{"question": "The organism that most commonly causes infective endocarditis is", "exp": "Streptococcus sanguis is most common species in Viridans streptococcus to cause infective endocarditisReference: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus mitis", "opb": "Streptococcus viridians", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Staphylococcus pyogens", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "afdf612d-7756-4147-8007-a1a845498de0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ritter's disease is caused by", "exp": "The severe form of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is known as Ritter's disease in the newborn due to an exfoliative toxin. In this disease, the outer layer of epidermis gets separated from underlying tissues. Milder forms are pemphigus neonatorum and bullous impetigo.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacillus anthracis", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3db3c41e-198e-4f1e-b295-39c591a38940", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vector for Trypanosoma Cruzi is", "exp": "Transmission is by rubbing of reduviid bugs.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tse - Tse fly", "opb": "Reduvid bug", "opc": "Sand fly", "opd": "Black fly", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd0260d7-0605-42e7-8ada-b0fd78528701", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In pneumonic plague, transmission occurs from human to human by", "exp": "Pneumonic plague is spread by droplet infection. The bacilli spread through the lungs producing hemmorhagic pneumonia. Cyanosis is very prominent. The bloody mucoid sputum that is coughed out contains bacilli in numerous numbers. Pneumonic plague is highly infectious and in untreated patients almost invariably fatal. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 328", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rat flea bite", "opb": "Rat bite", "opc": "Respiratory droplets", "opd": "Discharge from wounds", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3461ca5c-dbc4-42f6-888a-da455a030ead", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best way to cultivate M.Leprae is", "exp": "M.Leprae can be cultivable in both Nine banded armadillo and foot pad of mice. But Nine banded armadillo > foot pad of mice.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nine banded armadillo", "opb": "Foot pad of mice", "opc": "Tissue culture", "opd": "Guinea pig", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "837f5204-1804-4d33-9acd-d3deba9979c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcal pathogenicity is indicated by", "exp": "Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, commonly found on the skin or in the nose of even healthy individuals. Most of the time, these bacteria cause no problems or result in relatively minor skin infections. The virulence factors of Staph aureus are: Cell-associated factors Cell-associated polymers Cell surface proteins EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES: Coagulase Lipid hydrolases Hyaluronidase Nuclease Protein receptors TOXINS: Cytolytic toxins Enterotoxin Exfoliative toxin Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No:203, 204", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coagulase positivity", "opb": "Hemolysis", "opc": "Lipoteichoic acid", "opd": "Endotoxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "aeba55d7-a5cd-4dcb-b01f-44f16ccc3675", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major constituents in agar are", "exp": "Agar, a polysaccharide extract of a marine alga, is uniquely suitable for microbial cultivation because it is resistant to microbial action and becauseit dissolves at 100degC but does not gel until cooled below 45degC; cells can be suspended in the medium at 45degC and the medium quickly cooled to a gel without harming them.Ref: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; Twenty-Seventh Edition; Chapter 5; Cultivation of Microorganisms", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fats", "opb": "Aminoacids", "opc": "Polysaccharides", "opd": "Polypeptides", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "46d863fe-143b-4334-a65c-574c9c9d118d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pneumococcus producing mucoid colonies most often is type", "exp": "Pneumococci on blood agar, after incubation for 18 hours, the colonies are small, dome-shaped with an area of greenish discoloration ( alpha hemolysis). some strains streptococcus pneumoniae type III and VII form large mucoid colonies due to the abundance of capsular material. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 224", "cop": 3, "opa": "I", "opb": "II", "opc": "III", "opd": "IV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "50207444-4254-45ea-9f54-0e13b0d9d7ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prevalence of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis among patients with visceral leishmaniasis", "exp": "PKDL occurs usually in 20% of patients with visceral after successful treatment Ref: D.R. Arora.Medical parasitology 4th ed pg. 54", "cop": 4, "opa": "10%", "opb": "100%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "20%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "edb261e5-3dfd-4d51-bbd8-00f73773aeae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scrub typhus is cause by", "exp": "Ans. a (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi) (Ref Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 8thfp. 408, 410; Park 20th/263)# Scrub typhus is caused by R. tsusugamushi.# The vector is trombiculide mite.# The microbes are transmitted transovarially in mites.SCRUB TYPHUS (CHIGGER-BORNE TYPHUS)# Causative agent is R. tsutsugamushi.# Important reservoir is trombiculoid mite.# The nymphal and the adult stages of mite are free living in the soil.# They do not feed on vertebrate host.# Larva (chigger) feeds on vertebral host and picks up the rickettsiae.# Infection is maintained in nature transovarially from one generation of mite to next.# Larval stage serves both as reservoir, through ovarian transmission, and as a vector for infecting humans and rodents.# Tertacycline is the only drug of choice.# Sulfonamides should not be given.DiseaseCausative agentsVectorReservoirWF reactionCommentsEpidemicR. prowazekiLouseHuman+++ OX19# Red louse diseasetyphus # Transmitted by Pediculosis corporis and capitis.# Centrifugal rash 5 days after fever# Reactivation leads to Brill-Zinsser diseaseEndemic (Murine) typhusR. typhi (mooseri)Rat fleaRodent+++ OX19# Tunica reaction +# Rash on 4th day of feverScrub typhusR. tsutsugamushiMite (Chiggers)Rodent+++OXK# Punched-out ulcers with eschar# Erythematous rash on 5th day of fever# Lymphadenopathy (Zoonotic tetrad)Indian tick typhusR. conoriiTickRodent Dogs-# Fever boutounneuse# Tachenoir escharRMSFR. ricketssiTickRodent Dogs+++OX19, 2# Most severe ricketssial disease# Rash on wrist, palm and sole 3rd day of fever# Indirect immunofluo-roscence +.Rickettsial poxR. akariMiteMice-# Most mild disease# Eschar seenQ-feverCoxiella burnetti Cattle, sheep and goats-# No rash or local reaction.# No arthropod vector# Vaccine availableTrench feverRochalimaea quintanaLouseHuman-# Only rickettsia that can be culturedEherlichiosisE. senetsu, canlsTick bite--# No eschar/ rash# \"Morules\" diagnostic.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi", "opb": "R. prowazekii", "opc": "R. rickettsii", "opd": "R. akari", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "65d522cb-7c07-4827-b324-bf156bc2d8ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nocardia and actinomyces can be differentiated by", "exp": "Both are Gram +, filamentous rods, slow growing, produce sulfur granulesNocardia is acid fastNocardia spp:General characteristicsCultural characteristics*Strict aerobe*Acid fast ( 1 % H2SO4 )*Selective media - Colistin -nalidixic acid agar, Buffered charcoal yeast agar*Selective growth by inoculating at 45 deg C*Also grows in Sabouraud dextrose agar and LJ mediumBiochemical reactions*Catalase positive, urease positiveClinical features*Causes pneumonia, mycetoma DiagnosisTreatment*Paraffin bait technique for isolation*Culture*PCR assay*CotrimoxazoleActinomyces spp:General characteristicsCultural characteristics*Gram positive nonmotile, nonsporing, non-capsulated filaments*Anaerobic or microaerophilic and non-acid fast*Spidery molar teeth colony in solid media ;*Fluffy ball at bottom of liquid mediumClinical featuresFour main clinical forms of Actinomycosis:*Cervicofacial with indurated lesions on the cheek (Lumpy jaw)- most common (60% cases)*Thoracic (pleural and pericardium)*Abdominal - around caecum (20% cases)*Pelvic- associated with IUCDsDiagnosisTreatment*Sulphur granules contain gram-positive bacilli surrounded by clubs - Sunray appearance *Actinomycotic grains or sulfur granules ++- size ranges from 0- 5 mm*Inoculation of the granules into thioglycollate liquid medium or in BHI agar incubated anaerobically at 37degC*Serology: gel diffusion and IFT*Penicillin or tetracyclineRef: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p322", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gram stain", "opb": "PAS stain", "opc": "Silver stain", "opd": "AFS", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "30384742-8896-47f7-9944-3e411d187c4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Genital filariasis is caused by", "exp": "Ans. a (Wuchereria bancrofti) (Ref. H - 16th ed., 1260)Wuchereria bancrofti blocks lymphatic vessels: elephantiasis; takes 9 mo-1 yr after bite to become symptomatic.LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS# Lymphatic filariasis is caused by W. bancrofti, B. malayi, or B. timori.# Humans are the only definitive host for the parasite.# Generally, W. bancrofti is noctumally periodic. (Nocturnally periodic forms of microfilariae are scarce in peripheral blood by day and increase at night, whereas subperiodic forms are present in peripheral blood at all times and reach maximal levels in the afternoon)# Natural vectors for W. bancrofti: Culex fatigans in urban settings and anopheline or aedean mosq in rural areas.# B. malayi has 2 forms distinguished by periodicity of microfilaremia. The more common nocturnal form is transmitted in areas of coastal rice fields, while subperiodic form in forests. B.malayi naturally infects cats and humans.Diagnosis# Microfilariae can be found in blood, hydrocele fluid, or in other body fluids, detection by Knott's concentration technique.# Two tests are commercially available: one is ELISA and the other a rapid-format immunochromatographic card test. Both assays have sensitivities that range from 96 to 100% and specificities that approach 100%.# Doppler examination of the scrotum or the female breast may result in the identification of motile adult worms within dilated lymphatics (termed the filaria dance sign).# Retrogradely evolving lymphangitis is a characteristic feature that helps distinguish filarial lymphangitis from typically ascending bacterial lymphangitis.Treatment# Diethylcarbamazine (DEC, 6 mg/kg daily for 12 days), which has both macro- and microfilaricidal properties, remains the treatment of choice for the individual with active lymphatic filariasis (microfilaremia, antigen positivity, or adult worms on ultrasound), although albendazole has also demonstrated macrofilaricidal efficacy.# Side effects of DEC treatment include fever, chills, arthralgias, headaches, nausea, and vomiting.# Ivermectin has a side effect profile similar to that of DEC when used in lymphatic filariasis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Wuchereria bancrofti", "opb": "Onchocerca volvulus", "opc": "Brugia malayi", "opd": "Loa loa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "ae42beec-e66e-4b46-9fd9-faa5baaf60d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cold sterilization refers to the process of sterilization by use of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "ultra violet rays", "opb": "Ultrasonic vibrations", "opc": "Infrared rays", "opd": "Gamma rays", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "98a34683-9dda-4d7d-93f9-92e2837261f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The culture media of choice for growing most of the fungi is", "exp": "Sabouraud's agarType of agar growth medium containing peptones. Dermatophyte hyphae specimens are inoculated on Sabouraud&;s medium and incubated at room temperature.Choice 1-3 are media used for growing Mycobacterium TuberculosisReference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology; 10th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dorsett egg media", "opb": "LJ media", "opc": "Loeffler serum slope media", "opd": "Sabouraud's agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "d3fc0702-23e4-45c6-bed4-e42fbe70f611", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fifth disease is caused by", "exp": "(A) Parvo virus 70 # ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM (FIFTH DISEASE): The disease is caused by Human Parvovirus.> Erythema infectiosum is the most common clinical manifestation of human parvovirus infection.NAMENUMBERVIRUS(Rubeola) measles\"First disease\"Measles virusRubella, (\"German Measles\") identified in 1881.\"Third disease\"Rubella virusErythema infectiosum, identified as a distinct condition in 1896.\"Fifth disease\"Parvovirus B19Roseola infantum\"Sixth disease\"HHV-6 and HHV-7", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parvo virus 70", "opb": "HPV", "opc": "Hepatitis Virus", "opd": "HPV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "6e0f954e-044b-45df-b84f-bbb9fb9c76cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The hypersensitivity reaction involved in the hyper acute rejection of renal transplant is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Type III Pre-existing antibody against donor graft antigens can cause hyperacute graft rejection. . This form of rejection occurs within minutes or hours after transplantation \"The graft becomes engorged and purple coloured . These early lesions point to an antigen-antibody reaction at the level of vascular endothelium. The antigen-antibody reaction produces an Ahus-type (type-III) immune complex injury in the vessels of the transplant.\"", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8fac68e9-7195-4a60-9cf6-a7d1cb0c29a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best preservative for protozoal cysts is", "exp": "10 % formalin is ALL - purpose fixative used for preservation of morphology of helminth eggs, larvae, protozoan cysts and coccidian.", "cop": 1, "opa": "10 % formalin", "opb": "Isopropyl alchol", "opc": "HCL Solution", "opd": "Naoh solution", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cef23903-71b8-47dd-a2ca-e49a99b39a45", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Bacillary Angiomatosis\". Causative organism is", "exp": "Baonella", "cop": 2, "opa": "Brucella", "opb": "Baonella", "opc": "Listeria", "opd": "Borellia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "55e5df20-0f07-444d-9619-fdc115f3f32a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Yearly vaccination on fixed dates is done for", "exp": "Ans. a (Polio). (Ref. Park, PSM 17th/pg.91)Infectious diseases whose control is solely based on active immunization are: m Measles# Diphtheria# Polio# TetanusThe pulse polio programme involves yearly vaccination below 5 years of age on fixed dates.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Polio", "opb": "Malaria", "opc": "Pertusis", "opd": "Tetanus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "270ee6af-9942-40e0-a1b4-e9921e659ce3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rhinospordium seeberi is a", "exp": "R.Seeberi is a Aquatic protist belongs to mesomycetozoa.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fungi", "opb": "Aquatic protist", "opc": "Bacteria", "opd": "Virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec6793f1-8a48-40d6-b55d-64c149948e11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 33 year old woman in New Jersy presented with a 1 day history of fever and chills. On examination, she was febrile with a blood pressure of 70/40 mmHg. Over several hours, a widespread erythrodermic rash developed. The female collapses. Fuher questioning revealed that the patient had removed a tampon sholy before presentation, as she had just ceased menstruating.", "exp": "Toxic shock syndrome", "cop": 4, "opa": "Haemolytic uraemic syndrome", "opb": "E coli sepsis", "opc": "Fungal infection", "opd": "Toxic shock syndrome", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48e0d957-b821-4201-b867-daa262b8540e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retropharyngeal space extends from the base of the skull to", "exp": "Retropharyngeal space: It lies behind the pharynx between the buccopharyngeal fascia covering pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the preveebral fascia.It extends from the base of the skull to the bifurcation of the trachea.Space is divided into two lateral compaments (spaces of Gillette) by a fibrous raphe.Each lateral space contains retropharyngeal nodes which usually disappear at3-4 years of age.Parapharyngeal space communicates with the retropharyngeal space.Infection of retropharyngeal space can pass down behind the esophagus into the mediastinum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyoid bone", "opb": "Bifurcation of trachea", "opc": "Angle of mandible", "opd": "Cricoid cailage", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5ba470a0-a891-4b17-aba1-e25fe0a413a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protozoa associated with megaesophagus", "exp": "Megaesophagus and megacolon occur as complications of chronic Chagas disease.\nT. cruzi causes Chagas' disease \nChaga's disease\n\n1.  Acute form\n\nOccurs in infants and children.\nPresents with fever, unilateral face swelling, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and chagoma (Localized swelling of the skin).\n\n2.  Chronic form\n\nOccurs in adolescent and adults\nPresents with cardiac arrhythmias and neurological manifestations.\nComplications → megacolon, megaesophagus, cardiomyopathy.\n\nRomana's sign\nWhen entry of the parasite is through the conjunctiva, an edematous swelling of eyelids of one eye develops.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trypanosome", "opb": "Amoeba", "opc": "Giardia", "opd": "Gnathostoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "77a59eb2-1bff-4497-bca6-2c08785a671c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rat bite fever is caused by", "exp": "(A) Streptobacillus moniliformis # Rat Bite Fever (RBF) is characterised by relapsing fever, rash and arthralgia occurring days or weeks after a rat bite.> Two different bacteria can cause this condition-Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus, both of which are natural parasites of rodents.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptobacillus moniliformis", "opb": "Leptospira canicola", "opc": "Borrelia recurrentis", "opd": "Rickettesia prowazaki", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "935ff59c-0338-49bc-8622-1e456a8d71f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carrom coin appearance of pneumococcus is due to", "exp": "Autolysin is amidase enzyme that cleaves peptidoglycan leading to autolysis of cells. \nThis property is responsible for carrom coin appearance of pneumococcal colonies.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Capsular polysaccharide", "opb": "C- Carbohydrate antigen", "opc": "Pneumolysin", "opd": "Autolysin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6ab6523-12ba-44e3-8eb5-d95086a0f257", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nocturnal pruritis ani is characteristic of", "exp": "Species Disease Form/Transmission Diagnosis Treatment Enterobius vermicularis PinwormLarge intestine,nocturnal perianalitching Eggs/person to personAutoinfection ** Cellophane tape prep of perianal area** Ova have flattened sidewith larvae inside Pyrantel, albendazoleTreat entire family Ref : Paniker's textbook of Medical Parasitology Pgno : 190-194", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ascaris", "opb": "Trichuris", "opc": "Ancylostoma", "opd": "Enterobius", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "b48703ad-81d5-41c9-ace0-8ef1a8675ccc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cryptococcus can be readily demonstrated by", "exp": "Direct microscopic examination of Indian ink-stained wet film of materials from lesions reveals capsulated budding yeast cells, the capsules are common in Indian ink preparation. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Albe's stain", "opb": "Indian ink stain", "opc": "Giemsa's stain", "opd": "Gram's stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "d05cc876-1c51-4d2f-8b9e-e9adf0bd6668", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common muscle involved in Tropical pyomyositis", "exp": "Tropical pyomyositis is caused by S.Aureus which mainly involves Quadriceps > Gluteus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Biceps", "opb": "Triceps", "opc": "Quadriceps", "opd": "Gluteus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d99bdc41-a942-4f38-b12d-aac28e388fe6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Metachromatic granules are seen in", "exp": "Metachromatic granules (Volutin, Babes Ernst, polar bodies) are present in Corynebacterium. These granules act as energy stores and are made of polymetaphosphate. Present more at the poles. Are more gram positive than the cytoplasm on Gram staining. These granules are stained by toluidine blue in Albe/Neisser/Ponder stain.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corynebacterium", "opb": "Clostridium", "opc": "Chlamydia", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "ac13d084-3e66-4f0a-9e4b-1444efd077c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Clinical diphtheria is caused by", "exp": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent for diphtheria. The incubation period is 3-4 days. The site of infections is faucial, nasal, otitic, laryngeal, cutaneous. According to clinical severity, malignant, septic and hemorrhagic types are there. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 240", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opb": "Corynebacterium parvum", "opc": "Corynebacterium Ulcerans", "opd": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "317e080b-38cf-4f43-a51c-e769f7aac7a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chandler's Index is used for", "exp": "Chandler Index It is the average number of hookworm eggs per gram of faeces for the entire community. Ref : Paniker's textbook of Medical Parasitology 8th edition Pgno : 182", "cop": 4, "opa": "Filariasis", "opb": "Ascariasis", "opc": "Guinea worm", "opd": "Ancylostoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "70ed4cfc-3196-4a88-bf7e-d139f6f5753a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most frequently encountered clostridia' species in gas gangrene is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Clostridium botulinum", "opb": "Clostridium welchii", "opc": "Clostridium tetani", "opd": "Clostridium difficile", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07dd3248-c08a-44ea-ac41-842183056d58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For spinal anesthesia, lignocaine is used as", "exp": "Lignocaine is used as 5% (heavy) for spinal anaesthesia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "0.5 % solution", "opb": "1 % solution", "opc": "2 % solution", "opd": "5% solution", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "43af16ba-8587-45f1-a166-bc772e57066d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Temperature required for holder method of pasteurization.", "exp": "Holder method - 63°c for  30 min\nFlash method - 72°c for 20 sec", "cop": 1, "opa": "63°c for 3 min", "opb": "72°c for 20 sec", "opc": "63°c for 20 min", "opd": "72°c for 30 sec", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "03bcae2d-ce58-4110-933c-6b4dd9cbd754", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Traveler's diarrhea is caused due to", "exp": "Persons from developed countries visiting endemic areas often suffer from ETEC diarrhea--a condition known as Traveler's diarrhea. Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 275", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enterotoxigenic E. coil", "opb": "Enterohemorrhagic E. coli", "opc": "Enteropathogenic E. coli", "opd": "Enteroinvasive E. coli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b203d365-dc11-49af-9a76-d4d9661d63f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective media for MYCOBACTERIUM", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Sabourauds medium", "opb": "Agar - agar", "opc": "Lowenstein Jensen medium", "opd": "Loefflers serum slope", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5838bdf6-2060-4980-89ea-0263290f1e17", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common pathogens responsible for nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU are", "exp": "Mainly responsible organisms are acinetobacters which are Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Ref: Ananthanarayan& Paniker&;s textbook of microbiology, 9th edition. Pg no.397", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gram positive organisms", "opb": "Gram negative organisms", "opc": "Mycoplasma", "opd": "Viral infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "2c0a997b-29b9-44bf-b7ce-44f3e28439b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Draughtsman colonies are seen with", "exp": "- REF : ananthanarayana 10th ed Pnuemococci Due to alpha hemolysk, colonies of pneumococci rcsemble colonies of Str. vidans. But on fuher incubation the colonies ofpneumococci become flat with raised edges and central umbonation, so that concentric rings are seen on the surface when viewed from above - draughtsman or Carrom coin appearance.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anthrax", "opb": "Pnuemococci", "opc": "Peussis", "opd": "Yersenia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "dca30311-7b16-4b0a-96b3-cdeb625aa094", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Autotrophic requirements are", "exp": "Nutrients in growth media must contain all the elements necessary for the biosynthesis of pathogenic microorganisms. This rule is especially true of media that are intended to have a selective (select for a specific group of bacteria) or differential (differentiate between a pathogenic and a normal or usual strain of a group) purpose. Bacteria and plants use photosynthetic energy to reduce carbon dioxide expending water. The organisms that can use CO2 as a sole source of carbon are termed autotrophs. Chemolithotrophs are organisms that use an inorganic substrate, such as hydrogen or thiosulfate, as a reductant and CO2 a carbon source. Heterotrophs require organic carbon for growth. Many organisms possess the ability to assimilate nitrate (NO.3) and nitrite (NO2) reductively by conveing these forms to ammonia (NH3). Dissimilation pathways are taken by microorganisms that use these ions as terminal electron acceptors in respiration. This process is known as denitrification, with the final product being nitrogen gas (N2). Fermentation is characterized by substrate phosphorylation, in which products such as glucose are involved for energy production. Autotrophs should not be confused with auxotrophs. Auxotrophs are strains that require a nutrient that is not required by the parental or prototype strain. They are usually derived from mutants with defective synthetic capabilities. Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of microbiology 9th edition pgno: 45", "cop": 1, "opa": "CO2 as a carbon source", "opb": "NH3 as a nitrogen source", "opc": "CO2 and NH3 together", "opd": "Essential molecules that the bacteria are unable to synthesize", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "ec1bd09d-b14d-4343-9e88-7b1da86e4057", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This virus is transmitted by the same arthropod that transmits babesiosis and ehrlichiosis.", "exp": "Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cutaneous warts as well as proliferative squamous lesions of mucosal surfaces. Although most infections by human papillomavirus are benign, some undergo malignant transformation into in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Both HPV and polyomavirus have icosahedral capsids and DNA genomes. JC virus, a polyomavirus, was first isolated from the diseased brain of a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma who was dying of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). This demyelinating disease occurs usually in immunosuppressed persons and is the result of oligodendrocyte infection by JC virus. JC virus has also been isolated from the urine of patients suffering from demyelinating disease. Cryotherapy and laser treatment are the most popular therapies for warts, although surgery may be indicated in some cases. At the present time, there is no effective antiviral therapy for treatment of infection with polyomavirus or HPV West Nile virus is an arbovirus. While prevalent in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, it was not seen in the United States until the summer of 1999. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and birds, especially crows; these animals are a reservoir. WNV causes a rather mild encephalitis in humans, the exception being older patients or those who may be immunocompromised.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Human papillomavirus", "opb": "West Nile virus", "opc": "Tick-borne encephalitis virus", "opd": "Polyomavirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "a737c638-5928-47e4-924d-8ab5fa87cc88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transport media used for Neisseria is", "exp": "Neisseria transport media - Amies medium, stuart medium.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pike's medium", "opb": "Amie's medium", "opc": "VR medium", "opd": "Autoclaved sea water", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a34562c9-b029-42c1-94f3-f4c63be902e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The predominant immunoglobulin in saliva is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgD", "opc": "IgE", "opd": "IgG", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4d8d4d4e-aeae-463e-831f-120b89713e99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "20 year old male presented with eczema, recurrent skin abscesses, recurrent lung infections. There is eosinophilia and high serum levels of IgE. Diagnosis is", "exp": "Job's syndrome or Hyper-IgE Syndrome Characterized by eczema, Staphylococcal skin abscesses, pneumatocele.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Job's syndrome", "opb": "Shwachwan's disease", "opc": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome", "opd": "Nezelof Syndrome", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a283fd57-a313-45d9-8b7d-006fefb5cf07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Children from school went to summer camp got suffering from sore throat, rhinorrhoea, bilateral congested conjunctiva; causative agent is", "exp": "(C) Adenovirus # In children, ADENOVIRUSES cause a variety of clinical syndromes. The most common is an acute upper respiratory tract infection, with prominent rhinitis. On occasion, lower respiratory tract disease, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, also develops. Adenoviruses, particularly types 3 and 7, cause pharyngoconjunctival fever, a characteristic acute febrile illness of children that occurs in outbreaks, most often in summer camps.> The syndrome is marked by bilateral conjunctivitis in which the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivae have a granular appearance. Low-grade fever is frequently present for the first 3-5 days, and rhinitis, sore throat, and cervical adenopathy develop. The illness generally lasts for 1-2 weeks and resolves spontaneously.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rhinovirus", "opb": "Enterovirus", "opc": "Adenovirus", "opd": "Coronavrus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "def82916-2f8f-4008-8e94-d77f3e7f4f47", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Disinfectant used in laboratories", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sodium hypochlorite", "opb": "Soap solution", "opc": "Alcohol", "opd": "Chlorhexidine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c4e90f96-cc7c-4381-a882-be44c68f6fb0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Given type of skull is seen in", "exp": "Cephalic Index ( CI ) of various race groups:Type of skullCIRace groupsDolico-cephalic (long-headed)70 - 75Pure Aryans, Aborigines, NegroesMesaticephalic (medium headed)75- 80Europeans and ChineseBrachycephalic (sho-headed)80-85Mongolian", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mongolians", "opb": "Pure Aryans", "opc": "Chinese", "opd": "Europeans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ba6890b7-cfc3-4a57-8c8e-6cd5dc682fc4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "DIENES phenomenon s used for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycoplasma", "opb": "Chlamydiae", "opc": "Plague", "opd": "Diptheria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc3624a9-3430-4fcf-8a1e-d6705a525260", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Negri bodies are characteristic of", "exp": "Negri bodies are the inclusion bodies of the rabies virus formed in brain cells most commonly found in cerebellum (purkinje cells). Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Microscopic features of few disease:- Disease Microscopic feature Measles Wahin Finkeldy cells Rabies Negri bodies Trachoma Halbester Prowazek bodies Tetanus is a bacterial disease- caused by Cl. tetani, no inclusion bodies are seen.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Tetanus", "opc": "HIV/AIDS", "opd": "Rabies", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology Pa-2 (RNA Virus Pa-1,2 & Miscellaneous Viruses)", "id": "885074dd-0459-4972-b8ed-87526d51c825", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A hyperemic edema of the larynx and epiglottis that rapidly leads to respiratory obstruction in young children is most likely to be caused by", "exp": "Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacillus. In young children, it can cause pneumonitis, sinusitis, otitis, and meningitis. Occasionally, it produces a fulminative laryngotracheitis with such severe swelling of the epiglottis that tracheostomy becomes necessary. Clinical infections with this organism after the age of 3 years are less frequent.", "cop": 4, "opa": "K. pneumoniae", "opb": "M. pneumoniae", "opc": "Neisseria meningitidis", "opd": "H. influenzae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "2dabe106-1ab3-4e0e-8db6-30e664becd0e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of drug resistance in Staphylococcus is by", "exp": "Beta-lactamase(penicillinase) inactivates penicillin by splitting beta-lactam ring. Penicillinase is an inducible enzyme and its production is usually controlled by plasmids which are transmitted by transduction or conjugation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transduction", "opb": "Transformation", "opc": "Conjugation", "opd": "Transfection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "de45afd7-ccd0-4051-b156-1410c10cf01e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following virus isn't enveloped virus but contains double stranded RNA", "exp": "Reovirus, rotavirus and Colorado tick virus are double-stranded RNA viruses with no envelope DS RNA viruses doesn't have envelope Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 423", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adenovirus", "opb": "Reovirus", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "Hepatitis B virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "e887e5a4-bdad-4e2c-88fe-dcab48de454e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer factor is an example of", "exp": "Adoptive immunity occurs following injection of immunologically competent T-Lymphocytes known as transfer factor.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Innate immunity", "opb": "Adoptive immunity", "opc": "Natural active immunity", "opd": "Artificial active immunity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "38eec5a2-e401-4a4a-814c-5be9ba0b6f98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glasswares are sterilised by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Autoclaving", "opb": "Hot air oven", "opc": "Incineration", "opd": "Formaldehyde", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8178b1a-db06-4ea0-ae55-b04dde979268", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malignant hydatid is caused by", "exp": "Malignant hydatid disease It is a misnomer , as it is a benign condition It is caused by echinococcus multilocularis.It presents with multiple small cysts in both lobes of liver It is difficult to treat and mimics clinically and prognosis wise to malignancy; hence the name. Patients die of liver failure Ref : panikers textbook of Medical parasitology 8th edition page 136", "cop": 2, "opa": "E granulosus", "opb": "E multilocularis", "opc": "E vogeli", "opd": "Hymenolepis nana", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "c4398739-3e2a-4f6f-9aa4-b181a3dacd8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cheeser's lung is caused by", "exp": "It is Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of spores of penicillium casei from moldy cheese.", "cop": 4, "opa": "A. clavatus", "opb": "A. niger", "opc": "Penicillium marneffei", "opd": "Penicillium caseioculum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bbc2c60b-95da-4fe2-8a2b-eea746f2a55f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In comparing laparoscopic salpingostomy versus laparotomy with salpingectomy for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy, laparoscopic therapy results in", "exp": "Conservative laparoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancy is now commonplace, although not yet universal.With increasing sophistication of techniques and fiberoptics, many microsurgical procedures can be done through the laparoscope. Recent studies suggest that the feility rates for laparoscopy and laparotomy are comparable, as are the implications of repeat ectopic pregnancies.Ceainly laparoscopy, because of its small incision, results in fewer breakdowns and shoer hospital stays, but the incidence of complications due to retained ectopic tissue is higher.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Higher feility rate", "opb": "Lower repeat ectopic pregnancy rate", "opc": "Comparable persistent ectopic tissue rate", "opd": "Greater scar formation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b7e6e327-1e6f-40d0-ad42-2a9a37cee88d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Among the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, the non neurotoxic one is", "exp": "(D) C2 # Classification: Eight types of Cl. botulinum have been identified (Types A, B, Cl, C2, D, E, F, G) based on the immunological difference in the toxins produced by them. The toxins produced by the different types are identical in their pharmacological activity but are neutralised only by the homologous antiserum.> An exception is C2 toxin, which shows enterotoxic activity, while all the others are neurotoxins.", "cop": 4, "opa": "A", "opb": "B", "opc": "C1", "opd": "C2", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "12906984-0fb5-413b-9768-79cf154848e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flask shaped ulcers seen in a dysentry patient is diagnostic of", "exp": "Clinical features of amoebiasis are: - * Intestinal amoebiasis - characteristic flask shaped ulcers * Amoebic liver abscess - Anchovy sauce pus * Lung abscess * Brain abscess Ref:- T.B of Medical Parasitology S.C.Parija 4th edition; Pg num:- 33", "cop": 2, "opa": "Typhoid", "opb": "Amoebiasis", "opc": "Giardiasis", "opd": "Shigellosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "2c6da40d-66e9-40c8-a5e7-63408e3099ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of food poisoning in west", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Vibrio cholera", "opb": "S. aureus", "opc": "Shigella", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f40f3846-4c89-4a34-a06b-623d9ce2c61c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presented with subcutaneous nodules over the Iliac Crest, snow flake oplacity in eye. Skin Scraping contains microfilaria and adult worms of", "exp": "Subcutaneous nodules, snow flake opacities is a feature of Onchocerciasis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Onchocerca volvulus", "opb": "Loa loa", "opc": "Brugia Timori", "opd": "Mansonella Ozzardi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "56359ac6-4487-40a6-936a-828e5ca64d8d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Necrotizing granulomatous inguinal lymphadenopathy is caused by", "exp": "Primary syphilis - the regional lymph nodes are swollen, discrete, non-tender and rubbery. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Granuloma inguinale", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Tuberculosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b188db5d-3360-4792-b259-c7d5feb1a490", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bullous pemphigoid is characterized by", "exp": "Bullous pemphigoid is characterized by non-acantholytic blisters on trunk and limbs.It is characterized by a negative Nikolsky's sign, so B is incorrect.Blisters of bullous pemphigoid are tense and not at all easily ruptured, so C is incorrect.Typical tense blisters of bullous pemphigoid come on red/ uicarial base in the elderly population", "cop": 1, "opa": "Blisters coming on uicarial skin", "opb": "A positive Nikolsky sign", "opc": "Easily rupturing blisters", "opd": "Acantholysis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e1f2b7ac-98ae-47ad-8381-fff35001f7ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The causative organism of late prosthetic valve endocarditis is", "exp": "Streptococcus viridans is a group which normally resides in the mouth and upper respiratory tract and is alpha hemolytic. In persons with pre-existing cardiac lesions, they may cause bacterial endocarditis, Streptococcus sanguis being most often responsible. Following the tooth extraction or dental procedures, they cause transient bacteremia and get implanted on damaged or prosthetic valves or in congenitally diseased hea and grow to form vegetation. Streptococcus mutans is also a member of viridans group which causes endocarditis in individuals with risk factors ( dental extraction in people with damaged valves). The bacterium has a polysaccharide coat that allows it to stick to teeth and also to damaged hea valves, it can invade the bloodstream. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 220, 221", "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus viridans", "opb": "Proteus mirabilis", "opc": "Beta hemolytic streptococci", "opd": "Staphylococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7885de0c-9585-41f2-9596-a5bd98599992", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is caused by", "exp": "(A) Balamuthia mandrillaris# Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is a central nervous system disease caused by certain species of amoeba, especially Balamuthia mandrillaris.> GAE may present in numerous ways. GAE. GAE can present with: focal paralysis, seizures, brainstem symptoms, and other neurological problems, some of which may mimic glioma (especially brainstem glioma), or other brain diseases, which may hamper timely diagnosis. These symptoms are caused by inflammatory necrosis of brain tissue brought on by amoebic infiltrates.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Balamuthia mandrillaris", "opb": "Naegleria fowleri", "opc": "Entamoeba histolytica", "opd": "Entamoeba coli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "5d101b7b-a9ee-4adf-a924-07fc9586fc8b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cystoscopes and bronchoscopes are sterilized by", "exp": "Both orthophthaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde are used\nBut Orthophthaldehyde > Glutaraldehyde.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Orthophthaldehyde", "opb": "Glutaraldehyde", "opc": "Formaldehyde", "opd": "Isopropylalchol", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8526fa5b-f12c-44dc-939b-b7e3b09ee36e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mesophilic organism grows at", "exp": "Ref: Ananthnarayan, 9th ed. ch-1Organisms on the basis of their growth at different temperature:* Psychrophilic: (below 20degC)* Psychrotrophs: (important cause of food spoilage)* Mesophilic: (25-40degC)* Thermophilic: (55-80degC)", "cop": 3, "opa": "- 20 to 7degC", "opb": "10 to 20degC", "opc": "25 to 40degC", "opd": "55 to 80degC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "34c20e28-587a-4476-97a3-ac9125bd4160", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cryptococcus neoformans is a", "exp": "Cryptococcus is a yeast. They possess rigid cell wall containing chitin, mannan and another polysaccharide. The cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols, cytoplasm contains true nuclei with nuclear membrane mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. They reproduced by budding. It is unicellular. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protozoa", "opb": "Fungus", "opc": "Parasite", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "a1997a9a-9c25-43de-8e25-b739f6ac4867", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Erythema Chronicum Migrans is feature of", "exp": "Hallmark of primary Lyme disease is Erythema Migrans: OMacular expanding erythematous lesion, central clearing. OBegins one month after the tick bite. OMean diameter 15 cm. Painless, can cause itching. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 378-380", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lyme disease", "opb": "Leptospirosis", "opc": "Acute rheumatic fever", "opd": "Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c1e4ad48-4914-462c-89e1-aa8b95e0a988", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Differentiation of Neisseria Gonorrhea and Neisseria Meningitides can be done by", "exp": "Gonococci resemble meningococci except that gonococci acidify only glucose, not maltose, but Meningococci acidifies both glucose and maltose. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 234", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose fermentation", "opb": "V.P Reaction", "opc": "Maltose fermentation", "opd": "Indole test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "dbef7e3d-5152-4b21-91bb-ae48d7800dc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The incubation period of staphylococcal food poisoning is", "exp": "Enterotoxin is responsible for the manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning- causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 2-6 hours after consuming food contaminated by a preformed toxin. The toxin is relatively heated stable, resisting 100deg C for 10-40 minutes depending upon the concentration of toxin and the nature of the medium. The optimum temperature for toxin production is 37degC. Meat and fish or Milk or milk products cooked and left at room temperature after contamination with staphylococci, for enough time for the toxin to accumulate are the common items responsible. The source of infection is usually a food handler who is a carrier. Enterotoxin: 8 antigenic types are known named A, B, C 1-3, D, E, and H. The toxin is believed to act directly on the autonomic nervous system to cause illness, rather than on GI mucosa. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayan and Paniker's; 10th Edition; Page No: 204.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-6 hours", "opb": "6-12 hours", "opc": "12-18 hours", "opd": "18-24 hours", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a4c9ab02-5504-4b84-92cb-713c0b68b230", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Imprisonment for a term extending to seven years and also fine as punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hu is under", "exp": "325 IPC; Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hu. Imprisonment for a term extending to seven years and also fine", "cop": 4, "opa": "321 I.P.C", "opb": "322 I.P.C", "opc": "324 I.P.C", "opd": "325 I.P.C", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "30cb4bab-3af4-4b86-9953-88d505e8bc08", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tap water scotochromogen is", "exp": "M.gordonae often found in tap water (hence called 'the tap water scotochromogen'), is a common contaminant in clinical specimens and a rare cause of pulmonary disease. It differs from scrofulaceum in failing to hydrolyse urea, nicotinamide and pyrazinamide. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 367", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mycobacterium chelonae", "opb": "Mycobacterium marinum", "opc": "Mycobacterium kanasaii", "opd": "Mycobacterium gordonae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "6516c905-8230-4835-a28d-23e7de2e5d61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pneumococcus can be differentiated from streptococcus by", "exp": "Bile solubility test: Streptococcus pneumoniae are bile soluble. If a few drops of 10% sodium deoxycholate solution are added to 1 ml of an overnight broth culture, the culture clears due to the Lysis of cocci. Alternatively, if a loopful of 10 % deoxycholate solution is placed on a Streptococcus pneumoniae colony on blood agar, the colony lyses within a few minutes. Bile solubility is a constant propey of Streptococcus pneumoniae and is of diagnostic impoance from other streptococci. The test should be carried out at neutral PH using deoxycholate and living young cells in saline suspension. Principal: based on the presence of an autolytic amidase in Streptococcus pneumoniae that cleaves the bond between an alanine and muramic acid in the peptidoglycan. The amidase is activated by surface active agents such as bile or bile salts. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 224", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type of hemolysis", "opb": "Gram staining", "opc": "Growth characteristics", "opd": "Bile solubility", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "028363ca-3c68-4668-a4b7-0d591141db2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The common causative agent in diarrhea in AIDS patients is", "exp": "characteristic intestinal pathogen in AIDS is cryptosporidium REF:ANANTHANARAYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.576", "cop": 2, "opa": "Toplasma", "opb": "Cryptosporidium", "opc": "Salmonellae", "opd": "Mycobac teria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "4d6ea070-e586-4413-9006-839d9c81d603", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anaerobic bacteria grow", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "in the presence of oxygen", "opb": "in the presence of nitrogen", "opc": "in the absence of oxygen", "opd": "differential media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ab683cc-6750-413c-a9a4-1257daf47321", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In combination bih control pills, the contraceptive effect of the estrogenic component is primarily related to", "exp": "The two estrogenic compounds used in oral contraceptives are ethinyl estradiol and its 3-methyl ether, mestranol.To become biologically effective, mestranol must be demethylated to ethinyl estradiol, because mestranol does not bind to the estrogenic cytosol receptor.The combined oral pill suppresses pituitary hormones, FSH and LH peak and through their suppression prevents ovulation. At the same time, progestogen causes atrophic changes in the endometrium and prevents nidation. Progestogen also acts on the cervical mucus making it thick and tenacious and impenetrable by sperms.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conversion of ethinyl estradiol to mestranol", "opb": "Suppression of cervical mucus secretion", "opc": "Suppression of Growth hormone releasing hormone secretion", "opd": "Suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1ad56bb2-7d12-4a4f-9d91-c728ab99e932", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infrared rays causes", "exp": "Infrared rays affect primarily the retina, because of the transparency of the ocular media.When directly viewing a point source or laser beam, the focusing propeies in the IRA region additionally render the retina much more susceptible to damage than any other pa of the body.For sho exposure periods, heating of the iris from the absorption of visible or near infrared is considered to play a role in the development of opacities in the lens.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cataract", "opb": "Keratitis", "opc": "Optic neuritis", "opd": "Glaucoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b726adbb-26e1-4b8c-b277-6bce5e642ff9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A clinical diagnosis of meningitis is confirmed with a latex agglutination test on CSF for the capsular polysaccharide of the organism. The most likely causative agent is", "exp": "C. neoformans occurs widely in nature, particularly in soil contaminated with bird droppings. Human infection occurs when inhalation of the organism occurs. Lung infection is often asymptomatic but can result in pneumonia. Meningitis occurs through dissemination, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. India ink preparations of CSF reveal a budding yeast with a wide, unstained capsule in infected persons.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Cryptococcus", "opc": "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis", "opd": "Histoplasma capsulatum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "c850184f-a397-4f5c-8a50-eaaf0c9d046a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indicator of viral replication in Hepatitis B infection is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "HbsAg", "opb": "HbeAg", "opc": "IgM anti HBc", "opd": "Anti HBe", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c17526e3-55f1-4178-a5fe-630d1d97815e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The RPR test uses VDRL antigen containing fine", "exp": "The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is a macroscopic, nontreponemal flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis. RPR antigen is prepared from a modified VDR antigen suspension containing choline chloride to eliminate the need to heat inactivate serum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to enhance the stability of the suspension, and finely divided charcoal paicles as a visualizing agent. Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 374", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carbon paicles", "opb": "Iodine paicles", "opc": "Silver ions", "opd": "Sodium ions", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4512fc6e-3701-47d0-b03c-6564e22792bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Catalase positive coagulase negative beta hemolytic bacteria is", "exp": "Coagulase negative Staphylococci constitute a major component of the normal flora of human body. eg: S.epidermidis, S.saprophyticus and S.haemolyticus They are negative in: Coagulase Mannitol fermentation Heat stable nuclease Golden yellow pigment Sensitivity to lysostaphin Beta hemolysis on blood agar Phenolphthalein phosphatase Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; Ninth Edition; Page no: 200, 206", "cop": 3, "opa": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opb": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opc": "Coagulase negative staphylococcus", "opd": "Enterococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f7695d80-cfe2-479d-906d-54db529446a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Incubation period of staphylococcal food poisoning is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "4-6 hrs", "opb": "6-12 hrs", "opc": "12-18 hrs", "opd": "18-24 hrs", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "783d455b-9c1e-4d74-9934-05a8e394d48a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prions are killed by", "exp": "prions are killed by autoclave.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autoclave and NaOH", "opb": "Ethylene dioxide", "opc": "Gamma radiation", "opd": "Autoclave", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "06e8953e-8162-413c-8b75-f86d8d4dc3d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Meningitis with rash is seen in", "exp": "Meningitis and meningococcemia are caused by Neisseria meningitidis. In meningococcemia, acute fever, chills, malaise and prostration are common. The petechial rash occurs, metastatic involvement of joints, ears, lungs, eyes and adrenal may occur. Fulminant meningococcemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis is called Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome. Fatal condition - characterized by shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multisystem failure. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 232", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neisseria meningitidis", "opb": "Hemophilus influenzae", "opc": "Streptococcus agalactae", "opd": "Pneumococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "de7cb994-68c8-465d-a9d0-479b7eeaad51", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcal toxic syndrome is due to", "exp": "Toxic shock syndrome(TSS) is a potentially fatal multisystem disease presenting with fever, hypotension, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal hyperemia and an erythematous rash which desquamates subsequently.TSST(Toxic shock syndrome toxin) type 1 (formerly also known as enterotoxin type F or pyrogenic exotoxin C) is most often responsible, though enterotoxins B also cause the syndrome. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 2, "opa": "Enterotoxin A", "opb": "Enterotoxin B", "opc": "Enterotoxin C", "opd": "Enterotoxin D", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "9d4160cc-66d4-42c7-806c-657af0c73534", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The characteristic tetrads in RBC occur in", "exp": "Tetrad forms in RBC's which represent budding merozoites from the trophozoites in the red blood cells are called Maltese cross. These are seen in babesiosis or piroplasmosis Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia that invade and eventually lyse red blood cells (RBCs). fig:- maltese cross apperence seen in RBC (Babesiosis) In malaria diffent form of life cycle are seen according to infecton of species of malaria. Plague and Lyme disease not infect RBCs", "cop": 2, "opa": "Malaria", "opb": "Babesiosis", "opc": "Lyme disease", "opd": "Plague", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology Pa 1 (Protozoology)", "id": "348e02c0-f0ac-4610-9313-2f1fe6d7e4d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "“Genital elephantiasis” is caused by", "exp": "LYMPHOGRANULOMA - VENEREUM (Lymphogranuloma inguinale, poradenitis, climatic or tropical\nbubo)\n- Caused by chlamydia -trachomatis - L2 (Most commonly)\n- Preferred site - regional lymphnodes\n- Primary lesions - painless papulovesicular lesion ** on the external genitalia\n- Women - hemorrhagic proctitis with regional lymphadenitis\n- Late sequelae in women leading to rectal strictures and elephantiasis of the vulva (esthiomene)**\nChancroid or soft sore is caused by Haemophilus - ducryi “School of fish” or rail rod track” appearance\n- Tender nonindurated irregular ulcers on the genitalia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphogranuloma venereum", "opb": "Chancroid", "opc": "Syphilis", "opd": "Rickettsia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5dd324e2-8439-456e-8902-b1faf24c2a18", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Draughtsman colonies are seen in", "exp": "(Pneumococcus) (259-P Chakraborty 2nd) (217, 221-Ananthanarayan 7th)* Pneumococci are typically a haemolytic. In prolonged incubation autolysis occurs at central depression (umbonation) of the colony which creates a typical draughtsman or carom coin appearanceDifferentiation between Str. pneumoniae and Strep, viridans Str. pneumoniae Str. viridansMorphologyCapsulated, lanceolate diplococciNoncapsulated, oval or round cells in chainsQuellung testPositive NegativeColoniesInitially dome-shaped later 'draughtsman' colonies Dome shapedGrowth in liquid mediaUniform turbidity Granular turbidityBile solubilityInvariably positive Invariably negativeInulin fermentationPositive NegativeOptochin sensitivityPositive NegativeIntraperitoneal inoculation in miceFatal infection Non pathogenicC. diphtheriaGravis strainsIntermedius strainsMitis strains* Colonies on Telluriteblood Agar* Haemolysis\"Daisy head\" coloniesin 48-72 hoursVariable\"Frog's egg\" colonies\"Poached egg\" coloniesUsually haemolytic Non haemolytic", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Salmonella", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Corynebacterium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "17ada7cf-8306-4b4e-a8dc-a906c20c6b51", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An aliquot of Escherichia coli is treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The first wash is analyzed and found to contain alkaline phosphatase, DNase, and penicillinase. The anatomic area of the cell affected by the EDTA is most likely to have been the", "exp": "The periplasm is the space between the outer membrane and plasma membrane of bacteria. The periplasmic space in Escherichia coli has been shown to contain a number of proteins, sugars, amino acids, and inorganic ions. Ethylenediamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent that disrupts the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Periplasmic space", "opb": "Mesosomal space", "opc": "Chromosome", "opd": "Plasma membrane", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "c0eb6a49-1d62-40d2-b083-0ba292b67dbd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rat lung worm is", "exp": "Angiostrongylus cantonensis also called Rat lung worm causes Eosinophilic meningtis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gnathostoma spinigerum", "opb": "Anisakis simplex", "opc": "Toxocara catis", "opd": "Angiostrongylus cantonensis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f13dc1d1-b2e9-4cbf-b5f8-38bee6161002", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Site of action of polio virus is", "exp": "Polio virus acts at motor nerve ending i.e anterior horn cells of spinal cord leads to flaccid paralysis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Medullary cone", "opb": "Posterior roots", "opc": "Anterior horn of spinal cord", "opd": "Posterior horn of spinal cord", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c49ceb6f-97bb-49cd-9f29-e91936bda14f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An 22 year old female complains of double vision and difficulty talking. On examination, there is symmetrical descending paralysis, Quadriparesis with areflexia, pupils are non reactive. Diagnosis is", "exp": "Flaccid paralysis (quadriparesis) with blurring of vision, areflexia and non-reactive pupils suggestive of botulism.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tetanus", "opb": "Strychnine", "opc": "Diphtheria", "opd": "Botulism", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c63a2397-255c-47ae-b3fb-99d5badf40b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wrong about Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "exp": "C. diphtheriae virulence is mediated by its toxin which is produces by tox gene of DNA of Corynephage (bacteriophage).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Toxin production is chromosome mediated", "opb": "Damage is by toxin production", "opc": "Toxic to hea and neurons", "opd": "More common in children", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4fd2a5ef-0dce-41e3-a9b8-2aac0d5f5034", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Percutaneous transmission of HIV", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "3%", "opb": "<1%", "opc": "3-5%", "opd": ">5%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa39d40b-9fbf-44cf-ab0e-cd8f692b89f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by", "exp": "Exfoliative (epidermolytic) toxin, also known as ET or \"exfoliatin\", is responsible for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome(SSSS), an exfoliative skin disease in which the outer layer of the epidermis gets separated from the underlying tissues. The severe form of SSSS is known as Ritter's disease in the newborn and toxic epidermal necrolysis in older patients. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hemolysin", "opb": "Coagulase", "opc": "Enterotoxin", "opd": "Epidermolytic toxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "21e7c0c0-bd48-4ab2-9578-88694d98214a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sclerotic bodies are present in", "exp": "Chromoblastomycosis- sclerotic bodies-yeast like bodies with septae. they can be demonstrated in KOH mount. Ref: Baveja 5th ed pg: 551", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mycetoma", "opb": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opc": "Sporotrichosis", "opd": "Rhinosporidiasis 565", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "888e038b-b282-4daf-bc70-25bd6832285d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cetrimide is", "exp": "Cetrimide is Quaernary ammonium compounds. Lysol, Cresol derivatives of coal tar are a type of phenols Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are aldehydes Iodine and chlorine are halogens Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 33", "cop": 4, "opa": "Aldehyde", "opb": "Halogen", "opc": "Phenol", "opd": "Quaernary ammonium compounds", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "ce3eec95-3129-47d3-beaa-60e3be0994e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A farmer presents with multiple discharging sinuses in the leg not responding to antibiotics. Most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Actinomycotic mycetoma usually respond well to sulphonamides and antibiotics, but mycotic mycetoma may require amputation. Sporothrix causes sporotrichosis is a nodular ulcerating disease of the skin and subcutaneous disease. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Madurella", "opb": "Actinomycetoma", "opc": "Nocardia", "opd": "Sporothrix", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "231ee651-bf34-403b-8635-809759f2495a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Capnocytophyga is best characterized as", "exp": "While admittedly rare in human medicine, the bacteria referred to should be appreciated for their role in human disease. Branhamella is a Gram-negative diplococcus. It has recently been renamed Moraxella catarrhalis. While it is a member of the normal flora, it may cause severe upper and lower respiratory tract infection, particularly in the immunosuppressed patient. Most isolates produce b-lactamase and are resistant to penicillin. Cardiobacterium, as the name implies, causes endocarditis. This small Gram-negative pleomorphic rod may take a few days to grow. Infection is usually endogenous in that Cardiobacterium is part of the normal flora of the gut. Capnocytophaga grows best in a carbon dioxide atmosphere as the name implies. It is isolated frequently from patients with periodontal disease but may also cause septicemia in susceptible patients. Rat-bite fever is caused by Spirillum and the agent of cat scratch disease is B. henselae.", "cop": 3, "opa": "A Gram-negative pleomorphic rod that can cause endocarditis", "opb": "The causative agent of trench fever", "opc": "A Gram-negative rod, fusiform-shaped, that is associated with periodontal disease but may cause sepsis", "opd": "The causative agent of rat-bite fever", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "3b563001-57be-412d-a5ea-54efcc49ea2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Route of administration of  Influenza vaccine", "exp": "Influenza vaccine is live,trivalent administered intranasally.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subcutaneous", "opb": "Oral", "opc": "Intranasal", "opd": "Intradermal", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7faeefb4-e852-4f91-b84d-5faaae620d89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The incidence of the mucocele is lowest in", "exp": "Paranasal sinus mucoceles most commonly occur in the third or fouh decades of life with a slight male predilection. The frontal sinus is most commonly affected followed by the ethmoid sinuses, with repos suggesting 70-90 % of mucoceles occur in these locations.Ten percent of mucoceles occur in the maxillary sinus and the sphenoid sinus is involved rarely.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Frontal sinus", "opb": "Sphenoid sinus", "opc": "Maxillary sinus", "opd": "Ethmoid sinus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "df86b7f8-57e4-4271-90dc-02377ca18dff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following is a zoonotic disease", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Anthrax", "opb": "Typhoid", "opc": "Bacillary dysentery", "opd": "Cholera", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb1964a5-d711-4fb6-b278-fe760ae4c143", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The therapy of choice for pseudomembranous enterocolitis is", "exp": "There are few bacteria for which antimicrobial susceptibility is highly predictable. However, some agents are the drug of choice because of their relative effectiveness. Among the three antibiotics that have been shown to treat legionellosis effectively (erythromycin, rifampin, and minocycline), erythromycin is clearly superior, even though in vitro studies show the organism to be susceptible to other antibiotics.Penicillin remains the drug of choice for S. pneumoniae and the group A streptococci, although a few isolates of penicillin-resistant pneumococci have been observed. Resistance among the pneumococci is either chromosomally mediated, in which case the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are relatively low, or plasmid-mediated, which results in highly resistant bacteria. The same is generally true for H. influenzae. Until the mid-1970s, virtually all isolates of H. influenzae were susceptible to ampicillin. There has been a rapidly increasing incidence of ampicillin-resistant isolates, almost 35 to 40% in some areas of the United States. Resistance is ordinarily mediated by b-lactamase, although ampicillin-resistant, b-lactamase-negative isolates have been seen. No resistance to penicillin has been seen in group A streptococci.C. difficile causes toxin-mediated pseudomembranous enterocolitis as well as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is normally seen during or after administration of antibiotics. One of the few agents effective against C. difficile is vancomycin. Alternatively, bacitracin can be used.Lyme disease, caused by B. burgdorferi, has been treated with penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Treatment failures have been observed. Ceftriaxone has become the drug of choice, particularly in the advanced stages of Lyme disease.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Penicillin", "opb": "Ampicillin", "opc": "Erythromycin", "opd": "Vancomycin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "c96b6e6d-8b1e-4c46-bbd8-2c434d9b0d82", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "LANGHERHAN CELL in skin are", "exp": "Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa, and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominent in the stratum spinosum.]They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels,] as well as in the mucosa of the mouth, foreskin, and vagina.", "cop": 1, "opa": "antigen presenting cell", "opb": "pigment producing cell", "opc": "keratin synthesisng cell", "opd": "sensory neurons", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e33ba922-fc57-4022-9c7a-542088b50701", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Citron bodies\" boat or leaf shaped pleomorphic organism in an exudate is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Clostridium septicum Citron bodies and boat or leaf shaped pleomorphic bacilli with irregular staining suggest CL septicum\". Clostridium Clostridial species are : Gram positive Anaerobic (obligate anaerobe) Spore forming Bacilli Motile by peritrichate flagella except C perfringens and C. tetani type IV which are non motile. Non capsulated except C. perfringens and C. butyricum which are capsulated Pathogenesis is due to exotoxin not endotoxin. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism not gas gangrene. Gas gangrene is caused by : C. perfringens (80%) - C novyi C. septicum - C. histolyticum", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cl. welchii", "opb": "Cl. edematiens", "opc": "Cl. septicum", "opd": "Cl. tetani", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "47853435-8ab4-4f08-af9b-cf66049789cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common sensitive causative organism for Traveller&;s diarrhoea is rpt", "exp": "Traveller&;s diarrhoea is diarrhoea that develops during, or sholy after, travel abroad. It is caused by eating food, or drinking water, contaminated by germs (microbes) including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Mainly caused by E.coli. Textbook of microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker", "cop": 1, "opa": "E. coli", "opb": "Shigella", "opc": "Norwalk virus", "opd": "Rotavirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "210434f5-c72c-4bd9-a401-b5b83c7cd08f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Whipworm among the following is", "exp": "Species Disease/Most affected Form/Transmission Diagnosis Treatment Trichuris trichiura WhipwormCecum, appendicitis, andrectal prolapse EggsIngested Barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs in stools Albendazole Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 172-175", "cop": 2, "opa": "Enterobius vermicularis", "opb": "Trichuris trichiura", "opc": "Necator americanus", "opd": "Strongyloides stercoralis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "e57239d7-e24e-4e41-909b-a225067e3608", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Presence of Crytosporidium in a stool sample is identified using", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Modified acid fast staining", "opb": "Iodine staining", "opc": "Warthin Starry stain", "opd": "Iron haematoxylin stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9039d417-5a77-4221-940b-d501421807f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Escherichia coli gives pink color with", "exp": "Escherichia Coli is a gram-negative, straight rod. Has good growth in ordinary media. On MacConkey medium, grows pink colonies due to lactose fermentation. On blood agar hemolytic colonies. In broth general turbidity and heavy deposit, disperse completely on shaking. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 280", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chocolate agar", "opb": "LJ medium", "opc": "MacConkey's medium", "opd": "Saline broth", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "ccf16aff-9382-45c6-8d77-972b4cb62520", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scrub typhus is positive for", "exp": "Scrub typhus aka chigger borne typhus is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi.In a heterephile agglutination test(weil Felix reaction), the sera of scrub typhus patients agglutinated only OX K strain of proteins mirabilis without getting agglutinated with OX 19 and OX 2 ...as some rickettsiae and ceain strains like OX K ,OX 19 and OX 2 of proteus share alkali stable carbohydrate antigen Ref: Ananthnarayan and paniker's microbiology 10th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "OX K", "opb": "OX 2", "opc": "OX K and OX 19", "opd": "OX 19 only", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a96a050d-40be-47c9-b30a-d849078d03c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The differentiating feature of Neisseria gonococcus from Neisseria meningitidis is", "exp": "Gonococci resemble meningococci except that they acidify only glucose and not maltose in serum sugars while meningococci acidify both. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:234", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lactose fermentation", "opb": "Maltose fermentation", "opc": "Mannitol fermentation", "opd": "Sucrose fermentation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e1649624-98b8-48bd-ad42-37790a2dee98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common source of staphylococcus in hospital is", "exp": "Staphylococci are primary parasites of human beings and animals, colonizing the skin, skin glands, and mucous membranes. The most common source of infection in human patients and carriers, animals and inanimate objects being less impoant. Patients with superficial infections and respiratory infection disseminate large numbers of staphylococci into the environment. About 10-30 percent of healthy persons carry staphylococci in the nose and about 10 percent in the perineum and also on the hair. The vaginal carriage is about 5-10 percent. Staphylococcal carriage stas early in life, colonization of the umbilical stump being very common in babies born in hospitals. Some carriers called 'shedders', disseminate very large number of cocci for prolonged periods. The cocci shed by patients and carriers contaminate fomites such as handkerchiefs, bed linen and blankets and may persist on them for days or weeks. Healthcare-associated infections by staphylococci deserve special attention because of frequency and because they are caused by strains resistant to various antibiotics. Epidemic methicillin-resistant S.aureus strains, also called EMRSA, get easily disseminated in a hospital environment and are responsible for post-operative wound infections and other cross infections in the hospital. They are multidrug-resistant most of the time. HA-MRSA (hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and CA-MRSA(community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) are a public health concern now as the division between the two is getting blurred and both the types are circulating in the community as well as hospital. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayan and Paniker's; 10th Edition; Page No: 205", "cop": 2, "opa": "IV fluids", "opb": "Infected wounds", "opc": "Hands of hospital personnel", "opd": "Bed linen", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a33083c2-969b-4d9a-9931-f7563d2b06e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Electron microscopy is diagnostic in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Good pasture's syndrome", "opb": "Wegener's granulomatosis", "opc": "PAN", "opd": "Alpo's syndrome", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "648b988d-45eb-47f3-8ed1-c89dd6b3112c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteremia is the characteristic feature of", "exp": "(A) Enteric fever # Typhoid fever (Enteric fever): is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by the feco-oral route -- the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person> Pathophysiology: Following ingestion of an infectious dose of at least 10,000 bacteria, mucosal penetration occurs in the distal ileum resulting in a transient, asymptomatic bacteremia. The organisms survive and multiply within mononuclear phagocytes located in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.> The clinical phase of the disease begins within 1-3 weeks, resulting from persistent bacteremia.> Hematogenous spread to ileal Peyer patches and the gall bladder reintroduces bacteria to the gut lumen and stool cultures again become positive, allowing continued fecal-oral spread of the disease.> Mucosal ulceration overlying hyperplastic Peyer patches in the ileocecal region may result in pain, diarrhea, bleeding, and occasional perforation.> Shigellosis and cholera are acute diarrheal diseases without Bacteraemia.> Diphtheria is an acute febrile URTI.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enteric fever", "opb": "Shigellosis", "opc": "Cholera", "opd": "Diphtheria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "24a27ee2-19c0-480f-9602-ee80c07d3d20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Undulant fever is caused by", "exp": "Acute brucellosis is mostly due to B.melitensis. It is usually known as undulent fever, but this is misleading as only some cases show the undulent pattern. It is associated with prolonged bacteremia and irregular fever. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:347", "cop": 3, "opa": "Salmonella typhi", "opb": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opc": "Brucella melitensis", "opd": "Coxiella burnetti", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "cd5f94c1-b8f1-499a-b52c-4fdd96f66469", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main reservoir for entamoeba histolytica is", "exp": "Ans. is `a' i.e., Man", "cop": 1, "opa": "Man", "opb": "Diy water", "opc": "Soil", "opd": "Ponds", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4318cd53-8240-4c42-b393-ea1e3c2c7b95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fungi are", "exp": "Fungi possess a rigid cell wall and a cytoplasmic membrane containing sterols. * Contain true nuclei with nuclear membrane and paired chromosome. * Multiply by asexual, sexual or both * Unicellular or multicellular Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker&;s; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Prokaryotes", "opb": "Eukaryotes", "opc": "Plants", "opd": "Animals", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "74810b23-9166-4537-9311-126effea3c58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nonavalent HPV vaccine consists of", "exp": "Nonavalent HPV is 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58\nBivalent HPV is (HPV 16 and 18)\nQuadrivalent HPV vaccine is (HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18)", "cop": 2, "opa": "HPV (6,11,16,18,32,34,45,52 and 58)", "opb": "HPV (6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52 and 58)", "opc": "HPV(6,11,16,18,31,33,46,53 AND 59)", "opd": "HPV(6,11,16,18,31,33,46,52 AND 58)", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cbb05ae0-46b0-4a8e-a608-1c1229088bf4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'C' in CRP stands for", "exp": "C i.e. C polysaccharide of pneumococcus C-reactive protein (CRP), discovered by Tillet and Francis in 1930, is so named because it reacts with the C polysaccharide of pneumococci.Q Acute phase proteins (or reactants) are proteins that increase during acute inflammatory states or secondary to ceain types of tissue damages. These include - al- antitrypsin, al acid glycoprotein, CRP, haptoglobin and fibrinogee. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide released from mononuclear phagocytic cells, is the principal - but not the sole -stimulator of synthesis of majority of acute phase reactants by hepatocytes. Cytokine IL-6 are also involved. Nuclear factor Kappa-B (NFKB) is a transcription factor that has been involved in the stimulation of synthesis of acute phase proteins. CRP (a type of pentraxin protein) is synthesized by liver in response to factors released by fat cells. It binds to phosphotholine expressed on surface of dead or dying cells in order to activate classic complement pathway C1q. Its level is mainly determined by rate of production (rises within 6 hours, peak in 48 hours & t1/2 is constant)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Concanavalin A", "opb": "Cellular", "opc": "C polysaccharide of pneumococcus", "opd": "Chondroitin sulfate in series following ARP and BRP", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "93b5a0c1-45df-492f-a75f-cc247aeadb36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rate of transmission of HIV from infected Mother to infant is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "100%", "opb": "66%", "opc": "30%", "opd": "5-10%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f26feebf-52e2-4b5b-9edd-f9f9118cf29b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gonococcus is", "exp": "Gonococci is gram-negative, diplococci. Gonococci, in smears from the urethral discharge in acute gonorrhea, appears as diplococcus with adjacent sides concave being typically kidney-shaped. Found predominantly within the polymorphs, some cells containing as many as hundred cocci. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 230", "cop": 3, "opa": "Extracellular gram positive", "opb": "Intracytoplasmic gram positive", "opc": "Intracytoplasmic gram negative", "opd": "Intranuclear gram positive", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a61aca80-1cae-4949-a569-61f813a7f640", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cat scratch disease is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Moraxella", "opb": "Bartonella", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "Kochalimala", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d0ffedb8-3fd4-4d46-a202-6d721d27f81a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common fungus causing corneal ulcer is", "exp": "Aspergillus causes respiratory diseases, disseminated aspergillosis in brain, kidney and hea, and superficial infection like sinusitis, otomycosis and mycotic keratitis. Sporothrix causes sporotrichosis - nodular ulcerative disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Mucor causes pulmonary and gastrointestinal mucormycosis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspergillus", "opb": "Mucor", "opc": "Fusarium", "opd": "Sprothrix", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "86de3105-4bf7-45ed-bdac-d332d59d9b4c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mechanism of action of tetanospasmin is", "exp": "Tetanus toxin acts presynaptically. It specifically blocks synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, presumably at inhibitory terminals that use glycine and GABA as neurotransmitters. The abolition of spinal inhibition causes the uncontrollrd spread of impulses initiated anywhere in the central nervous system. This results in muscle rigidity and spasms. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 265", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inhibition of GABA release", "opb": "Inhibition cAMP", "opc": "Inactivation of Ach receptors", "opd": "Activation of cAMP", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4e580bae-c8d5-4c4c-8bd7-c3b302ead741", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Length of intraorbital pa of the optic nerve is", "exp": "Length of optic nerve - 5 cm Intraocular poion - 20 mm Intraorbital poion - 30 mm", "cop": 3, "opa": "10-12 mm", "opb": "20-24 mm", "opc": "25-30 mm", "opd": "35-40 mm", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "714ebe3a-e5b9-4be9-a909-5e9f7555bec8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mac Conkey's Agar is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Enriched medium", "opb": "Enrichment medium", "opc": "Differential medium", "opd": "Synthetic medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "35582a4e-799e-4020-89c3-fe37b2a10f01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following disease is caused by", "exp": "Ans. (c) Human Parvovirus B19.The picture shows slapped cheeks appearance which can be confirmed serologically by demonstrating B19 specific IgM on an acute serum sample.Image source- style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif\">", "cop": 3, "opa": "Scarlet fever", "opb": "Arthus phenomenon", "opc": "Human parvovirus B19", "opd": "Epstein-bar virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "72019258-5045-41d8-b141-896bf0078ede", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sun ray fungus is", "exp": "Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. The aspect of these colonies initially led to the incorrect assumption that the organism was a fungus and to the name Actinomyces, \"ray fungus\" Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 391", "cop": 1, "opa": "Actinomyces irraeli", "opb": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opc": "Streptomyces griseus", "opd": "Cryptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "3c9ec1c6-93ed-4f9f-bc6b-94b4881561ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans in a CSF sample is best seen by", "exp": "The capsule of Cryptococcus can be demonstrated by Indian ink stain. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gram stain", "opb": "Indian ink preparation", "opc": "Giemsa stain", "opd": "Methanamine silver stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "d0f8ad58-f9c0-43a8-b6be-1f8ee155a487", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of a poion of DNA from one bacterium to another by the bacteriophage is known as", "exp": "Transduction -Transfer of a poion of DNA from one bacteria to another by transduction phase.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Transformation", "opb": "Transduction", "opc": "Transcription", "opd": "Lysogenic conversion", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1a2a535c-0a8f-48f7-9769-708a6093c72e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ascaris lumbricoides does not cause", "exp": "Infection of ascaris lumbricoides-ascariasis Symptoms-due to migrating larva or due to adult worms Lungs-pneumonia Cysticercosis is caused by larva of Taenia solium(cysticercus cellulosae) (refer pgno:138 baveja 3 rd edition,panikers textbook of Medical parasitology 8th edition page 125,203)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Appendicitis", "opb": "Pneumonia", "opc": "Bile duct obstruction", "opd": "Cysticercosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "34985123-62a0-4ebe-88b3-8bb9e628465b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Australian antigen in Hepatitis B is", "exp": "(A) HBsAg[?]HEPATITIS B VIRUS:oThe envelope contains a protein called the surface antigen (HBsAg), which is important for laboratory diagnosis & immunization.oHBsAg was known as Australia antigen because it was first found in the serum of an Australian aborigine.oGenome contains 4 genes that encode 5 proteins:-S gene encodes surface antigen-C gene encodes core antigen & the antigen-P gene encodes polymerase-X gene encodes A protein.oX protein is an activator of viral RNA transcription.oSerological Diagnosis of Hepatitis B virus Infection:oHBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) are the first markers identified in the serum of patients acutely infected with HBV.oDetection of Antigen:oHBsAg generally appears before symptom onset and peaks during overt disease.oIn patients who successfully clear the HBV infection and do not progress to the chronic carrier stage, HBsAg typically is undetectable 4 to 6 months after infection.oHBsAg (Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B infection.NOMENCLATURE OF HEPATITIS B*. HBVHepatitis B virus (complete infectious virion)*. 42 nm, double-shelled particle, originally called the Dane particle, that consists of a 7 nm thick outer shell and a 27 nm inner care.*. Core contains a small, circular, partially double-stranded DNA molecule and an endogenous DNA polymerase.*. It is the prototype agent for the family Hepadnavinade.*. HBsAgHepatitis B surface antigen (also called envelope antigen)*. Complex of antigenic determinants found on the surface of HBV and of 22 nm particles & tubular forms. It was formerly designated Australia (Au) antigen or hepatitis - associated antigen (HAA)*. HBeAgHepatitis B core antigen*. Antigenic specificity associated with the 27 nm core of HBV*. HBeAgHepatitis B e antigen*. Antigenic determinant that is closely associated with the nucleocapsid of HBV. It also circulates as a soluble protein in serum.*. Anti HBs, anti-HBc & anti-HBeAntibody to HBsAg, HBCAg & HBeAg*. Specific antibodies that are produced in response to their respective antigenic determinants.[?]HBV Structure & Antigens:oHBV is DNA virus with a double shelloSize is 42 nm in diameteroMost infectious among all hepatitis viruses.oAssociated Antigens:oHBsAg (Australian antigen):-Surface Antigen, Australian antigen-Useful marker form epidemiology-1st marker to appear in blood after infectionoHBeAg: Hepatitis B core antigen; Not detected in serumoHBeAg:-Integral part of core antigen; Enveloped antigen-Indicate active viral replication-so associated with high infectivity.", "cop": 1, "opa": "HBsAg", "opb": "HBeAg", "opc": "HBeAg", "opd": "HBvDNA", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "aeec1f97-03d8-432c-8321-b78679062f76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "KLB is another name for", "exp": "Diphtheria bacilli were first observed and described by Klebs in 1883 and first cultivated by Loeffler in 1884 - hence called Klebs- Loeffler's bacilli or KLB. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 239", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corynebacterium diphtheria", "opb": "Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriae", "opc": "Corynebacterium tetani", "opd": "Anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "71633b48-bdac-4ddc-8dec-62eeb330c8af", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a live vaccine", "exp": "Preparation of salk vaccine Virus is grown in monkey kidney cells and inactivated by formalin. Each dose of vaccine contains total 80 units of D antigen of all the three poliovirus serotypes. schedule 4 doses 1st 3 doses with 1-2 months gap, 4th booster dose is given 6-12 months after the 3rd dose.", "cop": 2, "opa": "BCG vaccine", "opb": "Salk vaccine", "opc": "Measles vaccine", "opd": "Yellow fever vaccine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "12711da8-db39-4869-b564-b2d48530ee0e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dog leg field Radiotherapy is useful for", "exp": "Modified Dog Leg field Superior border - Inferior border of the body of T11Inferior border - Superior border of the acetabulum Medial border - Tip of C/L transverse process of L5 towards the medial border of I/L obturator foramenLateral border - Line from the tip of the I/L transverse process of L5 to the superolateral border of I/L acetabulum", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "Seminoma", "opc": "Bronchogenic cancer", "opd": "Cancer cervix", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "53bb223a-7ae7-4793-a5f3-b94851acc923", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococcus pyogenes is", "exp": "Streptococci are the gram-positive cocci arranged in chains or pairs. Gram-positive cells have a more acidic protoplasm, which may account for retaining the basic primary dye more strongly than gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are those that resist decolorization and retain the primary stain appearing violet. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 13, 210", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gram positive cocci", "opb": "Gram negative cocci", "opc": "Gram positive bacilli", "opd": "Gram negative bacilli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "78185029-90ae-41bc-954c-8e09805727ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maltess cross seen on polarizing microscopy in aEUR'", "exp": "Cryptococcus neoformans Maltese cross in Cryptococcus On polarized light the spores in Cryptococcus gives \"maltese cross\" appearance. Maltese cross in Babesiosis Human babesiosis is an intreerythrocytic infection caused by protozoal parasites Babesia microti. It is transmitted by ticks. Babesia have a complex life cycle that involves a sexual reproduction in the erythrocytes of mammalian host and sexual reproduction in ahropod vectors. Within the human R.B.C. the trophozoites reproduce by budding rather than schizogony. They undergo two successive divisions. - The .four resulting nuclei remain in close proximity and this merogoite tetrad .form is described as the \"maltese cross\" Maltese cross is a characteristic of parasite that helps to distinguish Babesia from malaria. Also know Lipid droplets in urine in patients with glomerular disease act as liquid crystals and show maltese cross on polarizing microscopy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cryptococeus neoformans", "opb": "Penicillium marneffi", "opc": "Blastomyces", "opd": "Candida albicans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c323922-2500-4881-87c7-e6dd44e2fddb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This is seen due to", "exp": "In a patient taking digoxin. The ST-T complexes here are 'scooping' - consistent with a digitalis 'effect'. In the digitalis effect, the ST segments are often likened to a 'reverse tick' or to the shape of Dali's moustache The impoant learning point here is that the digitalis 'effect' does not necessarily mean toxicity. These ECG features can often be seen when digoxin levels are within the therapeutic range.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypokalemia", "opb": "Hypercalcemia", "opc": "Digoxin", "opd": "Beta blockers", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c311d32a-3dae-4043-9276-196798846742", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The respiratory' syncytial virus", "exp": "Croup tLarvngotracheobronchitis\no Croup is a viral infection of upper respiratory tract,\no Children between the age of 1-5 years are affected,\no Para-influenza type I virus is the most common causative organism.\no Other viruses implicated in causaction are RSV, influenza virus, Adneovirus and Rhinovirus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "The respiratory' syncytial virus", "opb": "The para influenza virus", "opc": "The adenovirus", "opd": "The coronavirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27dc440a-3eb6-45bc-aa09-2ee91be120bd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Microorganisms that enter freshly laid eggs are", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Salmonella . Salmonella can enter through the shell if eggs are left on contaminated chicken feed or feces and grow inside.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Salmonella", "opb": "Brucella", "opc": "Shigella", "opd": "Vibrio cholerae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab04e1f9-3853-484d-ad54-b4c554cb9204", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Child having perianal pruritus is the clinical feature of ...", "exp": "Enterobius vermicularis Enterobiasis occurs mostly in Children The worm produces intense irritation and pruritus of the perianal and perineal area, when it crawls out of anus to lay eggs.This leads to scratching and excoriation of skin around anus Ref:panikers textbook of Medical parasitology 8th edition page 196", "cop": 1, "opa": "E. Vermicularis", "opb": "Ascaris", "opc": "Ancylostoma duodenale", "opd": "S stercoralis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "27c522fe-406b-4851-904d-246aec2d2c47", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sleeping sickness is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "House fly", "opb": "Sand fly", "opc": "Tick", "opd": "Reduvid bug", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f7c10e1-8f27-43d4-a763-0fc48aa71405", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "KOH smear is helpful in diagnosis of", "exp": "(C) Fungus # KOH Preparation> A Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) preparation is performed on scaling skin lesions where a fungal infection is suspected. The edge of such a lesion is scraped gently with a no. 15 scalpel blade, and the removed scale is collected on a glass microscope slide then treated with 1 to 2 drops of a solution of 10-20% KOH. KOH dissolves keratin and allows easier visualization of fungal elements. Brief heating of the slide accelerates dissolution of keratin.> When the preparation is viewed under the microscope, the refractile hyphae will be seen more easily when the light intensity is reduced and the condenser is lowered.> This technique can be used to identify hyphae in dermatophyte infections, pseudohyphae and budding yeast in Candida infections, and \"spaghetti and meatballs\" yeast forms in tinea versicolor. The same sampling technique can be used to obtain scale for culture of selected pathogenic organisms.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacteria", "opb": "Virus", "opc": "Fungus", "opd": "Malignancy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2f2e7be4-6681-4ab3-a5f6-6ee61f324a76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The number of bacteria on skin are", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., >1010 It has been calculated that a human adult has about 1012 bacteria on the skin.", "cop": 4, "opa": "10'- 102", "opb": "102- 105", "opc": "105- 010", "opd": ">1010", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "451f08e1-f8cb-4b39-91b7-c3edcc623243", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chandipura virus multiplies in", "exp": "Chandipura virus multiplies in sandflies and Aedes Mosquitoes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sandfly", "opb": "Black fly", "opc": "Simulum fly", "opd": "Rat flea", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "997a5373-ed18-4116-9706-67c7d6bfa1fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common causative organism for lobar pneumonia is", "exp": "Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common cause of pneumonia, both lobar and bronchopneumonia. The aspiration of nasopharyngeal secretion containing Streptococcus pneumoniae into the lower respiratory tract is a common event and may occur even in sleep. Normal mucosal defense mechanisms such as entrapment, expulsion and cough reflex, aided by the ciliary escalator effect, prevent the establishment of infection. When the normal defenses are compromised by a viral infection, anesthesia, chilling and other factors, Streptococcus pneumoniae penetrate the bronchial mucosa and spread through the lung along with the peribronchial tissues and lymphatics. Bacteremia is common during the early stage. Toxemia is due to the diffusion of the capsular polysaccharide into blood and tissues. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 226", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opc": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opd": "Haemophilus influenzae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "773cf52c-00fb-47f7-bfc5-abb876c3bb42", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medusa head colonies on nutrient agar are seen in", "exp": "On agar plates, irregularly round colonies are formed by anthrax bacilli, 2-3 mm in diameter, raised, dull, opaque, greyish with a frosted glass appearance. Under a microscope, the edge of the colony is composed of long, interlacing chains of bacilli, resembling locks of matted hair. This is called a Medusa head appearance. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 251", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pneumococcus", "opb": "Legionella", "opc": "Brucella", "opd": "Anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "23f241e5-4c1b-491e-bf5e-e34a992b43f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pain in veex is seen in", "exp": "In sphenoiditis, veex headache is common, but pain can be localized in frontal, temporal, periorbital, or occipital regions or can be vague or occur anywhere in the craniofacial region.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ethmoid sinusitis", "opb": "Sphenoid sinusitis", "opc": "Frontal sinusitis", "opd": "Maxillary sinusitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c8534130-6542-448a-a4ac-160b074d28d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dimorphic fungus is", "exp": "Cryptococcus - yeast Aspergillus and mucor are moulds", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histoplasma", "opb": "Crytococcus", "opc": "Mucor", "opd": "Aspergillus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "2eb3e0db-f551-47e2-8455-542984c41712", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presents with a painless ulcer on his penis. A Wasserman test is done and is positive. Wasserman reaction is an example of _", "exp": "Wassermann reaction is an example of a complement fixation test. It is a non specific test for the diagnosis of syphilis. Principle of complement fixation tests: Antigen-antibody complexes fix complement Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Complement fixation", "opb": "Precipitation", "opc": "Neutralization", "opd": "Agglutination", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "10665480-dad0-4688-a3eb-ba65e77ec7ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paul bunnel reaction is a type of", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Agglutination test Paul Bunnell test is tube agglutination test.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Agglutination", "opb": "CF", "opc": "Precipitation", "opd": "Flocculation test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "917a50ec-b014-46b2-b2ce-5b70f0aa621a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Involution forms are seen in", "exp": "Involution forms - phase of decline.\nSporulation - stationary phase.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lag phise", "opb": "Log phase", "opc": "Stationary phase", "opd": "Phase of decline", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "42d2906b-9d81-423c-b4d6-f1dc8ee47965", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The substance that accumulates in cardiac myxoma is", "exp": "Myxomas are composed of stellate or globular myxoma (lepidic cell, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and undifferentiated cells) embedded within abundant acid mucopolysaccharide substance.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mucopolysaccharides", "opb": "Sialo mucin", "opc": "Gelatin", "opd": "Glycoprotein", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4a845f82-d816-46c5-a62b-acc196992517", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Casoni's test is positive in", "exp": "Ans. a (Echinococcus)TestUsed forAdrenolytic testPheochromocytomaAllen testIn patients with severe Raynaud's phenomenon and refractory digital ulcers due to distal ulnar artery occlusion.Anticholinesterase testMyasthenia gravisApnea testDemonstration that apnea is due to irreversible medullary damage.Bentiromide testis an indirect measure of pancreatic function and reflects intraluminal chymotrypsin activity. The test has excellent specificity but is not very sensitive.Bernstein testHeartburn is produced by heightened mucosal sensitivity and can be reproduced by infusion of dilute (0.1 N) hydrochloric acid.Casoni's testEchinococcosisCoomb's testIs the major tool for diagnosing autoimmune hemolysis. This test relies on the ability of antibodies specific for immunoglobulins (especially IgG) or complement components (especially C3) to agglutinate RBC coated with these proteins. With specific anti-IgG and anti-C3, the direct Coombs test detects IgG or C3 on the patient's RBC, which indicates the presence of immune hemolysis and may help define its cause.Desmopressin testSevere pituitary or nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus can be differentiated by administering desmopressin (DDAVP, 0.03 microg/kg subcutaneously or intravenously) and repeating the measurement of urine osmolarity 1 to 2 h later. An increase of >50% indicates severe pituitary Dl, whereas a smaller or absent response is strongly suggestive of nephrogenic Dl.Dexamethasone suppression testThe best screening procedure for Pituitary-Adrenal Suppressibility is the overnight dexamethasone suppression test.Dick testSusceptibility to scarlet fever was correlated with results of the Dick test, in which a small amount of erythrogenic toxin injected intradermally produced local erythema in susceptible individuals but elicited no response in those with specific.Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test or the dihydrorhodamine (DHR) oxidation test.Deficiencies of oxidative metabolism are detected with either the two.Drop arm testThe diagnosis of a complete tear of the rotator cuff is suggested by the drop arm test in which the patient is unable to maintain his or her arm outstretched once it is passively abducted.Finkelstein's testDeQuervains tenosynovitis resulting from inflammation of the tendon sheath(s) involving the abductor poliicis longus or extensor pollicis brevis.Hydrogen breath testHydrogen breath testing after lactose ingestion may be performed for suspected lactase deficiency.Gastrin provocative tests(secretin stimu- lation test, the calcium infusion study, and a standard meal test)To differentiate between the causes of hypergastrinemia.Ham testFor many years, the diagnosis of PNH depended on the demonstration of the lysis of RBC after complement activation either by acid (Ham test) or by reduction in ionic strength (sucrose lysis test). These tests are inferior to the analysis of GPI-linked proteins (e.g., CD59, DAF) on RBC and granulocytes by flow cytometry.Head tilt testCardinal diagnostic feature of trochlear nerve palsy (The vertical diplopia is exacerbated by tilting the head towards the side with the muscle palsy, and alleviated by tilting it away)McMurray testA positive McMurray test may indicate a meniscal tear.Mazzotti testOnchocerciasisSwinging flashlight testTo elicit relative afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil). It is an extremely useful sign in retrobulbar optic neuritis and other optic nerve diseases, where it may be the sole objective evidence for disease.Schober testUseful measure of lumbar spine flexionString testStrongyloides stercoralisTyramine testTo evaluate postganglionic adrenergic function. In a postganglionic lesion, the response to tyramine is reduced and there is an excessive response to subthreshold doses of phenylephrine.Table tilt testNeurocardiogenic syncope", "cop": 1, "opa": "Echinococcus", "opb": "Enterobius", "opc": "Taenia solium", "opd": "Taenia saginata", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "00c1dd5b-96c6-4cda-a43c-ad3790a49a5a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Borelia vincenti is a", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Mycoplasma", "opb": "Mycobacteria", "opc": "Spirochaete", "opd": "Chlamydia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b1b71140-375f-4df2-acf7-174841e9ab66", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis contains", "exp": "Monovalent and polyvalent vaccines containing capsular polysaccharide of Meningococci group A, C, W-135 and Y are available. Induces good immunity after a single dose in older children and adults Little value in children below the age of two years as polysaccharide antigen is T cell independent. Immunity is group specific. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 233", "cop": 2, "opa": "Whole bacteria", "opb": "Capsular polysaccharide", "opc": "Somatic 'O' antigen", "opd": "Lipopolysaccharide - protein complex", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "020e89db-b76b-4131-85c5-1abfcebaff3d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A young pregnant woman presents with fulminant hepatic failure. The most likely aetiological agent is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Hepatitis B virus", "opb": "Hepatitis C virus", "opc": "Hepatitis E virus", "opd": "Hepatitis A virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4764c8f5-e787-4612-a9e6-560700fac197", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Meningococci and Gonococci are differentiated by", "exp": "Meningococci ferments Maltose whereas Gonococci not. But, Both ferments Glucose.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose fermentation", "opb": "Maltose fermentation", "opc": "Gram staining", "opd": "Indole test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd0d7032-fc7e-4083-bc0f-a3c26fab9466", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Negri bodies are seen in infections due to", "exp": "(B) Rabies virus # Negri Bodies:> Most characteristic pathologic finding of rabies in the CNS is the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions called Negri bodies within neurons.> Each eosinophilic mass measures 10 mm and is made up of a finely fibrillar matrix and rabies virus particles.> Negri bodies are distributed throughout the brain, particularly in Ammon's horn, the cerebral cortex, the brainstem, the hypothalamus, the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and the dorsal spinal ganglia.> Negri bodies are not demonstrated in at least 20% of cases of rabies, and their absence from brain material does not rule out the diagnosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Poliovirus", "opb": "Rabies virus", "opc": "Herpes virus", "opd": "Adenovirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "3939ff6f-d8a8-443e-86f0-0007a1d848e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Katayama fever is seen in", "exp": "S. mansoni more likely to cause Katayama fever than Japonicum.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Schistosoma Mansoni", "opb": "Schistosoma japonicum", "opc": "S. haematobium", "opd": "S. mekongi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a3e858b-da32-43eb-835f-f15bead42175", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ramesh, 30 yrs old male, the diagnosed case of CO poisoning presented with syncope or coma with intermittent convulsions, rapid respirations, tachycardia with a weak pulse and pink or red discoloration of the skin. Estimated percentage of COHb is", "exp": "COHb%SYMPTOMS0 to 10 %No appreciable symptoms10 to 20 %Breathlessness on moderate exeion, mild headache20 to 30 %Throbbing headache, irritability, emotional instability, judgment, defective memory and rapid fatigue30 to 40 %Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, dimness of vision confusion.Cherry-red color40 to 50 %Increasing confusion, sometimes hallucinations, severe ataxia, respirations and collapse with attempts at exeion. Symptoms of alcoholic intoxication50 to 60 %discoloration Syncope or coma with intermittent convulsions, rapid respirations, tachycardia with a weak pulse and pink or red discoloration of the skin60 to70 %Increasing depth of coma with incontinence of urine and feces70 to 80 %Profound coma with depressed or absent reflexes, thready pulse, a weak shallow and irregular respiration and death", "cop": 3, "opa": "30 to 40 %", "opb": "40 to 50 %", "opc": "50 to 60 %", "opd": "60 to 70 %", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "501d0c56-1f56-44d6-936c-b59abdb7d7cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Swine flu is known as", "exp": "Ans: b) HIN1A simple one. Swine flu is also known as H1N1.", "cop": 2, "opa": "H5N1", "opb": "H1N1", "opc": "H1N5", "opd": "H1N2", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "eeac4393-58a9-4759-95ac-c52f4ed82ef5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complements synthesized in liver", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "C2,C4", "opb": "C3,C6,C9", "opc": "C5,C8", "opd": "C1", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e9bba33-2393-4ce1-87a1-df45dd8a88da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eastern equine encephalitis virus is associated with a high fatality rate. Control of the disease could be possible by eradication of", "exp": "Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a severe disease usually seen in the summer months when Aedes mosquitoes are prevalent. In 1996 and 1997, there were several outbreaks in the Northeast United States. Control of EEE is a function of mosquito eradication. Horses and humans are accidental hosts. While draining of swamps helps, other measures to eliminate mosquitoes such as spraying are the most effective.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Horses", "opb": "Birds", "opc": "Mosquitoes", "opd": "Fleas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "1d5b1388-594a-4eaa-a321-3419d16ae37d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paul Bunnell test is for", "exp": "Laboratory diagnosis of IMN\n1. Heterophile antibodies test\n\n The standard diagnostic procedure in children and young adults is heterophile antibodies test - Paul – Bunnell Test\n A titre of 40 fold or greater is diagnostic of acute EBV infection in a patient who has symptoms compatible with infectious mononucleosis,\n The test usually remains positive for 3 months.\n The test is usually negative in children < 5 years, in elderly or in patients with symptoms not typical of infectious mononucleosis.\n Monospot test for heterophile antibodies is more sensitive than the classical heterophile test.\n\n2. EBV specific antibody test\n\n Used in patients who lack heterophile antibodies (children < 5 years) and for patients with atypical presentation.\n\nanti-viral capsid antigen (anti-VCA)→most common anti-EBV nuclear antigen (anti-EBNA) anti - early antigen (anti - EA)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Malta fever", "opb": "Typhus fever", "opc": "Enteric fever", "opd": "Infectious mononucleosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1724365-b90c-4202-a85f-43b85b7f1cb8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ova in the stool is not of diagnostic significance in", "exp": "Strongyloides stercoralis:A specific diagnosis is based on the finding of the typical rhabditiform larvae in a freshly passed stool. A high eosinophilia is often a feature of strongyloidiasis. In pulmonary infection examination of the sputum will demonstrate the presence of rhabditiform larvae. So ova is not diagnostic of Strongyloides stercoralis.(Ref: K.D Chatterjee13th edition, p211)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stronyloides", "opb": "Entrobius", "opc": "Trichuris", "opd": "Ankylostoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "f0c4039e-4f4b-4eaa-b754-96a5673dd8e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Metal fume fever is related with", "exp": "Metal fume fever is an acute febrile illness associated with the inhalation of respirable paicles of zinc oxide.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mercury", "opb": "Lead", "opc": "Zinc", "opd": "Arsenic intoxication", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e7c72a2c-6bd8-473e-8c79-8c4b1a18fb2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most distinctive feature of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica on fresh stool examination is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Presence of active pseudopodia", "opb": "Erythrophagocytosis", "opc": "Presence of intracytoplasmic vacuole", "opd": "Presence of two nucleoli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4564d1b9-19b5-4798-aa51-de963e0cd645", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Organism causing meningitis between 6 m and 2 yrs.", "exp": "(A) H. influenzae # Meningitis:> Most serious disease produced by H. influenzae with case fatality rates up to 90 per cent in the untreated.> Bacilli reach the meninges from the nasopharynx through the bloodstream.> More common in children between two months and three years of age.> Age incidence has been correlated with the absence of bactericidal anti-PRP antibodies.> Older children develop immunity as a result of subclinical infection.> It has been reported that in the tropics, non-type b strains may be responsible for meningitis more often than in the temperate zones.", "cop": 1, "opa": "H influenza", "opb": "E. coli", "opc": "Neisseriae", "opd": "Pneumococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "4708ce0d-5beb-4529-bd9e-7d2b5ed2e1a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Protein A of staphylococcus binds to", "exp": "Ans. is. b. IgG", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgD", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f430c9b-ed4f-4e20-a88c-ee60db7c7758", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The causative agent of Favus is", "exp": "Favus is caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii and Trichophyton violaceum. Trichophyton mentagrophyte causes Tinea barbie and ectothrix hair infection. Microsporum audouinii - Tinea capitis and ectothrix hair infection. Microsporum canis infects dogs and cats. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Microsporum audounii", "opb": "Microsporum canis", "opc": "Trichophyton mentagrophyte", "opd": "Trichophyton schoenleinii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "d6982acb-42ab-44ba-a250-99a452ce9b84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Candidal hyphae can be stained using", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Van Gieson's stain", "opb": "Periodic acid Schiff stain", "opc": "Masson Trichrome stain", "opd": "Toluidine blue stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff8da24a-42a3-494b-b582-1aa51c2b66ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Loffler's medium is", "exp": "Enriched medium The media containing ingredients which enhance their growth-promoting qualities are enriched media e.g. blood agar, chocolate agar, and Loeffler medium.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Indicator medium", "opb": "Selective medium", "opc": "Enrichment medium", "opd": "Enriched medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "151fe50c-95a0-4151-aeb9-65fd26a7dc62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Robe Koch assistant advised him to use agar instead of gelatin for solidifying culture media for cultivation of bacteria because", "exp": "Gelatin was the substance originally used to gel culture media. However, gelatin is liquid at 35oC., the optimum temperature for many bacteria. In addition, some bacteria are capable of liquifying the gelatin, making it an unsuitable solidifying agent. Agar has neither of these drawbacks. Agar is preferred over gelatin, as it is bacteriologically ine, melts at 98degC and usually solidifies at 42degC.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Agar has more nutrients", "opb": "Gelatin melts at 37oC", "opc": "Gelatin is not easily available", "opd": "Agar is cheaper", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "96ab155c-44b2-4954-9f83-46351c695ae5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Same or closely related antigens present in different biological species are known as", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Sequestrated antigens", "opb": "Isoantigens", "opc": "Haptens", "opd": "Heterophile antigens", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "06dab727-21e3-4036-9eb0-e6124225534c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Clostridium difficile infection occurs after", "exp": "Clostridium difficile causes acute colitis with bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. A common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. The disease follows the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics to which it is resistant. Exotoxin A and B involved in the pathogenesis. An oppounistic organism that causes disease only when the normal mechanism is altered. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 270", "cop": 1, "opa": "Prolonged antibiotic therapy", "opb": "Pantoprazole increases the risk", "opc": "Associated with use of rectal thermometer", "opd": "Increased with propoion of hospital stay", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c84899b3-21d5-4d5e-ab12-39d879e0f3ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Novobiocin susceptible Staphylococcus is", "exp": "Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are among those organisms that have traditionally been considered skin contaminants, and their recovery from cultures doesn't always indicate the presence of disease. The speciation of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus is necessary for ceain culture specimens. Coagulase-negative staphylococci can either be resistant or susceptible to novobiocin. The one most commonly isolated novobiocin resistant coagulase negative staphylococcus from urine is Staphylococcus saprophyticus. It is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections in sexually active young women. s.epidermidis is novobiocin susceptible. MNEMONIC: on the office's STAPH retreat, there was NO StRESs. (NO= novobiocin, S=Saprophyticus, R=Resistant, E=Epidermidis, S=Sensitive) Ref: http//microbeonline.com", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "opc": "Staphylococcus hemolyticus", "opd": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "6304afc9-3c91-4331-900d-f376276516db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypersensitivity vasculitis is seen most commonly in", "exp": "HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITISIn hypersensitivity vasculitis, postcapillary venules are the most commonly involved vessels, capillaries and aerioles are involved less frequently.It is primarily a disease of small vessels.It is characterized by leukocytosis, a term that refers to the nuclear debris remaining from the neutrophils that have infiltrated in and around the vessels during the acute stages.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Postcapillary venules", "opb": "Aerioles", "opc": "Veins", "opd": "Capillaries", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "47518a17-43b4-47bc-a2bb-2f224457060e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The first sign of Vitamin A deficiency is", "exp": "Modified classification WHO (Xerophthalmia) XN: Night blindnessXIA: Conjunctival xerosis XIB: Bitot's spotsX2: Corneal xerosisX3A: Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia less than 1/3rd corneal surfaceX3B: Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia equal to or more than 1/3rd corneal surface XS: Corneal scarXF: Xerophthalmia fundus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Conjunctival xerosis", "opb": "Corneal ulcer", "opc": "Keratomalacia", "opd": "Bitot's spot", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "91f11aee-d509-4f72-a733-c51f99efc355", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture media for Legionella", "exp": "* Legionella isolation is done from respiratory secretions - culture media is BCYE agar * Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar (BCYE) * Baird Parker agar - Staphylococci * MacConkey agar - Urine sample - to differentiate LF and NLF * PLET medium - Bacillus cereus Ref:- Harrisons T.B of medicine 19th ed; pg num:- 1018", "cop": 1, "opa": "BCYE agar", "opb": "Macconkey agar", "opc": "PLET medium", "opd": "Baird Parker medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "8f379f32-abac-4c1f-9786-a111f5c2fe50", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tetanus affects primarily", "exp": "The manifestation of tetanus is due to tetanospasmin. The tetanus toxin specifically blocks synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, presumably at inhibitory terminals that use glycine and GABA. The toxin acts presynaptically. The abolition of spinal inhibition causes the uncontrolled spread of impulses initiated anywhere in the central nervous system. This results in muscle rigidity and spasms due to the simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonists in the absence of reciprocal inhibition. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 265", "cop": 1, "opa": "Presynaptic terminal of spinal cord", "opb": "Postsynaptic terminal of spinal cord", "opc": "Neuromuscular junction", "opd": "Muscle fibres", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7b5207ff-eb53-45c9-b0d0-96e80d8cbe84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sclerotic bodies are seen in", "exp": "Chromoblastomycosis - histologically the lesions shows the presence of the fungus as round or irregular dark brown yeast like bodies with septae called sclerotic bodies. Diagnosis can be established by demonstration of these sclerotic bodies in KOH mounts or in sections and by culture on SDA. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sporothrix", "opb": "Blastomycosis", "opc": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opd": "Coccidiodes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "b2c54142-fe21-4ac3-a9d4-a21c94c7b77c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thayer Martin is a selective medium for", "exp": "Thayer Martin medium is the selective medium for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.\nThere are no specific selective media for Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.\nAll these three organisms are fastidious and are therefore usually cultured on blood agar/ chocolate agar.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae", "opb": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opc": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "opd": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6bbed63-4ca2-41d6-9fa3-beed5648867c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Histamine in anaphylaxis is secreted by", "exp": "Ans. a (Mast cells). (Ref. Robbins pathology, 8th ed., Table 2-4; 2-6).Mediators of anaphylaxis are many--histamine, serotonin, PGS, VIP, Leukotrienes, TxA2, etc., hut histamine is produced and secreted by mast cells.The Actions of the Principal Mediators of InflammationMediatorSourcePrincipal ActionsCell-DerivedHistamineMast cells, basophils, plateletsVasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activationSerotoninPlateletsVasodilation, increased vascular permeabilityProstaglandinsMast cells, leukocytesVasodilation, pain, feverLeukotrienesMast cells, leukocytesIncreased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activationPlatelet-activating factorLeukocytes, endothelial cellsVasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burstReactive oxygen speciesLeukocytesKilling of microbes, tissue damageNitric oxideEndothelium, macrophagesVascular smooth muscle relaxation; killing of microbesCytokines (e.g. TNF, IL-1)Macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, mast cellsLocal endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules), systemic acute-phase response; in severe infections, septic shockChemokineLeukocytes, activated macrophagesChemotaxis, leukocyte activationPlasma Protein-DerivedComplementPlasma (produced in liver)Leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, opsonization, vasodilation (mast cell stimulation)KininsPlasma (produced in liver)Increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mast cells", "opb": "B-cells", "opc": "Basophils", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "a1000658-a313-4694-82bc-8f75c0d46067", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chickenpox is caused by", "exp": "Ans. A. Varicella-zoster virus. (Ref. Harrison's medicine 17th ed. Chapter 173)Varicella-zoster virus# Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes two distinct clinical entities:- varicella (chickenpox) and- herpes zoster (shingles).# Chickenpox, a ubiquitous and extremely contagious infection, is usually a benign illness of childhood characterized by an exanthematous vesicular rash.# With reactivation of latent VZV (which is most common after the sixth decade of life), herpes zoster presents as a dermatomal vesicular rash, usually associated with severe pain.# Children between 5-9 yr age are most commonly affected.# Incubation period 14-17 days.# Secondary attack rate 72-90%.# Patients are infectious prior to onset of rash, during period of vesicle formation (4-5days) & until all vesicles are crusted.# Hallmark of infection is maculopapules, vesicles escabs in various stages.# Most common infectious complication of varicella is superficial bacterial infection of skin by Staph.# Most common extracutaneous site of affection by VZV is CNS.Recommendations for VZIG AdministrationExposure Criteria1. Exposure to person with chickenpox or zostera. Household: residence in the same householdb. Playmate: face-to-face indoor playc. HospitalVaricella: same 2- to 4-bed room or adjacent beds in large ward, face-to-face contact with infectious staff member or patient, visit by a person deemed contagiousZoster: intimate contact (e.g., touching or hugging) with a person deemed contagiousd. Newborn infant: onset of varicella in the mother <5 days before delivery or <48 h after delivery; VZIG not indicated if the mother has zoster2. Patient should receive VZIG as soon as possible but not >96 h after exposureCandidates (Provided They Have Significant Exposure) Include:1. Immunocompromised susceptible children without a history of varicella or varicella immunization2. Susceptible pregnant women3. Newborn infants whose mother had onset of chickenpox within 5 days before or within 48 h after delivery4. Hospitalized premature infant (>28 weeks of gestation) whose mother lacks a reliable history of chickenpox or serologic evidence of protection against varicella5. Hospitalized premature infant (<28 weeks of gestation or <1000-g birth weight), regardless of maternal history of varicella or varicella-zoster virus serologic status.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Varicella-zoster virus", "opb": "Epstein-barr virus", "opc": "Pox virus", "opd": "Herpes simplex virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "3430f397-1983-4e82-bfeb-2d08d9b013ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The biologic standard used to test the efficiency of sterilization involves the use of", "exp": "Spores of Clostridium tetani is used for Dry Heat; 106 spores are used.For moist heat, Bacillus stearothermophilus are usedReference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology; 10th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spores of Clostridium tetani", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Spores of Vibrio", "opd": "Mycoplamsa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "4b76dbcb-1fca-4bf6-bf64-b6c133fbc481", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The fungus with septate hyphae and dichotomous branching is", "exp": "Mucor and Rhizopus - aseptate hyphae. Penicillium - septate but no dichotomous branching. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspergillus", "opb": "Penicillium", "opc": "Mucor", "opd": "Rhizopus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "b4bc76ea-c2a6-4423-ab09-ed5e500a4b2f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fungi that posses a capsule is", "exp": "The capsule of Cryptococcus can be demonstrated by Indian ink or nigrosin stain. capsules are prominent in Indian ink preparation. There are 4 serological types of capsular polysaccharide, it can be demonstrated by precipitation test. All others do not have capsules. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Candida", "opb": "Aspergillus", "opc": "Cryptococcus", "opd": "Mucor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "ce31981a-6b29-4a2c-80df-deeda78fee8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following is a single stranded DNA containing virus with no envelope", "exp": "Parvo-SSDNA with no envelope Hepatitis-SS RNA with no envelope Herpes virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA containing virus Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 423", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parvo virus B19", "opb": "Hepatitis A", "opc": "Herpes simplex", "opd": "Human reo virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "593f1c0c-aad8-4a96-8da6-ec844226ac75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Example of anaerobic medium", "exp": "Non-selective media used in anaerobic bacteriology: Cooked meat broth (e.g. Robeson's Cooked Meat Medium): Non-selective for the cultivation of anaerobic organisms; with an addition of glucose, can be used for gas-liquid chromatography. Anaerobic blood agar: It is a non-selective medium for isolation of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes. Egg-yolk agar (EYA): Non-selective for determination of lecithinase and lipase production by Clostridia and Fusobacteria. Peptone-yeast extract glucose broth (PYG): Non-selective for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria for gas-liquid chromatography. Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 46,47", "cop": 3, "opa": "WIlson Blair medium", "opb": "Mac conkey broth", "opc": "Robeson's cooked meat medium", "opd": "EMB agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "453c5d04-12fd-481d-a945-c259ca7e5ea2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Herpes simplex virus is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Single stranded DNA", "opb": "Double stranded DNA", "opc": "Single stranded RNA", "opd": "Double stranded RNA", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0ef30c9-1679-4ffe-b401-40e73319da69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medusahead colonies on nutrient agar point the diagnosis of infection with", "exp": "Bacillus anthracis-medusa hair appearance like growth on nutrient agar Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 220", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacillus anthracis", "opb": "Bacillus cereus", "opc": "Anthracoid bacilli", "opd": "Clostridium per fringes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4e0fc7bb-6eea-4d7e-b6d4-5c78f06366f5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staph, epidermis has become important due to", "exp": "* S. epidermis is a pathogenic organism which affects interventions like catheter, canula.* It is an organism which can form biofilm.* It is novobiocin sensitive.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biofilm formation", "opb": "Virulence", "opc": "Wide spectrum antibiotics", "opd": "Novobiocin resistance", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "87522f7c-b107-4080-a9ef-1077995ee2f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week", "exp": "(A) Blood culture # Typhoid investigation of choice code 'BASU'> 'B' i.e. Blood culture in the first week (Better is Bone Marrow culture)> 'A' i.e. Antibodies (Widal) in the second week> 'S' i.e. Stool culture in the third week> 'U' i.e. Urine culture in the 4th week> Widal test shows diagnostic titre for S. typhii usually after 7 to 10 days of the illness - 2nd week> Positivity with Widal test is maximum in third week.> Widal - The agglutinins tested by the Widal test appear by the end of the first week. The titre increases steadily till the third or the fourth week, after which it declines gradually.> Maximum titre is found in third week.> Blood culture- They are positive in approximately 90% of cases in the first week of fever, 75% of cases in the second week, 60% in the third week and 25% thereafter till the subsidence of pyrexia. Test of choice in first week.> Stool culture - Salmonellae are shed in the faeces throughout the course of the disease and even in convalescence, with varying frequency. So a positive fecal culture may occur in carriers as well as in patients. Thus the test is not very useful for a recent infection.> Urine culture - Salmonellae are shed in the urine irregularly and infrequently. Cultures are generally positive only in the second and third weeks and then only in about 25% of cases.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Blood culture", "opb": "Widal test", "opc": "Stool culture", "opd": "Urine culture", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2afc9066-405a-492b-853a-563be05d8967", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "F plasmid of high frequency recombination is a", "exp": "Characters of Plasmids: 1.Plasmids are circular DNA molecules. 2.Can replicate independently. 3.Plasmids or episomes are not essential for bacteria. 4.They may carry propeies of a)Drug resistance b)Toxigenicity Eg:E.coli,Klebsiella Salmonella Shigella ,Proteus Types of plasmids : 1.R plasmids. 2.Col factors (Colicinogenic factors) 3.F or Feility factors.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Extrachromosomal", "opb": "Chromosomal", "opc": "Mesosome", "opd": "Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 2 ( Hybridoma Technology, Complement Pathways, Interferon, Structure and Functions of Immune Cells )", "id": "3b8e6b18-0f7d-4ea7-ad5a-9b9cb3e2cc6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rhinovirus is primarily transmitted by", "exp": "Rhinovirus is a major cause of the common cold. The primary mode of transmission is the contact of contaminated hands, fingers, or fomites with the conjunctiva or nasal epithelium. While several studies have shown no evidence of aerosol transmission, a study by Dick and associates in 1986 did show aerosol transmission can occur. This is not, however, the main mode of transmission.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Droplet aerosolization", "opb": "Sexual activity", "opc": "Fecal-oral route", "opd": "Fomites", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "92feb601-dd0a-42b2-92b4-8f9acaf00f73", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Renauld Braud phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "Candida albicans has the ability to form germ tubes within 2hours when incubated in human serum at 37C - Reynolds-Braude phenomenon. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Candida psittaci", "opc": "Histoplasma", "opd": "Cryptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "11a944e7-f256-4d11-8ec3-5819b417685d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "National switch day for polio vaccine is", "exp": "Change over from trivalent to bivalent oral polio vaccine vaccine is National switch day. It was on April 25, 2016.", "cop": 1, "opa": "April 25, 2016", "opb": "April 26, 2017", "opc": "April 24, 2025", "opd": "April 23, 2014", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51985e6d-4b80-43dc-9c3b-b356553b0048", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is often diagnosed by isolation of the organism from the blood and is caused most often by", "exp": "Staphylococcus aureus is implicated in the majority of cases of acute osteomyelitis, which affects children most often. A superficial staphylococcal lesion frequently precedes the development of bone infection. In the pre-antibiotic era, S. pneumoniae was a common cause of acute osteomyelitis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Gram-negative organisms are implicated less frequently in this infection.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proteus mirabilis", "opb": "Streptococcus faecalis", "opc": "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "opd": "S. aureus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "30218fae-4c7a-40e5-9d04-444a8409ae3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common genetic play in Neisseria infection is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Complement deficiency Complement deficiency and neisserial infections The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune defence against infection by Neisseria (N. Meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae). People who lack or have a deficiency in complement mediated bactericidal activity are most susceptible to neisserial diseases. Terminal complement component (C5 through C9) deficiencies and deficiencies of the alternative pathway (Properdin, C3,Factor D) have a strong effect on susceptibility to, as well as severity of, neisserial infections. Deficiency of terminal complement (C, - C9) component :- Deficiency of one of the terminal components that compose membrane attack complex (MAC) predisposes patients to infection with Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, N. meningitidis infection is more common. Deficiencies of terminal pathway :- Deficiencies in components of alternative pathway, namely properdin, C3 and factor D, have been associated with increased susceptibility, almost exclusively, to meningococcal infection (amongst Neisseria).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Male gender", "opb": "HLA b27", "opc": "Complement deficiency", "opd": "IgA deficiency", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62bb8d2b-1bf0-47ee-939c-98468048c3f5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Virus grow well on", "exp": "Ans. a (Cell culture). (Ref. Anantanarayan, Microbiology, 6th/pg.406)CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES:Three methods are employed for cultivation of viruses:# Innoculation in animals# Embryonated eggs# Tissue culture:- Organ culture (useful for isolation of some viruses only, that appear highly specific parasite of certain organs)- Explant culture (obsolete)- Cell culture (routinely used)# Primary cell culture# Diploid cell culture# Continuous cell linesThus cell culture is a subtype of tissue culture and viruses grow well on it.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cell culture", "opb": "Agar Agar", "opc": "Cell free media", "opd": "Tissue Culture", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "54eab060-3279-4836-a3a4-5d03979ecb0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common cause of diarrhoea in AIDS cases is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Plasmodium falciparum", "opb": "Cryptosporidium", "opc": "Ascaris lumbricoides", "opd": "Taenia solium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee9140f7-a4c8-4dca-955b-b7e6ace9fc4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of cervical insufficiency is", "exp": "The most common cause of cervical insufficiency is idiopathicCervical incompetence may be congenital due to the following:Mullerian anomaliesCollagen disordersExposure to DES or the causes may be acquiredObstetric trauma like cervical laceration during deliveryMechanical dilatationCervical Conization", "cop": 1, "opa": "Idiopathic", "opb": "Previous dilatation", "opc": "Exposure to DES", "opd": "Conization", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "087bc26b-ee61-4d7e-b90a-218321af279e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tinea cruris is caused by", "exp": "Tinea cruris is caused by Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton rubrum", "cop": 1, "opa": "Epidermophyton", "opb": "Trichosporon", "opc": "Microsporum", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "b6c3a7a8-37b0-4ac1-b3da-f7ff6c1fecf7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neurological complications following rabies vaccine are common with", "exp": "(B) Chick embryo vaccine # Egg vaccines:> Duck egg vaccine prepared from a fixed virus adapted for growth in duck eggs and inactivated with beta propiolactone was used, but was discontinued because of its poor immunogenicity. A purified, more potent duck egg vaccine was developed, but was supplanted by tissue culture vaccines which became available then,> Live attenuated chick embryo vaccines: two types of vaccines were developed with the Flury strain-the Low Egg Passage (LEP) vaccine at 40-50 egg passage level for immunisation of dogs and the High Egg Passage (HEP) vaccine at 180 passage level for cattle and cats, these are not in use now because of their high neurological complications.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Duck egg vaccine", "opb": "Chick embryo vaccine", "opc": "Semple vaccine", "opd": "HDCS vaccine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "f12e27bb-28b1-4b37-b123-ffa4d9e4af85", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Orbital mucormycosis is a complication of", "exp": "Orbital mucormycosis is caused by Mucor and Rhizopus. The lesions are especially common in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "AIDS", "opb": "Steroid therapy", "opc": "Cushing's disease", "opd": "Diabetic ketoacidosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "832ea317-e2fd-4398-8ad6-bff191a5934c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of human papilloma virus associated with cacinoma cervix", "exp": "Explanation:\nJuvenile Papillomatosis of the breast\n● It is a relatively common benign localised proliferative lesion in the breast.\n● It is mainly seen in young women (mean age: 19-23 years)\n● Caused by HPV 6 and 11.\nClinical presentation\n● Patients present with a firmt well-defined, mobile mass often in the periphery of the breast.\n● There is usually no nipple discharge.\nPathology\n● Papillary proliferation of the ductal epithelium which partly fills up smaller ducts causing distension.\n● Grossly, well-circumscribed mass containing multiple small cysts (<2 cm) within a dense fibrous stroma\n(therefore sometimes termed swiss cheese disease by pathologists).\n● Lesions can vary in size, usually ranging from 1 to 8 cm.\nRadiographic features\nBreast ultrasound\n● They can appear as an ill-defined, inhomogenous hypoechoic mass with multiple small (up to 4mm) predominantly peripheral cysts.\n● Microcalcifications may be seen at sonography.\nMammography\n● These lesions are usually negative on mammography.\n● Occasionally may show microcalcifications, an asymmetric density or a prominant intraductal pattern. \nGalactography\n● May show a multiple irregular filling defects within the breasts. Breast MRI\nSignal characteristics according to one report include\n● T1 : hypo-intense lobulated mass\n● T2 : may show- presence of multiple small internal cysts, best shown on this sequence and is considered the most specific feature\n● T1 C+ (Gd) : may or may not show marked rapid enhancement\n● Dynamic sequence: shows a benign enhancement profile.\nComplications\n● Despite being a benign entity, it is considered by some to be a marker for familial breast cancer.\n● Approximately /0% develop breast cancer later in life.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Types 6, 12, 18", "opb": "Types 16, 18, 31", "opc": "Types 6, 8, 11", "opd": "Types 3, 10, 19", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6c5bcd4-3a04-4090-a3b0-df4f45a46b4c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Quellung reaction is associated with", "exp": "Quellung reaction: a specific test of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A suspension of Streptococcus pneumoniae is mixed with a drop of the type-specific antiserum and a spoonful of methylene blue solution. In the presence of the homologous antiserum, the capsule becomes apparently swollen, sharply delineated and refractile. The Quellung test can be done directly with sputum from acute pneumonia cases. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 225", "cop": 2, "opa": "Capsular degeneration", "opb": "Capsular delineation", "opc": "Capsular absence", "opd": "Lecithinase production", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "65e7df87-83bf-43bf-9593-742622aeb4bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rh antibodies are", "exp": "Antibody of ABO, Rh system is IgM.", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgM", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgE", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e72ca34e-1719-44de-a6e5-06557a5476aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chandlers Index is used in epidemiological studies of", "exp": "Chandler Index:-used for hookwormIt is the average number of hookworm eggs per gram of faeces forthe entire community.Below 200 -Hookworm is not much significance200 - 250 -May be regarded as potential danger250 - 300 -Minor public health problemAbove 300 -Impoant public health problem", "cop": 2, "opa": "Round worms", "opb": "Hookworms", "opc": "Guinea worms", "opd": "Sand fly", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology Pa 2 (Helminthology)", "id": "6357c37e-1455-4650-9d32-c47907b73ec1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mantoux test is an indicator of", "exp": "Tuberculin-Type HypersensitivityDelayed hypersensitivity to antigens of microorganisms occurs in many infectious diseases and it has been used as an aid in diagnosis. The tuberculin reaction is a good example of a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. When a small amount of tuberculin is injected into the epidermis of a patient previously exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, there is a little immediate reaction. Gradually, however, induration and redness develop and reach a peak in 24-72 hours. Mononuclear cells, especially CD4 Th1 cells, accumulate in the subcutaneous tissue. A positive skin test indicates that the person has been infected with the microorganism but does not imply the presence of current disease. However, a recent change of skin test response from negative to positive suggests recent infection and possible current activity.Reference: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Chapter 8; Immunology", "cop": 2, "opa": "Immediate hypersensitivity", "opb": "Delayed hypersensitivity", "opc": "Cell mediated hypersensitivity", "opd": "Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "3ad488c2-d017-48c5-9738-82ce2d7196e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Positive Shick's test indicates that the person is", "exp": "Schick test: intradermal test to demonstrate circulating diphtheria antitoxin. This antitoxin may be present either due to previous infection or immunization. This test demonstrates the immunity or susceptibility of a person against diphtheria. Positive Schick test signifies that the person is susceptible to diphtheria due to the absence or lack of adequate amount of circulating antitoxin. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition; Page no: 219, 220", "cop": 3, "opa": "Immune to diphtheria", "opb": "Hypersensitive to diphtheria", "opc": "Susceptible to diphtheria", "opd": "Carrier of diphtheria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f5cda430-0bc9-442e-ae92-025630a91190", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ABO incompatibility is an example for", "exp": "Type 2 HSN\n\nTransfusion reaction.\nErythroblastosis fetalis.\nGrave's disease.\nMyasthenia gravis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type-I HSN reaction", "opb": "Type-II HSN reaction", "opc": "Type-III HSN reaction", "opd": "Type-IV HSN reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1bc6f940-1eb1-4b19-a046-91576f042b16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cause of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is", "exp": "Clostridium difficile causes acute colitis with bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. A common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. The disease follows the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics to which it is resistant. Exotoxin A and B involved in the pathogenesis. An oppounistic organism that causes disease only when the normal mechanism is altered. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 270", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Dairy products", "opc": "Fried rice", "opd": "Antibiotic use", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "52fd537b-dc7f-4cf1-9a3a-6757ebd9ea31", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This ahropod transmits", "exp": "Image shows - Sandfly . transmits Leishmaniasis Trypanosoma brucei: tse tse fly Trypanosoma cruzi: reduviid bugs (Triatomine). Plasmodium vivax: female anopheles", "cop": 3, "opa": "T. brucei", "opb": "T. cruzi", "opc": "Leishmania donovani", "opd": "Plasmodium vivax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "c4107e67-5e85-4028-a857-9d9b2c1e787b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malignant pustule is seen in", "exp": "Cutaneous anthrax Anthrax is primarily a disease of the domestic animals. Humans are usually accidental hosts when brought into contact with infected animals There are three major forms of disease: Cutaneous anthrax Acquired, skin Inhalational anthrax --> Inhalated, spores Gastrointestinal anthrax Analogus to cutaneous anthrax but occurs on intestinal mucosa. The most common form of anthrax is cutaneous anthrax which is usually occurred injured skin or musous membrane Cutaneous anthrax Cutaneous anthrax usually begins 2-5 days after inoculation of spores into an exposed pa of the body typically the forearm or the hand. The initial lesion is an erythematous papule which may be mistaken .for insect bite. This papule usually progresses through vesicular and ulcerative stages in 7-10 days to form a black eschar surrounded by edema The lesion is known as \"malignant pustule\" although it is neither malignant nor pustule. Associated .symptoms are usually mild and the lesion typically heals very slowly after the eschar separates. Cutaneous anthrax generally resolves spontaneously but 10-20% of untreated patients may develop septicemia. Cutaneous anthrax generally resolves spontaneously but 10-20% of untreated patients may develop fatal septicemia or meningitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cutaneous anthrax", "opb": "Carbuncle", "opc": "Ulcerating melanoma", "opd": "Infected rodent ulcer", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "93bbf374-dd22-40b8-852f-3e22c46ec03d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis is a rare and dangerous complication of;", "exp": "SSPE Subacute sclerosing Pan encephalitis (SSPE) is a rare complication of measles. SSPE occurs in about 1 in every 300,000 natural cases of measles. It is a form of chronic progressive brain inflammation caused by slow infection with ceain defective strains of hypermutated measles virus It is also known as Dawsondisease,Dawsonencephalitis, andmeaslesencephalitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Mumps", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Varicella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "c3b64919-28d3-4e92-8df8-e2e06b5c6335", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sulphur granules are composed of", "exp": "Granules are bacterial colonies and will be found to consist of a dense network of thin gram-positive filaments surrounded by a peripheral zone of swollen radiating club shaped structures - sun Ray appearance ( antigen antibody complex ). Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Organisms", "opb": "Leucocytes", "opc": "Erythrocytes", "opd": "Keratinocytes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "17859301-931f-4d69-a9bb-a2c2252e34cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Battey bacillus is", "exp": "M.intracellulare: it is commonly known as Battey bacillus because it was first identified as human pathogen at the Battey state hospital for Tuberculosis, Georgia, USA. M.intacellulare and M.avium and are so similar that they can be considered as one group, the M.avium complex (MAC). They cause lymphadenopathy, pulmonary lesions or disseminated disease, paicularly in AIDS patient. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 367", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycobacterium intracellulare", "opb": "Mycobacterium leprae", "opc": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "opd": "Mycobacterium kansai", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d11cfde5-4e1e-4bdc-a658-6645b1f12b75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transplacental transfer of antibodies from immunized mother to her newborn is", "exp": "Ans. b (Natural passive immunity). (Ref. Textbook of Microbiology by Anantanarayan 6th/72)# Natural active immunity results from either clinical or inapparent infection by a parasite.# A person who has recovered from attack of chickenpox or of measles develops natural active immunity (lifelong).# Artificial active immunity is by vaccines.# Artificial passive immunity is immune horse serum administration# Transplacental transfer of antibodies from immunized mother to her newborn is natural passive immunity.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Natural active immunity", "opb": "Natural passive immunity", "opc": "Acquired active immunity", "opd": "Acquired passive immunity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "4376822f-4860-49c5-bcda-c1aa31e8e893", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The first gene to be knocked out in the carcinogenesis of the endometrium is", "exp": "The primary gene involved in the transformation of a normal or a hyperplastic endometrium to a neoplastic endometrium is the loss of PTEN gene function.", "cop": 2, "opa": "PI3KCA", "opb": "PTEN", "opc": "KRAS", "opd": "p53", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "11b8f895-654e-42db-a84e-7ca54d0b4969", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anthrax bacilli differs from anthracoid bacilli by being", "exp": "Differentiating features between anthrax and anthracoid bacilli Anthrax bacilli Anthracoid bacilli Non-motile Generally motile Capsulated Non-capsulated Grows in long chains Grow in sho chains Medusahead colony Not present Hemolysis absent or weak Usually well marked Susceptible to gamma phage Not susceptible No growth at 45 deg. C Usually grows No turbidity in broth turbidity usual Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan ana paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:253", "cop": 3, "opa": "Non-capsulated", "opb": "Strict aerobe", "opc": "Non-motile", "opd": "Haemolytic colonies on blood agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "66143d9a-9213-4bb2-b3bb-5b76ad1c702c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common drug causing peudomembranous enterocolitis is", "exp": "C.difficile causes acute colitis with bloody and watery diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. C.difficle is the most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea in many developed countries following the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics like clindamycin, ampicillin, or fluoroquinolones to which the organism is resistant. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg: 270", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cephalosporin", "opb": "Doxycycline", "opc": "Ampicillin", "opd": "Amoxicillin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "67c315df-f1e0-4d4a-825e-4e6334114a8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococci with butterscotch or caramel odour is", "exp": "S.angionosus produce small colonies which give off a distinct odour of butterscotch or caramel.", "cop": 4, "opa": "S.pyogenes", "opb": "S.agalactiae", "opc": "S.pneumoniae", "opd": "S.angionosus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a8236df1-8f44-4e5d-9b95-aee705324ecf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aseptate hyphae are seen in", "exp": "They are lower fungi that have non-septate hyphae Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker&;s; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phycomycetes", "opb": "Ascomycetes", "opc": "Basidiomycetes", "opd": "Deuteromycetes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "91d98e52-345a-496f-adca-ba24350457d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common fungal infection in febrile neutropenia is", "exp": "Candida albicans is the normal inhabitant of skin, GIT, oral and vaginal cavities. Candidiasis is an oppounistic endogenous infection. Neutropenia is an immunocompromised condition, so candida infection is more common in them. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition .", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aspergillus niger", "opb": "Candida albicans", "opc": "Mucormycosis", "opd": "Aspergillus fumigatus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "34f3440c-6b66-4efe-b877-c21d31f5d825", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Doc for nasal carriers of MRSA", "exp": "Topical mupirocin 2 % is the Doc for nasal carriers of MRSA.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vancomycin", "opb": "Ceftobipirole", "opc": "Linezolid", "opd": "Mupirocin topical", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4413e1c6-f9d1-4567-beae-a2810c9ba76c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NIH is used for", "exp": "NIH swabs are used to collect eggs of Pinworm (Enterobius) Eggs are collected from the perianal skin by NIH swab or cellophane tape. Pinworms are not released in feces, the diagnosis cannot be made by conventional fecal ova and parasite tests", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pinworm", "opb": "Whip worm", "opc": "Round worm", "opd": "hook worm", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "ef805287-f56a-46ae-9336-7f7ba07dbb4a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For hot air oven holding time at 160degC is", "exp": "Recommended holding time of hot air oven At 160 C is 1.5-2 hour At 170 C for 60 min At 180 C is 30 min", "cop": 1, "opa": "2 hour", "opb": "15 minutes", "opc": "30 minutes", "opd": "20 minutes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)", "id": "8c75557d-6b31-4d69-867b-9b6147ebc078", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Duffy antigen is associated with", "exp": "Duffy blood group antigen (alleles Fya and Fyb) is the receptor for the attachment of merozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Its absence confers protection against merozoite invasion.Ref: K.D Chatterjee 13th edition, p97-100", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pl. falciparum", "opb": "Pl. ovale", "opc": "Pl. vivax", "opd": "Pl. malariae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "a9871d61-e1a0-4920-86aa-91cc5c64da17", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain used for degenerated fungi in tissue is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "PAS", "opb": "H & E", "opc": "Gomori methenamine silver", "opd": "Mucicarmine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "758ff12d-94f4-4b40-a16d-15e39ea32c60", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacterial spores are destroyed by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Boiling at 100°C", "opb": "Disinfection by hypochlorite solution", "opc": "Autoclave", "opd": "Pasteurisation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "998bb67c-5bab-453c-a551-f027eb72ca48", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frie's test is useful for diagnosis of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Mycoplasma", "opb": "Rickettsia", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Chiamydia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "798b9323-615d-49a9-9c76-2e4081503bc8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pasteurised milk is most commonly tested by", "exp": "Phosphatase test:This is a check on whether milk has been pasteurized. The enzyme phosphatase, which is normally present in milk, is inactivated if pasteurization has been performed properly. Residual phosphatase activity indicates that pasteurization has been adequate. This test, if positive after proper pasteurization of milk shows contamination after pasteurization. (Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p631-632)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phosphate test", "opb": "Coliform test", "opc": "Catalase test", "opd": "Oxidase test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "a11e6a44-e0ed-45c3-8e6b-7e6c58915ad3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ahropod vector involved in causing Scrub typhus is", "exp": "Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 405-406 Infections Caused by Rickettsiae and Close Relatives Group Disease Bacterium Ahropod Vector Reservoir Host Rocky MountainSpotted Fever R. rickettsii Ticks Ticks, dogs, rodents Epidemic Typhus R. prowazekii Human louse Humans Endemic Typhus R. typhi Fleas Rodents Scrub Typhus Orientia tsutsugamushi Mites Rodents Ehrlichiosis E. chaffeensisA. phagocytophilum Tick Small mammals", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ticks", "opb": "Human louse", "opc": "Fleas", "opd": "Mites", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b80eefe0-7927-449d-85d8-d97269b2a01e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pharyngoconj unctiva I fever is caused by", "exp": "o Pharyngo-conjunctival fever is caused most commonly by serotypes 3 and 7, but serotypes 2, 4 and 14\nalso have been documented as etiologic agents,\no Ocular infections caused by Adenovirus -\ni. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis → Serotypes 8, 19, 37\nii. Follicular conjunctivitis → Serotypes 3,7\niii. Pharyngoconjunctival fever - Serotypes 3, 7 Adeno Virus\no Non-enveloped, DNA (ds DNA) Virus\no Has characteristic morphology consisting of an icosahedral shell composed of 20 equilateral\ntriangular faces and 12 vertices → space vehicle appearance.\no Human adenovirus grows only in tissue culture of human origin, such as human embryonic kidney, HeLa\nor HEP-2.\no Cytopathic effect in tissue culture → cell rounding and aggregation into grape like clusters.\no Adenovirus has been used as a vector for gene therapy.\no Adenovirus cause infections of the respiratory tract and eyes and less often of the intestine and urinary tract.\no Most frequently affect infants and children\no Clinical manifestations\n□ Most common manifestation in children is an acute upper respiratory tract infection with prominent rhinitis,\n□Most common manifestation in adult is ARDS", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adenovirus 11, 21", "opb": "Adenovirus 40, 41", "opc": "Adenovirus 8. 19", "opd": "Adenovirus 3 and 7", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28c7f98c-23f8-4f6c-86ba-bdd579429250", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cyst form is found in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Dientamoeba fragilis", "opb": "B. Coli", "opc": "T. vaginalis", "opd": "T. Intestinalis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3cbe732f-4c8c-4ef2-9a3a-d563435ea2b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Negative staining is used to demonstrate", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacterial spore", "opb": "Bacterial flagella", "opc": "Bacterial capsule", "opd": "Bacterial fimbriae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f478d129-18cd-469b-aeb9-248fb224e9ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infected tissues demonstrating budding fungal cells are seen in", "exp": "Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis, especially cryptococcal meningitis. The organisms can be seen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in India ink preparations as an oval budding yeast surrounded by a wide, unstained polysaccharide capsule. Candida albicans, the most important species of Candida, causes thrush and vaginitis, as well as other diseases. It may appear in tissue as a budding yeast or as elongated pseudohyphae (non-septate). Sporothrix schenckii is a dimorphic fungus which appears as round or cigar-shaped budding yeasts in tissue. It causes a local pustule or ulcer that may become chronic.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coccidioidomycosis, chromomycosis, aspergillosis", "opb": "Tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, candidiasis", "opc": "Blastomycosis, paracoccidioides, dermatophytosis", "opd": "Candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "028f23cb-0991-46e3-8df4-074775772960", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Langerhans cells in skin are", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Antigen presenting cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antigen presenting cells", "opb": "Pigment producing cells", "opc": "Keratin synthesising cells", "opd": "Sensory neurons", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc4a9e0f-7e84-40c9-ab1d-fc1bdb18b25c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An adolescent male developed vomiting and diarrhoea 1 hour after having food from a restaurant. The most likely pathogen is", "exp": "Incubation period: Staphylococcus aureus - 2 to 6 hours Salmonella - 12 to 24 hours Clostridium perfringens - 8 to24 hours Vibrio parahemolyticus-24hrs to 5 days Ref: Textbook of Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:204,307,260,313", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clostridium perfringes", "opb": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "dbf1099a-051f-4a6e-93ce-9b12ac6d11d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pneumocystis carinii is diagnosed by", "exp": "Pneumocystis infection - specimen is induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage or lung biopsy. On microscopy - trophozoites can be demonstrated by Giemsa , toludine blue, methenamine silver and calcofluor white stain. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sputum examination for trophozoites and cysts under microscope", "opb": "Culture", "opc": "Positive serology", "opd": "Growth on aificial media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "818c3a34-a65e-4d63-8d6e-33f2f1ecacce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient is diagnosed with malaria had fever periodicity of 72 hours. Organism implicated is", "exp": "An attack usually stas with shivering and chills, followed by a high fever, followed by sweating and a return to normal temperature. Ref ananthnarayana and panikers microbiology textbook 8/e", "cop": 4, "opa": "P.falciparum", "opb": "P.vivax", "opc": "P.ovale", "opd": "P.malariae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "0989445a-c3d7-4c3c-af6a-714467e3f284", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Erythromycin is given in intestinal hypomotility because", "exp": "Erythromycin stimulates motilin receptors in the g.i.Lthereby induces gastric contractions, hastens gastric emptying and promotes intestinal motility.", "cop": 4, "opa": "It increases bacterial count", "opb": "It decreases bacterial count", "opc": "It binds to adenylyl cyclase", "opd": "It binds to motilin receptors", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1292e3e-31c6-44d6-a161-634600252b08", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common accepted theory for antibody production is", "exp": "(Clonal selection theory) (149-150-AN 7th)Clonal selection theory proposed this theory which shifted immunological specificity to the cellular level According to the clonal selection hypothesis, during immunological development, cells capable of reacting with different antigens were formed by a process of somatic mutation, clones of cells that has immunological reactivity with self antigens were eliminated during embryonic life. Such clones are called forbidden clones. Their persistence or development in later life by somatic mutation could lead to autoimmune process.* The clonal selection theory is more widely accepted than the other theories, though it is unable to account for all the features of the immune response.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Direct template", "opb": "Indirect template", "opc": "Natural selection", "opd": "Clonal selection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "b1539382-122c-4c50-b989-b1169b452bcf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One virus paicle prevents multiplication of the 2nd virus. This phenomena is", "exp": "Viral interferenceit is the infection of a cell by one virus inhibits simultaneous or subsequent infection by another virus.Most impoant mediator of interference is interferon.Interference produced by destruction of cell receptors is seen with myxoviruses and enterovirus.It is applied in the field in controlling poliomyelitis outbreaks by introducing into the population, the live attenuated poliovirus vaccine.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Viral interference", "opb": "Mutation", "opc": "Supervision", "opd": "Permutation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "450267c9-a447-427d-b710-f5d47b2fd7b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drugs least effective against MRSA", "exp": "Drugs effective against MRSA are SS Cotrimoxazole, SS Ceain cephalosporins, SS Vancomycin, SS Teicoplanin, SS Dalfopris n, SS Quinupris n SSLinezolid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Teicoplanin", "opb": "Meropenem", "opc": "Quinupristin", "opd": "Linezolid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c85086ea-9b9e-4c07-b455-c663eb25994a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The protective titre of antitoxin to diphtheria following vaccination is", "exp": "Active immunization by vaccination with diphtheria toxoid is the key in preventing diphtheria. . Serum antitoxin concentration of 0.01 IU/mL is usually accepted as the minimum protective level. 0.01 IU/mL is considered to provide basic protection and 0.1 IU/ml is considered to provide complete or total protection.", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.01 IU/ml", "opb": "0.05 IU/ml", "opc": "0.1 IU/ml", "opd": "0.5 IU/ml", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "3e4f1008-ac01-49aa-921a-9faeaecada16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Skin test useful in hydatid disease is", "exp": "casoni's test It is an immediate hypersensitivity skin test introduced by casoni using fresh sterile hydatid fluid. The antigen in hydatid fluid is collected from animal or human cysts and is sterilised by seitz or membrane filtration. The fluid is injected intradermally in one arm and an equal volume of saline as control is injected in other aarm. In a positive reaction ,a large wheal of about 5 cm in diameter with multiple pseudopodia appears within half an hour at the test side and fades in about an hour. Ref : panickers textbook of medical parasitology 8th edition page 134", "cop": 1, "opa": "Casoni's test", "opb": "Schick test", "opc": "Patch test", "opd": "Dick's test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "56fbabe5-dbd9-495d-88ad-8062e94f6c58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The time interval between introduction of bacteria into a culture medium and starting of multiplication is", "exp": "Ans. a (Lag phase) Ref:Ananthanarayan, 7th ed, p. 19Bacterial growth curve: Growth curve obtained by plotting viable count in relation to time gives bacterial growth curve which shows the following phases;a. Lag phaseb. Log phasec. Stationary phased. Phase of declineLag phase: no increase in number but increase in size of the cells occur. The necessary enzymes & metabolic intermediates are built up in adequate quantitiesLog phase (exponential/ logarithmic): cells start dividing and their no. increases exponentially with time.Stationary phase: cell division stops due to depletion of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products.Viable count becomes stationary as there occurs an equilibrium between dying cells and newly formed cells.Phase of decline: Population decreases due to cell death caused by:1. Depletion of nutrients2. Toxic accumulation3. Autolytic enzymesBacteria with maximum cell size: end of lag phaseSmall, uniform staining cells: log phaseSporulation. storage granules: stationary phaseInvolution forms: stage of decline", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lag phase", "opb": "Log phase", "opc": "Stationary phase", "opd": "Declining phase", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "dccb0bba-b8a8-4d12-ae05-171dae328449", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molecular mass of IgG (in K D", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., 150Physical, chemical, and Biologic Properties of Human ImmunoglobulinsPropertyIgGIgAIgMIgDIgEUsual molecular formMonomerMonomer, dimerPentamer, hexamerMonomerMonomerOther chainsNoneJ chain, SCJ chainNoneNoneSubclassesG1, G2, G3, G4Al, A2NoneNoneNoneHeavy chain allotypesGm (=30)No Al, A2m (2)NoneNoneNoneMolecular mass, kDa150160, 400950, 1150175190Sedimentation constant, Sw206.6S7S, 1 IS19S7S8SCarbohydrate content, %3710913Serum level in average adult, mg/mL9.5-12.51.5-2.60.7-1.70.040.0003Percentage of total serum Ig75-857-155-100.30.019Serum half-life, days236532.5Synthesis rate, mg/kg per day336570.40.016Antibody valency22, 410, 1222Classical complement activation+ (Gl, 2?, 3)----Alternate complement activation+(G4)+-+-Binding cells via FcMacrophages neutrophils, large granular lymphocytesLymphocytesLymphocytesNoneMast cells, basophils, B cellsBiologic propertiesPlacental transfer, secondary Ab for most antipathogen responsesSecretory immunoglobulinPrimary Ab responsesMarker for mature B- cellsAllergy, antiparasite responses", "cop": 1, "opa": "150", "opb": "400", "opc": "1000", "opd": "1500", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Anitibody", "id": "f78732fe-93d5-40ee-9dc7-29157c814e1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "1)Paul bunnel tests A.Rickettsial Diseases 2)Weil felix reaction B. Infectious mononucleosis 3)Tzank test C. Herpes virus 4)Sabin Feldman dye D. Toxoplasmosis", "exp": "1Paul bunnel tests A. Infectious mononucleosis 2)Weil felix reaction B. Rickettsial Diseases 3)Tzank test C. Herpes virus 4)Sabin Feldman dye D. Toxoplasmosis Other test VDRL and RPR: Treponema pallidum Microscopic agglutination test: Leptospirosis Standard agglutination test: Brucella Elk's gel precipitation test: Corneybacterium diphtheria Widal test: typhoid Sabin fieldman dye test: Toxoplasmosis", "cop": 1, "opa": "1-b,2-a, 3-c, 4-d", "opb": "1-b, 2-c, 3- d, 4-a", "opc": "1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "opd": "1-d, 2-A 3- b, 4-a", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Lab Investigations", "id": "1e79fe19-41aa-4444-af3f-8468d745cf63", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enterotest is used for diagnosis of", "exp": "Stringtest / enterotest is done in Giardia lambia in which bile stained mucus is collected for examination of Trophozoites.", "cop": 4, "opa": "E. histolytica", "opb": "N. fowleri", "opc": "T. Cruzi", "opd": "Giardia lambia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "499d3609-0de5-4365-8263-4a72d72735d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient was hospitalized after an automobile accident. The wounds became infected and the patient was treated with tobramycin, carbenicillin, and clindamycin. Five days after antibiotic therapy was initiated, the patient developed severe diarrhea and pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Antibioticassociated diarrhea and the more serious pseudomembranous enterocolitis can be caused by", "exp": "Patients treated with antibiotics develop diarrhea that, in most cases, is self-limiting. However, in some instances, paicularly in those patients treated with ampicillin or clindamycin, a severe, life-threatening pseudomembranous enterocolitis develops. This disease has characteristic histopathology, and membranous plaques can be seen in the colon by endoscopy. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are caused by an anaerobic Gram-positive rod, Clostridium difficile. It has been recently shown that C. difficile produces a protein toxin with a molecular weight of about 250,000. The \"toxin\" is, in fact, two toxins, toxin A and toxin B. Both toxins are always present in fecal samples, but there is approximately one thousand times more toxin B than toxin A. Toxin A has enterotoxic activity--that is, it elicits a positive fluid response in ligated rabbit ileal loops-- whereas toxin B appears to be primarily a cytotoxin. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clostridium sordellii", "opb": "Clostridium perfringens", "opc": "Clostridium difficile", "opd": "S. aureus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "cca03ea7-c10f-42cd-9559-934485f90c8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Kerion is a", "exp": "Ans. (d) FungusRef: Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Paniker 8,th ed. /605* Kerion is the result of the hosts response to a fungal ringworm infection of the hair follicles of the scalp and beard accompanied by secondary bacterial infection.* It is usually caused by Zoophilic dermatophytes like Trichophyton verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes.* Treatment: Oral Griseofulvin is the treatment of choice.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bacteria", "opb": "Prion", "opc": "Virus", "opd": "Fungus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Dermatophytes", "id": "c644297e-d0ba-4287-aee3-921f130ec846", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reassoment is seen in aEUR'", "exp": "Rotavirus If a virus has a segmented genome and if two variants of that virus infect a single cell, progency virions can result with same segments from one parent and some from the other. This process is called \"reassoment\" of the virus. - Normally when a segmented virus infects a cell, the individual RNA segments enter the nucleus of the host. - There they are copied many times over to form RNA genomes, for new infectious virions. - The new RNA segments are expoed to the cytoplasm where they are assembled into new virus paicles which buds from the cell. If a cell is infected simultaneously with two different segmented viruses, the RNA of both the viruses are copied in the nucleus. These segmented viruses undergo a kind of \"gene swapping or exchange\" i.e., segments from viruses are interchanged or transferred to each other. - As a result new virus paicles emerge that contain RNA segments from both the viruses. - These new viruses are called \"reassoants\" and the process is called reassoment. Reassoment is an efficient process but is limited to the viruses with \"segmented genomes\". So far the only human viruses characterized with segmented genomes are RNA viruses e.g., ohomyxoviruses, reo viruses, arenaviruses, Bunya viruses. - In paicular reassoment is characteristic of \"influenza viruses\" whose genomes consists of eight distinct segment of RNA. - Reassoment is responsible for some of the major genetic shifts in the history of influenza virus which has lead to epidemics. Reassoment in Rotavirus Rotavirus is an impoant cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children. Rotavirus are segmented virus - Due to segmented nature of their genome rotavirus can exchange (reasso) genes during coinfection a features that ispredicted to generate new possibly more dangerous virus strains. - However the amount of gene reassoment occurring in nature is not known as very few Rotavirus genomes have been segmented. - In contrast to what was previously thought very few Rota viruses exchanged gene segments with each other: instead the genomic constillations of the viruses remained relatively stable.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Astronovirus", "opb": "Rotavirus", "opc": "Hepadnavirus", "opd": "Herpesvirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a4e61aa-c864-4d79-a11a-42bcbbbba34c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pneumocystis carinii causes primary infection in", "exp": "There are two known species of Pneumocystis - Pneumocystis carinii, commonly found in rats and Pneumocystis jirovecii seen in humans. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rats", "opb": "Mice", "opc": "Humans", "opd": "Rabbits", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "53de6aa7-4c69-4dc1-a07c-bd126201fec0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Encapsulation in bacteria helps in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Spore formation", "opb": "Decreased virulence", "opc": "Prevent their phagocytosis", "opd": "Oxygen effect", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9afdc123-4369-4f38-b1cd-82d98328d641", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Jail fever is related to", "exp": "Epidemic typhus due to infection with R. Prowazekii is transmittal by the human body louse which lives on clothes and is found in poor hygienic conditions (especially in jails) and usually in cold areas.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rickettsia prowazekii", "opb": "Rickettsia conorii", "opc": "Rickettsia Akari", "opd": "Rickettsia Typhi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "09979df4-8e7e-4dd6-a4de-da42f1b901ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In vivax and Ovale malaria, Relapses are due to", "exp": "Relapse is due to hypnozoites ( resting state) which may reactivate after 2-3 years of malaria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bradyzoites", "opb": "Merozoites", "opc": "Hypnozoites", "opd": "Sporozoites.", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e4c277ac-30c1-40d2-901a-6578a1884e33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diagnostic method of choice for leptospirosis", "exp": "A definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is based on: - * Isolation of the organism from the patient or * A positive result in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or * Seroconversion or a rise in antibody titer. (MAT) * In cases with strong clinical evidence of infection, a single antibody titer of 1:200-1:800 (depending on whether the case occurs in a low- or high-endemic area) in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is required. Ref:- Harrisons T.B of internal medicine 19th edition; pg num:- 1144", "cop": 2, "opa": "MSAT", "opb": "MAT", "opc": "Cold agglutination test", "opd": "Latex agglutination test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3d5d54ae-6afb-44cd-81ce-a2b9a5795821", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Food poisoning has occurred due to ingestion of contaminated fired rice, most likely organism", "exp": "Bacillus cereus: an impoant cause of food poisoning. Two patterns: diarrheal and emetic. Emetic: associated with consumption of cooked rice, usually fried rice from restaurants. Nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after the meal. Bacilli present in large numbers in cooked rice and fecal samples from these patients. Diarrheal: associated with a wide range of foods including cooked meat and vegetables. It is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain, 8-16 hrs after ingestion of contaminated food. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 253", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Bacillus cereus", "opc": "Vibrio parahemolyticus", "opd": "Yersinia pestis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "90bb5b02-dbc5-488b-9cf9-1a44ded85d4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The causative organism of hemolytic uremic syndrome is", "exp": "The hemolytic uremic syndrome may occur as a complication in severe cases due to shigella. EHEC can give rise to diarrhea to fatal hemmorhagic colitis and hemmorhagic uraemic syndrome paicularly in young children and the elderly. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; pg: 293", "cop": 2, "opa": "ETEC", "opb": "Shigella", "opc": "Salmonella", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b133a19f-bbe8-4faa-8aa3-7a615215d6c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae is", "exp": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that is unencapsulated, nonmotile, and nonsporulating. The bacteria have a characteristic club-shaped bacillary appearance and typically form clusters of parallel rays, or palisades, that are referred to as \"Chinese characters.\"Recommended treatment options for patients with respiratory diphtheria are as follows:* Procaine penicillin G, 600,000 U IM q12h (for children: 12,500-25,000 U/kg IM q12h) until the patient can swallow comfoably; then oral penicillin V, 125-250 mg qid to complete a 14-day course* Erythromycin, 500 mg IV q6h (for children: 40-50 mg/kg per day IV in two or four divided doses) until the patient can swallow comfoably; then 500 mg PO qid to complete a 14-day courseRef: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 175; Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterial Infections", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gram positive", "opb": "Resistant to penicillin", "opc": "Gram negative", "opd": "Resistant to chloramphenicol", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "57f08575-d6ea-4fca-847a-373b8935d3a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First released immunoglobulin after primary immunization", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "IgD", "opb": "IgE", "opc": "IgG", "opd": "IgM", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee6cb173-29ad-4e3a-a290-307eae339752", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Virus quantification is done by", "exp": "Quantification assays : plaque and pock assay.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Electron microscopy", "opb": "Light microscopy", "opc": "Plaque assay", "opd": "Egg inoculation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07b7cc88-0fb8-47dc-86fb-a201bfa56785", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The earliest discovery of a pathogenic microorganism was made by", "exp": "The earliest discovery of a pathogenic microorganism was probably made by Augustino Bassi(1835), showed that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus.Ref: Ananthanarayan; 7th edition; Page no: 1", "cop": 1, "opa": "Augustino Bassi", "opb": "Pollender", "opc": "Oliver Wendell", "opd": "Louis pasteur", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "5bf5f3a3-426d-4290-bf67-523348b005f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The medium of choice for culturing yeast form of dimorphic fungi is", "exp": "Dimorphic fungi exist as yeast in the host tissue and in the culture at 37C. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Brain-hea infusion", "opb": "Sabouraud's", "opc": "Sabouraud's and antibiotics", "opd": "SDA medium incubated at 35-37 o", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "1be362e4-b06b-4e5d-ab34-8a9ec68bf5d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tzanck smear is useful for the diagnosis of", "exp": "(B) Herpes Virus infection # TZANCK SMEAR is a rapid, fairly sensitive and inexpensive diagnostic method.> Smears are prepared from the lesions, preferably from the base of vesicles and stained with 1% aqueous solution of toludene bleu '0' for 15 seconds.> Multinucleated giant cells with faceted nuclei and homogenously stained 'ground glass' chromatin (Tzanck cells) constitute a positive smear.> Intranuclear type A inclusion bodies may be seen in Giemsa stained smears.> Acantholytic cells present in Pemphigus vulgaris, Senear-Usher syndrome, Pemphigus foliaceous & Pemphigus vegetans", "cop": 2, "opa": "Eryhrasma", "opb": "Herpes Virus infection", "opc": "Superficial Pseudomonas infection", "opd": "Pntcmpniic TR", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "295d6fc0-894b-4ba8-8f10-1a95891e4f81", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain used to make the wetted area of filter paper strip more visible is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Eosin stain", "opb": "Hematoxylin stain", "opc": "Ninhydrin stain", "opd": "Blue stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5c2c1ad-d14c-4302-b08e-9dc1999f5471", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medusahead appearance on agar plates is characteristic of", "exp": "When grown on blood agar plates, Bacillus anthracis produce nonhemolytic grey to white, tenacious colonies with a rough texture and a ground-glass appearance. Comma-shaped outgrowths (Medusa head, \"curled hair\") may project from the colony.Jawetz 27e pg: 180", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hemophilus", "opb": "Pneumococcus", "opc": "Bacillus", "opd": "Yersinia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4cdfd252-563e-4798-8e7a-abe7d85d3010", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stool examination is required for diagnosis of infection with", "exp": "In Staph food poisoning, Enterotoxin is responsible for the manifestations of food poisoning - nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea 2-6 hours after consuming food contaminated by the preformed toxin. The source of infection is usually food handler who is a carrier. In food poisoning, faeces and remains of suspected food should be collected. Ref: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology, 9th edition; pg no: 204", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Clostridia", "opc": "Shigella", "opd": "Campylobacter", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "b2e1fe47-3c15-4464-b2ab-9d75a73c5b11", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main cause of diarrhea in children of developing country is", "exp": "Enterotoxigenic E.coli: diarrhea caused by ETEC is endemic in developing countries in the tropics. Common in all age groups. Traveler's diarrhea adheres to the intestinal mucosa which is mediated by colonization factor antigens. Produces enterotoxin which may be heat liable or heat stable. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 285", "cop": 2, "opa": "EHEC", "opb": "ETEC", "opc": "EAEC", "opd": "EITC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "bb8b9c79-92a3-4632-bb27-b7080b5fd8c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Problem village if water is in depth more than", "exp": "A \"problem Village\" has been defined as one where :No source of safe water is available within a distance of 1.6 km ORWater source has excess salinity, iron, fluorides & other toxic elements ORWater is exposed to the risk of choleraWater is available at a depth of more than 15 mts OR", "cop": 3, "opa": "5 mts", "opb": "10 mts", "opc": "15 mts", "opd": "20 mts", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6f2f959b-5aa2-42d1-b627-a4ebacb054de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Negri bodies in brain are seen in", "exp": "(C) Rabies # Demonstration of inclusion bodies IN RABIES:> This is still the method most commonly used as facilities for immunofluorescence and biological tests are not available in many laboratories.> Impression smears of the brain are stained by Seller's technique (basic fuchsin and methylene blue in methanol), which has the advantage that fixation and staining are done simultaneously.> Negri bodies are seen as intracytoplasmic, round or oval, purplish pink structures with characteristic basophilic inner granules. Negri bodies vary in size from 3-27 urn> Other types of inclusion bodies may sometimes be seen in the brain in diseases such as canine distemper but the presence of inner structures in the Negri bodies makes differentiation easy.> Negri bodies are intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in brain cells as purplish pink structures with characteristic basophilic granules.> These are characteristic of Rabies infection.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Botulism", "opb": "Chickenpox", "opc": "Rabies", "opd": "Herpes encephalitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2753db1a-ef2a-4838-b170-5516ae8d3e37", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maurer&;s dots are seen in infection with", "exp": "Plasmodium vivax - Schuffners dotsPlasmodium falciparum- Maurer&;sdotsPlasmodium malariae - Ziemann&;s dotsPlasmodium ovale - James&;s dotsIn P. falciparum, RBCs are normal in size with large red dots (Maurer's dots) and sometimes, with basophilic stippling.Panicker 7e pg:80", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plasmodium ovale", "opb": "Plasmodium falciparum", "opc": "Plasmodium malariae", "opd": "Plasmodium vivax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "db3ca25c-e010-41b1-8962-08a15d305737", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beta phage is seen in", "exp": "The toxigenicity of the diphtheria bacillus depends on the intracellular presence of corynephages (tox+), which acts as genetic controlling toxin production. Non-toxigenic strains are rendered toxigenic by infecting them with the beta or some other phages This is known as lysogenic or phage conversion. REF:Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg: 240", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bacillus anthracis", "opb": "Corynebacterium diptheriae", "opc": "Clostridium botulinum", "opd": "Peptostreptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "25a5993f-f224-4d6d-bfb8-36146427ba31", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cryptococcus rarely cause infection of", "exp": "Cryptococcus neoformans, a capsulated yeast is the causative agent, it is the only deep mycoses present in India .\nIt has a spherical budding cell with a prominent polysaccharide capsule.\nIt is a true yeast and gram positive the capsule can be demonstrated using india ink or nigrosin staining \nDisease is usually asymptomatic and seen in immunocomprmised individuals, pulmonary cryptococcosis may lead to mild pneumonitis, cryptococcal meningitis occurs by haematogenous spread, skin, bone and lymph nodes are most commonly affected.\n\nRef : Textbook of Microbiology, C P Baveja 5th Edition pg no:556", "cop": 1, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Skin", "opc": "Bone", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60d2bd94-2693-4a93-a922-d531a2d9a56b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bronchoscopes are best sterilized with", "exp": "Ans. a (Glutaraldehyde) (Ref. Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 7th/ 31, 86)# Glutaraldehyde:- Is specifically effective against tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses.- Glutaraldehyde has a short shelf life (<2 weeks), and is expensive.- It is less toxic and irritant to eyes than formaldehyde.- It has no deleterious effect on the cement or lenses of instruments like cystoscopes and bronchoscopes.- It can safely be used to treat corrugated rubber anaesthetic tubes and face masks, plastic endotracheal tubes, polythene tubing, and metal instruments.# CIDEX (2% gluteraldehyde) is commonly used for sterilization of endoscopes.# Most rigid endoscopes are compatible with steam,formaldehyde,ethylene oxide and certain liquid chemical disinfectants.# Flexible scopes can also be sterilized by peracetic acid.Ethylene oxide (EO or EtO) gas# Is commonly used to sterilize objects sensitive to temperatures greater than 60degC such as plastics, optics and electrics.# Ethylene oxide treatment is generally carried out between 30degC and 60degC with relative humidity above 30% and a gas concentration between 200-800 mg/L for at least three hours.# Ethylene oxide penetrates well, moving through paper, cloth, and some plastic films and is highly effective.# Ethylene oxide sterilizers are used to process sensitive instruments which cannot be well sterilized by other methods.# EtO can kill all known viruses, bacteria and fungi, including bacterial spores and is satisfactory for most medical materials, even with repeated use.# However it is highly flammable, and requires a longer time to sterilize than any heat treatment.# Ethylene oxide is the most common sterilization method. used for over 70% of total sterilizations. and for 50% of all disposable medical devices.# Bacillus subtilis, a very resistant organism, is used as a rapid biological indicator for EO sterilizers. If sterilization fails, incubation at 37degC causes a fluorescent change within four hours, which is read by an auto-reader. The color change indicates a pH shift due to bacterial metabolism.Formaldehyde solutions# Like Glutaraldehyde, it is also accepted liquid sterilizing agents# Immersion time is sufficiently long (To kill all spores in a clear liquid can take up to 12 hours with glutaraldehyde and even longer with formaldehyde). Formaldehyde is also used as a gaseous sterilizing agent.# Many vaccines, such as the original Salk polio vaccine, are sterilized with formaldehyde.OZONE# Is used in industrial settings to sterilize water and air, as well as a disinfectant for surfaces.# It has the benefit of being able to oxidize most organic matter.# It is a toxic and unstable gas that must be produced on-site, so it is not practical to use in many settings.CHLORINE BLEACH# Household bleach consists of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.# It is usually diluted to 1/10 immediately before use; however to kill M. tuberculosis it should be diluted only 1/5.# Bleach will kill many organisms immediately, but for full sterilization it should react for 20 min.# Bleach will kill many, but not all spores.# It is highly corrosive and may corrode even stainless steel surgical instruments.# Chlorine and NaOH are the most consistent agents for prions. Chlorine is too corrosive to use on certain objects.Educational point:# COLD STERILIZATION is done b\\: y -radiation, Cosmic rays.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutaraldehyde", "opb": "Ethylene oxide", "opc": "Benzalakonium", "opd": "Betapropiolactone", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "81b50dea-392c-42af-a871-4064b29132e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best confirmatory test for syphilis is", "exp": "FTA-ABS: FTA-absorption test in which the test serum is preabsorbed with sonicate of the Reiter treponemes to eliminate group-specific reactions. FTA-ABS is as specific as the TPI test and is now accepted as a standard reference test. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:382", "cop": 4, "opa": "RPR", "opb": "Gram stain", "opc": "VDRL", "opd": "FTA-ABS", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f9850195-f54a-48ea-93fc-b509ca5c298a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A malignant pustule is", "exp": "Cutaneous anthrax: lesion stas as a papule 1-3 days after infection and becomes vesicular, containing a fluid which may be clear or bloodstained. The whole area is congested, edematous and several satellite lesions filled with serum or yellow fluid are arranged around a central necrotic lesion which is covered by a black eschar. This is a malignant pustule. The disease is used to be common in dock workers carrying loads of hides and skins on their bare backs and hence, was known as hide poers disease. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 250", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anthrax ulcer", "opb": "Proliferating rodent ulcer", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Marjolin's ulcer", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7af909bb-f603-4c9d-a89b-110085f3828c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Collapsing glomerulopathy, features are", "exp": "Hyperophy and necrosis of visceral epithelium It is the characteristic glomerulopathy associated with HIV infection. HIV can result in various glomerulopathies such as acute diffuse proliferative glonterulonephritis, inesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis including IgA nephropathy, MPGN and membranous glomerulopathy. But the classical glomerulopathy associated with HIV infection is collapsing ehnnerulopathy. Collapsing glomerulopathy is actually an aggressive form of focal segmental glonzerulosclerosis. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by sclerosis of some but not all glomeruli (thus it is focal) and in the affected glomeruli only a poion of the capillary tuft is involved. In contrast, collapsing glomerulopathy is characterized by collapse and sclerosis of the entire glomerular tuft (in addition to the usual. focal segmental glomerular lesions). Characteristic feature is proliferation and hyperophy of glomerular visceral epithelial cells. Remember this The minimum diagnostic criteria for defining a collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is : The presence by light microscopy of at least one glomerulus showing segmental or global obliteration of the glomerular capillary lumen by wrinkling and collapse of glomerular basement membrance in association with hyperophy and hyperplasia of overlying visceral epithelial cells. The other characteristic features which distinguishes HIV associated nephropathy from FSGS. - Presence of tubuloreticular inclusions Aggresive clinical course.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tuft necrosis", "opb": "Mesangiolysis", "opc": "Parietal epithelial proliferation", "opd": "Hyperophy and necrosis of visceral epithelium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4d6ab81a-1135-4884-8766-ceb3361a9efb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mercaptoethanol splits Ig molecule into", "exp": "It cleaves only disulphide bonds thus forming two H and two L chains.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Two H and two L chains", "opb": "Two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment", "opc": "One Fab and two Fc", "opd": "Two H and one L chain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5348bfc-d53d-4230-a9a2-765f1bb0f74d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malignant pustule is caused by", "exp": "Ans. d (Bacillus anthrax) (Ref. Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 8th/ p. 245).Bacillus anthrax causes anthrax and disease fee seen in Joans:1. Cutaneous,2. Pulmonary,3. Intestinal- Cutaneous is the most common form (malignant pustule, hide porter's disease).- Pulmonary is wool sorter's disease.0BACILLUS ANTHRAX# Bacillus anthrax and Clostridia are Gram-positive spore-forming rods.# B. anthracis is the bacterium which causes anthrax in cows, sheep, and sometimes humans.# Anthrax is transmitted to humans via direct contact with animal products or inhalation of endospores.# Under the microscope, B. anthracis cells appear to have square ends and seem to be attached by a joint to other cells.# The spores are best observed when the bacterium is cultured on artificial media.# Anthrax is a zoonosis. The infected animals shed the bacilli in their discharges, which sporulate in soil and remain as source of infection.# LAB features:# Cultural characteristics of B. anthrax:- Nonhemolytic (sheep blood agar).1. M'Fadyean's reaction - Non-motile2. 'Frosted glass' appearance- Gel hydrolysis -3. 'Medusa head' appearance - Catalase +4. 'Inverted tree' appearance 5. PLET media is used as selective media.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pseudomonas", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Staphylococcus", "opd": "Bacillus anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "07ee8308-9025-4e4a-ab5a-f9aa8fe9810b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common staphylococcal phage strain causing hospital infection", "exp": "Option 1 Phage typing - Method used for detecting single strains of bacteria. Trace the source of outbreaks of infections. Identify different strains of bacteria within a single species. National reference center for phage typing - MAMC New Delhi. Phage type 80/81 (epidemic strains) Cause hospital infections throughout the world Possess PVL (Panton-Valentine leucocidin) Penicillin-resistant. Option 2, 3, 4 No associated with hospital infections.", "cop": 1, "opa": "80/81", "opb": "79/80", "opc": "3A/3C", "opd": "69/70", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology Pa 1 (Gram Positive Cocci, Gram Negative Cocci)", "id": "bb6810c6-f35b-410d-b476-7ace94905e82", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The resolution provided by the light microscope is", "exp": "Resolving Power:Light microscope: 0.25 um - 0.3 um Electron microscope: 2-10 A = 0.2 - 1 nm", "cop": 1, "opa": "200 nm", "opb": "20 nm", "opc": "2.0 nm", "opd": "0.2 nm", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "499e24bb-672c-4a4d-8d0b-14812b4595dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pathogenesis of diphtheria is attributed to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Invasion", "opb": "Endotoxin", "opc": "Exotoxin", "opd": "Capsule", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "31e9191e-8712-46a9-a9f5-a80228232328", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Influenza belongs to", "exp": "Ohomyxoviruses are medium-sized, 80 to 120-nm enveloped viruses exhibiting helical symmetry. The genome is linear, segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA, totaling 10-13.6 kb in size. Segments range from 890 to 2350 nucleotides each. Ohomyxoviruses include influenza viruses that infect humans or animals.Ref: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; Twenty-Seventh Edition; Chapter 29; General Propeies of Viruses", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ohomyxoviridae", "opb": "Retroviridae", "opc": "Herpes virus", "opd": "Pox virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "f339df0d-df35-496c-b7d1-94a649d13a6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common genetic factor in Neisseria infection is", "exp": "Complement deficiencies are said to comprise between 1 and 10% of all primary immunodeficiencies. The genetic deficiency of early components of the classical pathway (C1q, C1r/s, C2, C4) tends to be linked with autoimmune diseases, whereas C5 to C9 deficiency may have enhanced susceptibility to meningococcal disease. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Pg: 232", "cop": 3, "opa": "Male gender", "opb": "HLA b27", "opc": "Complement deficiency", "opd": "IgG deficiency", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "99cb65e5-f39b-4692-8ebf-c943c4a79688", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complement C1 is produced by", "exp": "C1 - Intestinal epithelium\nC2, C4 - Macrophages\nC5, C8 - Spleen\nC3, C6, C9 - Liver", "cop": 3, "opa": "Macrophages", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Intestinal epithelium", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "553c92d9-be45-47d5-a4a4-aca783062dd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudomonal infection not cleaned by", "exp": "Pseudomonas species grow comparatively well in Dettol.\n\nCetrimide & dettol have been incorporated in the media for the selective isolation of pseudomonas.\nGram negative bacilli.\nMotile by polar flagellum.\nNon capsulated but many stains have mucoid slime layer especially the organisms which are isolated from cystic fibrosis patient.\nObligate aerobe.\nColonies emit a distinctive, musty, mawkish, earthy or sweet grape-like odor or corn tocolike odor.\nCetrimide agar is a selective media.\nPseudomonas aeruginosa produces a numbers of pigments. The production of these pigments accounts for the colour of colonies.\n\nVarious pigments are:\n\nPyocyanin (most important): - It is produced only by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gives bluish green color. It inhibits the growth of many other bacteria.\nPyoverdin (fluorescein):- gives greenish yellow color.\nPyorubin:- Produces red color.\nPyomelanin: - Produces black color.\n\n\nPseudomonas is an important cause of life threatening bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. Ecthyma gangrenosum is the pathognomic skin lesion of P.aeruginosa bacteremia.\nP.aeruginosa is the most common and most serious cause of infection in burns.\nMC infection outside hospital is suppurative otitis.\nP.aeruginosa causes shanghai fever.\nIt produces blue pus with characteristic fruity odor.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dettol", "opb": "Hypochlorite", "opc": "Chlorine", "opd": "Betadine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "75789f34-e4cd-4e80-9155-4cda52bebfbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dark ground microscopy is used for diagnosis of", "exp": "Ans. a (Spirochete). (Ref. Harrison, Principles of Medicine, 18th/Chapter 169. Syphilis)# Dark ground microscopic examination is useful but negative results does not exclude diagnosis of syphilis.# Diagnosis by microscopy is applicable in primary and secondary stages and congenital syphilis.# Wet film prepared with exudates is seen under dark ground microscope.# T.pallidum show slow movement with slender spiral structure.# However, serology remains the best diagnostic test for syphilis.Educational point:# In blood transfusion and in congenital syphilis, no chancre occurs.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spirochaete", "opb": "Myco-tuberculosis", "opc": "Myco-leprae", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Spirochetes", "id": "255d3407-4603-4e55-89ec-3846448b72e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Graft versus host reaction is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "B-Lymphocytes", "opb": "T-lymphocytes", "opc": "Monocytes", "opd": "Leukocytes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc5f129b-d753-4b00-b96a-c3875baa894e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The number of pairs of flagella in the below organism is", "exp": "Trophozoite of Giardia lamblia:*Shape: viewed flat-tennis or badminton racket; viewed side- pear shaped*Dorsal surface: convex*Ventral surface: concave with sucking disc*Anterior end: broad and rounded*Posterior end: tapers to a sharp point*Bilaterally symmetrical and there are 2 axostyles, 2 nuclei and 4 pairs of flagellaRef: K.D Chatterjee 13th edition, p47-48", "cop": 4, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "4388e250-961d-4688-9056-d8cdc2a5840f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vaccination causing intussusception is", "exp": "Rotavirus vaccination - there is a potentially high risk of intussusception with the first dose when this vaccine is given to infants aged more than 12weeks. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine; 23rd edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rotavirus", "opb": "Parvovirus", "opc": "Poliovirus", "opd": "BCG", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "a66c0e2d-95c7-4ae6-94ef-3f70b612a1d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deficiency of C1 inhibitor can produce", "exp": "C3 def can lead to recurrent pyogenic infections C1 inhibitor deficiency can lead to hereditary angioneurotic edema Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 125", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "No disease", "opd": "Pyogenic infections", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "6c9deff5-d13a-49f1-b273-052088666efc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Daisy head colonies are seen with", "exp": "A round grey or black colony with a narrow translucent scalloped border, typically produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae on tellurite blood agar. Tellurite inhibits the growth of most other bacteria, acting as a selective agent. Diphtheria bacilli reduce tellurite to metallic tellurium, which is incorporated in the colonies giving them a grey or black colour. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker&;s; 9th edition; Page no: 237", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opc": "Staphylococcus pyogenes", "opd": "Anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "bec19f24-e31b-4eaf-a85b-2a1e16c398a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common mechanism of resistance to drugs in Staphylococcus is", "exp": "Transduction is phage-mediated genetic recombination in bacteria. In simplest terms, a transducing paicle might be regarded as a bacterial nucleic acid in a phage coatStaphylococci are variably susceptible to many antimicrobial drugs. Resistance is caused by several mechanisms, one of these is: b-Lactamase production is common, is under plasmid control, and makes the organisms resistant to many penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin and similar drugs). The plasmids are transmitted by transduction and perhaps also by conjugation.Reference: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Chapter 13; The Staphylococci", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjugation", "opb": "Transformation", "opc": "Episomes", "opd": "Transduction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d0c45a80-3607-46ae-bce3-4e8f4150a134", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dimorphic with subcutaneous Mycosis is", "exp": "Sporotrichosis:\n\nDimorphic fungi\nCauses subcutaneous infections.