{"question": "Diplopia is characteristic feature of", "exp": "Signs of paralytic squint:\n1. Primary deviation.  \n2. Secondary deviation.  \n3. Restriction of ocular movements. \n4. Compensatory head posture.  \n5. False protection.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Concomitant squint", "opb": "Non-paralytic squint", "opc": "Paralytic squint", "opd": "Latent squint", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e8327f6-c48c-47db-a6ab-ba0e0f6b1ba5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cortical blindness", "exp": "A. i.e. (Normal pupillary light reflexes with complete visual loss) (306 - Khurana 4th)CORTICAL BLINDNESS* Most common cause is bilateral occipital lobe infarction* Unilateral infarction leads to contralateral homonymous congruous hemianopiaClinical features* Vision and visual fields are markedly decreased* Sparing of the macula with preservation of central vision due to dual blood supply*** Complete visual loss with no light perception.* Pupillary responses are normal** (Pupillary light reflex)* ANTON- SYNDROME i.e. denial of blindness by the patients who obviously cannot see* Riddoch - phenomenon - i.e. ability to perceive kinetic but not static targets", "cop": 1, "opa": "Normal pupillary light reflexes with complete visual loss", "opb": "Increased pupillary light reflexes with complete visual loss", "opc": "Normal pupillary light reflex with partial loss of sight", "opd": "Increased pupillary light reflexes with partial loss of sight", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "1cf2e045-7ce8-4400-935b-4b418ad386fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common benign tumour of the orbit is", "exp": "Vascular tumours : Vascular tumours are the most common primary benign tumours of the orbit. These can be either haemangiomas or lymphangiomas. Haemangiomas are fuher divided into two types -- capillary and cavernous. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-393", "cop": 1, "opa": "Haemangioma", "opb": "Optic nerve glioma", "opc": "Benign-mixed tumour", "opd": "Meningioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "2d33fc64-4eb8-4ffe-8bbc-0a20047e7e0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Traumatic eye with late presentation of unilateral proptosis and scleral hyperamia is seen in", "exp": "Proptosis after trauma, late presentation ,scleral hyperamia, most probable diagnosis is Retrobulbar hematoma . Refer khurana 6/e 404", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retrobulbar hematoma", "opb": "Retrobulbar cellulitis", "opc": "Carotico cavernous fistula", "opd": "Pneumo orbit", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "336bed20-d5e3-4e73-a909-ecff8ec7d716", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Spiral field defect is a feature of", "exp": "HYSTERICAL BLINDNESS It is a form of psychoneurosis, commonly seen in attention-seeking personalities, especially females. It is characterised by sudden bilateral loss of vision.There may be associated blepharospasm and lacrimation. Visual fields are concentrically contracted. One can commonly find spiral fields as the target moves closer to the fixation point. Pupillary responses are essentially normal and so is the blink response. Optokinetic nystagmus is intact. Treatment: Its treatment includes psychological suppo and reassurance. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-307", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hysterical amblyopia", "opb": "Amblyopia exanopsia", "opc": "Toxic amblyopia", "opd": "Malingering", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "c164e337-cf93-42c6-9ed0-dee0dde98067", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unilateral chronic conjunctivitis may be associated with", "exp": "Ans. Foreign body retained is the fornix", "cop": 3, "opa": "Habit of smoking", "opb": "Use of uniocular microscope", "opc": "Foreign body retained is the fornix", "opd": "Unilateral aphakia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d443cf6-27e6-4e28-99ba-2674bfc80524", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A diagnosis of fungal corneal ulcer is not made if there is presence of", "exp": "Symptoms of fungal corneal ulcer are similar to central bacterial corneal ulcer , but in general, they are less marked than the equal-sized bacterial ulcer and the overall course is slow and torpid. Signs