retinoblastoma 13qI4.116 (deletion of part of long arm of chromosome 13) Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome6 15qII-136 (deletion of pa rt of long arm of chromosome 15) DiGeorge's syndrome, Velo-cardiofacial syndrome 22qII6 (deletion of part of long arm of chromosome 22)", "cop": 1, "opa": "13q 14", "opb": "13p 14", "opc": "14p 13", "opd": "14q 13", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "0ee825d6-7e9e-4ef5-8e47-7d304f3ea0fb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Secondary syphilis occurs after", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "6 weeks", "opb": "9 weeks", "opc": "13 weeks", "opd": "1 week", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a821f8eb-b917-4f9e-96a7-4432105c70f2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The inheritance pattern of dentinogenesis imperfecta is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Homozygous", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "Recessive", "opd": "X-linked recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8075c51d-73d1-485c-8e80-b42ec2b1eddc", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "A linear pattern of immunoglobulin deposition along the glomerular basement membrane that can be demonstrated by immunofluorescence is typical of", "exp": "In Goodpasture's syndrome, circulating antibodies reactive with the glomerular basement membrane bind in a linear pattern along the entire length of the glomerular basement membrane, which is their specific antigen. IgG is deposited in the basement membrane, along with complement. There are focal interruptions of the glomerular basement membrane as well, along with deposits of fibrin, as seen with electron microscopy Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lupus nephritiS", "opb": "Diabetic glomerulopathy", "opc": "Goodpasture's syndrome", "opd": "Renal vein thrombosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "36964526-b40b-444c-bd7e-7924b40ba008", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "One of the following is apoptosis inhibitor gene", "exp": "Anti-apoptotic genes are BCL -2, MCL -1, BCL -XL\"The pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK are required for apoptosis and directly promote mitochondrial permeabilization. Their action is inhibited by the anti-apoptotic members of this family, which are exemplified by BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1. A third set of proteins (so-called BH3-only proteins), including BAD, BID, and PUMA, sense death-inducing stimuli and promote apoptosis by neutralizing the actions of anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL2 and MCL1\"Robbins pathology 9e pg: 302", "cop": 2, "opa": "p53", "opb": "BCL -2", "opc": "Rb", "opd": "C -myc", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "1c6e2b87-e3b5-498a-8d98-0a69ccbfdcd0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Apoptosis is inhibited by", "exp": "The integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane is regulated by pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family of proteins. The pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK are directly promoting mitochondrial permeabilization. Their action is inhibited by the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2 and BCL-XL. The third set of proteins, the so-called BH3-only proteins, which include BAD, BID, and PUMA, regulate the balance between the pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family.( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition, page 189 )", "cop": 4, "opa": "p53", "opb": "N-myC", "opc": "RAS", "opd": "BCl-2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "60dd6b02-c26c-4b5f-a1d9-c732f461a3f1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gene associated with superficial papillary urothelial neoplasm", "exp": "Answer- B. p16Chromosome deletions in 9p, which contains the tumor suppressor gene p16, are the only consistent finding in low grade papillary tumors and flat carcinomas in situ. Deletions in 17 p, the site of p53 gene, are often found in invasive bladder cancer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "p53", "opb": "p16", "opc": "p7", "opd": "KRAS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "694a546b-df0a-4c47-8770-21c79877c738", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Megaloblastic anaemia occurs due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Iron deficiency", "opb": "Folate deficiency", "opc": "Vitamin C deficiency", "opd": "Protein deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7899cf04-10a1-4986-b858-ecb9838a3575", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common ovarian tumor", "exp": "Ans. (a) Serous cystadenoma(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 1023)*Most ovarian tumors are surface epithelial (65-70%)*Serous cystadenoma is the most common surface epithelial tumor", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serous cystadenoma", "opb": "Choriocarcinoma", "opc": "Teratoma", "opd": "Fibroma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Female Genital Tract", "id": "98d72f63-ca49-42ac-a301-034db712388a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Liquefactive necrosis occurs in", "exp": "i.e. (Brain): (45-Harsh mohan 6th) (15-129- Robbins & Cotran 8th)LIQUEFACTIVE (COLLIQUATIVE) NECROSIS - occurs commonly due to ischaemic injury and bacterial or fungal infections* It occurs due to degradation of tissue by the action of powerful hydrolytic enzyme.* Common examples are Infarct brain and abscess cavity* Duret hemorrhage is seen in Brain** (Duret haemorrhage is small area in bleeding in ventral & paramedian part of upper brain stem (midbrain & pons)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "3d1f6763-48eb-4b69-8de4-f992784a61b3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The common site of melanoma on the orofacial skin is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Lower lip", "opb": "Malar region", "opc": "Forehead", "opd": "Upper lip", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b93d3b7e-ed1a-427a-8120-8ba4e5da313f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Retinitis pigmentosa inheritance is by", "exp": ". Autosomal recessive. Digenic inheritance. Autosomal dominantExplanation :- Note: This question is ambiguous", "cop": 4, "opa": "X linked recessive", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "Digenic inheritance", "opd": "Autosomal dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "056137ef-936b-41b1-aaf8-33a9d3015a0f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Oral Lesion associated with ulcerative colitis", "exp": "In pyostomatitis vegetans, the oral lesions are one part of the syndrome, in which the patients also manifest concomitantly ulcerative colitis or other gastrointestinal disturbances.\nThe oral lesions consist of large numbers of broad-based papillary projections, tiny abscesses or vegetations developing in areas of intense erythema. These lesions may occur in any area of the oral cavity, although tongue involvement appears to be uncommon.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Pyostomatitis Vegetans", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Dermatitis herpetiforrris", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "46b3e471-4e24-4846-93f6-b94df0971e9a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Calcium blocking agents of use in the treatment of hypeension include", "exp": "Nifedipine The overriding action of Nifedipine is aeriolar dilation, t.p.r. decreases and BP falls.Doesn&;t depress SA node or A-V conduction.Reflex sympathetic stimulation of hea predominates leading to tachycardia, increased contractility and C.O., coronary flow is increased.Its use is associated with higher moality among post-MI patients.Relaxant effect on the bladder, Nifedipine can increase urine voiding difficulty in elderly malesContraindicationsSide effectsHea failure 2nd or 3rd-degree hea blockTachycardia, flushingGI disturbancesHyperkalemia, edema, headache(Refer: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, pg no: 2054-2057)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Prazosin", "opb": "Lidoflazine", "opc": "Captopril", "opd": "Nifedipine", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "77c8d088-aa1e-47ac-ba0a-dcf7fa6aeb6f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common histological type of thyroid carcinoma is", "exp": "(B) Papillary type # Morphological variants of thyroid carcinoma and their approximate frequencies are: Papillary carcinoma 75-85% Follicular carcinoma 10-20% Medullary carcinoma 5% Anaplastic carcinoma < 5%> Histology type Incidence Papillary 80% Follicular 10% Medullary 5% Anaplastic 1 %> Papillary carcinoma thyroid: Commonest carcinoma of thyroid gland (80%) Commonest carcinoma in iodine sufficient area. More common in patients with previous exposure to radiation (past childhood) Commonest age 30-40 year. Multifocal (more common) Lymph node metastases more common (i.e., lymphatic spread) Distant metastasis uncommon commonest site - lung followed by bone, liver, brain. Prognosis excellent -10 years survival (95%)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Follicular type", "opb": "Papillary type", "opc": "Anaplastic type", "opd": "Medullary type", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "ac085ab5-8ae3-4d2c-9866-f0021a4a16da", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Councilman bodies are seen in", "exp": "In pathology, a Councilman body, also known as Councilman hyaline body or apoptotic body, is an acidophilic globule of cells that represents a dying hepatocyte often surrounded by normal parenchyma. They are found in the liver of individuals suffering from viral hepatitis, yellow fever, or other viral syndromes Refer robbins 9/e p614", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alcoholic cirrhosis", "opb": "Wilson's disease", "opc": "Acute viral hepatitis", "opd": "Autoimmune hepatitis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "656d9870-431d-4901-b5c4-84d021540ff6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Bismuth intoxication is manifested as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "pigmentation in areas of inflammation", "opb": "Burtonian line", "opc": "Gingiva", "opd": "Blackish line in the mucosa", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07b4f1a7-7b12-437c-9ecb-16f93473f324", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The nerve root blocked in pudendal nerve block", "exp": "Pudendal nerve block, blocks sacral segments (S2-4) thus provides perineal analgesia. The anesthesia is produced by blocking the pudendal nerves near the ischial spine of the pelvis. The pudendal block gets its name because a local anesthetic, such as lidocaine or chloroprocaine, is injected into the pudendal canal where the pudendal nerve is located. Ref Robbins 9/e pg 345", "cop": 3, "opa": "L2-3", "opb": "L2-4", "opc": "S2-4", "opd": "L5, S1", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "430f583c-60dc-456b-a050-bf82716f56eb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common site of metastases of osteosarcoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Lymph nodes", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0576c12c-81a9-4f68-be6b-a5d955988c3c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Muddy brown casts are seen in", "exp": "Muddy brown casts made up of epithelial cells are pathognomonic for Acute tubular necrosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chronic renal failure", "opb": "Acute tubular necrosis", "opc": "Nephrotic syndrome", "opd": "Nephritic syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1b330d81-507d-44e9-af41-1533ffcfd030", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Reilly bodies are inclusion bodies seen in hurler's disease within", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphocytes", "opb": "Fibroblast", "opc": "RBC", "opd": "WBC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a001426-e606-4576-ac11-d63bb8a69d3b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Russel bodies are seen in", "exp": "*Multiple myeloma is plasma cells disorder. These plasma cells may have intracytoplasmic inclusion called as Russel bodies and intranuclear inclusions called as Dutcher bodies.