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histoplasmosis", "opb": "Rhinosporidiosis", "opc": "Sporotrichosis", "opd": "Blastomycosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8dbe580-286b-4b6a-bbe8-bc7c8a4a27d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Black water fever is a special manifestation of malaria caused by;", "exp": "Ans. A. P. falciparumBlackwater fever (BWF) is a severe clinical syndrome, characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (with passage of black urine), and acute renal failure caused by a variety of factors in patients with P. falciparum infestation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "P. falciparum", "opb": "P. malariae", "opc": "P. ovale", "opd": "P. vivax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "c5064e39-a288-4156-8f3a-501744775945", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Incubation period of herpes zoster is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "7-14 days", "opb": "1 month", "opc": "1-2 years", "opd": "3-6 months", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "053adcb3-b843-4568-af0e-ad8ff005bc99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oropharyngeal carcinoma is caused by", "exp": "Ans. d. HPV", "cop": 4, "opa": "HBV", "opb": "CMV", "opc": "HSV", "opd": "HPV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "781d87e6-5210-4fe8-8767-b31d3c482692", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nosocomial infection occurs in hospital in", "exp": "The term hospital infection, hospital-acquired infection or nosocomial infection are applied to infections developing in hospitalized patients, not present or in incubation at the time of their admission.\nSuch infections may become evident during their stay in hospital or, sometimes, only after their discharge.\nInfections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge.", "cop": 4, "opa": "<12 hours", "opb": "12-14 hours", "opc": "24-48 hours", "opd": ">48 hours", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d9c09724-629e-48d9-b40e-ad6528f977d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The binding site for complement on the lgG molecule is in the", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "VL domain", "opb": "CL domain", "opc": "CH1 domain", "opd": "CH2 domain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b61e7a97-914a-4607-a490-d222c1446a0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cutaneous Larva currens is a feature of", "exp": "Cutaneous larva currens / racing larva, is a feature of strongyloides stercoralis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ancyclostoma braziliense", "opb": "Ancyclostoma Caninum", "opc": "Strongyloides stercoralis", "opd": "Loa loa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9d02512e-2b0a-49d9-a181-4286fae0562c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leptospira is a", "exp": "Ans. c (Spirochete). (Ref. Harrison, Chap. 171)LEPTOSPIROSIS# Leptospira is a spirochetal organism causing leptospirosis or Weils disease.# It is characterized by renal failure, jaundice and fever.# It disappears from blood after 1st week, blood examination is helpful only in early stages.# EMJH media can be used to cultivate them.# Microscopic agglutination is specific for it, but done in reference labs.# Immunofluroscence has no role.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Virus", "opb": "Fungus", "opc": "Spirochete", "opd": "Rickettsiae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Spirochetes", "id": "bb6c88e0-87f7-49da-87c0-f37c6db1ddf7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Direct uptake of free DNA by bacterial cell is", "exp": "Ans. c (Transformation) (Ref. Anantanarayan, Microbiology, 6th ed., 53; Ref. Q. 101 of MH-2005)Method of transmissionCommentTransformation# A phenomenon in which transfer of genetic information occurs through the agency of free DNA.# Certain cell lines, such as cancer cells, are also able to grow indefinitely in culture by this mechanism.Transduction# Transfer of a portion of DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteriophage.# It is not confined to transfer of chromosomal DNA; it transduces episomes and plasmids also.# Bacteriophages are viruses that parasitise bacteria and consist of nucleic acid core and a protein coat.# It is excellent tool for genetic mapping of bacteria.Lysogenic conversion# Phage DNA becomes integrated with bacterial chromosome as prophage, which multiplies synchronously with host DNA and is transferred to daughter cells; this is lysogeny and bacteria harbouring prophages are lysogenic bacteria.# In transduction, phage acts only as vehicle carrying bacterial genes from one cell to another, but in lysogenic conversion, phage DNA itself is new genetic element.Conjugation# The process whereby 'male' or 'donor' bacteria mates or makes physical contact with female or recipient bacteria and transfers genetic element into it.Sexduction# Process of transfer of host genes through f factor, resembles transductionTransfection# Transfer of a gene into a cell, enabling the transfected cell to form a new gene product.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Translation", "opb": "Transcription", "opc": "Transformation", "opd": "Conjugation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "c1579d39-69a9-40a6-b4d8-8cf58c92a60a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "C. albicans is recognized in microscopic examination of infected tissues by the presence of", "exp": "C. albicans is the most important species of Candida and causes thrush, vaginitis, skin and nail infections, and other infections. It is part of the normal flora of skin, mouth, GI tract, and vagina. It appears in tissues as an oval budding yeast or elongated pseudohyphae. It grows well on laboratory media and is identified by germ-tube formation. A vaccine is not available and serologic and skin tests have little value.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Spherules containing endospores", "opb": "Metachromatic granules", "opc": "Yeasts and pseudohyphae", "opd": "Asci containing 2-8 ascospores", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "0fa43826-f1c9-4a4c-8197-794412b389d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In blood culture the ratio of blood to reagent is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 1:10 Blood specimens of 5 or 10 ml generally are added to bottles containing, 50 or 100 ml of reagent (medium) to achieve a 1:10 blood medium ratio. All bottles should be transpoed to the laboratory as soon as possible and immediately incubeted at 35 +- 2degC in an upright position (Note - Lower incubation temperature may be preferred for isolation of some specific bacteria, e.g. Listeria grows well at 20-25degC). A total incubation period of 7 days is generally sufficient for routine isolation procedure, which can be extended up to 14 days before discarding those that do not show evidence of growth.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1:05", "opb": "1:20", "opc": "1:10", "opd": "0.111111111", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "687af0a1-c129-46db-b8ae-80a92e947110", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The treatment of early stage of East African sleeping sickness is by", "exp": "Early stage (Normal CSF)Late stage (Abnormal CSF = CNS involvement)W. African (T. brucei gambiense)PentamidineEflornithineE. African (T. brucei rhodesiense)SuraminMelarsoprol", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pentamidine", "opb": "Eflornithine", "opc": "Suramin", "opd": "Melarsopol", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2acac069-a556-45ab-9535-518a75065ec5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant drug for persisters of TB", "exp": "Rifampicin is a powerful bactericidal drug. It is a better sterilizing agent than INH. It permeates all tissue membranes including the blood-brain and placental barriers. It is equally effective against intracellular as well as extracellular bacilli.It is the only bactericidal drug active against the \"persisters\" or dormant bacilli which are found in the solid caseous lesions, all other drugs being inactive. In this regard, it has a distinct advantage over INH.Rifampicin is of special value when the bacilli resist other drugs. In combination with INH, it can cure even extensive tuberculosis in about 9 months.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rifampicin", "opb": "Pyrazinamide", "opc": "INH", "opd": "Ethambutol", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d709f0ca-44df-4af0-b260-169d83487e95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Opacity around colonies of clostridium perfringens is due to", "exp": "Alpha toxin is produced by all thoracic clostridium perfringes. Alpha toxin is lecithinase C. Demonstrated by Nagler's reaction. Nagler reaction; When Clostridium perfringes are grown in media containing 6 % agar, Fildes peptic digest of sheep blood and 20% human serum, with antitoxin spread on one half of plate, colonies in the other half without antitoxin will be surrounded by a zone of opacity. No opacity around the colonies on the half of plate with antitoxin. This is due to the specific neutralization of the alpha-toxin or lecithinase C. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 259", "cop": 2, "opa": "Theta toxin", "opb": "Lecithinase", "opc": "Desmolase", "opd": "Cytokinin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c9bd3db0-0c51-495e-82e5-3d2afea53c84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Measles is caused by a", "exp": "Answer: a) Single stranded RNA enveloped virus (PANIKER 9th EDITION P-305)DNA virusesFully double strandedPartially double strandedSingle strandedNaked DNAHerpesvirusPoxvirusAdenovirusPapovavirusHBVParvovirusCircovirusParvovirusAdenovirusPapovavirus RNA virusesDouble stranded RNA virus: Reovirus, PicobirnavirusSingle stranded RNASS - Enveloped RNASS- Nonenveloped RNAPositive sense* Picorna* Toga* Calci* Flavi* CoronaNegative sense* Rhabdo* Orthomyxo* Paramyxo* Arena* Bunya* Arena* Retro* Filo* Bunya* Orthomyxo* Paramyxo* Toga* Rhabdo* Corona* Picorna* Calci* ReoMEASLES (RUBEOLA)* Measles virus (Paramyovirus) - hemagglutinin present; neuraminidase absent* Measles is a winter disease* Children 1-5 years are mostly affected* Source of infection is a case of measles* No carrier state* No animal reservoir* IP: 9-lldays; 7 days following vaccine* Secondary attack rate 80%* Communicability 4 days before and 5 days after the appearance of rash* Pathognomic feature - Koplik's spots in the buccal mucosa appears 2 days before rash, opposite to lower first and second molars, fade with the onset of rash; sometimes seen on the conjunctiva and intestinal mucosa* The red maculopapular rash first appears on the forehead and spreads downwards* In malnourished children it can cause hemorrhagic rashes - black measles* Most common complication - otitis media* Most common life-threatening complication - bacterial pneumonia* Streptococcus pneumoniae and H influenzae type b - common causes of bacterial pneumonia* Giant cell pneumonia - serious complication in those with deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity* Protracted diarrhea may occur in children* Spontaneous abortion and premature delivery can occur in pregnant women* No congenital anomalies reported* Children may develop acute vitamin A | and treated with vitamin A which reduces morbidity and mortality* Multinucleated giant cells called Warthin-Finkedly cells are pathognomic of measles* Acute encephalitis occurs 1 in 1000 cases* Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or Dawson inclusion body encephalitis is a rare complication> Develops 5-15 years after initial measles infection> Frequency 1 in 10000 to 1 in 100000 cases.> Progressive mental deterioration, involuntary movements, muscular rigidity, coma.> Usually fatal within 1-3 years after onset> Defective measles virus in brain cells seen> Demonstration of high titre measles antibody in CSF and serum is diagnostic> Most often develops in persons infected with measles virus at <2 years of ageCell surface receptors for Measles virus* CD46 complement regulatory protein that inactivates C3 convertases)* SLAM (Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule)* Nectin 4 (adherens junction protein)Measles vaccine* Live attenuated vaccine (Edmonston Zagreb strain)* One dose of vaccine gives 95% protection; Vaccine efficacy is 85%* No spread of virus from vaccinees to contacts* Susceptible contacts over 9 months can be given the vaccine within 3 days of exposure, as IP of measles induced by vaccine is 7 days compared to 10 days for the naturally acquired virus* Toxic shock syndrome occurs when the vaccine is contaminated or the same vial is used for more than one session on the same day. The vaccine should not be used 4 hrs after opening the vial* Eradication of measles requires immunization coverage of 96%* Atypical measles - measles infection due to formalin inactivated vaccine; rash begin in palms and soles* Modified measles - in individuals who have received serum Ig after exposure to measles virus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Single stranded RNA enveloped virus", "opb": "Single stranded RNA non-enveloped virus", "opc": "Double stranded RNA enveloped virus", "opd": "Double stranded RNA non-enveloped virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "0aca3d53-499d-4d90-82f9-3bca9af815f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient was hospitalized after a road accident. The wounds became infected and the patient was treated with tobramycin, carbenicillin, and clindamycin. Five days after antibiotic therapy was initiated, the patient developed severe diarrhoea and pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea and the more serious pseudomembranous enterocolitis can be caused by", "exp": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are caused by an anaerobic Gram-positive rod, Clostridium difficile. Patients treated with antibiotics develop diarrhea that, in most cases, is self-limiting. However, in some instances, paicularly in those patients treated with ampicillin or clindamycin, a severe, life-threatening pseudomembranous enterocolitis develops. This disease has characteristic histopathology, and membranous plaques can be seen in the colon by endoscopy. It has been recently shown that C. difficile produces a protein toxin with a molecular weight of about 250,000. The \"toxin\" is, in fact, two toxins, toxin A and toxin B. Both toxins are always present in fecal samples, but there is approximately one thousand times more toxin B than toxin A. Toxin A has enterotoxic activity--that is, it elicits a positive fluid response in ligated rabbit ileal loops-- whereas toxin B appears to be primarily a cytotoxin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clostridium sordellii", "opb": "Clostridium perfringens", "opc": "Clostridium difficile", "opd": "S. aureus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "e4b47e7b-1161-4c3b-be80-4b6850cc859a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An inhibitor was designed to block a biologic function in H. influenzae. If the goal of the experiment were to reduce the virulence of H. influenzae, the most likely target would be", "exp": "The major determinant of virulence in H. influenzae is the presence of a capsule. There is no demonstrable exotoxin and the role of endotoxin is unclear. While one would expect that IgA protease would inhibit local immunity, the role of this enzyme in pathogenesis is yet unclear.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Exotoxin liberator", "opb": "Endotoxin assembly", "opc": "Flagella synthesis", "opd": "Capsule formation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Haemophilus, Yersinia, Spirochaetes, Ricketssia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Miscellaneous Bacteria)", "id": "1a89d96c-44fe-4671-a2e5-51dfc215271f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Disorder of T cell is", "exp": "PNP deficiency is autosomal recessive disorder\nT cell defect.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bruton disease", "opb": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency", "opc": "Chediak-Higashi Syndrome", "opd": "Job's Syndrome", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db72d9cd-9129-4a58-8716-8c53ac489648", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most impoant source of Infection for meningococci is", "exp": "The human nasopharynx is the only reservoir of the Meningococcus. Natural infection is limited to the nasopharynx. Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers rarely contract the illness but serve right infect their contacts. During the inter-epidemic period, the carrier rate is 5-10 percent. An increase in carriers rate heralds the onset of an epidemic. During epidemics, the carrier rates of closed communities may go up to 90 percent. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 232", "cop": 3, "opa": "Case", "opb": "Subclinical case", "opc": "Carriers", "opd": "Latent case", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7d3d7edc-1e21-45f2-b5e5-04df68aecb6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The endotoxin of the following gram negative bacteria does not play any pa in the pathogenesis of the natural disease.", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Vibrio cholerae . Cholera vibrios possess the lipopolysaccharide 0 antigen (LPS endotoxin), but it has no role in pathogenesis. About other options . Somatic lipopolysaccharide surface 0 antigen of E.coli has endotoxic activity and also protect the bacilli from phagocytosis . Long chain lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of klebsiella protects it from the action of serum complement . Endotoxin of pseudomonas causes fever, leukocytosis or leukopenia, shock, DIC, hypotension, ARDS, SIRS.", "cop": 3, "opa": "E. coli", "opb": "E. coli", "opc": "Vibrio cholerae", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "891ddbe3-2b8d-49b0-9fb4-6c724b460ce5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug induced pseudomembraneous colitis is caused by", "exp": "Ans: b) Cl.difficile* CLdifficile is a gram positive bacillus* Non haemolytic, saccharolytic, weakly proteolytic* Pseudomembraneous colitis is due to enterotoxin (toxin A) & cytotoxin (toxin B) and Binary toxin* The toxin is neutralised by Clostridium sordelli antitoxin* Drug of choice: Metronidazole* Most common clinical feature: diarrhoea* Entire colon is affected in 90% patients, 70% have rectal sparing* Most sensitive test: stool culture for Cl.difficile* Probiotic medicine in treatment of it: saccharomyces boulardi* Drugs, causing this : clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxim, cefuroxime, ceftazidime) & fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cl.perfringens", "opb": "Cl.difficile", "opc": "Cl.tetani", "opd": "Fusobacterium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Clostridium", "id": "32fc6fff-52a9-4712-a7fb-5431c81fce20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An example of high level disinfectant is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Phenol", "opb": "Glutaraldehyde", "opc": "Alcohol", "opd": "Povidone Iodine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37293e12-e118-4aee-a68c-902e78316e16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Central tendon of diaphragm develops from", "exp": "Development of DiaphragmSeptum transversum: it is a mass of mesodermal tissue arising from the coelomic wall at the 4th week of gestation. It forms the central tendon of the diaphragm.Dorsal meso-esophagus forms the median poion of diaphragm and the crurae.Cervical myotomes (from C3-C5 somites) of lateral body wall form the peripheral pas of the diaphragm.Pleuro-peritoneal membranes.Chromosome 15q plays a major role in diaphragm developmentDuring the initial period of development, it lies at a higher level (cervical) and then migrates caudally and hence the nerve supply is from C3, C4, C5 (Phrenic nerve).Embryonic structuresAdult derivativesSeptum transversumCentral tendon of the diaphragmPleuroperitoneal membranesSmall peripheral pa of the diaphragmDorsal mesentery of esophagusCrura of the diaphragmMesoderm of the body wallLarge peripheral pas of diaphragm external to pas derived from pleuroperitoneal membranes", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dorsal mesoesophagus", "opb": "Septum transversum", "opc": "Pleuroperitoneal membrane", "opd": "Cervical myotomes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0aa081a8-079f-47ca-bd53-e1be6b1acd5b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nucleic acid is not found in", "exp": "o Prions are infectious particle which contains protein only\no They do not have nucleic acid. Prions have been defined as\n- Small proteinaceous infectious particle which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids", "cop": 4, "opa": "Virus", "opb": "bacteria", "opc": "Fungus", "opd": "Prions", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e0f21fcf-78e8-4134-b14a-6bd3c3d7dc91", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Salmonella typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever. The infective does of S.typhi", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 102-105 bacilli In human volunteer experiments, the infective dose was found to be 103-106 bacilli. Organism Infective dose . ETEC . EIEC . EHEC . Shigella . Campylobactor jejuni . Yersinia enterocolitica . Vibrio 106-101deg 108-10m 10-100( 104 108-109 1010 (if source of infection is water) 102-104 (if source of infection is food)", "cop": 3, "opa": "One bacillus", "opb": "108-1010 bacilli", "opc": "102-105 bacilli", "opd": "1-10 bacilli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8a8d981d-e1d2-456e-913a-ec95da02f7b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lepra bacilli are best cultured in", "exp": "Footpad of mouse: lepra bacilli multiply in the footpad of mice kept at a low temperature (20 deg). This has become the standard procedure for experimental work with the bacillus. Following intradermal injection into the footpad of mice, a granuloma develops at the site in 1-6 months. If cell-mediated immunity is suppressed by thymectomy or the administration of an anti-lymphocyte serum, generalised infection is produced, simulating lepromatous leprosy. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 372", "cop": 2, "opa": "Armadillos", "opb": "Mouse foot pad", "opc": "Guinea pigs", "opd": "Rabbit testes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "ad0196d3-43ce-4c04-b349-bebc233b3753", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antigenic drift and antigenic shift is seen in", "exp": "ANTIGENIC DRIFT It is a minor change occuring due to point mutations in the HA/NA gene ,resulting in alteration of amino acid sequence of the antigenic sites on HA/NA , such that virus can escape recognition by the host's inmune system. Seen in both influenza type A and B More frequent- every 2-3 years ANTIGENIC SHIFT It is an abrupt , major drastic , discontinuous variation in the sequence of a viral surface protein , that occurs due to genetic reassoment between genomes of 2 or more influenza viruses infecting the same host cells , resulting in a new virus strain, unrelated anti genetically to the predecessor strains Occurs only in influenza type A Less frequent - every 10 -20 yrs Ref : essentials of Medical microbiology apurba sastry 1st edition page 459", "cop": 2, "opa": "Swine flu virus", "opb": "Influenza A virus", "opc": "Rota virus", "opd": "Herpes virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "9ae559b2-1398-45cd-bb7e-494e442109da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intravenous resuscitation is needed for any child with burn greater than", "exp": "In children with burns over 10% total body surface area and adults with burns over 15% total body surface area, consider the need for intravenous fluid resuscitation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "10% total body surface area", "opb": "20% total body surface area", "opc": "25% total body surface area", "opd": "35% total body surface area", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7b1cb8a8-57c5-4ba1-b5a7-a661b52b975f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An outbreak of streptococcal pharyngitis has occurred in a remote village. In order to carry out the epidemiological investigations of the outbreak, it is necessary to perform the culture of the throat swab of the patients suffering from the disease. The transpo media of choice would be", "exp": "For culture, the throat swab of streptococcal pharyngitis case has to be sent to a laboratory in a suitable transpo medium. Pike's medium: transpo media for streptococcus. It is a blood agar containing 1 in 10,00,000 crystal violet and 1 in 16,000 sodium azide. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 216", "cop": 2, "opa": "Salt mannitol media", "opb": "Pike's media", "opc": "Stua's media", "opd": "Cary blair media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "109fc349-8467-4318-83d0-645bfe9a654b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cryptococcus is least likely to cause infection of", "exp": "Pulmonary cryptococcus - mild pneumonitis. Cryptococcal meningitis: disseminated infection to the skin, lymph node and bone. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Bone", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "e22d3fbc-bb72-4acd-bc42-a8ac9399983d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gastrointestinal enteritis necroticans is caused by", "exp": "Necrotizing enteritis: severe and fatal enteritis. Caused by Clostridium perfringes type C strains produce heat-resistant spores that germinate in intestine producing a beta toxin causing mucosal necrosis. Immunization with type C toxoid has been shown to protect against this condition. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 260", "cop": 2, "opa": "Clostridium difficale", "opb": "Clostridium perfringens", "opc": "Clostridium botulinum", "opd": "Clostridium Jejuni", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e7736a82-516e-4a3f-b41b-10844a8cd432", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biological value is maximum in", "exp": "NPU (Net protein Utilisation) is the combination of Biological value & Digestibility, which is 100 for egg, compared to 80 for meat and 75 for milk.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Egg", "opb": "Milk", "opc": "Soyabean", "opd": "Pulses", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5cc2be5e-7872-47a1-bc25-2422609d27a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arrangement of lens from eye to source of light, in light microscope", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Ocular lens: Objective lens: Condensor lens", "opb": "Objective lens: Ocular lens: Condensor lens", "opc": "Condensor lens: Objective lens: Ocular lens", "opd": "Objective lens: Condensor lens: Ocular lens", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "87adbacb-9e0f-4bbe-8c6f-1821ed84b23f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causative agent of angular conjunctivitis", "exp": "Angular conjunctivitis commonly caused by Moraxella lacunata and S. Aureus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Moraxella catarrhalis", "opb": "Moraxella Lacunata", "opc": "Gonococcus", "opd": "Meningococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e80c87a-7d81-43a2-89ec-07dc494f8494", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Forschheimer spots are seen on", "exp": "Forscheimer spots are pin - head sized petechiae seen on soft palate and uvula, seen in Rubella.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Uvula", "opb": "Trunk", "opc": "Dorsal aspect of hand", "opd": "Penis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6757b4c3-fbd8-4c2e-8cfe-26fb03e5c0a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Interleukin 2 is secreted by", "exp": "(A) CD4 cells / T helper cell# Interleukin - 2: Is produced by - T-helper cell or CD4 cells Function - It causes T cell growth & activation> Interleukin -1: Is secreted by phagocytes Function - T cell activation; Fever; Cachexia> Interleukin - 3: Produced by T cells Function: Hematopoiesis> Also remember: II-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 T cell, Mast cell, T cell Macrophage, Macrophages, T cells, B cells, macrophage", "cop": 1, "opa": "CD4 cells / T helper cell", "opb": "Macrophage", "opc": "CDS cells", "opd": "Common T cell", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "56220a81-b52a-4d16-87aa-fc3f90328b4e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Watery diarrhea in children is caused by", "exp": "Enteropathogenic E.coli: associated mainly with diarrhea in children and infants usually occurring as an institutional outbreak. The pathogenesis of EPEC diarrhea is not fully understood. EPEC is non-invasive and does not produce enterotoxin. Another mechanism is by adherence to the enterocyte membrane. This activity is regulated by the chromosomally coded locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). This is a pathogenicity island by an intimin protein coded for by the eae gene. This results in the disruption of the brush border microvilli. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 285", "cop": 2, "opa": "ETEC", "opb": "EPEC", "opc": "EIEC", "opd": "EAEC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "21e8f521-ec19-4346-b5e1-7d72cfe09712", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scarlet fever is caused by", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Streptococcus pyogenes Infections caused by streptococcus pvogenes Respiratory infections Sore throat is the most common of streptocococcal disease . It may be localised as tonsillitis as in older children and adults or it may involve the pharynx more diffusely (pharyngitis) as in younger children. Otitis media", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus agalactie", "opb": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opc": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opd": "Streptococcus equisimilus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2906a7d5-1480-4121-ac83-287603c1dd7b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fully embryonated egg of trichuris trichiura contains", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Eight blastomeres", "opb": "Unsegmented ova", "opc": "Rhabditiform larva", "opd": "Ciliated embryo", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "89299fcd-bf42-4bb8-b20b-0cdc577bc801", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is associated with", "exp": "Antony van Leeuwenhoek: The Microscopist The first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately was an amateur microscopist Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) .", "cop": 2, "opa": "Telescope", "opb": "Microscope", "opc": "Staining procedure", "opd": "Immunization", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "0979834b-66be-42c0-b9f6-a5b7799a2e07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SI unit of the brightness of a point light source is", "exp": "DescriptionQuantity measured nameRecommended unitBrightness of point sourceLuminous intensityCandelaFlow of lightLuminous fluxLumenAmount of light reaching surfaceIllumination IlluminanceLuxAmount of light re-emitted by surfaceBrightness luminanceLambe", "cop": 1, "opa": "Candela", "opb": "Lumen", "opc": "Lux", "opd": "Lambe", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9c5a9648-6424-452a-ba8d-e55279e19789", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudohpyhae are seen in", "exp": "Candida is a yeast like fungus that produces Pseudohyphae.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cryptococcus", "opb": "Candida", "opc": "Rhizopus", "opd": "Mucor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d6b926b-d01b-4351-a180-fd63c0aa3e84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Black dot\" ring worm is caused by", "exp": "In endothrix, a Trichophyton infection, the hair shaft breaks off at the skin surface, leaving the hairs visible as black dots in the scalp.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Microsporum", "opb": "Epidermophyton", "opc": "Candida", "opd": "Trichophyton", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "864c626e-5fbd-41d2-9f3d-29791bb12153", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The type of immunoglobulin most commonly\nincreased in multiple myeloma is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "516c4880-06ca-4644-aabe-2b16044071ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxic shock syndrome occurs after one of the following vaccinations", "exp": "TSS occurs when measles vaccine is contaminated or the same l is used for more than one section on the same day or next day, the vaccine should not be used after 4hrs of opening the l. Symptoms - watery diarrhoea, vomiting and high fever are repoed within few hours of measles vaccine. Ref: Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine; 23rd edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "DPT", "opb": "Recombinant DNA vaccine against hepatitis B", "opc": "Oral polio vaccine", "opd": "Measles vaccine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "91246682-d886-47ec-9024-2c2156e9de1f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common organism causing food poisoning in canned food is", "exp": "Clostridium botulinum: strict anaerobic, cause botulism. Source of foodborne botulism is preserved food, meat and meat products, canned foods. Proteolytic varieties can digest food, which appears spoiled. The cans are often inflated and show bubbles on opening. Non-proteolytic varieties have food unchanged. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 4, "opa": "S typhi", "opb": "V cholarae", "opc": "H pylori", "opd": "C botulinum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7a6595cc-e0ea-4918-a01c-a5df3532c0f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tinea Nigra is caused by", "exp": "Tinea nigra is characterised by painless, black, non scaly patches over palms & sole, caused by Hortaea werneckii.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hortaea werneckii", "opb": "Piedrae hortae", "opc": "T. rubrum", "opd": "Microsporum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e914d761-9925-4d7e-9a50-82c5e9a2032b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lysogenic conversion is seen in", "exp": "The toxigenicity of the diphtheria bacillus depends on the presence of corynephages(tox+) in it which acts as the genetic determinant controlling toxin production. Non-toxigenic strains may be rendered toxigenic by infecting them with the beta or some other phage. This is known as lysogenic or phage conversion. The toxigenicity remains only as long as the bacillus is lysogenic. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 240", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diphtheria", "opb": "Salmonella", "opc": "Staphylococcus", "opd": "E. coli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "1c5886ca-762c-44b5-ae2a-1dc027ab2e39", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HLA gene is located in chromosome", "exp": "HLA is located in short arm of chromosome-6.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1P", "opb": "1q", "opc": "6P", "opd": "6q", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d314d2e-dd94-4bff-b9a7-f79c783048cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main causative organism of Gas gangrene is", "exp": "Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium PerfringensRef: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 156; Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and Soft Tissues", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bacillus anthrax", "opb": "Cloastridium tetani", "opc": "Clostridium defficile", "opd": "Clostridium perfringens", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "0fa4c21f-8853-4f1a-82a7-a92b7785b3f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In tandem caridge, the number of bullets fired is", "exp": "Duplex or tandem caridge: this is used in military rifles and contains two bullets which enter the target at different points, separated by as much as 30 cm. The base of the forward bullet is notched, into which the second bullet fits closely.", "cop": 2, "opa": "One bullet", "opb": "Two bullets", "opc": "Three bullets", "opd": "Multiple bullets", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "fd508aed-35f8-42d4-a31d-dd2fbbb93bf1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Elek&;s gel precipitation test is for", "exp": "Elek's gel precipitation test: a rectangular strip of filter paper impregnated with diphtheria antitoxin is placed on the surface of a 20% normal horse serum agar in a Petri dish while the medium is still fluid. When the agar has set, the surface is dried and narrow streaks of strains are made at right angles to filter paper strip. A positive and negative control should be put up. The plate is incubated at 37degC for 24-48 hours. The toxin produced by the bacterial growth will diffuse in agar and where it meets the antitoxin at optimum concentration, will produce a line of precipitation. The presence of such arrow headlines of a precipitate indicates the strain is toxigenic. No precipitate is formed in the case of non-toxigenic strains. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 243", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gonococcus", "opb": "Diphtheria", "opc": "Hemophilus influenza", "opd": "Anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "327fd974-0f83-4abe-9d43-daeb55b683e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following bacteria doesn't produce any spores", "exp": "Pseudomonas doesn't produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridium produce spores Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 21", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacillus anthracis", "opb": "Clostridium", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "Bacillus subtilis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "8eefac6a-e09b-47af-a60e-8078c65a3712", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Doc for Cryptosporidium parvum is", "exp": "Nitazoxanide is Doc for Cryptosporidium.\nCotrimoxazole is Doc for Cyclospora and isospora.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nitazoxanide", "opb": "Cotrimoxazole", "opc": "Ivermectin", "opd": "DEC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3831d323-da2c-4f5c-af28-ac9d570f3019", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The congenital rubella syndrome", "exp": "Congenital rubella syndrome cause communication problem& developmental retardation REF:<\\p> ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.555", "cop": 2, "opa": "May be prevented by vaccination in early pregnancy", "opb": "Causes IUGR", "opc": "Cuases cataract", "opd": "Causes deafness only if acquired only if acquired before 16 weeks of gestation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "910d1e71-fe2c-40d4-aebf-b2c8d10bff0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Swollen belly syndrome is caused by", "exp": "Strongyloides Fuelleborni causes swollen belly syndrome.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Strongyloides stercoralis", "opb": "Stongyloides fuelleborni", "opc": "Necator Americanus", "opd": "Ancyclostoma duodenale", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c70fa518-8c9e-4c6d-9bc7-f45b5a262163", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common age group affected by streptococcus pyogenes", "exp": "Sore throat(tonsilitis) is the most common manifestation of streptococcal infection and affects 5-15 years age group.", "cop": 2, "opa": "<5 years", "opb": "5-15 years", "opc": "20-25 years", "opd": "30-40 years", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "deaff17b-2133-4983-8c0f-38e73793fa1f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Morris Index positive in ECG is suggestive of", "exp": "The index proposed by Morris (amplitude of the negative deflection in V1 in mm multiplied by its duration in seconds) is positive if greater than 0.03Morris Index positive in ECG is suggestive of Another sign of Left atrial enlargement in ECG is P wave width >2.5 mm in lead II.Right, atrial enlargement P wave height >2.5mm in lead II and area of the Positive phase of P wave in Lead V1 >0.06mmsec.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right atrial enlargement", "opb": "Left atrial enlargement", "opc": "Right ventricular hyperophy", "opd": "left ventricular hyperophy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e79a4c47-4947-48a2-b91d-7a52a4030256", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endotoxins differ from exotoxins in that endotoxins", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "are proteins", "opb": "are heat labile", "opc": "are highly antigenic", "opd": "activate complement by the alternate pathway", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e4693c6-eeb0-49fe-a498-b6682a9f2d52", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Earliest sign of male pubey is", "exp": "In boys, the first visible sign of pubey and hallmark of SMR2 is testicular enlargement, beginning as early as 9 1/2 years. This is followed by penile growth during SMR3. Peak growth occurs when testis volumes reach approximately 9-10 cm3 during SMR4. Under the influence of LH and testosterone, and prostate enlarges. The left testis normally is lower than the right. Some degree of breast hyperophy, typically bilateral, occurs in 40-65% of boys during SMR2-3 due to a relative excess of estrogenic stimulationIn girls, the first visible sign of pubey and the hallmark of SMR2 is the appearance of breast buds, between 8 and 12 years of age. Menses typically begins 2-2 1/2 years later, during SMR3-4 (median age, 12 years; normal range, 9-16 years), around the peak height velocity. Less obvious changes include enlargement of the ovaries, uterus, labia, and clitoris, and thickening of the endometrium and vaginal mucosa", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pubic hair", "opb": "Axillary hair", "opc": "Hoarseness of voice", "opd": "Testicular enlargement", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8e15e1af-1fd1-4be8-aa64-af0cd7748572", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Skin transplant was done from sister to brother. After few years, brother to sister skin transplant was done, but rejection occurred. This phenomenon is known as", "exp": "Eichwald-Silmser effect, which is a unilateral sex-linked histoincompatibility. While transplants between same sex siblings are successful, grafts from female to male are also successful, but an exception is seen when the donor is a male and the recipient is a female. Such grafts are rejected as the grafted male tissue (XY) will have antigens determined by the Y chromosome which will be absent in the female (XX) recipient. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Eichwald silmser effect", "opb": "Schultz Dale phenomena", "opc": "Theobald smith phenomena", "opd": "Schwazman reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "641c0559-c0fb-466e-94dc-439fe8b4e7ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Probiotics are useful for", "exp": "Probiotics are live bacteria or yeast that are good for health, especially digestive system. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are common probiotics. They treat the ceain condition like 1. Irritable bowel syndrome 2. Inflammatory bowel disease 3. Infectious diarrhoea ( by viruses, bacteria, parasite) 4. Antibiotic-related diarrhoea. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Necrotizing enterocolitis", "opb": "Breast milk jaundice", "opc": "Hospital acquired pneumonia", "opd": "Neonatal seizures", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "26095b35-47e1-4ec0-b316-0396bec87acb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neutrilization test is", "exp": "Ans. is `d' i.e., Nagler reaction Neutralization reaction When antibody reacts with a toxin or other biologically active antigen, it may neutralize the effect of toxin or antigen. This ability to used in neutralization test. Neutralization tests are of two types", "cop": 4, "opa": "Widal test", "opb": "Weil-Felix test", "opc": "Paul Bunnel test", "opd": "Nagler reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5b03cfe0-a904-4f4d-bde6-02c81954d319", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cerebral malaria is caused by Plasmodium", "exp": "(B) Falciparum # Cerebral Malaria - one of commonest complication of falciparum malaria> In cerebral malaria, lesions occur in the central nervous system.> These consist of congestion of the meninges and brain, occlusion of capillaries in brain, numerous petechial perivascular hemorrhages, and necrotic lesions in mid zonal brain tissue, with peripheral glial reaction (malarial granuloma) around occluded blood vessels.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ovale", "opb": "Falciparum", "opc": "Vivax", "opd": "Malariae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "19a32dd3-bf96-4de5-8dcb-7ed6441bedd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Septic shock is due to", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lipopolysaccharide Septic shock is due to endotoxin of gram negative bacteria. Therefore it is also called as endotoxic shock. Endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Lipopolysaccharide", "opc": "Teichoic acid", "opd": "Peptidoglycan", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02003058-e52c-4c29-9d70-a8463a6b7655", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dental Plaque adheres to tooth surface by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Dextran", "opb": "Epithelial cells", "opc": "Bacteria", "opd": "Sucrose", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39bdc3dd-d6ed-4970-93ec-5e98e0444a89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of Traveller's diarrhoea", "exp": "Enterotoxigenic E. coil Most common cause of traveller's diarrhoae -f Enterotoxigenic E. coli Harrison states \"The most- frequently identified pathogen causing traveller's diarrhoea is toxigeic Escherichia coll.\" Most common cause of traveller's diarhoea Toxigenic E.coli Most common cause of traveller's diarrhea in Campylobacter South East Asia and Africa Most common viruses associated with traveller's --> Rotavirus and Norovirus diarrhea", "cop": 1, "opa": ">Enterotoxigenic E. coli", "opb": ">Enterohemorrhagia E. coli", "opc": ">Enteropathogenic E. coli", "opd": ">Enteroinvasive E. coli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a7040de1-1b1a-4896-967d-aa14ff875988", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dermatophytosis is caused by", "exp": "Dermatophytosis is caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Candida causes candidiasis. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition .", "cop": 3, "opa": "Herpes simplex", "opb": "Papilloma virus", "opc": "Trichophyton", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "b8797b7e-d09e-46f4-a384-31ff247d3a30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maternal antibodies donot provide protective immunity to neonate", "exp": "ref : ananthanaryana", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diphtheria", "opb": "peusis", "opc": "Tetanus", "opd": "Polio", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ae7397a9-f8ed-49d1-898e-43f5d1865b3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scrub typhus vector", "exp": "Tromboculid mite 8\"/e, p. 574 (17th /e page 543)] Mites are vectors for the following diseases: Diseases Vector Scabies Itch mite Scrub Typhus Trombiculid mite Rickettsial pox Trombiculid mite This topic has been discussed in detail earlier. Mostly they keep on asking about Ticks and mites so remember the diseases caused by Ticks too. Vector Disease Vector (a) Soft tick * Q fever, Relapsing fever (b) Hard tick * Tick typhus * Viral encephalitis * Viral fevers * Viral hemorrhagic fever (KFD) * Tuleremia * Human babesiosis, Tick paralysis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tromboculid mite", "opb": "Louse", "opc": "Tick", "opd": "Reduvid bug", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1749da7-8a4b-4dee-b56c-64288d2f05f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ABO antibodies are", "exp": "Antibody of ABO, Rh system is IgM.", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "67e4681c-a3ec-4925-8c3b-33d2df98ca9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After splenectomy, most common infection is", "exp": "Streptococcus pneumoniae cause infection when host resistance is lowered by contributory factors such as respiratory viral infection, pulmonary congestion, stress, malnutrition, immunodeficiency and alcoholism. Splenectomy and sickle cell disease are impoant predisposing conditions. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 227", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumococcus", "opb": "Escherichia coli", "opc": "Klebsiella", "opd": "Streptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d0ec8e5a-c320-4f3d-9f0f-42d5d9ce3843", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common portal of entry for C. tetani, the cause of tetanus, is the", "exp": "Organisms may be transmitted in a number of ways, such as by air, food, hands, sexual contact, and infected needles. However, for each disease or disease category, there is usually a portal of entry not always unique to the organism. The respiratory tract is a common portal of entry to such airborne organisms as M. tuberculosis. This is why respiratory precautions must be taken when patients are harboring viable M. tuberculosis.The gastrointestinal tract is usually infected from ingestion of contaminated food or water (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) or by an alteration of the normal microbial flora such as with C. difficile disease. The skin is a tough integument and intact, is resistant to most infectious organisms except those that may break down human skin. Breaches of the skin as by wounds, burns, and the like predispose patients to a variety of infections such as tetanus caused by wound contamination with spores of C. tetani, or direct infection by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Gram-negative rods (such as Serratia or Pseudomonas).The genital tract may become infected either by sexual contact or by alteration of the genital environment as often occurs with yeast infections. Several bacteria such as N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia, and Treponema pallidum are transmitted by direct sexual contact with infected partners.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Gastrointestinal tract", "opc": "Respiratory tract", "opd": "Genital tract", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "0274ce3b-9e62-402c-8255-0e509e725e1a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria used in Griffith's experiment is", "exp": "Griffith's experiment is done on mice using pneumoccal strains.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumococci", "opb": "Neisseria", "opc": "Acinetobacter", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e058d862-a60f-42df-924a-9a4788762c77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cytokine produced by TH1 cells", "exp": "IL-2 produced by TH1 cells induces proliferation of activated T4 cells, Tc cells and some Nk cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "IL-2", "opb": "IL-4", "opc": "IL-5", "opd": "IL-6", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "82d556f0-9ba8-447b-8dec-530bf810245f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Owl Eye\" appearance of inclusion bodies are seen in", "exp": "(B) CMV # Cytomegalic cells in vivo (presumed to be infected epithelial cells) are two to four times larger than surrounding cells and often contain an 8- to 10-m intranuclear inclusion that is eccentrically placed and is surrounded by a clear halo, producing an \"owl's eye\" appearance.> Cytomegalic cells are found in a wide variety of organs, including the salivary gland, lung, liver, kidney, intestine, pancreas, adrenal gland, and central nervous system.> Viral inclusion bodies:A. Examples of viral inclusion bodies in animals are Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic:1. Negri bodies in Rabies2. Guarnieri bodies in Small pox3. Henderson-Peterson bodies in Molluscum contagiosumB. Intranuclear acidophilic:1. Cowdry type A in Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster virus and Torres bodies in Yellow fever2. Cowdry type B in PolioC. Intranuclear basophilic:1. Cowdry type B in Adenovirus2. \"Owl eyes\" in cytomegalovirusD. Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic:1. Warthin fmkeldey bodies in Measles.", "cop": 2, "opa": "HIV-I", "opb": "CMV", "opc": "Papova", "opd": "Toxocara", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "448ef9d8-cf32-43dc-982c-7127db5bcbdc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxoids are", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "antigenic and toxic", "opb": "antigenic and non-toxic", "opc": "non-antigenic and toxic", "opd": "non-antigenic and non-toxic", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "93543eb1-a393-4055-99f2-c5b72417a378", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Latex agglutination study of the antigen in CSF helps in the diagnosis of", "exp": "Latex agglutination test - cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen can be detected in CSF, serum or urine by latex agglutination test. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cryptococcus", "opb": "Candidiasis", "opc": "Aspergillosis", "opd": "Histoplasmosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "16dabc30-fa7d-405f-9110-a99c898b8b04", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Germ theory of disease was proposed by", "exp": "Louis Pasteur proposed :\n\nPrinciple of fermentation\nPasteurization of milk\nSterilization techniques\nGerm theory of disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Louis Pasteur", "opb": "Robert koch", "opc": "Paul Ehrlich", "opd": "Joseph lister", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f21da2f-124b-48ce-802a-2dc3d6c269fd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Suckling mice is used for isolation of", "exp": "It is necessary to employ suckling mice for the isolation of coxsackieviruses.\n Inoculation is usually made by intracerebral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal route.\n Adult mice are not susceptible.\n Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7,9,16; CMV; Echovirus; enteroviruses; HSV-1,2; Poliovirus: parainfluenzavirus, rhinovirus and VZV.\n\nCultivation of viruses\n‘As viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they cannot be grown on any inanimate culture medium.' Three\nmethods are employed for cultivation of viruses :\n1. Animal Inoculation\n\n Earliest method\n Mice are most widely employed animals\n Other animals used are guinea pigs, rabbits and ferrets.\n\n2. Embryonated eggs\n\n Sites of inoculation are:\n\na) Chorioallantoic Membrane ------- visible pocks are produced → HSV, Vaccinia, Smallpox\nb) Amniotic Sac\nc) Allantoic cavity\n→  Influenza o Some paramyxoviruses\nd) Yolk Sac → o Some viruses o Chlamydia o Rickettsia\n3.Tissue culture\n\n Most important method for virus isolation.\n Three types of tissue culture are available\n\nI. Organ Culture\nII Explant Culture\nIII. Cell Culture - (routinely employed)\n\n Cell culture may be\n\n1. Primary cell culture: Rhesus monkey kidney, human amnion, chick embryo fibroblast, human embryonic kidney.\n2. Diploid cell strains:- Human diploid fibroblast HL-8, WI-38.\n3. Continuous cell line:- Hela, HEP-2, McCoy, Vero", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coxsackie virus", "opb": "Pox", "opc": "Herpes", "opd": "Adenovirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "58db5f45-afa6-4874-8f40-eaada230b722", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Concentration of agar used for solid agar to Inhibit Proteus swarming", "exp": "For solid agar - 1-2%\nFor Semisolid agar - 0.5%\nFor solid agar to inhibit proteus swarming - 6%", "cop": 3, "opa": "1-2%", "opb": "0.50%", "opc": "6%", "opd": "5%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "956e7573-b8b6-4a2d-9b3b-05ffae1b94e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pentavalent immunoglobin is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., IgM", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a0ce197-ce19-49f1-98b8-45332a9013a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pontiac fever is caused by", "exp": "Pontaic fever is a mild ,non fatal ,influenza like illness with fever chills,myalgia and headache.caused by legioneola pneumophila belongs to family legionellaceae. Ref:anantnarayan and panikers 10 the edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Legionella micdadei", "opb": "Legionella pneumophilia", "opc": "Legionella adelaidensis", "opd": "Legionella anisa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f590f620-98f7-4ae9-b805-fb8b692c6801", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medical management of kernicterus is", "exp": "Treatment for kernicterus may include :Phototherapy for kernicterus: exposure to ultraviolet light breaks down bilirubin in the bloodstream.Exchange transfusion: Removing blood that contains bilirubin, with blood that does not contain bilirubin.Medications that reduce the amount of bilirubin in the bloodstream: Albumin (albuminar, albutein, plasbumin)Immune globulin intravenous Phenobarbital", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sulfonamide", "opb": "Erythromycin", "opc": "Phenobarbitone", "opd": "Phenytoin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bf6118bd-58ed-4815-8ced-9ae3df844333", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cell mediated immunity is markedly depressed in", "exp": "(B) Lepromatous leprosy# In untreated LL patients, lymphocytes regularly fail to recognize either M. leprae or its protein constituents, and lepromin skin tests are negative.> This loss of protective cellular immunity appears to be antigen-specific, as patients are not unusually susceptible to opportunistic infections, cancer, or AIDS and maintain delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida, Trichophyton, mumps, tetanus toxoid, and even purified protein derivative of tuberculin.> Lepromatous leprosy, has the greatest number of bacilli and is characterized by early, widespread, ill-defined, erythematous or hypopigmented papules and plaques. Later findings include facial infiltration (leonine facies), ocular effects, neurologic involvement, and hypogonadism.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tuberculoid leprosy", "opb": "Lepromatous leprosy", "opc": "Polyneuritic form of leprosy", "opd": "Indeterminate leprosy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "879b0509-b213-489d-8c6f-c02a7ba862b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vibrio cholerae was discovered (1883) by", "exp": "Ans. c (Robert Koch) (Ref. Ananthanarayan Microbiology, 7th/ pg.2)Robert Koch is known for -# Co-founder of bacteriology,# Koch's postulates of germ theory,# Isolator of anthrax# Isolator of tuberculosis and choleraVibrio# Vibrio cholerae, was discovered in 1883 by the German physician and bacteriologist Robert Koch.# Vibrio cholerae is short curved cylindrical rod (typically comma shaped).# Are gram-negative and non-acid fast.# They are asporogenous and noncapsulated.# It is actively motile with single sheathed polar flagellum showing darting type.# It ferments glucose, mannitol, maltose, mannose and sucrose. Indole is formed and nitrates are reduced.# These two properties give \"cholera red\" reaction.# It is transported in alkaline medium. The media used are:1. Venkatraman -Ramakrishna medium: 20 g crude sea salt + 59 peptone in 1L of distilled water + pH of 8.6-8.8.2. Carry-Blair medium: NaCl + sodium thioglycolate + CaCl2 + disodium phosphate at pH 8.4.3. Autoclaved seawater.# V. cholerae exotoxin ADP ribosylates Gsa, leading to cAMP & subsequent diarrhea.# Vibrios that have a high requirement of NaCl are known as halophilic vibrios. which include:- V. parahaemolyticus- V. alginolyticus- V. vulnificus- V. fluvitalisAlso Know:# Main discoveries of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: 1) RBCs, 2) Infusoria, 3) Spermatozoa and 4) Bacteria.# Staphylococci were first observed and cultured by Pasteur and Koch, but the initial detailed studies on staphylococci were made by Ogston in 1881 and Rosenbach in 1884.# The name 'genus Staphylococcus' was given by Ogston when he obs grape-like clusters of bact in pus from abscesses.# Three years later, Rosenbach was able to isolate and grow these microorganisms in pure culture. He gave these bacteria the specific epithet Staphylococcus aureus because of the yellow-to-orange pigmented app. of their colonies.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ogston", "opb": "Loeffler", "opc": "Robert Koch", "opd": "Leeuwenhoek", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "dfe8d5f9-fd74-4c0b-922e-f9e9575e6f8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chlamydia are isolated by", "exp": "Isolation of chlamydiae can be done by :Inoculation into yolk sac/embryonated eggs of 6-8 day old chick embryo which may be pretreated by streptomycin or polymyxin B.Inoculation into experimental animals (mice)Tissue/cell culture:Preferred modeCommonly used cell lines are McCoy and HeLa cells.Cell cultures are pretreated by irradiation or chemicals such as 5-iodo-2 deoxyuridines or cycloheximide to enhance replication and detection of inclusion bodies.Pretreatment with DEAE dextran or centrifugation after inoculation promotes contact between chlamydiae paicles and cell monolayer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Enzyme immune assay", "opb": "Yolk sac inoculation", "opc": "Direct immunofluorescence", "opd": "Microimmunofluorescence", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "13470d18-2294-4c47-a34d-b9c3bd0ebf4e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of meningitis in renal transplant patients is", "exp": "Listeria monocytogenesDistinguishing Features* Small gram-positive rods* Beta-hemolytic, nonspore-forming rod on blood agar, CAMP positive* Tumbling motility in broth; actin jet motility in cells* Facultative intracellular parasite* Cold growth* Transplacental--granulomatosis infanti-septica* Neonatal septicemia and meningitis (third most common cause)* Meningitis in renal transplant or cancer patients (most common cause)Ref: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 197", "cop": 1, "opa": "Listeria", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Neisseria", "opd": "Legionella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "17334f06-7815-4aef-91f5-ab8df137d875", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "River blindness is caused by", "exp": "Onchocerciasis is also known as River blindness and Robles disease. REF : paniker book of parasitology 8th Ed.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Onchocerca", "opb": "Loa loa", "opc": "Ascaris", "opd": "Brugia malayi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3798834c-9337-4a8b-9718-6247c2798e06", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Waterhouse friederichsen syndrome is caused by", "exp": "Waterhouse friederichsen (WF) syndrome is fulminant meningococcemia characterized by shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, petechial rash and multisystem failure due to the lipo-oligosaccharide mediated damage of the vascular endothelium. it is caused by N.meningitidis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neisseria gonorrheae", "opb": "Neisseria meningitidis", "opc": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "opd": "Lymphogranuloma venerum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Cocci, Gram Negative Cocci)", "id": "b8cfa8fc-61e0-4028-8b4e-b198e6bfa24c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 40 year man comes to hospital with a ulcerative lesion in his Right thumb. It happened while working in garden. On culture, moist creamy colonies appear. Most common organism is", "exp": "Sporotrichoisis - Rose gardener disease.\nOn culture - at 37oC creamy white colonies.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blastomyces", "opb": "Phaeohyphomycosis", "opc": "Rhinosporidium", "opd": "Sporothrix", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e9204192-50ec-4af0-baf8-e324ccb44e2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "pH of Sabouraud's dextrose agar is adjusted to", "exp": "Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA), contains glucose and modified peptone, suppos the growth of fungi, and restricts the growth of bacteria.The pH of SDA is 5.6Jawetz 27e pg: 663", "cop": 3, "opa": "2-Jan", "opb": "4-Feb", "opc": "6-Apr", "opd": "8-Jun", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "3176a0b4-1c81-44f3-ac53-27cce2d0eef0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immunoglobulin secreted by fetus as primary response", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., IgM IgM is the first immunoglobulin class produced in a primary response to an antigen. IgM antibodies are relatively sho lived, disappearing earlier than IgG. IgM is the earliest immunoglobulin to be synthesized by the fetus beginning by about 20 weeks of age. IgM can not cross the placenta. The presence of IgM in the fetus or newborn indicates intrauterine infection and its detection is useful in the diagnosis of congenital infections such as Toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection and HIV infection.", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgG", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04281acb-c11f-4e81-ad61-6a9a1f615a72", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria reproduce mainly by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "budding", "opb": "binary fission", "opc": "sporing", "opd": "bacterial components produced by host cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b60141b-3d18-4a39-aae3-48312f1fde0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Monoclonal antibody that neutralizes anthrax toxin", "exp": "Raxibacumab is Intended for the prophylaxis and treatment of inhaled anthrax.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Raxibacumab", "opb": "Cetuximab", "opc": "Panitumumab", "opd": "Alemtuzumab", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "748fc2bc-0a75-4b7a-940f-0280d3c55d92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cigar body is seen in", "exp": "Sporothrix schenckii occurs in yeast phase in the tissues and in the culture at 37C and in mycelial phase in the culture at 23C. The yeast phase appears as the cigar- shaped cells and mould form contains hyphae carrying flower-like clusters of small conidia borne on delicate sterigmata. Sporothrix schenckii causes sporotrichosis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cryptococcosis", "opb": "Histoplasmosis", "opc": "Sporotrichosis", "opd": "Aspergillosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "e7eab909-b01a-4ea3-a340-7b80c2a56b62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polysaccharide capsular resistance to phagocytosis is seen in", "exp": "The virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae depends on the capsular polysaccharide. The capsular polysaccharide because of its acidic and hydrophilic propeies, protects the cocci from phagocytosis. Capsulated streptococcus pneumoniae are not phagocytosed efficiently in fluid media or exudates, however, they are susceptible to surface phagocytosis, being engulfed against a firm surface, such as a fibrin clot or epithelium. The enhanced virulence of type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae is due to an abundance of its capsular material. Non-capsulated strains are avirulent. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 226", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neisseria meningitidis", "opb": "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "opc": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opd": "Yeast", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "410c5c08-daf7-4d96-8e1b-03085b1f0dcd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of micro organisms is determined by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Direct microscopy", "opb": "Culture", "opc": "ELISA", "opd": "DNA probe", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a21eb26f-0da5-4276-b527-1ff713f2b7f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus in stool occurs in", "exp": "Enterotoxin is responsible for the manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning-nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea 2-6 hrs after consuming food contaminated by a preformed toxin. In food poisoning, feces and the remains of suspected food should be collected.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcal food poisoning", "opb": "Ischiorectal abscess", "opc": "Toxic shock syndrome", "opd": "May be a normal finding", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c3971e6-6bc8-4949-9ba4-434570290195", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infection with colitis is caused by", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Strongyloides Strongvloidiosis . It is most frequently asymptomatic . In symptomatic cases the following lesions may be observed.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Enterobius vermicularis", "opb": "Trichuris trichura", "opc": "Strongyloides", "opd": "Clonorchis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64bc11bc-cffc-4a29-ba68-14b5ce7a5689", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Gonorrhea, the selective media is", "exp": "(A) Thayer-Martin medium # Gonococci are more difficult to grow than meningococci. They are aerobic but may grow anaerobically also. Growth occurs best at pH 7.2-7.6 and at a temperature of 35-36 degC. It is essential to provide 5-10% CO2. They grow well on chocolate agar and Mueller-Hinton agar. A popular selective medium is the Thayer-Martin medium (containing vancomycin, colistin and nystatin) which inhibits most contaminants including nonpathogenic neisseria.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thayer-Martin medium", "opb": "Thioglycolate medium", "opc": "Nutrient broth", "opd": "Mackonkey's medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "16eb25f0-fa0f-4899-831d-7482f7e108ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trichophyton species can infect", "exp": "Trichophyton - hair, skin and nail. Microsporum- hair and skin. Epidermophyton- skin and nail. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Skin, hair and nail", "opb": "Skin and nail", "opc": "Hair and nail", "opd": "Skin and hair", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "546ebc6d-fbd0-414e-a3fc-52969542e82e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxic shock syndrome is caused by", "exp": "Toxic shock syndrome is a potentially fatal multisystem disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Present as fever, hypotension, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal hyperemia and an erythematous rash which desquamates subsequently. This is associated with infection of mucosal or sequestered sites by toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-Producing S.aureus strains usually belonging to bacteriophage group I.TSST type I (formerly known as enterotoxin type F or pyrogenic exotoxin C)is most often responsible, though enterotoxin B or C may also cause the syndrome . Staphylococcal enterotoxins and TSST -1 are superantigens which are a potent activator of T lymphocytes. Being Vbeta-restricted T cell mitogens, such superantigens stimulates large numbers of T cells without relation to their epitope specificity. This leads to excessive and deregulated immune response, with the release of cytokines interleukins 1,2, tumour necrosis factor and interferon gamma. This explains multisystem involvement and florid manifestation in staphylococcal food poisoning and TSS. Soft tissue infections with some M types of S.pyogens (1,3,12,28) may sometimes cause a toxic shock syndrome resembling staphylococcal TSS. Streptococcal TSS and necrotizing fasciitis occur in persons not immune to the infecting M types Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; Tenth Edition; Page No: 204, 215", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opb": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opc": "Streptococcus albicans", "opd": "Enterococcus Durans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "233514ba-2419-46b8-a54b-16afbf2ac0ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Temperature and time period in hot air oven is", "exp": "160 for 2hrs or 170 for 1 hr. or 180 for 30min is temperature and time in hot air oven Hot air oven, red heat, incineration, flaming are eg for dry heat sterilization Ref: CP Baveja 4th ed Pg:30", "cop": 2, "opa": "140 degrees 1 hr", "opb": "160 degrees 2 hrs", "opc": "160 1hr", "opd": "140 2 hrs", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "e465edf4-4507-4cf5-9291-ad056bc94777", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of native valve endocarditis", "exp": "Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers commonly involves the tricuspid valve and are caused by Staphylococcus aureus.\nM. C. cause of native valve endocarditis → Staph. Aureus\nM.C. cause of early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis (< 2 mts & 2-12 mts) → Coagulase-negative staphylococci\nM. C. cause of late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis (> 12 mts) → Streptococci (e.g. streptococcus viridans)\nM.C. cause of endocarditis in I. V drug abusers → Staph aureus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Coagulase negative staphylococcus", "opc": "Streptococcus", "opd": "Enterococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0106737b-e0be-4467-a113-835fbb30c371", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The 1st stage of life cycle of bacteriophage includes", "exp": "Life cycle of phages include lytic phase, lysogenic phase and eclipse phase Eclipse phase represents time required for synthesis of new phage components Lytic phase includes adsorption, penetration, synthesis of phage components, maturation and release of progeny phages Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 436", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lysogenic cycle", "opb": "Maturation", "opc": "Eclipse phase", "opd": "Lytic cycle", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "ea7f1722-1a84-4dbd-8b1c-25b52a77427c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Recommended transpo medium for stool specimen suspected to contain enteric pathogen is", "exp": "Transpo media: Transpo media are used to maintain the bility of ceain delicate organisms in clinical specimens during their transpo to the laboratory. They typically contain only buffers and salt. They lack carbon, nitrogen, and organic growth factors, hence do not facilitate microbial multiplication. Transpo media used for common bacteria: Bacteria Transpo media Streptococcus Neisseria Vibrio Salmonella & Shigella Pike's medium Amies medium and Stua's medium Cary Blair medium, V. R. medium, Autoclaved sea-water Buffered glycerol saline, Cary Blair medium", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amie's medium", "opb": "Buffered glycerol saline medium", "opc": "MacConkey medium", "opd": "Stua's medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "35f23800-a38d-4a27-9f48-9e2ac6d81e77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Superantigens area) Erythrotoxin of Staph. aureusb) Clostridium difficile toxinc) Staphyloccocal toxic shock syndrome toxind) Cholera toxin", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "a", "opb": "bc", "opc": "ad", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1d2faca9-908a-4e65-8e0d-65314146f8f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Standard test for syphilis", "exp": "Ans. a (VDRL) (Ref. Ananthanarayan Microbiology 7th ed., Fig. 36.2, p. 381)Diagnosis of SYPHILIS# Detection of abs in CSF by FTA-Abs is most specific test for neurosyphilis.# Treponemal ab tests (FTA-Abs, MHATP) measures abs reactive with T. pallidum.Serological Tests for SxphilisThese tests form the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis.These are follows:1. Test for antibodies reacting with cardiolipin antigen reagin tests; standard tests for syphilis; STS2. Tests for antibodies reacting with group-specific treponemal arftigen3. Tests for specific antibodies to pathogenic treponema (T. pallidum).Reagen Antibody Tests (VDRL mainly)# These tests use the lipoid or cardiolipin antigens and are known as 'standard tests for syphilis' or STS.# The first of the reagin antibody test was the Wassermann complement fixation test (1906). It is no longer in use now.- The first flocculation test used widely was tube flocculation test of Kahn.- The Kahn test been replaced by the simpler and more rapid VDRL test, which gives more quantitative result.- VDRL test can be used for testing CSF also, but not plasma. CSF need not be heated prior to test.- A number of modifications of the VDRL have been developed, of which the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is the most popular.Sensitivity of Serodiagnostic Tests in Untreated SyphilisMean Percentage Positive (Range) at Indicated Stage of DiseaseTestPrimarySecondaryLatentTertiaryVDRL, RPR78 (74-87)10095 (88-100)71 (37-94)FTA-ABS84 (70-100)10010096TP-PA89100100NA", "cop": 1, "opa": "VDRL", "opb": "FTA-Abs", "opc": "TPI", "opd": "TPHA", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "64023dda-06f7-46bf-b893-24b9fad5a553", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Systemic fungal infections can be caused by the followinga) Cryptococcus neoformansb) Histoplasma capsulatumc) Paracoccidioides brasiliensisd) Naegleria fowlerie) Isospora belli", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "acd", "opd": "abc", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d22ba30-ad47-4919-bda1-07c0225da07a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Meningitis is caused by", "exp": "Ans. d (Cryptococcus neoformans). (Ref. Anantanarayan, Microbiology, 6th/pg.574)CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS# Capsulated yeast# Not dimorphic fungus# Four serotypes known - ABCD# Has ability to hydrolyse urea# Indian ink preparation: the yeast cell stain positive with mucicarmine# Latex agglutination test is the most useful test to detect capsular ags in blood or urine.# Pigeon droppings transmit the infection.# Causes pulmonary and meningeal infection.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sporothrix", "opb": "Mucor", "opc": "Rhizopus", "opd": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "f6eb467f-ca47-4304-bce7-f96039f9014f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Strain of Japanese encephalitis vaccine is", "exp": "Nakayama strain and beijing strain are strains of JE vaccine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Jerryl lynn strain", "opb": "Oka strain", "opc": "Nakayama strain", "opd": "17D vaccine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c508df25-ca2f-4a23-80b1-079fc51f0cc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In plasma sterilization control used is aEUR'", "exp": "Bacillus stearothermophilus Sterilization is generally defined as the process of completely destroying ble microorganisms including structures such as spores. Standandard practice in sterilization process is to include sterility indicator along with the aicles to be sterilized. The use of sterility indicators allows a direct and sensitive approach to test the effectiveness of the sterilization process. Sterility indicators can be biological or chemical. Biological indicators A biological indicator is broadly defined as a characteristic preparation of specific microorganism that provides a defined and stable ressitance to specific sterilization procedures. The biological indicators selected should provide a greater challenge to the sterilization process than the bioburden in or on the product. Microorganisms widely recognized as biological indicators are spore forming bacterias because these organisms are significantly more resistant than the normal. - With the exception of ionizing radiation process, these microorganisms are significantly more resistant than the normal micro flora. A biological indicator can be used to assist in the performance qualification of the sterilization equipment and in the development and establishment of a validated sterilization process for a paicular process. \"Biological indicator used in plasma sterilization is Bacillus stearothermophilus\". Plasma sterilization Plasma is described as the fouh state of matter (It is neither liquid, gas or solid). it is defined as reactive cloud of ionized atoms, electrons and neutral atomic paicles. In order to generate the plasma for sterilization, matter (for example H202) a gaseous state is exposed to strong electrical or magnetic .field. This is performed in a vaccum so that high temperature are not required. In practice, a hydrogen peroxide solution is dispersed in a vaccum chamber creating a plasma cloud. This result in the generation (ionisation) of a cloud of charged paicles and free radicals that interact with vital cell component. The free radicals generated during this process interacts with vital cell component (mainly nucleic acids and destroy them). Sterilization occurs as a result of the dual phase process of the oxidative propeies of the vapour and plasma. Gas plasma is capable of penetrating medical packaging, is safe to use and the sterilization cycles are easy to control and monitor. The temperature attained in these process is not very high so there is no risk of damage of the instruments as in Heat methods. Biological indicators for various sterilization methods B. stearothernzophilus spores are used to monitor -Steam sterilization - Plasma sterilization (hydrogen peroxide) - Liquid peracetic acid sterilizers", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bacillus subtilis", "opb": "Bacillus stearothermophilus", "opc": "C. Perfringes", "opd": "C. tetani", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c89b82a-48bd-42fc-8363-5ed4c82431a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Post zone phenomenon is due to", "exp": "Prozone - Antibodies are excess.\nPostzone - Antigen excess.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antigen excess", "opb": "Antibody excess", "opc": "Haptens", "opd": "Equal Antigen & Antibody", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "68836b37-ebd8-4c38-86aa-332d95238264", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This serum immunoglobulin constitutes 80% of immunoglobulins in our body is", "exp": "80% of immunoglobulins in our body is IgG -major ig Half-life is 23 days Transpoed through placenta Ref: Text book of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 99", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgM", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgG", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "4b1099b0-fc42-436b-8797-5271424680df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enterovirus causes", "exp": "Option 1:is an epidemic form of highly contagious conjunctivitis and is characterized by sudden onset of painful, swollen, red eyes, with conjunctival hemorrhage and excessive tearing. AHC typically is caused by one of two enteroviruses (Coxsackie A24 or enterovirus 70). This disease is transmitted person-to-person usually through contact with contaminated hands or through sharing of contaminated personal-care items. fig:- acute hemorrhagic conjuctivitis Diseases caused by Enterovirus: Enterovirus 68: Pneumonia Enterovirus 70: Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Enterovirus 71: Pulmonary edema, herpangina, aseptic meningitis, and hand-foot-and mouth disease. Enterovirus 70, 71: Paralysis and encephalitis. Option 2: Acute follicular conjunctivitis is usually associated with: viral (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Herpes zoster keratoconjunctivitis, infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection) chlamydial infections (Inclusion conjunctivitis). Option 3: Hepatitis is caused by hepatotropic virues like Hepatitis A, B, C. Option 4: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a viral conjunctivitis caused by a group of adenoviruses.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis", "opb": "Acute follicular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Hepatitis", "opd": "Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology Pa-2 (RNA Virus Pa-1,2 & Miscellaneous Viruses)", "id": "c910be53-8719-4de5-942b-54210a19c71e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common virus causing common cold", "exp": "The rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33-35deg, the temperature found in nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family picornaviridae. Ref : Essentials of Medical microbiology apurba sastry 1st edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adenovirus", "opb": "Rhinovirus", "opc": "Influenza virus", "opd": "Respiratory syncytial virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "0e78f8c6-9132-4ee6-a141-71f0b10e533a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hydatid cyst is caused by", "exp": "Hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus or dog tapeworm. The dog is the definitive host and man, sheep, pig, cattle, horse, and goat act as intermediate host. The disease is characterised by hydatid cyst which involves liver, lung, brain, hea, kidney, spleen, bone, muscle. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clonorchis sinensis", "opb": "Wuchereria bancrofti", "opc": "Echinococcus granulosus", "opd": "Ascaris lumbricoides", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "861056a5-6d72-49f8-a890-5dd95912e939", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The culture medium used for corynebacterium diphtheriae", "exp": "• The usual media employed for cultivation of diphtheria bacillus are\n1) Loeffler’s serum slope\n■ It is used for rapid diagnosis as growth is shown within 4-8 hours.\n2) Tellurite blood agar (Tinsdale medium)\n■ It acts as selective media, as tellurite inhibits the growth of most other bacteria.\n■ Growth may take two days to appear.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Loeffler's serum slope", "opb": "Tetrathionate broth", "opc": "Selenite 'F' broth", "opd": "Chocolate agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a18198c7-917f-4060-9bc5-5bf3b8607314", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemoperfusion with charcoal is useful in poisoning with", "exp": "Hemoperfusion should be considered in cases of severe poisoning due toCaffeineDisopyramidePhenytoinCarbamazepineHypnotic-sedatives (barbiturates)ProcainamideCarbon tetrachlorideMethotrexateTheophyllineChloramphenicolMushrooms (amatoxin-containing)vaIproateDapsoneParaquat", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phenytoin", "opb": "Methyl alcohol", "opc": "Lithium", "opd": "Ethylene glycol", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "45f7301a-fc17-4125-8948-299f0b07e293", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Perforins are produced bya) Cytotoxic T cellsb) Suppressor T cellsc) Memory helper T cellsd) Plasma cellse) NK cells", "exp": "Perforins \n\nPerforins are hole forming proteins, cause transmembrane pores through which cytotoxic factors enter the cell and destroy it by apoptosis.\nPerforins are produced by:\n\n\nCytotoxic T cells   → Robbin's 218\nN.K. Cells → Ananthanarayan 126", "cop": 3, "opa": "a", "opb": "b", "opc": "ae", "opd": "ad", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e5d94d70-a95c-425c-841c-065cc904d913", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Traveller’s diarrhoea is most commonly caused by", "exp": "Five types of E.coli include:\n1. ETEC (enterotoxogenic E.coli)\n2. EIEC (enteroinvasive E.coli)\n3. EPEC (enteropathogenic E.coli)\n4. EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E.coli)\n5. EAEC (enteroaggregative E.coli) \nTraveller's diarrhoea is most commonly caused by enterotoxogenic E.coli and then the other common organism responsible is S. dysenteriae. Intestinal Pathogenic E. Coli.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ETEC", "opb": "S. dysenteriae", "opc": "EPEC", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "659c2fb5-1a97-4c55-ab12-58d2e0d44bc3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "4 months old infant had respiratory distress.It was diagnosed as bronchiolitis. most common cause of this is", "exp": "RSV is the m/c cause of lower respiratory tract infection below 1 year.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Respiratory syncytial virus", "opc": "Influenza", "opd": "Para Influenza virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "96cfb8e6-45ed-441c-a1cc-4720f658da19", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria surviving alkaline media", "exp": "Ans: c (Vibrio) Ref: Ananthanarayan, 7th ed, p. 305Culture characteristics of Vibrio: Strongly aerobic Temperature range 16 - 40deg C pH range 6.4 - 9.6 (Growth is better in alkaline medium, optimum pH is 8.2) MacConkey's agar - red colonies due to late fermentation of lactose. Blood agar - initially zone of greening later clears due to haemodigestion Gelatin stab culture: infundibuliform or napiform liquefaction", "cop": 3, "opa": "E.coli", "opb": "Shigella", "opc": "Vibrio", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Vibrio", "id": "871f54a4-db9b-41fa-bac9-6b106e4f8572", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Preisz Nocard bacilli is other name of", "exp": "C. pseudotuberculosis also called preisz Nocard bacilli affect sheep and horse.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C. diphtheriae", "opb": "C. minutissimum", "opc": "C. pseudotuberculosis", "opd": "C. parvum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6753a7a-6f07-43bc-a437-6045ca03eac5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sunlight acts as sterilizing agent because", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Long wavelength", "opb": "Short wave length", "opc": "Ozone", "opd": "Heat is present", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0a2cb8a3-9a81-44e7-8ae1-08f5de9f831e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hepatocelluar carcinoma is caused by", "exp": "Aflatoxin produced by A. flavus can cause Hepatoma, Hepatitis, Reye's Syndrome, Hepatocellular carcinoma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fumonisins", "opb": "Aflatoxin", "opc": "Ochratoxin", "opd": "Tricho thecenes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27d6af8b-01de-474e-b795-2f590e5c9adc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neurotoxin of tetanus acts on", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Synapse", "opb": "Muscle", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Spinal Cord", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "40f053b0-66fa-45dd-bc81-48062997338d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Receptor of EBV is", "exp": "EBV binds to CD21 or CR2 receptor.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CR1", "opb": "CR2", "opc": "CD20", "opd": "CD19", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b04715f9-d7d8-4edd-aeac-09c13d0a4ca5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lepra bacilli are mainly transmitted by", "exp": "Ans. b (Droplets). (Ref. Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 6th/pg.361)LEPRA BACILLI# Acid-fast bacilli, but less acid fast than TB bacilli.# H2SO4 used for decolorization of lepra bacilli (5%) is of less concentration than that for TB bacilli (25%).# Virchow lepra or foam cells in which globi of bacilli occur are large undifferentiated histiocytes.# Leprosy is exclusive human disease and patients are the only source of infection.# Very large numbers of bacilli are shed in nasal secretions (107/day), hence droplet is important mode of spread.# Mode of entry: Respiratory tract or through skin.# IP: 2-5years (few years to 30 days)# Not a highly communicable disease.# Prevalance in MH (1971 census) >> 5-8 cases per 1000 population.# Total no.of patients in India--4 million.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin contact", "opb": "Droplets", "opc": "Stool", "opd": "Urine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycobacteria", "id": "768cae9d-87e4-4e9a-ab98-795203762995", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fogay's catheter is used for", "exp": "Fogay catheter is like a ureteric catheter, with a balloon tip and is introduced until it is deemed to have passed the limit of the thrombus.The balloon is inflated and the catheter is withdrawn slowly with the clot.Ref: Bailey and love 27e pg- 955", "cop": 3, "opa": "Drainage of urinary bladder", "opb": "Parenteral hyperalimentation", "opc": "Removal of embolus from blood vessels", "opd": "Ureteric catheterization", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4e567c0b-80a2-40aa-b6f0-b52c69489137", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most important risk factor for invasive aspergillosis are", "exp": "All of above are risk factors. But most important is Glucocorticoid use.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Profound neutropenia", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Glucocorticoid use", "opd": "Antitumor necrosis factor therapy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ba57391c-3c59-4cb0-97a4-1512a88c48c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common complication associated with 'Total Parenteral Nutrition' is", "exp": "The most common complication associated with TPN is a Catheter-related infectionTotal parenteral nutrition (TPN) is defined as the provision of all nutritional requirements by means of the intravenous route and without the use of the gastrointestinal tract.Parenteral nutrition is indicated when energy and protein needs cannot be met by the enteral administration of these substrates. The most frequent clinical indications relate to those patients who have undergone massive resection of the small intestine, who have an intestinal fistula or who have prolonged intestinal failure for other reasons.TPN can be administered either by a catheter inseed in the central vein or peripherally inseed central venous catheter (PICC) line or a conventional cannula (not preferred).Catheter-related sepsis occurs in 3-14% of patients. It may occur at the time of line inseion or afterwards by migration of skin bacteria along the external catheter surface.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Catheter related infection", "opb": "Hyperglycemia", "opc": "Pneumothorax", "opd": "Hyperkalemia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bf9276f3-bcb4-4cd6-b225-92a9a75dfad2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NIH swab is used to demonstrate", "exp": "NIH (National Institute of health swab) is used in diagnosis of Enterobius.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enterobius", "opb": "Trichuris", "opc": "Ancyclostoma", "opd": "Necator", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "253ffc93-3d37-4f3a-9553-4aab9f122c2c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tetanus toxin act by", "exp": "The tetanus toxin specifically blocks synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, presumably at inhibitory terminals that use glycine and GABA as neurotransmitters. The toxin acts pre-synaptically. The abolition of spinal inhibition causes uncontrolled spread pf impulses initiated anywhere in the central nervous system. This results in muscle rigidity and spasms due to the simultaneous contraction of agonists and antagonists, in the absence of reciprocal inhibition. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 265", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blocking gamma motor neurons", "opb": "Blocking muscle end plate receptor", "opc": "Blocking Ach release", "opd": "Presynaptic blocking", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c72ab195-6d5e-407e-b619-d5b1f6a1e9c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mechanism of action of tetanospasmin", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Inhibition of GABA release . Tetanospasmin blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA and glycine) in brain-stem and spinal cord.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inhibition of GABA release", "opb": "Inhibition cAMP", "opc": "Inactivation of Ach receptors", "opd": "Inhibition of cGMP", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48d21353-ce61-476c-9477-7673b822ada1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patients plasma has high levels of interferon beta. He most likely has an infection due to", "exp": "Interferon beta is secreted during infection due to viruses. It is produced by fibroblasts. Types of interferons: Alpha Interferon (Leukocyte interferon) is produced by leucocytes. It has antiviral activity. Beta Interferon (Fibroblast interferon) is produced by fibroblasts and epithelial cells. It has antiviral activity. Gamma Interferon (Immune interferon) is produced by Tlymphocytes. It is concerned with immuno-modulatory and antiproliferative functions. Propeies of interferon Non-toxic Non -antigenic Species specific Inactivated by Protesases Belongs to Class of Cytokines Stable at pH over (2-10),except Gamma INF,which is labile at pH 2 Non-dialysable Non-sedimentable Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bacteria", "opb": "Virus", "opc": "Fungi", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "f8518e57-bf98-4a90-9f54-8080eb1dfa03", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In mycetoma, pink to red granules are produced by", "exp": "Actinomadura pelletri - Pink to red granules.\nMadurella species - Black.\nNocardia - White to yellow.\nActinomadura madurae - White to yellow.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Madurella", "opb": "Aspergillus", "opc": "Actinumadura madurae", "opd": "Actinomadura pelletri", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6eaf5d50-99e2-420b-a25b-502c5e9f6479", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive test for HIV", "exp": "Most sensitive test for HIV is ELISA.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ELISA", "opb": "western blot", "opc": "Lymph node biopsy", "opd": "Southern blot", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "76b38a54-fc8f-4e32-b0ff-07ec338ec329", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Produces heat stable enterotoxin", "opb": "Causes Shanghai fever", "opc": "Cannot be destroyed at 55 degree at 1 hr.", "opd": "Does not produce any pigment", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fdfbed72-25bc-4cdb-8e1a-ce57f7ca4939", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The urine sample of a patient has been sent to the laboratory to look for Leptospira. The specimen is to be screened by use of the", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Scanning microscope", "opb": "Inverted microscope", "opc": "Dark ground microscope", "opd": "Electron microscope", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28be410a-5bdc-4ffd-80ab-886ec8540525", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bile aesculin agar is the culture media for", "exp": "Group D streptococcus has enteroccus feacalis / faecium.\nCulture media - Bile aesculin agar.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Group A streptococcus", "opb": "Group B Streptococcus", "opc": "Group C Streptococcus", "opd": "Group D Streptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "84383799-1630-4d08-97c2-6700aa4ae07e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malignant hydatid disease is caused by", "exp": "Malignant hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus Multi locularis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "E. granulosis", "opb": "E. Multilocularis", "opc": "H. Nana", "opd": "D. Latum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "57f3709d-9133-4ba2-b87a-0c7dffbda349", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maltese cross is Characteristic of", "exp": "Maltese cross (ring forms arranged in tetrad) seen in Babesia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Schistosomiasis", "opb": "Babesiosis", "opc": "Cryptococcosis", "opd": "Sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8e84d86-e0e8-488c-a83d-fe6bd1214362", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common form of anthrax in man is", "exp": "In humans, approximately 95% of cases are cutaneous anthrax, and 5% are inhalation. Gastrointestinal anthrax is very rareRef: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; Twenty-Seventh Edition; Chapter 11; Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus and Clostridium Species", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alimentary", "opb": "Cutaneous", "opc": "Pulmonary", "opd": "Hepatic", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f20bfd41-79d3-424a-97ff-eb93fa657184", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Differentiation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides is by", "exp": "Ans. is. b. Maltose fermentation", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose fermentation", "opb": "Maltose fermentation", "opc": "V. P. reaction", "opd": "Indol test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fabba21c-e908-4ebb-8485-c123ae755768", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Botulism is most commonly due to", "exp": "Food-borne botulism is caused by the ingestion of the preformed toxin. The source of botulism is usually preserved food - meat and meat products. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 3, "opa": "Egg", "opb": "Milk", "opc": "Meat", "opd": "Pulses", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "5bc6273e-491d-44e1-8bde-12032746d48e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 32 yr. old female is suffering from watery diarrhoea, hyponatremia and hypokalemia. Later it was diagnosed as cholera. The mechanism of action of heat labile toxin of Vibrio cholerae is", "exp": "Enterotoxin -heat labile or cholera toxin acts by increasing CAMP which causes hypersecretion of water and electrolytes Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 279", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased CAMP", "opb": "Increased CGMP", "opc": "Inhibiting the release of ACH from nerves", "opd": "Inhibiting protein synthesis by inactivating EF 2", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "99f13f2d-8783-4e83-b770-72ec5f7cafcc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shigellosis is common in travelers to developing countries. Infection is commonly acquired through the", "exp": "Organisms may be transmitted in a number of ways, such as by air, food, hands, sexual contact, and infected needles. However, for each disease or disease category, there is usually a portal of entry not always unique to the organism. The respiratory tract is a common portal of entry to such airborne organisms as M. tuberculosis. This is why respiratory precautions must be taken when patients are harboring viable M. tuberculosis.The gastrointestinal tract is usually infected from ingestion of contaminated food or water (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) or by an alteration of the normal microbial flora such as with C. difficile disease. The skin is a tough integument and intact, is resistant to most infectious organisms except those that may break down human skin. Breaches of the skin as by wounds, burns, and the like predispose patients to a variety of infections such as tetanus caused by wound contamination with spores of C. tetani, or direct infection by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Gram-negative rods (such as Serratia or Pseudomonas).The genital tract may become infected either by sexual contact or by alteration of the genital environment as often occurs with yeast infections. Several bacteria such as N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia, and Treponema pallidum are transmitted by direct sexual contact with infected partners.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin", "opb": "Gastrointestinal tract", "opc": "Respiratory tract", "opd": "Genital tract", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "8a7d8d7b-2fc4-4f2b-b11e-2fd64215582f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of UTI in a neonate is", "exp": "Causative agents of UTI:Uncomplicated UTIComplicated UTI*E.coli *Klebsiella*Proteus species*Enterobacter*Staphylococcus saprophyticus*Enterococci *Chlamydia , Neisseria *Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma . Adenovirus *E.coli *Klebsiella*Proteus species*Serratia marcescens*Pseudomonas *Enterococci Staphylococci Ref:Harrison's infectious disease 2nd edition, p296", "cop": 1, "opa": "E.coli", "opb": "S. aureus", "opc": "Enterococcus", "opd": "Anerobes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e0fe8e8a-62d2-49f2-a17b-ac856889a1b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selenium sulphide is indicated for treating", "exp": "Tinea Versicolor - antifungal can be used in localised lesions or shampoos containing ketoconazole, selenium sulphide, fluconazole can be used for extensive truncal lesions for 2 to 3 weeks. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tinea versicolor", "opb": "Tinea corporis", "opc": "Mixed mycotic infections", "opd": "Candidiasis only", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "ea53b0be-80a9-4f6c-8038-54c73a947de6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following instrument is used to measure", "exp": "Sling Psychrometer is used to measure both the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures at the time. These temperatures are a measure of humidity content in the air.kata thermometer consisting principally of an alcohol thermometer used to measure air cooling.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pressure", "opb": "Direction of wind", "opc": "Humidity", "opd": "Air cooling", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d9d177c1-4686-4d2e-8763-12bdba6d8fdd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best means of giving hepatitis B vaccine is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Intramuscular Deltoid Prophalyxis against HBV . Both passive and active immunization are available for HBV infection prophylaxis. . Passive prophylaxis is by hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). . Active immunization is by recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. . These are two recombinant vaccines : Recombivax - HB Engerix - B Vaccine is given intramuscular into the deltoid or in infants into the anterolateral aspect of thigh. Gluteal injection is not recommended as it may result in poor immune response. . Three doses are given at 0, 1 and 6 months. . For pre exposure prophylaxis only hepatitis B vaccine is given. . For post exposure prophylaxis combination of HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine is recommended. For perinatal exposure single dose of HBIG at bih along with complete course of vaccination is recommended. First dose of vaccine should be given within 12 hours after bih.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subcutaneous", "opb": "Intradermal", "opc": "Intramuscular deltoid", "opd": "Intramuscular gluteal", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6eb01dd5-8876-4f51-a566-aa3a5cef98df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Colonies of M. tuberculosis appear in about", "exp": "→ Generation time : 14-15 hours.\n→ Colonies appear in about 2 weeks (may take upto 8 weeks).\n→ Grows luxuriantly in culture (Eugonic) and addition of 0.5% glycerol improves its growth but it has no effect on M.Bovis, which is dysgonic (Grows sparsely).