are more prominent than symptoms. Corneal ulcer is greyish white, dry-looking with elevated rolled out margins. Delicate feathery finger-like extensions are present into the surrounding strorna under the intact epitheliium. Hypopyon usually a big one is present even if the ulcer is very small. Unlike bacterial ulcer, the hypopyon not sterile as the fungi can penetrate into the anterior chamber without perforation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Marked photophobia and pain compared to signs", "opb": "Sloughing corneal ulcer", "opc": "Fixed hypopyon", "opd": "Presence of hyphae on KOH mount", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "37479a1d-759e-49c3-87b7-060f4976caca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Cattle truck\" appearance on fundoscopy", "exp": "Ans. c (Central retinal artery occlusion (Ref: Parson's 20lh/302, A K Khurana 2nd/26, 253)CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION (CRAO)# Etiology/pathogenesis- There is usually an embolus or thrombus.- A yellow cholesterol embolus (Hollenhorst plaque) on the head of the optic nerve or in a branch of retinal artery confirms the diagnosis.- The most important causes of emboli are atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid arteries, arterial hypertension, and cardiac valve lesions.# Epidemiology- The prevalence of CRAO is 0.85 per 100,000 population in one year.- It is a disease of adulthood (in the sixth decade of life on average).- More common in males than in females. Involvement is bilateral in 1-2%, with the exception of temporal arteritis and other systemic vasculitides.# Clinical features- Patients present with sudden painless loss of vision.- Usually unilateral.- Direct pupillary light reflex is absent.- Retinal arteries are markedly narrowed.- Central part of mascular area shows 'cherry-red' spot due to vascular choroid shining through thin retina.- Segmented blood column within retinal veins ('cattle- track' appearance) is pathognomonic of central retinal artery occlusion.- The arteries are thin and the segmented blood flow in the retinal arteries can be observed in acute stages of the disease.# Diagnosis- Diagnosis is made clinically.- The diagnosis can be confirmed by fluorescence angiography.# Differential diagnosis- Differentiation between arteritic (Horton disease) and nonarteritic CRAO is very important because in Horton disease the fellow eye can become involved within a few days without appropriate treatment.# Treatment- There is no consensus currently about the efficacy of different forms of treatment.- Conservative treatment: globe massage, anterior chamber paracentesis, infusion treatment with pentoxifylline, hyperbaric oxygen, intravenous rTPA, or corticosteroid injection.- Invasive treatment: selective catheterization of the ophthalmic artery with administration of fibrinolytic drugs.# Prognosis.- The visual acuity on first presentation generally decides the prognosis.- Spontaneous improvements are observed in up to 15%.Various fundoscopic appearance Appearance on FundoscopyDiagnosis1Pinkish with central area of pallorNormal disc2HyperemiaPapilledema, papillitis3Pale discPartial optic atrophy4'Chalky white' discPrimary optic atrophy5'Yellow waxy' discConsecutive optic atroph6'Shot-silk' fundusPseudopapilitis7'Champagne pale cork'fundusChronic papilledema8Pale waxy disc with 'bone corpuscles' like pigmentary changesRetinitis pigmentosa9'Cattle truck' appearance (of retinal veins)CRAO10'Ink-blot/ Enlarging dot' pattern/ 'Smoke stake' patternCentral serous retinopathy11'Flower petal' appearanceCystoid macular edema12'Cotton wool'spotsMost common abnormality in AIDS13'Tomato sauce and cheese' OR 'Crumbled cheese and Ketchup' OR 'Brush-fire' OR 'Pizza pie' appearanceCMV retinitis14.Angioid streaks# Pseudoxanthoma elasticum# Pagets disease of bone,# Ehler Danlos disease# Sickle cell disease.15.Bull's eye maculopathyChloroquine16.Severe retinal telangiectesiaCoat's disease17.'Salt and pepper' fundus# Congenital rubella, syphilis, HSV, Varicella, mumps# Leber's amaurosis# Mayous-Batten disease# Thioridazine toxicity# Cancer associated retinopathy# Carriers of Choroideremia, albinism, Retininitis Pigmentosa.18.