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lymphocytes", "opb": "Monocytes", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Plasma cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "b07e5e1c-a611-4d7d-beed-5494ef720bb1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common organs involved in wegner's granulomatosis are", "exp": "Wegner gronulomatosis now known as, granulomatosis with polyangitis is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by a tried of.\n\nNecrotizing gronulomar of the upper respiratory tract (ear, nose, sinuses, throat) or the lower respiratory tract (lung) or both.\nNecrotizing or granulomatous vasculitis affecting small to medium - sized vessels (eg: capillorics, venuler, arterioles and arterier). Most prominent in the lungs and upper airways but involving other sites as wells.\nFocal necrotizing, often crescentic, glomerulonephritis Also know that \"limited\" forms of this disease may be restricted to the respirotory tract,", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin and nose", "opb": "Lung and kidney", "opc": "Heart and kidney", "opd": "Kidney and navour system", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff3962df-4f69-4fac-9218-d3bd36cfb9ba", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The 2nd common most supernumerary teeth is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mesiodens", "opb": "Distal to 3rd molar in maxilla", "opc": "Distal to mandibular 3rd molar", "opd": "Para molars", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0deab223-82ed-4794-89c2-d7657f00df49", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common aneuploidy compatible with life is", "exp": "Answer- A, Down syndromeMost common aneuploidy in which infant can survive is trisomy-21 (Down syndrome)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Down syndrome", "opb": "Turner syndrome", "opc": "Klinefelter's syndrome", "opd": "Patau syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4840bca4-3968-4d2f-8ade-0a9092fbb450", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In meiosis chromosome number is", "exp": ".Ans b: (Ref: NCERT text book)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Doubled", "opb": "Halved", "opc": "Reduced to one fourth", "opd": "Will not alter", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "44c7890c-90e0-43af-8445-fd1e6caa022e", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Schiller Duval body is characteristic of", "exp": "Yolk Sac TumorThough rare, yolk sac tumor (also known as endodermal sinus tumor) still ranks as the second most common malignant tumor of germ cell origin. Similar to the normal yolk sac, the tumor cells elaborate a-fetoprotein. Its characteristic histologic feature is a glomerulus-like structure composed of a central blood vessel enveloped by tumor cells within a space that is also lined by tumor cells (Schiller-Duval body).Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 22; The Female Genital Tract; Page no: 1031", "cop": 1, "opa": "Yolk sac tumor", "opb": "Dysgerminoma", "opc": "Granulosa cell tumor", "opd": "Immature teratoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "a2fe3f69-e02b-448c-9d41-883781510373", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common age group affected with Infantile Colic is between", "exp": "Infantile colicRule of threeCrying > 3 hours/day---- > 3 days/week for > 3 weeks.Facial grimacing, drawing up of legs and passing flatus.An infant usually outgrows colic by 3 to 4 months of age(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Paediatrics 19thedition, pg no: chapter - 11)", "cop": 1, "opa": "0-3 months", "opb": "4-6 months", "opc": "7-9 months", "opd": "10-12 months", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7ee2f6ea-ced8-4cab-9ba8-1205847517e6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Inflammasome is formed in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Pyroptosis(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 58-59)Pyroptosis: Promotes the activation of inflammasomewhich activates Caspase-1Q which releases biologically active form of IL^-1 from the precursor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Apoptosis", "opc": "Necroptosis", "opd": "Pyroptosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "ed1fc30d-534a-46e1-8176-68555600d747", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Macropolycyte in peripheral smear is a feature", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Hereditary sherocytosis", "opb": "Iron deficiency anaemia", "opc": "Sickle cell anaemia", "opd": "Megaloblastic anaemia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bc8917d-aad9-4825-becd-1da64a62a149", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Commonest site of carcinoma of tongue", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Posterior one third", "opb": "Ventral surface", "opc": "Tip of tongue", "opd": "Lateral margin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0902e98f-5a8f-420b-95c2-5287d2415f15", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Arrange the following in increasing order for risk of malignancy1.Fibroadenoma2.Sclerosing adenosis3.Atypical ductal hyperplasia4.Lobular carcinoma is situ", "exp": "Lesion\nRelative risk\n\n\n\n\nFibroadenoma\n1%\n\n\nSclerosing adenosis\n1.5-2%\n\n\nAtypical ductal hyperplasia\n4-5%\n\n\nAtypical lobular hyperplasia\n8-10%", "cop": 2, "opa": "2, 1, 3, 4", "opb": "1, 2, 3, 4", "opc": "1, 2, 4, 3", "opd": "2, 1, 4, 3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "19ccfe02-d81f-43e8-b402-50108bf0053a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Dyskeratosis", "exp": "dys*ker*a*to*sis (dis'ker-a-to'sis), 1. Premature keratinization in individual epithelial cells that have not reached the keratinizing surface layer; dyskeratotic cells generally become rounded and they may break away from adjacent cells and fall off. Dyskeratosis terms that abnormal premature keratinisation within cells below the stratum granulosum. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1143", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leukoplakia", "opb": "Hyperpigmentation", "opc": "Nail dystrophy", "opd": "Premature keratinisation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b04aeb9f-de02-4ac6-9b6d-c53636789416", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Irreversible injury is due to", "exp": "Irreversible Injury: Defect in membrane function in general, and plasma membrane in particular, is the most important event in irreversible cell injury in ischaemia. Oxygen deprivation causes shift of calcium from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. Increased level of calcium in the cytosol activates endogenous phospholipases from ischaemic tissue which degrade membrane phospholipids progressively which are the main constituent of the lipid bilayer membrane. An alternate hypothesis is decreased replacement-synthesis of membrane phospholipids due to reduced ATP.\nMyelin figures & cellular swelling are the changes seen in Reversible cell injury.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decrease in ATP", "opb": "Defective membrane function", "opc": "Myelin figures", "opd": "Cellular swelling", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8e8a40b-5f29-40f9-a7b1-b6e7cdeb1574", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The attachment of the Actinomyces species to the tooth surface is facilitated by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fimbriae", "opb": "Cilia", "opc": "Flagella", "opd": "Pseudopodia", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "140f11bc-b297-4887-94e7-0061aaa8805b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The characteristic lesion of atherosclerosis is", "exp": "Atherosclerosis is a intima based lesion composed of a fibrous cap and an atheromatous core: the constituents of the plaque include smooth muscle cells, ECMs, inflammatory cells, lipids and necrotic debris Robbins 9th edition page no 343", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fibrinoid necrosis of the media", "opb": "Giant cell reaction in the retina and internal elastic lamina", "opc": "Organised thrombus in the affected segment", "opd": "'Fibro-fatty' lesion in the intima of the blood vessels", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "66340816-2e7e-4348-a8bb-3f9ac8842a2d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cause of death in ADPKD", "exp": "Hypertensive or coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death in ADPKD.