\n→ Solid medium ⇒ Most widely employed for routine culture is Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium without starch.", "cop": 2, "opa": "2 days", "opb": "2-8 weeks", "opc": "3-4 months", "opd": "7 days", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0481b25d-ea5c-4687-b2dc-c7e0e31e3f71", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infection that causes acute febrile illness with jaundice and conjunctivitis is", "exp": "Ref:- Harrisons T.B of internal medicine 19th edition; pg num:- 1143", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leptospirosis", "opb": "Malaria", "opc": "Peussis", "opd": "Typhoid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e01cbf6b-6052-40c2-80a6-0623b1023eea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is commonly caused by", "exp": "A. i.e. (Staph, aureus) (197 - Ananthanaryan 7th)* Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis - causal organism is usually Staph, aureus, less often one of the other Gram positive cocci such as Streptococcus. Pyogenes or S. pneumoniae* Organism usually settles in the metaphysis most often in the proximal tibia or in the distal and proximal ends of the femur1. Staphylococcal toxic syndrome is due to Enterotoxin B & C**2. Pantone Valentine leucocitin is seen in - Staphylococci**3. The antibody marker in serum for Staph.endocarditis is - Antiteichoic acid**", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staph, aureus", "opb": "Strepto. pneumoniae", "opc": "E. coli", "opd": "Pneumococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "4cda6268-6585-4d20-be38-5f92f2b75693", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Burkitt's lymphoma is malignancy of", "exp": "(A) (B-cell) (452-Baveja 4th) (566-Ananthanarayan 9th)Burkitt's lymphoma - a malignant neoplasm of B- lymphocytes (tumour of jaw)* EBV has affinity for lymphoid tissue. The virus especially affects B-lymphocytes. EBV infected B lymphocytes are transformed in such a way that they multiply continuously.B -cells* B. Cells are part Of adaptive immunity *** B. cells constitute 10% to 20% of the circulating peripheral lymphocytes* B. cells originate as well as mature in bone marrow (contrast to T- cells* IgM and IgD present on the surface of all native B. cells* After antigenic stimulation ,B. cells form plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins *** B. cells bind to sheep erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement, forming EAC rosette* T. cells binds to sheep erythrocytes CD2 forming SRBC or E rosette* EB V is a polyclonar activator of B cells leads to the production of antibodied to host cells and viral proteins (AUTOIMMUNITY)During development T cells undergo both positive selection and negative selection, while B cells undergo only negative selectionEBV associated malignancies * Burkitt's lymphoma* Hodgkin's disease (mixed cellularity type)* T. cell lymphoma* Gastic carcinoma* Angiocentric nasal NK/T cell immunoproli ferative lesions* Angio-immuno-blastic lymphadenopathy* Nasopharyngeal carcinoma* T onsillar carcinoma* Thymoma* CNS lymphoma in AIDS and transplant recipientOther associated nonmalignant conditions* Oral hairy leukoplakia in AIDS Patients *** Chromic fatigue syndrome* X - linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (Duncan's syndrome).", "cop": 1, "opa": "B.cells", "opb": "T cells", "opc": "Antigen presenting cells", "opd": "Null cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "4b30fa6e-f6e3-4f3d-8233-06517b1de5be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective medium for meningococcal infection is", "exp": "Selective media for Neisseria meningitis is Thayer - Main media. Contain vancomycin, colistin and nystatin. These antimicrobials will suppress the growth of other organisms which inhibits the growth of Meningococci. Reference: Textbook of microbiology; Anathanarayan & paniker's 10th edition, pg no: 231", "cop": 4, "opa": "DCA", "opb": "Bllood agar", "opc": "LJ medium", "opd": "Thayer - main medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "389e4101-f1ea-4fd2-b6c1-288c76548ad3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shadow casting is done in", "exp": "Shadow casting - specimen is coated with a thin film of platinum or other heavy metals to increase the contrast of Electron microscope.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Light microscopy", "opb": "Electron microscopy", "opc": "Dark field microscopy", "opd": "Atomic force microscopy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b36e62c1-4fa4-426b-a3af-19db21c552c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Incubation period of gas gangrene is", "exp": "The incubation period of gas gangrene may be as sho as seven hours or as long as six weeks after the wound was created, the average being 10-48 hrs with C.perfringens. Clostridium septicum: 2-3 days Clostridium novyi: 5-6 days Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 262", "cop": 1, "opa": "1-3 days", "opb": "4-6 days", "opc": "7-10 days", "opd": "10-15 days", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "8d516d11-e38e-42b0-9d53-264479c0cf63", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "a 70 year old women refused to take influenza vaccine , dveloped flu. death happend 1 week after pneumonia.most common cause of post influenza pneumonia", "exp": "m/c organism in post influenza decondary pneumonia is staph .auerus Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia * S. aureus is an impoant cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia in children and healthy adults after viral respiratory illnesses (e.g., measles in children and influenza in both children and adults). * Staphylococcal pneumonia is associated with a high incidence of complications, such as lung abscess and empyema. * Staphylococcal pneumonia occurring in association with right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis is a serious complication of intravenous drug abuse. ref : ananthanaryana 9th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "staphyloccocus aureus", "opb": "measles", "opc": "legionella", "opd": "cmv", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "01d6849f-e34e-40a1-b7a2-20bacf1a3bb5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hybridoma technique is used to obtain", "exp": "Hybridoma technique is used to produce Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (Nobel prize Gwardee Kohler and Milstein): Hybridoma technique:- Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are defined as the antibodies derived from a single clone of plasma cell; all having the same antigen specificity-- i.e. produced against a single epitope of an antigen. Principle- B cells fused with myeloma cells on HAT media (hypoxanthine aminopterine thymine media) Types of Monoclonal Antibodies: Mouse mAb contains 100% mouse derived proteins. The mouse proteins being foreign; can induce immune response in humans producing human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA); that in turn eliminate the mAb faster from the body. Chimeric mAb is prepared by recombination of 34% mouse proteins (variable region) and 66% human proteins (constant region). Humanized mAb: Here, only the antigen binding site is mouse derived (10%) and the remaining pa of mAb is human derived. Human mAb: 100% of amino acids are human derived. It is the best accepted mAb.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Specific antigen", "opb": "Complement", "opc": "Specific antibody", "opd": "Interleukins", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 2 ( Hybridoma Technology, Complement Pathways, Interferon, Structure and Functions of Immune Cells )", "id": "c157f679-eea2-4664-978a-5217d87afead", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following is the drug of choice for salmonella typhi acute infection", "exp": "At 1st chloramphenicol is DOC Later ciprofloxacin Now resistance developed to both so cephalosporins like cefixime are the DOC Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 230", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chloramphenicol", "opb": "Ciprofloxacin", "opc": "Cefixime", "opd": "Amoxycillin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "04df3217-b8f5-4ca8-b655-8e8f53a685ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infective form of Ascaris is", "exp": "Parasitic Infections Transmitted by OvaEnterobius vermicularis (pinworm)Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans)Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)Echinococcus granulosus/multilocularisTaenia solium (cysticercosis)All others are transmitted in larval stage Ref : Paniker's textbook of Medical Parasitology Pgno : 196-197", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cyst", "opb": "Egg", "opc": "Trophozoite", "opd": "Merozoite", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "3edbb332-42a6-44f1-affd-920902906fdb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pontine valentine toxin produced by Staphylococcus is an example for", "exp": "Pontine valentine toxin of Staphylococcus superantigen which produces lot of stimulation producing massive release of antibodies Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 112", "cop": 2, "opa": "Simple antigen", "opb": "Super antigen", "opc": "Hapten", "opd": "Immunoglobulin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "870ffb7b-f0be-4c79-97e7-c90c97a4f98e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shelf life of CPD blood is", "exp": "CPD - shelf life of blood stored in CPD stored at 2 to 4C is 21 days CPD:Citric acid Phosphate dextrose", "cop": 1, "opa": "3 weeks", "opb": "6 weeks", "opc": "9 weeks", "opd": "12 weeks", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "df89d3c1-21a5-4ddb-9492-afa9d5fc33bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Botulinum toxin acts on", "exp": "It acts by blocking the production and release of acetylcholine at synapses and NMJ. Thus affects the parasympathetic system. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parasympathetic system", "opb": "Sympathetic system", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Sensory nerves", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "0ece7b54-3d6c-4878-b222-d12c0c53d60a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The test having the fastest lab processing time for karyotype assessment is", "exp": "Amniocentesis, cordocentesis, cystic hygroma aspiration, and chorionic villus sampling are techniques for obtaining fetal tissues that are amenable to cytogenetic analysis.Amniotic fluid cells require tissue culture to obtain adequate cell numbers for analysis.Chorionic villi can be harvested directly for extremely rapid diagnosis or can be cultured for higher banding (increased detail).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amniocentesis", "opb": "Cordocentesis", "opc": "Chorionic villus sampling", "opd": "Doppler flow ultrasound", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cd1583a5-a504-4c31-8f1b-d88eb6e5ff1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacterial count in doudenum", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., 105 per gram In GIT of an adult : Duodenum - -4 103 - 106 bacteria per gram. Jejunum and proximal ileum - 10' - 108 bacteria per gram Lower ileum and cecum - 108 - 1010 bacteria per gram Colon and rectum - 10\" - 1012 bacteria per gram Colon and rectum have maximum number of bacteria and most of them (96-99%) are anaerobes : Anaerobic streptococci Clostridia Anaerobic lactobacilli Bacteroides", "cop": 1, "opa": "105 per gram", "opb": "10' per gram", "opc": "1010 per gram", "opd": "10'2 per gram", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c117a60-5101-4f74-b366-0bbe745d03b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A Cerebrospinal fluid of a 2 years old child has been sent to the laboratory to detect the presence of capsulated yeast. The staining technique most commonly employed for the purpose is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "India ink preparation", "opb": "Methenamine silver stain", "opc": "Ziehl-Neelsen stain", "opd": "Fite-faraco stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9abcdbbe-b0da-4099-b140-02616b4476cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causative microorganism of chromoblastomycosis is", "exp": "Chromoblastomycosis or verrucous dermatitis is caused by cladophialophora, phialophora, exophiala, F.pedrosoi, F.compacta. Histoplasma causes histoplasmosis. Sporothrix causes sporotrichosis. Blastomyces causes blastomycosis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cladosporium", "opb": "Blastomyces", "opc": "Sporothrix", "opd": "Histoplasma capsulatum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "f9fee086-7249-4b47-ad35-22453cc89df8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A sporangium contains", "exp": "Sexual spores are of 4 types - oospore, ascospore, zygospore and basidiospore. Ascospore produced by ascomycetes. Asexual spores are of 2 type - vegetative and aerial spores. Vegetative - blastospores, ahrospores and chlamydospores. Aerial - conidiospores, microconidia, macroconidia , sporangiospores. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spherules", "opb": "Sporangiospores", "opc": "Chlamydospores", "opd": "Conidia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "e1afd66a-36c0-4280-8d1d-8db81d033406", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 42 yr old male from srilanka presented with multiple polyps in nose .the causative agent might be", "exp": "Rhinosporidiosis -common in India, Srilanka .pt presents with multiple friable polyps in nose, mouth or eye. It is a chronic granulomatous disease Ref: Baveja 5th ed pg: 552", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histoplasma", "opb": "Rhinospiridium", "opc": "Coccidiodes", "opd": "Mucor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "6b832f26-ba8d-422a-8f34-f6e36704ad4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immunoglobulin crossing placenta is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "IgM", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgG", "opd": "IgD", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a32b6c08-3338-4778-8b6d-90cf150317e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von magnus phenomenon is", "exp": "Commonly hemagglutinin titre α Infectivity but in Von-Magnus phenomenon - High hemagglutinin titre, Low infectivity due to mutation in virulent gone.", "cop": 1, "opa": "High hemagglutinin titre, low infectivity", "opb": "High hemagglutinin titre, high infectivity", "opc": "Low hemagglutinin titre, low infectivity", "opd": "Low hemagglutinin titre, High infectivity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "959c5788-c4c7-4dda-936d-71ba6ddad854", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture media for peussis is", "exp": "Culture media for Bordetella peussis is Bordet Gengou media or Regan Lowe media. Bordet Gengou media- after incubation for 48-72 hours- colonies resemble 'bisected pearls' or 'mercury drops' LJ media For M. tuberculosis Wilson & Blair medium For Salmonella typhi", "cop": 4, "opa": "L J media", "opb": "Chocolate agar", "opc": "Wilson & Blair medium", "opd": "Bordet Gengou medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "71d7c9f4-cdee-49be-9ff3-dde3f35fef8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The fibular collateral ligament is the continuation of", "exp": "Fibular collateral ligament is a degenerated pa of Peroneus Longus muscle.Oblique popliteal ligament is a continuation of semimembranosus muscle. It lies in the floor of the popliteal fossa.The tibial collateral ligament represents the degenerated pa of Adductor Magnus.The sacrotuberous ligament represents the degenerated pa of the long head of biceps femoris.Sacrospinous ligament represents the degenerated pa of Coccygeus muscle.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peroneus longus", "opb": "Biceps femoris", "opc": "Semimembranosus", "opd": "Adductor magnus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ec55586d-80be-4c6d-a2af-3a3ed9843175", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The medium that is most ideal for antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacterial isolates is", "exp": "Nutrient agar is good for antibiotic sensitivity testing Muller Hinton medium for testing aerobes and facultative anaerobes Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 4th ed Pg 628", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blood agar", "opb": "Chocolate agar", "opc": "Nutrient agar", "opd": "MacConkey agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "6b951561-571e-4ff9-8594-f6704d10fbe3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Avian influenza HA viruses bind", "exp": "(D) Alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors# Genetic factors in distinguishing between \"human flu viruses\" and \"avian flu viruses\" include:> PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNAgene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a Lys.> HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA viruses bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors, while human influenza HA viruses bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors. Hemagglutinin is the major antigen of the virus against which neutralizing antibodies are produced, and influenza virus epidemics are associated with changes in its antigenic structure. This was originally derived from pigs, and should technically be referred to as \"pig flu\".", "cop": 4, "opa": "Beta 2-3 sialic acid receptors", "opb": "Alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors", "opc": "Beta 2-6 sialic acid receptors", "opd": "Alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "81cc7301-5e28-4dd8-9623-d833dc8e0793", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Candida is most often implicated in causation of", "exp": "Candida infection causes mucosal lesion like vaginitis and oral thrush. oral thrush found commonly in bottle-fed infants and aged and debilitated. This condition is characterised by creamy white patches appear on the tongue and buccal mucosa following removal, this leaves a red oozing surface. Tinea capitis is caused by dermatophytes. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctivitis", "opb": "Tinea capitis", "opc": "Dese rheumatism", "opd": "Thrush", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "ca81c2fa-765a-4f0e-9bf1-8365dc680fbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Natural killer cells", "exp": "Natural Killer CellsThe function of NK cells is to destroy irreversibly stressed and abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells and tumor cells. NK cells make up approximately 5% to 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. They do not express TCRs or Ig.NK cells are endowed with the ability to kill a variety of virus-infected cells and tumor cells, without prior exposure to or activation by these microbes or tumors.Two cell surface molecules, CD16 and CD56, are commonly used to identify NK cells. CD16 is an Fc receptor for IgG, and it confers on NK cells the ability to lyse IgG-coated target cells. This phenomenon is known as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The function of CD56 isnot known.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 6; Diseases of the Immune System", "cop": 3, "opa": "Belongs to B-cell lineage", "opb": "Belongs to T-cell lineage", "opc": "Display cytotoxic effect on tumor cell", "opd": "Requires previous antigen exposure for activation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "977df036-1eb8-4de2-badd-0a23b59e225b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uterine bleeding at 12 weeks gestation without any cervical dilation is an indication of", "exp": "Bleeding occurs in about 30 to 40%of human gestations before 20 weeks of pregnancy, with about half of these pregnancies ending in spontaneous aboion. A threatened aboion takes place when this uterine bleeding occurs without any cervical dilation or effacement", "cop": 2, "opa": "Incomplete aboion", "opb": "Threatened aboion", "opc": "Missed aboion", "opd": "Inevitable aboion", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6bfda6b0-07eb-45ee-8a55-a403b22184ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Germ tube test is used in the diagnosis of", "exp": "Candida albicans has the ability to form germ tubes within 2hrs when incubated in human serum at 37C. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Cryptococcus", "opc": "Histoplasma", "opd": "Coccidiomycosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "cb7f51e9-3550-4586-b336-738898a0e9af", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain used to detect degenerated fungi in tissues", "exp": "PAS (Periodic acid schiff) & GMS (Gomori methanamine silver) is used to detect degenerated fungi in tissues.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PAS", "opb": "Lactophenol Cotton blue", "opc": "Calcoflour white", "opd": "Alcian blue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee0130d0-f54d-4866-8ae3-5fef4c396b28", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A farmer has an ulcer on a leg with indurated margin and multiple sinuses with discharging black granules. The likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Actinomycotic mycetoma - white to yellow granules and filaments are thin. Mycotic mycetoma - black granules and filaments are stout. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycetoma", "opb": "Scrofuloderma", "opc": "Lupus vulgaris", "opd": "Actinomycosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "30707d4b-fa75-43f4-b22e-183520f038d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Accole forms\" are seen in", "exp": "Ans. a P. falciparum (paniker parasitology 7th ed., p 80) In P. falciparum multiple rings with \"accole\" forms are seen.CharacteristicsP. FalciparumP. VivaxP. OvaleP. MalariaeAsexual parasitesUsually only fine blue ring forms (some resembling stereo headsets) are seen Parasitemia level may exceed 2%.Irregular, large, fairly thick rings become highly pleomorphic as the. parasite grows. Parasitemia level is low.Regular, dense ring enlarges to compact, blue, mature trophozoite (rectangular or band-form). Parasitemia level is low.Dense, thick rings mature to dense, round trophozoites. Parasitemia level is lowSchizontsRare in peripheral blood; 8-32 merozoites, dark brown-black pigmentCommon; 12-18 merozoites, orange-brown pigment8-14 merozoites, brown or black pigment8-10 merozoites, dark brown or black pigmentGametocytesBanana-shaped; male: light blue; female: darker blue; a few scattered blue-black pigment granules in cytoplasmRound or oval; male: round, pale blue; female: oval, dark blue; triangular nucleus, a few orange pigment granulesLarge, round, dense, and blue (like P. malariae), but prominent James's dots; brown pigmentLarge, oval; male: pale blue; female: dense blue; large black pigment granulesRBC changesRBCs are normal in size. As the parasite matures, the RBC cytoplasm becomes pale, the cells become crenated, and a few small red dots may appear over the cytoplasm (Maurer's clefts).RBCs are enlarged. Pale red Schuffner's dots increase in number as the parasite matures.RBCs become oval with tufted ends. Red James's dots are prominent.RBCs are normal in size and shape. No red dots are seen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "P. falciparum", "opb": "P.Vivax", "opc": "P. Ovale", "opd": "P. malariae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "09a98dc3-541e-401f-b761-98e2a390ca67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reynolds Braude phenomenon seen in", "exp": "Germ tube test also called Reynolds Braude Phenomenon, is a specific test for C. Albicans.", "cop": 1, "opa": "C. Albicans", "opb": "C. Kefyr", "opc": "C. Vishwanathii", "opd": "C. Guiller mondii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eaa284a8-73cb-428e-8d9e-a240f2612b10", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CD4 count in normal healthy adult is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "500", "opb": "200", "opc": "1000", "opd": "300", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d928314-8663-49e3-bf50-ab940fba20fc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IgG has subclasses", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a50dfc84-94de-4f6d-a3d3-5e59f1c0f550", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypercalcemia would not be expected to occur as a result of", "exp": "Hypercalcemia often is associated with malignancies and is due either to skeletal metastasis or to a humoral substance secreted by a tumour.Hypercalcemia accompanying sarcoidosis appears to be due to enhanced synthesis of vitamin D.Thiazide diuretics cause hypercalcemia by decreasing the urinary clearance of calcium. Lithium may cause a mild hypercalcemia by elevating plasma parathormone levels.Calcium levels in persons with hypothyroidism are either normal or low as a result of the decreased bone turnover.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lung carcinoma", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Hypothyroidism", "opd": "Administration of thiazide drugs", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ed6fd21b-3a8e-4d10-8d48-49c9fef7d71e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Human is the only reservoir for", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Measles Reservoir of infection may be :? Human reservoir Non - Human reservoir Animal or bird Non - living things (e.g. - soil) Most impoant reservoir or source of infection for human is man itself. However, most of the infections have nonhuman reservoir also. There are some infections, which have only human reservoir, i.e. they do not have non-human reservoir. Such infections are Measles, Typhoid (S. typhi), Syphilis (T pallidum), Gonorrhoea (gonococci), Loose borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrents), cholera (V cholerae).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rabies", "opb": "Tetanus", "opc": "Measles", "opd": "JE virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "83934011-54f8-4033-a0de-71b59d29ab23", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most fungi of medical importance belongs to", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Zygomycetes", "opb": "Ascomycetes", "opc": "Basidiomycetes", "opd": "Deuteromycetes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "53c63493-7e97-419c-9a8a-7ec023dd901b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ritter&;s disease is caused by", "exp": "Exfoliative (Epidermolytic) toxin is responsible for the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. It is an exfoliative skin disease in which the outer layer of the epidermis gets separated from the underlying tissues. The severe form of SSSS syndrome is known as Ritter's disease in the newborn and toxic epidermal necrolysis in older patients. Milder forms are pemphigus neonatorum and bullous impetigo. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacillus anthracis", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Pseudomonas auriginosa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "52803cbb-60fc-4ef7-8b23-ca3e6077fe3c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Influenza is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Orthomyxo virus, which is a DNA virus", "opb": "Paramyxo virus, which is a RNA Virus", "opc": "Paramyxo virus, which is a DNA Virus", "opd": "Orthomyxo virus, which is a RNA virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "741aaed8-9477-4ebf-bdc7-607d11642d8b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Most common organism causing meningitis in a patient with AIDS", "exp": "(C) Cryptococcus neoformans # Cryptococcal meningitis is the most serious type of infection and can resemble tuberculous or other chronic types of meningf.is.> Its onset is insidious and the course slow and progressive.> It is often seen in AIDS.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opd": "Haemophilus influenzae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "3b5cfac1-360e-46cc-b9ce-e14285afaeaa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Germ tube test is done for", "exp": "Germ tube test / Reynold braude phenomenon - specific test for Candida albicans Colonies are mixed with human or sheep serum & incubated for 2 hours . Wet mount preparation is examined under microscope. Germ tubes are formed , describe as long tube like projections extending from yeast cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Candida tropicalis", "opc": "Candida glabrata", "opd": "Candida kefyr", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "71173db0-8a6d-49f4-b544-16ae68b3fa2c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Autoclaving is done in", "exp": "Moist head sterilization - Pasteurization,water bath,inspissation < 100 degree C Boiling,Steaming,Tyndallization = 100 degree C Autoclave >100 degree C Most commonly used sterilization condition for autoclave is 121 degree C for 15 min at pressure of 15 pounds.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dry air at 12oC and 15 psi", "opb": "Steam at 100oC for 30 minutes", "opc": "Steam at 121 oC for 15 minutes", "opd": "Dry air at 160oC for 30 minutes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa-2 and Pa-3 (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)", "id": "72611782-f4f2-48f7-a5d5-df7c37c93bf5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child has a respiratory infection with a membrane over Peritonsillar area. A swab was taken from the local area. The appropriate media for culture is", "exp": "A common cause of respiratory infection with a membrane over the tonsil is Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Media appropriate for culture is Tellurite blood agar: Tellurite inhibits the growth of most other bacteria acting as a selective agent for diphtheria bacilli. Diphtheria bacilli reduce Tellurite to metallic tellurium which is incorporated in the colonies giving them a grey or black color. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 242", "cop": 2, "opa": "LJ media", "opb": "Blood tellurite media", "opc": "Cary media", "opd": "Loeffler serum slope", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f7320603-6f82-4fed-9cdf-2061c2950389", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most of the cases of Listeria are due to serovar", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 4b LISTEROSIS . Mode of transmission; Food borne ---> Most common (most cases are due to serotype 4b) Nosocomial --> In late onset neonatal infection. . Foods implicated in infection include contaminated colesaw, pasteurized milk, soft cheese, pate, ready to eat turkey and pork productes, hot dogs, butter, prepared salads, undercooked chicken.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1", "opb": "4a", "opc": "4b", "opd": "6", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bd36bc24-7a77-42c1-a150-653d4948ded9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of drug resistance is staphylococcus is by", "exp": "Beta-lactamase-mediated: this is mediated through the production of beta-lactamase or penicillinase, which inactivates penicillin by splitting the beta-lactam ring. these are inducible enzymes which are plasmid-mediated.they can be transmitted by transduction or conjugation. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; Tenth Edition; Page No: 202", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transduction", "opb": "Transformation", "opc": "Conjugation", "opd": "Transfection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b7d55aa6-25b0-42a3-9d0f-baa930fd474d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neisseria infection is associated with", "exp": "Meningitis and meningococcemia are caused by Neisseria meningitides Fulminant meningococcemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis is called Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome. Fatal condition - characterized by shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multisystem failure. Meningococcal disease is ored by the deficiency of terminal complement components ( C5 - C9). Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 232", "cop": 2, "opa": "Deficiency of early complements", "opb": "Deficiency of late complements", "opc": "There is no such association", "opd": "Any deficiency can be associated", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f4e97e71-44bf-41cb-bd09-24c99c4726d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maltess cross seen on polarizing microscopy in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cryptococcus neoformans Maltese cross pattern under palarized light is seen in :- Babesia, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus nidulans, starch granules and lipid (cholesterol) droplets. \"Fungal ball due to Aspergillus nidulans have a propensity to produce pale staining thick walled non-ble null cells that show maltese cross bifringence when examined under polarized light\". \"On polarized light the spores in cryptococcus give maltese cross appearance\". - Atals of deep mycosis \"Babesia microti is associated with maltese cross forms and ring forms\". - Barbara J. Bain \"Starch granules and fat (cholesterol) droplets produce maltese cross pattern in polarized light\".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opb": "Penicillium marneffi", "opc": "Penicillium marneffi", "opd": "Candida albicans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee40da12-dc34-42ac-b4ec-f13a401777b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient with a peptic ulcer was admitted to the hospital and a gastric biopsy was performed. The tissue was cultured on chocolate agar incubated in a microaerophilic environment at 37degC for 5 to 7 days. At 5 days of incubation, colonies appeared on the plate and were curved, Gram negative rods, oxidase positive. The most likely identity of this organism is", "exp": "This organism is readily isolated from gastric biopsies but not from stomach contents. It is like Campylobacter species and grows on chocolate agar at 37degC in the same microaerophilic environment suitable for C. jejuni (Campy-Pak or anaerobic jar without the catalyst). H. pylori, however, grows more slowly than C. jejuni, requiring 5 to 7 days incubation. C. jejuni grows optimally at 42degC, not 37degC, as does H. pylori.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Campylobacter jejuni", "opb": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus", "opc": "Haemophilus influenzae", "opd": "Helicobacter pylori", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Haemophilus, Yersinia, Spirochaetes, Ricketssia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Miscellaneous Bacteria)", "id": "bbdd80b6-d9db-484a-b348-612f8131340e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stauffer syndrome is related to", "exp": "Nonmetastatic nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction syndrome (Stauffer&;s syndrome) is a unique paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma that is usually manifested as anicteric cholestasis.It is characterized by elevated alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a-2-globulin, and g-glutamyl transferase, thrombocytosis, prolongation of prothrombin time, and hepatosplenomegaly, in the absence of hepatic metastasis and jaundice.Renal Cell Carcinoma :Also known as Hypernephroma/Grawitz tumourRisk factors :Cigarette smoking (strongest association)Tuberous sclerosisVon Hippel Lindau syndromeAdult polycystic kidney diseaseAcquired cystic disease of kidney associated with end-stage renal disease", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "opb": "Carcinoma colon", "opc": "Carcinoma breast", "opd": "Renal cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "545256a4-8d6f-4530-a6b8-350926be26b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Floppy baby syndrome is caused by", "exp": "Infant botulism: This is a toxico-infection.Cl.botulinum spores are ingested in food, get established in the gut and there produce the toxin. Cases occur in infants below six months. Manifestations are constipation, poor feeding, lethargy, weakness, weak or altered cry, floppiness and loss of head control.Honey has been incriminated as a likely food item through which bacillus enters the gut.Ref: Ananthanarayan; 7th edition; Page no: 264", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "opc": "Clostridium botulinum", "opd": "Bacillus cereus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "09357b85-2e1c-4268-a787-21c7c32dae80", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for the annular pancreas is", "exp": "Annular pancreas is the most common congenital malformation of the pancreas in association with duodenal atresia.Two types of the annular pancreas are recognized. (1) Extramural - causing high gastrointestinal (duodenal) obstruction; vomiting is the most common presenting symptom (2) Intramural - producing duodenal ulcerationAssociated with polyhydramnios, Down syndrome.ERCP is the most impoant procedure to find the characteristic features and establish the therapeutic strategy in cases of annular pancreas. Division of annular pancreas is not recommended because of the risk of damage to the major duct.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gastro jejunostomy", "opb": "Pancreatectomy", "opc": "Whipple's procedure", "opd": "Duodeno duodenostomy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "49f9cff4-111e-448f-9f36-ea0d7cbcc4c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reverse transcriptase of HBV is coded on", "exp": "P is the large gene having 3 enzymatic activities\n\nDNA polymerase activity\nReverse transcriptase activity\nRNase H activity.", "cop": 4, "opa": "s gene", "opb": "x gene", "opc": "c gene", "opd": "p gene", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea7fc4c9-1d63-48ef-bde7-2b0baec46f4d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Norwalk virus is a", "exp": "Viral gastroenteritis:FamilyVirusViral genomeReoviridaeRotavirusdsRNACalciviridaeNorovirus/Norwalk virusSapovirusss(+)RNAAdenoviridaeAdenovirusdsDNAAstroviridaeAstrovirusss(+)RNACoronaviridaeCoronavirusTorovirusss(+)RNAPicornaviridaeAichi virusss(+)RNAPicobirnaviridaePicobirnavirusdsRNAParvoviridaeBocavirusssDNAParamyxoviridaeHendra virusNipah v irusSs(-)RNA(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, 562)", "cop": 2, "opa": "DNA virus", "opb": "RNA virus", "opc": "Prion", "opd": "Bacteriophage induced virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "d5e69f91-2b40-4a39-bbe7-d2f309a00766", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cyst and trophozite in stool", "exp": "Toxoplasma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mycoplasma", "opb": "Toxoplasma", "opc": "Leptospira", "opd": "Treponema", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa2e8090-513f-4dd5-a646-f82a60a8d253", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blood agar is an example of", "exp": "Enriched media: In these media, substances such as blood, serum, or egg are added to a basal medium. They are used to grow bacteria which are more exacting in their nutritional needs. Examples: Blood agar; Chocolate agar and egg media. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 40", "cop": 4, "opa": "Simple media", "opb": "Selective media", "opc": "Synthetic media", "opd": "Enriched media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "45e2b26c-f5ea-4996-8baf-bc0762d2c57f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macrophages are major source of", "exp": "Macrophages are major source of IL - 1, IL - 8, IL - 12.", "cop": 1, "opa": "IL - 1", "opb": "IL - 2", "opc": "IL - 3", "opd": "IL - 4", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c897dca7-a096-4849-84de-00c979075215", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The reaction between antibody and solouble antigen is demonstrated by", "exp": "When a soluble antigen reacts with its antibody in the presence of electrolytes (NaCl) at an optimal temperature and pH, the antigen-antibody complex forms an insoluble precipitate and it is called precipitation. \nThe precipitate usually sediments at the bottom of the tube. \nPrecipitation may occur in liquid media or in gels such as agar, agarose or polyacrylamide\n\nRef : textbook of microbiology, C P Baveja 5th edition pg no:106", "cop": 2, "opa": "Agglutination reaction", "opb": "Precipitation", "opc": "Complement fixation reaction", "opd": "Hemagglutination test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ea484b9-a040-4522-9073-2ecd099798b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rapid examination of tubercle bacilli is possible with", "exp": "Auramine rhodamine: When several smears are to be examined daily, it is more convenient to use fluorescent microscopy. Smears are stained with auramine phenol or auramine rhodamine fluorescent dyes and examined under ultraviolet illumination or where the source is LED. Bacilli appear as bright rods against the dark background. Because of the contrast, the bacilli can be seen even under the high dry objective, enabling large areas of the smear to be screened rapidly. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:358", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ziehl-Neelson stain", "opb": "Kin young stain", "opc": "Auramine-Rhodamine stain", "opd": "Giemsa stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d582b916-6849-4c5e-8526-8617f9cf693c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nocardia can be differentiated from other Actinomyces by", "exp": "Actinomyces - on ZN staining- central pa as non-acid fast surrounded by acid-fast clubs( antigen-antibody complex ). Nocardia- on ZN staining - acid-fast. Nocardia species are aerobic. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 398", "cop": 1, "opa": "ZN staining", "opb": "Fontana stain", "opc": "Gram staining", "opd": "Oxygen requirement", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "92586035-909d-4617-b8cc-ab52b5955168", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rapid evaluation of fungal hyphae/spores can be\nachieved with", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Grocott Gomori Methenamine silver", "opb": "Hematoxylin and Eosin", "opc": "KOH wet mount", "opd": "Periodic Acid Schiff", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f0f5f05-7df4-4b32-8be5-753fe66d343c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for carriers of diphtheria is", "exp": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae is sensitive to Penicillin and can be cleared from the throat within a few days by Penicillin treatment. Erythromycin is more active than Penicillin in the treatment of carriers. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 245", "cop": 4, "opa": "Penicillin G", "opb": "Septran", "opc": "Tetracycline", "opd": "Erythromycin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c9e41d2a-e868-4a20-9736-db63ac7ac171", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cowdry type A inclusion bodies are characteristic of", "exp": "Cytology and Histology: In some instances, viruses produce specific cytologic changes in infected host tissues that aid in diagnosis. Examples include specific intranuclear inclusions seen in neuronal infections due to herpes simplex (Cowdry type A-bodies) and due to intracytoplasmic inclusions in rabies (Negri bodies), and cell fusion, which results in multinucleated epithelial giant cells (eg, measles and varicella zoster).Ref: Sherris microbiology; 6th edition; Page no: 69", "cop": 2, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "HSV", "opc": "VZV", "opd": "HHV-6", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "879c3ec8-5b73-46f9-a2a0-9cd9e0beb6df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common organism responsible for gas gangrene is", "exp": "C.perfringens is the predominant agent causing gas gangrene. It may occur as the sole causative agent but is more commonly seen in association with other clostridia as well as non-clostridial anaerobes. More commonly all clostridial infections do not result in gas gangrene. More commonly, they lead only to wound contamination or anaerobic cellulitis. It is the only when muscle tissue is invaded that gas gangrene results. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 259", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clostridium perfringens", "opb": "Clostridium difficile", "opc": "Clostridium tetani", "opd": "Clostridium septicum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "08f42c47-5fbc-4412-a577-c1f1b181c527", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Organism implicated in Cellulitis following animal bites is", "exp": "Pasteurella multocidaDistinguishing Features: small gram-negative rods; facultative anaerobic rodsReservoir: mouths of many animals, especially cats and dogsTransmission: animal bites; paicularly from cat bitesPathogenesis: endotoxin, capsule; spreads rapidly within the skin, no exotoxins knownDisease: cellulitis with lymphadenitis (rapidly spreading wound infections, frequently polymicrobial infections)Diagnosis: rarely cultured because routine prophylaxis is commonTreatment: amoxicillin/clavulanate for cat bites; resistant to macrolidesPrevention: amoxicillin/clavulanate is standard prophylaxis and treatment for most bites (including human), along with a thorough cleaningOther organisms associated with animal bites:Eikenella corrodens: human bites or fist fight injuriesCapnocytophaga canimorsus: dog bite woundsBaonella henselae: Cats and dogs/ bites, scratches, fleasRef: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 278", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staph.aureus", "opb": "Pseudomaonas", "opc": "Pasteurella", "opd": "Klebsiella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d00c9f97-455e-482f-9d40-bf74ab15c276", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Soluble components of complement system account for about", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "1-2 mg/ml of total serum protein", "opb": "3-4 mg/ml of total serum protein", "opc": "5-7 mg/ml of total serum protein", "opd": "7-8 mg/ml of total serum protein", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af8d0ee8-be1a-4a0c-b7e9-78ee8fd0655c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diphtheria toxin acts by", "exp": "The diphtheria toxin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis. Specifically, a fragment B heparin binding and fragment A inhibits polypeptide chain elongation in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by inactivating the elongation factor EF-2. It has a special affinity for ceain tissues such as the myocardium, adrenals and nerve endings. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 240", "cop": 4, "opa": "Inhibiting acetyl choline release", "opb": "Inhibiting glucose transpo", "opc": "Inhibiting levels of cyclic AMP", "opd": "Inhibiting protein synthesis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e18fa277-049d-4e84-b4b2-1d50827981f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child presents with a white patch over the tonsils, diagnosis is best made by culture in", "exp": "White patch over the tonsil is suggestive of infection with cCorynebacteriumdiphtheriae. It can be confirmed by culture in Tellurite blood agar. Tellurite inhibits the growth of most other bacteria acting as a selective agent for diphtheria bacilli. Diphtheria bacilli reduce Tellurite to metallic tellurium which incorporates into colonies giving them a grey or black color. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 242", "cop": 4, "opa": "Loeffler medium", "opb": "LJ medium", "opc": "Blood agar", "opd": "Tellurite medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d8427815-4ccd-401e-87c6-50475c1c06d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tetanus is caused by", "exp": "Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. It produces two toxins: tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. Tetanospasmin is responsible for tetanus. Tetanus is characterized by tonic muscular spasms usually commencing at the site of infection later become generalized, involving the whole of the somatic muscular system. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 265", "cop": 2, "opa": "Clostridium perfringens", "opb": "Clostridium tetani", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Bacillus cereus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7bd6f3e0-1248-4c1c-a183-e6bdb522f23b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The operating temperature in an ethylene oxide sterilization during warm cycle is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "20-35 degree c", "opb": "49-63 degree c", "opc": "68-88 degree c", "opd": "92-110 degree c", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f30f742d-a08c-476b-91ba-cd8f341d473c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Poiseuille's Hagen law is", "exp": "Poiseuille-Hagen FormulaThe relation between the flow in a long narrow tube, the viscosity of the fluid, and the radius of the tube is expressed mathematically in the Poiseuille-Hagen formula:F = (PA-PB) X (dj/8) X (1/dj) X (r4/L)whereF = FlowPA-PB = Pressure difference between the two ends of the tubedj = Viscosityr = Radius of tubeL = Length of tube", "cop": 1, "opa": "F = (PA-PB) X 3.14 X r^4/8nl", "opb": "F = (PA+PB) X 3.14 X r^4/8nl", "opc": "F = (PA/PB) X 3.14 X r^4/8nl", "opd": "F = (PA X PB) X 3.14 X r^4/8nl", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a3ae322c-bbce-4d89-baf8-e53ef429a1c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ehrlich phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "The difference between the amount of diphtheria toxin that will exactly neutralize one unit of antitoxin and that which, added to one unit of antitoxin, will leave one lethal dose free is greater than one lethal dose of toxin; i.e., it is necessary to add more than one lethal dose of toxin to a neutral mixture of toxin and antitoxin to make the mixture lethal (the basis of the L+ dose). Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 9th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myobacterium Tuberculosis", "opb": "Proteus", "opc": "Staphylococcus", "opd": "Corynebacterium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e866d20f-64b7-46ac-b3af-8a60a0afa66d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is caused by", "exp": "(D) Papova virus # Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a viral encephalitis caused by a polyomavirus (Papova virus or JC virus, totally unrelated to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) because the virus preferentially infects oligodendrocytes, demyelination is its principal pathologic effect.> Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), also known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, is a rare and usually fatal viral disease that is characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) or inflammation (-His) of the white matter (leuko-) of the brain (-encephalo-) at multiple locations (multifocal).> It occurs almost exclusively in people with severe immune deficiency, e.g. transplant patients on immunosuppressive medications, or AIDS patients.> The cause of PML is a type of polyomavirus called the JC virus (JCV).", "cop": 4, "opa": "HIV", "opb": "Measles", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Papova virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "c6d170cb-d5de-4982-8d61-72ddcc8fae70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest cause of nosocomial infection is", "exp": "According to the CDC, the most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli. Some of the common nosocomial infections are urinary tract infections, respiratory pneumonia, surgical site wound infections, bacteremia, gastrointestinal and skin infections. Ref: Ananthanarayana & panikers 10th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pseudomonas", "opb": "Staphylococci", "opc": "Klebsiella", "opd": "Enterobacteriaceae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "40d57a69-b330-4fe5-af31-d7c5990d208e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Figure of 8 appearance is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Paracoccidiomycosis", "opb": "Coccidiomycosis", "opc": "Blastomycosis", "opd": "Sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "920cbe2f-3212-444d-b068-7ffd8433cac7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common complication of mumps is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Orchitis and oophritis(Ref: Harrison, 18th/e, 1609; 19th/e, p. 1298)* Epididymoorchitis is the most common manifestation of mumps among postpubertal males (15-30%).* Aseptic meningitis (<10%), which may develop before, during, after, or in the absence of parotitis.* Oophritis (5%) and Pancreatitis (4%).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Orchitis and oophritis", "opb": "Encephalitis", "opc": "Pneumonia", "opd": "Myocarditis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "7d00fa9f-c490-473d-ac49-d155f677134e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain for treponema", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Fontanas method", "opb": "Acid fast", "opc": "Methenamine silver", "opd": "PAS", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa25a8f5-5729-4bb7-a58d-1ad794d5fef0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presented with fever, cervical lymphadenopathy and night sweats four weeks after unprotected sexual contact. Next investigation", "exp": "Ref: PubMed* This is a possible suspicion of HIV infection.* p24 antigen is a viral protein that makes up most of the viral core.* Serum concentrations of p24 antigen are high in the first few weeks after infection; tests sensitive to p24 antigen are therefore useful for diagnosing very early infection when antibody levels are still low.", "cop": 1, "opa": "p24", "opb": "ELISA", "opc": "CD4", "opd": "HIV PCR", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "2bd0e778-c09a-4b3e-8dce-c59e8937953b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An idiotype is characterized by", "exp": "Idiotypes are antigenic determinants that appear only on the Fab fragments of antibodies and appear to be localized at the ligand-binding site; thus, anti-idiotype antisera may block reactions with the appropriate hapten. The carbohydrate side chains of immunoglobulins are relatively nonimmunogenic. New determinants may be exposed after papain cleavage of immunoglobulins, but these determinants are not included in the classification of the native molecule. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Determinant exposed after papain cleavage to an F(ab')2 fragment", "opb": "Determinant from one clone of cells and probably located close to the antigenbinding site of the immunoglobulin", "opc": "Determinant inherited in a Mendelian fashion and recognized by crossimmunization of individuals in a species", "opd": "Heavy-chain determinant recognized by heterologous antisera", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "4396b973-fa23-4c9b-bf13-219fd62a2a16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In a population of 5000, on 1st January, total cases of myopia were 500. Till 31st December, 90 new cases were found. Calculate the incidence of myopia per 100", "exp": "Incidence = Number of new cases of a specified disease during a given time period x 100 Population at risk during that periodPopulation at risk = 5000-500= 4500Incidence of myopia during the year in the population would be - 90 x 100 = 2 per 100 4500", "cop": 2, "opa": "1.8", "opb": "2", "opc": "5", "opd": "18", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "54e52da6-8275-43c1-9572-61fe9297ea0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment for streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis is", "exp": "Streptococcal subcutaneous infections range from cellulitis to necrotizing fasciitis. Necrotizing fasciitis is more commonly caused by mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections, but some strains(M types 1 and 3 forming pyrogenic exotoxin A) may alone be responsible. These strains have earned the name \"flesh-eating bacteria\". Though the isolates are penicillin sensitive in vitro, treatment with penicillin may not be effective. Vancomycin is the drug of choice in life-threatening infections. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 214", "cop": 1, "opa": "Surgical debridement", "opb": "Penicillin", "opc": "Clindamycin", "opd": "Metronidazole", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "2e3f97b5-660a-45a7-9e8a-cde33057160b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indicator for the outbreak of Plague epidemic is", "exp": "Cheopis index: It is an average no of X.cheopis per rat. It is a specific flea index. If this index is more than 1, it is regarded as indicative of potential explosiveness of the situation, should a plague outbreak occur", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rat burrow index", "opb": "Total flea", "opc": "Specific flea index", "opd": "Cheopis index", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3b6e459a-b174-4efc-ba9c-bf7ed6ee17aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Central macular fixation develops at", "exp": "The critical period of developed of fixation reflex is 5-6 months of age.This is the reason why unilateral cataracts in children should be operated early.Remember - Binocular vision develops at 5-6 years.", "cop": 4, "opa": "3 weeks", "opb": "6 weeks", "opc": "3 months", "opd": "6 months", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0de79a99-7a64-44fc-98cc-ca69436cbddc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common organism among the following that causes acute meningitis in an AIDS patient is", "exp": "Cryptococcosis occurs worldwide since the fungus is soil saprophyte and is the commonest systemic mycosis in India. Cryptococcal meningitis is the most serious type of cryptococcal infection seen in AIDS patients compared to others. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opb": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "opc": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opd": "Listeria monocytogenes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "17ae23cb-0b32-4db3-8f97-68780214e2ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sterilization of media containing serum is by", "exp": "Autoclave is used for sterlizing : surgical instruments culture media Plastic containers /Pipettes/Tubes . Gloves,aprons, dressing suture material except catgut Membrane/Micropore filter Membrane filters remove microorganisms by screening them out as they have less pore size than bacteria Made up with cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate etc. Serum , Trypsin, growth factors, proteins, amino acids, vitamins and hormones are thermolabile and may decompose during autoclaving, so must be sterilized by Membrane filters. Ionising radiations: 1. Examples include, X-rays, gamma rays (from Cobalt 60 source), and cosmic rays. 2. Mechanism: It causes breakage of DNA without temperature rise (hence called as cold sterilization). It is used for: Disposable plastics, e.g. rubber or plastic syringes, infusion sets and catheters. Catgut sutures, bone and tissue grafts and adhesive dressings, antibiotics and hormones. Centrifugation is not a method of sterilization.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autoclaving", "opb": "Micropore filter", "opc": "Gamma radiation", "opd": "Centrifugation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa-2 and Pa-3 (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)", "id": "d0a25da9-4349-44dc-9a1d-2adfe7172905", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The predominant isoenzyme of LDH in the cardiac muscle is", "exp": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tetrameric enzyme consisting of two monomer types: H (for hea) and M (for muscle) that combine to yield five LDH isozymes: HHHH (I1), HHHM (I2), HHMM (I3), HMMM (I4), and MMMM (I5).Isozyme I1 predominates in hea tissue and isozyme I5 in the liver. Thus, when LDH levels rise in blood plasma, the identity of the injured tissue can be inferred from its characteristic pattern of LDH isozymes.In normal plasma LDH-2 is more in concentration than LDH - 1.In myocardial infarction level of LDH - 1 increases and this leads to the altered ratio of LDH.It means LDH - 1 > LDH - 2.This altered ratio of the LDH is known as a flipped pattern.Ref: Harper; 30th edition; Page no 69", "cop": 1, "opa": "LDH - 1", "opb": "LDH - 2", "opc": "LDH - 3", "opd": "LDH - 5", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "24cfcec2-53c9-458a-ab12-dbcaa813212e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Speed of rabies virus progress in axon is", "exp": "Speed of rabies virus progress in axon is 250 mm/day.", "cop": 4, "opa": "100 mm/day", "opb": "150 mm/day", "opc": "200 mm/day", "opd": "250 mm/day", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cee122fe-00ea-44b4-827a-1c853428e7c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PML is caused by", "exp": "(B) Papova virus # Human papova virus has been isolated from a number of patients with impaired immunity> J.C. virus one type of papova virus which is isolated from patient with : HIV Hodgkin lymphoma Progressive Multi focal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and usually fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage or inflammation of the white matter of the brain at multiple locations. It is caused by the JC virus, which is normally present and kept under control by the immune system. JC virus is harmless except in cases of weakened immune systems. PML occurs almost exclusively in patients with severe immune deficiency, most commonly among patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but people on chronic immunosuppressive medications including chemotherapy are also at increased risk of PML, such as patients with transplants, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "Papova virus", "opc": "HIV", "opd": "Polio virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "602b24db-0847-42ab-b90a-5ce5f94b3334", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common fungal infection in febrile neutropenia", "exp": "Most common fungal infection in Febrile Neutropenia / Immunocompromised state is Candidiasis Most likely the infection is caused by candida albicans which is the most pathogenic strain of candida", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aspergillus Niger", "opb": "Candida albicans", "opc": "Aspergillus fumigatus", "opd": "Mucormycosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "a7f1652e-0a0a-4b64-babe-7d98ba2a2314", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This is caused by", "exp": "This is a picture of Cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore), the most common form of leishmaniasisThree distinct patterns of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis have been recognized.1) The anthroponotic urban type causing painless dry ulcerating lesions, leading to disfiguring scars, caused by the species L. tropica. It begins as a raised papule, which grows into a nodule that ulcerates over some weeks.2) The zoonotic rural type causing moist ulcers which are inflamed, often multiple, caused by L. major.3)The non-ulcerative and often diffuse lesions caused by L. aethiopica and seen in the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya are known as diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis.Panicker parasitology pg: 60", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leishmania", "opb": "Trypanosoma", "opc": "Treponema", "opd": "Toxoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "6351ad54-f6ba-43d1-8140-4a12aede1768", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Colpitis macularis is seen in", "exp": "Colpitis macularis / Strawberry vagina seen in 2 % cases in Trichomons vaginalis infection.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trichomonas Vaginalis", "opb": "Bacterial Vaginosis", "opc": "Candida albicans", "opd": "Cryptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f32bb468-d6c7-47a5-b6e1-411c1f38ea24", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causative organism of HUS is", "exp": "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) often occurs after a gastrointestinal infection with E coli bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7). However, the condition has also been linked to other gastrointestinal infections, including shigella and salmonella.Shigella spp:General characteristicsCultural characteristics*Gram negative bacilli*Non motile, non-capsulated *Selective media - DCA agar, XLD agar, SS agar*Enrichment broth - Gram-negative broth, Selenite F broth, Tetrathionate brothBiochemical reactionsVirulence factors *Ferment mannitol except for S.dysenteriae*Catalase positivity except S.dysenteriae type 1*Lactose non-fermenters except S.sonnei (Late lactose fermenter)*Invasiveness of Shigella - Virulence marker antigen*Endotoxin - LPS*Heat labile exotoxin (Shiga toxin) - Chromosome coded toxin produces neurotoxicity on blood vessel on CNS Clinical features*Infective dose - 10-100 organisms *Gay bowel syndrome*S.flexneri(50-85%)>S.dysenteriae(8-25%)>S.sonnei(2-24%)>S.boydi(0-8%)*Reactive ahritis (S.flexneri), toxic neuritis*Intussusceptions, HUS*Toxic dilatation, Colonic perforation *Reiter's syndrome *Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura DiagnosisTreatment*Specimen - Mucus flakes of stool*Stool culture diagnostic on XLD agar*Sereny test*Mild to moderate dehydration - ORS*Severe cases - Ampicillin or Cotrimoxazole*DOC for MDR pathogen - Nalidixic acid Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, 279 & 287", "cop": 2, "opa": "ETEC", "opb": "Shigella dysenteriae", "opc": "Salmonella", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "5edc7327-be20-4f48-94f5-f6c164efb490", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Longest pathogenic Bacillus species is", "exp": "Longest pathogenic Bacillus species is Bacillus anthracis (1.2 mm width and 3-5mm long). B. anthracis causes anthrax Largest known Bacillus species is B. megaterium, (1.5 mm width and 4 mm long).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacillus subtilis", "opb": "Bacillus cereus", "opc": "Bacillus anthracis", "opd": "Bacillus megaterium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "d4443487-204f-4c90-b619-10ef8c918a67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Symptoms of C. botulinum food poisoning include double vision, inability to speak, and respiratory paralysis. These symptoms are consistent with", "exp": "Clostridium botulinum growing in food produces a potent neurotoxin that causes diplopia, dysphagia, respiratory paralysis, and speech difficulties when ingested by humans. The toxin is thought to act by blocking the action of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. Botulism is associated with high mortality; fortunately, C. botulinum infection in humans is rare.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Invasion of the gut epithelium by C. botulinum", "opb": "Secretion of an enterotoxin", "opc": "Endotoxin shock", "opd": "Ingestion of a neurotoxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "abc3f2f6-80a5-44ef-86e3-c0697dc899fd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The single most common cause of Neonatal meningitis is", "exp": "(A) Group B streptococcus # Group-B streptococcus has assumed great clinical importance as the single most common cause of neonatal meningitis in the West.> Infection in the new born is classified as the early onset type occurring within a week of birth & the late onset type developing between the 2nd and 12th weeks of life.> More common early onset type presents as septicemia meningitis or pneumonia, and is often fatal> Infection is acquired from the maternal vagina during birth> In the late onset type, infection is more often obtained from the environment.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Group B streptococcus", "opb": "Haemophilus", "opc": "Meningococcus", "opd": "Mycobacterium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "8fa176f7-f3ce-4f6f-b929-b7f58f6f2c3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arthus reaction is an example of", "exp": "Examples of Type - 3 HSN\n\nArthus reaction\nSerum sickness\nGlomerulonephritis\nRheumatoid arthritis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Type 1 HSN", "opb": "Type 2 HSN", "opc": "Type 3 HSN", "opd": "Type 4 HSN", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e0c44414-0b25-45e0-97ad-a836161babb5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In malaria definitive host is", "exp": "Definitive host: Female Anopheles mosquitoes (not male anopheles) Intermediate host: Man. Infective form to man: Sporozoites presesnt in the salivary gland of mosquito Infective form to man when transmitted by blood transfusion or veical modetrophozoite Infective form to mosquito- Gametocyte Sand fly-cause leshmaniasis TSE TSE fly-cause sleeping sickness", "cop": 4, "opa": "Male anopheles mosquito", "opb": "Sand fly", "opc": "TSE TSE fly", "opd": "Female anopheles mosquito", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology Pa 1 (Protozoology)", "id": "3edbf56b-3968-459c-8779-0f9e7988f7d5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gonococcus ferments", "exp": "Gonococci resembles meningococci except that gonococci acidify only glucose, not maltose, but meningococci acidify both glucose and maltose. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 234", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Maltose", "opc": "Sucrose", "opd": "Fructose", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "93bb3a66-5d95-4f39-aabc-82fb4d779653", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for UTI caused by pseudomonas is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Amoxicillin", "opb": "Amoxiclav", "opc": "Ciprofloxacin", "opd": "Cefixime", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9228bc1-7a98-4b8e-994e-d12e84dbf53d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The single most important laboratory test for determining the virulence of staphylococci is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Mannitol fermentation", "opb": "Hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes", "opc": "Detection of coagulase", "opd": "The catalase test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "670487da-4877-4886-991b-b0788e831367", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cysticercus cellulosae seen in", "exp": "Cysticercus cellulosae is the larval form of taenia solium.(infective stage) Humans are infected by consuming inadequately cooked pork containing cysticercus cellulosae When taenia leads to cysticercosis the life cycle is.... Definitive host and intermediate host: man Infective stage : eggs of taenia solium Mode of infection: Man acquires infection by ingesting eggs Ref : panikers textbook of Medical parasitology 8th edition page 126", "cop": 2, "opa": "T saginata", "opb": "T solium", "opc": "D latum", "opd": "S haematobium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "23981ead-ac37-4877-94ef-1c6c4d9613ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Doc for Listeria Monocytogenes is", "exp": "Doc - Ampicillin\nCotrimoxazole in case of penicillin allergy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amoxycillin", "opb": "Ampicillin", "opc": "Amikacin", "opd": "Ceftriaxone", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "54e23f13-056f-418d-96c5-48de46d763e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Serotype of Adeno virus causing gastroenteritis is", "exp": "Ans: a) 40.41 Ref: Text book of Microbiology Anantha narayanan 8th editionAdeno vimsNonenveloped ds DNA virusMostly in childrenPotential vactors in gene therapySpace vehicle shapedDiseasesRespiratory tract & eyes - most commonBladder & intestine - occasionallyDiseasesSerotypesPharyngitisTypes 1-7PneumoniaTypes 3 & 7Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (shipyard eye)type 819 & 37 (rarely)a/c follicular conj (swimming pool)3, 4 & 11Diarrfiea40.41a/c hgic cystitis11 & 21Phayngo conjunctival fever3, 7 &14", "cop": 1, "opa": "40, 41", "opb": "1,2, 3, 4", "opc": "20, 21", "opd": "11, 21", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "8cda8b3b-0d1d-44fa-b82e-2a4bac9e6ab6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Berson and yellow 1st described the following test", "exp": "Berson and Yalow discovered RIA in 1959 by which we can quantify antigens or hormones upto picograms-v sensitive than ELISA RIA /ELISA-indirect immunofluorescence tests Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 115", "cop": 1, "opa": "RIA", "opb": "ELISA", "opc": "Immuno chromatography", "opd": "Chemiluminescence assay", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "7055e62b-fc08-48ee-8522-348275eadf0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Food poisoning is seen with", "exp": "Enterotoxin is responsible for the manifestations of staphylococcal food poisoning - nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 2-6 hour after consuming food contaminated by the preformed toxin. The toxin is a relatively heated stable, resisting 100deg C for 10 to 40 minutes depending on the concentration of toxin and nature of the medium. Ref: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology, 9th edition; pg no: 202", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staph aureus", "opb": "Staph. epidermidis", "opc": "Strep. pyogenes", "opd": "Staph saprophyticus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "69915f28-e5e6-4485-b58a-5df9b10ef866", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infective form in transfusion related malaria is", "exp": "Infective form for transfusion related malaria is Trophozoites > merozoites.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trophozoites", "opb": "Sporozoites", "opc": "Hypnozoites", "opd": "Gametocytes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d76767bd-5265-4780-a428-1f5c7680ae76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ectothrix is due to", "exp": "EctothrixEndothrix*Trichophyton mentagrophytes*Microsporum canis*Microsporum gypseum*Microsporum audouinii*Trichophyton verrucosum*Trichophyton rubrum*Trichophyton schenleinii*Trichophyton tonsurans*Trichophyton violaceum*Trichophyton soudanese(Jagdish Chander- Text book of Medical Mycology 3rd edition, p127)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trichophyton tonsurans", "opb": "Microsporum audounii", "opc": "Trichophyton schoenleinii", "opd": "Trichophyton violaceum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "1d0c7b8b-8a6f-4547-80d6-575d6004b772", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The animal used for monoclonal antibodies production is", "exp": "Monoclonal antibodies are produced from mouse or from human using hybridoma technology eg: reslizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 138", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mouse", "opb": "Rabbit", "opc": "Guinea pig", "opd": "Monkey", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "05d6735a-d7ac-4925-a353-ca84b783b667", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary site of infection in Cryptococcosis is", "exp": "Infection is acquired by inhalation causing pulmonary cryptococcosis leading to mild pneumonitis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adrenal glands", "opb": "Bone", "opc": "Central nervous system", "opd": "Lungs", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "eaf8f27b-ceed-42e6-af6f-5a9a9782c082", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prions are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Made up of bacterial and viral particles", "opb": "Immunogenic", "opc": "infectious", "opd": "RNA particles", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "90e03a0b-d76f-47db-876d-deb8b13fbade", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cigar shaped yeast cells are seen with", "exp": "- Cigar shaped yeast cells are seen in sporothrix schenkii on H and E staining of tissue sections at 37 degree C - it is yeast at 25 degree C - it is mould - Flower like sporulation appearance is seen in mould form of the sporothrix. H. capsulatum - histopath. show tiny oval yeast cell with narrow based budding C. neoformans - on microscopy gram staining, budding yeast is seen C. albicans - gram positive oval budding yeast cell with pseudohyphae", "cop": 2, "opa": "C. albicans", "opb": "S. schenkii", "opc": "H. capsulatum", "opd": "C. neoformans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "ad30e307-908a-49a7-ada5-d3544239c16e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of common cold is", "exp": "M/c cause of common cold is Rhino virus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Corona virus", "opb": "Echo virus", "opc": "Rhino virus", "opd": "Arbo  virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb0068b1-95a7-4a0f-b6cb-fee71d7be52c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The type of Diphtheria with highest moality is", "exp": "Laryngeal diphtheria causes asphyxia due to mechanical obstruction of the respiratory passage by the pseudomembrane. Emergency tracheostomy may be necessary in such cases. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 240", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pharyngeal", "opb": "Nasal", "opc": "Laryngeal", "opd": "Conjuctival", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3f8b4d97-e10e-4aad-bdfa-1555d5420481", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trusell and Johnson's medium is used for the cultivation of", "exp": "Trussell and Johnson's medium is used for trichomonas which gives good growth containing peptone, sodium chloride, sod.thioglycate, normal human serum Ref: D.R. Arora.Medical parasitology 4th ed pg 46", "cop": 3, "opa": "Giardia", "opb": "Leishmania", "opc": "Trichomonas", "opd": "Chilomastix", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "9cd1a8f6-ff8a-41b7-8fe3-fdb4609368aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Woolsoer&;s disease is", "exp": "Pulmonary anthrax : Common among workers of the wool factory due to inhalation of spores from infected wool. Hemorrhagic pneumonia with a high fatality rate. Hemorrhagic meningitis may occur as a complication. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 250", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumonic form of anthrax", "opb": "Pneumonic plague", "opc": "Hydatid disease of the lung", "opd": "Caused by psittacosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "771b9340-292d-4103-9b46-63b4069eb1a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IgE is secreted by", "exp": "All the antibodies are secreted by plasma cells.IgE is also secreted by plasma cells Mast cellsexpress a high-affinity receptor (FceRI) for the Fc region ofIgE. hence mostly mast cellsare found coated with IgE . It is mostly extravascular in distribution*Normal serum contains only traces (a few nanogramsper ml) but greatly elevated levels are seen in atopic(type 1 allergic) conditions such as, hay fever and eczema.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mast cell", "opb": "Basophils", "opc": "Eosinophils", "opd": "Plasma cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)", "id": "e6016cde-41b3-4673-897d-db3ab935dd71", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Has capsule as its virulence factor", "opb": "Causes aseptic meningitis in neonates", "opc": "Belongs to Lancefield group C", "opd": "Produces alpha hemolysis on blood agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8f509809-a91b-4b53-8a48-3eb969f44ca8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sound intensity required to elicit stapedial reflex is more than", "exp": "The pure tone intensity range to elicit an acoustic reflex is 70 to 100db", "cop": 3, "opa": "30 - 45 db", "opb": "45 - 60 db", "opc": "70 - 100 db", "opd": "90 - 120 db", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c5d76efa-1718-4d10-bd07-9023b4e84a6a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site of Actinomyces is", "exp": "Actinomycosis in human beings occurs in four main clinical forms: Cervicofacial: it is more common, with indurated lesions on the cheek and submaxillary regions Thoracic: Abdominal: Pelvic: Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Annthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 399", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cervicofacial", "opb": "Thorax", "opc": "Abdomen", "opd": "Brain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "ceb9364a-ede4-413b-a7ed-282cb748dce8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Growth factor needed for Salmonella", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "Niacin", "opc": "B-12", "opd": "Citrate", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8fd9c4f-4688-47fb-88ea-2dd38af0ae79", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Decreased O2 carrying capacity and Normal PO2 is a feature of", "exp": "Subnormal level of haemoglobin causes decreased oxygen - carrying capacity of the blood. This, in turn, initiates compensatory physiologic adaptations such as :Increased release of oxygen from hemoglobin. o Increased blood flow to the tissues.Maintenance of the blood volume; andRedistribution of blood flow to maintain the cerebral blood supplyEventually, however, tissue hypoxia develops causing impaired functions of the affected tissues.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anemic hypoxia", "opb": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "opc": "Stagnant hypoxia", "opd": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9789f838-422f-44fa-b46a-2f2d0b8fa9bd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Citron bodies are formed by", "exp": "Clostridium septicum: form citron bodies, boat or leaf-shaped polymorphic bacilli. Motile by peritrichous flagella. Saccharolytic and produce abundant gas. Produce alpha, beta, delta and gamma toxin. Gas gangrene or malignant edema are characteristic Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 260", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clostridium welchii", "opb": "Clostridium oedematiens", "opc": "Clostridium septicum", "opd": "Clostridium histolyticum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "436f026f-be87-46bd-8154-e3b89b250a42", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dental caries is caused by", "exp": "Streptococcus mutans is an alpha Hemolytic streptococcus which is a pa of the normal flora of the oral cavity. This gram-positive coccus is commonly found in the mouth from where it can spread to cause dental caries or endocarditis in individuals with risk factors(dental extraction in individuals with damaged hea valves). The bacteria has a polysaccharide coat that allows it to stick to teeth and also to the damaged hea valves. It produces acid from sugar in saliva and this promotes erosion of tooth enamel. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 221", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opb": "Streptococcus mutans", "opc": "Enterococcus", "opd": "Hemophilus Influenzae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f24b6333-bc80-4b41-8db3-b91cfdb945cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ova form in stool is not diagnostic in", "exp": "strongyloides is oviviviparous hence eggs hatch immediately to produce rhabditi form larva which is the diagnostic form in stool ref : paniker 8th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "strongyloides", "opb": "ancylostoma", "opc": "ascaris lumbricoides", "opd": "nector americanus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7f7dcb42-05d5-4ec1-8e3c-617aefbb8e4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neisseria gonorrhea causes", "exp": "In men, Neisseria gonorrhea cause acute urethritis with a mucopurulent discharge containing gonococci in large numbers. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker&;s; 9th edition; Page no: 232", "cop": 1, "opa": "Urethritis", "opb": "Salpingitis", "opc": "Cervicitis", "opd": "Vaginitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "265ad47e-5a7d-45ec-b66a-e5e7404ab4ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The complement component with opsonin activity is", "exp": "(B) C3b[?]Opsonins In Complement System:-C fragments released during the cascade reaction help in amplifying the inflammatory response.-C2 kinins are vasoactive amines and increase permeability.-C3a and C5a are anaphylatoxins (histamine releasing) and chemotactic.-C567 is chemotactic and also brings about reactive lysis.-C3b acts as opsonin.-C5-9 acts as cytotoxic.oThe process of coating a foreign particle targeting & preparing it for phagocytosis process is \"Opsonization\". Substances involved are opsonins. Main opsonins from complement system is C3oExamples of opsonins include:-Antibodies: IgG and IgA-Components of the complement system; C3b, C4b, and iC3b-Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL): Initiates the formation of C3b-Membrane Attack Complex (MAC): Includes C5b, C6, C7, C8 & polymeric C9oOpsonization & complement proteins:-Mainly C3b, iC3b & C4b-C3: Most abundant protein of all complementary proteins; Cleaves into C3a and C3b-C3a: Binds and activates mast cells & basophils, release histamine.-C3b: C3b is most critical component in both classical & alternative pathway. C3b attaches to bacterial surfaces for opsonization by phagocytes.[?]C3b way work:oC3b: Opsonization; Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)oOpsonization: C3b can do thioester bond. With this bond C3b bind with pathogen.oOn the other way Macrophage has two receptor CR1 and C5a receptor.oFor binding with pathogen it needs CP C5a. CP C5a bind with C5a receptor & allows CR1 to bind with C3b which attached with pathogen. This way Macrophage can perform phagocytosis by eating up the pathogen.[?]Biological Function of Complement:oBacteriolysis, cytosisoFunction of complement fragments-Opsonization: C3b, iC3b, C4b-Mediator of inflammation: C3a, C4a, C5a-Kinin: C2a, C5a-Chemotaxis: C3a, C5a, C567oC-dependent virolysisoClean up 1C: Interfere with formation of 1C, IC-C3b-CRI-RBC.oImmunological Regulation: C3, CR1, CR2, C3b-The first step in the alternative pathway is the binding of C3b to an activator.-C3b is continuously generated in small quantities in the circulation but in the free state it is rapidly inactivated by the serum protein factors H & I.-Bound C3b is protected is such inactivation and interacts with a serum protein called factor B (C3 proactivator) to form a magnesium dependent complex 'C3b, B'", "cop": 2, "opa": "C3a", "opb": "C3b", "opc": "C5a", "opd": "C5b", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "1b199baf-2afc-47f9-a3a4-e101f0579920", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optic tract fibers project to the superior colliculi for", "exp": "Optic tract fibers project to the superior colliculi for reflex gazesPretectal area for the light reflexSuprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus for generation of circadian rhythms", "cop": 1, "opa": "Reflex gazes", "opb": "Light reflex", "opc": "Generation of circadian rhythms", "opd": "Veical nystagmus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9d5ec875-763a-40b9-bb80-84ecebf800b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Risk of pneumococcal meningitis is seen in", "exp": "Streptococcus pneumoniae causes infection only when host resistance is lowered by contributory factors such as respiratory viral infection, pulmonary congestion, stress, malnutrition, immunodeficiency and alcoholism. Splenectomy and sickle cell disease are impoant predisposing conditions. Meningitis is the most serious of pneumococcal infection. pneumococcal meningitis occurs at all ages. Untreated cases are almost invariably fatal. Even with antibiotic therapy, the case fatality rate is about 25%. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 226", "cop": 1, "opa": "Post splenectomy patient", "opb": "Patient undergone neurosurgical intervention", "opc": "Patient following cardiac survery", "opd": "Patient with hypoplasia of lung", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7b795388-7718-456f-9686-92e5a515f1cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dermatophyte affecting the hair, nail, and skin is", "exp": "The three genera of medically impoant dermatophytes (literally, skin-plants) are Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton.--Trichophyton: infects skin, hair, and nails-- Microsporum: infects hair and skin-- Epidermophyton: infects nails and skinRef: Sherris Medical Microbiology; 6th edition; Chapter 5; Medically Relevant Fungi; Page no: 335", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trichophyton", "opb": "Epidermophyton", "opc": "Microsporum", "opd": "Malassezia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "1f7c58ec-7687-4ac0-a058-5e134d926733", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Organism most frequently associated with urinary\ntract infections is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neisseria gonorrhea", "opb": "Escherichia coli", "opc": "T-strain mycoplasma", "opd": "Streptococcus fecalis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0924c0d-30c1-4625-a2ce-fe939c358b92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wheel shaped virus is", "exp": "Wheel shaped - Rota virus\nRod shaped - TMV\nBullet shaped - Rabies\nBrick shaped - POX", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tobacco mosaic virus", "opb": "Adeno virus", "opc": "Rota virus", "opd": "Rabies virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4b11656a-022f-4206-b34f-7bcd7efe0501", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amount of ORS given in 4 KG children with diarrhoea", "exp": "The family should be provided with at least two days woh of ORS packets.WHO recommends, in addition to infants continued to be breastfed, that children older than six months be given some food before being sent home, which helps to emphasize to parents the impoance of continuing to feed the child during diarrhoea.Body wt = 4 kg.Requirements 75 ml/kg.So total requirements 75x4 = 200 ml.", "cop": 1, "opa": "200 ml", "opb": "300 ml", "opc": "400 ml", "opd": "800 ml", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "af2cf338-8988-492c-aa9e-22fe225eee3d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Discharging sinus is seen in", "exp": "Mycetoma begins as a subcutaneous swelling usually of the foot which enlarges and borrows into the deeper tissues producing abscess. It burst with the formation of chronic multiple sinuses discharging viscous seropurulent fluid containing granules. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sporotrichosis", "opb": "Cryptococcosis", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "Mycetoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "834e9191-1e1a-4020-9964-359c7eeb5f5a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lymphangitis is caused by", "exp": "S. pyogenes causes a variety of suppurative infections of the skin, including infections of wounds and burns, with a predilection to produce lymphangitis and cellulitis. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:215", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Neisseria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "8d750cbe-6e81-456b-a787-f70a425a076e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Operation theatre sterilisation is done by", "exp": "UV rays are used to disinfect OT for 30-45 min exposure Formaldehyde gas also can be used for fumigation of operation theatres. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 33", "cop": 3, "opa": "savlon cleansing", "opb": "Carbolic acid spray", "opc": "Ultra violet radition", "opd": "Autoclave", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "bf211901-dd66-40b0-9350-a3e40da879ee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Superantigen is produced by", "exp": "Superantigens are that antigen which can generate the high immune response upon introduction", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "opd": "Clostridium diphtheriae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "8da24498-c474-4303-873d-c57191d37d52", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shift of oxygen binding curve to the left occurs because of", "exp": "Causes of the shift to the left include:Decreased H+(increased pH).Decreased 2,3-DPG.Stored blood.Polycythemia Decreased temperatureDecreased P CO2Causes of the shift to the right include:Increased H+( decreased pH)Increased 2,3-DPGIncreased temperatureIncreased PCO2", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased 2,3-DPG", "opb": "Increased temperature", "opc": "Increased PCO2", "opd": "Stored blood", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "68f9db17-783b-4250-8f0b-156c0854c7e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indicator used in Macconkey medium", "exp": "Macconkey's medium contains peptone, Lactose, agar, neutral red and taurocholate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Methyl violet", "opb": "Gentian violet", "opc": "Neutral red", "opd": "Carbol fuschin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7566d81a-e7c0-4ada-a192-c89522042dc9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In case of appendicitis, if the pain is exacerbated on medial rotation of the thigh, the position of appendix is in", "exp": "Dunphy's sign: Any movement, including coughing, may cause pain.Rovsing's sign: Pain in the right lower quadrant during palpation of the left lower quadrant.Iliopsoas sign: \"Obraztsova's sign' pain on extension of the hip which relieves on flexing the hip into the \"fetal position\" (due to inflammation of the peritoneum overlying the iliopsoas muscles and inflammation of the psoas muscles themselves). Theis is typical of a retrocecal appendix.Obturator sign: Pain in flexion and internal rotation of the hip (due to irritation of obturator internus). This is typical of a pelvic appendix.Blumberg sign: Deep palpation of the viscera over the suspected inflamed appendix followed by the sudden release of the pressure causes the severe pain on the site indicating positive Blumberg's sign and peritonitis.Volkovich -Kocher (Kosher)'s sign: The appearance of pain in the epigastric region or around the stomach at the beginning of disease with a subsequent shift to the right iliac region.Sitkovsky (Rosenstein)'s sign: Increased pain in the right iliac region as the patient lies on the left side.Baomier - Michelson's sign: Increased pain on palpation at the right iliac region as the patient lies on left side compared to when the patient was in the supine position.Aure - Rozanova's sign: Increase pain on palpation with a finger in right Petit triangle. Typical in the retrocecal position of the appendix. Boundaries of Petit triangle are the iliac crest, External oblique muscle, and Latissimus Dorsi muscle.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pelvis", "opb": "Preileal region", "opc": "Paracaecal region", "opd": "Midinguinal region", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "025af4e9-ae31-4180-89aa-335c7f66188a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vibrio parahemolyticus is associated with", "exp": "Shellfish", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cat", "opb": "Shellfish", "opc": "Prawn", "opd": "Crab", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f86fa73-0b09-4df6-804a-108ff88b9b4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The leather term is used for", "exp": "Diphtheria was first recognized as a clinical entity by Bretonneau who called it \"diphtheria\" (from diph-theros, meaning leather). The name is derived from the tough, leathery pseudomembrane formed in the disease. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 239", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anthrax", "opb": "Proteus", "opc": "Diphtheria", "opd": "Neisseria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "54d8b1a4-8363-4133-8877-d7b5554f7f67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The incubation period for Bacillus Cereus in case of the emetic type of food poisoning", "exp": "Bacillus cereus: an impoant cause of food poisoning. Two patterns: diarrheal and emetic. Emetic type: associated with consumption of cooked rice, usually fried rice from restaurants. Nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after the meal. Bacilli present in large numbers in cooked rice and fecal samples from these patients. Diarrheal type: associated with a wide range of foods including cooked meat and vegetables. It is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain, 8-16 hrs after ingestion of contaminated food. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 253", "cop": 1, "opa": "1-6 hours", "opb": "8-16 hours", "opc": "24 hours", "opd": "> 24 hours", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "ea56228a-95a7-4010-8d2a-514f6924a6f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In an asthmatic patient; the causative agent was found to be fungi with septate hyphae. The organism is", "exp": "A fungus with septate hyphae in the asthmatic patient can be none other than Aspergillus, and this is a case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 609", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspergillus", "opb": "Candida", "opc": "Mucor", "opd": "Cryptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e3198e49-9c7a-49cd-a330-331a96911b64", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus is", "exp": "Gram positive bacteria \n\nThere are 6 classic gram-positive bacteria that cause human disease.\n\n\nOf these 2 are cocci\n\n\nStaphylococci\nStreptococci (including anaerobic peptostreptococci)\n\n\nOther 4 are bacilli\n\n\nCorynebacterium\nBacillus\nClostridium\nListeria", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gram - positive cocci", "opb": "Gram - negative cocci", "opc": "Gram - positive bacillus", "opd": "Gram - negative bacillus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a8b37e3d-a8bb-444e-afb0-f651a8ffa941", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infection of following organism has clinical features resembling erythroblastosis foetalis", "exp": "* Clinical features of congenital CMV infection is similar to those of Erythroblastosis fetalis Symptoms are: - * IUGR * Hepatosplenomegaly * Jaundice * Thrombocytopenia * Microcephaly Ref:- Greenwood medical microbiology 18th ed; pg num:- 439", "cop": 3, "opa": "Toxoplasmosis", "opb": "Ebstein Barr virus", "opc": "Cytomegalovirus", "opd": "Herpes virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "54393f51-7e21-44c8-8dac-6da7d7d44fa7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contact isolation is done for", "exp": "* Strict isolation is must for patient diagnosed with diphtheria. * Even when clinically suspected, patient must be isolated. * A staff who has known immunisation history should nurse the patient. Ref:- Greenwood medical microbiology 18th ed; pg num:- 202", "cop": 4, "opa": "Typhoid", "opb": "Mumps", "opc": "MRSA", "opd": "Diphtheria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "e4cea0ba-b0c1-426a-9712-fc7a4d299063", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corynebacterium diphtheria produce black or grey colonies on the following agar", "exp": "Corynebacterium produce black or grey colonies on potassium tellurite blood agar It acts as a selective medium for its growth Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 211", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mac-conkey agar", "opb": "Potassium tellurite agar", "opc": "Thayer main medium", "opd": "Tinsdale agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "54549a4e-62b7-43d7-aaeb-4d4ec2890c25", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The major cause of us is", "exp": "Favus is a chronic infection caused most commonly by T schoenleinii and usually affecting the scalp. Most common organism associated with us is Trichophyton schoenlenii. E. floccosum- cause Tinea unguium (nail beds) M. canis- cause ECTOTHRIX(infection of hair) T. rubrum- cause Tinea cruris (groin area)", "cop": 4, "opa": "M. canis", "opb": "E. floccosum", "opc": "T. rubrum", "opd": "T. schoenlenii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "65401441-3add-493b-99b3-5d40c8e42df9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Disinfection of the rooms can be done by using", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "20% phenol", "opb": "High efficiency particle arrestors", "opc": "40% formaldehyde vapour", "opd": "Chlorine gas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f429b0e9-1122-49db-9996-3b4741744bff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Buerger's disease is not associated with", "exp": "Buerger's disease (thromboangitis obliterans)Occlusive disease of small and medium-sized aeriesThrombophlebitis of superficial or deep veinsRaynaud syndromeAffects males (<30yrs)Angiography sometimes showed a characteristic 'corrugation' of the femoral aeries as well as the distal aerial occlusions and helps to distinguish the condition from aggressive atheroma of early onset.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Affects male under the age of 30 year", "opb": "Thrombophlebitis of deep or superficial veins", "opc": "Involvement of large sized aeries primarily", "opd": "Characteristic 'corrugation' of femoral aeries on angiography", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1ec60b91-8df2-4dde-bf4c-44dc1877e954", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice of diphtheria carrier is", "exp": "One or two swabs from the lesions are collected under vision, using a tongue depressor. Smears stained with methylene blue or one of the special stains (Neisser's or Albes) will show the bacilli with metachromatic granules and in the typical arrangement. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 242", "cop": 1, "opa": "Throat Swab Culture", "opb": "Gram's stain", "opc": "Albe's stain", "opd": "Zeil Nelson's stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "006cadfc-8736-4e08-bac7-88fda430421a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture media used for Leishmania is", "exp": "NNN - McNeal, Novy and Nicolle media.", "cop": 1, "opa": "NNN media", "opb": "Philip's media", "opc": "Craig's media", "opd": "Napier's media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd6715c5-247d-4202-9897-4af5166acb93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for paracoccidioidomycosis is", "exp": "Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for most of the systemic fungal infections It acts by forming pores in the cell membrane leading to escape of various major electrolytes from fungus Ref: Baveja 5th ed pg: 554", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nystatin", "opb": "Fluconazole", "opc": "Ketoconazole", "opd": "Amphotericin B", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "2af4ac43-57ff-4592-8728-9420c2af5491", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Disposable syringes are sterilized by", "exp": "Disposable plastics eg : Rubber or plastic syringes infusion sets, catheters are sterilized by Ionizing radiation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "2% glutaraldelyde", "opb": "Autoclave", "opc": "Hot air oven", "opd": "Ionizing radiation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6054b3d5-9f4a-43cc-b65a-38b011b67454", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common pathogens responsible for nosocomial pneumonia in ICU are", "exp": "Nosocomial pneumonia is caused by mainly Multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacilli (MDR-GNB)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gram positive organisms", "opb": "Gram negative organisms", "opc": "Mycoplasma", "opd": "Virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "56db6121-e901-468e-be71-6502e1821bf1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal nasofrontal angle is", "exp": "Nasofrontal angle is 115-130 degreesNasolabial angle is 95-105 degrees for females, 90-95 degrees for males", "cop": 3, "opa": "105-110 degrees", "opb": "110-115 degrees", "opc": "115-130 degrees", "opd": "1390-190 degrees", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "81a16db8-9dab-4b7c-a769-1dcd86778fef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diene method is used for", "exp": "Mycoplasma colonies may be seen with a hand lens but are best studied after staining by the Dienes method. For this, a block of agar containing the colony is cut and placed on a slide. It is covered with a coverslip on which an alcoholic solution of methylene blue and azure has been dried. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:394", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycoplasma", "opb": "Chlamydia", "opc": "Plague", "opd": "Diphtheria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "870c3775-2295-4f05-a547-297aa2736df8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective medium for Bacillus anthracis", "exp": "PLET is selective medium for Bacillus anthracis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PLET medium", "opb": "MYPA medium", "opc": "NYA medium", "opd": "HOYLE medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7b824eb4-0fc3-4360-b7df-661414ffc8a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture medium used for streptococcus pneumoniae", "exp": "Sheep blood agar", "cop": 2, "opa": "Human blood agar", "opb": "Sheep blood agar", "opc": "MacConkey's agar", "opd": "Deoxycholate agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "008567ef-a70b-4082-8fe4-fb433af142c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Obligate intracellular parasite among the following is", "exp": "Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources. Toxoplasma,Cryptosporidium Bacteria-chlamydia ,Rickettsia", "cop": 3, "opa": "Naegleria fowleri", "opb": "Acanthamoeba", "opc": "Toxoplasma", "opd": "Balamuthia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "379671a7-fcf0-4b71-8675-54ec9d0c3dd0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Next to HBV, virus implicated in hepatocellular Ca is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. HCV Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses can cause hepatocellular carcinoma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "HCV", "opb": "Herpes", "opc": "HAV", "opd": "HEV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1b612c8-3551-40ea-b82f-04a054f4042a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Adenovirus 40/41", "exp": "The diagnosis of a viral infection is made easier by the creation of a greater number of diagnostic virology laboratories during the past few decades. In order for viral diagnosis to be successful, the most appropriate specimen must be collected for the disease in question.Many viruses can be isolated from feces. Of the viral groups in these questions, adenovirus 40/41 is the most common stool isolate. Norwalk agent and other caliciviruses may also be isolated or detected from stools, but usually only in specialized laboratories.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cervical tissue", "opb": "Synovial fluid", "opc": "Blood", "opd": "Stool", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "43ed2e54-8313-482e-998a-2fea707544be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The muzzle velocity of given firearm is", "exp": "The revolver, which tends to have a low muzzle velocity of 150 m/s, is a sho barreled weapon with its ammunition held in a metal drum, which rotates each time the trigger is released.The muzzle velocity of pistols varies between 300 and 360 m/s.The rifle is a long-barreled shoulder weapon capable of firing bullets with velocities up to 1500 m/s.", "cop": 1, "opa": "150 m/s", "opb": "300 m/s", "opc": "360 m/s", "opd": "1500 m/s", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6350ebdb-0759-4056-bce0-bd35dc9f5943", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cell fusion of HIV with target cell is done by", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., gp 41 gp 120 - Binding of HIV to CD4 antigen on T-cell.gp 41 - Fusion of HIV to torget cell (T-cell)The HIV envelop contains two glycoproteins, surface gp120 that is noncovalently altached to transmembrane protein, gp41.The initial step in infection is the binding of gp120 envelop glycoprotein to CD4 molecules.This binding leads to a conformational change that result in the formation of a new recognition site on gp120 for the coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4.The next step involves conformational changes in gp41.These changes results in the inseion of fusion peptide at the tip of gp41 into the cell membrane of target cell (CD4 T-cells or macrophages).After fusion, the virus core containing the HIV genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell.", "cop": 2, "opa": "gp 120", "opb": "gp 41", "opc": "p24", "opd": "p 18", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7b1773a6-b4be-4d0d-9969-bb8affe23eed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child had pustular lesion on leg. On grainstaining gram positive cocci are seen. To establish the diagnosis of Group A streptococcal erythroderma, the test used is", "exp": "Bacitracin sensitivity (Ref: Harrison 16thle p 741, Anantnatyan] Streptococcal erythroderma is caused by streptococcus pyogenus Streptococcus pyogenus is b hemolytic streptococci and is Bacitracin positive.", "cop": 4, "opa": ">Bile solubility test", "opb": ">Catalase test", "opc": ">Optochin sensitivity", "opd": ">Bacitracin sensitivity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f78378a3-b6c8-4880-8608-1095250d021e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subterminal spores are found in", "exp": "The shape and position of spores vary in different species and these are of use in identifying and classifying clostridia.subterminal spores are seen in clostridium perfringens,the bacillus appearing club shaped Ref:anantnarayan and paniker's microbiology 10th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clostridium perfringens", "opb": "Clostridium tetani", "opc": "Clostridium difficile", "opd": "Clostridium teium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "29f9c5b4-94d0-400a-87ab-dc952bde3db2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dwarf tapeworm refers to", "exp": "EponymParasiteThermophilic amoeba/ Brain eating parasiteNaegleria fowleri Fish tape worm / Broad tape worm Diphyllobothrium latum Beef tape worm Taenia saginata Pork tape worm Taenia solium Dog tape worm Echinococcus granulosus Dwarf tape worm Hymenolepis nanaRat tape wormHymenolepis diminutaOriental blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum Chinese liver fluke / Oriental liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis Sheep liver flukeFasciola hepatica Lancet fluke Dirocoelium dendriticum Giant intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski Oriental lung fluke Paragonimus westermani Trichina worm Trichinella spiralis Whip worm Trichuris trichiura Hook worm Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus Round worm Ascaris lumbricoides Seat worm / Pin worm / Thread worm Enterobius vermicularis African eye worm Loa loa Convoluted filaria / Blinding filarialOnchocerca volvulus Dog hea worm Dirofilaria immitis Guinea worm Dracunculus medinensis Rat lung worm Angiostrongylus cantonensisAns: C (Ref: K.D Chatterjee 13th edition, p166)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Echinococcus", "opb": "Loa loa", "opc": "Hymenolepis nana", "opd": "Schistosoma hematobium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "90ba255b-544d-4cf2-9d3f-ac13eab809b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acellular peusis vaccine contains", "exp": "Flagillary hemagglutinin, peussis toxin, fimbrial Whole cell peussis vaccines consist of inactivated Bordetella peussis bacterial cells. - They arc given as combinations with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP) vaccines. - Whole cell DTP vaccines cause several local adverse effects. (e.g., erythema, swelling pain at the injection site) and other mild systemic events e.g., (drowsiness, .fretfulness and anorexia). - They are also associated with serious systemic adverse effect such as convulsions with or without fever and hypotonic hyporesponsive episodes sometimes they may also be associated with encephalopathy. Concerns about the safety prompted the development of more purified (Acellular) peussis vaccine that are associated with a lower frequency of adverse effects and are as effective in preventing peussis as the whole cell vaccine. There is yet no consensus about the antigenic composition of an ideal acellular peussis vaccine. A cellular peussis vaccines currently available .from different manufactures should be considered as different and unique products because of the presence of one or more different components which are : ? - Chemically or genetically detoxified peussis toxindeg (PT toxoid). - Filamentous hemagglutinin - 69k Da outer membrane protein (also known as peactin)deg - Fimbrial-2 and fimbrial-3 antigens. - These components are contained in different concentrations and with different degrees of adsorption. - It was believed that active peussis toxin and endotoxin are responsive for the high incidence of adverse effects of whole cell vaccine. - There fore the acellular peussis vaccine contains detoxified peussis toxin or the toxoided peussis toxin and it does not contain the endotoxins present in whole cell peussis vaccine. They are associated with considerably lesser side effects than whole cell vaccine and have similar efficacy to a cellular peussis vaccine (90%).