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Renal failure", "opb": "Ruptured berry aneurysm", "opc": "Cardiovascular disease", "opd": "Sepsis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8a251a29-e7cb-4055-bb6a-b1e64e57cb13", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "'Growth Phase' of the hair", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anagen", "opb": "Metagen", "opc": "Metagen", "opd": "Telogen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0a4740ec-a772-4e09-8806-244cba99de48", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hour glass deformity is seen in", "exp": "COMPLICATIONS. Acute and subacute peptic ulcers usually heal without leaving any visible scar. However, healing of chronic, larger and deeper ulcers may result in complications like Obstruction. Development of fibrous scar at or near the pylorus results in pyloric stenosis. In the case of healed duodenal ulcer, it causes duodenal stenosis. Healed ulcers along the lesser curvatures may produce 'hourglass' deformity due to fibrosis and contraction TEXT BOOK OF HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION PAGE.553. IMAGE REF:", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma stomach", "opb": "Peptic ulcer", "opc": "Duodenal atresia", "opd": "CHPS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "17a03547-9c93-4ab4-9819-976e0938c39f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Classical pathway macrophage activating molecule", "exp": "Answer- A. IFN gammaThere are two major pathways of macrophage activation:Classical macrophage activation- induced by microbial products, which engage toll like receptors & other sensors, by T cell derived signals, impoantly the cytokine IFN-yAlternative macrophage activation - induced by cytokines III & ILl3 produced by T lymphocytes & other cells. Their main function is tissue repair & secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, activate fibroblasts & stimulate collagen synthesis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "IFN gamma", "opb": "IL 4", "opc": "IL 13", "opd": "ILI", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11be8380-9a90-4d5d-a736-087048e45268", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Granuloma formation is seen in Hypersensitivity reaction type", "exp": "(IV): (74- Harsh Mohan 6th edition)Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity (Cell Mediated Reaction)Examples1. Reaction against mycobacterial infection eg tuberculin reaction, granulomatous reaction in tuberculosis, leprosy2. Reaction against virally infected cells3. Reaction against malignant cells in the body4. Reaction against organ transplantation eg transplant rejection, graft versus host reactionType I (Anaphylactic, atopic) Type II (Cytotoxic) Type III (Immune- Complex, Arthus reaction)1. Systemic anaphylaxis (administration of antisera(ATS) and drugs (Penicilline) 1. Cytotoxic antibodies to blood cells (Auto immune haemolytic anaemia, Transfusion reactions, Erythroblastosis foctalis, ITP, Leucopcnia, drug induced (penicillin, methyl dopa, rifampicin) I. Immune complex glomerulonephritisII. Goodpasture's syndromeIII. Collagen disease (SLE, RA)IV. PANV. Drug induced vasculitis2. Local anaphylaxis (hay fever, bronchial asthma, food allergy, cutaneous, angioedema) 2. Cytotoxic antibodies to tissue components (Gravis disease, M.gravis, male sterility, Type I DM, Hyper acute reaction against organ transplant)", "cop": 4, "opa": "I", "opb": "II", "opc": "III", "opd": "IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "42db8020-7e41-4198-aeb9-b01be7572033", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Proliferative glomerular deposits in kidney are found in", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amyloidosis", "opb": "IgA nephropathy", "opc": "Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Membranous glomerulonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "506b6cf0-3b60-432e-95e3-a4f42ae5c7f8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Preauricular pain, grating sensation and partial trismus are the symptoms of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "TMJ fibrous ankylosis", "opb": "TMJ bony ankylosis", "opc": "TMJ pain dysfurction symdnome", "opd": "Ear infection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f46aba17-13a6-4796-a8b0-905cf53e5a86", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Hemodialysis associated with amyloid pattern", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Beta-2-microglobulin", "cop": 3, "opa": "AA", "opb": "AL", "opc": "Beta - 2- microglobulin", "opd": "ATTR", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48316584-7a6b-4923-abb7-03d66062bb7f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Bernard Soulier syndrome is due to defect in", "exp": "Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder that causes a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib(GpIb), the receptor for von Willebrand factor Causes Mutations in GP1BA, GP1BB and GP9 Diagnostic method Flow cytometry analysis Treatment Platelet transfusion", "cop": 1, "opa": "GP IB/IX", "opb": "GP IIB/IIIa", "opc": "Fibrinogen", "opd": "vWF", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "5cb54e5d-2b65-48dc-8219-118cdb5c58d9", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common salivary gland malignant neoplasm in\nbones", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Plemorphic adenoma", "opb": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opc": "Muceopidermoid carcinoma", "opd": "Aderrolymphorna", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2df44ddc-d05c-4664-ac2a-b3dc7ec1a250", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The type of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) most likely to result in a palpable abnormality in the breast is", "exp": "DCIS has a wide variety of histologic appearances. Architectural patterns often are mixed and include solid, comedo,n cribriform, papillary, micropapillary, and \"clinging\" types.The comedo subtype is distinctive and is characterized by cells with high-grade nuclei with extensive central necrosis ref : Robbins Basic Pathology, 9E,page-710 ref img", "cop": 4, "opa": "Apocrine DCIS", "opb": "Neuroendocrine DCIS", "opc": "Well differentiated DCIS", "opd": "Comedo DCIS", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Breast", "id": "39164c0d-f12f-416c-a6ec-cc6429621518", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pink's disease is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Toxicity of silver", "opb": "Toxicity of Mercury", "opc": "Toxicity of Lead", "opd": "Toxicity of Tetracycline", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "52fcf978-e5b8-4127-9b8d-0675d472a484", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "TB is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Caseous necrosis", "opb": "Coagulative necrosis", "opc": "Liquefactive necrosis", "opd": "Fibrinoid necrosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b33540b-b365-4499-b046-e1054ded95ea", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Anticipation is seen in", "exp": "Ref: Robbin's Pathology, 9th ed. pg. 168* Anticipation is a phenomenon where by the symptoms of a genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age as it is passed to next generation. In most cases, an increased severity of symptoms is also noted.* In triplet nucleotide repeat mutation, the DNA fragment is unstable and tends to expand further during cell division.So, in successive generations the expanded repeat increases and the manifestations of disease may worsen or may be observed at an earlier age; this phenomenon is referred to as anticipation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Translocation", "opb": "Chromosome breaking", "opc": "Trinucleotide - repeat expansion", "opd": "Mitochondrial mutation", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Genetics", "id": "b9160b74-d127-4f6f-b64a-08fba9d2f0b6", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "60 year old diabetic female presented with burning sensation to spicy food. Intraoral examination revealed multiple periodontal abscess and keratotic area in a lace pattern with occasional erosive areas inside the lace pattern.\nSyndrome associated with this disease is", "exp": "Grinspan's syndrome is an interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Down's syndrome", "opb": "Grinspan syndrome", "opc": "Peutzjeghers syndrome", "opd": "Sjogren's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "741d3ceb-3ca3-4960-93b8-48a300f50a96", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Serum marker of rickets is", "exp": "Amongst the given options, alkaline phosphatase is best because it is raised in all type of rickets.\nThe primary (Basic) investigations in a child of rickets are :-\n\n\nSerum calcium\nSerum phosphorus\nAlkaline phosphatase\n\n\nIf the patient does not respond to calcium and Vit D therapy, secondary investigations are done:-\n\n\nVit D level\nSerum PTH\nUrinary calcium and phosphorus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acid phosphates", "opb": "Alkaline phosphatase", "opc": "Decreased serum calcium", "opd": "Urinary posphates", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6803e3e-c099-4d24-83ab-df4faafbc264", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MHC III codes for", "exp": "Ans. (a) TNF alpha(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 195; 8th/pg 191)MHC III: No direct role in immune system QCodes for:complement components C2, C4, properdin, factor B QTNF, HSP-70, Tyrosine hydroxylase", "cop": 1, "opa": "TNF alpha", "opb": "IL 1", "opc": "HLA A", "opd": "HLAB", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Immunity", "id": "8fb5b913-177e-46a3-8abf-a4c476c1671c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "+ve pathergy test is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "Histoplasmosis", "opc": "Candidiasis", "opd": "Behcet's disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6feca1da-db6d-4e23-98f6-952ce5694b33", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Standard treatment of ameloblastoma", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Segmental resection with 1 cm of normal bone", "opb": "Enbloc resection", "opc": "Enucleation", "opd": "Enucleation with cauterization", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a7c49fd9-ebd8-4442-bdfe-046015c45c29", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In addition to ETEC another strain of E.coli that causes Travellers diarrhea is", "exp": ".Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a non-Shiga toxin-producing strain of E. coli that causes diarrhea an \"attaching and effacing\" mechanism on the surface of enterocytes . In adults, EPEC diarrhea presents as watery diarrhea (sometimes associated with vomiting) in association with a low-grade fever", "cop": 3, "opa": "EIEC", "opb": "EHEC", "opc": "EAEC", "opd": "EPEC", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a098ecb0-6192-48a6-9151-117529c55c9a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "HLA is located on aEUR'", "exp": "Sho arm of chr- 6 Human leucocyte antigen is so called because it was first discovered on the leucocytes. HLA is also called Major histocompatibility complex. The histocompatibility antigens (human leukocyte antigens - HLA) are cell surface antigens that induce an immune response leading to rejection of allogrufts. The principal physiologic function of the cell surface histocompatibility molecules is to bind peptide fragments of foreign proteins for presentation to antigen specific T cells. The histocompatibility antigens are encoded by a closely linked multiallelic cluster of genes, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or Human leukocyte antigens complex (HLA complex). - HLA complex of genes is located on the sho arm of chromosome 6. It consists of three separate clusters of genes: HLA Complex [MHC Responses of MHC molecules Class 1 MHC class I molecules bind and process peptide that are derived from proteins synthesized within the cells, e.g. viral protein in viral infected cells and antigen of cancerous cells. These cells (cancerous or virus infected) have a tendency to display unusual, non self antigens on their surface. After binding to MHC-I, these antigens are processed and presented to cytotoxic CD-8 T cells (MHC-I restricted). Cytotoxic CD-8 T cell - MHC I reaction cause -- Graft rejection - Cell mediated cytolysis of viral infected or tumor cells. Class II Class 11 molecules present exogenous antigen (e.g. extracellular microbes, soluble proteins). These antigens are first internalized and undergo proteolytic cleavage in lysosome. Peptide generated .from this proteolytic cleavage are presented by MHC - II to CD4-T cells (MHC-II restricted). Reactions are : - Graft versus host response - Mixed leukocyte reaction Class III \"The MHC class HI region contains many genes that are good candidates for the involvement in autoimmune disease\". Recent data suggest that quantitative and qualitative diversities of the MHC Ill linked C4 among different ethnic groups can be impoant in susceptibility to autoimmune disease like SLE. Note ? The pa of MHC complex that code for TNF a & /land heat shock protein, is also referred as class IV MHC.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sho arm of chr-6", "opb": "Long arm of chr-6", "opc": "Sho arm of chr-3", "opd": "Long arm of chr-3", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "183ebfa1-45e2-435b-88f3-6495348915f5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common CNS neoplasma in HIV patient 2", "exp": "Primary CNS lymphoma occurs very frequently in patients suffering AIDS and others immuno deficiency states.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Medulloblastoma", "opb": "Ependymoma", "opc": "Astrocytoma", "opd": "Primary CNS lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee6885cd-9a1c-4a4d-ac09-0a61c68ed39f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Leber hereditary optic neuropathy ELHUNI is caused by mutation in", "exp": "Answer- A. Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial DNA is the only non-chromosomal DNA in human cells. Mitochondrial DNA is always maternally inherited.Thus diseases caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA are always inherited from mother to next generation.All children from affected mother will inherit the disease but it will not be tranmtitted from an affected father to his children", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mitochondrial DNA", "opb": "Nuclear DNA", "opc": "Non-coding DNA", "opd": "DNA dependent ribonucleosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2834faff-02b0-48e4-baad-2fe82e8b45aa", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Maximum unsaturated fatty acid is seen in", "exp": "FatsPUFASafflower oil75Sunflower seed oil65Soya bean oil62Margarine 50Groundnut oil31Palm oil10Butter 3Coconut oil2(Refer: K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 24th edition, pg no: 649)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mustard oil", "opb": "Groundnut oil", "opc": "Safflower oil", "opd": "Coconut oil", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "77b0c2b7-bc14-4bfd-bbe7-da2067060081", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Cancerous involvement is seen with", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Chancre", "opb": "Mucous patch", "opc": "Syphilitic glossitis", "opd": "Gumma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e1417e0-ddda-4cce-9de3-ce2716b43dcd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Immune complex mediated reaction", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Type III reactions Type III hypersensitivity o Type III hypersensitivity reaction is antigen-antibody immune complex mediated that are deposited in postcapillary venules of various tissues with subsequent complement fixation. o Immune complexes produce tissue damage mainly be eliciting inflammation. Type III hypersensitivity may be of two types A. Systemic or generalized Immune complex disease (serum sickness) - It occurs in three phases :? Phase I --> Formation of antigen - antibody immune - complex in the blood. Phase II --> Traveling of immune complex through blood and deposition in various tissues. Phase III ---> Induction of inflammation by immune complex. Generally, common sites of deposition of immune complex incude - Skin Joints Lungs Kidney Blood vessels B. Localized immune complex disease (Ahus reaction) Ahus reaction is a localized area of tisue necrosis resulting from acute immune - complex vasculitis, usually elicited in the skin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a56cc2de-aeec-4683-929c-ff35a57af6b2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Single gene disorder", "exp": "(A) Duchenne muscle dystrophy MENDELIAN DISORDERS/SINGLE GENE DISORDERSAutosomal DominantAutosomal RecessiveX-linked RecessiveX-linked DominantFAP of colonAchondroplasiaAcute intermittent porphyriaHyperlipoproteinemia1.2,3,4HemorrhagicHSHuntington's dsMarfan's syndromeNeurofibromatosisOsteogenesis imperfectaPolydactylyvWDRetinoblastomaPeutz Zeghers syndromeOsteosclerosisMost inborn error of metabolism e.g.AlbinismAlkaptonuriaAgammaglobulinemia(Swiss type)Cystic fibrosisMaple Syrup Urine dsHemochromatosisWilson's dsPKULysosomal storage dsGlycogenesis, Gaucher's ds., PK deficiency21-Hydoxylase def,CAHb-thalessemiaSickle cell anemiaHirschsprung's diseaseHemophiliaColor blindnessG-6-PD def.(incompletely dominant (expression)DICGDAgammaglobulinemia (Bruton's)Duchenne's and Becker'sMuscle dystrophyRPHydrocephalusOrnithine transcarbamylase deficiencyVit-D resistant/ hypophosphatemicRicketsAlport syndromeFamilialHypophosphatemiaBlood group XgIncontinentia PigmentiFabry's DS", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duchenne muscle dystrophy", "opb": "Down syndrome", "opc": "Turner syndrome", "opd": "Klinefelter syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "761a1a46-022e-4cce-a812-2ca0c4a22d1d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Multiple periapical radiolucencies are seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Jawcyst basal cell Nevus Syndrome", "opb": "Odontogenic keratocyst", "opc": "Cherubisrn", "opd": "Thyroid disorders", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f90ae2e8-fdfd-415a-87aa-1cbcd58b1cff", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The chief cells of the stomach secrete", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Intrinsic factor", "opb": "Hydrochloric acid", "opc": "Pepsinogen", "opd": "Gastrin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4f06e5c8-0f04-4c5d-a2a3-7bb311630c22", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "'Lock jaw' indicates", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Ankylosis", "opb": "Spasm of masseter muscle", "opc": "Inflammatory trismus", "opd": "Fracture of condyle", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "73cacf1a-bb1e-4162-833f-aea6de6921c0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The genetic inheritance of hemophilia is", "exp": "Robims basic pathology 6th edition chapter red cells and bleeding disorders. page no.639. Haemophilia is a sex linked(X-linked) recessive disorder . So disease manifests in all males and homozygous females.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sex linked dominant", "opb": "Sex linked recessive", "opc": "Autosomal dominant", "opd": "Autosomal recessive", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "60a2fe40-fd5b-4a7a-a50e-5ad327547344", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MHC II is present on", "exp": "MHC I is present on all nucleated cells and platelets.\nMHC is present on immune cells like Macrophage, Langerhans cells, B cells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Platelets", "opb": "RBC", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Endothelial cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1a8a494-fe0a-49f4-be7c-11a78ccaacee", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Adult polycystic kidney disease is", "exp": "Ref: Robbins Pathology, 9th ed. pg. 946* ADPKD is autosomal dominant--Polycystic kidney disease.* Occurs due to mutation in PKD 1 and PKD 2 gene* MC type of mutation: PKD 1. (80-85%)* Pathological feature: Large multicystic kidney. It also involves commonly:# MC: Liver-Polycystic liver disease (40%)# Heart: Mitral valve prolapse (20-25%)# Brain: Berry aneurysm", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autosomal recessive", "opb": "Autosomal dominant", "opc": "X-linked recessive", "opd": "X-linked dominant", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Kidney", "id": "510895ae-acd6-443f-8393-93a41f8e12bd", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Comment on the diagnosis.", "exp": "Ans. (a) Turner syndrome.Image source-", "cop": 1, "opa": "Turner syndrome", "opb": "Klinefelter syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Cridu-chat syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cytogenetic Disorders", "id": "efbe7726-7670-4a71-b868-b8a29e0c6dc3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Common site of hematopoiesis in fetus is", "exp": "Development of the Hematopoietic System. Primitive hematopoiesis is followed by definitive hematopoiesis in mice and humans. Embryonic hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and changes to definitive hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. The bone marrow becomes the principal site of hematopoiesis late in gestation Ref Robbins 9/e pg 138", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Bone marrow", "opd": "Gut", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "28b7675e-95bd-4732-a58a-e012eb3a6eb0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a characteristic feature of", "exp": "Infantile and Iuvenile forms are associated with congenital Hepatic fibrosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Multicystic renal dysplasia", "opb": "ARPKD", "opc": "Familial juvenile nephronophthisis", "opd": "Medullary sponge kidney", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1cc9b83f-ecc5-4ef8-9b40-ff4ee326ba97", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Mitochondrial abnormality is seen in", "exp": "Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug reactions. It results in various small molecules of metabolism being passed into the urine instead of being reabsorbed from the tubular fluid (for example, glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate). Fanconi syndrome affects the proximal tubules, namely, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), which is the first pa of the tubule to process fluid after it is filtered through the glomerulus, and the proximal straight tubule (pars recta), which leads to the descending limb of the loop of Henle. Different forms of Fanconi syndrome can affect different functions of the proximal tubule, and result in different complications. The loss of bicarbonate results in type 2 or proximal renal tubular acidosis. The loss of phosphate results in the bone diseases rickets and osteomalacia (even with adequate vitamin D and calcium levels), because phosphate is necessary for bone development in children and even for ongoing bone metabolism in adults.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Krabbe's disease", "opb": "Fabry disease", "opc": "Fanconi syndrome", "opd": "Fanconi syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "8d6b49ae-abca-4abf-8e08-0e6f99a6a5c1", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "MONRO's abscess are seen in", "exp": "MONRO'S abscesses are seen in psoriasis form of lesions, which include, Psoriasis, Reiter Syndrome, Benign migratory glossitis and ectopic geographic tongue.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pemphigus", "opb": "Lichen planus", "opc": "Leukoplakia", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "98248c80-94ee-4ea6-af7d-47c760a42f0b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Accumulation of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis in the form of", "exp": "(Oxidised LDL) (499-Robbins-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Accumulation of lipoproteins mainly LDL and its oxidized forms in the vessel wall OXIDIZED-LDL1. In ingested by macrophages through scavenger receptors distinct from the LDL receptor thus forming foam cells2. Increases monocytes accumulation in lesions3. Stimulates release of growth factors and cytokines4. Is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells5. Can induce endothelial cell dysfunctionPathogenic events in Atherosclerosis* Endothelial Injury - | vascular permeability leukocyte adhesion and thrombosis* Accumulation of lipoproteins (Mainly LDL and its oxidized forms) in the vessel wall* Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium - followed by migration into the intima and transformation into macrophages and foam cells* Plaelet adhesion* Factor release from activated platelets, macrophages and vascular wall-cells, inducing smooth muscle cell recruitment either from the media or from circulating precursors* Smooth muscle cell proliferation and ECMproduction* Lipid accumulation both extracellulary and within cells (macrophages and smooth muscle cells)Apo - B- 100 is responsible for the recognition of LDL receptor sites* Most important function of LDL is to supply cholesterol to this extrahepatic tissues. The LDL particles bind to the specific receptor pits (Identified as glycoprotein) on the cell membraneDeficiency of LDL receptors is observed in Type Ila hvperbetalipoproteinemia this disorder is associated with a very high risk of atherosclerosis (particularly coronary artery)IMPORTANT POINTS* Most common of ascending aortic aneurysm - cystic medial necrosis* Most common cause of descending aortic aneurysm and aneurysm aortic arch - Atherosclerosis.* Raised serum level of lipoprotein (a) is a predictor of Atherosclerosis (coronary and cerebro vascular disease)* In atherosclerosis, LDL is present in the LDL monocyte* In atherosclerosis, Increased LDL in monocytes- macrophages due to- LDL receptors on the macrophages* Most common cause of peripheral limb ischaemia in India is Atherosclerosis* Best predictor for future risk of cardiovascular events is hs CRP* Test for reversible cardiac ischemia is - Thallium scan* Most common change in atherosclerotic vessel is - Dystrophic calcification", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxidised LDL", "opb": "HDL", "opc": "VLDL", "opd": "Glycerides", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Blood Vessels", "id": "3ebd752f-6b6f-49ee-a354-ff4f868d5669", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ground glass cells of Hadziyannis are seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Liver", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bone", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Thyroid", "opd": "Prostate", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebd2addf-339c-4d1d-841f-16653e1b0659", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Heart failure cells are", "exp": "Ans. (c) Hemosiderin laden macrophages(Ref: Robbin's 9th/pg 115)Chronic pulmonary congestion: shows Hemosiderinladen macrophages (heart failure cells) Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Foam cells", "opb": "Lipid laden macrophages", "opc": "Hemosiderin laden macrophages", "opd": "Type 1 pneumocytes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Hemodynamics", "id": "4de79ede-4b39-43d8-aced-4f65990733e7", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Figlu test is done for", "exp": "(B) (Folic acid deficiency) (285- Harshmohan 7th)A. Test for Folate deficiency - forminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) urinary excretion1. Urinary excretion of FIGLU2. Serum folate assay3. Red cell folate assayNormal range of serum folate is 6-18 ng/ml (value 4 or Less is diagnostic)B Test for vitamin B12 deficiency1. Serum vitamin B12 assay2. Shilling test\" (Radio-isotop absorption test)3. Serum enzyme levelsC Thiamine deficiency - transketolase levels in blood", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cyanocobalamine deficiency", "opb": "Folic acid deficiency", "opc": "Thiamine deficiency", "opd": "Riboflavin deficiency", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Environment & Nutritional Pathology", "id": "528890e6-f399-4ad1-b659-eecb3cf36444", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Gemination of teeth occur due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Division of a single tooth bud after calcification", "opb": "Division of a single tooth bud before calcification", "opc": "Fusion of two teeth before calcification", "opd": "Fusion of two teeth after calcification", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "116a0c3d-044b-4ef5-9920-ee30769ac514", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Durck granuloma is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Cerebral malaria(Ref: Malaria - Page 76)In malignant cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, brain vessels are plugged with parasitized red cells, causing ring hemorrhage which is accompanied by necrosis of surrounding parenchyma.The damage leads to formation of Durck's granuloma - collection of microglial cells surrounding area of demylienation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Congenital syphilis", "opb": "Cat scratch disease", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "Cerebral malaria", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Inflammation & Repair", "id": "06d76fcb-5fb9-4be7-9e91-b2f7ed646a39", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "DOC for Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy", "exp": "Chlamydial infections during pregnancyThe first line of treatment is erythromycin base 500mg orally, four times a day for 7 days, or amoxicillin 500mg orally three times a day for 7days. Azithromycin is an alternative; it is safe in pregnancy.(Refer: Mudaliar and Menon&;s Clinical Obstetrics, 11th edition, pg no: 253)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amoxicillin", "opb": "Metronidazole", "opc": "Cephazolin", "opd": "Clindamycin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c2de6490-c69d-420d-b40b-16298494c1ce", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Patient with hemophilia A have bleeding disorder because of", "exp": "Hemophilia A\nX - linked disorder\n\n90% cases - deficiency of factor 8\n10% cases functional defect of factor 8\n\nFactor VIII a complex is the most important activator of factor X required for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lack of platelet count", "opb": "Lack of platelet adhesion", "opc": "Lack of factor VIII a during activation of factor X in coagulation coscade", "opd": "Release of thromboxane A2", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fa27c10-29c1-4840-b93a-191ec44a02a2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Alveolitis sicca dolorosa is otherwise known as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Trigeminal neuralgia", "opb": "Sicca Syndrome", "opc": "Dry socket", "opd": "Myospherulosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e0dcea5-371a-41c7-a5d1-fa363e93151a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Port wine stain is characteristic feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Peutz Jegers Syndrome", "opb": "Sturge Weber Syndrome", "opc": "Albright's Syndrome", "opd": "Lymphangioma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "348dd68e-0f0e-4156-92cc-9378ca3994a8", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Secondary granules in neutrophil is", "exp": "Neutrophils have two types of granules; primary (azurophilic) granules (found in young cells) and secondary (specific)granules (which are found in more maturecells). Specific granules are secretory vesicles found exclusively in cells of the immune system called granulocytes. It is sometimes described as applying specifically to neutrophils, and sometimes the term is applied to other types of cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lactoferrin", "opb": "Proteolytic enzymes", "opc": "Nucleotidase", "opd": "Catalase", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "60e354e8-1e92-4b84-be10-1ab4c1f27c6a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In sickle cell anaemia, there is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "75 to 100% haemoglobin", "opb": "10 to 20% haemoglobin", "opc": "20 to 30% haemoglobin", "opd": "50 to 60% haemoglobin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a38f0d95-966d-4bde-bf69-b1f08854bb73", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most important antigen initiating graft rejection", "exp": "the most important consequence of direct recognition is the activation of CD8+ T cells \nwhich recognise class I MHC molecules in the graft.Host CD4+ helper T cell may be triggered into proliferation and cytokine production by recognition of donor\nclass II MHC molecules and drive an inflammatory response", "cop": 4, "opa": "MHC - molecule", "opb": "Polysaccharide", "opc": "DHA", "opd": "HLA - Antigen", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f6b556e-f891-46a5-9784-89f25ced3767", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Saw tooth retepegs are seen in", "exp": "Histology of Lichen planus:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lichen planus", "opb": "Leukoplakia", "opc": "Pamphigus