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Peactin, flagillary hemagglutinin, cytotoxin, endotoxin", "opb": "Peactin, flagillary hemagglutinin, fimbriae, endotoxin", "opc": "Peactin, cytotoxin, fimbriae, peactin,", "opd": "Flagillary hemagglutinin, peusis toxin, fimbriae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02d60eb0-adaa-425b-9472-e1dee79dd531", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endemic fungal infection is", "exp": "Coccidioidomycosis is endemic in dry, arid regions of south-west and USA where the fungus is present in soil and in rodents. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coccidioides immitis", "opb": "Cryptococcus", "opc": "Histoplasmosis", "opd": "Aspergillus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "52a0f2f3-6237-4ab1-8089-ec58d4e2760a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leptospira in diagnostic labs is grown in", "exp": "Leptospira can be grown in media enriched with rabbit serum. several liquid and semi-solid media, such as Kohof's, Stua's and Fletcher's media, have been described. Semisynthetic media such as EMJH are now commonly used. They are aerobic and microaerophilic. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 388", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skirrows medium", "opb": "EMJH medium", "opc": "BYCE agar", "opd": "Pike medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "49a58032-28e2-4992-b236-14ee3a3c646b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urethritis in males is not caused by", "exp": "H Ducreyi course soft sore chancroid Infections cuase urethritis Neisseria gonorrhea chlamydia trachsmati&;s Trichsmonas Vaginalis Mycoplasma genitalium ref : ananthanaryana", "cop": 1, "opa": "H ducreyi", "opb": "Trichomonas", "opc": "Chlamydia", "opd": "Gonococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6a68e64d-55ad-4532-8c91-9c8bc4ee1238", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aflatoxins are produced by", "exp": "The best-known mycotoxin is aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus. It is present in ground nuts, corns and peas. It can cause hepatoma in animals. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspergillus flavus", "opb": "Aspergillus niger", "opc": "Aspergillus fumigatus", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "5fb70aee-7bca-43cf-9a01-9a2e4f46c166", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First antibody to appear in intrauterine life", "exp": "Ans. (a) IgM", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgM", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgD", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Anitibody", "id": "fc847a78-c488-453d-bbd0-74c41493b568", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Resolution power of light microscope is", "exp": "Ans :c) 200 nmThe resolving power of light microscope is limited by the wave length of light. With visible light, using the best optical system, the limit of resolution is 200- 300 nm.Extra points:* Wavelength of electron in Electron microscope- 0.0005nm* Resolving power of electron microscope -1 nm* Reflected light rather than transmitted light is med in Dark field /dark ground microscope", "cop": 3, "opa": "2nm", "opb": "20 nm", "opc": "200 nm", "opd": "2000 nm", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "7ff6672a-11d2-4623-99e8-5d7233176a70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rose waaler test is", "exp": "Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 110,181 Agglutination - Insoluble antigen + antibody at a suitable temperature and pH - Clumps formation Slide agglutination Identification of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens Blood grouping, Cross-matching Tube agglutination WIDAL Typhoid Standard agglutination test Brucellosis Microscopic agglutination test Leptospirosis Heterophile agglutination test Weil Felix test Rickettsial infection Streptococcal MG agglutination test Primary atypical pneumonia Paul Bunnell test Infectious mononucleosis Antiglobulin test Direct Coombs test Detect fetal Rh Ab Indirect Coombs test Detect maternal Rh Ab Passive agglutination test Hemagglutination Rose Waaler test Latex agglutination test Detection of ASO, CRP, RA factor, HCG Co-agglutination test Diagnosis of Legionellosis, Gonorrhea", "cop": 1, "opa": "Passive agglutination for Rheumatoid ahiritis", "opb": "Active agglutination for Rheumatoid ahiritis", "opc": "Passive agglutination for Rheumatic fever", "opd": "Active agglutination for Rheumatic fever", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "ae18e419-a935-4563-ae47-689da14bfa8b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Citron bodies\" boat or leaf shaped pleomorphic organism in an exudate is", "exp": "Citron bodies and boat or leaf shaped pleomorphic bacilli with irregular staining suggest CL septicum\". Clostridium Clostridial species are : Gram positive Anaerobic (obligate anaerobe) Spore forming Bacilli Motile by peritrichate flagella except C perfringens and C. tetani type IV which are non motile. Non capsulated except C. perfringens and C. butyricum which are capsulated Pathogenesis is due to exotoxin not endotoxin. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism not gas gangrene. REF : ananthanarayana 10th ed", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cl. welchii", "opb": "Cl. edematiens", "opc": "Cl. septicum", "opd": "Cl. tetani", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3361397c-c79f-41eb-9942-105cee2b973d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for detection of syphillis in a patient after 2 course of complete therapy", "exp": "Ans. is `b' i.e., VDRL To monitor the response to therapy non treponemal serological tests (RPR or VDRL) are used. Features of serological tests . Most senstive serological test in primary syphilis . First test to become positive . The test of choice for rapid serological diagnosis in a clinic or office setting . Tests for monitoring the responce of therapy . Testing of large number of sera for screening or diagnostic purpose . Tests for confirmation of the diagnosis . Measurment of Ig M in a neonate for congenital syphilis . The diagnostic test . Reagin antibodies tests (RPR and VDRL) becomes positive after 3-5 weeks of Infection (7-10 days after the appearance of primary chancre). In Lyme disease VDRL test is negative, but FTA-ABS may be positive. All serological tests may be positive (false positive) in non veneral treponematoses. eg in yaws, Pinta and endemic syphilis. . Presence of Ig M in a neonate confirms syphilis, as IgM can not cross placenta. But Ig G can be passively transfered from the infected mother to newborn. . Reagin antibody in syphilis is Ig G while reagin antibody in atopy (hypersensitivity reaction) is Ig E.", "cop": 2, "opa": "FTA ABS", "opb": "VDRL", "opc": "TPI", "opd": "Dark ground microscopy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a6c23963-0054-4c56-8229-91db567b8d75", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Traveller's diarrhoea is most commonly caused by", "exp": "Ans. a (ETEC). (Ref. Harrison, 18th/Table 149-2; Chapter 149. Diseases by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli)Five types of E.coli include:1. ETEC (enterotoxogenic E.coli)2. EIEC (enteroinvasive E.coli)3. EPEC (enteropathogenic E.coli)4. EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E.coli)5. EAEC (enteroaggregative E.coli)Traveller's diarrhoea is most commonly caused by enterotoxogenic E.coli and then the other common organism responsible is S. dysenteriae.Intestinal Pathogenic E. ColiPathotypeEpidemiologyClinical SyndromeDefining Molecular TraitResponsible Genetic ElementSTEC/EHECFood, water, person-to- person; all ages, industrialized countriesHemorrhagic colitis, HUSShiga toxinLambda-like Stxl- or Stx2- encoding bacteriophageETECFood, water; young children and in travellers to developing countriesTraveller's diarrheaHeat-stable and - labile enterotoxins, colonization factorsVirulence plasmid(s)EPECPerson-to-person; young children and neonates in developing countriesWatery diarrhea, persistent diarrheaLocalized adherence, attaching and effacing lesion on intestinal epitheliumEPEC adherence factor plasmid pathogenicity island (locus for enterocyte effacement)EIECFood, water; children and in travellers to developing countries.DysenteryColonic epithelial cell invasion intra- cellular multipli cation, cell-to-cell spread.Multiple genes contained primarily in a large virulence plasmidEAEC?Food, water; children and in travellers to developing countries; all ages, industrialized countriesTraveller's, acute, Persistent diarrheaAggregative/diffuse adherence, virulence factors regulated by AggRChromosomal or plasmid associated adherence and toxin genesE.coli toxin (GSa), cholera toxin (Gsa), & Pertusis toxin (Gla) cause ADP-ribosylation", "cop": 1, "opa": "ETEC", "opb": "S. dysenteriae", "opc": "EPEC", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Enterobecteriaceae", "id": "3c9b240d-267f-430d-8724-069ac9626418", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Recommended temperature of Autoclave is", "exp": "Recommended temperature is\n\n121°C for 5 mins\n126°C for 10 mins\n134°C for 3 mins", "cop": 1, "opa": "120°C for  10 mins", "opb": "120°C for 15 mins", "opc": "135°C for 3 mins", "opd": "140°C for 5 mins", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f0353ea1-1237-45d0-9751-4cb7c31e8587", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "pH of Sabouraud dextrose agar is", "exp": "Sabourauds dextrose agar (Selective media) is maintained at pH of 5.4 and same is used for isolation of fungus. The low pH of the medium and addition of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to the medium inhibit the growth of bacteria in the specimen and thereby facilitate the appearance of slow-growing fungi Image: SDA slant with fungal growth", "cop": 3, "opa": "12", "opb": "10-Aug", "opc": "6-Apr", "opd": "8-Jun", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "1dbaf545-0f6f-4cd6-bbd3-e6c275c44b90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "R. seeberi grows in", "exp": "Numerous attempts have been made for many decades to propagate R.seeberi, from either rhinosporidial tissue or from saprophytic sources, on inanimate as well as cell-containing media in vitro. Various types of culture media with nutritional additives have been used. There has been no repo of successful in vitro culture and propagation in subculture. ** R.seeberi is no more considered a fungi \"R.seeberi, paicularly that it is not a classic fungus \"but rather the first known human pathogen from the DRIPs clade, a novel clade of aquatic protistan parasites. (Mesomycetozoa) \" Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 603", "cop": 4, "opa": "SDA", "opb": "HeLa cell line", "opc": "Mac Neal's medium", "opd": "Not cultivable", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "34ee92d8-1ce7-4311-ad40-d3da1a1f9079", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following is a treponemal test for diagnosis of syphilis", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "FTAB", "opb": "Widal test", "opc": "Wasserman test", "opd": "Kahn test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "85dcf78a-0f16-4990-9d17-255c308e3e80", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Albe&;s stain is used for", "exp": "Albe 's or Neisser's stain: smears of Corynebacterium diphtheriae when stained with Albe's stain will show the bacilli with metachromatic granules. Delicate green bacilli with purple-blue metachromatic granules can be seen. Bacilli take up stain due to metachromatic granules which are composed of polymetaphosphate and serve as storage granules. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; page no 242", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opc": "Clostridium Perfringes", "opd": "Clostridium Tetani", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "180f3414-6f00-4d87-9679-a3e47fd7d2a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common organism responsible for gas gangrene", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Clostridium perfringens", "opb": "Clostridium difficile", "opc": "Clostridium tetani", "opd": "Clostridium septicum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a4f0cdd-4726-433c-bfb6-650ee2856c7a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Louis pasteur is not associated with", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Discovery of M. Tuberculosis . Louis pasteur is associated with . Development of live vaccine (first was anthrax) . Development of vaccine for rabies (hydrophobia) . Introduction of technique of sterilization . Disprove the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) . Established the different growth need of different bacteria (helped in complex media) . Coined the term vaccine M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robe Koch", "cop": 3, "opa": "Introduction of Complex media", "opb": "Discovery of Rabies vaccine", "opc": "Discovery of M.tuberculosis", "opd": "Disproved spontaneous generation theory", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d50f3ebe-9abe-447d-851b-10c51ca2a035", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The patient receives a score of 8 on her biophysical profile. The results are", "exp": "A BPP score of 8 or 10 is normal.A score of 0 to 2 dictates imminent delivery because fetal asphyxia is probable.Scores of 4 to 6 require repeat testing and delivery if persistent.", "cop": 3, "opa": "The results are equivocal, and she should have a repeat BPP within 24 h", "opb": "The results are abnormal, and she should be induced", "opc": "The results are normal", "opd": "The results are abnormal, and she should undergo emergent cesarean section", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "1948996f-7c75-4395-bcd3-c3ecc9943de1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus in the stool occurs in", "exp": "Enterotoxin is responsible for the manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning-nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 2-6 hrs after consuming food contaminated by a preformed toxin. In food poisoning, feces and the remains of suspected food should be collected. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th edition; Page No: 204, 206", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcal food poisoning", "opb": "Ischiorectal abscess", "opc": "Toxic shock syndrome", "opd": "May be a normal finding", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "5952a6c6-9bef-4269-8929-adeacbd4b9d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Buruli ulcer is caused by", "exp": "- Buruli ulcer is caused by atypical mycobacteria named as Mycobacteria ulcerans - Mycobacteria ulcerans- It is a water borne skin pathogen which is categorised under non - photochromogens ( Runyon's classification ) This cause lesions which are typically painless ulcers and nodules. It has narrow temp.range of 31 degree - 34 degree C", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycobacterium ulcerans", "opb": "Mycobacterium marinum", "opc": "Aycobacterium kansasi", "opd": "Mycobacterium fouitum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "d2db4a34-b31b-4e32-892e-0e9019b6e05e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inveed fir tree appearance is characteristic of", "exp": "Anthrax bacilli is gram-positive and is found singly, in pairs or in sho chains. On gelatin stab culture, a characteristic inveed fir tree appearance is seen in the case of anthrax bacilli, with slow liquefaction commencing from the top. On blood agar, the colonies are non-hemolytic, though occasional strains produce a narrow range of hemolysis. In broth, growth occurs as floccular deposits, with little or no turbidity. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 251", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacillus anthrax", "opb": "Hemophilus influenzae", "opc": "Yersinia pestis", "opd": "Brucella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3d4dc750-0b7b-4f7f-8241-87d68906bda9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Meningitis in immunocompromised host is frequently caused by", "exp": "(B) Cryptococcus neoformans # Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of meningitis in immunocompromised patients (AIDS).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candida tropicalis", "opb": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opc": "Trichophyton rubrum", "opd": "Epidermophyton flocculosum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "840720a8-dbe3-4257-9919-6b9db2dbccd0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Darling disease is caused by", "exp": "Histoplasmosis is described by Darling in 1905, so-called Darlings disease. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histoplasma", "opb": "Candida", "opc": "Cryptococcus", "opd": "Rhizopus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "228ae0b8-dfe7-4495-a370-df1a1b958f57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The first cell culture vaccine was", "exp": "An inactivated rabies vaccine for human use was first prepared in cell culture. It was shown that the human diploid cell (HDC) strain WI-38 was a suitable substrate for the propagation of the Pitman-Moore (PM) strain of fixed rabies virus. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 534", "cop": 1, "opa": "Human diploid cell ( HDC ) vaccine", "opb": "Low egg passage ( LEP ) vaccine", "opc": "Purified chick embryo cell ( PCEC ) vaccine", "opd": "Purified vero cell ( PVC ) vacccine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "79acce67-dcd8-44ef-8ed7-4ea8494e357a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of \"Polymyositis\" is", "exp": "Staphylococcus", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pseudomonas", "opb": "Brucella", "opc": "Streptococcus", "opd": "Staphylococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "548f6fe0-8fdd-421d-837a-939947126463", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lyme's disease is caused by", "exp": "Lyme disease is named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where clusters of cases in children were identified. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of a small Ixodes tick. The disease has early manifestations with a characteristic skin lesion, erythema migrans, along with flu-like symptoms, and late manifestations often with arthralgia and arthritis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Borrelia parkeri", "opb": "Borrelia burgdorferi", "opc": "Borrelia recurrentis", "opd": "Borrelia hermsii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d2637c8-1363-4d34-9992-12d07c52dc92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Botulism causes", "exp": "Clostridium botulinum produces Type A toxin. It acts by blocking the production or release of acetylcholine at the synapses and neuromuscular junction. Thus block neuromuscular transmission. Onset is marked by diplopia, dysphagia, and dysahria due to cranial nerve involvement. Symmetric descending flaccid paralysis is a characteristic pattern, ending in death by respiratory paralysis. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 1, "opa": "Descending flaccid paralysis", "opb": "Descending spastic paralysis", "opc": "Ascending paralysis", "opd": "Ascending spastic paralysis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "dfe4c407-6860-483c-8d78-3d065fee3da2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fungi of medical importance belongs to", "exp": "Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfectii) - Sexual state is absent - most medically important fungi.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deuteromycota", "opb": "Basidiomycota", "opc": "Ascomycota", "opd": "Zygomycota", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "920493c4-8537-449b-9818-24c40a47117d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dose of Rabies immunoglobulin is", "exp": "The anti-rabies serum is given in class III bites (Single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin, Contamination of mucous membranes with sal, exposure to bats)It is found to prolong the incubation period.Passive immunization in rabies may be given by :Horse Anti-rabies serum: 40 IU/kg body wt (up to max 3000 units), infiltrated in the wound, & the rest gave IMHuman Rabies Immunoglobulin: (preferred) 20 IU/kg body wt infiltrated in the wound, & the rest given i.m.", "cop": 3, "opa": "10 IU/Kg body weight", "opb": "15 IU/kg body weight", "opc": "20 IU/kg body weight", "opd": "25 IU/kg body weight", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "52418eca-a175-4738-9273-83f0edb7d5a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Botulism is a disease of", "exp": "Clostridium botulinum produces a powerful exotoxin. It acts by blocking the production or release of acetylcholine at the synapses and neuromuscular junction. Thus blocks neuromuscular transmission. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neural transmission caused by the toxin of the bacterium clostridium botulinum", "opb": "Muscular transmission caused by the toxin of the bacterium clostridium botulinum", "opc": "Neuromuscular transmission caused by the toxin of the bacterium clostridium botulinum", "opd": "Non neuromuscular transmission caused by the toxin of the bacterium clostridium botulinum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "33c781c1-eb62-4e0e-85ea-a944be4bf5e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Loeffler's serum slope doesn't contain", "exp": "LSS is used for the culture of C Diptheria It doesn't contain sheep blood .sheep blood is present in blood agar LSS is a type of enriched media Ref: CP Baveja 4th ed Pg:46", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nutrient Broth", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Horse serum", "opd": "Sheep blood", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "2a2223f3-d628-4e24-ba50-acf4e8796b56", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best method of preventing transmission of MRSA infection is", "exp": "Measures for the control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals:*Isolation of patients with open staphylococcal lesion*Detection of staphylococcal lesions among doctors and health care workers*Hand washing is the oldest, simplest and most effective method of preventing MRSA and other cross infections.*Following strict aseptic precautions (Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p204)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hand wash", "opb": "Antibiotics", "opc": "Disinfecting surfaces", "opd": "Fumigation of the ward", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "2134f232-7417-4368-9b5d-e3d41bd880ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wood&;s light can be used for evaluation of", "exp": "Wood&;s light can be a diagnostic aid in determining fungal infection (Microsporum mainly) of skin or scalp. Tinea capitis is caused by Microsporum species. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tinea capitis", "opb": "Freckles", "opc": "Vitiligo", "opd": "Tuberous sclerosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "41a9011a-6773-4ed7-bf05-a93d36a86d8d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Jumping gene is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Transposon", "opb": "Episome", "opc": "Cosmid", "opd": "Plasmid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "850a9ee2-92ad-4bf7-8bf3-f58222eff331", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The causative organism in Madura Mycosis Mycetoma is", "exp": "Eumycetoma - Acremonium falciforme, Madurella mycetomi, Madurella grisea, Pseudoallescheria boydii, Exophiala jeanselmei. Actimomycetoma- Actinomadura Madurai, Actinomadura Pelletier, Nocardia brasiliensis, Streptomyces somaliensis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nocardia", "opb": "Dimorphic fungus", "opc": "Aspergillus", "opd": "Dermatophytes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "5c6ac562-65ee-4ca3-b385-46162cb35faa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nagler's  reaction is an type of", "exp": "Cl. perfringens is grown on a medium containing 6% agar, 5% Fildes' peptic digest of sheep blood and 20% human serum or 5% egg yolk in a plate. \nNeomycin sulphate may be added to the medium to make it more selective by inhibiting aerobic spore bearers and coliforms. \nTo one half of the plate, antitoxin is spread on the surface. \nThe inoculated culture plate is incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. \nColonies on the half plate without the antitoxin will be surrounded by opacity while colonies on the other half with antitoxin shows no opacity, due to specific neutralization of the alpha toxin.\nAlpha toxin (lecithinase C) splits lecithin into phosphoryl choline and a diglyceride (lipid). \nThe lipid deposits around the colonies resulting in opacity.\n\nRef : textbook of microbiology, C P Baveja 5th edition pg no:228", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neutralization reaction", "opb": "Complement fixation test", "opc": "Agglutination test", "opd": "Precipitation reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb3aa2ec-45f0-4f3a-994b-2da370c512a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vascular invasion is a characteristic feature of", "exp": "Mucormycosis occurs as a systemic infection following dissemination from a primary focus in the upper respiratory tract or nasal cavity. When the lung is the primary site of infection the fungi may invade the aeries to cause thrombosis and infraction. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candidiasis", "opb": "Mucormycosis", "opc": "Blastomycosis", "opd": "Sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "adb5c70c-f849-4eae-a8a1-8089c09c4857", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CSF Chloride is decreased in", "exp": "CSF from tuberculous meningitis often develops a spider web clot on standing Other CSF findings are increased lymphocytes, decreased chloride. The use of PCR and DNA probes may help detect the bacilli speedily and more often.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chronic alcoholism", "opb": "General Paralysis of insane", "opc": "Pyogenic meningitis", "opd": "Tubercular meningitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "7e45c54e-a1d4-4bed-8dfd-b45d7e2ebac8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prions are best killed by", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Sodium hydroxide Incineration is apparently the only way of disinfecting prion-contaminated materials or tissues. Boiling or irradiation have no effect and even routine autoclaving (at 121degC) is not reliable. Therefore, where there is a risk of exposure, surgeons use disposable instruments. To sterilize reusable instruments, WHO currently recommends combined use of a strong solution of sodium hydroxide and extended autoclaving at 134degC. \"Autoclaving at 134degC for 5 hrs or treatment with 2 N NaOH for several hours is recommended for sterilization ofprions\". Harrison", "cop": 3, "opa": "Autoclaving at 121degC", "opb": "5% formaline", "opc": "Sodium hydroxide", "opd": "Sodium hypochloride", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "71218c6a-13ff-4017-aab4-f5e8f9001bdd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best indicator for monitoring of syphilis treatment", "exp": "Ans. (a) VDRL Serological test of syphilis Most sensitive test FTA-ABS Most specific test TPI (not used now) Test of choice for rapid diagnosis RPR Test of choice for evaluation of therapy VDRL Test of choice for diagnosis of congenital syphilis IgM FTA-ABS Now, TPPA has supplanted FTA-ABS as definitive diagnosis test for syphilis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "VDRL", "opb": "FTA-ABS", "opc": "TPI", "opd": "TPHACovered with exudate", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4caeeb14-fcd2-446e-a0ca-87e57434d1d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wasserman test is", "exp": "Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 120 Complement fixation test Direct complement fixation test Wasserman test Syphilis Indirect complement fixation test T.pallidum immobilization test Syphilis Sabin Feldman dye test Toxoplasmosis Cytocidal test Vibrio Immunoadherence Vibrio , T.pallidum", "cop": 4, "opa": "Agglutination test", "opb": "Precipitation test", "opc": "Neutralisation test", "opd": "Complement fixation test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "fab692eb-07f0-4514-90b3-103e8e91d653", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "N.K. Cell provides immunity against", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Virus . NK cells are considered to be impoant in immune surveillance and natural defence against virus infected cells and malignant mutant cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Virus", "opb": "Bacteria", "opc": "Fungus", "opd": "Chlamydia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4179e1e-9e2f-4201-95ea-90ada937f869", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to other by a bacteriophage is known as", "exp": "Ans. c (Transduction). (Ref. Textbook of Microbiology by Anantanarayan, 6th/53)TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN BACTERIA IS BY:# Transformation:- Transfer of genetic information through agency of free DNA.# Transduction:- Transfer of a portion of DNA from one bacteria to another by transduction phase.- It is not confined to transfer of chromosomal DNA.- It transduces epizomes & plasmids also.- B'phages are viruses that parasitise bacteria & consist of nucleic acid core & a protein coat.- It is excellent tool for gene mapping of bacteria.# Lysogenic conversion:- Phage DNA becomes integrated with bacterial chromosome as prophage, which multiplies synchronously with host DNA & is transferred to daughter cells. This is lysogeny & bacteria harbouring prophages are lysogenic bacteria.- In transduction phage acts as vehicle carrying bacteria genes from one cell to another but in lysogenic conversion phage DNA itself is new genetic element.# Conjugation:- Process where by 'male' or 'donor' bacterial mates or makes physical contact with female or recipient bacteria & transfer genetic element into it.# Sexduction:- Process of transfer of host genes through F factor resembles transduction known as sexduction.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Formation", "opb": "Conjugation", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Transcription", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "b89cf064-d3fd-4822-9bef-c6ad7a97ef68", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Giemsa stain yeast cells in HIV are associated with", "exp": "(C) Cryptococcosis # Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes cryptococcosis.> Cryptococcosis has changed from a relatively obscure fungal pathogen that infects immunocompetent patients to a leading cause of central nervous system infection in the world's enlarging immunocompromised populations.> Infection with C. neoformans is termed cryptococcosis.> Most infections with C. neoformans occur in the lungs.> Fungal meningitis and encephalitis, especially as a secondary infection for AIDS patients, are often caused by C. neoformans, making it a particularly dangerous fungus.> Infections with this fungus are rare in those with fully functioning immune systems.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspergillosis", "opb": "Blastomycosis", "opc": "Cryptococcosis", "opd": "Histoplasmosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b91b5420-5fa5-4916-a959-cd1055aed41b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gas gangrene is due to", "exp": "The alpha-toxin is produced by all types of Clostridium perfringens and most abundantly by type A strains. This is the most impoant toxin biologically and is responsible for the profound toxemia of gas gangrene. It is lethal, dermonecrotic and hemolytic. It is phospholipids which, in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, splits lecithin into phosphorylcholine and diglyceride. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 259", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alpha toxin", "opb": "Theta toxin", "opc": "Beta toxin", "opd": "Delta toxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7e5c15b8-68aa-4675-b152-df5213bc058e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hepatitis A virus is best diagnosed by", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., IgM antibodies in serum Lab diagnosis of HAV . \"Detection of IgM - specific anti-HAV in the blood of an acutely infected patient confirms the diagnosis of hepatitis A\" . IgM appears in acute phase, peaking about 2 weeks after elevation of liver enzymes and becomes undetectable within 3-6 months. . ELISA is the method of choice for measuring antibodies. Diagnosis can also be established by detection of virus in the stool from about 2 weeks prior to the onset of jaundice up to 2 weeks after. \"But these tests for detection of HAV, are not widely available or useful in practice\".", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgM antibodies in serum", "opb": "Isolation from stool", "opc": "Culture from blood", "opd": "Isolation from bile", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbde95ec-663d-4ed0-8cd4-b70c122c69dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pasteurella multocida is transmitted by", "exp": "Pasteurella multocida:Francisella tularensis--Gram-negative bacilli, non-motile,--zoonotic disease--Catalase, oxidase, and indole positive--Wound infection followed by the bite of humans, dogs & cats; bacteremia and sepsis--Gram-negative bacilli, non-motile--Causative agent of Tularemia--Tick-borne disease, Rabbit-bite fever--Capsulated, intracellular--Divided by budding & binary fission --Local ulceration with lymphadenitis, typhoid-like fever with glandular enlargement--Influenza-like respiratory illness--Media - Francis blood dextrose cysteine agar for isolation(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p401-402)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Animal bite", "opb": "Insect bite", "opc": "Droplet infection", "opd": "Sexual contact", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "089bade7-51d7-4c5b-8880-7d762c7150f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Actinomycosis is a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Aerobic bacterial disease", "opb": "Anaerobic bacterial disease", "opc": "Aerobic fungal disease", "opd": "Anaerobic fungal disease", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fae31830-511d-4800-b067-f9e20c5fddd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient has prosthetic valve replacement and he develops endocarditis 8 months later. Organism responsible is", "exp": "Staphylococcus epidermidis is invariably present on the normal human skin. It is non-pathogenic ordinarily but can cause disease when the host defences are breached. It is a common cause of stitch abscess. It has a predilection for growth on implanted foreign bodies such as aificial hea valves, shunts, intravascular catheters and prosthetic appliances, leading to bacteremia. Hospital strains are multi-drug resistant. It can cause cystitis and central line-associated BSI. Biofilm formation is an impoant factor in the pathogenesis. It is an extracellular polysaccharide matrix which protects bacteria from antibacterial agents and helping colonisation and resistance to infection. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 208", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Streptococcus viridans", "opc": "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "opd": "HACEK", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "bad589be-e6f8-4a59-938f-9373507f9a9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Condyloma accminatum is caused by HPV types of", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., 6,11 . High risk HPV: HPV-16, 18, 31, 33 & 45 ---> associated with cervical cancer. . Low risk HPV: HPV- 6 & 11 --> associated with precursor lesions CM and condyloma accuminatum . HPV-5 & 8 associated with squamous cell cancer in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis", "cop": 3, "opa": "18,31", "opb": "17,12", "opc": "6,11", "opd": "16,18", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "70118609-1805-43af-81c6-3a850875df9f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rice grains appearance with passage of proglottids in stool is seen in", "exp": "(T. saginata) (144-Panikar 6th)* Most common presenting finding is the passage of proglottids in the stool in T. saginata (1315-CMDT-08).* T. solium - Autoinfection with eggs can progress to cysticercosis.* T. saginata - Commonly lives in Jejunum (Unarmed tapeworm).* The larva of T. saginata (cysticercus bovis) is not found in humans.* Niclosamide and praziquantel are effective treatment.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Taenia solium", "opb": "Taenia saginata", "opc": "D. latum", "opd": "H. nana", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "750b5fb5-93cc-4169-b372-c3dbd645d2e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Generation time in coliform bacilli is", "exp": "Population doubling time or the generation time of\n\nE.coli is 20 mins\nMTB is 20 hours\nM. leprae is 20 days.", "cop": 2, "opa": "2 seconds", "opb": "20 seconds", "opc": "20 minutes", "opd": "2 hours", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8789b2e-e0d5-4159-a3cf-721559e367ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chagas disease is caused by", "exp": "Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas diseaseThey are introduced when infected kissing bug feces are rubbed into conjunctiva, bite site or a break in the skin.Unilateral swelling of the eyelids (Romana&;s sign) is characteristic.Interstitial myocarditis is the most common serious condition.Invasion or toxic destruction of nerve plexuses in the alimentary tract wall leads to megaesophagus and megacolon (Brazilian Chagas disease)Jawetz 27e pg: 715", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trypanosoma cruzi", "opb": "Leishmania Donovani", "opc": "Giardia Lamblia", "opd": "Toxoplasma gondii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "4d136253-ce1a-4af7-a79f-9d088b01101f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stalactite growth in a ghee broth culture is characteristic of", "exp": "Yersinia pestis:The plague bacillus is a sho, plump, ovoid gram-negative bacillus.It is aerobic and facultatively anaerobicIt is not nutritionally exacting and grows on ordinary mediaIf grown in a flask of broth with oil or ghee floating on top, a characteristic growth occurs which hangs down into the broth from the surface, resembling stalactites .Ref: Ananthanarayan; 7th edition; Page no: 324", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacillus", "opb": "Legionella", "opc": "Yersinia", "opd": "Leptospira", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "dd1a37ad-7053-479f-a9d7-314330844a84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Example for Live vaccine is", "exp": "<img class=\"fr-dib\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\" /> Live vaccines They initiate infection without causing any injury or disease. The immunity following live Vaccine administration therefore parallels that following natural infection though it may be of a lower order. The immunity lasts for several years but booster doses may be necessary. Live vaccines may be administered orally (as in with the sabin Vaccine for poliomyelitis) or parenteral (as with the Measles Vaccine) other examples are Rubella and yellow fever Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 83", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rubella and Yellow fever", "opb": "Polio and TAB", "opc": "Diptheria and Tetanus", "opd": "Hepatitis A and Rabies", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "3b563b5f-b185-474a-a410-5fe1335c6e8d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Recent noble prize is for", "exp": "The Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was awarded jointly to Andrew Z Fire and Craig C Mello for their discovery of RNA interference, gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Ref: Ananthanarayanan and Paniker's textbook of microbiology 9th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "RNA i", "opb": "Lipoxin", "opc": "T beta transcription factor", "opd": "Mitochondrial DNA", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "605001b4-89e9-40ea-85c0-8fa27b821045", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pneumococcal vaccine is prepared from", "exp": "Pneumococcal vaccine: A polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine representing the capsular antigens of the 23 most prevalent serotypes have been stated to give 80-90% protection. Given in patients with enhanced risk of pneumococcal infection, absent or dysfunctional spleen, sickle cell disease, immunodeficiency etc. It is not recommended in children under the age of two years and those with lymphoreticular malignancies and immunosuppressive therapy A 7 valent conjugate vaccine (conjugated to the CRM197 protein of C.diptheriae) is now available which can be used in children from two months to two years. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 228", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell surface antigen", "opb": "Capsular polysaccharide", "opc": "exotoxin", "opd": "M protein", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "2b1619eb-e77e-486f-8dd0-9c697326d0c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A gardener has multiple vesicles on hand and multiple eruptions along the lymphatics. Most common fungus responsible is", "exp": "Sporotrichosis is a chronic infection involving cutaneous, subcutaneous and lymphatic tissue. It is caused by Sporothrix schenckii. pathogenesis- 1. lesion on the exposed pa of skin follow minor trauma. Nodules are first formed, followed by ulceration and necrosis of nodules. 2. From lesions on the skin and subcutaneous tissue, infection spread by lymphatic channels to the lymph node, and lymphatics are hardened and cord-like. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sporothrix schenckii", "opb": "Cladosporium", "opc": "Histoplasma", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "d0615de7-6f9e-4bc6-bc30-14c3760427be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immunoglobulin transpoed through the placenta is", "exp": "IgG is the only immunoglobulin class to cross the placenta and therefore is the most abundant immunoglobulin in newborns. Isotype-specific transpo of IgG across the placenta occurs with a preference for IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses.IgG also mediates opsonization of antigen through binding of antigen-antibody complexes to Fc receptors on macrophages and other cells.IgM is a Millionaire molecule, largest. IgA - Secretory Ig. IgE - AnaphylaxisJawetz 27e pg: 137", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "faa3a8b0-4a73-43a6-af1e-cd3ade109296", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fiber optic instruments like endoscopes should be disinfected by", "exp": "2% Glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes is active against bacteria, viruses and fungi. Latest 0.5% Ohophthaldehyde is used with 5min Contact period. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 33", "cop": 4, "opa": "Formaldehyde", "opb": "Cetrimide", "opc": "Gamma radiation", "opd": "Glutaraldehyde", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "a88964b9-7e23-49d4-8dac-e29e51a08b10", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "EAC rosettes are formed by", "exp": "EAC rosettes are formed by B-cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "B-cells", "opb": "T-cells", "opc": "Dendritic cells", "opd": "Osteoclasts", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1bdf924-50dc-4dce-9d4f-ed197ef2b2ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Markers of acute viral hepatitis caused by HBV", "exp": "In acute hepatitis following serological markers are present:\n\nHBs Ag\nIg M anti HBc Ag (in recent infection) or IgG anti HBc Ag (in remote infection).\nHbe Ag (with high infectivity) or Anti Hbe Ag (with low infectivity).", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgM anti HBc Ag", "opb": "IgG anti HBc Ag", "opc": "IgM anti Hbs Ag", "opd": "IgG anti HBs Ag", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2389a9d3-6608-4a08-b421-24560c38c955", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common mechanism of resistance to the drug in staphylococcus is", "exp": "b-Lactamase production is common, is under plasmid control, and makes the organisms resistant to many penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin,and similar drugs). The plasmids are transmitted by transduction.Jawetx 27e pg:204", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjugation", "opb": "Plasmids", "opc": "Episomes", "opd": "Transduction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "9b8707cc-d6f8-4ba9-85c5-38e95aaffc2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The beta haemolytic streptococcus commonly implicated in neonatal meningitis is", "exp": "(B) Group B", "cop": 2, "opa": "Group A", "opb": "Group B", "opc": "Group C", "opd": "Group D", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "8092df2b-6953-4a0f-81a3-d5d9e2bd87d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HLA is the major histocompatibility antigen determining homograft rejection. This comes under", "exp": "HLA and blood groups come under iso-specificity in which antigens are present in ceain group of subjects in same species Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 94", "cop": 3, "opa": "Antigen specificity", "opb": "Species specificity", "opc": "Isospecificity", "opd": "Auto specificity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "df26e1e6-e5d5-4129-bd8f-8406439c922c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Injection abscesses due to use of contaminated vaccines occurs in infections caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "M. kansasii", "opb": "M. ulcerans", "opc": "M. chelonae", "opd": "M. smegmatis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c8c24b36-0891-45b2-a37d-a227252c6245", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Virulence factors for meningococci", "exp": "Meningococci are capsulated, unlike Neisseria. Based on their capsular polysaccharide antigens, they are classified into 13 subgroups, of which groups A, B, C, X, Y and W-135 are the most impoant Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 231", "cop": 1, "opa": "Capsule", "opb": "Pili", "opc": "Endotoxin", "opd": "Coagulase", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "880e69a8-1484-47d2-9209-1849063b000d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Among the infectious diseases transmitted by food, one is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Viral stomatitis", "opb": "Diptheria", "opc": "Tuberculosis", "opd": "Typhoid fever", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "75af32f0-060f-480b-a899-e22d713df8b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The endotoxin of the following gram negative bacteria does not play any part in the pathogenesis of the natural disease.", "exp": "Cholera Vibrios also possess lipopolysaccharide O antigen (LPS, endotoxin) as in other gram-negative intestinal bacilli. But unlike other gram-negative bacilli like E.coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, etc. (where endotoxin is the principle virulence factor), LPS apparently plays no role in pathogenesis of cholera but is responsible for the immunity induced by killed vaccine.\nFor Vibrio cholerae the principle virulence factor is the exotoxin, i.e. cholera toxin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "E. coli", "opb": "Klebsiella", "opc": "Vibrio cholerae", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6c3b24b5-eb80-4c8b-ad0d-fd0b2113bea8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive test for Treponema", "exp": "FTA-ABS test Most sensitive test in Syphilis The non specific tests (VDRL / RPR) test can be easily ruled out:? Their sensitivity is comparable to that of specific tests in primary and secondary syphilis but in latent or late syphilis they have quite low sensitivity. Specific Tests TPI In its time TPI was the most specific test available .for diagnosis of syphilis and was considered \"gold standard\" in .syphilis serology. However because of its extreme complexity it was available only in. few laboratories. The TP1 test has now been supplanted by other tests such as FTA-ABS and TPHA which are quite as specific and much simpler. FTA-ABS test FTA-ABS test is as specific as the TPI test and is now accepted as the standard reference test. However it can be done only in suitably equipped laboratories, it is not available for routine testing. TPHA test TPHA test is just as specific as FTA-ABS and almost as sensitive except in the primary stage. It is also much simple and more economical. These advantages have made TPHA a standard confirmations test. TPPA test The TPHA test has been replaced by the serodia TP-PA test which is more sensitive for primary syphilis. TPHA is widely available in Europe but not used in U.S.A. From the discussion above, and from the table reproduced from Harrison, it seems, the TPPA is the most sensitive test far syphilis. - Both FTA-ABS and TP-PA are equally sensitive in secondary and latent syphilis. - TP-PA has higher sensitivity in Primary syphilis. - The problem is that enough datas for TP-PA are not available. Test Primary Secondary Latent Teiary * VDRL/RPR 78 (74-87) 100 95(88-100) 71 (37-94) * FTA-ABS 84 (70-100) 100 100 96 * TP-PA 89 100 100 NA Diagnosis of syphilis:- Treponema pallidum cannot be isolated by routine culture methods therefore detection is either by direct visualization of the organisms in material .from the lesion or indirectly by immunological/serological methods. Each stage of the treponematoses requires a paicular testing modality. Absolute diagnosis during the first and second stages can be made by direct examination under dark field microscopy of a specimen from primary chancre, the maculopapular rash, or the condyloma Tatum. Since the direct visualization of spirochetes is effective only during the active stages of primary and secondary syphilis, serologic tests were developed. Serological tests in syphilis are of two types - Non specific treponemal tests - Specific treponemal tests Nonspecific treponemal tests :? Infection with syphilis results in cellular damage and the release into the serum of a number of lipids including cardiolipin and lecithin. The body produces antibodies against these antigens. - Non specific treponemal tests detects the presence of these antibodies to lipoprotein material from damged cells and cardiolipin from treponemes and as a consequence are not specific for Treponema. (Reactivity in these tests indicates host tissue damage). - If the patient has these antibodies it is assumed that he or she has syphilis. These tests are used for screening of syphilis. - If these tests are positive presence of the disease should be confirmed by specific tests. The tests commonly employed are: ? - Veneral disease Research laboratory test (VDRL TEST) - Rapid plasma Regain Test (RPR test) Why are these tests nonspeciic?? - These tests measure antibodies directed against cardiolipin antigen that results ,from interaction of host tissues with treponema pallidum or spirochete itself. (They do not detect the antibodies against Treponena itself). - Cardiolipin is a phospholipid and it is possible that a similar substance present in the treponemal cell or released. from damage host cells damaged by the stimulate antibody production. - Assays for nonspecific antibody, because of their low cost and technical simplicity have routinely been used as screening test .for evidence of syphilis since these tests have relatively low specificity positive results are confinned by detection of specific anti Treponemal antibody. Antibody develops in 70% of patients within 2 weeks of developing chancre and in 100% of patients with secondary syphilis. The impoant point about nonspecific treponemal tests is that they can be used quantitatively: ? - Quantitative result of these tests tends to correlate with disease activity thus they are very helpful .for screening. A four, fold or greater rise in the titre may be seen during the evolution of early syphilis. in secondary syphilis, test results are always positive and often at a high titre. The nonspecific treponemal tests should become nonreactive one year after successful therapy in primary syphilis and 2 years after successful therapy in late syphilis. - There fore these tests can be used to monitor response to treatment. -After successful treatment there would be sustained four fold decrease in antibody titre. - Similarly a four fold increase in titre following therapy suggests reinfection or relapse and necessitates reevaluation. Non specific Treponemal tests for syphilis VDRL Test The VDRL test is a non specific serological test for syphilis. It uses a mixture of cardiolipin, cholesterol and lecithin as antien. With the use of these antigens, IgG or 1gM antibodies present in the serum or C.S.F. (in case of neurosyphilis) are detected. This test can be used quantitatively and increase in VDRL titre with time can be used to confirm a diagnosis of syphilis. R.P.R. It is also a nonspecific test which uses cardiolipin as antigen. Treponemal specific tests While the nonspecific tests look for antilipoidal antibodies the specific treponemal tests look for antibodies against the spirochete itself The tests included in this category are: ? - Indirect immunoflorescence treponemal antibody-absorption test (FTA-ABS) test. -Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) or microhemagglutination test (MHA-TP) - Treponema pallidum immnobilisation test (TPI). - Enzyme immune assay (ELISA). - TPPA test These tests are used to confirm a positive nontreponemal reaginic test. Treponema specific tests are not completely specific for syphilis because false positive reactions can occur with other spirochetal diseases (e.g., Yaws, pinta leptospirosis, rat bite fever, relapsing degfever, lyme disease). An impoant point about these tests is that they do not correlate with disease activity. - These test findings become positive soon after infection and typically remain positive for life despite adequate treatment.", "cop": 3, "opa": "VDRL", "opb": "RPR", "opc": "FIA-ABS", "opd": "Kahn", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ba03ef5-762f-4b6c-8f24-90d22587e092", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ochratoxin is the mycotoxin produced by", "exp": "Ochratoxin- Aspergillus ochraceus Fusarium- sciepenols Amanita-muscarine Aspergillus-aflatoxin Ref: Baveja 5th ed pg: 562", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspergillus", "opb": "Amanita", "opc": "Claviceps", "opd": "Fusarium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "0777add2-d759-4d96-ac3a-6ffd0e44873a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most sensitive test for the diagnosis of herpes simplex (HSV) meningitis in a newborn infant is", "exp": "HSV meningitis or encephalitis is difficult to diagnose by laboratory tests as there is a low titer of virus present in the CSF. Neonatal HSV infects the child during the birth process. While culture, Tzanck smear, and even antibody tests may be useful in adults, particularly those with HSV-rich lesions, they are not useful for CSF testing. Only PCR is sensitive enough to detect HSV DNA in the CSF. Once diagnosed rapidly, HSV encephalitis or meningitis can be treated with acyclovir.", "cop": 2, "opa": "HSV IgG antibody", "opb": "HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)", "opc": "HSV culture", "opd": "Tzanck smear", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "072855bc-5876-4c6f-811c-35259b9d55e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is due to liberation of", "exp": "Pyrogenic exotoxin ( erythrogenic, Dick, scarlatinal toxin): the toxin was named erythrogenic because it's intradermal injection into susceptible individuals produced an erythematous reaction. The primary effect of the toxin is induction of fever and so it was renamed streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin. 3 types of SPE have been identified: A, B, and C, types A and C are coded by bacteriophage genes while type B gene is chromosomal. SPE are superantigens, T cell mitogens that induce a massive release of inflammatory cytokines, causing fever, shock and tissue damage. Soft tissue infections with some eM types 0f S.pyogenes (1, 3, 12, 28) may sometimes cause a toxic shock syndrome resembling staphylococcal TSS. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 214, 215", "cop": 3, "opa": "TSS - 1", "opb": "Enterotoxin", "opc": "Pyrogenic exotoxin", "opd": "Endotoxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "26b2a27a-9965-493d-820b-b2160005cc97", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reduction rhinoplasty is done for", "exp": "An operation called Reduction Rhinoplasty reduces the size of the framework of the nose over which the skin is draped. The skin itself is not touched.The frame of the nose which is made up of bone in its upper half and gristle(cailage) in its lower half is approached from underneath the skin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hump nose", "opb": "Narrow nose", "opc": "Crooked nose", "opd": "Saddle nose", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e2fc88be-b609-4d56-9765-2e6e5ce6ed43", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coccobacillus grown in BYCE medium is", "exp": "Coccobacllus which have fatidious requirements and grow on complex media such as buffered charcoal,yeast extract (BYCE) agar,with L_cysteine and antibiotic supplements with 5%CO2 at PH_6.9, temperature 35degC and 90% humidity is legionella. Ref: anantnarayan and panikers 10 th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Legionella", "opb": "Streptobacillus", "opc": "Gardenella", "opd": "Neisseria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b862db84-7194-47d1-b313-574c620b216e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Syphilis was first identified by", "exp": "Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, was first discovered by Schaudinn and Hoffmann in the chancers and inguinal lymph nodes of syphilitic patients. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 378", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fraenkel", "opb": "Nicolaescu", "opc": "Schaudinn and Hoffman", "opd": "Ogston", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b2a02cf1-8724-4a9e-be23-4354ad5bf02d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dimorphic fungi grow as molds at", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "37°C", "opb": "32°C", "opc": "30°C", "opd": "25°C", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6598fd4-9b30-4e7a-86cb-d71e178d1c95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the Eijkman test, mac Conkey broth tubes are incubated at", "exp": "At 44 degree centigrade, Mac Conkey broth tubes are incubated Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 4th ed Pg 691", "cop": 3, "opa": "25 degree centigrade", "opb": "37 degree centigrade", "opc": "44 degree centigrade", "opd": "52 degree centigrade", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "194f7eb5-09ba-4f5d-b6a1-c5c4321ad312", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coincidental malignancy in the upper respiratory tract with inveed papillomas seen in", "exp": "Coincidental malignancy in the upper respiratory tract with inveed papilloma is seen in 4%Malignant transformation of the tumor itself is seen in 8%", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.10%", "opb": "2%", "opc": "4%", "opd": "5%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b77253db-30c6-4d5f-a6a5-cebeb1b917ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Submandibular salivary gland is divided into superficial and deep lobes by", "exp": "The submandibular salivary gland is a large salivary gland situated in the anterior pa of the digastrics triangle.The gland is about the size of a walnut.It is roughly J-shaped being indented by the posterior border of the mylohyoid which divides it into a larger pa superficial to the muscle and a small pa lying deep to the muscle.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Digastric tendon", "opb": "Hypoglossus muscle", "opc": "Mandible", "opd": "Mylohyoid muscle", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7697df23-e1f0-4515-ac7d-a71cb0d6795e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The optimal time and temperature required for sterilization in an autoclave is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "140°C x 2 hrs. x 10 lbs pr", "opb": "121°F x 15 mts. x 15 lbs pr", "opc": "121°C x 15 sec. x 15 lbs pr", "opd": "121°C x 15 mts. x 15 lbs pr", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c7a41549-56e4-459e-a181-37bb8a20c5e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Simplest and most effective method to prevent nosocomial infection", "exp": "As hand contact is the most common mode of transmission,\nthe best preventive measure of nosocomial infection is proper hand hygiene", "cop": 4, "opa": "Use of antibiotics", "opb": "Use of laminar airflow", "opc": "Use of filters", "opd": "Hand washing", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5eadec87-cb5c-4a65-ac58-729ee776907c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Double stranded RNA is", "exp": "genome of reovirus consist of double stranded RNA", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rotavirus", "opb": "Reovirus", "opc": "Picorna virus", "opd": "Myxovirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c62ad12b-00a3-4792-8027-f4d20242b5cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Latex card agglutination test is done for", "exp": "Latex card agglutination test to detect cryptococcal anitgen in CSF.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opb": "Candida", "opc": "Coccidiodes", "opd": "Para coccidiodes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "00719e80-2399-451b-be54-adcc9ece1675", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common organism responsible for pseudomembranous colitis is", "exp": "Clostridium difficile: long, slender, gram-positive bacilli. Non-hemolytic, saccharolytic and weakly proteolytic. Causes: bloody diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Pathogenesis: high molecular weight exotoxin A and B Toxin A is a potent enterotoxin, Toxin B is a cytotoxin. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 270", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clostridium difficile", "opb": "Clostridium botulism", "opc": "Clostridium histolyticum", "opd": "Clostridium butyricum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "73f0ffb1-02e3-4424-a9fd-6ef787416455", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Category A bioterrorism agents are", "exp": "Category A bioterrorism agents include - 1. Smallpox- various virus 2. Tularemia- Francisella tularensis 3. Anthrax- bacillus anthracis 4. Botulinum toxin- Clostridium botulinum 5. Bubonic plague- yersinia pedis 6. Viral haemorrhage fever- filoviridae (Marburg virus and Ebola virus) Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ebola", "opb": "Yersinia", "opc": "Clostridium botulinum", "opd": "Rickettsia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "886d9029-f23f-43a7-be0c-d81289a83307", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The culture media for fungus is", "exp": "Tellurite and chocolate agar are bacterial culture media. NNN media used for culture of the parasite (Leishmania). Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tellurite medium", "opb": "NNN medium", "opc": "Chocolate agar medium", "opd": "Sabourauds medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "9f2ea0b5-ef0a-4047-9a4a-00ed05182951", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The dengue fever virus is", "exp": "Dengue (breakbone fever) is a mosquito-borne infection caused by a flavivirus that is characterized by fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting, eye pain, and rash.Ref: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; Twenty-Seventh Edition; Chapter 38; Ahropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Viral Diseases", "cop": 1, "opa": "Flavi virus", "opb": "Echo virus", "opc": "Entero virus", "opd": "Ohomyxo virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "2a4c368d-d4b3-4371-80ac-65197e4afa3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxigenicity of tetanus is done on", "exp": "In vivo: In vivo toxigenicity of tetanus is tested in a mouse. A 2-4 day old cooked meat culture is inoculated into the root of the tail of a mouse. A second mouse that has received the tetanus antitoxin an hour earlier serves as the control. Symptoms develop in the test animal in 12-24 hours, beginning with the stiffness in the tail. The animal dies within two days. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 267", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rabbit", "opb": "Horse", "opc": "Mouse", "opd": "Guinea Pig", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "95544a97-2d90-41f9-93de-d47cbd9469cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture medium for Corynebacterium diphtheria is", "exp": "Loeffler's serum slope: diphtheria bacilli grow on this media very rapidly and colonies can be seen in 6-8 hours, long before other bacteria grow. Colonies are the first small, circular white opaque disc but enlarge on continued incubation and may acquire a distinctly yellow tint. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 242", "cop": 1, "opa": "Loeffler's serum slope", "opb": "McConkey's agar", "opc": "Sabourauds agar", "opd": "Lowenstein Jensen medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c9c4e77a-9b26-46cf-bb2a-94f59ec81afc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Presence of budding capsulated yeast in CSF is", "exp": "(C) Cryptococcus neoformans # Cryptococcus neoformans is round or ovoid budding cell, 4-30 mm in diameter with polysaccharide capsule,> Infection is acquired by inhalation causes pulmonary cryptococcosis, (cryptococcal meningitis is most serious type of infection seen in AIDS patients.)> Diagnosis is established by demonstration of capsulated budding yeast cells in the lesion or culture from CSR> Blastomyces is dimorphic fungus (lung and cutaneous lesion)> Histoplasma is a dimorphic fungus involving pulmonary and reticuloendothelial sys.> Coccidioides imitis is dimorphic fungus producing respiratory infection only.> Cryptococcus causes CNS infection, so can be isolated from CSR", "cop": 3, "opa": "Histoplasma capsulatum", "opb": "Coccidiomyces immitis", "opc": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opd": "Blastomycetes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "a59f31e6-cc15-4f21-a51e-019edb040180", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Travellers diarrhoea is caused by", "exp": "Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC): Diarrhea caused by ETEC is of two epidemiological types Endemic in developing countries causing watery diarrhea to fatal disease. Traveller's diarrhea seen in persons from non-endemic areas visiting endemic areas. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:285", "cop": 2, "opa": "Shigella", "opb": "Escherichia coli", "opc": "Entamoeba histolytica", "opd": "Giardiasis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "dc5f34b2-8989-4176-bdfb-b7640ec1a473", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Red pigment producing bacteria is", "exp": "Serratia forms characteristic pink,red or magenta non diffusible pigment called prodigosin which is optimally formed at room temperature. Ref: anantnarayan and panikers 10 th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Escherichia coli", "opb": "Bordetella parapeussis", "opc": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "opd": "Serratia marcescens", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "9fd675c8-3551-4663-8739-c470f66d2846", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A tangled mass of hyphae is", "exp": "Mycelium-a tangled mass of hyphae.\nFungi which form mycelia are called moulds.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conidia", "opb": "Molds", "opc": "Pseudopodia", "opd": "Mycelium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "99b0a654-811c-45d7-8020-fff7b8e4333a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causative agent of Favus is", "exp": "Favus - scutula formation over scalp caused by T. Shoenleii\nKerion - Painfull boggy swelling caused by \n\nT. Mentagrophytes\nT. Verrucossum.", "cop": 3, "opa": "T. Mentagrophytes", "opb": "T. Verrucossum", "opc": "T. Schoenleii", "opd": "E. Floccosum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7c32e22a-12d6-4bf7-92e3-4660c385c953", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "VDRL test for diagnosis of syphilis is an example for", "exp": "VDRL- Flocculation test Though flocculation also is a type of precipitation, flocculation is ideal for VDRL In which floccules are suspended after formation of antigen-antibody complex Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 120", "cop": 4, "opa": "Precipitation test", "opb": "Agglutination", "opc": "Immunofluorescence", "opd": "Flocculation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "f6b9952c-658e-4401-95e2-0d9259c7af20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In myocardial infarction, the infarct acquires hyperemic rim with a yellow center at", "exp": "Findings of infarct at 3 - 7 days: Gross examinationHyperemia borderSoftening yellow-tan center Histopathology (light microscopy)The beginning of the disintegration of dead muscle fibersNecrosis of neutrophilsThe beginning of macrophage removal of dead cells at the border", "cop": 2, "opa": "1-2 hours", "opb": "3-7 days", "opc": "7-14 days", "opd": "10-20 days", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a579d0f2-cb44-487f-9c4a-8541345173da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The sterilization method for catgut suture", "exp": "Ans. (b) Radiation Sterlisation of Materials Impoant Materials Methods of sterilisation and disinfection 1 Glasswares-syringes, Petri dishes, test tubes, flasks, surgical instrument; oily fluids and powders Hot air oven 2. Serum, body fluids, bacterial vaccines Waterbath, vaccine bath 3. Milk Pasteurisation, 63degC x 30 min. or 72degC x 20 sec 4. Cystoscope and endoscope Glutaraldehyde (Cidex-2%) or ethylene oxide 5. Most of the culture media Autoclaving 6. Culture media containing egg, serum or sugar Tyndallisation 7. Rubber, plastic and polythene tubes, disposable syringes Glutaradehyde, ethylene oxide gas 8. Dressings, aprons, gloves, catheters surgical instruments except sharp instruments. Autoclaving 9. Sharp instruments 5% cresol 10.Suture materials except catgut Autoclaving 11.Catgut Ionising radiation 12. Rubber or plastic disposable goods, disposable syringes, bone and tissue graft, adhesive dressings Ionising radiation 13. Faeces and urine, vomitus sputum Bleaching powder, cresols, formatin, burning, autoclaving, boiling 14.Sterilisation of operation theatre Formaldehyde gas 15. Wards and laboratory or operation theatre floor space Formaldehyde gas and cresols (Lysol) 16. Skin Tincture iodine, spirit (70% ethanol), Savlon (phenol derivative).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Steam", "opb": "Radiation", "opc": "Boiling", "opd": "Burning", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b111eb24-7c37-4d6e-9db6-d293df2f7933", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective culture medium to grow leptospira", "exp": "CULTURE MEDIA ORGANISM 1. EMJH(Ellinghausen McLlaugh Johnson and Harris) Leptospira 2. Thayer Main medium Gonocoocus and meningococcus 3. MacConkey's agar Enterobacteriacae 4. Chocolate agar Gonocoocus , meningococcus and hemophilus", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thayer Main medium", "opb": "Mc Conkey agar", "opc": "Chocolate agar", "opd": "EMJH", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2018", "id": "5d0dc35d-1c79-4c19-89cd-99d2bce2d2f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Near double stranded DNA among the following", "exp": "(B) Hepatitis B # Genome of HBV is made of circular DNA, but it is unusual because the DNA is not fully double-stranded.> One end of the full length strand is linked to the viral DNA polymerase.> The genome is 3020-3320 nucleotides long.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatitis A", "opb": "Hepatitis B", "opc": "Hepatitis C", "opd": "Hepatitis D", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "3cbc68e7-f27c-4339-aa66-0e9fbb8db491", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The bursa communicating with knee joint is", "exp": "The suprapatellar bursa communicates with the cavity of the knee joint.Inflammation of the infrapatellar bursa is known as Clergyman&;s knee and prepatellar bursa is known as Housemaid&;s knee.The Anserine bursa separates the inseions of Semitendinosus, Saorius and Gracialis from tibia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infrapatellar", "opb": "Prepatellar", "opc": "Suprapatellar", "opd": "Lateral patellar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "74386845-2b42-4ed8-b62d-81f55ddd040a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Saccharolytic reaction in cooked meat broth is produced by", "exp": "CMB also called Robesons cooked meat -contains nutrient broth and cooked meat of ox hea Saccharolytic reaction positive for cl.perfringes Proteolytic reaction positive for cl.tetani Ref: CP Baveja 4th ed Pg:51", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pseudomonas", "opb": "Clostridium perfringes", "opc": "Clostridium tetani", "opd": "C.diptheriae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "7cb004c1-e74b-4083-97c0-adef2ce92b9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common host of Balantidium coli is", "exp": "Ans: d (Pig)Ref: C K Jayaram Panicker's Textbook of Medical Parasitology, 6th ed. Pg. 111-112Balantidium coli* Only ciliate protozoan parasite of humans* Largest protozoan parasite in humans* It is a zoonosis, the principal reservoir being pigs, monkeys and rats.* It occurs in 2 stages -- trophozoite and cyst form.* Trophozoite lives in the large intestine* Infective form is the cyst in food and water.* Clinically resembles amoebiasis -- diarrhoea or dysentery, abdominal colic, nausea, vomiting* Treatment is with tetracycline metronidazole is also useful.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cattle", "opb": "Dog", "opc": "Goat", "opd": "Pig", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "be1a7c22-af03-4c20-b797-f59bc9691433", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complement binding immunoglobin via the classical pathway is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "IgG & IgM", "opb": "IgG & IgA", "opc": "IgG & IgD", "opd": "IgD & IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a9c36ee-f407-4646-921a-fe03929eaf1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptokinase is produced from", "exp": "S.equisimilis produces streptolysin O, streptokinase (antigenically distinct from that produced by S.pyogenes) and other extracellular substances. S.equisimilis is the source of streptokinase used for thrombolytic therapy in patients. Group C streptococci are predominantly animal pathogens. Group C strains isolated from human sources usually belong to the S.equisimilis species. It can cause upper respiratory infections, as well as deep infections such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, brain abscess, pneumonia and puerperal sepsis. Strains are tolerant to penicillin and serious infections may not respond to penicillin treatment. The addition of gentamycin is recommended in serious cases. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg: 219", "cop": 1, "opa": "S.equisimilis", "opb": "S.bovis", "opc": "S.pyogenes", "opd": "S.canis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "10115ea3-617d-4da1-8f94-adeb52f560a2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following is a diploid cell strain", "exp": "HL-8 (Rhesus embryo cell strain ) and WI-38 (human embryonic lung cell strain) are diploid cell lines Primary cell strains include- chick embryo fibroblast cell culture, human amnion cell culture etc Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 417", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rhesus monkey kidney cell culture", "opb": "heLa", "opc": "Human embryonic lung cell strain", "opd": "Mccoy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "7039ca16-786b-4fc2-97a1-297b6597d465", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of a poion of the DNA from one bacterium to another by the bacteriophage is known as", "exp": "In transduction, donor DNA is carried by a phage coat and is transferred into the recipient by the mechanism used for phage infection.Reference: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Chapter 7; Microbial Genetics", "cop": 3, "opa": "Transformation", "opb": "Mutation", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Conjugation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "15418671-d107-4b1d-a8c7-0139b6c928d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acid maltase deficiency occurs in", "exp": "Pompe DiseaseAcid maltase (acid a-glucosidase) deficiency, also called Pompe disease, is a glycogen and lysosomal storage disease with autosomal recessive inheritance.The classic severe infantile form presents with hypotonia, myocardiopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly.This variant is rapidly progressive and generally results in death in the first year of life. However, as with other lysosomal diseases, there are early- and late-onset forms of this disorder.The late-onset patients typically present with a slowly progressive myopathy that may resemble a limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Respiratory insufficiency may develop with advancing disease.In late stages of the disease, patients may require mechanical ventilation, repo swallowing difficulties, and experience loss of bowel and bladder control.Myocardiopathy is not usually seen in late-onset variants of Pompe disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pompe's disease", "opb": "Von-gerke's disease", "opc": "Mc-ardle's disease", "opd": "Neimen pick disease", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3c200dbb-f78f-433a-9cd0-ed0f0881771d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The active component of Bleaching powder is", "exp": "Most active is Hypochlorous acid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypochlorite", "opb": "Hypochlorous acid", "opc": "Hexachlorophane", "opd": "Cetrimide", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8a989abd-8cb4-402b-80d2-478055b25253", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Example of type 1 hypersensitivity", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Lepromin test", "opb": "Casoni test", "opc": "Tuberculin test", "opd": "Arthus reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e1a6776-4fbf-4da0-83b2-7c955f75a951", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Enterovirus 72 is", "exp": "Hepatitis A virus belongs to Enterovirus (picomavirus family) and was originally designated as “enterovirus-72”\n\nHepatitis ‘A' virus\n\n HAV is a non enveloped RNA virus.\n It is classified in genus Hepatovirus under family picomavirus.\n Originally called as enterovirus 72.\n It is the only human hepatitis virus which can be cultivated in vitro. It can be grown in some human and simian cell\n\ncultures.\n\n Most common cause of acute hepatitis in children.\n Transmission is by the fecal-oral route.\nThe virus is shed in feces during the late incubation period and the prodromal phase of the illness.\nMaybe present occasionally in the saliva and urine of patients, but this is not relevant in the spread.\n\nProphylaxis\nBoth passive and active prophylaxis are available.\nPassive prophylaxis by pooled normal human immunoglobulin is given IM before exposure or in the early incubation period.\nActive prophylaxis is by a conjugate vaccine containing HAV (inactivated by formalin) grown in human diploid cell culture.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hepatitis A", "opb": "Hepatitis E", "opc": "Hepatitis G", "opd": "Hepatitis C", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0104e984-3d76-4093-aeea-867bcd4ccbdf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presents with fever, uicaria, itching and swelling followed by injection of Penicillin. It is due to", "exp": "There are two clinical pictures that can result from penicillin allergy, namely acute (Type I) and sub-acute reactions (Type II) mediated by IgE and IgG antibodies respectively. The acute allergic reaction arises immediately or rapidly within minutes to an hour or two and includes sudden anaphylaxis with hypotension, bronchospasm, angioedema and uicaria. Acute reactions result from reaction with preformed IgE to penicillin as a result of previous exposure. A less dramatic picture may occur 7 to 10 days after penicillin treatment stas or 1-2 days after repeat therapy. In this setting, the picture is sub-acute and can include uicaria, fever and ahralgias or ahritis. The sub-acute reaction is caused by preformed IgG to penicillin as a result of previous penicillin treatment. The IgG antibody results in the activation of the complement reactions producing inflammation resulting in the symptoms. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 166,167", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgG Hypersensitivity", "opb": "IgE Hypersensitivity", "opc": "Delayed Hypersensitivity", "opd": "Immune complex Hypersensitivity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "d82f0a67-8017-43f8-b28c-6ec584ff3de3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "From one of the following He la cells are derived", "exp": "(C) Carcinoma cervix > Cell lines derived from most virus induced cancers contain path of all of the virus genome. The most famous of these-- He la cell line was established from cervical cancers.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sternal bone marrow", "opb": "Embryonal lung", "opc": "Carcinoma cervix", "opd": "Connective tissue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "094188da-89a9-4c1a-87d2-605d3a3ad41a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient has an increased antibody titer to delta agent. You would most likely suspect", "exp": "Delta agent is a recently discovered antigen associated with HBsAg. Its presence usually correlates with HBsAg chronic carriers who have chronic active hepatitis. EIA and radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests are available to detect antibodies to delta agent. Fifth disease is a viral exanthem commonly seen in children 8 to 12 years old. Children are ill for a few days but recover without incident. Unfounately, if a pregnant female acquires the disease in the first trimester of pregnancy, the fetus is at risk. The causative agent is thought to be a parvovirus (parvovirus B 19). Adults with no titer to varicella (VZV) are at risk for acquisition of chickenpox. If they are health care workers, there is additional risk in transmitting VZV to immunodeficient children. Antibodies to VZV are readily detected by both enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques. SSPE is thought to be caused by a measles-related virus present in the central nervous system. Most SSPE patients show elevated measles virus antibodies in serum and CSF. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), lower CSF antibody titers have been observed, suggesting a possible etiologic role for measles virus in MS. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fifth disease", "opb": "Susceptibility to chickenpox", "opc": "Possible subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)", "opd": "Possible hepatitis B infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "f2aa1fda-492d-457d-9b5a-23cd23bf1416", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Investigation of choice for neurosyphilis", "exp": "* Sample of diagnosis for neurosyphilis is CSF * Only tests that can be done for neurosyphilis are: * VDRL * FTA-ABS * The diagnosis of asymptomatic neurosyphilis is made in patients who lack neurologic symptoms and signs but who have CSF abnormalities including mononuclear pleocytosis, increased protein concentrations, or CSF reactivity in the VDRL test. * When VDRL is negative, FTA-ABS is done to confirm the test. * Ideally both tests here are used in diagnosis; But when you have to choose single best option - best is VDRL according to CDC site and Mandells ID book. Ref:- Harrisons T.B of internal medicine 19th edition; pg num:- 1136", "cop": 3, "opa": "FTA-ABS", "opb": "RPR", "opc": "VDRL", "opd": "TPI", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c265fd37-f677-47d2-9e3f-2f4fba662b97", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common complication of chicken pox", "exp": "M/c - secondary bacterial pneumonia(strept > staph)\nMost dangerous - Varicella pneumonia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Varicella pneumonia", "opb": "Secondary bacterial pneumonia", "opc": "Chorioretinitis", "opd": "Reye's syndrome", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "52db37fd-f194-4e06-8133-4193ed5a9aed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atrophy of intrinsic muscles of the hand, sensory deficit on medial side of forearm and hand, and diminished radial pulse on turning the head on the affected side could be because of", "exp": "Cervical ribs (present in up to 1% of people) aiculate with the C7 veebra are clinically significant because they may compress spinal nerves C8 and T1 or the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus supplying the upper limb. Tingling and numbness may occur along the medial border of the forearm. They may also compress the subclan aery, resulting in ischemic muscle pain (caused by poor blood supply) in the upper limb.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carpal tunnel syndrome", "opb": "Cervical rib", "opc": "Enlarged axillary lymph nodes", "opd": "Supracondylar fracture of humerus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6a4c9d14-d942-42be-936f-724001464b26", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Dane particle is the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "HBV", "opb": "IgG anti HAV", "opc": "Delta Virus", "opd": "HBC Ag", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ed253ef-c61f-4fb8-bdc4-b08a106493e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coconut cake rectum is seen in", "exp": "T. trichura also known as whipworm causes coconut cake rectum in children.", "cop": 1, "opa": "T. trichura", "opb": "E. Vermicularis", "opc": "A. Duodenale", "opd": "N. Americanus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab6e28ba-dcf0-4052-9ccd-bbcfac13694d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contaminant in home canned vegetables and smoked fish includes", "exp": "Clostridium botulinum: strict anaerobic, cause botulism. Source of botulism is preserved food, meat and meat products, canned foods. Proteolytic varieties can digest food, which appears spoiled. The cans are often inflated and show bubbles on opening. Non-proteolytic varieties have food unchanged. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Clostridium botulimum", "opc": "Salmonella", "opd": "Bacillus cereus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "b63f98f4-c7bb-4dde-a404-e3eb2f12da46", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diagonal conjugate is defined as the distance between", "exp": "The diagonal conjugate is clinically estimated by measuring the distance from the sacral promontory to the lower margin of the symphysis pubis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Upper border of symphysis pubis and the sacral promontory", "opb": "Lower border of symphysis pubis and the sacral promontory", "opc": "Lower border of symphysis pubis and the third piece of sacrum", "opd": "Lower border of symphysis pubis and tip of sacrum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3ea6de58-0ec6-43a5-9cbe-a885d737e380", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Immunoglobulins present in milk", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgM", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgD", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7cab0257-fdf1-4fc9-837a-300ed1872e01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site for Amebic liver abscess", "exp": "It involves posterior superior surface of right lobe of liver.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Posterior inferior surface of Right lobe of  liver", "opb": "Posterior inferior surface of left lobe of liver", "opc": "Posterior superior surface of right lobe of liver", "opd": "Posterior superior surface of left lobe of liver", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e0cacda3-a588-4615-b40b-8b80b4f24ca6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anaerobic bacteria can be cultured in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "L-J medium", "opb": "Robertson cooked meat medium", "opc": "Loeffler's medium", "opd": "Sabouraud's agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eeac21b2-9362-44ef-83c0-fd7de3f2646e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lesions caused by Entamoeba histolytica predominantly involve", "exp": "Trophozoites generally infect the large intestinal mucosa but under certain conditions they may perforate the gut and invade other organs (especially liver, lungs and brain). \nIn many cases, the trophozoites remain confined to the intestinal lumen (noninvasive infection) of individuals who are asymptomatic carriers, passing cysts in their stool. \nIn some patients the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa (intestinal disease), or, through the bloodstream, extraintestinal sites such as the liver, brain, and lungs (extra-intestinal disease), with resultant pathologic manifestations.\n\nRef :\nhttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/amebiasis/pathogen.html\nhttp://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/entamoeba-text.html#:~:text=Host%20range%3A%20Entamoeba%20histolytica%20is,in%20tropical%20and%20subtropical%20countries.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Caecum and large intestine", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Stomach", "opd": "Jejunum and Ileum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ed75af8-f6c1-45a6-9ec3-0633a990c007", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stuart's medium is a transport media for", "exp": "Stuart's and Amies medium are transport media for Neisseria.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus", "opb": "Neisseria", "opc": "Vibrio", "opd": "Shigella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9feced4c-6405-4dc4-9f16-bf306c596807", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus can cause", "exp": "Staphylococcal infections are the most common bacterial infections and range from tril to fatal. The common pyogenic staphylococcal infections are: Skin and soft tissue infections: Folliculitis, furuncle, abscess, wound infections, carbuncle, impetigo, paronychia and less often cellulitis. 2. Musculoskeletal: Osteomyelitis, ahritis, bursitis and pyomyositis. 3. Respiratory: Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis, bronchopneumonia, lung abscess, empyema and rarely pneumonia 4. CNS: Abscess, meningitis and intracranial thrombophlebitis 5. Endovascular: Bacteremia, septicemia, pyemia, endocarditis Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayan and Paniker's; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pharyngitis", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Migraine", "opd": "Dermatitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "dc92c34c-d655-4328-b85c-092dc54c2255", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The best diagnostic procedure of M.tuberculosis", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Sputum culture \"Definitive diagnosis depends on isolation (culture) and identification of M. tuberculosis from a diagnostic sepcimen (most common specimen in sputum)\".", "cop": 3, "opa": "PCR", "opb": "Auramin rhodamin stain", "opc": "Sputum culture", "opd": "ESR", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37cff1b3-14a6-4560-8846-1f8a975d268d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Heat labile immunoglobulin", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., IgE Only heat labile Ig Inactivated at 56 degrees C in one hour.", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgE", "opd": "IgM", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d0e9be8-86e1-4ae9-8c48-d55a88c1ec79", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The granules discharged in mycetoma contains", "exp": "Granules composed of broader filaments and often shows septa and chlamydospores in mycotic mycetoma. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "bone specules", "opb": "Fungal colonies", "opc": "Pus cells", "opd": "Inflammatory cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "da34055d-92ed-4cec-a35e-61ac7b335ae5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Citron bodies are seen in", "exp": "Citron bodies - Boat or leaf shaped bodies seen in clostridium septicum.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clostridium perfringens", "opb": "Clostridium difficile", "opc": "Clostridium septicum", "opd": "Clostridium tertium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64d823b3-bd2c-41d1-bda3-61f0b9587d39", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture of streptococcus viridans resemble", "exp": "Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus pneumoniae are alpha hemolytic. On blood agar, after incubation for 18 hours, the colonies are small (0.5-1mm), dome-shaped and glistening, with an area of green discolouration around them, resembling colonies of viridans streptococci. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 224", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Streptococcus faecalis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4d0b56aa-206a-4134-9449-5a2d8915ddbd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HDV is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "SS-RNA virus", "opb": "SS-DNA virus", "opc": "DS-RNA virus", "opd": "DS-DNA virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "df488d1e-5009-4848-ad90-942473801f69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Helper cells belong to", "exp": "1. CD4+ T cells: CD4 cells are also known as helper T (Th) cells. They constitute about 65% of peripheral T cells and are found mainly in the thymic medulla, tonsils, and blood. CD4 displayed on the surfaces of these T cells recognize a nonpeptide-binding poion of MHC class II molecules. Hence, CD4+ T cells are restricted to the recognition of MHC class II complexes. Helper T lymphocytes are involved in the induction and regulation of immune responses. 2. Main function of helper T cells: 1. Help in the antigen-specific activation of B cells and effector T cells. 2. Th-1 cytokines activate cytotoxic inflammatory and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. 3. Th-2 cells help in the production of interleukins which encourage production of antibodies especially IgE. 4. Th-2 cytokines are associated with regulation of strong antibody and allergic responses.", "cop": 1, "opa": "T cells", "opb": "Macrophages", "opc": "B cells", "opd": "Monocytes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 2 ( Hybridoma Technology, Complement Pathways, Interferon, Structure and Functions of Immune Cells )", "id": "4ce28bda-7562-47da-80eb-671ec3518b2d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The usefulness of a 'screening test' in a community depends on its", "exp": "Predictive value of a test signifies the diagnostic power of the test.An attribute of an idea screening test is its repeatability or reliability or reproducibility.Sensitivity has been defined as the ability of the test to identify correctly all those who have the disease, that is truly positive (Hence determines the usefulness of the screening test).Specificity is not as impoant. After screening, we can apply a confirmatory test with high specificity.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sensitivity", "opb": "Specificity", "opc": "Reliability", "opd": "Predicitive value", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b121cb1e-1a95-4a56-8e80-d03f6af84498", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following immunoglobulin is not known to fix complement", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "IgE", "opb": "IgM", "opc": "IgA", "opd": "IgG", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf3494be-1f2d-4003-9a03-eef3575ee379", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective medium for Gonococci rpt", "exp": "Question repeated.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thayer - main medium", "opb": "LJ medium", "opc": "DCA medium", "opd": "MacConkey's medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "082bef9b-b59e-46a3-945e-d072f51d68c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keroin is caused by", "exp": "kerion - severe boggy lesions with a marked inflammatory reaction that sometimes develops in scalp infection due to dermatophytes. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Candida", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Dermatophytes", "opd": "Herpes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "ff9a4cc5-1850-4a9d-b55c-2d1567f83087", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flavivirus associated with congenital microcephaly is", "exp": "Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 520 FLAVIVIRIDAEFamily Characteristics* Enveloped, icosahedral* Positive-sense ssRNA* Ahropod-borne (arboviruses) Virus Disease St. Louis encephalitis virus Encephalitis West Nile encephalitis virus Encephalitis Dengue Break bone fever (rash, muscle and joint pain), reinfection, can result in dengue hemorrhagic shock Yellow Fever virus Yellow fever: liver, kidney, hea, and GI(black vomit) damage Zika Mild - febrile illness of rash and ahralgiaCongenital: microcephaly and fetal demise", "cop": 3, "opa": "West Nile virus", "opb": "Yellow fever virus", "opc": "Zika virus", "opd": "Dengue virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "adcacd97-0433-4001-97ec-602d4dd1eeb1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diene's phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "Diene's phenomenon - proteus\nDiene's method of staining → mycoplasma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proteus", "opb": "E.coli", "opc": "Klebsiella", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a7bd3503-1653-49e4-bafb-058d6510deef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causative organism of SARS", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "H1N1", "opb": "Corona virus", "opc": "Rotavirus", "opd": "RSV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee36bcfb-cf5d-423e-b816-5f5e7eb960ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phospholipid used to investigate syphilis by the regain test is", "exp": "Ans. a (Cardiolipin). (Ref. Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 6th/pg.378; 7th ed. pg. 381)SEROLOGICAL TESTS FOR SYPHILISThese tests form the mainstay of laboratory' diagnosis.A Large number of tests have been described, of which only a few are now employed.These are follows:1. Tests for antibodies reacting with cardiolipin antigen (Non-specific reagin tests; standard tests for syphilis; STS)2. Tests for antibodies reacting with group specific treponemal antigen3. Tests for specific antibodies to pathogenic treponema (T. pallidum).Reagin antibody testsThese tests use the lipoid or cardiolipin antigens and are known as 'standard tests for syphilis' or STS.The first of the reagin antibody tests was the Wassermann complement fixation test (1906).It is no longer in use now.# The first flocculation test used widely was tube flocculation test of Kahn.# The Kahn test has been replaced by the simpler and more rapid VDRL test., which gives more quantitative result.# VDRL test can be used for testing CSF also, but not plasma. CSF need not be heated prior to test.# A number of modifications of the VDRL have been developed, of which the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is the most popular.Sensitivity of Serodiagnostic Tests in Untreated SyphilisMean Percentage Positive (Range) at Indicated Stage of DiseaseTestPrimarySecondaryLatentTertiaryVDRL, RPR78 (74-87)10095 (88-100)71 (37-94)FTA-ABS84 (70-100)10010096TP-PA89100100NA", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cardiolipin", "opb": "Plasminogen", "opc": "Palmi lecithin", "opd": "Serine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Spirochetes", "id": "547aa50d-05ac-4b3a-b5eb-b888309d5860", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Japanese B encephalitis virus is transmitted by the following vector", "exp": "(A) Culex tritaeniorhynchus # Japanese encephalitis:> The virus was first isolated in Japan during an epidemic in 1935. Several large epidemics have occurred since then. Epidemics show a seasonal incidence (summer-autumn) in the temperate regions, though this is not evident in the tropical areas.> Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a rural mosquito that breeds n rice fields, is the principal vector.> In India, Japanese encephalitis was first recognised in 1955 when the virus was isolated from mosquitoes of the Culex vishnui complex from Vellore during an outbreak of encephalitis in Tamiinadu.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Culex tritaeniorhynchus", "opb": "Hard tick", "opc": "Culex fatigans", "opd": "Soft tick", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "46942781-afda-4f16-9793-761ade7202c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oudin procedure is a immunodiffusion by", "exp": "Single diffusion in one dimension (Oudin Procedure).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Single diffusion in one dimension", "opb": "Double diffusions in one dimention", "opc": "Single diffusion in two dimensions", "opd": "Double diffusions in two dimensions.", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c37179be-4daf-47cc-a464-1e0d051ca4c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Widal test is a type of", "exp": "Tube dilution agglutination test (Widal test): Serum agglutinins rise sharply during the second and third weeks of S serotype Typhi infection. The Widal test to detect these antibodies against the O and H antigens has been in use for decades. At least two serum specimens, obtained at intervals of 7-10 days, are needed to prove a rise in antibody titer. Serial dilutions of unknown sera are tested against antigens from representative salmonellae. The interpretive criteria when single serum specimens are tested vary, but a titer against the O antigen of greater than 1:320 and against the H antigen of greater than 1:640 is considered positive.Ref: Jawetz Medical Microbiology; Chapter15 Enteric Gram-Negative Rods (Enterobacteriaceae); Page no: 241", "cop": 2, "opa": "Slide agglutination test", "opb": "Tube agglutination test", "opc": "CFT", "opd": "Ring precipitation test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "318e8495-3bcc-47f0-8754-085422658421", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxin production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae is due to", "exp": "The toxigenicity of diphtheria bacilli depends on the presence in it of corynephages, which act as the genetic determinant controlling toxin production. Non-toxigenic strains Kay be rendered toxigenic by infecting them with the beta or some other phage. This is known as lysogenic or phage conversion. The toxigenicity remains only as long as the bacilli are lysogenic. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; page no 240", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chromosomal mutation", "opb": "Presence of plasmid", "opc": "Lysogenic conversion", "opd": "Transformation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a3b71663-9418-47f5-bf99-f25c64aa9bf0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The segment of DNA between chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA molecules within the cells are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Transposons", "opb": "Cosmid", "opc": "Plasmid", "opd": "Episomes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "54f0c50f-3b4e-4b14-a873-1a200a471b33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of diarrhea in Vibrio cholera is", "exp": "cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by V.cholera. In its most severe form, it presents as profuse painless, watery diarrhea and copious effoless vomiting; this may lead to hypovolemic shock and death. The cholera stool is typically a colorless watery fluid with flecks of mucus, said to resemble water in which rice has been washed (hence called 'rice-water stools') Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:313", "cop": 2, "opa": "Osmotic", "opb": "Secretary", "opc": "Colloidal", "opd": "Bloody", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "9c1c1d5f-2df8-412b-b4b3-c3547ba48c35", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective media for Naegleria fowleri is", "exp": "Ans. c (Non-nutrient agar with with E.coli) (Ref Jawetz's Microbiology 24th/ Chapter 46)# Amebas can be readily cultured on nonnutrient agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli.FREE-LIVING AMOEBAS (CAUSING PRIMARY AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS)# Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: free-living soil amebas implicated are:- Naegleria fowleri,- Acanthamoeba castellanii,- Balamuthia mandrillaris, and- Hartmanella# Entry of Acanthamoeba into the CNS occurs from skin ulcers or traumatic penetration, such as keratitis from puncture of the corneal surface or ulceration from contaminated saline used with contact lenses.# Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of the CSF, which contains the trophozoites and red cells but no bacteria.# These soil amebas are distinguished by a large, distinct nucleus; by presence of contractile vacuoles and mitochondria (absent in Entamoeba); and by cysts that have a single nucleus and lack glycogen or chromatoidal bodies.# Acanthamoeba may encyst in invaded tissues, whereas Naegleria does not.