vulgaris", "opd": "Psoriasis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3cc1129c-4aca-4335-82f6-1b44b618a56f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Minute 1 to 2mm hemorrhages are known as", "exp": "Petechiae 1 to 2 mm Purpura > 3mmEcchymoses 1 to 2 cmRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases; 9th edition; Chapter 4; Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock; Page no: 122", "cop": 1, "opa": "Petechiae", "opb": "Purpura", "opc": "Ecchymosis", "opd": "Bruises", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "93faacfc-740c-4dc7-a614-4a89245b50eb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The protein in glomerular basement membrane responsible for charge dependent filtration is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Proteoglycan", "cop": 3, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Collagen type IV", "opc": "Proteoglycan", "opd": "Fibronectin", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f92ed85-cc66-4d65-9cca-4fc6a19f2cf2", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Commonest thyroid tumor in MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasi", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Medullary o Thyroid tumor is seen in MEN II, and is medullary carcinoma of thyroid.", "cop": 4, "opa": "- a) Follicular", "opb": "Papillary", "opc": "Anaplastic", "opd": "Medullary", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Thyroid and Parathyroid", "id": "49eb67c2-6d1f-4ea0-b3b3-75aa0eb6388d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most pronounced effect on the oral microflora of reduction in rate of salivary flow is a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Significant increase in number of oral bacteria", "opb": "Shift towards more acidogenic microflora", "opc": "Significant decrease in number of oral bacteria", "opd": "Shift towards more aerobic microflora", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e81c5bd0-8507-42ee-9e67-fda6f7353545", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The most common malignant tesicular neoplasm is", "exp": "Testicular neoplasms occur in roughly 6 per 100,000 males. Tumors of the testis are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors. In postpubeal males, 95% of testicular tumors arise from germ cells, and all are malignant. Most testicular tumors in postpubeal males arise from germ cell neoplasia in situ. Testicular germ cell tumors are subclassified into seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. ref: ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th Ed. pg no: 693 Most common tumor of the testis: Seminoma Mixed germ cell tumor Most common testicular tumor in infant and children up to 3 years: Yolk sac tumor Most common testicular tumor in prepubeal children: Teratoma Most common testicular tumor >60 years: Lymphoma Most common bilateral tumor Primary is seminoma Secondary is lymphoma Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 651", "cop": 2, "opa": "Teratoma", "opb": "Seminoma", "opc": "Choricocarcinoma", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "ed4c1aae-d240-4338-a810-75d0a41b09c3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Tzanck smear test is used in the diagnosis of", "exp": "Tzanck test is also used for diagnosis of viral diseases like Herpes Zoster.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pemphigus", "opb": "ANUG", "opc": "Apthous disease", "opd": "Lichen planus", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d0d4147-ac12-4669-ad2d-2d7ab416eb8a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Burkitt's lymphoma arises from", "exp": "airway Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, paicularly B lymphocytes found in the germinal center. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, a surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial Africa", "cop": 2, "opa": "T cell", "opb": "B cell", "opc": "Pre B cell", "opd": "NK cell", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Haematology", "id": "bfe688dd-f384-4b0e-b2f3-c9fa3a471098", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cyst in oral region is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Medial cyst", "opb": "Radicular cyst", "opc": "Follicular cyst", "opd": "Naso labial cyst", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b9e30d1-49e7-46ad-91de-0f7213976909", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Asteroid bodies are seen in", "exp": "Sarcoidosis will show (characteristic but not pathognomonic).\n\nSchaumann bodies are laminated, calcified proteinaceous concretions.\nAsteroid bodies are stellate inclusions within giant cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sarcoidosis", "opb": "Syphilis", "opc": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opd": "Sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee398a0b-5ab6-44f2-97fa-b0a8ce6fb507", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "One of the following syndrome is characterized by an esophageal web with resulting dysphagia, atrophic changes in the mucous membranes of the mouth and a hypochromic microcytic anemia", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Marfan's syndrome", "opb": "Plummer-vinson syndrome", "opc": "Meckels syndrome", "opd": "Sjogren's syndrome", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e86df31-37fb-49c0-bbf8-92091a618769", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Salt loosing nephropathy seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Interstitial nephritis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amyloidosis", "opb": "Lupus nephritis", "opc": "Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis", "opd": "Interstitial nephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12ca6a38-2554-4292-b2ed-38ab189ec8ce", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ahritis \"mutilans\" is a feature of", "exp": "Psoriasis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dermatomyositis", "opb": "Psoriasis", "opc": "SLE", "opd": "Tinea versicolor", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "560dec69-274d-48e7-96a8-122ab1ce5eee", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cause of cervical neoplasia is", "exp": "Human papilloma virus *Oncogenic DNA virus which are grouped into high and oncogenic risk HPVs*High oncogenic risk HPVs(HPV16 and 18) -main cause of cervical cancers and also vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, tonsillar and oropharyngeal carcinomas.*Low oncogenic risk HPVs (HPV 6 and 11) - causes vulvar, perineal and perianal condyloma accuminatum.*HPV produce two envelope proteins-E6 and E7. *E6 proteins inhibits p53, induce centrosome duplication, induce genomic instability and upregulates telomerase.*E7 promotes cell cycle by binding to RB and upregulates cyclin E, induce centrosome duplication and induce genomic instability (Ref: Robbins 8/e p1018)", "cop": 3, "opa": "HPV 6", "opb": "HPV 11", "opc": "HPV 16", "opd": "HPV36", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "7ab2ae0b-379a-44cf-8db7-3a801e3c2c83", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Mycosis fungoides mainly affects", "exp": "Ans. c (T-cells). (Ref. Robbin, Pathology, 6,h/656, 670, 1191 & Harrison's Medicine 18th/Table 12-8.)MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES (CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA) & /SEZARY SYNDROME# It is anindolent disorder of peripheral CD4+T-cells.# It is an indolent lymphoma with several years of eczematous or dermatitic skin lesions before the diagnosis.# The median age of onset is in the mid-fifties. It is more common in males and in blacks.# Patients are usually adults with cutaneous patches, plaques, nodules or generalized erythema.# Characteristically 3 phases are known:- Premycotic - plaque -tumor phase.# The skin lesions progress from patch stage to plaque stage to cutaneous tumors.# In advanced stages, the lymphoma can metastasize to lymph nodes and visceral organs.# Lymphoma involves erythroderma and circulating tumor cells is known as Se'zary's syndrome.# Localized early stage mycosis fungoides can be cured with RT, often total-skin electron beam irradiation# More advanced disease has been treated (palliative) with:- Topical glucocorticoids, Topical nitrogen mustard,- Psoralen with ultraviolet (PUVA), Phototherapy,- Interferon, Antibodies, Fusion toxins, and- Systemic cytotoxic therapy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "B-cells", "opb": "Plasma cells", "opc": "T cells", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "344cb584-0d50-422f-bd59-82da566c7146", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic changes in the apoptotic cells is due to", "exp": "(Caspases): (19, 189 Robbins 9th edition)Activation and Function of Caspases* The mitochondrial and death receptor pathway lead to the activation of the initiator caspases, caspase 9 and - 8, respectively. Active forms of these enzymes are produced and these cleave and thereby activate another series of caspases that are called the executioner caspases. These activated caspases cleave numerous targets culminating in activation of nucleases that degrade DNA and nucleoproteins. Caspases also degrade components of nuclear matrix and cytoskeleton, leading to fragmentation of cells.* Both extrinsic or intrinsic pathway result in activation of a proteolytic cascade of caspases that destroys the cell* Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization is regulated by the balance between pro-apoptotic (eg BAX, BAK) and anti-apoptotic molecules (BCL2, BCL-XL) BH-3 only molecules activate apoptosis by tilting the balance in favour of the pro-apoptosis molecules.* The role of BCL2 in protecting tumour cells from apoptosis* TP53 is an important gene that induces apoptosis in cells that are unable to repair DNA damages", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxygen free radicals", "opb": "Caspases", "opc": "Complement fixation", "opd": "ATP ases", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cellular Pathology", "id": "4a5e4399-502c-4fb3-880d-cf0ba695bc8a", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Carcinosarcoma occurs in", "exp": "Carcinosarcoma is the rare combination of malignant tumour of the epithelium (carcinoma) and of mesenchymal tissue (sarcoma) such as in thyroid, lung, and uterus. Refer robbins 9/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Uterus", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Breast", "opd": "Lungs", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "0690b3ad-865f-45de-a0a3-4a537566f848", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In blood transfusion, blood group most impoant is", "exp": ". Kell", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kell", "opb": "Lewis", "opc": "Li", "opd": "Lutheran", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b252bd77-62af-4f9c-a7a8-90a55ebc4c07", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "ASCOff'S bodies are seen in", "exp": "Acute rheumatic fever is characterized by discrete inflammatory foci within a variety of tissues. The myocardial inflammatory lesions--called Aschoff bodies--are pathognomonic for rheumatic fever (Fig. 10-19, B); these are collections of lymphocytes (primarily T cells), scattered plasma cells, and plump activated macrophages called Anitschkow cells occasionally punctuating zones of fibrinoid necrosis. (Robbins Basic pathology,9th edition.pg no.391)", "cop": 2, "opa": "LIb-man sac endocarditis", "opb": "Rheumatic hea disease", "opc": "Bacterial endocarditis", "opd": "Marantic endocarditis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "68e0ce58-dc12-402a-8389-5cf41231927c", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Podocytes are seen in", "exp": "Reference Robbins page no Pg 900 Podocytes are cells6in the Bowman's capsule in the kidney s that wrap around the capillaries of the Glomerulus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bowman's capsule", "opb": "Proximal consulted tubule", "opc": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opd": "Collecting tubule of the kidney", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "aed7ab53-d648-41d1-b90e-17203faba2cb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Irreversible cell injury is indicated by", "exp": "The hallmark of irreversible cell injury is a loss of integrity of cell membrane and lysosomal membranes Myelin figures are phospholipid deposits formed as a result of cell membrane integrity loss; Seen in the very late phase of reversible injury and irreversible injury. Necrosis Necrosis is the type of cell death that is associated with loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents cul- minating in dissolution of cells, largely resulting from the degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells. The leaked cellular contents often elicit a local host reaction, called inflammation, that attempts to eliminate the dead cells and sta the subsequent repair process (Chapter 2). The enzymes responsible for digestion of the cell may be derived from the lysosomes of the dying cells themselves and from the lysosomes of leukocytes that are recruited as pa of the inflammatory reaction to the dead cells. MORPHOLOGY Necrosis is characterized by changes in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the injured cells (Figs. 1-6, left, and 1-8, C). * Cytoplasmic changes. Necrotic cells show increased eosinophilia (i.e., pink staining from the eosin dye--the E in the hematoxylin and eosin stain), attributable in pa to increased binding of eosin to denatured cyto- plasmic proteins and in pa to loss of the basophilia that is normally impaed by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the cytoplasm (basophilia is the blue staining from the hema- toxylin dye--the H in \"H&E\"). Compared with ble cells, the cell may have a more glassy, homogeneous appear- ance, mostly because of the loss of glycogen paicles. Myelin figures are more prominent in necrotic cells than during reversible injury. When enzymes have digested cytoplasmic organelles, the cytoplasm becomes vacuo- lated and appears \"moth-eaten.\" By electron microscopy, necrotic cells are characterized by discontinuities in plasma and organelle membranes, marked dilation of mitochon- dria with the appearance of large amorphous densities, disruption of lysosomes, and intracytoplasmic myelin figures. * Nuclear changes. Nuclear changes assume one of three patterns, all due to breakdown of DNA and chromatin. The basophilia of the chromatin may fade (karyolysis), presumably secondary to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. A second pattern is pyknosis, characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; the DNA con- denses into a solid shrunken mass. In the third pattern, karyorrhexis, the pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmen- tation. In 1 to 2 days, the nucleus in a dead cell may completely disappear. Electron microscopy reveals pro- found nuclear changes culminating in nuclear dissolution. * Fates of necrotic cells. Necrotic cells may persist for some time or may be digested by enzymes and disappear. Dead cells may be replaced by myelin figures, which are either phagocytosed by other cells or fuher degraded into fatty acids. These fatty acids bind calcium salts, which may result in the dead cells ultimately becoming calcified. Refer robbins 9/e p834", "cop": 2, "opa": "Accumulation of calcium in endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Myelin figures", "opc": "ATP depletion", "opd": "Shifting of Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "eedf0294-f27c-4e55-8bb4-97cafae88f7f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The treatment for a child with cherubism is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "surgical excision", "opb": "cosmetic surgery after puberty", "opc": "radiation", "opd": "Enbloc dissection", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1396001d-1606-4185-9338-20aea9759565", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ewing's sarcoma arises from", "exp": "Ans. d (Primitive neuroectodermal cells). (Ref. Robbin, Pathologic Basis of Diseases 5th/833)PNETs# Ewing's Sarcoma is the highly malignant primary bone neoplasm having specific cytogenetic analysis i.e. t (11,12), characterized by small round cells (pseudo-rossets) and is thought to be a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with 75% patients being < 20 years age and having male predilection.# Other PNETs include- Medulloblastoma,- Pineoblastoma,- Neuroblastoma,- Askin tumor,- Retinoblastoma, etc.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Endothelial cells", "opb": "Osteocytes", "opc": "Mesoderm", "opd": "Primitive neuroectodermal cells", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Osteology", "id": "b16fd092-ca87-46cc-8c12-7a754e870db3", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "In Troisiers sign the lymph nodes involved are", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Right axillary nodes", "opb": "Left axillary nodes", "opc": "Right supraclavicular nodes", "opd": "Left supraclavicular nodes", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "76c37921-1baa-4541-b998-2e4dfd81a593", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Arrange the following tumours according to increasing age group A. Ewing's Sarcoma B. Osteosarcoma C. Osteoclastoma D. Chondrosarcoma", "exp": "Tumours according to increasing age group A. Ewing's Sarcoma B. Osteosarcoma C. Osteoclastoma D. Chondrosarcoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "B,D,A,C", "opb": "C,B,D,A", "opc": "D,A,C,B", "opd": "A,B,C,D", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Skin, Bones and Joints", "id": "4da5a3d3-e36c-4d4d-b943-e24de1b18781", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Naso Labial cyst is thought to arise from", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Remnants of cell rests of Serrae", "opb": "Remnants of cell rests of Malassez", "opc": "Remnants of cell rests of embryonic lacrimal duct", "opd": "Maxillary sinus lining epithelium", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d33ed418-4498-4d0c-9399-6dd42986ca66", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Chromosome of RH gene is located in", "exp": "The Rh blood group antigens derive from 2 genes,RHD and RHCE, thatare located at chromosomal position 1p34.1-1p36 (chromosome 1, sho arm, region 3, band 4, subband 1, through band 6). In whites, a cde haplotype with a deletion of the whole RHDgene occurs with a frequency of approximately 40%. Refer robbins", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ch1", "opb": "Ch 3", "opc": "Ch 6", "opd": "Ch 9", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "eb1b0edb-bbec-4df6-bb4f-81a23e36f76d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The histological appearance of \"lava following around boulders in dentin dysplasia\" suggests", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Attempt to repair the defective dentin", "opb": "Abrupt arrest to dentin formation in crown", "opc": "Abnormal dentin formation in a disorganized fashion", "opd": "Cascades of dentin to form root", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "325b16cf-6400-439e-a16a-00a61f8b20c0", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Pinpoint hemorrhages of < 1cm diameter are known as", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Petechiae", "opb": "Ecchymoses", "opc": "Purpura", "opd": "Pustules", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d4208b8-d9af-44df-85f7-f73ad3496484", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ham's test is used in Screening of", "exp": "Ham's test is the best screening test for paroxysmal nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "opb": "G6PD deficiency", "opc": "PNH", "opd": "Any hemolytic disorder", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ba26731-403c-434e-89bc-e829fbf81f73", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Diffuse mesangial and paramesangial dense deposits on electron microscopy are seen in", "exp": "Findings on electron microscopyMinimal change diseaseNo deposits are seenMPGN Type ISubendothelial dense depositsMPGN Type IIDense deposits on basement membraneIgA NephropathyType of diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with the involvement of mesangial cells and matrix without the involvement of capillary walls or luminaReference: Rosai and Ackerman's surgical pathology; 10th edition; Volume I; Page no: 1131", "cop": 3, "opa": "Minimal change disease", "opb": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis", "opc": "Ig A nephropathy", "opd": "Dense deposit disease", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "94af3b08-82c9-4681-b01c-8ccc5513a5e4", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Botryoid odontogenic cyst is a variant of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lateral periodontal cyst", "opb": "Apical periodontal cyst", "opc": "Gingival cysts of new born", "opd": "Gingival cysts of adult", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34756a6f-26f6-46d5-81fb-f12b53fb4313", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "DNA repairs defect associated with aEUR'", "exp": "Xeroderma pigmentosum Genomic instability - enabler of malignancy The maintenance of integrity of information in D.N.A. molecule is of utmost impoance. Cells have developed elaborate mechanisms to monitor the integrity of the genetic material. A number of complex multisubunit enzyme systems are involved in repair of damaged DNA or to prevent any error during DNA synthesis. Despite the elaborate proofreading system employed during DNA synthesis, errors including base pairing or inseion of one to a few extra nucleotides can occur. In addition, DNA is constantly being subjected to environmental insults