# Rx with amphotericin B has been successful in a few cases, especaially diagnosis can be made quickly.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (Naegleria Infections)# Primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri# Follows the aspiration of water contaminated with trophozoites or cysts or the inhalation of contaminated dust, leading to invasion of the olfactory neuroepithelium.# After an incubation period of 2-15 days# C/f: severe headache, high fever, nausea, vomiting, and meningismus develop. Photophobia and palsies of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves are common.# The prognosis is uniformly poor: most patients die within a week.# Infection is most common in otherwise-healthy children or young adults, who often report recent swimming in lakes or heated swimming pools.# Diagnosis depends on the detection of motile trophozoites in wet mounts of fresh spinal fluid.# Antibodies to Naegleria spp. have been detected in normal adults; serologic testing is not useful in the diagnosis of acute infection.# Only a few survivors, treated with high-dose amphotericin B and rifampin, have been reported.Additional Educational Points:Common Culture Media in Mycology are:1. Sabouraud's glucose agar pH 5.42. Czapek-Dox medium3. Com meal agarNNN or Tobie's medium# In NNN only the promastigotes are found. L donovani usually grows slowly, the promastigotes forming tangled clumps in the fluid.# L tropica grows more quickly, promastigotes forming small rosettes attached by their flagella in the fluid, while# L braziliensis may produce a wax-like surface with fewer, smaller promastigotes.# In contrast, L mexicana produces rapid growth of large organisms in simple blood agar medium. In tissue cultures, intracellular amastigotes may occur in addition to the extracellular promastigotes.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nutrient agar rich with E. coli", "opb": "NNN media", "opc": "Non-nutrient agar with E. coli", "opd": "Diamond media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "24c03c50-d205-4668-b2ea-7ae7254175c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Among the following, T cell independent antigen acts through—", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "T cell", "opb": "B cell", "opc": "Macrophage", "opd": "CD8+ cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cfafe2f1-e2fc-49d6-8e0e-d3e876ddac2e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused by", "exp": "Shigella dysenteriae type 1 causes toxemia due to the production of exotoxin.the complication includes polyneuritis, ahritis, conjunctivitis, parotitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's;10th edition; Pg:293", "cop": 2, "opa": "EIEC", "opb": "Shigella", "opc": "Salmonella", "opd": "Cholera", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "0cfce2f7-492d-481b-a662-09b6b6934c06", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The causative agent for duodenal ulcer is;", "exp": "H. Pylori is gram negative bacteria, non-spore forming, micro aerophilic, extra cellular bacteria. H. pylori causes Peptic ulcer disease (80% of duodenal ulcer and 60% of gastric ulcer) It acts by decreasing Somatostatin - producing D cells. Other diseases caused by it are - Chronic atrophic gastritis and Autoimmune gastritis Adenocarcinoma of stomach (non cardiac) and non-Hodgkin's gastric lymphoma H. pyloriinfection increases the risk of gastric malignancies such asgastric adenocarcinomaandMALToma's", "cop": 3, "opa": "Shigella", "opb": "E. coli", "opc": "H. Pylori", "opd": "Lactobacilli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "73bca4e9-f081-4184-9c69-b1b2ea399aaf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Most common fungus to cause meningitis is", "exp": "(C) Cryptococcus neoformans", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blastomyces dermatitides", "opb": "Candida albicans", "opc": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "opd": "Coccidioides immitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "51fe5c68-dc49-43a9-9d84-b0f7d0f81366", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paul Bunnel test is done for", "exp": "(B) EBV # Heterophil antibodies, which is an antibody against EBV cross reacts with red blood cells of different animal species.> This can be used as a rapid screening test for mononucleosis (Monospot test and Paul Bunnell tests)> The Paul-Bunnell test uses sheep erythrocytes; the Monospot test, horse red cells, blood cells.> In infectious mononucleosis, IgM heterophil antibodies are usually detectable for the first 3 months of infection.", "cop": 2, "opa": "HBV", "opb": "EBV", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "HIV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "be6f3fc9-ce58-4fc9-9d26-78823a6b74af", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A lady presented with fever and rashes, she returned from the USA gives a history of exposure to ticks. Most probable diagnosis is", "exp": "Rocky mountain spotted fever caused by R.ricketsii is most serious type of spotted fever.it is prevalent in n.america and South America,transmitted by dermacabtor Andersoni and related sps of ticks Anantnarayan and paniker's 10th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Epidemic typhus", "opb": "Scrub typhus", "opc": "Rocky mountain fever", "opd": "Oraya fever", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "34e5ed70-1103-45a9-abdd-88b8db75a1e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococcus causing rheumatic hea disease is", "exp": "Streptococcus pyogenes infection leads to two impoant non-suppurative post-streptococcal sequelae - acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. This complication ensues 1-3 weeks after the acute infection so that the organism may not be detectable when sequelae set in. In rheumatic fever, carditis, including connective tissue degeneration of the hea valves and inflammatory myocardial lesions characterized by Aschoff nodules is seen. Occurs due to an antigenic cross-reaction between group A carbohydrate of Streptococcus pyogenes and cardiac valves Streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with human tissues Streptococcal antigen Human antigen Disease Hyaluronic acid Synol fluid Reactive ahritis Cell Wall M protein Myocardium ARF(Acute rheumatic fever) Cell Wall C carbohydrate Cardiac Valves ARF(Acute rheumatic fever) Peptidoglycan Skin antigens Guttate psoriasis Cytoplasmic membrane Glomerular vascular intima Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 215", "cop": 3, "opa": "Streptococcus milleri", "opb": "Streptococcus mutans", "opc": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opd": "Streptococcus equisimilis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7acedce9-1880-45f6-8d2b-42bf7d920bca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxin involved in the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is", "exp": "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is caused by pyrogenic exotoxin. Pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic, shock, scarlatinal toxin): the primary effect of the toxin is induction of fever and so it was renamed streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE). 3 types of SPE are identified- A, B, C. Types A and C are coded by bacteriophage genes while type B gene is chromosomal. SPE is superantigens, T cell mitogens that induce a massive release of inflammatory cytokines, causing fever, shock and tissue damage. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 213", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyrogenic toxin", "opb": "Erythrogenic toxin", "opc": "Hemolysin", "opd": "Neurotoxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "32686767-e538-4a99-9ef6-596cddd265f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Non Halophilic vibrio is", "exp": "Except for V. cholera and V. mimicus all vibrios are halophilic.", "cop": 1, "opa": "V. cholerae", "opb": "V. parahaemolyticus", "opc": "V. alginolyticus", "opd": "V. fluvialis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "67a300ff-c088-46f2-adf7-a4196e33381a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Definitive host of ascariasis", "exp": "Ref: Harrisons, 19th ed. pg. 1413* Ascaris lumbricoidesis the largest intestinal nematode parasite of humans, reaching up to 40cm in length.* Humans are definitive host of ascaris* Clinical disease arises from larval migration in the lungs or effects of the adult worms in the intestines.* Clinical Features:# Around, 9-12 days after egg ingestion, patients may develop an irritating non-productive cough and burning substernal discomfort that is aggravated by coughing or deep inspiration.# Eosinophilia develops during this symptomatic phase and subsides slowly over weeks.# Chest x-rays may reveal evidence of eosinophilic pneumonitis (Loffler's syndrome), with rounded infiltrates a few millimeters to several centimeters in size.* Treatment: Mebendazole (DOC)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dog", "opb": "Man", "opc": "Pig", "opd": "Monkey", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "5a49df35-f138-4dca-aa8a-87d2f4656a9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Friedlander&;s bacillus is the eponym of", "exp": "K.pneumoniae is also known as Friedlander's bacillus. Klebsiella causes pneumoniae which is a serious disease with high case fatality. K.pneumoniae is a frequent cause of urinary tract infection, often causing catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:287", "cop": 2, "opa": "Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis", "opb": "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "opc": "Proteus vulgaris", "opd": "Bacillus anthracis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "ea441c9e-1c3d-4bcc-b52c-604f8c71dfc6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A preterm, LBW infant delivered by LSCS after IVF was put on ventilator in NICU for severe RDS. The respiratory distress subsided on day 7 and TPN with lipid formulation was staed from day 10. The neonate developed signs of sepsis on day 15.The most likely causative agent is", "exp": "Malassezia furfur is a lipophilic fungus that is found on skin. It causes fungemia, primarily in premature infants on high-lipid intravenous supplements. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gram negative bacteria", "opb": "Gram positive bacteria", "opc": "Candida", "opd": "Malassezia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "7bf3ce78-cf59-461f-b2d2-b27ef0da126d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SARS is a type of", "exp": "The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV):*Virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)*It belongs to coronaviridae*November 2002, Guangdong province in south China experienced an outbreak of an unusual respiratory infection, with many deaths (Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p559-560)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rhinovirus", "opb": "Lenti virus", "opc": "Calcivirus", "opd": "Corona virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "42780df2-b035-484b-a208-8d86faf3ff8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Job syndrome is due to", "exp": "The autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome also known as Job syndrome, characterized by the clinical triad of high serum IgE, recurring staphylococcal skin abscesses, and recurrent pneumonia with the formation of pneumatoceles.There is a defective immune response involving T lymphocytes, neutrophils and the cytokines they produce, especially interferon-gamma. Excessive levels of interferon-gamma result in marked elevation of immunoglobulin E.Disorders of phagocytosis:1.Chronic granulomatous disease2.Myeloperoxidase deficiency3.Chediak-Higashi syndrome4.Leukocyte G6PD deficiency5.Job's syndrome6.Tuftsin deficiency7.Lazy leukocyte syndrome8.Hyper- IgE syndrome9.Actin-binding protein deficiency10. Shwachman's diseaseRef: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p172", "cop": 2, "opa": "Defect in chemotaxis", "opb": "Defect in phagocytosis", "opc": "Defect in synthesis", "opd": "Defect in leukocyte function", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "1e33b162-e777-435f-92e8-e6c6d2375e60", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Possible source of “SECOND SIGNAL” to a bound Bcell by specific antigen include", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "EB virus", "opb": "Endotoxin", "opc": "Antigen specific T-cell", "opd": "plasma cells.", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1318ffd-61db-4004-8a14-931ae7b9c3bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Newborn is presented with microcephaly, Chorioretinitis, Limb hypoplasia  & Cicatrising lesion of hands. Most probable diagnosis is", "exp": "Congenital varicella syndrome\n\nMicrocephaly\nChorioretinitis\nLimb hypoplasia\nCicatrizing lesion", "cop": 2, "opa": "Herpes simplex", "opb": "Congenital varicella syndrome", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "Rubella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d41bd37a-93f2-415c-b7c5-e35d5d1d0c1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The antibiotic of choice for streptococcal pharyngitis is", "exp": "There are few bacteria for which antimicrobial susceptibility is highly predictable. However, some agents are the drug of choice because of their relative effectiveness. Among the three antibiotics that have been shown to treat legionellosis effectively (erythromycin, rifampin, and minocycline), erythromycin is clearly superior, even though in vitro studies show the organism to be susceptible to other antibiotics.Penicillin remains the drug of choice for S. pneumoniae and the group A streptococci, although a few isolates of penicillin-resistant pneumococci have been observed. Resistance among the pneumococci is either chromosomally mediated, in which case the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are relatively low, or plasmid-mediated, which results in highly resistant bacteria. The same is generally true for H. influenzae. Until the mid-1970s, virtually all isolates of H. influenzae were susceptible to ampicillin. There has been a rapidly increasing incidence of ampicillin-resistant isolates, almost 35 to 40% in some areas of the United States. Resistance is ordinarily mediated by b-lactamase, although ampicillin-resistant, b-lactamase-negative isolates have been seen. No resistance to penicillin has been seen in group A streptococci.C. difficile causes toxin-mediated pseudomembranous enterocolitis as well as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is normally seen during or after administration of antibiotics. One of the few agents effective against C. difficile is vancomycin. Alternatively, bacitracin can be used.Lyme disease, caused by B. burgdorferi, has been treated with penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Treatment failures have been observed. Ceftriaxone has become the drug of choice, particularly in the advanced stages of Lyme disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Penicillin", "opb": "Ampicillin", "opc": "Erythromycin", "opd": "Vancomycin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "f3a0182d-8204-4a0f-85ea-944b4f998851", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sporulation occurs at", "exp": "Lag phase - maximum cell size.\nStationary phase - sporulation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lag phase", "opb": "Log phase", "opc": "Stationary phase", "opd": "Decline", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27172504-a16e-43ff-b5d3-eba8a2959fe3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complements produced by spleen", "exp": "C1 -Intestinal epithelium\nC2, C4 - Macrophages\nC5, C8 - Spleen\nC3, C6, C9 - Liver.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C1", "opb": "C2, C4", "opc": "C5, C8", "opd": "C3, C6", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07acc5ed-5686-4313-8a26-752b027a7cfd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vascular invasion is a prominent feature of", "exp": "Vascular invasion is a feature of Mucormycosis causing thrombosis, infarction.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cryptococcus", "opb": "Mucor", "opc": "Candida", "opd": "Rhinosporidium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf353e27-2e2e-461d-8363-12879ca4c683", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infection with Sporothrix schenckii (formerly Sporotrichum schenckii) is an occupational hazard for gardeners. The portal of entry for this organism is the", "exp": "Cutaneous sporotrichosis, caused by S. schenckii, begins at the site of inoculation, usually on an extremity or the face. The organism often is found on thorns of rose bushes. Ulceration is common and new lesions appear along paths of lymphatic channels. Extracutaneous sporotrichosis is seen primarily in bones and joints. There is no evidence to suggest that any portal of entry besides skin is important.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lymphatic system", "opb": "Respiratory tract", "opc": "Skin", "opd": "Mouth", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "164990c5-7eb8-4a54-8f38-c025dd4e9e27", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dimorphic fungus rpt", "exp": "candida- yeast like fungi. rhizopus and mucor are mould. REF:Baveja textbook of microbiology 4th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candida", "opb": "Histoplasma", "opc": "Rhizopus", "opd": "Mucor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "b30fe73c-c61a-481e-a27c-5a994293e5c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The organism that can resist  temperature of 50° C  for minutes, grows in presence of >6.5% NaCl is", "exp": "Enterococcus resist \n\npH of 9.4\n40% of bile\nTemperature of >45-55oC for minutes\n6.5% of NaCl", "cop": 3, "opa": "S.pyogenes", "opb": "S.Aureus", "opc": "Enterococcus", "opd": "Pneumococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3966b9b-bf57-449b-920c-fd7a79deb846", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "T. trichuria maintains its position in the intestinal tract by", "exp": "Trichuris trichiura also called whip tapeworm lie embedded in the cecal wall, with the thread-like anterior poion piercing the mucosa and the thick posterior end projecting out.The infection is diagnosed by demonstrating the adult worm or the egg in the stool. Freshly passed eggs are bile stained, barrel-shaped and unembryonated.Panicker 7e pg: 172", "cop": 2, "opa": "Penetration into tissues", "opb": "Anchorage with its anterior poion", "opc": "Retention in the folds of the mucosa", "opd": "Attachment with its cutting plate", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "f3361d54-c6e2-44dc-97f4-62ed9944e366", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Job's syndrome is the following type of immunonodeficiency disease", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Disorder of phagocytosis Jobs syndrome is defect in phagocytic function. It is characterized by cold staphylococcal abscess, atopic eczema, otitis media; serum immunoglobulins are normal except IgE that is elevated", "cop": 4, "opa": "Humoral immunodeficiency", "opb": "Cellular immunodeficiency", "opc": "Disorder of complement", "opd": "Disorder of phagocytosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "59611138-5514-4cd2-97a5-b0981e85d834", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Recurrent Neisseria infections are predisposed ina) Early complement component deficiencyb) Late complement component deficiencyc) C1 esterase deficiencyd) Properdin deficiency", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "bd", "opb": "d", "opc": "ab", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9b042c32-eafc-4fc4-b0d2-85243c845a1a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus aureus causes", "exp": "The exfoliative toxin produced by staphylococci is responsible for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome(SSSS). The severe form of SSSS is known as Reitter's disease in the newborn and toxic epidermal necrolysis in older patients. Milder forms are pemphigus neonatorum and bullous impetigo. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayan and Paniker's; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 4, "opa": "Erythrasma", "opb": "Chancroid", "opc": "Acne vulgaris", "opd": "Bullous impetigo", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "9311cf34-a9bd-4c24-ad0e-b0b444524244", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for MRSA", "exp": "Methicillin was the first compound developed to combat resistance due to Penicillinase production by staphylococci. MRSA become common nowadays resistant not only to Penicillin but to all other beta-lactam antibiotics. vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA. Strains resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin are still not common. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page no: 208", "cop": 3, "opa": "Penicillin G", "opb": "Ceftriaxone", "opc": "Vancomycin", "opd": "Cefazoline", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3800709b-8b08-46a2-9435-c6672ef256ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Northern blot technique is used in the detection of", "exp": "Explanation: Southern Blotting: o Highly sensitive technique for identifying DNA fragments by DNA- DNA hybridization.\no This technique has very wide applications in DNA analysis. Northern Blotting: o Used for the analysis of RNA.\no Procedure is analogous to southern blotting, hence the name northern blotting.\no Here the RNA mixture is separated by gel electrophoresis, blotted and identified using labelled DNA or RNA probes. Western Blotting:\no A similar technique for the identification of proteins {antigens) is called immunoblotting {or, in conformity with other blotting techniques, western blotting).\no Here the protein antigen mixture is separated by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis),\nblotted on to nitrocellulose strips and identified by radiolabeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies as probes. o E.g. Western blot test for detection of antibodies directed against different antigens of\nHIV.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dna", "opb": "Rna", "opc": "plasmid", "opd": "Priorin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc2a15f0-5a98-421b-9345-dfc8eadeba8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "B cells are processed in", "exp": "Ans. a (Bone marrow). (Ref: Ananthnarayan, Microbiology/6th ed., 116)# B lymphocytes precursors, pro-B cells develop in the fetal liver during embryonic life and in bone marrow afterwards continuously throughout life.# Rearrangement of Ig genes takes place on their becoming preB cell, which synthesize cytoplasmic IgM.# T-cell precursors from yolk sac, fetal liver, BM, migrates to thymus during embryonic and post- natal stages.# Earliest identifiable cells of T-lineage and CD7 + pro T cells, on entering thymus became preT cells (immature).# These cells mature in extrathymic tissue and become helper/inducer T-cells, cytotoxic supressor cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bone marrow", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Lymph nodes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "350153a9-a2ae-42dd-bbca-0a1dd239dd6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain used in electron microscopy", "exp": "Phosphotungstic acid is electron dense, opaque for electrons. It is a common negative stain for viruses, nerves, polysaccharides and other biological tissue materials for imaging by an Electron microscope.", "cop": 2, "opa": "2.5% FAM", "opb": "Phosphotungstic acid", "opc": "Saffranin", "opd": "Coomassie blue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "c1f58dd3-48b1-4b15-a683-eb26fa22a90a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Classification of shigella is on the basis of fermentation of", "exp": "Classification of shigella is done on the basis of fermentation of mannitol Exceptiom-Non mannitol fermenter i.e Shigella dysenteriae which is also catalase negative. The most common cause of bacillary dysentery in India is Shigella flexneri and in world is Shigella sonnei which is late lactose fermenter.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lactose", "opb": "Sucrose", "opc": "Mannitol", "opd": "Glucose", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "14f08080-4115-48df-96d6-f8fb0cbe4cc0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infection occurring after man&;s bite is", "exp": "Staphylococcus infection - human patients and carriers are the commonest sources of infection. About 10- 30% healthy person carry bacterial in the nose, skin, axilla, perineum and throat. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's 10th edition; Pg:205", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spirochetes", "opb": "Staphylococcus", "opc": "Anaerobic streptococci", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "233442cf-0443-45c0-9845-7ff213634c6d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following is NOT a protozoal infection", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Malaria", "opb": "Amoebiasis", "opc": "Trichomoniasis", "opd": "Trichinellosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "204f28a0-27cf-43c9-8a30-7a7b1c056c4d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most pathogenic species of candida is", "exp": "C. albicans is most common and most pathogenic.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C. tropicalis", "opb": "C. krusei", "opc": "C. albicans", "opd": "C. Stellatoidea", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09e92cee-f5f0-4466-8d45-4e0ca9795bdd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Abdominal pain, fat malabsorption and frothy stools suggests of", "exp": "Giardia lamblia is an intestinal flagellate , infection acquired by ingestion of contaminated water and food and also by ano- oral sexual practice The parasite attaches itself to the epithelial surface of duodenum and jejunum causes a disturbance of intestinal function , leading to malabsorption of fat .patient complaints of loose stool and steatorroea. Baveja textbook of parasitology , 3rd edition.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amoebiasis", "opb": "Bacillary dysentry", "opc": "Giardiasis", "opd": "Pancreatic enzyme deficiency", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "9786a3f5-290b-4109-8cd8-1c9db0024043", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fungal meningitis in an immunocompromised individual is most commonly caused by", "exp": "(D) Cryptococcus neoformans # Fungal Infections in the immunocompramised i.e. in AIDS patients:> Candidiasis (esophageal, tracheal, or pulmonary)> Crypttococcosis (CNS infection)> Coccidioidomycosis (disseminated)> Histoplasmosis (disseminated)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Aspergillus", "opb": "Penicillium", "opc": "Candida albicans", "opd": "Cryptococcus neoformans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "026d4b00-f5c3-4be9-9d2d-fe01d3d1d049", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Elevated IgG and IgM antibody titers to parvovirus suggest a diagnosis of", "exp": "Fifth disease is a viral exanthem commonly seen in children 8 to 12 years old. Children are ill for a few days but recover without incident. Unfortunately, if a pregnant female acquires the disease in the first trimester of pregnancy, the fetus is at risk. The causative agent is thought to be a parvovirus (parvovirus B 19).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fifth disease", "opb": "Susceptibility to chickenpox", "opc": "Possible subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)", "opd": "Possible hepatitis B infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "7802f717-23af-42cc-9761-75248f6b20ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The \"string of pearl\" colonies on nutrient agar is produced by", "exp": "When Bacillus anthracis is grown on the surface of a solid medium containing 0.05-0.5 units of Penicillin/ml, in 3-6hours the cells grow large, spherical and in chains on the surface of the agar resembling a string of pearls. This string of pearls reaction clearly differentiates bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and other aerobic bearers. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 252", "cop": 3, "opa": "Klebsiella", "opb": "Proteus", "opc": "Bacillus anthracis", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "253babbc-24d8-4661-a921-533676fff44c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Quellung reaction is due to", "exp": "Quellung reaction: a specific test of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A suspension of Streptococcus pneumoniae is mixed with a drop of the type-specific antiserum and a spoonful of methylene blue solution. In the presence of the homologous antiserum, the capsule becomes apparently swollen, sharply delineated and refractile. The Quellung test can be done directly with sputum from acute pneumonia cases. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 225", "cop": 1, "opa": "Capsular swelling", "opb": "Mitochondrial swelling", "opc": "RBC swelling", "opd": "Ribosomal swelling", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "07a86d28-3ebd-42df-bef9-2d4e771a7d4c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The single most common cause of pyrexia of unknown origin is", "exp": "Tuberculosis is an ancient disease, infection is common in India. So it is the most common cause of Pyrexia of Unknown origin, compared to others. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "opb": "Salmonella typhi", "opc": "Brucella species", "opd": "Salmonella paratyphi A", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "5070bb70-b70f-452e-b680-10dd7653fea9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Resistance to isoniazid, the likely mechanism for resistance is", "exp": "Strains of M. tuberculosis resistant to individual drugs arise by spontaneous point mutations in the mycobacterial genome that occur at low but predictable rates (10-7-10-10for the key drugs). Resistance to rifampin is associated with mutations in the rpoB gene in 95% of cases; That to isoniazid with mutations mainly in the katG (50-95% of cases) and inhA (up to 45%) genes; That to pyrazinamide in the pncAgene (up to 98%); That to ethambutol in the embB gene (50-65%). Because there is no cross-resistance among the commonly used drugs, the probability that a strain will be resistant to two drugs is the product of the probabilities of resistance to each drug and thus is low.", "cop": 2, "opa": "b-Lactamase", "opb": "Mutations in the katG gene", "opc": "Alterations in the rpoB gene", "opd": "Mutations in the DNA gyrase gene", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "ea73ef32-0461-449f-8bc9-48990bea7da0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Poached egg colony on potassium tellurite agar is characteristic of", "exp": "Daisy head - Gravis\nFrog's egg colony - Intermedius\nPoached egg - Mitis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C. diphtheriae gravis", "opb": "C. diphtheriae intermedius", "opc": "C. diphtheriae mitis", "opd": "C. Jeikeium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e7c5d651-c596-450f-81d3-a70dc108a90d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The temperature required for cultivating mycobacterium", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "- 2 degrees", "opb": "0 degrees", "opc": "27 degrees", "opd": "37 degrees", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2713fbec-6f73-499d-ba8f-f6404502e21f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "F plasmid of high frequency recombination is", "exp": "Hfr Conjugation: F factor being a plasmid, is always Extra-chromosomal It may integrate with bacterial chromosome and behave as episome. Such donor cells are able to transfer chromosomal DNA to recipient cells with high frequency in comparison to F+ cells, therefore, named as Hfr cells (high frequency of recombination). During conjugation of Hfr cell with an F- cell, only few chromosomal genes along with only a pa of the F factor get transferred. Hence, F- recipient cells do not become F+ cells.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Extrachromosomal", "opb": "Chromosomal", "opc": "Mesosome", "opd": "Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "68e3c6e9-528a-4f68-a94f-a13a64b4070c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thymus has", "exp": "Interstitial dendritic cells - Lungs, liver, spleen\nInterdigitating dendritic cells - Thymus\nCirculating dendritic cells - Blood & lymph\nFollicular dendritic cells - Lymph nodes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Interstitial dendritic cells", "opb": "Interdigitating dendritic Cells", "opc": "Circulating dendritic cells", "opd": "Follicular dendritic cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5ea3a9c-ceed-496b-aaa5-145fa3ad73aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malabsorption caused by A/E aEUR'", "exp": "Ascaris lumbricoides Intestinal parasites not only cause diarrhoeal disease but also cause significant malabsorption. Capillaria phillipinensis The parasite is small : Males measures 2.3 mm to 3.2 mm and females measure 2.5 mm to 4.3 mm long. The male &Ay small caudal alae and a spineless spicule sheath. Pathology in capillaria infection Worms repeatedly penetrate mucosa of the small intestine and reenter the lumen especially jejunum leading to progressive degeneration of mucosa and submucosu. Infected people usually experience diarrhoea and abdominal pain progressing to weight loss, weakness malaise, anorexia and emaciation. Protein and electrolytes are lost and there is malabsorption of fats and sugars. Patients die from loss of electrolytes, hea .failure and sometimes secondary bacterial infection.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Giardia", "opb": "Ascaris lumbricoides", "opc": "Stron gyloides", "opd": "Capillaria philipensis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d73c38fd-8e64-4ae7-ac60-031513e246c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visceral Larva migrans is a feature of", "exp": "Visceral Larva Migrans Seen in:-\n\nToxocara canis - m/c\nToxocara catis\nAscaris suum\nAngiostrongylus cantonensis\nGnathostoma spinigerum.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ancyclostoma caninum", "opb": "Ancyclostoma braziliense", "opc": "Toxocara canis", "opd": "Ancyclostoma duodenale", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1f73847-34ee-459e-a18c-44cd2eea4ffe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive investigation for preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands is", "exp": "Neck ultrasound locates glands in approximately 75% of cases. (99mTc) labelled Sestamibi isotope scans identify approximately 80% of abnormal parathyroid glands.CT & MRI is not indicated prior to first-time neck exploration.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neck ultrasound", "opb": "(99mTc) labelled Sestamibi isotope scan", "opc": "CT scan", "opd": "MRI", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "50cc4537-d1e5-406c-9e55-3c86e713d19a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sterilization control used in membrane filters is", "exp": "Sterilization control for membrane filters is Brevundimonas diminuta and sarratia marcescens.", "cop": 4, "opa": "B pumilis", "opb": "B stereo thermophilus", "opc": "C tetani", "opd": "Brevundimonas diminuta", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "77abd1ce-c704-406e-8a3d-b1687782bac7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lyophilization means", "exp": "Freeze-drying--technically known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation--is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transpo.Viruses can be preserved by storage at subfreezing temperatures, and some may withstand lyophilization and can thus be preserved in the dry state at 4degC or even at room temperature", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sterilizations", "opb": "Freeze drying", "opc": "Burning to ashes", "opd": "Exposure to formation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "7b81040c-9388-452c-95e8-c7de8bc5a321", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary immune response is mediated by", "exp": "Secondary immune response is mediated by IgG, IgM - Primary Immune response, IgA - Secretory Immunoglobulin found in glandular secretions and serum, IgE - Type I HS Reactions Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 96-98", "cop": 2, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "1328d6b4-bb13-4e57-874c-68acd9cec1a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common presentation of Cryptococcosis is", "exp": "Pulmonary Cryptococcosis is the first & Most common presentation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Meningitis", "opb": "Pulmonary cryptococcosis", "opc": "SKin lesions", "opd": "Osteomyelitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9602d325-c291-4843-9e96-c6fe1a25ecb3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxin of emetic strain of bacillus cereus resembles in action of", "exp": "It is a preformed toxin similar to S.aureus enterotoxin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Heat stable toxin of S.aureus", "opb": "Heat labile toxin of E.coli", "opc": "Cholera toxin", "opd": "Pseudomonas toxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d439ce2-589e-4c0c-89d3-e60d9a17bd0f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hansen’s bacillus is cultured in", "exp": "Hansen’s bacillus is M. leprae and can be grown in Armadillo and Foot pad of mice.", "cop": 3, "opa": "LJ medium", "opb": "Robertson’s cooked meat medium", "opc": "Foot pad of mice", "opd": "Sabouraud’s agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e3eae10-f078-4f31-83c8-a184db02363e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flagellated amoeba is", "exp": "Naegleria fowleri also called brain eating amoeba is flagellated.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Entamoeba histolytica", "opb": "Naegleria fowleri", "opc": "Acanthamoeba", "opd": "Balamuthia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b4458018-a350-4fcf-9d49-2afcf3243c3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stages seen in peripheral smear of falciparuma) Schizontsb) Gametocytesc) Accoled) Ring forme) Trophozite", "exp": "Mature, compact trophozoites in a thin blood smear. Compact trophozoites in a thinblood smear.\nP. falciparum schizonts are seldom seen in peripheral blood. Mature schizonts have 8 to 24 small merozoites;\ndark pigment, clumped in one mass", "cop": 3, "opa": "abc", "opb": "acd", "opc": "bcd", "opd": "bd", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "85205904-a96f-4f1c-a2fe-edba50a7c441", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common inhabitant of throat and tonsils is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Alpha hemolytic streptococci (S. viridans)", "opb": "Staphylococci", "opc": "Beta hemolytic streptococci", "opd": "Pneumococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a498dda0-fe61-4051-92b3-e7389a1c4ee9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CD4 cells recognize the antigens in association with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "MHC I", "opb": "MHC II", "opc": "MHC III", "opd": "B-cell receptor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c0178a1-5ce2-42b9-bb0b-dcbff1675d60", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of Genital Herpes", "exp": "Both HSV-1 and 2 can cause genital and oral - facial infection but reaction at oral - facial site is more common with HSV-1 and at the genital site with HSV-2", "cop": 2, "opa": "HSV-1", "opb": "HSV-2", "opc": "HSV-3 (VZV)", "opd": "HSV-4 (EBV)", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa72a3bf-43ec-48f2-b193-8087cf123183", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Continuous cell culture of bacteria", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Chemostat device Bacterial cultures can be maintained in a state of exponentional growth over long periods of time using a system of continuous culture. Continuous culture, in a device called chemostat, can be used to maintain a bacterial population at a constant density, a situation that is, in many ways, more similar to bacterial growth in natural environments. In a chemostat microbial cells are grown at a steady state where cell biomass production, substrates and products concentrations remains constant, and growth occurs at a constant rate. These features make a chemostat unique and powerful tool for biological and physiological research.", "cop": 3, "opa": "U tube", "opb": "Craige tube", "opc": "Chemostat device", "opd": "Agar dilution method", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10fcf69a-608c-4078-9366-bd836ec901f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child is presenting with vomiting and abdominal pain after 5 hours of eating some food. The most likely causative organism", "exp": "→ Food poisoning presenting within 6 hours is seen:\n\nStaph aureus and\nB. cereus.\n\n→ Cl. Botulinum causes constipation (not diarrhea) and the incubation period is about 18-24 hours.\n→ V. cholerare has incubation period > 16 hours.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacillus cereus", "opb": "C. perfringens", "opc": "Cl. Botulinum", "opd": "V. cholerae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcab1502-6e68-4c26-880a-45af0faf3c6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xenodiagnosis is used in the diagnosis of a disease that is transmitted by the bite of a", "exp": "Xenodiagnosis is used in the diagnosis of Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a hemoflagellate. There are four morphologic forms of hemoflagellates. In man, they may be intracellular, in which they are called leishmanial forms; or, they may be located extracellularly in the blood, in which they are called trypanosomes. The insect vectors may have leptomonads (promastigotes) or crithidial (epimastigote) forms. Leishmaniasis (cutaneous, mucocutaneous/and visceral) only has the leishmania, intracellular forms present in man. In Mrican trypanosomiasis, only the extracellular, or trypanosomal form, is present in man. Chagas disease has both the intracellular (leishmanial) and extracellular (trypanosomal) forms. Chagas disease is rampant in South America and is the major cause of progressive hea failure and death in that area. T cruzi is a flagellated protozoan that is transmitted to man by the bite of the Reduviid bug, or kissing bug, which usually occurs during the night. Sholy after the bite, the bug defecates on the wound site and the sleeping host rubs the organisms into the wound. Periorbital inflammation develops, which is called Romana's sign. Trypanosomes circulate in the blood and leishmanial forms invade (1) the reticuloendothelial cells, producing hepatosplenomegaly; (2) the hea muscle, causing myocarditis and arrhythmias; (3) the brain, producing a meningoencephalitis; and (4) into the gastrointestinal tract, where the leishmania destroy the ganglion cells in the distal esophagus and rectum to produce acquired achalasia and Hirschsprung disease, respectively. Laboratory diagnosis is made by (1) finding trypanosomes in the blood, (2) finding leishmanial forms in tissue, (3) culture, (4) serology, and (5) xenodiagnosis. Xenodiagnosis is a method of inoculation in which sterile Reduviid bugs are fed or offered the blood of an infected patient. After a few weeks, the bug's intestinal contents are examined for presence or absence of the organism. Only 5% of patients die in the acute stage of hea failure, whereas in chronic disease, hea failure is a common cause of death. Nifuimox is the drug of choice.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Body louse", "opb": "Deer tick", "opc": "Reduviid bug", "opd": "Mosquito", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "d424a38a-c0e4-4a14-a7cf-9cd53bb5d8a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Synergohymenotropic toxins of Staphylococcus consists of", "exp": "The toxins of Staphylococcus are: Cytolytic toxins: which include alpha-hemolysin, beta-hemolysin, gamma hemolysin, delta hemolysin and leucocidin Leucocidin (called the Panton-Valentine toxin or PVL after its discoverers) is a two-component toxin like gamma lysin, being composed of S and F components. Such bi-component, membrane active toxins have been grouped as synergohymenotropic toxins. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 203, 204", "cop": 2, "opa": "alpha toxin", "opb": "leucocidin", "opc": "beta toxin", "opd": "delta toxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d385aca2-92e4-41c4-abd3-b2cfc265996e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most frequent cause of scalded skin syndrome is", "exp": "Scalded skin syndrome is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It is an exfoliative disease in which the outer layer of epidermis gets separated from the underlying tissues. The severe form of SSSS is known as Ritter's disease in newborn and toxic epidermal necrolysis in older patients. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; pg:204", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococci", "opb": "Pneumococci", "opc": "Enterococci", "opd": "Meningococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4b8ef663-15aa-4c74-bbfb-b873ec311996", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "52 yrs male presented with muscular stiffness and painful cramps. The face was drawn into a forced grimace (\"sardonic grin,\" or risus sardonicus). Strychnine Poisoning was suspected; Strychnine is supposed to antagonize competitively", "exp": "STRYCHNINE POISONINGMechanism of toxicity: Strychnine competitively antagonizes glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by post-synaptic inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord. Clinical presentation: Muscular stiffness and painful cramps precede generalized muscle contractions and opisthotonos.The face may be drawn into a forced grimace (\"sardonic grin,\" or risus sardonicus).Repeated and prolonged muscle contractions often result in hypehermia, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and renal failure.Hyperacusis, hyperalgesia, and increased visual stimulation.Death is usually caused by respiratory arrest owing to the intense contraction of the respiratory muscles.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Succinyl choline", "opd": "Acetyl choline", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "02c808a9-fefc-49cc-aec6-23ac4bf63640", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mycoplasmas differ from chlamydiae in that they are", "exp": "Mycoplasmas lack a rigid cell wall and are bound by a triple-layer unit membrane. For this reason, they are completely resistant to the action of penicillins. Unlike the chlamydiae, they can replicate in cell-free media.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Susceptible to penicillin", "opb": "Able to grow on artificial cell-free media", "opc": "Able to cause urinary tract infection", "opd": "Able to stain well with Gram's stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "0ef38e3e-5f3c-4479-b410-4dd92af8a7eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Virulence determinant implicated in pathogenesis of scarlet fever is", "exp": "Streptococcal Pyrogenic exotoxin ( erythrogenic, Dick, scarlatinal toxin): the toxin was named erythrogenic because it's intradermal injection into susceptible individuals produced an erythematous reaction. This test was used to identify children susceptible to scarlet fever, a type of acute pharyngitis with extensive erythematous rash, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes strains producing this toxin. The primary effect of the toxin is an induction of fever and so it was renamed streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin. 3 types of SPE have been identified: A, B and C. Types A and C are coded for by bacteriophage genes while type B gene is chromosomal. SPE are superantigens, T cell mitogens that induce a massive release of inflammatory cytokines, causing fever, shock and tissue damage. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 213", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyaluronidase", "opb": "M protein", "opc": "Pyrogenic exotoxin", "opd": "Streptokinase", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "bd0dc08e-e8a6-4f85-a380-b5e21e1f6f83", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dark ground microscopy is used for", "exp": "Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test Serum of patient with complement and T. pallidum are maintained in a complex medium anaerobically If the antibodies are present, the Treponemes are immobilized when examined under dark ground illumination.", "cop": 1, "opa": "TPI", "opb": "Kahn's test", "opc": "FTA-ABS", "opd": "VDRL", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "53681b0e-1b1a-4b43-b4dd-2e77915568b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following drug acts by blocking reverse transcriptase", "exp": "Zidovudine acts by inhibiting the conversion of RNA to DNA by blocking the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It is a prodrug which has to be conveed to triphosphate form to be active Baveja 5th ed Pg.: 519", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zidovudine", "opb": "Acyclovir", "opc": "Amantadine", "opd": "Ribavirin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "b78bcc84-bfd0-4e38-a5df-c71d6225c2b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Metachromatic granules can be stained by", "exp": "Ref: Ananthnarayan, 9th ed. MedPub* Albert stain is a type of differential stain used for staining the volutin granules also known as Metachromatic granules found in Corynebacterium diphtheriae.* The name metachromatic is because of its property of changing color, i.e. when stained with blue stain they appear red in colour. When grown in Loffler's slopes, C. diphtheriae produces large number of granules.* Stains used for C. Diphtheriae:# Ponders stain# Albert stain# Neisser stain# Loeffler methylene blue", "cop": 1, "opa": "Albert stain", "opb": "Gram stain", "opc": "Gram-negative stain", "opd": "Prussian blue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "e58c874c-1565-4496-b73e-29aae7750024", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tinea capitis (endothrix) is caused by", "exp": "Tinea capitis (endothrix) is caused by T.schoenleinii, T.violaceum and T.tonsurans.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Epidermophyton", "opb": "Tinea tonsurans", "opc": "Tinea rubrum", "opd": "Microsporum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "37460737-bcbe-482a-936c-6960c3975221", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient of RHD developed infective endocarditis after dental extraction. Most likely organism causing this is", "exp": "Streptococcus viridans is a group which normally resides in the mouth and upper respiratory tract and is alpha hemolytic. In persons with pre-existing cardiac lesions, they may cause bacterial endocarditis, Streptococcus sanguis being most often responsible. Following the tooth extraction or dental procedures, they cause transient bacteremia and get implanted on damaged or prosthetic valves or in congenitally diseased hea and grow to form vegetation. Streptococcus mutans is also a member of viridans group which causes endocarditis in individuals with risk factors ( dental extraction in people with damaged valves). The bacterium has a polysaccharide coat that allows it to stick to teeth and also to damaged hea valves, it can invade the bloodstream. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 220, 221", "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus viridans", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoiae", "opc": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opd": "Staphylococcus aureus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "7cb6a989-1a97-4478-9d51-540fff5ae779", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In type I hypersensitivity, the mediators is", "exp": "(IgE) (161-AN 7th) (202-206-CP)Types of hypersensitivity reactions and their featuresType of reactionClinical syndromeMediatorsType I: IgE1. Anaphylaxis2. Atopy P. K. reactionIgE, histamine and other pharmacological agentsType II: Cytolytic and CytotoxicAntibody-mediated damage- thrombocytopenia-agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemiaIgG: IgM, CType III: Immune complex1. Arthrus reaction2. Serum sickness3. Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritisIgG: IgM C Leucocytes.Type IV: Delayed hypersensitivity1. Tuberculin test - Lepromin test, Frei-test, Histoplasmin and toxoplasmin tests viral infections such as herpes simplex and mumps2. Contact dermatitis - drugs, metal (Nickle, chromium), chemicals3. Granulomatous type TB, Leprosy, Schistosomiasis, sarcoidosis and Crohn's diseaseT. cells, Lymphokines, macrophages", "cop": 1, "opa": "IgE", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgM", "opd": "IgC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "8b5168d2-3bdb-46bf-a8ae-74a30027b245", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Given cystogram appearance is a feature of", "exp": "A pine cone bladder or Christmas tree bladder is a cystogram appearance in which the bladder is elongated and pointed with the thickened trabeculated wall.It is typically seen in the severe neurogenic bladder with increased sphincter tone (detrusor sphincter dyssynergia) due to suprasacral lesions (above S2-S4) or epiconal lesions (in and around S2-S4).Extra Edge: Fetal skull like extensively calcified bladder in SchistosomiasisThimble bladder: TBAdder Head appearance: ureteroceleTeardrop bladder: Pelvic Lipomatosis, perivesical extraperitoneal hematomaMolar tooth bladder: Extraperitoneal bladder tear", "cop": 4, "opa": "Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract", "opb": "Tubercuosis", "opc": "Schistosomiasis", "opd": "Neurogenic bladder", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ab58719b-980d-4593-887d-b2924e1c17f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Strawberry cervix is seen in", "exp": "FeatureNormal Vaginal ExaminationVulvovaginal CandidiasisTrichomonal VaginitisBacterial VaginosisEtiologyUninfected; lactobacilli predominantCandida albicansTrichomonas vaginalis (strawberry cervix)Associated with Gardnerella vaginalis, various anaerobic and/or noncultured bacteria, and mycoplasmas Typical symptomsNoneVulvar itching and/or irritationProfuse purulent discharge; vulvar itchingMalodorous, slightly increased dischargeDischarge AmountVariable; usually scantScantOften profuseModerate ColoraClear or translucentWhiteWhite or yellowWhite or grey ConsistencyNonhomogeneous, floccularClumped; adherent plaquesHomogeneousHomogeneous, low viscosity; uniformly coats vaginal wallsInflammation of vulvar or vaginal epitheliumNoneErythema of vaginal epithelium, introitus; vulvar dermatitis, fissures commonErythema of vaginal and vulvar epithelium; colpitis macularisNonepH of vaginal fluidbUsually 4.5Usually 4.5Usually 5Usually >4.5Amine (\"fishy\") odor with 10% KOHNoneNoneMay be presentPresentMicroscopycNormal epithelial cells; lactobacilli predominantLeukocytes, epithelial cells; mycelia or pseudomycelia in up to 80% of C. albicans culture-positive persons with typical symptoms Leukocytes; motile trichomonads seen in 80-90% of symptomatic patients, less often in the absence of symptomsClue cells; few leukocytes; no lactobacilli or only a few outnumbered by profuse mixed microbiota, nearly always including G.vaginalis plus anaerobic species on Gram&;s stain (Nugent&;s score 7) Other laboratory findingsIsolation of Candida spp. Isolation of T. vaginalis or positive NAATdUsual treatmentNoneAzole cream, tablet or suppository--e.g., miconazole or clotrimazole once daily for 7 days Fluconazole single doseMetronidazole or tinidazole single dose Metronidazole 7 daysMetronidazole for 7 daysMetronidazole gel once daily for 5 days Clindamycin, 2% cream vaginally each night for 7 daysUsual management of sexual panerNoneNone; topical treatment if candidal dermatitis of penis is detectedExamination for STD; treatment with metronidazole, 2 g PO (single dose)None (Ref: K.D Chatterjee 13th edition, p49)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gardenella vaginalis", "opb": "Trichomonas vaginalis", "opc": "Candida", "opd": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "958535bd-3241-4ff5-a72b-b83bee4531f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dimorphic fungus in the following is", "exp": "Blastomyces is a dimorphic fungus, shows filamentous and yeast form. Candida and Cryptococcus show yeast form. Aspergillus shows filamentous form. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Candida", "opb": "Cryptococcus", "opc": "Blastomyces", "opd": "Aspergillus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "bee420c0-6ec9-4a54-9d42-5197300baba3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mad Cow disease (Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy) is similar in man to", "exp": "(B) Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease # Group B (Prion Diseases) -caused by slow viruses:> The subacute spongiform viral encephalopathies are chronic progressive degenerative diseases of the CNS> Prion diseases of animals: Scrapie is the prototype prion disease. Mink encephalopathy is a scrapie-like disease of mink. It is believed to have spread to mink by feeding them on scrapie infected sheep meat.> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, 'mad cow disease) has been enzootic in Britain from 1986. The infection is presumed to have spread to cattle by the practice of feeding them with abattoir waste and offal which may have contained scrapie infected neat> Human prion diseases: These include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndro me, Kuru and fatal familial insomnia.> CJD is a subacute presenile encephalopathy, with progressive incoordination and dementia, ending fatally in about a year. The appearance of a new variant of CJD affecting younger persons (below 45 years) in Britain in 1996 raised fears of infection through eating BSE infected beef.> Kuru (meaning tremor) was identified in 1957 as a mysterious disease seen only in the Fore tribe inhabiting the eastern highlands of New Guinea.> Group B (Prion Diseases) -caused by slow viruses", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alzeimeris Disease", "opb": "Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease", "opc": "Huntington's chorea", "opd": "Picks Disease", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "abb1754c-f922-47ab-ba9d-8665c47122a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fried egg colony is seen in culture of", "exp": "Fried egg colonies are seen in culture of Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma- Culture media- PPLO Agar Colonies can examined by- Hand lens or Diene's staining", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycoplasma", "opb": "Legionella", "opc": "Trachoma", "opd": "Haemophilus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Haemophilus, Yersinia, Spirochaetes, Ricketssia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Miscellaneous Bacteria)", "id": "9d94a475-c1f3-49de-bce8-a6603ea6f650", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common organism causing acute osteomyelitis is", "exp": "Microorganisms that Cause OsteomyelitisOrganismCommentFrequently Encountered BacteriaStaphylococcus aureusMost likely bacterial pathogen. Aggressive, invasive. Often metastatic foci with bacteremia Consider surgery earlyStaphylococci other than S. aureus (coagulase-negative) Usually associated with foreign material or implantsBiofilm productionStreptococciMay spread rapidly through soft tissuesEnterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., others) Considerable variation in antibiotic susceptibility Increasing antibiotic resistance with overuse May become resistant to antibiotics during therapyPseudomonas aeruginosaIncreasingly resistant to the antibiotics. The frequent successor to other bacteria when initial therapy fails. Maybe related to contaminationUnusual OrganismsAnaerobic bacteriaUsually mixed with aerobic bacteriaMay be synergisticSurvival dependent on devitalized tissue Baonella henselaeAssociated with cat scratches and probably with fleasBrucella speciesProminent in developing countries, especially with unpasteurized milkFungiCandida the most likely genusConsiderable variation in susceptibility, depending on species Surgery may be helpful if the infection is invasiveMycobacterium tuberculosisMay involve any boneVeebral osteomyelitis common in some countriesMycobacteria other than M. tuberculosisNeed special culture media to recoverVirusesAssociated with some viral infections, including varicella and variolaRef: Harrison's infectious disease 2nd edition, p260", "cop": 1, "opa": "S. aureus", "opb": "E. coli", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "S. pyogenes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d21b10a3-6937-40ed-adda-7e9acb11b892", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The commonest organism causing cellulitis is", "exp": "Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of suppurative infection of the skin, including infection of the wound or burns, with a predilection to produce cellulitis and lymphangitis. Streptococcal subcutaneous infection ranges from cellulitis to Necrotising fasciitis. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 215", "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opb": "Streptococcus faecalis", "opc": "Streptococcus viridans", "opd": "Microaerophilic streptococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "31dfd383-1b1b-4b1c-9cf5-6ac9c5510c9c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Graft Versus host reaction is mediated by", "exp": "In GVHD, the donated bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells view the recipient's body as foreign. The donated T cells present in the graft, attack the tissues of the transplant recipient after perceiving host tissues as antigenically foreign. There are two forms of GVHD: Acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD). Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD). Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 186", "cop": 2, "opa": "Macrophages", "opb": "T lymphocytes", "opc": "B lymphocytes", "opd": "T lymphocytes and macrophages", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "c8d874a4-5ec3-440a-a04d-b2f0db850ce4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A common source of Staphylococcus in the hospital is", "exp": "Staphylococci are the primary parasites of human beings and animals, colonizing the skin, skin glands and mucous membranes. The most common source of infection in human patients and carriers, animals and inanimate objects being less important. Patients with superficial infections and respiratory infection disseminate large numbers of staphylococci into the environment. About 10-30 percent of healthy persons carry staphylococci in the nose and about 10 percent in the perineum and also on the hair. The vaginal carriage is about 5-10 percent.", "cop": 2, "opa": "IV fluids", "opb": "Infected wounds", "opc": "Hands of hospital personnel", "opd": "Bed linen", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b264a4c3-98a8-4a67-9801-997e385aa3b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The tapeworm that can be transmitted directly from human to human is", "exp": "The adult Hymenolepis nana worm is very small, at perhaps 4 cm in length. The so-called \"dwarf tapeworm\" is the only tapeworm that can be transmitted directly from human to human.Eggs are ingested the fecal-oral route. They then release embryos that penetrate the intestinal wall. The resulting cysts mature in the intestinal wall, then reenter the gut lumen to develop into adult worms again.Ref: Sherris microbiology; 6th edition; Page no: 893", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fish Tapeworm", "opb": "Beef Tapeworm", "opc": "Dog Tapeworm", "opd": "Dwarf Tapeworm", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "d5cfa415-697e-4c65-89b9-aaf5ccafe5c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "30 year old man has mitral valve vegetation. Patient is a iv drug abuser. Culture media used to isolate the organism responsible for this is", "exp": "Left sided endocarditis in iv drug abuser.\n\nM/c organism responsible is Enterococcus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bile aesculin agar", "opb": "Mannitol salt agar", "opc": "Ludlam's media", "opd": "Thayer Martin media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9bd87731-3900-4f76-8b13-12c4fcf27353", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Meningitis is characterized by the acute onset of fever and stiff neck. Aseptic meningitis may be caused by a variety of microbial agents. During the initial 24 h of the course of aseptic meningitis, an affected person's cerebrospinal fluid is characterized by", "exp": "Aseptic meningitis is characterized by a pleocytosis of mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid; polymorphonuclear cells predominate during the first 24 h, but a shift to lymphocytes occurs thereafter. The cerebrospinal fluid of affected persons is free of culturable bacteria and contains normal glucose and slightly elevated protein levels. Peripheral white blood cell counts usually are normal. Although viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and other microorganisms also can produce the disease. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Decreased protein content", "opb": "Elevated glucose concentration", "opc": "Lymphocytosis", "opd": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "37f9ec0f-0758-4e32-b030-562f70a9772e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of meningitis in alcoholics is", "exp": "Meningitis results only when host resistance is lowered by contributory factors such as respiratory viral infections, pulmonary congestion, stress, malnutrition, immunodeficiency or alcoholism. Splenectomy and sickle cell disease are impoant predisposing conditions. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; Pg:227", "cop": 3, "opa": "Klebsiella", "opb": "Staphylococcus", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Haemophilus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "9431687d-9541-4d41-9828-551ff7b6c6ef", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Penicillium marneffei is seen in", "exp": "Penicillium marneffei has been repoed to be an impoant oppounist pathogen in the HIV infected. It causes disseminated infection with multiple organ involvement. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "TB", "opb": "AIDS", "opc": "Diabetes", "opd": "Kala azar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "fc5a02b0-bac7-42a0-b5a2-ff47b44da8f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A person has received complete immunization against tetanus 10 years ago. Now he presents with a clean wound without any lacerations from an injury sustained 2.5 hours ago. He should now be given", "exp": "Active immunisation is not only the most effective method of prophylaxis but also the only means whereby tetanus following unnoticed injuries can be prevented. This is achieved by spaced injection of formol toxoid, which is available either as plain toxoid or adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide or phosphate. A full course of immunisation confers immunity for a period of at least ten years. A booster dose of toxoid is recommended after 10 years. A booster dose of toxoid is given if wounding occurs three years or more after a full course of immunisation. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker&;s; 9th edition; Page no: 262, 263", "cop": 2, "opa": "Full course of tetanus toxoid", "opb": "Single dose of tetanus toxoid", "opc": "Human tet globulin", "opd": "Human tet globulin and single dose of toxoid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "942d8785-c284-4ce1-af9e-9fc5e9b3cc5b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cancer not associated with Human Papilloma virus", "exp": "Cancer associated with HPV are cervical cancer, Anal cancer, Vulval cancer, Vaginal cancer, Penile cancer, Oropharyngeal SCC.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cervical cancer", "opb": "Testicular cancer", "opc": "Vulval cancer", "opd": "Oropharyngeal", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "90b5e8c8-080f-40c8-b983-4fb1e3960651", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Muriform cells are seen in", "exp": "Muriform cells also called medlar bodies, sclerotic bodies are seen in chromoblastomycosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phaeohyphomycosis", "opb": "Chromoblastomycosis", "opc": "Rhinosporidiosis", "opd": "Sporotrichosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c7ac320c-ce48-4146-8b25-c6d8dd63606d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fastest microbiocidal agent against M.leprae", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Rifampicin", "cop": 3, "opa": "Clofazimine", "opb": "Dapsone", "opc": "Rifampicin", "opd": "Minocycline", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "28682fed-352d-44a3-9ab1-5982ae9ef27f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tinea faciei is", "exp": "Tinea barbae - Infection of beard & moustache area of face.\nTinea faciei - Infection of non - bearded area of face.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infection of beard", "opb": "Concentric lesion of skin", "opc": "Infection of non - bearded area of face", "opd": "Infection of beard & moustache area of face", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d2827d2-38c1-4543-876a-c0eb4375bf74", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Group A carbohydrate of Str. pyogenes cross reacts with human", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Synovial fluid", "opb": "Myocardium", "opc": "Cardiac valves", "opd": "Vascular intima", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6e214d3d-5307-4aa4-ba7f-a75e78372e98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rideal Walker test is used to determine the efficiency of the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Disinfectant", "opb": "Moist heat sterilisation", "opc": "Antibiotics", "opd": "Dry heat sterilization", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fdfd7684-2f98-45ee-98ad-e89f5199be30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Minimum number of people for a group discussion are", "exp": "For effective group discussion, the group should not be less than 6 and more than 12 members.", "cop": 2, "opa": "8", "opb": "6", "opc": "5", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "54cb210a-fd32-484f-acdf-306b4c770bcd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Griffith typing is done for", "exp": "Griffith typing is used for fuher classification of S.pyogenes, belonging to Lancefield's group A. Based on the M proteins on the cell surface, they are subdivided into M types. About 80 types of Streptococcus pyogenes have been recognized so far (types M1, M2, M3 and so on). Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg: 211", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Meningococcus", "opd": "Gonococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "51c64164-8f45-42d4-ad87-2a01df2e15e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The local anaesthetic with the longest duration of action is", "exp": "Longest acting, most potent and most toxic local anaesthetic is dibucaine.Chloroprocaine is the shoest acting local anaesthetic.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Procaine", "opb": "Chlorprocaine", "opc": "Lignocaine", "opd": "Dibucaine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f6df89f0-b347-4616-8891-14b4c1f7c30c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common strain of E.coli giving rise to traveller's diarrhea is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Entero-toxigenic E.coli", "cop": 3, "opa": "Entero-invasive E.coli (EICE)", "opb": "Entero-pathogenic E.coli (EPEC)", "opc": "Entero-toxigenic E.coli (ETEC)", "opd": "Entero-aggregative E.coli (EAEC)", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bea33bdf-0b59-4430-94a1-a105d5ac076f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The maintenance dose of digoxin", "exp": "Slow digitalization: Here maintenance dose of Digoxin (average 0.25 mg/day) is given from the beginning. Full response takes 5-7 days to develop, but the procedure is much safer. In case an adequate response is not seen after I week, increase the dose to 0.375 and then to 0.5 mg after another week.Rapid oral digitalization: Here Digoxin 0.5 - 1.0 mg stat dose given followed by 0.25 mg every 6 hours with careful monitoring and watch for toxicity till response occurs - generally takes 6-24 hours (total dose 0.75 - 1.5 mg). This is seldom practised now.Emergency digitalization: It is practised rarely now, only as a desperate measure in CHF or in atrial fibrillation. Digoxin 0.25 mg followed 0.1 mg hourly is given by slow IV. Injection with close ECG, BP and CVP monitoring till response occurs (2-6 hours, total dose 0.5 - 1.0 mg)", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.25 mg/day", "opb": "2.5 mg/day", "opc": "25 mg/day", "opd": "250 mg/day", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "739a6c60-0f20-4638-a2a5-abafeaeb4197", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "KOH wet mount is prepared for", "exp": "KOH preparation: Specimen is placed in a drop of 10%KOH on a slide and covered with a cover slip. It is heated gently and examined under a microscope. Yeast cells and hyphae may be observed. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition .", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacteria", "opb": "Virus", "opc": "Fungus", "opd": "Parasite", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "f42ac82d-19bf-4717-a4fd-6b89a47b5029", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hecht's pneumonia is a complication of", "exp": "Hecht's pneumonia is  a giant cell pneumonia in immunodeficient people,rare complication of measles.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Mumps", "opc": "AIDS", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ca9c991-13cb-4106-be5e-3e27351ff248", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for Pneumocystis Pneumonia", "exp": "Cotrimoxazole is Doc for Pneumocystis Pneumonia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cotrimoxazole", "opb": "Penicillin", "opc": "Itraconazole", "opd": "Ivermectin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d65c226d-0a05-4486-a265-2a571dff2646", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus aureus differs from Staphylococcus epidermidis by", "exp": "Tube coagulase test: detects free coagulase. Coagulase is an enzyme rather brings about clotting of human or rabbit plasma. It acts as a coagulase reacting factor present in plasma, binding to prothrombin and conveing fibrinogen to fibrin. Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive but Staphylococcus epidermidis is coagulase negative. Staphylococcus aureus form golden yellow pigment on nutrient agar. Staphylococcus epidermidis cause endocarditis in drug addicts. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the common cause of urinary tract infection, paicularly in sexually active young women. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 207, 208", "cop": 1, "opa": "Is coagulase positive", "opb": "Forms white colonies", "opc": "A common cause of UTI", "opd": "Causes endocarditis in drug addicts", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d3f47e49-4ef1-48f5-a200-e62eaada63e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A malignant pustule is seen in infection with", "exp": "Cutaneous anthrax: caused by Bacillus anthracis. The lesion stas as a papule 1-3 days after infection and becomes vesicular, containing fluid which may be clear or bloodstained. The whole area is congested and edematous and several satellite lesions filled with serum or yellow fluid are arranged around a central necrotic lesion which is covered by a black eschar. This is a malignant pustule. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 249", "cop": 4, "opa": "Yersinia pestis", "opb": "Bacillus cereus", "opc": "Clostridium welchii", "opd": "Bacillus anthracis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "1e8e9f94-cdfe-4071-bcdc-1087f2a2deae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staph aureus causes", "exp": "Impetigo is divided into two types:-\n\n\nNon-bullous impetigo (Impetigo contagiosum):- Caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes.\nBullous impetigo:- Caused by staphylococcus aureus.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Erythrasma", "opb": "Chancroid", "opc": "Acne vulgaris", "opd": "Bullous impetigo", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1fcf57e-c7dc-41ec-94f5-fe183d5e238a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Delayed hypersensitivity in skin tests, is assessed by", "exp": "Intradermal test for delayed hypersensitivity - Usually employed for infectious diseases. - Antigen is prepared from the respective infective agents and injected intradermally. - Significantly indurated nodule after 48 hrs is considered to indicate delayed hypersensitivity to the antigen. - Test continues to remain positive even after the infection has subsided, though active infections usually produce more severe reactions. -In overwhelming infections the test can completely become negative because of the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity. Erythema- redness of the skin or mucous membranes due to increased flow in superfiial cappillaries Bulla- clear fluid filled lession with size mor tha 0.5 cm Necrosis-irreversibe cell injury leading to cell death due to denaturation of proteins / enzymatic digestion of cells. it is always pathological and associated with inflamation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Erythema", "opb": "Bulla", "opc": "Necrosis", "opd": "Induration", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)", "id": "20830e45-b469-4227-b3ec-3286ba89679f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cyst with scolex and hooks", "exp": "(A) T. solium", "cop": 1, "opa": "T solium", "opb": "H. nana", "opc": "Echinococus", "opd": "Schistosoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "d93a21c2-4c4f-44cc-ae73-4710f7a45f04", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice of meningococcal infection is", "exp": "Sulphonamides are once used for the treatment of Meningococcal meningitis used, not used now due to widespread resistance Intravenous Penicillin G is the treatment of choice. Chloramphenicol is effective. One of the Third generation cephalosporins ( ceftriaxone, ceftazidime) is also used to free the nasopharynx initiation of treatment before the cause of meningitis is is known. After the initial course, eradicative therapy is to be given with rifampicin or ciprofloxacin to free the nasopharynx of the cocci and prevent the carrier state. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 233", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tetracycline", "opb": "Clindamycin", "opc": "Gentamycin", "opd": "Cephalosporin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "0671824b-9177-413a-b7e6-2aa0a80992c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tick borne hemorrhagic fever is seen in", "exp": "Omsk hemorrhagic fever :\n\nvector  - Tick\nManifestation - Hemorrhagic fever\nReservoir  -Small mammals", "cop": 1, "opa": "Omsk hemorrhagic fever", "opb": "Chandipura virus", "opc": "Vesicular stomatitis virus", "opd": "Yellow fever virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b77d7b89-6ede-44b0-877b-fe086d682024", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Herpangina is caused by", "exp": "(A) Cox-sackie virus A # Herpangia:> It is a coxsackie viral infection mostly affecting children. To begin with, multiple small vesicles appear on the faucial pillars, tonsils, soft palate and uvula.> They rupture to form ulcers which are usually 2-4 mm in size, have a yellow base and red areola around them. They seldom persist beyond one week.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cox-sackie virus A", "opb": "Echovirus 18", "opc": "echovirus 16", "opd": "poliovirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "450977a5-36fd-4157-a076-2f3e5e438ff6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The drug of choice for an acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis is", "exp": "DOC for acute exacerbation of IBD - SteroidsDOC for maintenance treatment of IBD - Sulfasalazine", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sulfasalazine", "opb": "Methotrexate", "opc": "Infliximab", "opd": "Coicosteroids", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "eeeaa29d-c02d-4ed5-9629-7b74274a02f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child can make a 3 cube tower at the age of", "exp": "At 15 monthsMotor: Walks alone; crawls upstairs.Adaptive: Makes the tower of 3 cubes; makes a line with crayon; inses raisin in the bottle.Language; Jargon; follows simple commands; may name a familiar object (e.g. ball).Social: Indicates some desires or needs by pointing; hugs parents.", "cop": 2, "opa": "36 months", "opb": "15 months", "opc": "20 months", "opd": "24 months", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b8a38196-ed14-44cd-9347-bcf3a0665906", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "High level disinfectant is", "exp": "Low – Level distinfectant – Benzalkonium chloride\nIntermediate – Level distinfectant – Isopropylalchol,phenol\nHigh – Level disinfectant – Gluteraldelyde, formaldehyde, H2O2, Chlorine", "cop": 4, "opa": "Isopropylalchol", "opb": "Phenol", "opc": "Benzalkonium chloride", "opd": "Chlorine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bd7cb22-f96f-4ab1-ba2b-dd4f7bee4888", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chancroid is caused by", "exp": "Ans. a (H. ducreyi). (Ref. Harrison, Principles of Internal Medicine 18th ed., / Chap. 130 and Chapter 145.)HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI# H. ducreyi is etiologic agent of chancroid, a STD characterized by genital ulceration and inguinal adenitis. It is a highly fastidious coccobacillary gram-negative bacterium whose growth requires X factor (hemin).# After an incubation period of 4-7 days, the initial lesion a papule with surrounding erythema appears. In 2-3 days, the papule evolves into a pustule, which spontaneously ruptures and forms a sharply circumscribed ulcer that is generally not indurated. The ulcers are painful and bleed easily with little or no inflammation in vicinity. Some develop enlarged, tender inguinal LNs. Multiple ulcers can coalesce to form giant ulcer.# Treatment: include: (1) a single 1-g oral dose of azithromycin; (2) ceftriaxone (250 mg IM in a single dose); (3) ciprofloxacin (500 mg oral BD for 3 days); and (4) erythromycin base (500 mg oral tid for 7 days).STDsS.NoSTDCausative agentDiagnosisTreatment1.Chancroid (soft sore)H. ducreyi\"School of fish\"/Rail road trackCotrimoxazole& Erythromycin2.LGVChlamydiaHP bodies (Giemsa stain)Tetracycline3.Syphilis (hard chancre)T. pallidumDarkground microscopyPenicillin4.Genital herpesH. simplex 2-Acyclovir5.Donovaniasis (granuloma inguinale)Leish mania donovani-Erythromycin6.GonorrhoeaN. gonorrhoea-Penicillin &Ceftriaxone7.TrichomoniasisT. vaginalisStrawberry vaginaMetro/tinidazole", "cop": 1, "opa": "H. ducreyi", "opb": "Chlamydia", "opc": "Mycoplasma", "opd": "Viruses", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Haemophilus", "id": "cdc1df4a-b1ee-411e-922f-8004ea5215d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Species identifications is done by", "exp": "Tests for species identification are Precipitin test, Latex agglutination test, Haem-agglutination inhibition test", "cop": 1, "opa": "Precipitin test", "opb": "Benzidine test", "opc": "Spectroscopy", "opd": "Neutron activation analysis (N.A.A.)", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "904da93a-7c2f-4fc7-894e-d0f88177a486", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most sensitive and rapid test for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Culture on SDA", "opb": "Culture on Bird seed agar", "opc": "India Ink", "opd": "Latex agglutination", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37653f48-e4a8-4b4a-8900-5e8b67ebc9c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Painless diarrhoea occurs with", "exp": "Ans. d (V. cholerae). (Ref. Harrison's Internal Medicine 17th ed. Chapter 149).CHOLERA - Pathogenesis# Cholera toxin, which consists of a monomeric enzymatic moiety (the A subunit) and a pentameric binding moiety (the B subunit). The B pentamer binds to GM1 ganglioside, a glycolipid on the surface of epithelial cells that serves as the toxin receptor and makes possible the delivery of the A subunit to its cytosolic target. The activated A subunit (Al) irreversibly transfers ADP-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to its specific target protein, the GTP- binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. The ADP-ribosylated G protein upregulates the activity of adenylate cyclase; the result is the intracellular accumulation of high levels of cyclic AMP.# In intestinal epithelial cells, cyclic AMP inhibits the absorptive sodium transport system in villus cells and activates the secretory chloride transport system in crypt cells, and these events lead to the accumulation of sodium chloride in the intestinal lumen.# Since water moves passively to maintain osmolality, isotonic fluid accumulates in the lumen. When the volume of that fluid exceeds the capacity of the rest of the gut to resorb it, watery diarrhea results.Clinical features# After a 24- to 48-h incubation period, cholera begins with the sudden onset of painless watery diarrhea that may quickly become voluminous and is often followed shortly by vomiting.# Fever usually absent.# Acidosis can occur.# Characteristic appearance of stool: cloudy fluid with flakes of mucus, and no blood.# Clinical symptoms parallel volume contraction:- At losses of 3-5% of normal body weight, thirst develops;- at 5-8%, postural hypotension, weakness, tachycardia, and decreased skin turgor are documented; and- at >10%, oliguria, weak or absent pulses, sunken eyes (and, in infants, sunken fontanelles), wrinkled (\"washerwoman\") skin, somnolence, and coma are characteristic.Diagnosis:# Useful in culture and transport:- TcBC agar,- Cary Blair medium OR alkaline-peptone water-enrichment medium*Rx# Only the rapid and adequate replacement of fluids, electrolytes, and base is required.# Rice-based ORS is considered superior to standard ORS in the treatment of cholera.# For initial management of severely dehydrated patients, IV fluid replacement is preferable. Because profound acidosis (pH < 7.2) is common in this group, Ringer's lactate is the best choice.# Although not necessary for cure, the use of Single-dose tetracycline (2 g) or doxycycline (300 mg) is effective in adults but is not recommended for children <8 years of age.# For Children, furazolidone has been the recommended agent and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 2nd choice.# Due to cost and toxicity issues related to other drugs, erythromycin is good choice for pediatric cholera.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Salmonella", "opb": "Shigella", "opc": "C. jejuni", "opd": "V. cholerae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Vibrio", "id": "ec8f62c3-8f08-4fa4-bf0e-56433adf8803", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient diagnosed with malaria had fever periodicity of 72 hours. Organism implicated is", "exp": "CharactersP.falciparumP.vivaxP.malariaeP.ovaleDisease pattern Malignant malaria Benign teian malaria Quaan malaria Ovale teian malaria Incubation period12 days14 days20 days14 daysNo of merozoites released per infected hepatocyte 30,00010,00015,00015,000Duration of erythrocytic cycle 48 hours 48 hours 72 hours 48 hours Red cell preference Young RBCRBC up to 14 days old Older RBCsReticulocytes Pigment colour Black Yellow brown Brown black Dark brown Relapse ( Hypnozoites )Absent Present Absent Present Recrudescence Present Absent Present Absent (Ref: K.D Chatterjee 13th edition, p196-198)", "cop": 4, "opa": "P. falciparum", "opb": "P. vivax", "opc": "P. ovale", "opd": "P. malariae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "8fd8bed8-e203-4bf0-ab87-cd8d8eb26d64", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ziemann's dots in RBC are seen in infection with", "exp": "Ziemann dots in RBC-PL Malaria Schaffner dots in RBC- Pl vivax Accola rings-falciparum Ref: D.R. Arora. Medical parasitology 4th ed pg 108", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pl vivax", "opb": "Pl falciparum", "opc": "Pl malaria", "opd": "Pl ovale", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "52a0c3ef-8f2d-4999-8ed8-77de7d59982d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sulphur granules in actinomycosis consist of", "exp": "Sulphur granules are examined microscopically. They are crushed between slides and stained by gram stain and examined. The granules are bacterial colonies and will be found to consist of a dense work of thin gram-positive filaments surrounded by a peripheral zone of swollen, radiating club-shaped structures (antigen-antibody complex) presenting a sun-ray appearance. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:398", "cop": 4, "opa": "Monophils and neutrophils", "opb": "Monophils and lymphocytes", "opc": "Eosinophils", "opd": "Bacterial paicles", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d21e9b15-ca0b-4222-89c1-ff4e9a305e01", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endemic hemoptysis is caused by", "exp": "P. westermanii also called lung fluke causes endemic hemoptysis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "H. Nana", "opb": "D. latum", "opc": "C. sinensis", "opd": "P. westermanii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02f1e3cd-a718-42da-aacd-49cb03ac28e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antibody to HSV will begin to appear", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "in a week and reach a peak in 3 weeks", "opb": "only after one year", "opc": "no antibodies are present in primary HSV", "opd": "antibodies are present in recurrent and chronic apthous stomatitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8380f3f2-9faf-467a-aab0-551e9b1a8bc9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gram staining sequence is", "exp": "Primary stain – Crystal violet or Methyl violet \nMordant – Gram's iodine\nDecolorizer – Acetone or Ethanol\nSecondary stain – Safranin or Carbol fuchsin", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carbol fuchsin – Iodine – Acetone – Methyl violet", "opb": "Methyl violet  –  Iodine – Acetone – Carbol fuchsin", "opc": "Methyl violet – Acetone – Iodine – Carbol fuchsin", "opd": "Carbol fuchsin – Acetone – Iodine – Methyl violet", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "970c1dfd-ac76-4af3-8f34-384c86cdf809", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mechanism action of Botulinum toxin is by", "exp": "(C) Inhibition of acetylcholine release # Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxic protein produced by Clostridium botulinums.> It prevents release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction & thus causes flaccid paralysis.> Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism.> Toxin is also used commercially in medicine, cosmetics and research.> Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known, with an estimated human median lethal dose (LD50) of 1.3-2.1 ng/ kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10-13 ng/kg when inhaled.# Botulinum toxin is used to treat> Overactive muscle movement, including post-stroke spasticity, post-spinal cord injury spasticity, spasms of the head and neck, eyelid, vagina, limbs, jaw, and vocal cords.> To relax clenching of muscles, including those of the oesophagus, jaw, lower urinary tract and bladder, or clenching of the anus which can exacerbate anal fissure.> Used for improper eye alignment> In the treatment correction of Strabismus> Prophylactic treatment of Chronic migraine headache.> Effective for reduction of facial wrinkles> Used to treat disorders of hyperactive nerves including excessive sweating, neuropathic pain, and some allergy symptoms> Evaluated for use in treating chronic pain", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased cAMP", "opb": "Increased cGMP", "opc": "Inhibition of acetylcholine release", "opd": "Inhibition of noradrenaline release", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2f9507e8-8414-4c21-af0b-89870cde68cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Morula in RBC is seen in", "exp": "Ehrlichia are small gram negative bacteria,obligate intracellular bacteria which have affinity towards bloodcells,In cytoplasm of infected phagocytic cells,they grow within phagosomes as mulberry like clusters called morula(meaning mulberry).they are tick borne. Ref: ananthnarayan an paniker's microbiology 10th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Babesia", "opb": "Ehrlichia", "opc": "Spirochete", "opd": "Entamoeba", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "75c38d51-732e-4f70-be76-d8df10cfa44f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most abundant complement in the body", "exp": "C3 is the most abundant complement.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C1", "opb": "C2", "opc": "C3", "opd": "C4", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "70fa5cb8-fa40-414d-8d91-49c59b69aa52", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stage of falciparum not seen in Peripheral blood smear is", "exp": "1. In P. falciparum infection, the later stages of erythrocytic cycle occur in the capillaries of brain and internal organs. Hence only ring forms are found in peripheral blood by microscopic examination but not late trophozoites and Schizonts. 2. In PBS, all asexual erythrocytic stages, as well as gametocytes can be seen in peripheral blood of P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae infections but in P. falciparum infection, only ring form and gametocytes can be seen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Schizont", "opb": "Gametocyte", "opc": "Ring form", "opd": "Double ring", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology Pa 1 (Protozoology)", "id": "d3841471-6d5a-4ba8-8f1a-55771d61fc7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dead space is reduced in tracheostomy by", "exp": "Airflow resistance of the normal upper airway is substantial, constituting up to 80% of total airway resistance during nose breathing and 50% during mouth breathing.Theoretically, tracheostomy tubes should decrease airflow resistance, but in fact, this does not occur because of the smaller radius (inner diameter 7-8 mm) of the tubes. Tracheostomy tubes may reduce dead space by up to 100 mL -150 mL, 30-50% when compared to spontaneous breathing. This occurs because the tubes are small and bypass the glottic and supraglottic spaces.", "cop": 4, "opa": "5-10%", "opb": "15-20%", "opc": "20-30%", "opd": "30 - 50%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6e5c4ea0-c0f3-42a6-990a-60e76a6d0d38", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacterial drug resistance genome occur due to", "exp": "B. i.e. (Genetic mechanism) (53-60 - Ananthanarayan 7th)* Bacteria may acquire drug resistance by mutation or by one of the methods of genetic transfer. The biochemical mechanisms of resistance may be several, including decreased permeability to the drug, development of alternative pathways and production of enzymes inactivating the drugs* Plasmid** is of great medical importance as it leads to the spread of multiple drug resistance among bacteria* Genotypic variations are stable, heritable* and not influenced by environment* The discovery of gene transformation\" came from the study of streptococcus pneumoniae*.* Multiple drug resistance is spread by conjugation*** F cells are able to transfer chromosomal genes to recipient cells are able to transfer chromosomal gene to recipient cells with high frequency and are known as HFr cells (does not transfer drug resistance)", "cop": 2, "opa": "After experimental of drug", "opb": "Genetic mechanism", "opc": "Man made", "opd": "Environmental factor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "02abfeeb-ef28-45dd-a45c-96e1ef381a99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Negri bodies m/c seen in", "exp": "Negri bodies most abundant in Hippocampus followed by cerebellum and pons.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cerebellum", "opb": "Hippocampus", "opc": "Pons", "opd": "Medulla", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8223d02f-f2ed-4f8e-97d0-3e29e726e53d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Salivary peroxidise system is known to be effective against", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Actinomyces viscosus", "opb": "Lactobacillus acidophilus", "opc": "Streptococcus mutans", "opd": "Veilonella parvula", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "84c9c4c3-62a4-45fb-80ec-ed284cd4fc76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant element in treatment of diphtheria is", "exp": "When a case is suspected as diphtheria, the antidiphtheritic serum should be given immediately as the moality rate increases with delay in staing Antitoxin treatment. In moderate cases, the dosage recommended is 20000 units intramuscularly and in severely ill cases 50,000- 1,00,000 units are injected, half the dose being given intravenously. Antitoxin treatment is generally not indicated in cutaneous diphtheria as the causative strains are usually non-toxigenic. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition, pg no: 245", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antitoxin", "opb": "Tetracycline", "opc": "Erythromycin", "opd": "Penicillin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "df1ee0cc-94a5-48e7-9ca0-50af9c8bb090", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lary ngoscopes are sterilized by", "exp": "o Laryngoscope should be cleaned before and aer use with spirit.\no Disinfecon can be done once a day by removing the bulb and immersing the blade in 2% cidex (glutaraldehyde) for 10 minutes.\no They should be sterilized once a week by immersing in cidex for 10 hours or by autoclavin", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutaraldehyde", "opb": "Formalin", "opc": "Betadine", "opd": "Boiling", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eeb6442a-2a36-4675-8b56-f4557b49d88a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Donovan bodies are seen in", "exp": "Klebsiella (formerly Calymmatobacterium) granulomatis, the causative agent of this hard, granulomatous, proliferating lesionHistologic demonstration of intracellular \"Donovan bodies\" in biopsy material most frequently suppos the clinical impression. Jawetz 27e pg: 761", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leishmania donovani", "opb": "Klebsiella granulomatis", "opc": "Legionella pnemophilia", "opd": "Morexella catarrhalis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "9a55c47e-94c7-4fac-83fb-b5dfff33ace9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The anaphylaxis should be treated first with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Epinephrine", "opb": "Steroids", "opc": "Anti histamines", "opd": "Antibiotics", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11cae871-ec4d-44e0-891a-7c4d13a5f986", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diphtheria toxin is produced only by those strains of C. diphtheriae that are", "exp": "All toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae are lysogenic for b-phage carrying the Tox gene, which codes for the toxin molecule. The expression of this gene is controlled by the metabolism of the host bacteria. The greatest amount of toxin is produced by bacteria grown on media containing very low amounts of iron.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose fermenters", "opb": "Sucrose fermenters", "opc": "Lysogenic for b-prophage", "opd": "Of the mitis strain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "ca46205c-334c-4d50-b551-76eabbcdc58c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcal bacteria are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Gram negative", "opb": "Tend to form chains", "opc": "Found in grape like clusters", "opd": "Associated with dental caries", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "68a3a97a-9e39-460b-a529-ad439b8344f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infectivity period of chicken pox", "exp": "Infectivity period of chicken pox is 2 days before & 5 days after onset of rash.", "cop": 2, "opa": "2 days before & 5 days after appearance of rash", "opb": "1 week before & 1 week after onset of rash", "opc": "Till the fever subsides", "opd": "10 days after onset of rash", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f40541b2-372e-4fe2-983c-54249cdf71ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hydatid disease is caused by one of the following", "exp": "(C) Echinococcus granulosus # Echinococcus granulosus, the dog tapeworm or the hydatid worm (formerly called Taenia echinococcus), which has the dog as the definitive host and sheep and humans as the principal intermediate hosts.> In humans it causes unilocular echinococcosis or hydatid disease.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Taenia solium", "opb": "Hymenolepis diminuta", "opc": "Echinococcus granulosus", "opd": "Dipylidium caninum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2b9e9b6f-540b-4146-b10e-d2789bc78b44", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Duodenal aspirate is used in diagnosis of", "exp": "Duodenal aspirate is used for G lambia, o sinesis, F heptica, and S stercoralis. ref : baveja book of microbiology .", "cop": 2, "opa": "E histolytica", "opb": "Giardia lamblia", "opc": "Taenia solium", "opd": "Leishmania", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b6ea9f46-c8bf-4579-8687-5b8b4805cb77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Incubation period of gonorrhoea is", "exp": "Gonorrhea is a venereal disease that has been known since ancient times. The disease is acquired by sexual contact. Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The first step in infection is adhesion of gonococci to the urethra or other mucosal surfaces. Pili are involved in this adhesion. Adhesion is rapid and firm so that micturition after exposure offers no protection against infection. The cocci penetrate through the intercellular spaces and reach the subepithelial connective tissue by the third day of infection. The incubation period is 2-8 days. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 235", "cop": 3, "opa": "Less than 24 hrs", "opb": "1 to 2 days", "opc": "2 to 15 days", "opd": "12 to 25 days", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a8f3cced-c6f9-4883-804f-440b6f24a8a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frisch bacillus affects most commonly", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nose", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mouth", "opb": "Nose", "opc": "Eye", "opd": "Ear", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e7f65b54-202a-4628-9de1-60d35ae5aff8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cardiac defect seen in Rubella syndrome", "exp": "Most common cardiac defect is PDA followed by PS, followed by VSD.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pulmonary stenosis", "opb": "VSD", "opc": "ASD", "opd": "Mitral regurgitation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "066afae7-0b95-492f-ab15-b24cfc6e6fb9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frequent blushing (\"erethism\") is associated with poisoning of", "exp": "Mechanism of toxicity:Mercury reacts with sulfhydryl (SH) groups, resulting in enzyme inhibition and pathologic alteration of cellular membranes.Clinical presentation:Severe chemical pneumonitis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.Acute gingivostomatitis may also occur.Chronic intoxication:Classic triad Tremor Gingivostomatitis. Metallic tasteFrequent blushing (\"erethism\")Pain in the extremities, often accompanied by pinkish discoloration and desquamation (\"pink disease\")", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mercury", "opb": "Lead", "opc": "Phenolic acid", "opd": "Carbolic acid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0127d2ac-5b69-4e94-9e3e-b7b389c0122e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chemical nature of complement is", "exp": "Complement is a protein in normal human and animal serum activated by antigen-antibody reactions Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 125", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lipid", "opb": "Polysaccharide", "opc": "Lipo polysaccharide", "opd": "Protein", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "3163f0d2-2ec7-4d47-be28-0e572f88003a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Culture media used for leptospira", "exp": "Culture media for leptospira is EMJH media, Korthof's, Stuart's and fletcher's media.", "cop": 3, "opa": "MYPA agar", "opb": "BYCE agar", "opc": "EMJH Medium", "opd": "Skirrow's medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b369df7e-9844-445d-911d-e14306aaf867", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Light microscope resolution to visualise chromosomes", "exp": "Standard light microscopes have a lateral resolution limit of about 0.5micrometers for routine analysis In light microscopy, a beam of light is focused through a microscope using glass lenses to produce an enlarged image of the specimen", "cop": 4, "opa": "500 kb", "opb": "5 mb", "opc": "50 mb", "opd": "5 kb", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b8f8609f-b3c1-4e7c-8f40-9e7f16970a74", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "TB bacilli culture can also be done by", "exp": "TB bacilli culture can also be done by MGIT medium ( Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube) Bacilli grows fast as compare to traditional LJ media (Lowenstein Jensen) Tinsdale media - C. diptherae MYPA - Bacillus cereus BCYE(buffered charcoal yeast extract) - Legionella", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tinsdale medium", "opb": "MGIT medium", "opc": "MYPA", "opd": "BCYE", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "d4eef90e-ee4f-4a36-9014-18d2968289cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antibody mediated enhancement is a feature of", "exp": "Antibody mediated enhancement is non-neutralizing antibody produced against the first serotype will combine, cover and protect the second serotype from host immune responce.seen in dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Yellow fever", "opb": "Dengue heomorrhagic fever", "opc": "Omsk heomorrhagic fever", "opd": "Japanese encephalitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a199b04b-ebb0-44eb-b585-c1dd930ab3e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The commonest focus of scrofuloderma is", "exp": "Scrofuloderma is a skin condition caused by tuberculosis involvement of the skin by direct extension, usually from underlying tuberculous lymphadenitis. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 367", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lung", "opb": "Lymph nodes", "opc": "Larynx", "opd": "Skin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f2f6a090-658a-4fea-b94b-7365dfe3de16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Man is the only reservoir for", "exp": "Entamoeba histolytica is predominantly found in primates (including humans) and occasionally in dogs, cats, cattle and pigs. \nThe parasite has a worldwide distribution and is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries.\nSalmonella - The most common are animal reservoirs are chickens, turkeys, pigs, and cows; dozens of other domestic and wild animals also harbor these organisms.\nCampylobacter jejuni - C. jejuni is carried by most of these animal reservoirs and is the predominant species isolated from chickens and cattle.\nY. Enterocolitica - dogs, sheep, wild rodents, and environmental water may also be a reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains.\nRef : http://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/entamoeba-text.html#:~:text=Host%20range%3A%20Entamoeba%20histolytica%20is,in%20tropical%20and%20subtropical%20countries", "cop": 3, "opa": "Salmonella", "opb": "Campylobacter jejuni", "opc": "E. histolytica", "opd": "Y. enterocolitica", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0b8458c4-1517-4ddd-9b82-29e005327ffe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Charbon is a term used for", "exp": "Cutaneous anthrax is a lesion that stas as a papule and becomes vesicular, containing a fluid which may be clear or bloodstained. The whole area is congested and edematous, several satellite lesions filled with serum or yellow fluid are arranged around a central necrotic lesion, which is covered by a black eschar. The name anthrax, which means coal, comes from the black color of the eschar. The lesion is called malignant pustule Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 250", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leptospirosis", "opb": "Cutaneous tuberculosis", "opc": "Bubo of plague", "opd": "Malignant pustule", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "aa7a8bc1-b52a-4c0c-9f49-06efa714ca3d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus differs from streptococcus by", "exp": "Staphylococcus is catalase positive, unlike streptococci which are catalase negative. Catalase test: positive test indicates production of catalase. Place a loopful of hydrogen peroxide on colonies on the nutrient agar. Prompt effervescence indicates catalase production. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition: pg;207", "cop": 2, "opa": "Coagulase test", "opb": "Catalase test", "opc": "Phosphatase", "opd": "Gram negative", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "0a2a534f-2ba4-4c08-8b94-e91280ef4ce8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This hepatitis virus is a defective virus in that it cannot replicate independently without the presence of hepatitis B virus.", "exp": "Hepatitis A virus (HAV) possesses a single-stranded linear RNA genome while hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains a double-stranded DNA genome. Detection of anti-HAV IgM in a single serum specimen obtained in the acute or convalescent stage is the quickest and most reliable method to diagnose hepatitis A infection. This antibody is usually present at onset of symptoms and may persist 3 to 6 months. Demonstration of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum is the most common method of diagnosing HBV infection. Other serologic markers helpful in characterizing infection with HBV include hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), anti-hepatitis B core (anti-HBc), anti-hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). Several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that immune serum globulin (ISG) can prevent clinical hepatitis A even when given up to 10 days after exposure. Similar studies have shown that ISG was able to decrease the incidence of hepatitis B infection in exposed persons. Purified, noninfectious HBsAg derived from healthy HBsAg carriers has been used as a vaccine for active immunization for HBV infection. Hepatitis C is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. The viral reservoir is human. Recent retrospective \"lookbacks\" suggest that many people were infected with HCV before testing of the blood supply was initiated in the early 1990s. HCV is treatable with combinations of drugs. The genotype of the virus plays an important role in the determination of length of therapy. Hepatitis D virus is an incomplete or defective virus which requires HBsAg as a cofactor. Both coinfection and secondary delta infection exist with secondary infection being the most serious. Hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route although maternal-fetal transmission has recently been described. Prognosis is usually favorable with rare cases of fulminant HEV reported. Norwalk and Norwalk-like VirusesRotavirusOthersAdenovirusCalicivirusAstrovirusSize (nm) diameter27-357070-9035-39 Nucleic acidRNA (single-stranded)RNA (double-stranded)DNARNARNAMinimum number of serotypes34 (3 groups, A, B, C)23-55Seasonality (temperate climate)WinterWinterAll seasons--EpidemicityEpidemicSporadic, epidemicSporadicEpidemicSporadicAge with clinical disease>=6yr6-24 mo most common<=2yr<=2yr<=7TransmissionFecal-oral, water, foodFecal-oral, water, foodFecal-oralFecal-oralFecal-oral", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatitis A", "opb": "Hepatitis B", "opc": "Hepatitis C", "opd": "Hepatitis D", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "f76843ae-e314-4d4a-82fa-7faa8e2685fd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coombs test is", "exp": "Agglutination test:-insoluble antigen +antibody=clumps. Principle-When sera containingantibodies are mixed with antigen coated red cells, the antibody globulin coats the surface of the erythrocytes,though they are not agglutinated. When such erythrocytes coated with the antibody globulin are washednfree of all unattached protein and treated with a rabbitantiserum against human gamma globulin (antiglobulin or Coombs serum), the cells are agglutinated example:- 1. Coombs test (antiglobulin test or anti-Rh antibody test) is an agglutination test. The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies that are stuck to the surface of red blood cells. this. These antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells and cause anemia. this in done for fetal ab(in vivo test) The indirect Coombs test looks for free-flowing antibodies against ceain red blood cells. It is is most often done to determine if you may have a reaction to a blood transfusion. done for detecting Maternal Ab(in vitro test)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Precipitation test", "opb": "Agglutination test", "opc": "CFT", "opd": "Neutrilization test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)", "id": "cee7dbb4-251c-4918-b77c-191f8973ebc7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pityriasis versicolor is caused by", "exp": "Epidermophyton floccosum causes T.cruris andT.pedis. Microsporum gypseum causes us. Trichophyton tonsurans causes endothrix hair infection. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "E. Floccosum", "opb": "M. Gypseum", "opc": "M. Furfur", "opd": "T. Tonsurans", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "5a75414a-95bf-49c1-ac6a-7bfedc74b14a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxoplasmosis in the foetus can be best confirmed", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma in the mother", "opb": "IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma in the foetus", "opc": "IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma in the mother", "opd": "IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma in in the foetus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcd64a73-f7c8-4ee2-8efa-787bd79830ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best site for collection of specimen for Neisseria meningitidis is", "exp": "Meningococci is a strict human parasite inhabiting the nasopharynx. The human nasopharynx is the only reservoir of the Meningococcus. Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers rarely contract the illness but serve right infect their contacts, so the best specimen to be collected for Neisseria meningitidis is nasopharyngeal swab. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 232", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oral swab", "opb": "Nasal swab", "opc": "Nasopharyngeal swab", "opd": "Skin lesions", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "8df83c7f-6fa7-4a04-9365-21fc7ed6d390", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endoscopes (e.g., cystoscopes, gastroscopes) should sterilized with", "exp": "Ans. a (Glutaraldehyde) (Ref. Ananthanarayan Microbiology 7th/pg. 31, 86)Most rigid endoscopes are compatible with steam, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide and certain liquid chemical disinfectants. Flexible scope can be sterilized by peracetic acid.CHEMICAL STERILIZATION# Ethylene oxide (EO or EtO) gas- Most common sterilization method .- Used to sterilize objects sensitive to temperatures > 60degC such as plastics, optics and electrics.- Carried out at 30-60degC with relative humidity >30% & gas cone. 200-800 mg/L for at least 3 hrs.- ETO penetrates well, moving through paper, cloth, and some plastic films and is highly effective.- EtO can kill all known viruses, bacteria and fungi; including bacterial spores and is satisfactory.- Bacillus subtilis, a very resistant organism, is used as a rapid biological indicator for EO sterilizers.# Glutaraldehyde# Glutaraldehyde is a saturated dialdehyde that has gained wide acceptance as a high-level disinfectant and chemical sterilant.# It is specifically effective against tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses.# Has a short shelf life (<2 weeks), and is expensive.# It is less toxic and irritant to eyes than formaldehyde.# To kill all spores in liquid can take upto 12 hrs with gluteraldehyde & longer with formaldehyde.# It has no deleterious effect on the cement or lenses of instruments like cystoscopes and bronchoscopes.# It can safely be used to treat corrugated rubber anesthetic tubes and face masks, plastic endotracheal tubes, polythene tubing, and metal instruments.# CIDEX (2% gluteraldehyde) is commonly used for sterilization of endoscopes.# Formaldehyde# It is less expensive and has a much longer shelf life, but is much more volatile.# Formaldehyde is also used as a gaseous sterilizing agent.# Many vaccines, such as the original Salk polio vaccine, are sterilized with formaldehyde.# Ozone is used in industrial settings to sterilize water and air, as well as a disinfectant for surfaces. It has the benefit of being able to oxidize most organic matter. On the other hand, it is a toxic and unstable gas that must be produced onsite, so it is not practical to use in many settings.# Chlorine bleach is another accepted liquid sterilizing agent. Household bleach consists of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. It is usually diluted to 1/10 immediately before use; however to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis it should be diluted only 1/5. The dilution factor must take into account the volume of any liquid waste that it is being used to sterilize. Bleach will kill many organisms immediately, but for full sterilization it should be allowed to react for 20 minutes. Bleach will kill many, but not all spores. It is highly corrosive and may corrode even stainless steel surgical instruments.# Chlorine and NaOH are the most consistent agents for prions. Chlorine is too corrosive to use on certain objects. NaOH has had many studies showing its effectiveness.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutaraldehyde", "opb": "Ethylene oxide", "opc": "Benzalakonium", "opd": "Betapropiolactone", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "1e8bf1cb-b9fa-4ca7-aeae-7d2eb4dc8ece", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The immunoassay performed in HIV to detect the presence of antibodies to individual viral proteins is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "NASBA", "opb": "ELISA", "opc": "Western Blot", "opd": "PCR", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aff70c09-3c27-495c-8037-915b8fd71d5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Weil felix reaction is heterophile antibodies reaction due sharing of Rickettsial antigen with", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Proteus Weil felix reaction This reaction is an agglutination test in which sera are tested for agglutinins to 0 antigens of ceain nonmotile proteus strains OX -19, OX - 2 and OX - K. The basis of the test is the sharing of an alkali - stable carbohydrate antigen by some rickettsiae and by ceain strains of proteus, P. vulgaris OX - 19 and OX - 2 and P. mirabilis OX - K. The test is usually done as a tube agglutination, though rapid slide agglutination methods have been employed for screening", "cop": 2, "opa": "Shigella", "opb": "Proteus", "opc": "Chlamydia", "opd": "Mycoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e2b7cf2-1a45-4e19-96b8-9ece827ecb9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common complication following appendicectomy is", "exp": "Wound infection is the most common postoperative complication, occurring in 5- 10% of all patients.Intraabdominal abscess has become a relatively rare complication after appendicectomy with use of preoperative antibiotics.Adhesive intestinal obstruction is the most common late complication of appendicectomy", "cop": 4, "opa": "Intraabdominal abscess", "opb": "Ileus", "opc": "Adhesive intestinal obstruction", "opd": "Wound infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8f97b026-837e-42f3-af85-2dfbcf1a7aa5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Plasma cells are derived from", "exp": "Option 1, 2, 3, 4 Plasma cells: Plasma cells originate from terminally differentiated B cells. Plasma cells are oval or egg-shaped structures characterizedby a stellate (star-like pattern) nucleus, nonstaining Golgi, andbasophilic cytoplasm. The main function of the plasma cells is to produce and secrete all the classes of immunoglobulins into the fluidsaround the cells. They secrete thousands of antibody molecules per second, which are specific for the epitope of the antigen for a fewdays and then die. They divide very poorly, if at all, and are usually found in the bone marrow and in the perimucosal lymphoid tissues. They have a sho lifespan of 30 days during which they produce large quantities of immunoglobulins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "T cells", "opb": "B cells", "opc": "Macrophages", "opd": "Neutrophils", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)", "id": "2fdfce06-be52-4ebd-9fdd-862830b88d20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Parvovirus B19 does not cause", "exp": "parvovirusB19 causesaplasyic crisi ,persistent anemia,erythema infectiosum&fetal hydrops REF:ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.554", "cop": 1, "opa": "Roseola infantum", "opb": "Aplastic anemia in sickle cell disease", "opc": "Fetal hydrops", "opd": "erythema infectiosum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "9fe50a93-278b-41d1-898d-a31b95709b08", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rabies virus", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Cytotropic", "opb": "Dermatotropic", "opc": "Chromophilic", "opd": "Neurotropic", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "573a9483-45c1-47f9-93d7-7327671a7f9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tick born viral encephalitis is seen inn", "exp": "(A) Omsk hemorrhagic fever /Ananth7 - 524, 531]# Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (tick-borne encephalitis (far eastern subtype):> Flaviviridae; spherical, enveloped virions about 45 nm in diameter, single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome> Pathogenicity: sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, pain in lower and upper extremities and severe prostration; a papulovesicular rash on the soft palate, cervical lymphadenopathy and conjunctival suffusion are usually present; central nervous system abnormalities develop after one to two weeks; severe cases present with haemorrhages - no cutaneous rash; leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are marked; estimated case fatalities are 1-10%; previous infection leads to immunity> Hosts: Humans, rodents, muskrat and possibly ticks> Mode of Transmission: By the bite of an infective tick (Dermacentor reticulatus and D. marginatus, Ixodes persulcatus)', data suggests direct transmission from both muskrat to humans and virus contaminated water to humans> Incubation Period: Usually 3-8 days> Communicability: Not directly transmitted from person-to-person; ticks remain infective for life> Reservoir: Rodents, muskrats and ticks> Zoonosis: Yes - disease can be acquired from direct contact with muskrats> Vectors: Ticks (Dermacentor retiqulatus, D. marginatus, Ixodes persulcatus)# Lassa viral haemorrhagic fever is an acute illness of 1-4 weeks duration that occurs in West Africa.> Virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the virus family Arenaviridae.> Lassa fever is known to be endemic in Guinea (Conakry), Liberia, Sierra Leone and parts of Nigeria,# Marburg virus is the causative agent of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Both the disease and virus are related to Ebola and originate in the same part of Africa (Uganda and Eastern Congo). The zoonosis is of unknown origin, but some scientists believe it may be hosted by bats.# Ebola is both the common term used to describe a group of viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, and the common name for the disease which they cause, Ebola hemorrhagic fever.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Omsk hemorrhagic fever", "opb": "Lassa fever", "opc": "Marburg fever", "opd": "Ebola virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "17948766-250c-4d2e-9e0e-d2fc948ea5e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flash process for pasteurisation of milk is", "exp": "For pasteurization of milk with temperatures below 100oC: The milk is heated at either 63oC for 30minutes or 72oC for 15-20seconds followed by cooling quickly to 13oC or lower.By these processes, all non-sporing pathogens such as mycobacteria and salmonella are destroyedRef: Ananthanarayan; 7th edition; Page no: 26", "cop": 2, "opa": "630C for 15-20sec", "opb": "720C for 15-20sec", "opc": "630C for 30minutes", "opd": "720C for 30min", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "af59a6d1-c84d-4251-9972-7a270fd57283", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Clostridium tetani are following type of bacteria", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Spore bearing aerobes", "opb": "Non sporing aerobes", "opc": "Spore bearing anaerobes", "opd": "Non sporting anaerobes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "496c56ea-9500-4aba-bcec-d838915761b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glomerulonephritis in streptococcal infection is diagnosed by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Blood culture", "opb": "Throat culture", "opc": "ASO Titre", "opd": "PCR", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cb1a0a56-5438-4b08-b819-e1f8596d8d22", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One of the following infections is caused by anaerobic gram positive cocci", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Puerperal infection", "opb": "Food poisoning", "opc": "Endocarditis", "opd": "Septicemia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf2b51ac-c907-4747-86a7-f1f5ee3aef86", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Following instrument is used for", "exp": "Fogay aerial embolectomy catheter is used to remove fresh emboli in the aerial system.It consists of a hollow tube with an inflatable balloon attached to its tip. The catheter is inseed into the blood vessel through a clot. The balloon is then inflated to extract it from the vessel.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bladder cathetrization", "opb": "Control upper GI bleed", "opc": "Central line", "opd": "Aerial embolectomy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5022afa0-df48-42b1-acb9-2808e19d12fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Budding reproduction in tissue is seen in", "exp": "Cryptococcus is a yeast, candida is a yeast-like fungus. Both are reproduced by budding Histoplasma is a dimorphic fungus Mucor and Rhizopus are produced by asexual means sporangiospores Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cryptococcus, candida", "opb": "Candida, rhizopus", "opc": "Rhizopus, mucor", "opd": "Histoplasma, candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "940903a9-03dd-4900-bf86-2a421380958b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flash autoclaves are done at a temperature of", "exp": "\"Flash\" autoclaves, which are widely used in operating rooms, often use saturated steam at a temperature of 134degC for 3 minutes. Autoclave at 121C for 15 minutes Dry heat at 160C for 2 hours Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 31", "cop": 2, "opa": "121C in 15 min", "opb": "134C in 3 minutes", "opc": "108C in 45 minutes", "opd": "160C in 120 minutes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "3086160f-d8ef-445a-8992-ebc4eae2b8d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The word german measles is applied for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Rubella", "opb": "Rubeola", "opc": "herpes simplex", "opd": "herpetic gingivostomatitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3766396c-e656-41c4-9248-dddd3c40665f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Each myosin molecule of sarcomere is composed of", "exp": "Sarcomeres are the fundamental contractile unit of skeletal muscle and are characterized by their highly ordered appearance under a polarizing light microscope.Thick filaments in the A band are composed primarily of the protein myosin. Each myosin molecule is composed of six monomers: two protein strands intewined in a helical arrangement (termed heavy chains) and four smaller, globular proteins (termed myosin light chains).Thin filaments are composed of three primary proteins: actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Two monomers", "opb": "Four monomers", "opc": "Six monomers", "opd": "Eight monomers", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "12679f37-ed56-4355-9b8a-b2627c0301dd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epidemic pleurodynia is caused by", "exp": "Bornholm's disease(epidemic pleurodynia)(devil's grip) is caused by Coxsackie B- virus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coxsackie B virus", "opb": "Coxsackie A virus", "opc": "Polio virus", "opd": "Entero virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b575fbd-3618-47e2-8f0c-095e810b200f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Malaise and fatigue with increased \"atypical\" lymphocytes and a reactive heterophil antibody test is most commonly caused by", "exp": "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that causes a number of syndromes; the most common is infectious mononucleosis. It is a ubiquitous enveloped DNA virus. Only one serotype of EBV has been recognized, although molecular methods have reorganized a number of genotypes of EBV.Infectious mononucleosis is an acute disease most commonly seen in younger people. It is characterized by a proliferation of lymphocytes, lymph node enlargement, pharyngitis, fatigue, and fever. Infection in young children is usually either asymptomatic or characteristic of an acute upper respiratory infection. Diagnosis is usually made by a positive heterophil test. Heterophil antibodies are those that occur in one species (human) and react with antigens of a different species. The heterophil test may be insensitive (30 to 60%) in children. Definitive diagnosis is made by detection of antibodies to EBV components.EBV causes a variety of other syndromes including Burkitt's lymphoma, the most common childhood cancer in Africa, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, commonly seen in China.Similar mononucleosis-like diseases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite. CMV causes fewer than 10% of infectious mononucleosis-like diseases. CMV \"mono\" is primarily characterized by fatigue. Congenital infection with CMV almost always causes serious sequelae, such as retardation and hearing loss. T. gondii also causes a variety of clinical problems, among them encephalitis in AIDS patients and food poisoning from the ingestion of raw meat. Although CMV and T. gondii are relatively rare causes of infectious mononucleosis, they must be ruled out, particularly when EBV tests are nonreactive.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Toxoplasma", "opb": "Borrelia burgdorferi", "opc": "Epstein-Barr virus", "opd": "Parvovirus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "17ee29a3-b792-44d3-aa63-b34723f21057", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Characteristic of Bacillus cereus food poisoning is", "exp": "Bacillus cereus is an impoant cause of food poisoning. Two patterns: diarrheal and emetic. Diarrheal: associated with cooked meat and vegetables. Diarrhea and abdominal pain 8-16 hours after the ingestion of contaminated food. Vomiting rarely. Bacilli are not found in the fecal specimen of these patients. Emetic: associated with consumption of cooked rice, usually fried rice from restaurants. Nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after the meal. Bacilli present in large numbers in cooked rice and fecal samples from these patients. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 253", "cop": 2, "opa": "Presence of fever", "opb": "Presence of pain in abdomen", "opc": "Absence of vomiting", "opd": "Absence of diarrhoea", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "87656262-d27f-40f5-b734-bdce6b31882a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cerebral amoebiasis is not caused by", "exp": "Three free living amoebae are neuropathogenic (encephalitis)\n\nNaegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.  \nAcanthamoeba causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.\nBalamuthia mandrillaris causes amoebic meningoencephalitis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Naegleria", "opb": "Acanthamoeba", "opc": "Dientamoeba", "opd": "Balamuthia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9db0b0ed-ece6-48fc-a6cf-2728082ef3f9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis is best diagnosed by", "exp": "In rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis, the retrospective diagnosis of streptococcal infection may be established by demonstrating a high level of antibody to streptococcal toxins. Antideoxyribonuclease B titers higher than 300 are taken as significant. It is useful in the retrospective diagnosis of streptococcal pyoderma, in which ASO titer is of much less value. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 214", "cop": 2, "opa": "ASO titre", "opb": "AntiDNAse", "opc": "Antihyaluronidase", "opd": "Culture", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "27c5031b-a170-48da-acac-c8716510e0ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common defect of congenital rubella syndrome", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "salt and pepper retinopathy", "opb": "Cataract", "opc": "Sensorineural deafness", "opd": "PDA", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "95f2cdea-41cc-4808-9bc8-ad15f0c04ecf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Broad based budding seen in", "exp": "Broad based budding (figure of 8 Appearance) seen in Blastomycosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coccidiomycosis", "opb": "Paracoccidiomycosis", "opc": "Blastomycosis", "opd": "Cryptococcosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "94fc8bb5-db64-4b1e-9bb5-2e2234f8b007", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "There are millions of cases of leprosy (Hansen's disease) worldwide, but predominately in Asia and Africa. The clinical spectrum of Hansen's disease is best characterized by", "exp": "Leprosy (Hansen's disease) affects primarily skin, peripheral nerves, and mucous membranes. The disease ranges from tuberculoid leprosy, which is characterized by few lesions containing small numbers of acid-fast mycobacteria, to lepromatous leprosy, which is characterized by multiple lesions containing many microorganisms. Chronic pulmonary infection is more characteristic of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis than M. leprae.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Immunologic anergy", "opb": "Chronic pneumonitis", "opc": "Peripheral neuritis", "opd": "Bacilli in lesions that digest tissues", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "8afb5c85-532b-48bf-9095-8bc671349246", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Brucella abous primarily affects", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cattle Human brucellosis is a zoonosis, acquired from animals directly or indirectly. The animals that commonly act as sources Sheep, goat and camel Cattle or Buffalo Swine Dog Br melitensis Br. abous Br suis Br canis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dog", "opb": "Cattle", "opc": "Swine", "opd": "Goat", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac16cc38-06d7-4704-af0a-baeeb4547a1e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vaccine prepared by embryonated Hen's egg are", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Rabies . Vaccines prepared in embrvonated Hen's ettg : - Influenza (grown in allantoic cavity) - Rabies - Yellow fever - Mumps . Vaccines from Duck eeg - Non neural rabies vaccine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Rabies", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Varicella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "18efce98-bc7d-4a24-bb2e-f5528eceaf0d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "As per national immunization schedule, 1ST DPT booster has to be given at", "exp": "DPT is given at 6,10,14 weeks 1st booster at 16-24 months and 2nd booster at 5-6yrs Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 612", "cop": 2, "opa": "5-6 yrs", "opb": "16-24 months", "opc": "18 weeks", "opd": "16 years", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "39bfab9a-72e9-4e23-aeb6-e604342f7ff2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common cause of a pleural effusion is", "exp": "The most common cause of pleural effusion is left ventricular failure. Pleural effusions occur in hea failure when there are increased hydrostatic forces increasing the pulmonary interstitial fluid and the lymphatic drainage is inadequate to remove the fluid.Right-sided effusions are more common than left-sided effusions in hea failure. Thoracentesis would show a transudative fluid.Pneumonia can be associated with a parapneumonic effusion or empyema. Parapneumonic effusions are the most common cause of exudative pleural effusions and are second only to hea failure as a cause of pleural effusions.Empyema refers to a grossly purulent pleural effusion. Malignancy is the second most common cause of the exudative pleural effusion. Breast and lung cancers and lymphoma cause 75% of all malignant pleural effusions.On thoracentesis, the effusion is exudative. Cirrhosis and pulmonary embolus are far less common causes of pleural effusions.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cirrhosis", "opb": "Left ventricular failure", "opc": "Pulmonary embolism", "opd": "Pneumonia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "106d53c8-ff8d-4e36-8ddd-b945d34f3de4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transfer of a poion of the DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage is known as", "exp": "Conjugation requires donor cell-to-recipient cell contact to transfer only one strand of DNA. The recipient completes the structure of dsDNA by synthesizing the strand that complements the strand acquired from the donor. In transduction, donor DNA is carried by a phage coat and is transferred into the recipient by the mechanism used for phage infection. Transformation, the direct uptake of \"naked\" donor DNA by the recipient cell, may be natural or forced.Jawetz 27 e pg: 111", "cop": 3, "opa": "Transformation", "opb": "Mutation", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Conjugation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "0729cc5c-ef39-4d4b-b239-f101aee34d93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of anthrax is", "exp": "Ans. a (Cutaneous). (Ref. Harrison, Medicine, 18th/Chapter 221. Microbial Bioterrorism)Bacillus anthrax causes anthrax and disease may be seen in three forms;# Cutaneous, Pulmonary, and Intestinal- Cutaneous is the most common form (malignant pustule, Hide porter's disease)- Pulmonary is wool sorter's disease.Also Remember:Cultural characteristics of B.anthrax are:# M'fadyeans reaction# Frosted glass appearance# Medusa head sign# Inverted tree appearance# PLET media used", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cutaneous", "opb": "Gastrointestinal", "opc": "Pulmonary", "opd": "Pneumonic", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacillus", "id": "fa532041-9719-4cd8-8d5e-cedb512baa18", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for Listeria monocytogenes is", "exp": "Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Actinomycetes, & Related Pathogens\nMany antimicrobial drugs inhibit listeria in vitro. Clinical cures have been obtained with Ampicillin with erythromycin, or with intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.\nCephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are not active against L monocytogenes. Ampicillin plus gentamicin is often recommended for therapy, but gentamicin does not enter host cells and may not help treat the listeria infection", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amoxycillin", "opb": "Ampicillin", "opc": "Vancomycin", "opd": "Amikacin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1c2dc594-c4ef-46a3-8817-3b07e9c8da77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Traveller&;s diarrhoea is caused by", "exp": "Enterotoxigenic E. Coli causes traveller&;s diarrhoea. Persons travelling from developed countries visiting endemic areas often suffer from ETEC diarrhoea. Ref: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology, 9th edition; pg no: 279", "cop": 2, "opa": "Shigella", "opb": "E. Coli", "opc": "E. histolytica", "opd": "Giardiasis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "miscellaneous", "id": "507c7a5b-a170-4563-9663-cdf98903e27b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ASO (Antistreptolysin 0) test is used for the diagnosis of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "opb": "Typhoid fever", "opc": "Rheumatie fever", "opd": "Rickettsial fever", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4321d57c-01d9-4c40-875b-e29b344f5916", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most sensitive method to detect LD bodies is", "exp": "Splenic aspiration is the most sensitive method to detect LD bodies (98% positivity). Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are positive in over 85% of cases. Lymph node aspiration is positive in 60% of cases of African kala-azar but not in cases of Indian kala-azar.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bone marrow aspiration", "opb": "Splenic aspiration", "opc": "Peripheral blood smear", "opd": "Lymph node biopsy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9a2fb973-380c-40e7-91b9-be5472919b96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ziemann dots are seen in", "exp": "Ziemann dots are small red dots stippling seen in P. Malariae.", "cop": 3, "opa": "P. Vivax", "opb": "P. Falciparum", "opc": "P. Malariae", "opd": "P. Ovale", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c281bc1f-5107-4023-ac1e-b79e61a0be21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "ULPA filters are used to disinfect", "exp": "ULPA (Ultra - low Particulate / penetration air filters)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Water", "opb": "Air", "opc": "Urine", "opd": "Blood", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c39d9b75-9d83-4979-b561-033600413265", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Meningococci differs from gonococci in that they", "exp": "Meningococci are capsulated, unlike gonococci. Based on their capsular polysaccharide antigens, they are classified into at least 13 serogroups, of which A, B, C, X, Y and W-135 are most impoant. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 230", "cop": 2, "opa": "Are intracellular", "opb": "Possess a capsule", "opc": "Cause fermentation of glucose", "opd": "Are oxidase positive", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c524b80b-8102-4219-b13a-63fd276b9417", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Procedure used for analysis of RNA", "exp": "Ans. a (Northern blot) (Ref. Harper biochemistry 27th ed., Fig. 39-5).# Northern blot = Similar to Southern blot, except that an RNA sample is electrophoresed. Useful for studying mRNA levels, which are reflective of gene expression.# *Southern = DNA# **Northern = RNA# ***Western = Protein.SOUTHERN BLOT# Southern blotting is used to analyze whether genes have been deleted or rearranged. It is also used to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs).# Genomic DNA is digested with restriction endonucleases and separated by gel electrophoresis. Individual fragments can then be transferred to a membrane and detected after hybridization with specific radioactive DNA probes.NORTHERN BLOT# Northern blots are used to analyze patterns and levels of gene expression in different tissues.# In a Northern blot, mRNA is separated on a gel and transferred to a membrane, and specific transcripts are detected using radiolabeled DNA as a probe. This technique has been largely supplanted by more sensitive and comprehensive methods such as reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and gene expression arrays on DNA chips.# The Northern and Western blot transfer techniques are used to size and quantitate specific RNA and protein molecules, respectively.# A fourth hybridization technique, the Southwestern blot, examines protein-DNA interactions. Proteins are separated by electrophoresis, renatured, and analyzed for an interaction by hybridization with a specific labeled DNA probe.Western blot# Sample protein is separated via gel electrophoresis and transferred to a filter. Labeled antibody is used to bind to relevant protein. Confirmatory test for HIV after + ELISA.Southwestern blot# Identifies DNA-binding proteins (e.g., transcription factors) using labeled oligonucleotide probes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Northern blot", "opb": "Southern blot", "opc": "Western blot", "opd": "Eastern blot", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "78c59704-674d-4754-aeeb-1d73cdf7dd80", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corynebacterium diphtheria is", "exp": "Ref: Harrisons 19th ed. pg. 978* C. diphtheriae is a Gram-positive bacillus that is unencapsulated, nonmotile, and nonsporulating.* The bacteria have a characteristic club-shaped bacillary appearance and typically form clusters of parallel rays, or palisades, that are referred to as \"Chinese characters\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gram-positive cocci", "opb": "Gram-positive bacilli", "opc": "Gram-negative cocci", "opd": "Gram-negative bacilli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "830f6cad-3413-4141-91f2-ba8ca7316d74", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Test for quantification of viral infectivity is", "exp": "Viral assays\n\nVirus content of a specimen can be assayed in two ways\n\n1. With reference to total virus particles-\n\nElectron microscopy\nHemagglutination\n\n2. With reference to the infectious virions only\nA. Quantal Assays\n→ Indicates the presence or absence of infectious virus e.g\n\nDeath of the experimental animal.\nProduction of haemagglutinin in allantoic fluid.\nAppearance of cytopathological effects on cell cultures.\n\nB. Quantitative infective assay\n\nIt measures the exact number of infectious particles. Eg:\nPlaque assay (monolayer cell culture) (CAM).\nPock assay on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane.\n\n→ Viruses producing pocks on chorioallantoic membrane are HSV, vaccinia, smallpox (variola), monkey pox, cowpox and camel pox.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cytopathic effect", "opb": "Plaque assay", "opc": "Electron microscopy", "opd": "Haemagglutination", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "32a4f819-ef73-499c-9a84-adaa6dbfd146", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptococcal pneumoniae presents at", "exp": "→ Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia, both lobar and bronchopneumonia.\n→ Pneumonia is common at the extreme of ages:\n\nChildren (especially >5 years of age)\nElderly (>60 - 65 years)\n\n→ Serotypes 6, 14, 18, 19 and 23 are responsible for most cases of pneumonia in children, while serotypes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 12 cause pneumonia in adults.", "cop": 1, "opa": "<5 years", "opb": "5-15 years", "opc": "20-25 years", "opd": "30-40 years", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0b820e50-6563-428f-bc75-2571fa35ad07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Endoscopes (e.g., cystoscopes, gastroscopes) should be sterilized with", "exp": "Most rigid endoscopes are compatible with steam, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide and certain liquid chemical disinfectants. The flexible scope can be sterilized by peracetic acid.\nCHEMICAL STERILIZATION\n■ Ethylene oxide (EO or EtO) gas - Most common sterilization method . -\nUsed to sterilize objects sensitive to temperatures > 60°C such as plastics, optics and electrics. -\nCarried out at 30-60°C with relative humidity >30% & gas cone. 200-800 mg/L for at least 3 hrs. -\nETO penetrates well, moving through paper, cloth, and some plastic films and is highly effective. -\nEtO can kill all known viruses, bacteria and fungi; including bacterial spores and is satisfactory. - Bacillus subtilis, a very resistant organism, is used as a rapid biological indicator for EO sterilizers. ■ Glutaraldehyde ■ Glutaraldehyde is a saturated dialdehyde that has gained wide acceptance as a high-level disinfectant and chemical sterilant.\n■ It is specifically effective against tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses. ■ Has a short shelf life (<2 weeks), and is expensive.\n■ It is less toxic and irritant to eyes than formaldehyde. ■ To kill all spores in the liquid can take upto 12 hrs with glutaraldehyde & longer with formaldehyde.\n■ It has no deleterious effect on the cement or lenses of instruments like cystoscopes and bronchoscopes.\n■ It can safely be used to treat corrugated rubber anesthetic tubes and face masks, plastic endotracheal tubes, polythene tubing, and metal instruments.\n■ CIDEX (2% glutaraldehyde) is commonly used for sterilization of endoscopes.\n■ Formaldehyde\n■ It is less expensive and has a much longer shelf life, but is much more volatile.\n■ Formaldehyde is also used as a gaseous sterilizing agent.\n■ Many vaccines, such as the original Salk polio vaccine, are sterilized with formaldehyde.\n■ Ozone is used in industrial settings to sterilize water and air, as well as a disinfectant for surfaces. It has the benefit of being able to oxidize most organic matter.\nOn the other hand, it is a toxic and unstable gas that must be produced onsite, so it is not practical to use in many settings.\n■ Chlorine bleach is another accepted liquid sterilizing agent. Household bleach consists of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. It is usually diluted to 1/10 immediately before use; however, to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis it should be diluted only 1/5. The dilution factor must take into account the volume of any liquid waste that it is being used to sterilize. Bleach will kill many organisms immediately, but for full sterilization, it should be allowed to react for 20 minutes. Bleach will kill many, but not all spores. It is highly corrosive and may corrode even stainless steel surgical instruments.\n■ Chlorine and NaOH are the most consistent agents for prions. Chlorine is too corrosive to use on certain objects. NaOH has had many studies showing its effectiveness", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glutaraldehyde", "opb": "Ethylene oxide", "opc": "Benzalakonium", "opd": "Betapropiolactone", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eae43d6a-14ce-41b9-87d2-f370d6a4227b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcal food poisoning includes the following feature", "exp": "Enterotoxin is responsible for the manifestations of staphylococcal food poisoning: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea 2-6 hours after consuming food contaminated by a preformed toxin. About two-thirds of S.aureus strains, growing in carbohydrate and protein foods secrete the toxin. Meat and fish or milk and milk products cooked and left at room temperature after contamination with staphylococci, for enough time for the toxin to accumulate, are the common items responsible. The toxin is relatively heat stable. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayan and Paniker's; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 3, "opa": "Incubation period of 24 hrs", "opb": "Requires immediate antibiotics", "opc": "Common with dairy products", "opd": "Heat labile enterotoxin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a8b1ace5-ab6d-49c3-b15e-f0ec1c16eb99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dorset egg medium is used for cultivation of", "exp": "Media which are used for the cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are LJ media which is most common media used in which growth is seen in 6 to 8 weeks and the colonies are Rough, Buff and tough. The other media used car door fitting media Petragnini media, Saula media, Dubois media or Middlebrook's media. Note-Extra edge M . tuberculosis M. bovis Rough , buff and tough colonies on LJ media Flat , moist and smooth colonies on LJ media Aerobic Microaerophile Shows glycerol and niacin enhancement No such enhancement", "cop": 4, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Gonococcus", "opd": "M TB", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "98cba54b-7831-412e-ad57-9dac65f1ba43", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain specific for DNA staining is", "exp": "Staining of Nucleoids:Nucleoids are stainable with the Feulgen stain, which is specific for DNA.Ref: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 39", "cop": 1, "opa": "Feulgen", "opb": "Malchite green", "opc": "Crystal violet", "opd": "Nigrosin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "aa8f5f9c-c8f8-4bef-8da5-c46f0221a62f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presents with a headache, high fever and meningismus. Within 3 days he becomes unconscious. Most probable causative agent", "exp": "Amongst the given options Naegleria and Acanthamoeba cause amoebic encephalitis.\n\n“The prognosis of Naegleria encephalitis is uniformly poor, most patients die within a week” -------Harrison “Acanthamoeba encephalitis follows a more indolent course”.\n--------Harrison\n\n So, amongst the given options Naegleria causes most fatal amoebic encephalitis.\n\nNaegleria fowleri\n\n It is a free-living amoeba\n Exists in three forms - Amoeboid trophozoite, Biagellate trophozoite, Cyst (Never forms in the human body)\n Modes of transmission - Human primarily contact the infection by swimming in contaminated water.\n\nThe amoeboid trophozoite enters the human body through the nasal mucosa and migrates to the brain along the olfactory nerve and blood vessels.\nSome infections result from inhalation of cysts.\n\n Clinical features (primary amoebic meningoencephalitis) Common in young adults and children.\n\nIncubation period →2-15 days (5 days) A headache, high fever, nausea, vomiting, meningismus. Cranial nerve palsies —» 3rd, 4th and 6th. Most patients die within a week (95%).\nN. fowleri also causes humidifier fever, a form of allergic alveolitis resulting from inhaling air from air-coolers.\n Diagnosis - Detection of motile amoeboid trophozoites in wet mounts of C.S.F.\n Treatment - High doses of amphotericin B and rifampicin.\nAcanthamoeba - It is a free-living amoeba\n\n Acanthamoeba culbertsoni species is most common,\n\n Exists in two stages - Trophozoite, Cyst\n\n The appellate stage is absent\n Modes of transmission - Through contamination of traumatized skin or eye Inhalation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Naegleria fowleri", "opb": "Acanthamoeba castellanii", "opc": "Entamoeba histolytica", "opd": "Trypanosoma cruzi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bed88854-51d4-4070-ba02-f3434dd4094e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Incubation period of Diptheria is", "exp": "The incubation period in diphtheria is commonly 3-4 days. In some cases sho as a day. In carriers, the incubation period may be very prolonged. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 240", "cop": 1, "opa": "2 -6 days", "opb": "2 - 6 hours", "opc": "2 - 6 weeks", "opd": "2 - 6 months", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3b924fcc-62ee-43b8-994a-a5817ba748e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tuberculate macroconidia is characteristic of", "exp": "Tuberculate macroconidia seen in Histoplasmosis also called Darling's disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Darling's disease", "opb": "Gilchrist's disease", "opc": "Chicago disease", "opd": "Desert rheumatism", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca70f1a5-aeb0-43f8-9465-dbca16052cbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dengue fever vector is a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Anopheles", "opb": "Aedes", "opc": "Culex", "opd": "Mansoni", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "42124900-fb7f-4001-8578-b4a744bde237", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The predominant colonic bacteria are", "exp": "The normal flora of adult colon contains 96 to 99%anaerobess and only 1 to 4% of aerobs. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition. .", "cop": 2, "opa": "Largely aerobic", "opb": "Largely anaerobic", "opc": "Bacteroides", "opd": "Staphylococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e223f9ff-4830-425d-8ca0-c540bf7fe32d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common complication due to expectant management of preeclampsia is", "exp": "The most common complication is placental abruption.While the most common cause of death is the cerebrovascular hemorrhage.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Acute renal failure", "opb": "Pulmonary edema", "opc": "Cardiac arrest", "opd": "Placental abruption", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3adaf56e-7d3f-4fef-b5ea-32b50e649db1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The virus causing aplastic crises in patients with haemolytic anaemia is", "exp": "Parvovirus B19 is implicated in aplastic crisis in patients with hemolytic anemia, paicularly sickle cell disease. Parvovirus virus is the only DNA virus which has single-stranded DNA genome. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 554", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parvovirus", "opb": "Coxsackie virus", "opc": "Cytomegalovirus", "opd": "Herpes virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "86027c88-46ff-4ee0-afa6-ae6f262b8656", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Draining sinuses are seen in rpt", "exp": "mycetoma is caused by actinomyces and eumycetes. the disease begins as a subcutaneous swelling usually of foot which enlarges and borrows into the deeper tissues producing characharacteristic abscess, the abscess burst with the formation of chronic multiple sinuses discharging viscous seropurulent fluid containing granules. ref:Baveja textbook of microbiology 4th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mycetoma", "opb": "Scrofula", "opc": "Lupus vulgaris", "opd": "Pediculosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "c37c4bfc-22c0-40dc-bccc-9608f816a443", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Osgood Schlatter disease is associated with osteochondritis of", "exp": "Types of Osteochondritis and Nomenclature Traction apophysitis (chronic strain injuries) Tibial Tuberosity Osgood-Schlatter Calcaneum Sever The lower pole of patella Sinding-Larsen&;s", "cop": 3, "opa": "Patella", "opb": "Femur medial condyle", "opc": "Tibial tubercle", "opd": "Femur lateral condyle", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0397f010-664b-4e76-90fc-8256260db0fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CD8 antigen is present on", "exp": "CD4 antigen is present on t helper cells Cd8 antigen on T suppressor cells CD8 cells recognize MHC class I antigens Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 135", "cop": 3, "opa": "T helper cells", "opb": "B cells", "opc": "T suppressor cells", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "eaa5d92e-e4eb-4216-97e0-e4fd43dd4e46", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Otitis and osteomyelitis is seen in", "exp": "The most serious complication of BCG vaccination is disseminated BCG infection.The most frequent disseminated infection is BCG osteomyelitis (0.01-43 cases per million doses of vaccine administered) which usually occurs 4 months to 2 years after vaccination.Fatal disseminated BCG infection has occurred at a rate of 0.06-1.56 cases per million doses; these deaths occurred primarily among immunocompromised persons.BCG otitis - A form of acute otitis media occasionally observed in infants after oral administration of BCG tuberculosis vaccine.In pus and granulation of the ear in a number of patients detected acid-bacteria vaccine strain BCG. Typically imperceptible onset at normal temperature, the growth of granulation tissue, for lingering, long-term, but beneficial.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hepatitis B vaccine", "opb": "BCG", "opc": "Measles vaccine", "opd": "IPV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2248666b-6d1e-48a8-989e-333864177498", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common genital infection in HIV infected patient", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Herpes`Herpes simplex (in the developed world) and chancroid (in Africa) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in HIV infected patients.' - An Atlas of differential diagnosis in HIV disease' by Lipman, Gluck and Johnson 1st (1995) p. 30", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chlamydia", "opb": "Herpes", "opc": "Syphilis", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af8a2141-d48f-4e0e-859c-aea4fb9bfb69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of leprosy", "exp": "Mycobacterium leprae - Causes hansen's disease- Not cultured in pure culture media - Most common type is BT - Rarest type of leprae BB - First sensation lost is cold then hot Fig - Lepra cells / Virchow cells / Foam cells", "cop": 2, "opa": "TT", "opb": "BT", "opc": "BB", "opd": "LL", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "c3fdba77-a479-42e1-8c61-a2313deae99e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site of colonization of Staph.Aureus", "exp": "Anterior nares is most common site followed by skin, perineum, axilla and groins.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Axilla", "opb": "Skin", "opc": "Groin", "opd": "Anterior nares", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbc7472a-0e49-441e-8c96-55bcd33d1f66", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Owls eye appearance inclusion bodies can be demonstrated in diagnosis of", "exp": "Owls eye appearance is seen with cytomegalo virus-HHV 5 -demonstrated in centrifuged deposits of urine or saliva Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 447", "cop": 2, "opa": "HHV I", "opb": "HHV 5", "opc": "HHV 6", "opd": "HHV 4", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "b9e98728-2951-4820-8338-4d0710373ffa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bioterrorism group A agent", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Q fever", "opb": "Typhus fever", "opc": "Brucella", "opd": "Anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09ff2b97-1217-4e34-b5a2-341b2648cdde", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Black coloured grains in mycetoma is produced by", "exp": "Leptospira, madurella, exophiala produce black colored colonies or grains in mycetoma Nocardia-white Phaecremonium -yellowish white Ref: Baveja 5th ed pg: 551", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leptospira", "opb": "Nocardia", "opc": "Actinomadura", "opd": "Phaecremonium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "e652246e-60c1-41ca-8116-6f9c042d8b64", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Yellow bag is destroyed by", "exp": "Ref: PubMedCat.Type of Bag/ Container usedType of wasteTreatment/ disposal optionsYellowNon-chlorinated plastic bagsSeparate collection system leading to effluent treatment system* Human anatomical waste* Animal anatomical waste* Soiled waste* Expired or discarded medicines* Chemical waste* Micro, Bio-t and other clinical lab waste* Chemical liquid wasteIncineration of Plasma pyralysis or deep burial*RedNon-chlorinated plastic bags or containersContaminated waste (Recyclable) tubing, bottles, intravenous tubes and sets, catheters, urine bags, syringes (without needles) glovesAuto/Micro/Hydro and then sent for recycling not be sent to landfillWhite/TranslucentPuncture, leak, tamper proof containersWaste sharps including metalsAuto or Dry Heat Sterlization followed by shredding or multilation or encapsulationBlueCardboard boxes with blue colored markingGlasswareDisinfection or auto/Micro/hydro and then sent for recycling", "cop": 1, "opa": "Incineration", "opb": "Autoclave", "opc": "Hot air oven", "opd": "Steam sterilization", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "516df661-0bc7-4c6e-b240-7cb773fcbfe1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis is caused by", "exp": "L. Brasiliensis causes Espundia (Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis).", "cop": 1, "opa": "L. Brasiliensis", "opb": "L. tropica", "opc": "L. donovani", "opd": "L. Chagasi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39669a07-721b-42a6-a7a0-bf984b26ffdf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common complications of Mumps is", "exp": "At least one-third of all mumps infections are subclinical, including the majority of infections in children younger than 2 years. The most characteristic feature of symptomatic cases is swelling of the salivary glands, which occurs in about 50% of patientsThe testes and ovaries may be affected, especially after pubey. Around 20-50% of men who are infected with mumps virus develop orchitis (often unilateral).Jawetz 27e pg: 589", "cop": 1, "opa": "Orchitis and Oophoritis", "opb": "Encephalitis", "opc": "Pneumonia", "opd": "Myocarditis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "3a9be702-4f83-4abd-b9a9-c2086333174a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The chief source of most parasitic diseases of man is", "exp": "Definitive host: The host, in which the adult parasite lives and undergoes sexual reproduction is called the definitive host, e.g. mosquito acts as definitive host in malaria.In the majority of human parasitic infections, man is the definitive host (e.g. filaria, roundworm, hookworm).So human is the chief source of most parasitic infections.Panicker 7e pg:2", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mosquito", "opb": "Birds", "opc": "Fish", "opd": "Man", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "3bfb2d6d-3136-4f0b-b736-928d9e368fdf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uterine souffle is defined as", "exp": "The uterine souffle is a soft, blowing sound that is synchronous with the maternal pulse.It is usually heard most distinctly near the lower poion of the uterus.This sound is produced by the passage of blood through the dilated uterine vessels.It also may be heard with any condition in which uterine blood flow is greatly increased, for example, with large uterine myomas or ovarian tumours.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Is a soft blowing murmur synchronous with foetal hea sounds", "opb": "Is due to increase in blood flow through the dilated uterine vessels", "opc": "Is due to the active foetal movements", "opd": "Indicates the underlying foetal distress", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "04766b55-5955-4338-be2b-3ab28789ba1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacilli Calmette Guerin contains the avirulent strains of", "exp": "BCG is produced from strain Mycobacterium bovis Ref: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 202; Tuberculosis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Human tubercle bacilli", "opb": "An tubercle bacilli", "opc": "Bovine tubercle bacilli", "opd": "Atypical mycobacteria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f8799e45-c0df-409b-81ed-1c5dfe8a7472", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infectious mononucleosis is confirmed by", "exp": "Monospot test is also known as Paul Bunnel test.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blood smear", "opb": "Monospot test", "opc": "Frei’s test", "opd": "Hess test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "34b9ad41-1bb4-45b2-b95b-cb1bbf1d602a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dermatophytes infects", "exp": "Superficial mycosis - dermatophytes, malassezia furfur, Tinea nigra, black piedra, trichosporon beigelii. Subcutaneous mycosis - mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, rhinosporidiosis. Systemic mycosis - blastomyces, paracoccidioides, histoplasma, coccidioides, cryptococcus. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subcutaneous tissue", "opb": "Systemic organs", "opc": "Nails, hair and skin", "opd": "Superficial skin and deep tissue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "aac0fbd0-f579-4b01-be8a-2776b55e3464", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Catalase positive, coagulase negative beta hemolytic bacteria", "exp": "All staphylococci are catalase positive. Amongst staphylococci, Staph. aureus and Staph haemolyticus (CONS) are beta hemolytic. Most species of coagulase negative staphylococcus species are non-hemolytic except Staph. haemolyticus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Strep pyogens", "opb": "Staph aureus", "opc": "CONS", "opd": "Enterococci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Lab Investigations", "id": "d079816e-aa49-4b28-83c1-92a8c8380be1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cryptococcus has predilection for", "exp": "Cryptococcal infection is usually acquired by inhalation causing pulmonary cryptococcosis which may lead to mild pneumonitis. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lungs", "opb": "Meninges", "opc": "liver", "opd": "GIT", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "17efe7e6-fddb-43d1-a459-77658a7278a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Streptomyces of granules in mycetoma caused by Actinomadura pelletieri", "exp": "Brown to black- Madurella mycetomatis, madurella grisea, exophiala jeanselmei.\nWhite to yellow- Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis, Actinomadura madurae, Streptomyces somaliensis, Scedosporium apiospermum.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Red", "opb": "Yellow", "opc": "Black", "opd": "Brown", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04cccff0-fccc-49e2-bd96-9f698ca0425e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Human is dead end host for", "exp": "A dead end host is an infected person from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible host or from which a parasite cannot escape to continue its life cycle.\n The diseases in which human acts as dead end host, i.e., dead and disease : -\n\n1. Japanese encephalitis\n3. Trichinosis\n5. Bubonic plaque\n2. Echinococcosis (hydatid disease)\n4. Tetanus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Malaria", "opb": "Typhoid", "opc": "Bubonic plague", "opd": "Filaria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e57094c-0d67-463f-ace4-5481fcb00a40", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chlamydia does not cause", "exp": "Chlamydiae doesn't cause 'Q'fever, infact 'Q'fever is caused by coxiella burnetii belongs to family Rickettsiaceae...it is referred to as 'Q' fever in which 'Q' renders to query...as the causative organism was unknown during 1930's,'Q' fever is distributed worldwide as a zoonosis solidly established in domestic livestock,so infection occur in who handle wool,hides,meat and other animalproducts contaminated with the organism Ref:Ananthnarayan and paniker's microbiology 10th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Salpingitis", "opc": "Q fever", "opd": "Non gonococcal urethritis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "0e47ae35-b1c4-4357-ae1f-25eb9f3dc9ed", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spores of bacteria are destroyed by", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Halogen Amongst the given options, only halogens have sporicidal propey", "cop": 3, "opa": "Alcohol", "opb": "Lysol", "opc": "Halogen", "opd": "Ionizing radiation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb6c011d-6212-4166-926e-049cdb0aa7e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antistreptolysin O test is diagnostic in", "exp": "In rheumatic fever, a retrospective diagnosis of streptococcal infection may be established by demonstrating a high level of antibody to the streptococcal toxin. The standard test is Antistreptolysin O titration: ASO titer higher than 200 is indicative of prior streptococcal infection. Usually, high levels are found in acute rheumatic fever but in glomerulonephritis, titers are often low. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 218", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute rheumatic fever", "opb": "SLE", "opc": "SBE", "opd": "Rhematoid ahritis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "1b75cc69-69d1-4068-89b2-3f8a5e78667f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest helminthic infection in AIDS is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Strongyloides stercoralis . Amongst the given options only stongyloides causes oppounistic infection in AIDS. . Generalised strongyloidosis may be seen in AIDS.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trichuris trichura", "opb": "Strongyloides stercoralis", "opc": "Enterobius vermicularis", "opd": "Nector-americanus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3272611d-a35f-478e-95fc-2ea23f43104f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antimitochondrial antibodies are found in 90% of patients with", "exp": "The most characteristic immunologic abnormality associated with primary biliary cirrhosis is the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies, which are found in 90% of affected individuals.This antibody is predominantly IgG. Antimitochondrial antibodies also can be detected in persons with other liver diseases but with a much lower frequency (less than 10%) and usually in low titer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Primary biliary cirrhosis", "opb": "Chronic active hepatitis", "opc": "Seminoma", "opd": "Choriocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "029bce58-b362-4454-9b35-97a78d427444", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This is a paramyxovirus and causes the syndrome known as croup.", "exp": "Orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses are RNA viruses that contain a single-stranded RNA genome. The influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviruses. They cause acute respiratory tract infections that usually occur in epidemics. Isolated strains of influenza virus are named after the virus type (influenza A, B, or C) as well as the host and location of initial isolation, the year of isolation, and the antigenic designation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are glycoproteins under separate genetic control, and because of this they can and do vary independently. The changes in these antigens are responsible for the antigenic drift characteristic of these viruses. The paramyxoviruses include several important human pathogens (mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus). Both paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses possess an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is a structural component of the virion and produces the initial RNA. Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) are not related to the paramyxoviruses. They are 150-nm single-stranded RNA viruses. There are 2 antigen groups, A and B, which play no role in diagnosis and treatment. While the overall mortality is 0.5%, at-risk groups may be 25 to 35% mortality if untreated. Some parainfluenza virus infections (type 3) may be indistinguishable from RSV, but most parainfluenza infections produce a laryngotracheobronchitis known as croup.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Measles virus", "opb": "Influenza virus", "opc": "Respiratory syncytial virus", "opd": "Parainfluenza virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "ee385d01-3ecf-4b35-bf24-f5e6fcfa6e1d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The bacteria frequently used as an immunomodulator is", "exp": "Corynebacterium parvum, which is frequently used as an immunomodulator, is a mixture of the Propionibacterium species. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 246", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corynebacterium parvum", "opb": "Mycobacterium marinum", "opc": "Chromobacterium violasium", "opd": "Flavobacterium meningosepticum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "97e6c2b1-ec81-4d6a-962e-09120b17002b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Tuberculate spores\" are characteristic features of", "exp": "Ans. b (Histoplasma) (Ref. Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 8th/p. 612).On Sabouraud's agar, at room temperature, white cottony mycelia growth appears, with large (8-20 micrometer) thick walled, spherical spores with tubercles or finger-like projections. This appearance of \"tuberculate spores\" is diagnostic of Histoplasma capsulatum.Key Facts in FUNGOLOGY1. White piedraTrichosporon beigelli2. Black piedraPiedraia hortae3. Mycetoma foot with black or brown granulesMadurella mycetomai, Madurella grisea, Philialophora jeanselmei4. Mycetoma foot with red granulesActinomadura pelletierii5. Mycetoma foot with white to yellow granulesNocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis, Actinomadura maduraeStreptomyces somaliensis, Allescherila boydii6. CLUSTERS OF MICROCONIDIA.T. mentagrophytes (dermatophyte)7. Cigar-shaped macroconidia with terminal rat-tail filaments 8. Thick-walled chlamydospores, conidia are rare and irregularM.audouinii9. Ectothrix hair infectionMicrosposrum spp, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes10. Endothrix hair infectionT. schoenleinii, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum11. YEASTC. neoformans (only pathogenic yeast)12. YEAST LIKECandida albicans (pseudomycelium present)13. MOULDS/FILAMENTOUS FUNGIDermatophytes14. DIMORPHIC (Filamentous as well as Yeasts)Most fungi causing systemic infection15. NOT A DIMORPHIC FUNGUSCryptococcus16. REYNOLDS-BRAUDE PHENOMENONRapid method of identifying Candida albicans based on its ability(Germ Tube Formation)to form germ tube when incubated in human serum at 37degfor 42 hr.17. SCLEROTIC BODIESChromoblastomycosis18. ASTEROID BODIESSporotrichosis (Gardner's disease)19. TUBERCULATE SPORESHistoplasma capsulatum20. INDIA INK PREPARATIONCryptococcus (other ones for its capsule are alcian blue & mucicarmine)21. ASPERGILLUSHyphae and pseudohyphae with dichotomous branching typically at acute angle - 45deg. Septate hyphae22. DESERT RHEUMATISM/VALLEY FEVERCoccidioidomycosis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candidia", "opb": "Histoplasma", "opc": "Coccidiodomyces", "opd": "Cryptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "7b2e43d7-3515-4dca-9009-fbbf7c998b45", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Smith Noguchi's media is used for", "exp": "Smith-Noguchi Medium (by using living tissue) - Anaerobic media. Used for Cultivation of nonpathogenic treponemes E.g. Reiter strain of Treponema phagedenis - Spirochetes) Salmonella - Wilson and Blair bismuth sulphite medium is best selective medium Klebsiella - On MacConkey Agar, these are lactose fermentors Bacillus - PLET media is best for culture", "cop": 3, "opa": "Salmonella", "opb": "Klebsiella", "opc": "Spirochetes", "opd": "Bacillus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa 1 (History, Microscopy, Stains and Structure and Physiology of Bacteria)", "id": "df998794-07bd-4595-ba6a-6036f38eb318", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for Luminal infection of E. histolytica", "exp": "Amoebic dysentry or amebic liver abscess - Tinidazole and metronidazole.\nLuminal infection - Paramomycin and Iodoquinol.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tinidazole", "opb": "Metronidazole", "opc": "Paromomycin", "opd": "Ivermectin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a71c8a8e-5186-4e84-b283-87e3e0f7d893", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MHC class 1 proteins are not present on", "exp": "MHC class 1 proteins are present on all nucleated cells and platelets.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Platelets", "opb": "RBC", "opc": "T-cells", "opd": "Macrophage", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "422bebe2-cccb-411a-b932-396778a40016", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common tumor associated with AIDS is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Carcinoma", "opb": "Kaposi's sarcoma", "opc": "Melanoma", "opd": "Ewing's sarcoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b83b5966-b5c5-427d-af8b-72025d1f2a3c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The reaction between antibody and soluble antigen is demonstrated by", "exp": "When a soluble antigen combines with its antibody in the presence of an electrolyte (NaCl) at a suitable temperature and PH, the antigen-antibody complex forms an insoluble precipitate at a suitable temperature and pH, the antigen-antibody complex forms an insoluble precipitate.When, instead of sedimenting, the precipitate remains as floccules, the reaction is known as flocculation. Ananthanarayana 7e pg:94", "cop": 3, "opa": "Agglutination", "opb": "Complement fixation", "opc": "Precipitation", "opd": "Heamagglultination", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "a212bc60-f48d-4056-ad6f-165cf76959ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A person has unprotected sex 3 weeks back, To rule out HIV infection the best test is", "exp": "Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection\nLaboratory diagnosis is made by:\nA. Antibody detection\n\nIt is the most common method used for diagnosis of HIV infection.\nELISA is the most sensitive test and therefore is the screening test of choice.\nWestern blot is the most specific (Confirmatory) test and therefore is the’gold standard’ for diagnosis.\nAntibodies test usually nucleic acid or antigen.\n\nB. Detection of HIV nucleic acid or antigen\n\nP24 antigen detection by ELISA can be done 16 days after infection (earlier than antibody detection).\nNucleic acid detection tests are the earliest to become positive (12 days after infection), Most commonly used test is reverse transcriptase PCR, (RT-PCR), other methods used are DNA-PCR, RNA-PCR, RNA-bDNA (branched DNA), and RNA-NASBA (nuclei acid sequenced based assay).\n\nC. Virus isolation\n\nCo-cultivation of the patient’s lymphocyte with uninfected lymphocytes in the presence of IL-2.\nNot suitable as a routine diagnostic procedure.\n\nIn infected individual HIV can be isolated from\n\nBlood\nSemen\nSaliva\nUrine\nLymphocytes\nCervical secretions\nTears\nBreast milk", "cop": 1, "opa": "P 24 antigen assay", "opb": "ELISA", "opc": "Western blot", "opd": "Lymphnode biopsy", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7686a2bb-8369-4e3d-a666-dcb780c43633", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Inclusion bodies of vaccina is known as", "exp": "vaccinia infected cells show rather small multiple inclusions known as Guarneiri bodies.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Schuffner dots", "opb": "Negri bodies", "opc": "Asteroid bodies", "opd": "Guarnieri bodies", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "14afac4d-6359-4993-bf97-df5ac2e7912f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Traveller's diarrhea is caused by", "exp": "Diarrheal strains of E.coli:Strain of E.coliDiseaseETEC Traveller's diarrhea EPEC Watery diarrhea in young children EIEC Dysentery EAEC Traveller's diarrhea / Persistent diarrhea (Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p279)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Shigella", "opb": "E.coli", "opc": "E.histolytica", "opd": "Giardiasis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a1a69271-6688-4099-adfc-779ab954d18a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vaccination is based on the principle of", "exp": "Option 1, 2, 3, 4 - Natural active immunity: It is acquired by natural clinical or subclinical infections. Such natural immunity is longlasting. For example, individuals suffering from smallpox become immune to second attack of the disease. - Aificial active immunity: It is induced in individuals by vaccines. There is a wide range of vaccines available against many microbial pathogens. These may be live vaccines, killed vaccines, or vaccines containing bacterial products. therefore Immunologic Memory is created AGGLUTINATION- type of antigen antibody reaction Phagocytosis- process of engulfment of paicles, micro-organisms by cells Clonal Detection-By contact with self-antigens during development,self-tolerance is developed by clonal deletion", "cop": 3, "opa": "Agglutination", "opb": "Phagocytosis", "opc": "Immunologic Memory", "opd": "Clonal Deletion", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)", "id": "9c47ee39-4e9b-4416-b426-3e19b8620b0b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Irradiation can be used to sterilize A/E", "exp": "Bronchoscope Endoscopes are sterilized by chemical methods Methods for sterilization of endoscopes - Rigid endoscope -4 Autoclave - Flexible -3 Glutaraldehyde peracetic acid Nowdays musculoskeletal tissue allografts are being increasingly used for knee reconstructive procedures. The soft tissue allografts commonly being used are bone patellaendon-bone, Achillestendon, fascia lata, anterior and posterior tibial tendon. Infections with allografts is a serious concern. Therefore these allografts need proper sterilization and disinfection. The proper sterilization procedure for these allografts is Gamma/Electron beam irradiation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bone graft", "opb": "Suture", "opc": "Aificial tissue graft", "opd": "Bronchoscope", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5efdbf8-93d6-4ce4-a89e-df816fb16944", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Envelope of this virus doesn't contains neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase", "exp": "Respiratory syncytial virus-contains no neuraminidase nor hemagglutinin but contain F protein Measles-paramyxo but no neuraminidase Envelope has F protein Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 478", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mumps", "opb": "Para influenza", "opc": "Respiratory syncytial virus", "opd": "Measles virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "aa0aca5e-5f7e-4f2c-bb40-e349cefe691d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eggs does not Float on saturated salt solution is", "exp": "Eggs that Float\n\nE. granulosis\nH.Nana\nAll Nematodes (except unfertilised egg of Ascaris)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fertilised egg of Ascaris", "opb": "Trichuris trichura", "opc": "H. Nana", "opd": "Unfertilized egg of Ascaris.", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be4d5acc-fc92-403f-b480-ad92ce1148bd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paul Bunnel test is used for diagnosis of", "exp": "Infectious mononucleosis is diagnosed by Paul Bunnel test. Revision of Key Points About Infectious Mononucleosis\n• Ebstein Barr virus is causative for infectious mononucleosis.\n• Infectious mononucleosis is called a glandular fever\n• Clinical features include fever, lymphadenopathy, sore throat and presence of abnormal lymphocytes in blood.\n• Monospot test is also used for diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis,\n• Patients develop skin rash if they consume an antibiotic like ampicillin EBV is also oncogenic in nature because it causes B cell clonal activation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chicken pox", "opb": "Yellow fever", "opc": "Genital Herpes", "opd": "Infectious mononucleosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e06aee88-f2ec-46ac-8bcb-5cd316ed4e28", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tuberculin test screens for", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Humoral immunity", "opb": "Cell mediated immunity", "opc": "Complement function", "opd": "Phagocyte dysfunction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "92464814-c7fd-48cf-a989-831fefa2b622", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of ophthalmia neonatorum is", "exp": "Chlamydia is the most common cause and presents by 4-10 days. Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 419", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chlamydia", "opb": "Gonorrhoea", "opc": "HSV", "opd": "Staph aureus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3f6790c7-bf1b-4ea4-ae93-669331a54c06", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Branched septate hyphae are found on cornmeal smear, in a case of corneal ulcer. Causative fungus is", "exp": "Mucor is aseptate. Candida produces pseudohyphae. Aspergillus infection is caused by inhalation of mycelial fragments resulting in respiratory diseases, disseminated aspergillosis in brain, hea, kidney and superficial infections like sinusitis, mycotic keratitis and otomycosis. It is caused by A.fumigatus, A.flavus. On microscopy, it shows non pigmented septate hyphae with characteristic dichotomous branching at an angle of approximately 45degrees. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Candida", "opb": "Mucor", "opc": "Aspergillus", "opd": "Histoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "60c6cb43-0f98-4f19-87ea-d4e6ae404da1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "HP body is seen is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Chlamydia trachomatis [Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th/e p. 421)HP bodies are seen in :-Chlamydia trachomatis - Halberstaedter Prowazek (HP) bodyMolluscum contagiosum - Henderson paterson (HP) bodies.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "opb": "Chlamydia psittaci", "opc": "Chlamydia pneumoniae", "opd": "Mycoplasma hominis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7723420e-ef48-40f9-961c-e25b487cda88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polypeptide capsule is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opb": "Clostridium welchii", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Bacillus anthracis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c5e38b06-c1a5-4b15-a1f6-15c60046906a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most fulminant fungal meningitis is caused by", "exp": "(B) Cryptococcus # Cryptococcal meningitis is the most serious type of fungal infection and can resemble tuberculous or other chronic types of meningitis.> Its onset is insidious and the course slow and progressive.> It is often seen in AIDS.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histoplasma", "opb": "Cryptococcus", "opc": "Coccidioides", "opd": "Mucormycosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "82d405ca-db9e-418a-9850-94ff9b5d4f16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria with potent exotoxin is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Clostridium tetani", "opb": "Pseudomonas", "opc": "Shigella", "opd": "Klebsielia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "70b45841-e2e6-4af3-9eea-0f58c106d688", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coccobacillus grown in BCYE medium is", "exp": "Legionella pneumophila:General characteristicsCultural characteristics*Gram negative pleomorphic rods*Motile , non-capsulated*Growth requirements - Cysteine and Iron*No man to man transmission*No animal reservoirs*Legionella- widely distributed in natural water sources (hot springs and stagnant water)*It survive and multiply inside free-living amoeba and other protozoa*Inhalation of aerosols- cooling towers, air conditioners and shower heads*Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE) medium with L-cysteine and antibiotic supplements with 5% CO2 at pH 6.9Clinical features*Atypical pneumonia*Legionnaire's disease- may be either epidemic or sporadicOIncubation period- 2- 10 daysOFever, nonproductive cough and dyspnea, rapidly progresses to pneumonia if untreatedODiarrhea and encephalopathy are common*Pontiac fever- milder, non-fatal, influenza like illness with fever, chills, myalgia and headacheDiagnosisTreatment*Specimen - Sputum, bronchial aspirate, transtracheal aspirate, lung biopsy.*ELISA or IFT *Macroloides, ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, 401-402)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Legionella", "opb": "Streptobacillus", "opc": "Gardenella", "opd": "Neisseria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "391c8545-fdc7-42d2-b4ba-16dc44b7afcc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The function common to neutrophils, monocyte & macrophages is", "exp": "Neutrophils, monocyte & macrophages are the pa of phagocytosis not the pa of immunty. Cellular Components and Phagocytosis Therefore, phagocytes, present in the blood, lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, lung, and other tissues, are the cells responsible for the uptake and removal of foreign antigen. Phagocytes include (1) monocytes and macrophages; (2) granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; and (3) dendritic cells. Histamine is released by mast cells . Destruction of old erythrocytes is by splenic tissue.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Immune response", "opb": "Phagocytosis", "opc": "Liberation of histamine", "opd": "Destruction of old erythrocytes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 2 ( Hybridoma Technology, Complement Pathways, Interferon, Structure and Functions of Immune Cells )", "id": "e2edeee6-b6f9-4568-984f-37e8408d3e1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In tissue, Coccidioides immitis produces", "exp": "Coccidioides immitis is a dimorphic fungus. Yeast form is a spherule filled with endospores. Mycelial phase contains pseudohyphae, which fragments into ahrospores. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spherules and endospores", "opb": "Encapsulated yeast cells", "opc": "Fine, delicate hyphae", "opd": "Coarse, septate hyphae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "2d16014a-e7f8-44a8-98c6-dc648e9743ff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most immunogenic in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., H. antigen", "cop": 2, "opa": "0 antigen", "opb": "H antigen", "opc": "Vi antigen", "opd": "Somatic antigen", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9db1d825-458e-4543-8129-fd36b78789b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rhinosporidum seeberi is a", "exp": "** R.seeberi is no more considered a fungi\"R.seeberi, paicularly that it is not a classic fungus \"but rather the first known human pathogen from the DRIPs clade, a novel clade of aquatic protistan parasites. (Mesomycetozoa) \"Rhinosporidiosis:*Causative agent: Rhinosporidium seeberi*Distribution: Argentina, Sri Lanka, and India*Mode of infection: stagnant water and soil (following trauma entry of fungus occurs)*Clinical features: Chronic granulomatous disease with friable polyps, usually confined to the nose, mouth or eye and rarely in genitals*Diagnosis:O Histopathological examination with H & E- shows sporangia enclosing endoconidiaO Other stains: GMS, PAS*Non-capsulated organism*Treatment: surgical removalRef: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p 603", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fungi", "opb": "Bacteria", "opc": "Protozoa", "opd": "Mesomycetozoa", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "77f00909-2694-4c35-832f-ddfd132bed96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Kala azar cannot occur at an altitude of;", "exp": "Kala-azar or Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease of low altitude (approximately 500 meters mean sea level). In India, however cases have been repoed from sub-Himalayan region (350-960 meters MSL) of Kumaon region of Uttaranchal.", "cop": 3, "opa": "400 meters", "opb": "500 meters", "opc": "600 meters", "opd": "200 meters", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "a76110c1-556a-4e96-b9d6-15e4adf8563b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The acceptable ambient temperature of summer in terms of thermal comfo is", "exp": "Thermal comfo is defined as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.It is influenced by physical and physiological factors.According to this definition, comfo is a subjective sensation. Based on ASHRAE definition the zone of thermal comfo is the span of conditions where 80% of sedentary or slightly active persons find the environment thermally acceptable.In terms of climatic condition, the acceptable ambient temperature of comfo would be slightly higher in the summer than in the winter, being 23-27degC, respectively.", "cop": 2, "opa": "20 to 23degC", "opb": "23 to 27degC", "opc": "27 to 28degC", "opd": "28 to 32degC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "71c7cf2c-9aee-4c04-9ca0-142b9043c688", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wool soer disease is", "exp": "Bacillusanthracis:*First bacterial attenuated vaccine*First pathogenic bacteria seen under microscope*First communicable disease transmitted by infected blood *First bacteria to be isolated in cultureGeneral characteristicsCultural characteristics--Non motile , capsulated , spore producing , gram positive bacilli--Bamboo stick/Box car appearance--Susceptible to g phage --Selective media - PLET medium--Agar plate - Frosted glass appearance--Microscopy - Medusa head appearance--Gelatin stab - Inveed Fir tree appearance--Solid media - String of pearl reaction--Transmitted light - Cut glass appearanceVirulence factorsClinical features--Capsular poly D glutamic acid (poly peptide capsule) - plasmid mediated --Plasmid coded toxins --Factor I - edema factor--Factor II - protective factor--Factor III - lethal factor--CHARBON (Cutaneous anthrax) - painless malignant pustule--Wool soer disease - pulmonary anthrax--Hide poer disease - cutaneous anthraxDiagnosisTreatment--Mc Faydeans reaction positive--To detect antigen - Ascoli thermoprecipitin test--Epidemiological studies and Strain characterization - Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis & Amplified fragment length polymorphism --DOC - Pencillin --Penicillin allergy - Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Tetracyclin or Chloramphenicol--Live attenuated spore vaccine - Sterne , Mazucchi strains(Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p247)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cutaneous anthrax", "opb": "Pulmonary anthrax", "opc": "Intestinal anthrax", "opd": "Nasal anthrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d08a3483-daa0-4409-881a-cd715ab5ffca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medusa head appearance is a feature of", "exp": "Bacillus anthracis:When grown on blood agar plates, the organisms produce nonhemolytic gray to white, tenacious colonies with a rough texture and a ground-glass appearance. Comma-shaped outgrowths (Medusa head, \"curled hair\") may project from the colony.Reference: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Chapter 11; Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: Bacillus and Clostridium Species", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bacillus subtilis", "opb": "Bacillus stearothermophilus", "opc": "Bacillus cereus", "opd": "Bacillus anthracis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "81fd8045-a312-480d-949f-41a0abab224d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The graph below depicts a polymerase chain reaction in", "exp": "A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), also called real-time polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. For one or more specific sequences in a DNA sample, quantitative PCR enables both detection and quantification. The quantity can be either an absolute number of copies or a relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes. The procedure follows the general principle of polymerase chain reaction; its key feature is that the amplified DNA is detected as the reaction progresses in \"real time\". This is a new approach compared to standard PCR, where the product of the reaction is detected at its end. Two common methods for the detection of products in quantitative PCR are: (1) non-specific fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent repoer which permits detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) and non-coding RNA in cells or tissues.", "cop": 4, "opa": "DNA PCR", "opb": "PCR", "opc": "Nested PCR", "opd": "Real time PCR", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2d567643-8be0-4cf7-99a1-b652c318e913", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of viral pneumonia in infant is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., RSV RSV is the most common cause of pneumonia and bronchilis in infants. In adults, influenza is the most common cause of viral pneumonia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhinovirus", "opb": "RSV", "opc": "Reovirus", "opd": "CMV", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6fae514c-2e4f-448b-b706-5c9ef26f4f20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vancomycin is obtained from", "exp": "Vancomycin is produced by Streptomyces orientalis. It is poorly absorbed from the intestine. Vancomycin is markedly bactericidal for staphylococci, some clostridia, and some bacilli. The drug inhibits early stages in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. Vancomycin is markedly bactericidal for staphylococci, some clostridia, and some bacilli. The drug inhibits early stages of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis.Undesirable side effects are thrombophlebitis, skin rashes, nerve deafness, leukopenia, and perhaps kidney damage when used in combination with an aminoglycoside.Ref: Chapter 28; Jawetz Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; Page no: 388", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphyloccus species", "opb": "Aspergillus niger", "opc": "Streptococcus orientalis", "opd": "Bacillus anthracis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "c1cc2039-43c5-469d-ad9d-f11203cae132", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Medusa head colonies are seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Bacillus anthracis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacillus anthracis", "opb": "Bacillus cereus", "opc": "C. parvum", "opd": "C. difficile", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacillus", "id": "e25b6395-f9ae-4bb7-ba67-412190cddef0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The definitive host for Tenia solium is", "exp": "(B) Man # Life cycle of Tenia solium:> Poorly cooked meat is ingested by humans who are the only definitive hosts.> The poorly cooked meat includes tapeworm larval cyst (cysticercus) which then release larvae.> These attach to the small intestine by the scolex suckers.> The worm then matures over 3-4 months during which the proglottids develop.> The worm can survive for up to 25 years in humans during which time the gravid proglottids are released into the faeces.> The excreted eggs which are excreted in the faeces can survive on vegetation where they are then consumed by cattle or pigs. Once in these animals the eggs hatch & cysticerci are released> These pass into the animal circulation from the small intestine and reside in the muscle.> Humans are then infected by eating raw meat containing the cysticerci.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pig", "opb": "Man", "opc": "Cattle", "opd": "Dog", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "9af81cc3-5e09-44f1-9d5d-8083b0d70a7f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ouchterlony procedure is a immunodiffusion by", "exp": "Single diffusion in one dimension - Oudin procedure\nDouble diffusion in one dimension - Oakley fulthorpe procedure\nSingle diffusion in two dimensions - Radial immunodiffusion\nDouble diffusion in two dimensions - Ouchterlony procedure", "cop": 4, "opa": "Single diffusion in one dimension", "opb": "Double diffusion in one dimension", "opc": "Single diffusion in two dimensions", "opd": "Double diffusion in two dimensions", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff8e5916-27fc-4415-9b63-3b8cb5d3dfc0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bile solubility is used", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Differentiation of pneumococci from streptococci . Pneumococcus is bile soluble, while streptococcus is insoluble.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Differentiation of staphylococcus from streptococcus", "opb": "Differentiation of group B streptococci from other streptococci", "opc": "Differentiation of pneumococci from streptococci", "opd": "Differentiation of streptococci from neisseria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "85ce6b87-2274-4773-b4e1-8d6baada10bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Heart lung machine is sterilized by", "exp": "Ethylene oxide is used for sterilization of many heat sensitive items such as heart - lung machine, sutures, catheters and dental equipment.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Orthophthaldehyde", "opb": "Cidex", "opc": "Isopropyl alcohol", "opd": "Ethylene oxide", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee4496e9-1076-4f02-b458-5c23a4e15797", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Efficacy of Moist Heat Sterilization is tested by using the Spores of", "exp": "(A) Bacillus stearothermophilus > For determining the efficacy of moist heat sterilization, (e.g. autoclaving), spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus are used as the test organism. This a thermophilic organism with an optimum growth temp. 55-60degC. Its spores are killed at 121 degC after 12 min exposure.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bacillus stearothermophilus", "opb": "Clostridium tetani", "opc": "Bacillus subtilis", "opd": "Clostridium botulinum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "13a3a592-0e5a-4521-9589-be3d06c6ba6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infectivity of HBV is indicated by", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., HBeAg Serologic and virologic markers of HBV infection HBs Ag First virological marker detectable in the serum HBsAg presence precedes elevations of serum aminotransferase activity and onset of clinical illness. HBsAg become undetectable 1-2 months after the onset of jaundice and rarely persists beyond 6 months. In chronic HBV infection, HBsAg remains detectable beyond 6 months. HBc Ag It is not demonstrable in the circulation because it is enclosed within the HBs Ag coat. HBc Ag remain in the hepatocyte, where it can readily be detectable by immunohistochemical staining. HBe Ag HBe Ag appears concurrently with or sholy after HBs Ag. HBe Ag is an indicator of active intrahepatic replication and high infectivity. It is a qualitative marker of HBV replication. HBs Ag carrier mothers who are HBeAg positive almost invariably (> 90%) transmit hepatitis B infection to their offspring, where as HBs Ag carrier mothers with anti HBe rarely (10 to 15%) infect their offspring. HBe testing is indicated primarily during follow up of chronic infection. Anti HBc Ag o Appears within the first 1 to 2 weeks after the appearance of HBs Ag. In acute or recent infection IgM anti HBc is detected. Ig G anti HBc indicates remote infection. Anti HBs Ag o It becomes detectable in blood when HBs Ag disappears. It is the only serological marker, present after immunization. Anti HBs Ag is protective antibody. nti HBe Ag o Disappearance of HBe Ag is followed by the appearance of anti HBe Ag. Its presence indicates low infectivity and virus replication. HBV DNA o It is the quantitative marker of virus replication.", "cop": 1, "opa": "HBeAg", "opb": "HBsAg", "opc": "HBcAg", "opd": "Anti-HBc", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "07ebd2d2-35b7-459a-b8c5-0fa3f738d0b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "H. ducreyi causes", "exp": "Chancroid", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gonorrhoea", "opb": "Herpes", "opc": "Chancroid", "opd": "Granuloma venereum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a2eb3bd-0218-4167-8c8d-1af4461121b7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tellurite stimulates growth of", "exp": "Tellurite inhibits the growth of most other bacteria acting as a selective agent for diphtheria bacilli. Diphtheria bacilli reduce Tellurite to metallic tellurium which is incorporated in colonies giving them a grey or black colour. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 242", "cop": 3, "opa": "E. coil", "opb": "Cl. Tetani", "opc": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opd": "Salmonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4bae399c-6991-48ef-bc39-e4ae74c2269d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biological indicator for determining efficacy of autoclaving is", "exp": "Sterilization control METHOD Sterlization control Hot air oven Autoclave Filtration Ionizing radiation (cold sterilization) Ethylene oxide Plasma sterilization Clostridium tetani non toxigenic strain, B.subtilis, sub sp. niger B.Stearothermophillus Brivundimonas dimunata B. Pumilus B.Globigi B.Stearothermophillus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "opb": "Clostridium perfringenes", "opc": "Bacillus stearothermophilus", "opd": "Salmonella typhi", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "e303e531-2cb6-4319-9820-1f3cf8d004c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The commonly used fluorescent dye in the detection of tubercle bacilli", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Acridine orange", "opb": "Thioilavin", "opc": "Congo red", "opd": "Auramine and Rhodamine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60b45aa3-dc10-4120-9738-25d5fe81323c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Quellung reaction is seen in", "exp": "Quellung reaction is seen in Streptococcus pneumoniae Quellung reaction: a specific test of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A suspension of Streptococcus pneumoniae is mixed with a drop of type-specific antiserum and a loopful of methylene blue solution. In the presence of homologous antiserum, the capsule becomes apparently swollen, sharply delineated and refractile. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 225", "cop": 3, "opa": "Group B streptococcus", "opb": "Staphylococcus", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Enterococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e8ecc3ef-2cbf-4a30-b12a-3cc707599053", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surface hemagglutination with adherence to glycoprotein act in", "exp": "(Influenza virus) (428-30- Ananthanarayanan 8th)* In the case of the Influenza viruses, the hemagglutinin on the virus surface gets attached to glycoprotein receptor sites on the surface of the respiratory epithelium.Other examples are, Human immuno deficiency virus, poliovirus* Haemagglutin - surface antigen, strain specific, Antibody against this protective* Neuraminidase - surface antigen, strain specific, Antibody not protective* Hemagglutin - is glycoprotein, responsible for hemagglutination and hemadsorption* Neuraminidase - is glycoprotein enzyme which destroys cell receptors by hydrolytic cleavageAntigenic shifts - (Influenza virus A) are because of genetic ressortment b/w human and avian virusesAntigenic drifts - (Influenza A & B) are because of point mutation during viral replication causes smaller epidemic only* The phenomenon of genetic reassortment - can occure during influenza virus replication (Pandemic strain)* Von- magnus-phenomenon - virus yield has high hamagglutination titre but low infectivity* H5N1 is the Avian flue Influenza- A virus also called the Bird flue virus*** Micro-organism used as weapon in biological terrorism is small pox virus**Emerging or Resurging diseases are* Nipah virus** H5N1** nv CJD. Australian bat Lyssa virus* Ebola virus* Hanta virus* E. coli - 0157; H7 strain* West Nile virus** SARS* Pertussis, diphtheria, anthrax, lagionaire's disease, pandemic cholera, lassa fever, Rift valley fever, VRSA, and yellow fever* Rey's syndrome is commonly caused by Influenza type B* Influenza vaccines administered through nasal drops* Newer influenza vaccines - split virus vaccine, Neurominidase specific vaccine, Recombinant vaccinePost exposure prophylaxis is used in* HIV* Hepatitis A and B* Rabies* Tetanus* H. influenza (HIb)* Meningococcus* Influenza-A* Measles", "cop": 2, "opa": "Herpes virus", "opb": "Influenza virus", "opc": "Hepatitis-B virus", "opd": "Cytomegala virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "af7bfcb7-7dbd-42a0-8e29-1c14c3f392eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bioterroism group A agent", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Antrax Bioterrorismo A bioterrorism attack is the delibrate release of viruses, bacteria or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be changed to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Biological agents can be spread through the air, through water or in food. Terrorists may use biological agents because they can be extermely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days. Some bioterrorism agents, like the small pox virus, can be spread from person to person and some like anthrax, cannot.Bioterrorism agent categoriesCategory Ao These high priority' agents include organisms or toxins that pose the highest risk to the public and national security because:They can be easily spread or transmitted from person to person.They result in high death rates and have potential for major public health impact.They might cause public panic and social disruption.They require special action for public health preparedness.Category Bo These agents are second highest priority because:i) They are moderately easy to spread,ii) They result in moderate illness rates and low death rates.iii) They require specific enhancements of CDC's laboratory capacity and enhanced disease monitoring.Category Co These third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future because:They are easily available.They are easily produced and spread.iii) They have potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact.CDC Category A, B, and C AgentsCategory AAnthrax (Bacillus ant hr acts)Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)Plague ( Yersinia pest is)Smallpox (Variola major)Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)Viral hemorrhagic feversArenaviruses : Lassa. New World (Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, and Sabia) Bunyaviridae: Crimean Congo. Rift Valley Filoviridae: Ebola. MarburgFlaviviridae : Yellow fever: Omsk fever; Kyasanur ForestCategory BBrucellosis (Brucella spp.)Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringensFood safety threats (e.g.. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Shigella) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)Melioidosis {B. pseudomallei)Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)Staphylococcal enterotoxin BTyphus fever {Rickettsia prowazekii)Viral encephalitis Water safety threats (e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum)Category CEmerging infectious diseases threats such as Nipah, hantavirus, and SARS coronoavirus.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Q fever", "opb": "Typhus fever", "opc": "Brucella", "opd": "Antrax", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "d77b0dd5-13ac-4a87-8861-615738081b32", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Impetigo contagiosa is caused by", "exp": "Impetigo is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes belonging to a limited number of serotypes, usually high numbered M types, instead of the lower numbered M types which cause throat infection. Impetigo and streptococcal infection of scabies is the main cause of acute glomerulonephritis in children in tropics. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 215", "cop": 1, "opa": "Group A beta hemolytic streptococci", "opb": "Staphylococcus", "opc": "Hemophilus influenzae", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "24c8d1f2-6e99-458f-a6f6-8940389b755e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Schuffner's dots are seen in infection due to", "exp": "Plasmodium vivax induces morphologic alterations in infected host erythrocytes that are visible by light microscopy in Romanowsky-stained blood smears as multiple brick-red dots. \nThese morphologic changes, referred to as Schüffner's dots, are important in the identification of this species of malarial parasite and have been associated by electron microscopy with caveolae vesicle complexes along the erythrocyte plasmalemma.