that cause the alteration or removal of nucleotide bases. - Base are also altered or lost spontaneously from mammalian DNA at a rate many thousands per cell per day. - If the damage is not repaired a permanent mutation (genomic instability) may be introduced that can result in any of a number of deleterious effects including loss of control over the proliferation of a mutated cell leading to cancer. Luckily cells are remarkably efficient at repairing damage done to their DNA. When there is a defect in DNA the cell cycle stops for a while, allowing the damaged DNA time for repair. If the DNA cannot be repaired it undergoes apoptosis. Most of the repair systems involve :? - Recognition of the damage on the DNA - Removal or excision of the damage - Replacement or, filling the gap left by excision using sister strand as template for DNA synthesis - Typically genomic instability occurs when both copies of the DNA repair gene are lost, however recent work has suggested that even a subset of these genes may promote cancer in haploinsufficient manner. Persons with defect in DNA repair continue to replicate damaged DNA rather than stopping to allow repair or undergoing apoptosis. -There are several inherited disorders in which genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair are defective. - Individuals born with such inherited defects in DNA repair proteins are at a greatly increased risk of developing cancer. - The defect in DNA repair protein leads to genomic instability which enables malignancy. - DNA repairing genes themselves are not oncogenic but their abnormalities allow mutations in other genes during the process of normal cell division. Three types of DNA repair defects contributes to different types of cancers Mismatch repair Nucleotide excision repairQ Recombination repair", "cop": 1, "opa": "Xeroderma pigmentosum", "opb": "Icthyosis", "opc": "Mosaicism", "opd": "??", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6be13dd-5d35-4ac7-931f-20f67074cb65", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Histological clefts in Lichen planus are", "exp": "In Lichen Planus, there is degeneration of keratinocytes of stratum basale (stratum germinativum) and disruption of anchoring elements of the epithelial basement membrane and basal keratinocytes (eg: Hemi desmosomes, filaments, fibrils). This weakens the epithelial-connective tissue interface resulting in formation of histologic clefts (i.e., Max-Joseph spaces).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Civatte bodies", "opb": "Wickham's Striae", "opc": "Max - Joseph spaces", "opd": "Auspitz's sign", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d17c09b7-4ac9-4ae7-913c-4159bb92964d", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Wermer syndrome is", "exp": "Wermer syndrome is otherwise known as Multiple Endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). It is characterised by primary hyperparathyroidism,endocrine tumours of pancreas, and abnormalities of pituitary (primarily prolactinoma). It is due to germline mutation of MEN1 tumour suppressor gene,which encodes a protein called menin. (Ref :ROBBINS text book of pathology)", "cop": 1, "opa": "MEN1", "opb": "MEN IIA", "opc": "MEN IIB", "opd": "AIP", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b6471a2e-37d5-48c8-b393-462b3cb96e48", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Most common cause of renal papillary necrosis is", "exp": "Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla. Lesions that characterize renal papillary necrosis come from an impairment of the blood supply and from subsequent ischemic necrosis that is diffuse. In terms of cause, almost any condition that involves ischemia can lead to renal papillary necrosis. A mnemonic for the causes of renal papillary necrosis is (POSTCARDS: pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, analgesia/alcohol abuse, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic vasculitis.) Often, a patient with renal papillary necrosis will have numerous conditions acting synergistically to bring about the disease. Refer robbins 9/e936", "cop": 3, "opa": "Analgesic nephropathy", "opb": "Sickle cell disease", "opc": "Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Chronic pyelonephritis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Urinary tract", "id": "16bd5493-e24a-4d03-9118-29c666212ff5", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Ameloblastoma most frequently occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Mandibular molar region", "opb": "Maxillary molar region", "opc": "Mandibular premolar region", "opd": "Maxillary premolar region", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be69caae-4421-46fd-921d-01504e215c4b", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA1 prevent tumorigenesis by acting as", "exp": "Answer: d) DNA repair factors (ROBBINS 9th ED, P-291)Tumor suppressor geneFamilial syndromesSporadic cancers Inhibitors of mitogenic signaling pothwaysAPCFamilial colonic polyps and carcinomasCarcinomas of stomach, colon, pancreas melanomaNF1Neurofibromatosis type 1Neuroblastomas juvenile myeloid leukemiaNF2Neurofibromatosis type 2 (Acoustic schwannomas, Meningiomas)Schwannomas MeningiomasPTCH (Patched)Gorlin syndrome (basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma)Basal cell carcinoma MedulloblastomaPTEN (Phosphatase and tensin)Cowden syndromeMany carcinomas and lymphoid tumorsSMAD2, SMAD4Juvenile polyposis syndromeColon and pancreatic cancerInhibitors of cell cycle progressionRBFamilial Retinoblastoma syndromeRetinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma Ca of breast, colon, lungCDKN2AFamilial melanomaPancreatic, breast, and esophageal carcinoma, melanoma Inhibitors of \"Pro-growth\" Programs of Metabolism and AngiogenesisVHLVHL syndromeRenal cell carcinomaSTK11Peutz-Jeghers syndromeVariety of cancersSDHB, SDHDFamilial paraganglioma Familial pheochromocytomaParagangliomaInhibitors of Invasion and MetastasisCDH1 (E-cadherin)Familial gastric cancerGastric cancer, Lobular breast cancerEnablers of Genomic StabilityTP53 (p53)Li-Fraumeni syndromeMost human cancers DNA Repair Factors BRCA1Familial breast and ovarian carcinoma; carcinomas of male breast; (but lower than BRCA2), Cancers of prostate, pancreas, fallopian tubeRareBRCA2Familial breast and ovarian carcinoma chronic lymphocytic leukemia male breast cancer, cancer of prostate, pancreas, stomach, gallbladder, bile duct, pharynx, melanoma,RareMSH2, MLH1, MSH6HNPCCColon and endometrial cancer Unknown mechanisms WT1Wilm's tumorWilm's tumorMEN 1Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1Pituitary, pancreatic, parathyroid tumors", "cop": 4, "opa": "Inhibitors of mitogenic signaling pathways", "opb": "Inhibitors of ceil cycle progression", "opc": "Inhibitors of Invasion and Metastasis", "opd": "DNA repair factors", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "Neoplasia", "id": "8bfe7e4a-e05d-4db9-b117-dc3f5dd445bb", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Crushmann's spirals are seen in", "exp": "Bronchial asthma will show \n\nCurschmann's spirals : whorled mucus pluge in shape of tracheal ring.\nCharcot - Leyden crystals : crystalloid eosinophoil granule made up of eosinophilic protein called galectin-10.\nCreola bodies : These are individual epithelial cells in the sputum.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bronchial asthma", "opb": "Bronchiectasis", "opc": "Chronic bronchitis", "opd": "Wegner's granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7093364a-aac4-4b6f-917a-06b01290ffec", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Peripoal fatty infiltration of liver is seen with", "exp": "MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES. The pathologic features are common to both HBV and HCV infection and include the following lesions 1.Piecemeal necrosis. Piecemeal necrosis is defined as peripoal destruction of hepatocytes at the limiting plate (piecemeal = piece by piece). Its features in chronic hepatitis are as under: i)Necrosed hepatocytes at the limiting plate in peripoal zone. ii)Interface hepatitis due to expanded poal tract by infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. iii)Expanded poal tracts are often associated with proliferating bile ductules as a response to liver cell injury. 2.Poal tract lesions. All forms of chronic hepatitis are characterised by variable degree of changes in the poal tract. i)Inflammatory cell infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages (triaditis). ii)Proliferated bile ductules in the expanded poal tracts. iii)Additionally, chronic hepatitis C may show lymphoid aggregates or follicles with reactive germinal centre TEXT BOOK OF HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION PAGE.611 IMAGE REF: TEXTBOOK OF HARSH MOHAN SIXTH EDITION FIG:21-13 PAGE 612", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alcoholism", "opb": "Viral hepatitis", "opc": "Malnutrition", "opd": "Tetracycline", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "272af7f7-d14e-4d0e-a171-2edf05820529", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Half life of IgG is", "exp": "Half-life of different immunoglobulins –\nIgG - About 22 to 25 days\nIgA - About 6 to 8 days\nIgM - About 5 days\nIgE - About 2 to 8 days\nIgD - About 3 days", "cop": 4, "opa": "1-5 days", "opb": "2-8 days", "opc": "6 days", "opd": "20-23 days", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34458ddb-118d-42ea-97c0-a87ce363020f", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "The procedure done in cases of clinical suspicion of amyloidosis is", "exp": "The diagnosis of amyloidosis is confirmed by the presence of amyloid deposition in tissue biopsy specimen. A skin punch biopsy from the lesion is the preferred confirmatory procedure. The next best choice is needle biopsy from the abdominal subcutaneous fat from the clinically normal-appearing skin may be performed. The skin and abdominal fat biopsy provide positivity in 86% to 95% of amyloidosis cases, depending upon the type of amyloidosis.In case of clinical suspicion, congo red staining of abdominal fat or other tissue is advised.Ref: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 137 Amyloidosis; Page no: 720", "cop": 1, "opa": "Congo red staining of abdominal fat", "opb": "Renal biopsy", "opc": "Urine electrophoresis", "opd": "Serum immunoelectrophoresis", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": "General pathology", "id": "bc938929-be2c-4f6e-8dd7-2d6a0ea745ae", "choice_type": "single"} {"question": "Granular cell myoblastoma of tongue is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Benign tumor", "opb": "Malignant tumor of the tongue", "opc": "Lymphatic enlargement of the tongue", "opd": "Developmental anomaly of the tongue", "subject_name": "Pathology", "topic_name": null, "id": "57dfa793-989d-4ab9-908b-2aefe885cf67", "choice_type": "single"}