\n\nRef :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCffner%27s_dots#:~:text=Sch%C3%BCffner's%20dots%20refers%20to%20a,Plasmodium%20ovale%20or%20Plasmodium%20vivax", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plasmodium falciparum", "opb": "Plasmodium vivax", "opc": "Plasmodium malariae", "opd": "Plasmodium ovale", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aa8a6410-e245-44d8-8812-b19e1dffe8c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blood agar is", "exp": "Ans. (b) Enriched media", "cop": 2, "opa": "Enrichment media", "opb": "Enriched media", "opc": "Selective media", "opd": "Transport media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "bf7e41c2-399c-4ea6-b598-0cb0b8fc1594", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wasserman test is diagnostic of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Gonorrhea", "opc": "TB", "opd": "Typhoid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfde8f65-04d3-4227-9194-46b3a2c37f02", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hook worm is related with", "exp": "Chandler's index is the no. of hookworms present in 1 gram of faeces <200 no significance 200-250 potential danger 250-300 minor public health problem >300 major health problem", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chandler's index", "opb": "Metaform index", "opc": "MELD score", "opd": "Burrows in skin", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "4d163ced-0d72-4c8c-b342-8e075d3144f7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Desert rheumatism is caused by", "exp": "Desert rheumatism or valley fever or california fever caused by Coccidiodes speies.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coccidiodes", "opb": "Paracoccidiodes", "opc": "Blastomyces", "opd": "Histoplasma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "379f7585-d6bc-41d7-b79d-ff993c09244a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An abattoir worker presented with a malignant pustule on his hand that progressed to form an ulcer. Smear was taken from the ulcer and sent to laboratory for investigation. The diagnosis", "exp": "Ans. a. Cutaneous anthrax Anthrax Anthrax is a zoonoses, caused by Bacillus anthracisdeg, that occurs primarily in herbivores Routes of Infection: Humans become infected when B. anthracis spores are introduced into the body by the following routes: Contact with infected animals or contaminated animal productsdeg Insect bitesdeg Ingestiondeg Inhalationdeg Three major clinical forms in Humans: Cutaneousdeg (MC) Gastrointestinal (rare) Inhalational or pulmonary (it causes hemorrhagic pneumonia) Woolsoers' disease Occupational hazard for people who soed wooldeg Most dangerous form of inhalational anthrax Hide poer's disease Caused by contact with contaminated hair, wool, hides or products Malignant pustule Commonly seen in head and neckdeg Eschar stage that appears 2-6 days after the hemorrhagic vesicle dries to become a depressed black scabdeg surrounded by redness Diagnosis: Presumptive diagnosis of the anthrax is made by staining it with polychrome methylene blue stain, called as Mc-Fadyean's reaction Anthrax Mc-Fadyean's Reaction When blood films containing anthrax bacilli are stained with polychrome methylene blue stain for few seconds and examined under microscope, an amorphous purplish materialdeg is noticed around bacilli. This represents the capsular material and is characteristic of anthrax bacilliQ Culture Characteristics of Bacillus anthracis On agar plate: Frosted glass appearancedeg On gelatin stab culture: Inveed fir tree appearancedeg", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cutaneous anthrax", "opb": "Carbuncle", "opc": "Ulcerating melanoma", "opd": "Infected rodent ulcer", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a5af3e8-8e1b-4fc6-9835-39a9bbbe4ad3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stain for premalignant lesions", "exp": "Toluidine blue is the stain for premalignant lesions.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Toluidine blue", "opb": "Malachite green", "opc": "Potassium iodide", "opd": "Iodine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "945f1d03-0d77-4e2d-b5a2-73dc30d34f16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infraclavicular lesion in tuberculosis is", "exp": "Assman focus - Infraclavicular lesion.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ghon focus", "opb": "Assman focus", "opc": "Simon focus", "opd": "Puhl's focus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5314508c-f543-4718-aa7d-d271242eb312", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The typical temperature of an autoclave (operating at 30 psi of pressure is)", "exp": "Two types of autoclave are used in laboratories and hospitals. * Moist heat at 121 degree Celsius X 15-20 minutes (Pressure-15 psi) * Moist heat at 134 degree Celsius X 3 minutes (Pressure-30 psi)", "cop": 4, "opa": "121degC", "opb": "100degC", "opc": "63degC", "opd": "134degC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)", "id": "238cc302-2725-4050-a53b-09b6b93ed482", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Viral infection not transmitted by blood transfusion is", "exp": "Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Parvovirus transmission through respiratory route and blood. Hepatitis by parental, sexual and perinatal. Cytomegalovirus - transmitted by transplacental route, postnatal infection by sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parvovirus B-19", "opb": "Dengue virus", "opc": "Cytomegalovirus", "opd": "Hepatitis G virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "2b11354c-0ea8-44d6-a377-955e7119f2cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amplifier host in Japanese Encephalitis is;", "exp": "Japanese encephalitis: Option 1: Humans, cattle, buffaloes, and pigs are the veebrate hosts. Option 2: Culex tritaeniorhynchus is a major vector but has predilection for cattle instead of humans or pigs. Since the cattle does not develop viremia, this does not contribute to the spread of the disease. The high cattle to pig ratio in India is a major factor which has been suggested to control infections in India. Natural infection occurs in Ardeid birds, such as herons and egrets, and the virus is transmitted from bird to bird by C. tritaeniorhynchus. Bird acts as a reservoir host. Option 3: Pigs are usually the amplifier host of Japanese encephalitis. Option 4:Horse is dead end host in Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Man", "opb": "Culex mosquito", "opc": "Pig", "opd": "Horse.", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology Pa-2 (RNA Virus Pa-1,2 & Miscellaneous Viruses)", "id": "1c70b37d-1466-41b9-99e4-429c8dd57cf0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Main cytokine involved in erythema nodosum leprosum reaction is", "exp": "Erythema nodosum leprosum rection is type II lepra rection .In this modules over skin are seen This is a type III hypersensitivity reaction . Main cytokine involve is TNF -alpha DOC - gluco-coicoids", "cop": 3, "opa": "IL 2", "opb": "Interferon gamma", "opc": "Tumour necrosis factor alpha", "opd": "Macrophage colony stimulating factor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "eb7dc2e5-6728-44c9-9e2f-a28f027b9725", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans in a CSF sample is seen by", "exp": "(B) India ink preparation > In unstained, wet preparation of CSF with a drop of Indian ink or nigrosine, the capsule can be seen as a clear halo around the yeast cell. This is an example of negative staining.# Diagnosis of cryptococcus is established by demonstration of capsulated, budding yeast cells in the lesions and by culture.> Capsules stand out in India ink preparations.> Fungus grows readily on Sabouraud's agar forming smooth, mucoid, cream coloured colonies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Grams stain", "opb": "India ink preparation", "opc": "Giemsa stain", "opd": "Methanamine - Silver stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "6319277b-1dc2-48ab-8441-2603a659fcdc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "THUMB PRINT APPEARANCE in culture film smear is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "bacillus anthrax", "opb": "brucella", "opc": "Bordetella", "opd": "clostridium welchii", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ca4ce0e-e640-448e-ad14-720cf3c9fff0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Skin penetration not seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Taenia saginata", "opb": "Necator americanus", "opc": "Ancylostoma duodenale", "opd": "Strongyloides stercoralis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23be2b70-03a6-4fb8-8dc0-f380eb2ffa17", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type E adverse reaction is", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Withdrawal reaction Type A (Augmented) reaction Excess of normal, predictable, dose related pharmacodynamic effect. May occur in everyone eg - Postural hypotension, hypoglycemia Type B (Bizzare) reaction Due to unusual attributes of the patient interaction with the drug. Not dose related Not a pa of normal pharmacological effect of a drug. Occurs only in some people. eg - Idiosyncracy and drug allergy. Type C (chronic) reaction Due to long term exposure eg; Analgesic nephropathy, dyskinesia by levodopa, immunosuppression by coicosteroids. Type D (Delayed) effects eg; Carcinogenesis or teratogenesis. Type E (Ending of use) reaction 3 eg; withdrawl reactions with clonidine.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Toxicity", "opb": "Augmented effect", "opc": "Teratogenesis", "opd": "Withdrawal reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f36957e-59ec-478e-b91d-45586eaf1a00", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Holding time for Hot air oven with a temperature of 1600C", "exp": "<img class=\"fr-dib\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\" /> Hot air oven This is most widely used method of sterilization by dry heat. A holding period of 160degC for two hours is used to sterilise glassware, forceps, scissors, scalpels, all-glass syringes, swabs and some pharmaceutical products such as liquid paraffin, dusting powder, fats and grease. Hot air is a bad conductor of heat and its penetrating power is low The Owen is usually heated by electricity, with heating elements in the wall of the chamber. It must be fitted with a fan to ensure even distribution of air and elimination of air pockets. It should not be overloaded Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 30", "cop": 3, "opa": "15 min", "opb": "30min", "opc": "45 min", "opd": "60 min", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "9e6b70cf-ffcb-4814-b186-da696d6872d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ratio of anaerobe to aerobes in stool is", "exp": "The mean number of bacteria in colon exceeds 10^11 bacteria/ gram of faecal matter. Approximately 99.9% of these bacteria are anaerobic in the colon. 300 to 400 different species or types of bacteria can be found. So the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes in the stool is 1000:01. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition.", "cop": 3, "opa": "10:01", "opb": "100:01:00", "opc": "1000:01:00", "opd": "10000 : 1", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "5905f2c6-84d3-454e-84de-4197e78922d3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The efficacy of the moist heat sterilization technique commonly used to sterilize laboratory ware and culture media is tested by using (OR) Sterilisation control for moist heat is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "using Bacillus stearothermophilus", "opb": "using non-pathogenic strain of clostridium tetani", "opc": "using chemical indicator", "opd": "using methylene blue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e7017f0e-b7db-4907-b861-96c34df44236", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Runt disease is due to", "exp": "Runt disease is graft versus host disease produced experimentally in Laboratory animals.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypogammaglobulinemia", "opb": "GVHD", "opc": "Autoimmunity", "opd": "Immunosuppression", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a589dde8-a0de-4027-8e99-021821c4ecdf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lyme disease is caused by", "exp": "Ans, c (Borrelia burgdorferi). (Microbiology by Anantanaray an, 6th/359; Harrison 18th/Table 17-1)LYME DISEASE is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.3 Stages:1) Skin manifestation - *ECM = Erythema chronicum migrans (common over back), LNP, fever.2) Neuroboriliasis, meningoencephalopathy, neuropathy, Myocarditis.3) Arthitis -Late sequelaEtiologyDescriptionEpidemiologyClinical SyndromeMgtBorrelia burgdor feri causes Lyme diseasePapule expanding to erythematous annular lesion with central clearing (erythema migrans; average diameter, 15 cm), sometimes with concentric rings, sometimes with indurated or vesicular center; multiple secondary erythema migrans lesions in some casesBite of tick vector (Ixodes dammini)Headache, myalgias, chills, photophobia occurring acutely; CNS disease, myocardial disease, arthritis weeks to months later in some* Media for growth - Modified Kesley's media.* Treatment-- cefuroxone, penicillin, tetracycline.Zoonotic bacteriaSpeciesDiseaseTransmission and sourceBartonella henselaeCat scratch feverCat scratchBorrelia burgdorferiLyme diseaseTick bite; Ixodes ticks that live on deer and miceBrucella spp.Brucellosis/Undulant feverDairy products, contact with animalsFrancisella tularensisTularemiaTick bite; rabbits, deerYersinia pestisPasteurella multocidaPlagueCellulitisFlea bite; rodents, especially prairie dogsAnimal bite; cats, dogs", "cop": 3, "opa": "Borrelia recurrentis", "opb": "Borrelia vincenti", "opc": "Borrelia burgdorferri", "opd": "Bordetella pertusis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Spirochetes", "id": "3b9204eb-777d-400f-a3d2-b5453ac881a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive test for HIV infection", "exp": "Ans. is `b' i.e., ELISA", "cop": 2, "opa": "Western blot", "opb": "ELISA", "opc": "Agglutination test", "opd": "CFT", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ce47c23-6848-4f19-84b9-8eebf2327988", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A man with chills, fever, and headache is thought to have \"atypical\" pneumonia. History reveals that he raises chickens and that approximately 3 weeks ago he lost many them to an undiagnosed disease. The most likely diagnosis of this man's condition is", "exp": "Ornithosis (psittacosis) is caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Humans usually contract the disease from infected birds kept as pets or from infected poultry, including poultry in dressing plants. Although ornithosis may be asymptomatic in humans, severe pneumonia can develop. The disease is cured easily with tetracycline", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anthrax", "opb": "Q fever", "opc": "Relapsing fever", "opd": "Psittacosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Haemophilus, Yersinia, Spirochaetes, Ricketssia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Miscellaneous Bacteria)", "id": "ac8fd289-fa9d-43ce-9064-be0e0438b248", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antibody in cold agglutin disease is", "exp": "Cold agglutinin disease (CAD): This designation is used for a form of chronic AIHA that usually affects the elderly. First, the term cold refers to the fact that the autoantibody involved reacts with red cells poorly or not at all at 37degC, whereas it reacts strongly at lower temperatures. As a result, hemolysis is more prominent the more the body is exposed to the cold. The antibody is usually IgM; usually, it has an anti-I specificity (the I antigen is present on the red cells of almost everybody)Harrison 19e pg: 659", "cop": 4, "opa": "IgA", "opb": "IgG", "opc": "IgE", "opd": "IgM", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "8bb969e7-ffde-4467-a438-5ac6c31a97e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nagglers reaction is used in the diagnosis of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Malaria", "opb": "Whooping cough", "opc": "Gas gangrene", "opd": "Wool sorters disease", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8df036fc-ace7-43a7-8f81-fdf3002ce4b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Reservoir of tetanus bacilli is", "exp": "Ans. b (Soil). (Ref. Ananthanarayan, Microbiology, 4th/pg.245)TETANUS# Caused by Clostridium tetani# Seen following deep or penetrating wound in relatively avascular areas# More prevalent in developing countries# Seen in neonate (tetanus neonaturum) following the use of cow dung on the umbilicus# Microbiology- Gram-positive spore forming rod (Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus)- Typical 'drum-stick' appearance with terminal spore- Widely found in the environment and soil- A Strict anaerobe that produces a powerful exotoxin- The neurotoxin is a powerful exotoxin- Exotoxin is resistant to autoclaving- Exotoxin is not antigenic and repeat infection can occur- Infection produces few signs of local inflammation# Pathogenesis- Germination of spores releases the exotoxin- Toxin affects nervous system and reaches CNS via the peripheral nerves- Acts on presynaptic terminals of inhibitor nerves- Reduces the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g., glycine)- Excess activity of motor neurons produces muscle spasm# Clinical features- Facial muscle spasm produces trismus- Typical facial appearance = 'risus sardonicus'- Back muscle spasm produces opisthotonous- Eventually exhaustion and respiratory failure leads to death- The diagnosis is essentially clinical- Differentiating between contamination and infection on wound swabs is difficult# Prevention:- Tetanus can be prevented by- Active immunisation with tetanus toxoid with booster every 5-10 years- Adequate wound toilet of contaminated wounds- Consider passive immunisation with hyperimmune immunoglobulin# Treatment (of suspected cases)- Passive immunisation with anti-tetanus immunoglobulin- Adequate wound debridement- Intravenous benzyl penicillin- Intensive care support- Despite the use of ITU mortality is about 50%", "cop": 2, "opa": "Human", "opb": "Soil", "opc": "Water", "opd": "Hospital waste", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Clostridium", "id": "3d8fc784-8adf-4369-94e5-8db6b0e12009", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxic shock syndrome is due to", "exp": "TSST-1 antibody is seen in convalescents. This is protective and its absence is a factor in the pathogenesis of the condition. Though tampon-related TSS is now rare, the syndrome occurs in other infections of the skin, mucosa, and other sites and also in some surgical wounds. Ref: Textbook of microbiology Anantha Narayan and panickers; tenth edition; pg no:204", "cop": 2, "opa": "Septic aboion", "opb": "Forgotten tampons", "opc": "IUCD", "opd": "Pelvic examination", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3483ae41-ab74-4bd0-a803-03ba61f6888c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zonula of Zinn is", "exp": "The lens is held in position by the suspensory ligament called zonules of Zinn. A ligament composed of straight fibrils radiating from the ciliary body of the eye to the crystalline lens, holding the lens in place and relaxing by the contraction of the ciliary muscle. - Relaxation of the ligament allows the lens to become more convex.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Primary vitreous", "opb": "Secondary vitreous", "opc": "Persistence vitreous", "opd": "Teiary Vitreous", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "79273313-a185-4177-a741-d6f5d705ce15", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The term 'virus' was coined by", "exp": "Beijerinck coined the term 'Virus'.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ruska", "opb": "Beijerinck", "opc": "Good pasture", "opd": "Hansen", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f9504289-8fd0-4b0a-996b-774f94323a0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Black water fever is caused by", "exp": "Ans. b (Plasmodium falciparum). (Ref. Harrison, Principle of Medicine, 18th ed./Chapter 210. Malaria)Black water fever is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Bloody urine (hemoglobinuria) occurs as a complication of falciparum malaria infection. It results from destraction of RBCs & release of hemoglobin. It occurs most commonly in patients who have been treated with drugs derived from gunine. It is characterized by high fever, dark urine, epigastric pain, vomits, jaundice & shock. Hepatosplenomegaly occurs. Severe anemia is the hallmark & renal failure can ocur.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kalaazar", "opb": "P.falciparum", "opc": "P.Vivax", "opd": "Leishmaniasis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "bad466d9-b63c-4e7e-864e-9b5a3d6b5ec0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type V hypersensitivity is a type of", "exp": "Type V reactions - Modification of type II HSN, also called Jones - mote reaction or cutaneous basophil hypersentitivity.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I HSN", "opb": "Type II HSN", "opc": "Type III HSN", "opd": "Type IV HSN", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "14ced624-6d9a-4063-b3a6-49210a92d2c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Colorado tick fever is the only known human infection caused by", "exp": "Coltiviruses form another species within the Reoviridae. The virus paicle is 80 nm in diameter with a genome consisting of 12 segments of double-stranded RNA, totaling about 29 kbp. Colorado tick fever virus, transmitted by ticks, is able to infect humans.Reference:Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Chapter 37; Reoviruses, Rotaviruses, and Caliciviruses", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reovirus", "opb": "Coltivirus", "opc": "Rotavirus", "opd": "Corona virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "bd06ab7c-18e6-4a0c-96f9-ebbe6245b4b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common name for Trichuris trichura", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Round worm", "opb": "Whip worm", "opc": "Tape worm", "opd": "Seat worm", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "970a3d7f-c67f-4664-8e47-692a1f67ecbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Man is the only reservoir of", "exp": "In Japanese encephalitis Heron act as the reservoir, host and pig act as the amplifier host. Humans are the only natural host of measles. Monkeys are often infected but they seem to acquire the infection from the human. * All warm-blooded animals including man are susceptible to rabies infection though some may be highly susceptible and another intermediate (man and dog). Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rabies", "opb": "Measles", "opc": "Typhoid", "opd": "Japanese B encephalitis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "7827d9a1-cdc8-44a7-b6ac-a0b3cacea31b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tube agglutination test is used for serological diagnosis for", "exp": "Tube agglutination test is useful for serological diagnosis of enteric fever, typhus fever, infectious mononucleosis Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 120", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enteric fever", "opb": "Rabies antigen", "opc": "HIV", "opd": "Syphilis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "d8dfe05f-7f5f-43fb-b9bd-f1ab6a9ff9b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Jerne's hypothesis is for", "exp": "Ans. b (Idiotypic network) (Ref. Anantanarayan, Microbiology, 6th ed., 91)Sequential anti-idiotypic antibody formation is the basis of Jeme's network hypothesis of immune regulation.IMMUNOGLOBULIN SPECIFICITIES# The immunoglobulin specificity of the greatest biological importances is idiotypic specificity pertaining to the nature of the antigen binding sites (paratopes); the specific antigenic determinants on the paratope are called idiotopes.# The sum total of idiotopes on an Ig molecule constitutes its idiotype.# By immunisation with Fab fragments, anti-idiotypic antibodies can be produced. These resemble the epitopes of the original antigen.# Used as a vaccine, these show protection against the original antigen (pathogen or tumor) in experimental animals.# Sequential anti-idiotypic antibody formation is the basis of Jerne's network hypothesis of immune regulation.# The antigenic specificities which distinguish between the different classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins present in all normal individuals of a given species are termed isotypic Specificities.# Antigenic specificities which distinguish immunoglobulins of the same class, between different groups of individuals in the same species, are called allotypic specificities.# Immunoglobulin allotypes have been studied in detail in the rabit and guinea pig by using type-specific immune sera.# Antiallotype antibodies are also found in sera containing 'rheumatoid arthritis factor'.# Two allotypic systems are known in humans - the Gm system (for gamma marker) and the InV system (abbreviation of patent's name). The Gm is associated with the Fc portion of the IgG heavy chain. More than 25 Gm types have been identified so far the InV system is associated with the Kappa light chain and so has been renamed Km. Three Km allotypes have been identified.# Genetic markers associated with IgA are called 'Am'.# To date, in the human system no allotypic markers have been found for lambda light chains or m, d or e heavy chains.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Isotypic network", "opb": "Idiotypic network", "opc": "Alotypic network", "opd": "Immune complex", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "c70e7feb-0981-439e-b55c-cc466fa90a8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The arrangement of flagella in lophotrichous is", "exp": "Bacterial flagella are thread-like appendages composed entirely of protein, 12-30 nm in diameter. They are the organs of locomotion for the forms that possess them. Three types of arrangement are known: monotrichous (single polar flagellum), lophotrichous (multiple polar flagella), and peritrichous (flagella distributed over the entire cell).Ref: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 32", "cop": 3, "opa": "Single polar flagellum", "opb": "Bipolar flagellum", "opc": "Multiple polar flagellum", "opd": "Distributed over the entire cell", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "09ab3dbf-6afc-4fcf-a379-3899fe4c1315", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Restriction enzyme Type II", "exp": "Restriction enzyme type II identifies the palindromic sequences on the DNA and cuts the DNA strand at a ceain specific site. Types of Restriction EnzymesRestriction enzymes are traditionally classified into four types on the basis of subunit composition, cleavage position, sequence specificity and cofactor requirements. Type I enzymes are complex, multisubunit, combination restriction-and-modification enzymes that cut DNA at random far from their recognition sequences.Type II enzymes cut DNA at defined positions close to or within their recognition sequences. They produce discrete restriction fragments and distinct gel banding patterns, and they are the only class used in the laboratory for DNA analysis and gene cloning. Type III enzymes are also large combination restriction-and-modification enzymes. They cleave outside of their recognition sequences and require two such sequences in opposite orientations within the same DNA molecule to accomplish cleavage; they rarely give complete digests.Type IV enzymes recognize modified, typically methylated DNA and are exemplified by the McrBC and Mrr systems of E. coli.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Methylates specific DNA sequences", "opb": "Cleaves specific palindromic DNA sequences", "opc": "Helps in protein digestion", "opd": "Helps in keeping the nascent protein unfolded", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "dd7a2c32-380f-442f-a853-32e4c679f11d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Seal finger and whale finger is seen with", "exp": "Erysipeloid skin lesion is caused by Erysipelothrix. M/c site is finger causing seal finger and whale finger.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Actinomyces", "opb": "Nocardia", "opc": "Erysipelothrix", "opd": "Listeria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ed9d3182-28dc-459b-bf36-a0451cb6b7aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Effector binding region of the antibody is", "exp": "Within the variable regions of both the Light and Heavy chains are subregions consisting of extremely variable amino acid sequences, called hypervariable, that cooperate in space to form the antigen-binding siteReference: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Chapter 8; Immunology", "cop": 4, "opa": "Constant region of heavy chain", "opb": "Variable region of heavy chain", "opc": "Constant region of heavy and light chain", "opd": "Variable region of heavy and light chain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "3e35a597-f5b9-43fe-8940-68dceaaba0ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The capsule of Streptococcus pyogenes is made up of", "exp": "Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes: Cell wall associated factors: Capsule Carbohydrate antigen Protein antigen A carbohydrate-based streptococcal capsule composed of hyaluronic acid surrounds the bacterium, protecting it from phagocytosis by neutrophils. It is not antigenic in human beings. The cell wall is composed of an outer layer of protein and lipoteichoic acid, a middle layer of group-specific carbohydrate and an inner layer of peptidoglycan. The peptidoglycan is responsible for cell wall rigidity. It also has some biological propeies such as pyrogenic and thrombolytic activities. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's;10th edition; Page no: 212", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyaluronic acid", "opb": "Polysaccharide", "opc": "Polypeptide", "opd": "Glycopeptides", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "442d4427-43d1-4b63-95ac-0159bdb2a85c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following is a killed vaccine", "exp": "Peussis, meningococcal, Salk, cholera, rabies, influenza are killed vaccines BCG OPV are live attenuated vaccines Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 4th ed Pg 617", "cop": 4, "opa": "Varicella", "opb": "BCG", "opc": "OPV", "opd": "Meningococcal vaccine", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "5e88ee05-62c1-44ab-ac0c-b3ea9a829590", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Analysis of protein antigen is by", "exp": "The western blot is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 579", "cop": 3, "opa": "Southern blot", "opb": "Nohern blot", "opc": "Western blot", "opd": "Eastern blot", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "46a93a09-90f2-4d5f-88e5-0c6c2a92490c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paul Bunnell Test is the standard diagnostic procedure for", "exp": "(A) Infectious mononucleosis # Standard diagnostic procedure for Infections mononucleosis is the Paul-Bunnel test.> During infectious mononucleosis, heterophile antibodies agglutinate sheep erythrocytes> However, such antibodies may also occur after injections of sera & sometimes even in normal individuals> Infectious mononucleosis antibodies may be differentiated by absorption tests.> The Paul-Bunnel antibody develops early during the course of infectious mononucleosis, and disappears within about two months.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Infectious mononucleosis", "opb": "Ramsay Hunt syndrome", "opc": "Chicken pox", "opd": "Kaposi's varicella form eruption", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "de66f8cf-d1cf-44f2-93f3-0dab5ee6a155", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Negative staining technique is used for", "exp": "Negative StainingThis procedure involves staining the background with an acidic dye, leaving the cells contrastingly colorless. The black dye nigrosin is commonly used. This method is used for cells or structures that are difficult to stain directly. Used for BacillusRef: Javetz Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Page no: Page no: 38", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mycobacteria", "opb": "Pseudomonas", "opc": "Bacillus", "opd": "Clostridium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "d0be391e-a7f8-4c38-ae3a-70d60a3951d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Herpangina is seen in with", "exp": "Generalized myositis, herpangina-coxsackie A Focal myositis, myocarditis, pericarditis, born holms disease or epidemic myalgia-coxsackie B Ref: Baveja 5th ed Pg: 459", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coxsackie virus B", "opb": "Coxsackie A", "opc": "Echo virus", "opd": "Polio virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "5a007b01-e014-4bba-bebd-c4ac6f143e77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Burkitt's lymphoma is characterized by elevated \"early antigen\" tests with a restricted pattern of fluorescence. This disease is caused by", "exp": "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that causes a number of syndromes; the most common is infectious mononucleosis. It is a ubiquitous enveloped DNA virus. Only one serotype of EBV has been recognized, although molecular methods have reorganized a number of genotypes of EBV.Infectious mononucleosis is an acute disease most commonly seen in younger people. It is characterized by a proliferation of lymphocytes, lymph node enlargement, pharyngitis, fatigue, and fever. Infection in young children is usually either asymptomatic or characteristic of an acute upper respiratory infection. Diagnosis is usually made by a positive heterophil test. Heterophil antibodies are those that occur in one species (human) and react with antigens of a different species. The heterophil test may be insensitive (30 to 60%) in children. Definitive diagnosis is made by detection of antibodies to EBV components.EBV causes a variety of other syndromes including Burkitt's lymphoma, the most common childhood cancer in Africa, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, commonly seen in China.Similar mononucleosis-like diseases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite. CMV causes fewer than 10% of infectious mononucleosis-like diseases. CMV \"mono\" is primarily characterized by fatigue. Congenital infection with CMV almost always causes serious sequelae, such as retardation and hearing loss. T. gondii also causes a variety of clinical problems, among them encephalitis in AIDS patients and food poisoning from the ingestion of raw meat. Although CMV and T. gondii are relatively rare causes of infectious mononucleosis, they must be ruled out, particularly when EBV tests are nonreactive.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cytomegalovirus", "opb": "B. burgdorferi", "opc": "Epstein-Barr virus", "opd": "Lymphogranuloma venereum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "035ebd0d-0f68-4509-a9ea-03da3a066da9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Micro organism motile at 25° C but not motile at 37° C", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Listeria monocytogens", "opb": "Campylobacter", "opc": "Yersinia pestis", "opd": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d2e9f25-3ebe-42fb-8a9e-175c8f3c641b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A person presents with headache, fever, stiff neck. Most likely organism responsible is", "exp": "It is case of meningitis. M/c organism responsible for meningitis is S.pneumoniae.", "cop": 4, "opa": "S.Aureus", "opb": "Listeria", "opc": "S.agalactiae", "opd": "S.pneumoniae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4add72b-919c-4d4e-be5d-2bf1257a5585", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "”CACHECTIN” is produced by", "exp": "Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin, and formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha or TNFα) is an adipokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages\nThe primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF, being an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever,apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1& IL6 producing cells. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, major depression and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)", "cop": 1, "opa": "macrophage", "opb": "neutrophils", "opc": "basophils", "opd": "eosinophils", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7115ff8e-164d-441d-9a17-93d6efccb888", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lysogenic conversion is", "exp": "Ref: PubMed* Lysogenic conversion is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome.* Once the genetic material of phage bacteria is introduced, the host bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally.* The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and a later event (such as UV radiation or the presence of certain chemicals) can release it, causing proliferation of new phages via the lytic cycle.* For example, a number of strains of the diphtheria bacillus acquire the capacity to form diphtheria toxin immediately after penetration of the phage into the cell and retain that capacity until the moment of the cells dissolution (lysis).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Integration of host bacterial nucleic acid to phage", "opb": "Integration of phage nucleic acid to host bacteria genome", "opc": "Bacterial mechanism to cause antigenic shift", "opd": "Bacterial method to acquire resistance", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "b3eb4793-0e4c-4f53-be0a-94d183ce40cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common mechanism of drug resistance in staphylococci is", "exp": "The most common mechanism of drug resistance in staphylococci is through production of beta lactamase or penicillinase, which inactivates penicillin by splitting the beta lactum ring. These are inducible enzymes which are plamid mediated. They can be transmitted by transduction or conjugation. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 202", "cop": 3, "opa": "Conjugation", "opb": "Plasmids", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Translation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "f370fce9-a1b8-4b65-ac6b-34037c278f6e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Citrate as a sole source of carbon is utilized by", "exp": "Citrate is used by salmonella as sole source of carbon But citrate test positive: Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonella Paratyphi A is citrate negative Ref: Elmer W Koneman 5th ed Pg 186", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Salmonella", "opc": "Shigella", "opd": "Escherichia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "45505bbf-e125-48ec-9749-01b8f38c957a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PK reaction detects", "exp": "The Prausnitz-Kustner test is an immunologic test formerly used by physicians to determine if a patient has an allergic reaction to a specific antigen. IgE is homocytotropic i.e. species specific. Only human IgE can fix to the surface of human cells. This is the basis of Prautnitz- Kustner reaction, which was the original method of detecting atopic antibody. Examples of Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction.", "cop": 3, "opa": "IgG", "opb": "IgA", "opc": "IgE", "opd": "IgM", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)", "id": "507e1386-1fab-4d3d-81c0-fcf17fb7d60b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug resistance in MTB is due to", "exp": "Mutational drug resistance plays a major role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjugation", "opb": "Transformation", "opc": "Transduction", "opd": "Chromosomal mutation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d0e96d46-1915-4b9c-bd7c-2833adedbba8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest cause of nosocomial infection", "exp": "Controversial MCQ, no where there is clear cut reference for MC agent of HAI\nInitially hospital outbreaks were caused by Gram positive organisms like Streptococcus pyogenes and the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\nPresently Gram negative enteric pathogens (Enterobacteriaceae) including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter species have emerged as an important cause\nPseudomonas and Acinetobacter species are also common nosocomial pathogens and are extremely resistant to common antibiotics and antiseptics.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pseudomonas", "opb": "Staphylococci", "opc": "Klebsiella", "opd": "Enterobacteriacea", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3bc8b066-3b8b-4d8a-91b9-219b350935da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Kolmer test is a screening test done for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Gonorrhea", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "99809572-aad3-4763-8b17-c299ab600a77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diluent for trimethoprim in antibiotic disc for sensitivity testing is", "exp": "Diluent for trimethoprim in antibiotic sensitivity testing is acetic acid Sod bicarbonate for amoxicillin and ceftazidime Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 4th ed Pg 629", "cop": 4, "opa": "Na OH solution", "opb": "Na hco3", "opc": "Ethanol", "opd": "Acetic acid", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "544ba604-79fc-45f5-a0bf-8cdff24d021b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most effective method of sterilization by heat is", "exp": "Most effective method of sterilization by heat is by using moist heat (steam) above atmospheric pressure Autoclave is a classical example. Principle of autoclave- when water boils under pressure, instead of boiling at 100 degrees, it boils at a higher temperature. Hence the steam generated is at higher temperature.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hot air", "opb": "Boiling", "opc": "Steam", "opd": "Steam under pressure", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)", "id": "a4d67fab-ad20-4168-b63d-1d0aaa82e526", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hemolytic uraemic syndrome associate with", "exp": "EHEC Entero haemorrhagic E.coli Cause HUS Shiga like toxin or Verotoxin (VT-1& VT-2) Aka verotoxigenic E.coli Culture media is Sorbitol mac-Conkey agar (SMAC) and Rainbow agar used Diarrhoea causing E coli EPEC - Entero Pathogenic Attaching/Effacing lesions to villi EIEC - Entero Invasive resemble shigellosis & sereny test +ve 3. ETEC - Traveller's diarrhoea CFA (colonisation factor antigen 4. EAEC - Aggregative persistent type of diarrhoea (EAST-1 Toxin) Parvo Virus B19: Single standard DNA Virus cause Aplastic Crisis", "cop": 1, "opa": "E. coli 0157", "opb": "Malaria", "opc": "Parvovirus B19", "opd": "Baonela henselae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "308e9dba-0307-445a-802b-53a9bfd288b4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Duffy antigen is associated with", "exp": "The Duffy glycoprotein is a receptor for chemicals that are secreted by blood cells during inflammation. It also happens to be a receptor for Plasmodium vivax, a parasite that invades red blood cells (RBCs) and causes malaria. Ref ananthnarayana and panikers microbiology textbook 8/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Plasmodium falciparum", "opb": "Plasmodium ovale", "opc": "Plasmodium vivax", "opd": "Plasmodium malariae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "parasitology", "id": "26a2bf2d-13c0-444b-88d3-2abc52af69a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "25 years old male presented with diarrhea for 6 months. On examination the causative agent was found to be acid fast with 12 micro meter diameter. The most likely agent is aEUR'", "exp": "Cyclospora [Ref : Harrison 171)* p. 1313, 13141 All the parasites mentioned in the question cause chronic diarrhoea (mostly in immunocompromised patients). All of them reveal oocyst on stool examination. In Giardiasis, parasite is also seen along with oocyst stool examination. Oocyst of all the organisms except giardia are acid fast. The diagnosis rests on the size of the oocyst. DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL PROTOZOAL INFECTION Parasite Stool Fecal acid fast stain Size of the oocyst Giardia Oocyst + Parasite 4 nuclei - 8-12 x 7 x 10 [tm Cryptospo- riclium Oocyst + Small, 4-5 inn in diameter Isospora Oocyst + Large 25 1.tm in diameter Cyclospora Oocyst + Medium 8-101_tm diameter Microsporidia Spores Special fecal stains, tissue biopsies More on this topic Parasites causing chronic diarrhoea Giardia Cryptosporidiosis Isospora Cyclospora Hookworm Amoebiasis Strongyloides Acid fast organisms are ? Mycobacterium Lepra bacilli Nocardia Isospora Bacterial spores Rhodococcus Sinegma bacilli Spermatic head Cryptosporidium Cyclospora", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cryptosporidium", "opb": "lsospora", "opc": "Cyclospora", "opd": "Giardia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "47c6bf4b-c871-471f-8f01-91de18912a07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria implicated in dental caries is", "exp": "Streptococcus mutans is an alpha Hemolytic streptococcus which is a pa of the normal flora of the oral cavity. This gram-positive coccus is commonly found in the mouth from where it can spread to cause dental caries or endocarditis in individuals with risk factors(dental extraction in individuals with damaged hea valves). The bacterium has a polysaccharide coat that allows it to stick to teeth and also to the damaged hea valves. It produces acid from sugar in saliva and this promotes erosion of tooth enamel. Normal body defenses are usually adequate to prevent disease. Disease due to this bacterium can be prevented by mainataince of good oral hygeine and by regular dental checkup Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 221", "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus mutans", "opb": "Pneumococci", "opc": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opd": "Streptococcus aureus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "209fbd12-fe30-47d1-95b3-adbb81686bc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 20 year old male patient complaints of  a genital discharge resembling flow of seed. He has h/o sexual intercourse with a commercial sex worker 5 days back. Culture media used for the organism is", "exp": "Flow of seed genital discharge suggests gonococcal urethritis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ludlam's media", "opb": "Potassium tellurite agar", "opc": "Thayer-martin media", "opd": "Bile-aesculin agar", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f55a0c34-bd14-424d-b805-ed1a1ada6636", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diagnostic of Rabies aEUR'", "exp": "Negri bodies \"Negri bodies are pathognomonic for Rabies\". - Negri bodies are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in brain neurons and are composed of randomly oriented rabies virus, nucleocapsids embedded in an amorphous substance or matrix. These inclusions are seen in:? - Purkinje cells of cerebellum - Pyramidal cells of hippocampus Also know:- In Measles Both nuclear and intracytoplasmic bodies can be seen.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Guarneri bodies", "opb": "Negri bodies", "opc": "Cowdry A body", "opd": "Bollinger bodies", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7fa04ada-5335-44ea-bdc7-a125bcccc5c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary atypical pneumonia is caused by", "exp": "Ans. c (Mycoplasma). (Textbook of Microbiology by Anantanarayan 6th/365)MYCOPLASMA# Bacteria devoid of cell walls# Highly pleomorphic# Eaton agent# Pleuropneumonia like organisms. Smallest free living micro-organisms.# Do not produce spores, flagella or fibria.# Gliding motility present.# 'Fried egg' appearance of colonies positive.# Colonies best studied by staining with Diene's method.# Cold agglutination test (streptococcus MG).# Pathogenicity- M. pneumonia -Primary atypical pneumonia.- Ureaplasma urealyticum and M.hominis -genital infection# Treatment--tetracycline & erythromycin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Legionella", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Mycoplasma", "opd": "Listeria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycoplasma", "id": "a64628e7-d6bd-44eb-8841-9297b532d935", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most immunogenic Typhoid antigen", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "O antigen", "opb": "H antigen", "opc": "Vi antigen", "opd": "Somatic antigen", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12d6c610-9132-43b1-8f58-d5b9cf4ea3b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A \"parasite\" that may be a fungus is the initial clinical manifestation in up to 60% of patients with AIDS. This organism is", "exp": "One of the multiple criteria for classification of AIDS is the development of P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Pneumocystis is a fungus formerly thought to be a parasite that was classified with the sporozoa. PCP may also be seen in patients with congenital or another acquired cellular immune dysfunction. Most patients with AIDS are given prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine or SXT-TMP for PCP. PCP is easily diagnosed in respiratory secretions by a direct fluorescent antibody test. Both the microsporidia and Cryptosporidium are intestinal parasites that also infect patients with AIDS, but these microorganisms cause protracted diarrhea. Blastocystis and Blastomyces are both yeasts and should not be confused with Pneumocystis or each other.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cryptosporidium", "opb": "Microsporidium", "opc": "Blastocystis", "opd": "Pneumocystis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "089137c2-75f4-47f3-be2c-63b9b3ad086a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective medium for Gonococci is", "exp": "Selective media for gonococci is Thayer - Main media. It contains vancomycin, colistin and nystatin. These antimicrobials will suppress the growth of other organisms which inhibits the growth of Meningococci. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 231", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thayer - main medium", "opb": "LJ medium", "opc": "DCA medium", "opd": "Macconkey's medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "12be75af-e886-4773-a4b5-8bd105d4196b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Differential expression of the same gene depending on parent of origin is referred to as", "exp": "The phenomenon referred to as genomic imprinting leads to preferential expression of an allele depending on the parental origin.Genomic imprintingHuman inherits two copies of each gene, i.e. two alleles, from homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes.There is no functional difference between the genes derives from mother or the father. But, with respect to some genes, there are functional differences between the paternal gene and maternal gene. These differences result from an epigenetic process, called genomic imprinting. In most cases, genomic imprinting selectively inactivates either the maternal or paternal allele. Maternal genomic imprinting:Selective inactivation of maternal allele.Example: Angelman syndrome.Paternal genomic imprinting:Selective inactivation of paternal allele.Example: Prader-Willi syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Genomic imprinting", "opb": "Mosaicism", "opc": "Anticipation", "opd": "Nonpenetrance", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "20dc39b3-eb58-45be-95f8-544f469d0de4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Biological indicator for Autoclave is", "exp": "Autoclave  - Geobacillus stearothermophilus\nHot air oven - CL tetani or bacillus subtilis\nIonizing radiation - Bacillus pumilus.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CL tetani", "opb": "Bacillus subtilis", "opc": "Bacillus pumilis", "opd": "Geo bacillus stearothermophilus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ba6cae91-b063-411b-8403-a37b84797f27", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best laboratory test to diagnose HIV infection March 2007", "exp": "Ans. B: Western blot", "cop": 2, "opa": "ELISA", "opb": "Western blot", "opc": "Complement fixation test", "opd": "RIA", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "90fe2907-7865-43e9-a3f3-684d99f4a1d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maternal to child transmission of HIV is prevented by", "exp": "HIV infected mother can transmit the virus to fetus''infant during pregnancy, during delivery or by breastfeeding,\nEarly diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy to mother and infant significantly decrease the rate of intrapartum and perinatal transmission (Vertical transmission) of HIV infection.\nZidovudine treatment of HIV infected pregnant women from the beginning of the second trimester through delivery and of infant for 6 weeks following birth decreases the rate of transmission from 22.6 % to < 5%\nA single dose of nevirapine given to the mother at the onset of labor followed by a single dose to the newborn within 72 hours of birth decreased transmission by 50%. This is the preferred regimen now in developing countries", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nevirapine", "opb": "Lamivudine", "opc": "Didanosine", "opd": "Abacavir", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "77a1afb2-1cf6-4f2f-a792-63d7a50a048b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rice watery stools are Characteristic of", "exp": "About 50% of infections with classic V cholerae are asymptomatic, as are about 75% of infections with the El Tor biotype. The incubation period is 12 hours-3 days. There is a sudden onset of nausea and vomiting and profuse diarrhea with abdominal cramps. Stools, which resemble \"rice water,\" contain mucus, epithelial cells, and large numbers of vibrios. There is a rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes, which leads to profound dehydration, circulatory collapse, and anuria. The moality rate without treatment is between 25% and 50%.Ref: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 255", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococus", "opb": "Vibrio cholera", "opc": "E.coli", "opd": "Shigella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "62a9a1a4-2a9c-4488-85e7-496cf6c70413", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common manifestation of congenital toxoplasmosis", "exp": "Most common - Chorioretinitis\nIn adults - Cervical lymphadenopathy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydrocephalus", "opb": "Chorioretinitis", "opc": "Calcification", "opd": "Convulsions", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39e1d8ed-c363-4a3c-9dd6-cfd5916a24a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Raynaud Braude phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "Candida species:General characteristicsCultural characteristics*Gram positive ovoid, elongated budding yeast-like fungi*Major pathogenic species: C.albicans, C.tropicalis, C.glabrata, C.parapsilosis, C.krusei*Non capsulated*Candida is a human commensal so infection is mostly endogenous*Impoant Oppounistic pathogen*Blood agar and SDA - creamy white, some are pasty and few are rough colonies*Preferred media - Sabouraud dextrose agar with or without antibiotics (Gentamicin, chloramphenicol and cycloheximide) Virulence factorsClinical features*Adhesins*Urease activity*Extracellular proteinases*Phospholipases*Lipases*Hydrolytic enzymes*Phenotypic switching: from budding yeasts- Pseodohyphae-true hyphae*Superficial infections: Cutaneous (interigo, diaper rash), nail (paronychia and onychomycosis) and mucosal infections (oral thrush, stomatitis and vaginal candidiasis)*Deep infections (esophagitis, GIT candidiasis, endocarditis, UTIs, Meningitis, Ocular candidiasis)*Disseminated candidiasis and candidaemiaDiagnosisTreatment*Microscopy: Direct Gram stain and KOH mount, Calcofluor white stain and LPCB*Culture: Blood agar and SDA*Germ tube test: Reynauds-Braud phenomenon positive*Corn meal agar with Tween 80: identification of species*CHROM agar inoculation: different colour by Candida species*Sugar fermentation and assimilation test*DOC - Amphotericin B*Alternative - Echinocandins and Azoles (Ref: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p611-612)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Chlamydia psittaci", "opc": "Histoplasma", "opd": "Cryptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "925ca4a4-046e-46e1-a7bb-97ee6504b8dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rapid diagnostic test for gram negative bacterial Meningitis is", "exp": "Limulus amebocyte lysate reacts with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which is a membrane component of gram - negative bacteria.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CSF - Latex agglutination", "opb": "Nasopharyngeal swab culture", "opc": "CSF - Culture", "opd": "Limulus amebocyte lysate assay", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a067629-6c06-462b-81d4-3263fae2e571", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is", "exp": "It is due to reactivation of herpes in ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reactivation of herpes in optic nerve", "opb": "Reactivation of herpes in trigeminal nerve", "opc": "Reactivation of herpes in occulomotor nerve", "opd": "herpes in immunocompromised", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5debd42c-8272-4117-b56d-5343e3ea078e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "This test is positive in", "exp": "Test is quellung reaction quellung reaction: a small amount of growth is mixed with saline, antisera against the capsule polysaccharide, and methylene blue stain. After incubation at room temperature for 1 hour, the reaction is observed under the microscope.The organisms are outlined in light blue. A positive reaction shows clumping because of cross-linking of the antibodies and pneumococci. The halo effect around the pneumococci is apparent capsular swelling.Jawetz 7e pg 224", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Streptococcus mitis", "opd": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "e662e5d2-9c06-4a14-b4ca-064cc74e186a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema is due to deficiency of", "exp": "C1 esterase inhibitor causes Hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "cop": 3, "opa": "C1 deficiency", "opb": "C2 and C4 deficiency", "opc": "C1 esterase inhibitor", "opd": "C9 deficiency", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "86637d90-1433-42da-adf4-44c3f5e78707", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sereny test is positive for", "exp": "Sereny's test is positive in EIEC (Enteroinvasive E.coli). Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg: 285", "cop": 3, "opa": "ETEC", "opb": "EPEC", "opc": "EIEC", "opd": "EAEC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "1cc28c1a-ab74-4ff8-aaae-4fd515479f12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toxic shock syndrome is Staphylococcus infection is due to", "exp": "Toxic shock syndrome is a potentially fatal multisystem disease caused by TTST type 1(formerly known as enterotoxin type F or pyrogenic exotoxin C) is most often responsible, though enterotoxins B or C may also cause the syndrome. Staphylococcal enterotoxins and TSST-1 are superantigens which are potent activators of T lymphocytes. Being V beta-restricted T cell mitogens, such superantigens stimulate very large numbers of T cells, without relation to their epitope specificity. This leads to an excessive and dysregulated immune response, with the release of cytokines interleukins 1 and 2, tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma. This explains the multisystem involvement and florid manifestations in staphylococcal food poisoning and TSS. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 204", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superantigen", "opb": "Alpha-hemolysis", "opc": "Coagulase", "opd": "Penton Valentine factor", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "a19f8323-85f0-41f4-8f85-cd6707a8e959", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphylococcus aureus virulence is due to", "exp": "Staphylococcus produces two types of diseases: infections and intoxications. The virulence factors of Staphylococcus are: Cell-associated polymers Cell surface proteins Extracellular enzymes Toxins Extracellular enzymes include Coagulase, lipid hydrolase, hyaluronidase, and nuclease. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology; Ananthanarayanan and Panicker; 10th Edition; Page No: 203, 204", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pathogenicity correlated with coagulase", "opb": "Endotoxin", "opc": "Hemolysis", "opd": "Pigmented colonies", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "3812b8e3-2cf9-4919-a475-4d0c21403925", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective media for Vibrio cholerae", "exp": "TCBS medium- Thiosulfate, Citrate, Bile salt & Sucrose Repeat .from May 2008", "cop": 1, "opa": "TCBS medium- Thiosulfate, Citrate, Bile salt & Sucrose", "opb": "Thayer main medium", "opc": "Skirrow medium", "opd": "Ceftrioxone broth", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f4ae9ff8-4090-4a98-aa5a-167abd7177e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The components of Innate immunity that are active against viral cells include", "exp": "Natural killer (NK) cells are large, granular lymphocytes morphologically related to T cells, which make up 10-15% of blood leukocytes. NK cells contribute to innate immunity by providing protection against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. NK cells have the ability to recognize andkill virus-infected cells and tumour cells. Cytotoxic T cells - Phagocytosis. B cells - Antibody production. Memory T cells - Cell-mediated immunity. Ref : Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno: 137", "cop": 1, "opa": "NK cells", "opb": "Memory T cells", "opc": "Cytotoxic cells", "opd": "B cells", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "4358c8f9-00c2-4644-a506-1d580d869ae3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most fatal complication of measles is", "exp": "SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS It is a slowly progressive disease characterised by seizures and progressive deterioration of cognitive and motor function. SSPE belongs to group C slow virus infection, caused by a defective measles virus . Age: SSPE typically develops if the primary measles virus infection in childres less than 2 years of age SSPE usually develops after 7-13 years after primary measles infection. High titer antibody to measles virus in CSF is diagnostic Ref : essentials of Medical microbiology apurba sastry 1st edition page 468", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pneumonia", "opb": "Polyps", "opc": "SSPE", "opd": "Otitis media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "23eaecfe-005f-4303-803f-4c451521e4cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The bacterium that is most commonly used in genetic engineering is", "exp": "GENETIC ENGINEERINGEngineering is the application of science to social needs. Recombinant plasmids may be introduced into a bacterial host, frequently E coli, by forced transformation. Alternatively, electroporation is a procedure that introduces DNA into bacteria using an electrical gradient.Ref: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology; Twenty-Seventh Edition; Chapter 7; Microbial Genetics", "cop": 1, "opa": "Escherichia", "opb": "Klebsiella", "opc": "Proteus", "opd": "Serratia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "edcfb9f1-3948-47b5-92a6-885629bd432a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Warthin Finkeldey giant cells", "exp": "(C) Measles[?]MEASLES:oGiant multinucleate cell found in hyperplastic lymph nodes early in the course of measlesoNecrosis of the Respiratory tract epithelium with lymphocytic infiltrateoSmall vessel vasculitis on the skin and oral mucosaoHistological Findings: Two types of Multinucleated giant cells in both epidermis & oral epithelium by 7-11 days.1. Warthin Finkeldey cells of reticuloendothelial system2. Epithelial giant cells of respiratory & other epithelia.-Rash reveals intracellular edema and dyskeratosis-Epidermal syncytial giant cells with up to 26 nuclei-Lymphoid hyperplasia-Fusion of infected cells - multinucleated giant cells-Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells: Pathognomonic for measles, up to 100 nuclei-Also with HIV-infected individuals and Kimura disease-Rarely in neoplastic (e.g. lymphoma) & non-neoplastic lymph node disorders.OTHER GIANT CELLS AT A GLANCE![?]Classification based on functional characteristics:oDamaged striated muscle fibres-Regenerating sacrolemmal cells in damaged voluntary muscle.-Aschoff giant cells in heart muscle (fused myocardial macrophages).oFused fibroblasts (as in giant cell fibroma)oThe osteoclastoTumor giant cells-Reed-stern berg cells in Hodgkin's lymphomas-Giant cells in central giant cell granuloma-Giant cells in other tumors E.g. CarcinomaoFused cells due to viral infections.-Epithelial giant cells as in HSV infection.-Connective tissue cells as in Measles (Warthin Finkeldey cells).oFused macrophages-Due to reaction to foreign bodies (exogenous or endogenous materials) e.g. foreign body giant cell with scattered nuclei-Due to reaction to organism as in tuberculosis (Langhans' giant cell) and fungal infections-Touton giant cells of xanthoma.oGiant Cells In Inflammation:-Foreign Body giant cells (b) Langhan's giant cells (c) Touton giant cells (d) Aschoff giant cellsoGiant Cells In Tumor:-Tumor giant cells (b) Reed-Stern berg cells (c) Giant cell tumor of bone[?]Other Classification:oMicrobial Lesions: a. Tuberculosis (b) Leprosy (c) Actinomycosis (d) SarcoidosisoTumor & Tumor Like Lesions:-Central giant cell granuloma (b) Peripheral giant cell garnuloma (c) Giant cell fibroma (d) Giant cell tumor (e) Osteo- sarcomaa (f) Rhabdomyosarcoma (g) Hodgkin's lymphomaoCystic Lesions: a) Traumatic bone cyst (b) Aneurysmal bone cystoMetabolic Lesions: a) HyperparathyrpoidismoOsteodystrophic Lesions: a) Noonan like multiple giant cell lesion syndromeoMiscellaneous Lesions: a) Cherubism (b) Paget's disease (c) Fibrous dysplasia", "cop": 3, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "NIHL", "opc": "Measles", "opd": "Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "dc58d5af-a9dd-4f0f-8a54-fefa1e88b05a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infective dose of S.typhi is", "exp": "Infective dose is 103-106 colony forming units.", "cop": 3, "opa": "10 bacilli", "opb": "102 bacilli", "opc": "103-106 bacilli", "opd": "107-1012 bacilli", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e5c20e3-ea96-4945-b284-2d1da6ee651b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spore rorming anaerobic gram positive bacilli", "exp": "Ans. is. 'b' i. e. Clostridia", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bacillus Anthracis", "opb": "Clostridia", "opc": "Corynebacterium", "opd": "Peptostreptococcus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "38e4246e-43e5-4aa7-9550-d499a6664cc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flupiine is", "exp": "Flupiine is a centrally acting non-opioid analgesic. It is unique as a non-opioid, non-NSAID, Nonsteroidal analgesic. It is a centrally acting, non-opioid analgesic with N-methyl D aspaate (NMDA) receptor antagonist propey which has been shown to be effective in the management of postoperative pain.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Local Anesthetic", "opb": "Analgesic", "opc": "Anti anxiety", "opd": "Anti hypeensive", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "78432bbf-9be2-41e8-83ff-25d2e433595c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following organism is motile with NO external flagella", "exp": "(D) Spirochetes # Spirochetes: Elongated, motile, flexible bacteria twisted spirally along the long axis are termed 'spirochetes' (from Speira, meaning coil and chaite, meaning hair). They are structurally more complex than other bacteria. A characteristic feature is the presence of varying numbers of endoflagella, which are polar fiagella wound along the helical protoplasmic cylinder, and situated between the outer membrane and cell wall. Endoflagella are believed to be responsible for motility but the exact mechanisms of locomotion are not understood.> Brucellae are coccobacilli or short rods 0.5-0.7 urn x 0.6-1.5 pm in size, arranged singly or in short chains. The cells are so small that they may be mistaken for cocci, as was done by Bruce who called them Micrococcus melitensis. In older cultures, irregular forms appear. They are nonmotile, noncapsulated and nonsporing. They are Gram negative and nonacid fast. Bipolar staining is not uncommon.> Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living microorganisms, and one of the most pleomorphic.They occur as granules and filaments of various sizes. The granules may be coccoid, balloon, disc, ring or star forms. The filaments are slender, of varying lengths and show true branching. Multiplication is by binary fission, but as genomic.> Chlamydiae occur in two forms, the elementary body and the reticulate body (formerly also called the 'initial body'). The elementary body is the extracellular, infective form. It is a spherical particle, 200-300 nm in diameter, with a rigid trilamirar cell wall similar to the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria, and an electron dense nucleoid. The reticulate body is the intracellular growing and replicative form, 500- 1000 nm in size. Its cell wall is fragile and pliable, leading to pleomorphism.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Brucella", "opb": "Mycoplasma", "opc": "Chlamydia", "opd": "Spirochetes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "902f532c-bba9-413b-b1f5-ca2d92dfe190", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common agent responsible for bronchiolitis is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "RSV", "opb": "Adenovirus", "opc": "Herpesvirus", "opd": "Influenza virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d3e9cb0-916d-4782-857c-56a41c7a8f7e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The maculopapular, copper coloured rash is characteristic of", "exp": "This \"primary lesion\" always heals spontaneously, but 2-10 weeks later, the \"secondary\" lesions appear. These consist of a copper-colored or red maculopapular rash anywhere on the body, including the hands and feet, and moist, pale papules(condylomas) in the anogenital region, axillae, and mouth. The patient may also have syphilitic meningitis, chorioretinitis, hepatitis, nephritis (immune complex type), or periostitis. The secondary lesions also subside spontaneously. Bothprimary and secondary lesions are rich in spirochetes and are highly infectious. Contagious lesions may recur within 3-5 years after infection, but thereafter the individual is not infectious.Ref: Jawetz; 27th edition; Page no: 324", "cop": 4, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Dengue", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Secondary syphilis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "eb626c4c-0c8b-4e82-acbc-55dc2fbd45df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Madura foot is caused by", "exp": "(Fungal infectiuons): (618 Anant narayan 7th edition; 626-27-Chakraborty 2nd/ caused by)Madura foot or Maduramycosis caused by filamentous fungiImportant Causative agents of mycetoma (557- Baveja 4th)Causative agentColour of the grainsA. Eumycetoma Acremonium falciformeWhite - yellowMadurella mycetomiBlackM. griseaBlackPseudo allescheria boydiiWhite - yellowExophiala jeanselmeiBlackB. Actinomycetoma Actinomadura maduraeWhite -yellowA.pelletieriRedNocardia brasiliensisWhiteStreptomyces somaliensisYellow* Presence of grains in pus or biopsy material is diagnostic*** Mycetoma granules often elicit an immunologic response in tissue called Splendore-Hoeppli reaction\"Sulphur granules\" section of tissue showing an actinomycotic colony. The clubs at the periphery giving a\"sun ray appearance\"***", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parasites", "opb": "Fungal infection", "opc": "Viral infection", "opd": "Bacterial infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Mycology", "id": "e5bbf6cf-b4e7-4ee2-8eb5-2bb2ec27bf76", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best way to differentiate Entero hemorrhagic E.coli from other E.coli is", "exp": "EHEC does not ferments sorbitol thus Sorbitol Macconkey agar is used to differeniate EHEC from other E.coli.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Macconkey agar", "opb": "Blood agar", "opc": "Sorbitol macconkey agar", "opd": "Nitrate reduction test", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9cf4d988-c734-4f72-be40-812826d3166f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mad Cow disease (Spongiform disease) occurs due to", "exp": "Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy i.e. Caused by “prions”\n“PRIONS” are unconventional transmissible agents, proteinaceous in nature.”\nDiseases caused by prions are\nKuru\nCreutzfeldt Jakob Disease.\nGerstmann Straussler Scheinker Syndrome\nFatal Familial Insomnia.\nScrapie Of Sheep\nTransmissible Encephalopathy of Mink.\nBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)", "cop": 1, "opa": "C J virus", "opb": "Arena Virus", "opc": "Kuru Virus", "opd": "Parvo Virus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "95952308-e34f-4e57-b1fc-b7227ca74170", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient with neurological problems has an elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibody titer to measles virus. You would most likely suspect", "exp": "(C) Possible subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) # SSPE is thought to be caused by a measles-related virus present in the central nervous system. Most SSPE patients show elevated measles virus antibodies in serum and CSE In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), lower CSF antibody titers have been observed, suggesting a possible etiologic role for measles virus in MS.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fifth disease", "opb": "Susceptibility to chickenpox", "opc": "Possible subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)", "opd": "Possible hepatitis B infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "aa13d368-ae33-4315-a8f8-4111c22498d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ehrlichia effects", "exp": "Ehrlichia are small gram negative,obligate intrcintracellular bacteria which have affinity towards bloodcells.Ehrichia chaffeensis cause human monocyte ehrlichiosis and E.phagocytophilia cause human granulocytic ehrlichiosis which effects granulocytes (neutrophils) Ref:ananthnarayan and paniker's microbiology 10th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Endothelial cell", "opb": "Neutrophils", "opc": "RBC", "opd": "Macrophages", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "de2f09e6-5928-4dd7-8f17-2f9e580bf385", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Urine sample examinations is a useful investigation in infestation of", "exp": "Ans. a (S. hematobium) (Ref. H - 18th/ ch. 219)SCHISTOSOMIASIS (BILHARZIA)Distribution and important species of Schistosoma are:# S. japonica is found in Central and Eastern China, and the Philippines and nearby islands; and primarily affects the liver and intestines.# 5. mansoni is found in Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and South America and primarily affects the liver and intestines.# S. haematobium is found in Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Mediterranean and primarily affects the urinary tract.# S. mekongi is found in Southeast Asia and primarily affects the liver and intestines.Incubation:# Symptoms of acute schistosomiasis begin about a month after infection.Signs and Symptoms# Acute schistosomiasis ->>Katayama fever.Q# The last (chronic) stage varies according to species, i.e., S. japonica, 5. mansoni, and S. mekongi primarily affect liver and intestines; while S. haematobium primarily affects the urinary tract.# In general, patients with chronic schistosomiasis tend to present in developed countries with lethargy, colicky abdominal pain, mucoid/bloody diarrhea, or dysuria and hematuria.# Chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is a consequence of eggs retained in tissue and prolonged infection - usually of > 10 years duration.# Fibrosis may cause portal hypertension, splenomegaly, or esophageal or gastric varices.Q# Chronic genitourinary schistosomiasis is associated with chronic 5. haematobium infection.# Hematuria and dysuria are common from the acute through chronic stages. Bladder cancer rates are increased in endemic areas. Salmonella infection concurrent with schistosomiasis is common and is resistant to treatment unless the schistosomiasis is also treated.Diagnosis# Diagnosis of S. japonicum and S. mansoni is by the presence of ova in feces or tissue. Diagnosis of S. haematobium is by the presence of ova in urine or tissue. However, ova loads are not always sufficient for diagnosis, especially in long-standing chronic illness. Immunofluorescent antibody tests and antigen detection assays are increasingly used.# \"Fetal head\" bladder calcification may be shown in X-rays in chronic S. haematobium infection. QTreatment# For S. haematobium and S. mansoni, praziquantel 20/kg po bid for one day; for S. japonica and S. mekongi, praziquantel 20/kg po tid for one day are the treatments of choice.# S. mansoni may also be treated with oxamniquine in a single po dose (with food) of 15 mg/kg. S. haematobium in North and East Africa may be treated with metrifonate 7.5-10 mg/kg every other week for a total of 3 doses.Also Know:# The second most common urologic cancer and the most frequent malignant tumor of the urinary tract is bladder cancer. Usually a transitional cell carcinoma. Most prevalent in men during the sixth and seventh decades. Risk factors include smoking, diets rich in meat and fat, schistosomiasis, chronic treatment with cyclophosphamide, and exposure to aniline dye (a benzene derivative).# Causes of portal hypertesnion are as follows: 1. Presinusoidal: Splenic or portal vein thrombosis, schistosomiasis. granulomatous disease. 2. Sinusoidal: Cirrhosis, granulomatous disease. 3. Postsinusoidal: Right heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, hepatic vein thrombosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "S. haematobium", "opb": "S. japonicum", "opc": "S. mansoni", "opd": "E.vermicularis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "2de3bca4-56b6-4ff2-ac27-bd830e80d147", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipschutz bodies are seen in", "exp": "Lipschutz bodies are inclusion bodies seen in herpes simplex.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hepatitis  - B", "opb": "Vaccinia", "opc": "Variola", "opd": "Herpes simplex", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "215f01e4-54ce-4dcd-ba9d-d86a463f1e03", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacterial adherence to epithelium is mediated through", "exp": "Explanation: Fimbriae Certain (Gram-negative bacilli carry very fine, hair-like surface appendages called fimbriae or pili.\nThey are shorter and thinner than flagella Fimbriae can be seen only under the electron microscope.\nFimbriae function as organs of adhesion, helping the cells to adhere firmly to particles of various kinds Fimbriated bacteria form surface pellicles in liquid media.\nMany fimbriated cells (for example Escherichia, Klebsiella) agglutinate red blood cells. Hemagglutination provides a simple method of detecting the presence of such fimbriae.\nThe hemagglutination is specifically inhibited by D- mannose (mannose sensitive) A special type of fimbria is the sex pili.\nThey are found on ‘male’ bacteria and help in the attachment of those cells to ‘female’ bacteria.\nThey do not mediate attachment to epithelium Flagella Flagella are the organs of locomotion.\nFlagellum consists of three distinct parts the filament, the hook and the basal Flagella are made up of a protein (flagellin) Flagella are less than 0.02 Jim in thickness and hence beyond the limit of resolution of the light microscope.\nThey may, in some instances, be seen under dark ground illumination.\nThey can be visualised by special staining techniques in which their thickness is increased by mordanting, or by electron microscopy Mesosoxnes Mesosomes (chondroid) are vesicular,\nconvoluted or niultilaniinated structures formed as invaginations of the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm.\nThey are more prominent in Gram-positive bacteria. They are the principal sites of respiratory enzymes in bacteria and are analogous to the mitochondria of eukaryotes.\nMesosomes are often seen in relation to the nuclear body and the site of synthesis of crosswall septa,\nsuggesting that they coordinate nuclear and cytoplasmic division during binary fission", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sex pili", "opb": "Fimbriae", "opc": "Flagella", "opd": "Mesosomes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce94d329-4a8d-4d0c-b649-0d5708ec9c91", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intermediate host for hydatid disease aEUR'", "exp": "Man Hydatid disease of the liver is caused by Echinococcus granulosus: Ecchinococcus granulosus:- Also known as dog tapeworm, hydatid worm Habitat Small intestine of dog and other canine animals Definitive host --> Dog, wolf, fox, jackal (canine animals) Intermediate host Sheep, pig, cattle, horse, goat, man (dead end) Infective form .- Egg Mode of infection Ingestion of eggs Also know Man is the definitive host in most of the parasitic infection except the following parasites where it is an intermediate host. Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid worm) Plasmodium (Malaria) Taenia solium (Man is both definitive an intermediate host) Toxoplasma gondii Sarocysts lindemanii", "cop": 1, "opa": "Man", "opb": "Dog", "opc": "Cat", "opd": "Foxes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "260da4ab-14ff-4447-9802-e3f060800b96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intracellular inclusion bodies in rabies are", "exp": "Ans. d (Negri bodies) (Ref. Q. 75 of MH-2005)Pathologic FeatureClinical ConditionAschoff bodiesRheumatic feverAsteroid bodiesSporotrichosisBunina bodiesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosisBollinger bodiesFowl pox (intracytoplasmic acidophilic)Call-Exner bodiesGranulosa cell tumor of ovaryCivatte (Colloid) bodieslichen planusCowdry bodiesHerpes (type A bodies)Polio and Adeno viral infection (type B bodies)Councilman bodiesToxic hepatitis,Viral hepatitis,Yellow feverDonovan bodiesGranuloma inguinaleDohle bodiesSepsis or severe inflammatory disordersDonath-Landsteiner antibodiesParoxysmal cold hemoglobinuriaFerruginous bodiesAsbestosisGamna-Gandy bodiesCongestive splenomegalyGlomeruloid bodies'GlioblastomaGaurnieri bodiesVacciniaHirano bodiesAlzheimer's diseaseHeinz bodiesG6PD deficiencyHematoxylin bodiesSLEHowell-Jolly bodiesAspleniaHalberstaeder-Prowazek (HP) bodiesTrachomaHX bodies (Berbeck's granules)Langerhan cell histiocytosis XLipschutz bodiesHerpes simplexLevinthal-Cole-Lillie bodiesPsittacosisLewy bodiesParkinsonismLD bodiesLeishmaniasisLafora bodiesMyoclonic epilepsyMallory hyaline bodiesAlcoholic liver diseaseIndian childhood cirrhosisPrimary Billiary CirrhosisMichaelis-Gutmann bodiesMalakoplakiaMiyagawa bodiesLGVMasson bodiesCryptogenic organizing pneumoniaNegri bodiesRabiesPsammoma bodiesTransitional meningiomaPapillary carcinoma thyroidSerous cystadenocarcinoma of ovaryMesotheliomaPick bodiesPick's disease and contain 3 repeat tauRussell bodiesMultiple myelomaReinke's crystalsHilus cell tumor (Leydig cell tumor)Sclerotic bodiesChromoblastomycosisSchaumann, residual & asteroid bodiesSarcoidosisSpironolactone bodiesAldesterone-producing adrenal adenomasSchiller-Duval bodiesYolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)Tuberculate sporesHistoplasmosisVerocay bodiesNeurilemmoma (Schwannoma)Weibel-Palade bodiesNormal intracellular stores of P-selectinZebra bodiesNiemann-Pick's diseaseEducational Table:Diagnostic Pathologic FeatureDisease1Flexner and Wintersteriner rosettes# Retinoblastoma2Necrosis and vascular or endothelial cell proliferation and pseudo-palisading nuclei# Astrocytoma3Perivascular pseudo-rosettes# Ependymoma4\"Floating neurons\" in the pools of mucopolysaccharide-rich fluid of the myxoid background# Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor5Extremely cellular, with sheets of anaplastic (\"small blue\") cells# Medulloblastomas7Calcification, present in as many as 90% of these tumors, ranges from microscopic foci to massive depositions# Oligodendroglioma8Cystic, with a mural nodule & if solid, it is usually well circumscribed.The tumor is composed of areas with bipolar cells with long, thin \"hairlike\" processes that are GFAP positive. Rosenthal fibers, eosinophilic granular bodies, and microcysts are often present# Pilocytic astrocytoma9Verocay bodies; Antoni A and B pattern of growth# Schwannoma10.'Onion bulb' appearance.# Relapsing polyneuropathy", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bollinger bodies", "opb": "Guameri bodies", "opc": "Cowdry bodies", "opd": "Negri bodies", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "57773c9b-93f9-447f-abb1-9b257bdb6422", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Virulence factor helpful for entamoeba histolytica to adhere to intestinal mucosa is", "exp": "Amoebic Lectin antigen helps in adhesion.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lectin", "opb": "Cystein protease", "opc": "Amoebopore", "opd": "Neuraminidase", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "57edc54d-62bc-40de-9cd7-3b13d82c30b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subacute bacterial endocarditis is caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Streptococcus viridans", "opb": "Haemolytic streptococci", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Nisseria", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3685985-6ba5-4545-b999-611bb3cf5a20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Genital elephantiasis\" is caused by", "exp": "(Lymphogranuloma venereum) (428-A7th)LYMPHOGRANULOMA - VENEREUM (Lymphogranuloma inguinale, poradenitis, climatic or tropical bubo)- Caused by chlamydia -trachomatis - L2 (Most commonly)- Preferred site - regional lymphnodes- Primary lesions - painless papulovesicular lesion ** on the external genitalia- Women - hemorrhagic proctitis with regional lymphadenitis- Late sequelae in women leading to rectal strictures and elephantiasis of the vulva (esthiomene)**Chancroid or soft sore is caused by Haemophilus - ducryi \"School of fish\" or rail rod track\" appearance- Tender nonindurated irregular ulcers on the genitalia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lymphogranuloma venereum", "opb": "Chancroid", "opc": "Syphilis", "opd": "Rickettsia", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "8f82e5c3-c95f-4a68-baad-510115718276", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Compared to breastmilk colostrum is rich with", "exp": "Colostrum:Colostrum is the first stage of breast milk that occurs during pregnancy and lasts for several days after the bih of the baby.It is either yellowish or creamy in colour. It is also much thicker than the milk that is produced later in breastfeeding.Colostrums is high in protein, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are antibodies that pass from the mother to the baby and provide passive immunity for the baby.Passive immunity protects the baby from a wide variety of bacterial and viral illnesses. 2-4 days after bih, colostrums will be replaced by transitional milk.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Fat", "opc": "Lactose", "opd": "Water", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8e25a74e-bbe3-4a1e-a656-0e8b490448d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Clostridium tetani is", "exp": "Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, slender bacillus. It occurs singly and occasionally in chains. The spores are spherical, terminal and bulging, giving the bacillus the characteristic 'drumstick' appearance. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 264", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gram positive bacilli", "opb": "Gram negative bacilli", "opc": "Gram positive cocci", "opd": "Gram negative cocci", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4c5d6989-9dcd-4646-aa9b-0f5db83fd6da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Verocytotoxin has been isolated in individual suffering from Hemolytic uraemic syndrome in their", "exp": "Verocytotoxin or SHIGA LIKE TOXIN is produced by Enterohemorrhagic E coli which invades vascular endothelial cell and causes diarrhoea so show the presence of verocytotoxin is confirmed in the specimen of faeces. The toxin is produced by specific strain of ETEC O157 H7", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blood", "opb": "Tissues", "opc": "Feces", "opd": "Saliva", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Systemic Bacteriology (Gram Positive Bacilli, Gram Negative Bacilli)", "id": "25edfb2b-8539-49d9-92e3-ce003c7ba073", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oval bulging terminal spores are seen in", "exp": "Clostridium teium produces oval and terminal spores. It resembles tennis racket Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 258", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clostridium teium", "opb": "Clostridium welchii", "opc": "Clostridium perfringes", "opd": "Clostridium histolyticum", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "893d55ba-5f8f-4e21-8a42-3ec6bc594992", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aspergilloma has", "exp": "Aspergillus has non pigmented septate hyphae with characteristic dichotomous branching at an angle of approximately 45degrees. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Septate hyphae", "opb": "Pseudohyphae", "opc": "Metachromatic hyphae", "opd": "No hyphae", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "55a4827e-0b9b-4232-bd1b-0e1d458b5cc4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The operating temperature in an ethylene oxide sterilization during a warm cycle is", "exp": "Ethylene Oxide sterilization (High level disinfectant) Cold cycle stas at 37 + 5 oC Warm cycle stas at 54 + 5 oC ETO is Highly penetrating gas It is used for sterilizing plastic ,rubber paicles , Respirators, Hea lung machine , disposable plastic syringes , petri dishes Bacillus Globigi used as biological indicator for ethylene oxide sterilizer", "cop": 1, "opa": "49-63oC", "opb": "92- 110oC", "opc": "20-35oC", "opd": "68-88oC", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "General Microbiology Pa-2 and Pa-3 (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)", "id": "97d65b83-24e9-45cc-ad3e-4f1f755dd37f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gonococcus does not involve", "exp": "In men, the disease caused by gonococci stas as an acute urethritis with a mucopurulent discharge containing gonococci in large numbers. Infection extends along the urethra to prostrate, seminal vesicles and epididymis. Chronic urethritis may lead to stricture formation. The infection may spread to periurethral tissues, causing abscess and multiple discharging sinuses (water can perineum) Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 235", "cop": 2, "opa": "Epididymis", "opb": "Testis", "opc": "Prostate", "opd": "Anterior urethra", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "4c386444-8c1e-4406-afec-6d9a9999fcb3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stool specimen is transported in", "exp": "Transport media for stool specimen are\na. Cary-Blair medium\nb. Buffered glycerol saline\nc. Stuart medium\n\n Inoculate media for routine stool culture are\n\na. Blood agar\nb. MacConkey agar\nc. Hektoen enteric HE (agar)\nd. Selective media for campylobacter: Campy BAP, skirrow\ne. Selenite F broth or GN Broth\nf. Xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD agar)\n\n For specific situations, selective media are used\n\ni. Vibrio: TCBS agar or alkaline peptone broth.\nii. Yersinia: Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar or Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) broth.\niii. E.coli 0157: H7 Sorbitol-MacConkey agar", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cary blair medium", "opb": "Blood agar", "opc": "Selenite F broth", "opd": "Compy BAP medium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0821528a-42d6-4299-8050-0b198fc00251", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Louse borne is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Epidemic typhus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Scrub typhus", "opb": "Rickettsial box", "opc": "Epidemic typhus", "opd": "Endemic typhus", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Rickettsiaceae", "id": "9f294955-851f-4544-8de7-c02500d84dbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vascular involvement and thrombosis is seen in", "exp": "Mucormycosis occurs as a systemic infection following dissemination from a primary focus in the upper respiratory tract or nasal cavity, where the spores germinate and the mycelia invade the adjacent tissues- orbit, sinuses and the brain. When the lung is the primary site of infection, the fungi may invade the aeries to cause thrombosis and infraction. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Coccidioidomycosis", "opb": "Aspergillosis", "opc": "Mucormycosis", "opd": "Histoplasmosis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "mycology", "id": "1335a7e3-f1dd-46aa-aec3-a2dae859d647", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The process of transfer of cell mediated immunity from one individual to other is", "exp": "Adoptive immunity occurs following injection of immunologically competent T-Lymphocytes known as transfer factor.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Innate immunity", "opb": "Acquired immunity", "opc": "Herd immunity", "opd": "Adoptive immunity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7df1b6c9-92f9-4b11-9f52-53ec56127859", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Typhoid in 1st week is best diagnosed by", "exp": "Ans. a (Blood culture). (Ref. Harrison, Medicine, 18th/ Chapter 153. Salmonellosis )# In typhoid, blood cultures are positive in approximately 90% cases in 1st week of fever, 75% of 2nd week, 60% of 3rd week and 25% thereafter (MacConkey, DCA and Wilson Blair media).# Faeces culture is almost as valuable as blood culture, as viruses shed during the disease and in convalescence, but they are also positive in carrier state is a drawback. But this is particularly valuable in patients on antibiotics, as they are not eliminated from faeces.# Widal test is negative in 1st week; titres start rising after 1st week, peaks at 3rd to 4th week and then starts falling. Urine culture can be positive in 2nd and 3rd week, that too only in 25% cases.# Bone marrow culture is positive in most of the cases, when even blood cultures are negative.Note: The diagnostic 'gold standard' for diagnosis of typhoid is culture, for salmonella typhi or paratyphi. The mnemonicBASU is very vague and not advisable to remember, because the fact is...B-Blood culturepositive in any week, however 90% positive 1st week.A-Agglutinationpositive in 3rd, 4th week.S-Stool culturepositive in any week, but can also be positive in carriers.U-Urine culturepositive in 2nd and 3rd week.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Blood culture", "opb": "Antigenic test", "opc": "Stool culture", "opd": "Urine culture", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Enterobecteriaceae", "id": "702afa04-6559-42c8-9318-f944062074b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis is best demonstrated by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Gram's stain", "opb": "H & E stain", "opc": "Ziehl-Neelsen stain", "opd": "PAS stain", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4b4c8394-fec1-4b9f-9e80-e5d7fed7561d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wakana disease is caused by", "exp": "Wakana disease seen in Ancyclostoma.\nBoth GIT & pulmonary symptoms seen.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ancyclostoma duodenale", "opb": "Necator americanus", "opc": "Strongyloides", "opd": "Enterobius vermicularis", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d9cb5e91-8757-4042-a9d6-b519a3d9d17b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Toxoplasmosis the oocyst seen in and pseudocyst is seen in respectively.", "exp": "C i.e. Cats, human (cat faeces and human tissue)Ref: Paniker's Textbook of Parasitology, 6th edition, page 96-103Explanation:Human ingesting either tissue cysts or oocysts-- rupture of cyst wall and release of organisms-- invade the small intestinal epithelium-- via mesenteric lymph nodes-- disseminates throughout the body and multiplies intracellularly.Pseudocyst (tachyzoites)Tissue cyst (bradyzoites)Placenta, liver, L.N, spleen, skeletal muscles, lungs, heart, retina and choroid.Brain and skeletal muscles.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tissue, faeces", "opb": "Human, cats", "opc": "Cats, human", "opd": "Feces, tissue", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Parasitology", "id": "b4b74a75-4084-489e-a85a-7df77f0bbaa3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Carotid body contains islands of two types of cells, type I and type II cells, surrounded by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries. Type I cells are excited by hypoxia, and the principal transmitter appears to be", "exp": "Carotid & Aoic Bodies There is a carotid body near the carotid bifurcation on each side, and there are usually two or more aoic bodies near the arch of the aoa.Each carotid and aoic body (glomus) contains islands of two types of cells, type I and type II cells, surrounded by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries.Type I cellsThe type I or glomus cells are closely associated with cup-like endings of the afferent nerves.The glomus cells resemble adrenal chromaffin cells and have dense-core granules containing catecholamines that are released upon exposure to hypoxia and cyanide.The cells are excited by hypoxia, and the principal transmitter appears to be dopamine, which excites the nerve endings by way of D2 receptors.Type II cellsThe type II cells are glia-like, and each surrounds four to six type I cells. Their function is probably sustentacular.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Adrenaline", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Potassium", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "aae1086f-a06e-4136-aff5-c3d3f736695b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most dominant colonic bacteria is", "exp": "Bacteroids are the normal inhabitants of the intestine, respiratory, female genital tract. the normal flora of adult colon contains 96 to99% of anaerobes and only 1 to 4% of aerobes. Anaerobes - Bacteroides species, bifidobacteria, anaerobic lactobacilli, anaerobic streptococci. Ref: Baveja textbook of microbiology; 4th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Escherichia coli", "opb": "Bacteroides", "opc": "Clostridium", "opd": "Veilonella", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "8c22093d-6862-4cdd-bab6-6173deb0eea6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ideal dose of Diptheria antitoxin given for treatment is", "exp": "* Specific treatment of diphtheria consists of antitoxic and antibiotic therapy. * Antitoxin should be given immediately when diphtheria is suspected, as the fatality rate increases with delay in staing antitoxic treatment. * Antibiotic treatment only supplements and does not replace antitoxic therapy. * Diphtheria antitoxin should be given in respiratory diphtheria - 20,000 to 1,00,000 units. Ref:- Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology 10th ed; Pg num:- 245", "cop": 3, "opa": "10,000 to 1,00,000 units", "opb": "10,000 to 2,00,000 units", "opc": "20,000 to 1,00,000 units", "opd": "20,000 to 2,00,000 units", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteriology", "id": "46aa54e0-9f96-40ff-b605-e35e2b10b686", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of UTI in neonate is", "exp": "Different topic Belongs to bacteriology", "cop": 1, "opa": "E.coli", "opb": "S.aureus", "opc": "Enterococcus", "opd": "Anerobes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "c04f9f45-8df2-4da8-9e8c-2fd458d3ef6a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An inhibitor was designed to block a biologic function in H. influenzae. If the goal of the experiment was to reduce the virulence of H. influenzae, the most likely target would be", "exp": "The major determinant of virulence in H. influenzae is the presence of a capsule. There is no demonstrable exotoxin and the role of endotoxin is unclear. While one would expect that IgA protease would inhibit local immunity, the role of this enzyme in pathogenesis is as yet unclear.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Exotoxin liberator", "opb": "Endotoxin assembly", "opc": "Flagella synthesis", "opd": "Capsule formation", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "99200c0a-babe-4244-a534-de304ca71326", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The unit of measurement used in bacteriology is", "exp": "Unit of measurement used in bacteriology is the micron Ref: Anantanarayan; 7th edition; Page no: 7", "cop": 1, "opa": "Micron", "opb": "Millimeter", "opc": "Angstrom", "opd": "Nanometer", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "general microbiology", "id": "c0741a49-ceef-46fb-9771-676502e85607", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Median weight of 100 children was 16 kgs. The standard detion was 8.calculate the percentage coefficient of variance", "exp": "Coefficient of Variation (COV)* COV = SD x 100 Mean or Median SD is expressed as a percentage of mean or median. CV=SD/MEAN x 100= 8/16 x 100= 50%", "cop": 1, "opa": "50%", "opb": "35%", "opc": "45%", "opd": "55%", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "709d7961-87e6-4504-8698-df8a3ddda5aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mycotic abscess are due to", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bacterial infection", "opb": "Viral infection", "opc": "Fungal infection", "opd": "Mixed infection", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8e6a15b9-f188-4912-8aed-13d1367285f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Selective media for N. gonorrhoeael", "exp": "Ans. a (Thayer-Martin media). (Ref Anantanarayan, Microbiology, 8th/ p. 226).# A popular selective medium for N. gonorrhoeae (gonococci) is Thayer-Martin medium containing vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin.# They also grow well on chocolate agar and Mueller Hinton agar.Bacteria and their growth mediaOrganismMedium usedStaphylococcusLudlam's mediumStreptococcusBlood Agar, Pikes medium (transport)NeisseriaBlood agar, Chocolate agarMueller-Hinton star caesin hydrolysate agar, Modified Thayer-MartinGonococciStuart Transport MediumCorynebacterium diphtheriaeLoeffler's serum slope, Tellurite blood agar, MacLeod and Hoyle's mediaLactose and nonlactose fermentersMacConkey mediumShigellaDeoxycholate citrate agarShigella Inhibited byWilson and Blair's bismuth sulphite mediumSalmonellaWilson and Blair's bismuth sulphate mediumHaemophilusFactor X Hemin, Factor V NADP, Levinthal's Medium, Filde's agarVibrio CholeraHolding or Transport Media1) VR-Venkatraman RamaKrishnan Medium2) Cary-Blair Medium3) Autoclaved Sea WaterEnrichment-Media1) Alkaline peptone water at pH 8.62) Monsur's taurocholate tellurite peptone water at pH 9.2, Plating Media3) TCBS medium contains thiosulfate, citrate, bile salts and sucroseHaemophilusStalactite growthBordetellaBordet-Gengou glycerine-potato-blood agarBrucellaCastaneda's method of blood cultureListeriaTryptose phosphate or thioglycollate broth at 4degCCalymmatobacteriumLevinthal agarCampylobacterMicroaerophilic 5% oxygen, Cary BlairSkirrow's, Butzler's or campy BAP Selective mediaLegionellaBCYE Agar (Buffered Charcoal yeast extract)TuberculosisEgg containing: 1) Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 2) Petragnini, 3) DorsetContain Blood: 1) TarshisContaining Serum:l) LoefflerContaining Potato: 1.) PawolowskyLiquid Media: 1). Dubo's Medium, 2) Middlebrook's Medium, 4) Sula's Medium 3) Pros Kauer and Beck's Medium, 5) Sauton's MediumSpirochetesComplex MediaLeptospirosis1) Korthoff's media2) Stuart and Fletcher's media3) EMJH (Ellinghausen, McCullough, Johnson, Harris)Bacillus anthracisPLET mediumClostridiaRobertson's cooked meat brothClostridium tetaniFilde's techniqueAnaerobic bacteriaGaspakMycoplasmaLipids/Cholestrol enhances their growth; Diene's methodRickettsiaVolk sac of developing chick embryoChlamydiaCell culture (McCoy & Hela Cells commonly used)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thayer martin media", "opb": "Smith Noguchi media", "opc": "Proskaur and Bech media", "opd": "Bordet gongue media", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Bacteria", "id": "65127640-a7b8-4ce4-904e-389ff9285eb3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For early diagnosis of corynebacteria diphtheria medium used is", "exp": "For early diagnosis - LSS (6-8hours).\nFor defenitive diagnosis - Potassium tellurite agar.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Potassium tellurite agar", "opb": "Loeffler's serum slope", "opc": "Hoyle's media", "opd": "Tinsdale", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af3715f8-8ac9-493f-8675-1059466a71e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child upon ingestion of shellfish , developed tingling sensation in the mouth, swelling of the face, lips and tongue and also complained of abdominal pain and dizziness. This is an example of _", "exp": "This is an example of an IgE mediated type of hypersensitivity reaction. The primary mediators are histamine and serotonin. The secondary mediators are prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The clinical manifestations may be local or systemic and range from mild rhinitis to fatal anaphylaxis. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "IgG mediated reaction", "opb": "IgA mediated reaction", "opc": "T cell mediated cytotoxicity", "opd": "IgE mediated reaction", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "55bdc677-02fd-4b6d-8c4d-81d990d21dda", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A Carrier of Neisseria Meningiditis can be detected by", "exp": "Specimen for cases - Blood and CSF\nSpecimen for carriers - Nasopharyngeal swab.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CSF - PCR", "opb": "CSF - Culture", "opc": "Blood culture", "opd": "Nasopharynegeal swab culture", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "706d4758-e1b2-47a5-92b5-2c41109ff0f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Molluscum contagiosum is caused by", "exp": "Ans: a) Pox virusMolluscum contagiosum is seen in children and adults. It is characterised by pink o pearly white wart like nodules on the skin. Eosinophilic hyaline inclusion bodies called molluscum bodies are present Humans are the only susceptible hosts.Extra points:Certain inclusion bodies* Vaccinia - Guamieri bodies* Fowl pox - Bollinger bodies* Herpes, Yellow fever - Cowdry type A* Adeno, Polio - Cowdry type B", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pox virus", "opb": "Varicella", "opc": "Vaccinia", "opd": "Herpes", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": "Virology", "id": "1e983a70-4ab9-43a3-ac2e-ce540ec6fbab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Adjuvant given along with antigens are going to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "increase toxigenicity", "opb": "increase antigenicity", "opc": "reduce the antigenicity", "opd": "reduce the toxigenicity", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "42d1d21a-606f-4f37-b7e1-862764d8362d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Infective form for mosquito in Plasmodium falciparum is aEUR'", "exp": "Gametocytes \"Infective stage of plasmodium for mosquito ----)Gametocytes\". The gametocytes do not cause any clinical illness in the human host but are essential for transmission of the infection. The gametocytes do not develop .fuher or divide in the veebrate host & unless taken up by the vector mosquito they die in a few days. A gametocyte concentration of 12 or more per cmm of blood in the human host is necessary for mosquitoes to become infected. Remember Infective stage of plasmodium for mosquito --) Gametocytes Infective stage of plasmodium for man --) Sporozoite Plasmodium passes its life cycle in two different hosts Man --) Intermediate host Female anopheles mosquito --) Definitive host Human infection begins when a female anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites from its salivary gland into blood i.e. sporozoites are infective to man. In man sporozoites undergo multiple asexual reproduction and develops into gametocytes. Gametocytes are transferred to the insect. In the insects gametocytes develops into sporozoites after multiple sexual divisions.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Merozoites", "opb": "Sporozoites", "opc": "Gametocytes", "opd": "Trophozoites", "subject_name": "Microbiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ecf46734-478a-472a-96fa-e0465cfbc0ef", "choice_type": "single"}