\"Sea Fan\" RetinaSickle cell disease19.'Candle wax'appearanceSarcoid retinopathy20.Cherry Red spots(Mnemonic: Pick My QT Bags)# Niemann-Pick's disease# Multiple sulfatase deficiency# Quinine amblyopia# TaySachs disease# Berlin's edema (Commontio retinae) due to blunt trauma# CRAO# Gaucher's disease# Sandhoff disease# Sialidosis type 1 and 221.Cherry red spotsNOT seen in CRVOIn CRVO, Rubeosis iridis develops in about 50% of eyes, usually in 3 months (100-day glaucoma), and there is a high risk of neovascular glaucoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Central serous retinopathy", "opb": "Coat's disease", "opc": "Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)", "opd": "Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "274fbb9b-3015-4241-9f7a-5063836a9fc0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amsler sign is seen in", "exp": "HETEROCHROMIC IRIDOCYCLITIS OF FUCHS It is a low grade chronic cyclitis, the only apparent features of which are a lightening of the colour of the affected iris and presence of few keratic precipitates on cornea. Iris become atrophic, loses its markings and readily transilluminates in circumscribed areas, and a cataract develops. Loss of sympathetic nerve supply leading to dilatation of blood vessels, white cells escape and get deposited on the cornea as precipitates. The cataract has good operative prognosis, but secondary glaucoma develops. During cataract surgery, fine filiform hemorrhage from the opposite angle has been noted to occur as soon as the anterior chamber is opened- reffered to as AMSLER SIGN. Ref:- Parsons diseases of eye; pg num:-251", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pars planitis", "opb": "Fuchs uveitis", "opc": "Macular degeneration", "opd": "Posner-Schlossman syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal tract", "id": "0915fe63-7018-4b78-b4bd-5b4b54fdbb3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest clinical manifestation of siderosis bulbi", "exp": "These rusty deposits are arrested radially in a ring ---- Earliest manifestation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Iris is stained greenish", "opb": "Retinal pigmentary degeneration", "opc": "Glaucoma", "opd": "Rusty deposits in the anterior subcapsular cells of the lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "94fb8761-6d62-4123-b23a-3f1fb4acdedd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest oppounistic organism to cause ocular inflammation in AIDS is", "exp": "A i.e. Cytomegalovirus Ocular Involvement In AIDS Earliest & most consistent finding of HIV retinopathy is cotton wool spots Q In AIDS most common ocular infection is CMV chorioretinitisQ Cotton wool spots are most common ophthalmoscopic finding in CMV infection in AIDS. M.C. cause of chorioretinitis is CMVQ (mostly < 50 cells/mm3 CD4 cell count) Treatment of CMV retinitis is Ganyclovir & FoscanetQ M.C. ocular neoplasm is Kaposi sarcoma M.C. ocular lesion is microvasculopathy involving conjunctiva & retina.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cytomegalovirus", "opb": "Herpes simplex virus", "opc": "Toxoplasmosis", "opd": "Candida albicans", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f6fce83a-7f94-4d28-baaf-7f0d5adb4f33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Incongruous homonymous hemianopia is caused by lesion in the", "exp": "A. (Optic tract) (290 - Khurana 4th)* Incongrous homonymous hemianopia - caused by lesion in the optic tract* Congruous homonymous hemianopia - caused by lesion in the visual cortexLESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAYSite of lesionManifestations ;; Optic nerve- Complete blindness on affected side associated with abolition of the direct light reflex on the I/L and consensual on the C/L side, Near (accommodation) reflex is present Central lesion of the chiasma .- * Bitemporal hemianopia and bitemporal hemianopic paralysis of pupillary reflexes Lateral chiasmal lesions- Binasal hemianopia associated with binasal hemianopic paralysis of the pupillary reflexes Optic tract- * Incongruous homonymous hemianopia associated with C/L hemianopic pupillary reaction (Wernicke's reaction) Lateral geniculate body- Homonymous hemianopia with sparing of pupillary reflexes Optic radiation- Complete homonymous hemianopia Inferior quadrantic hemianopia (pie on the floor)- Superior quadrantic hemianopia (pie in the sky)[G1 Visual cortex- Congruous homonymous hemianopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Optic tract", "opb": "Optic chiasma", "opc": "Optic nerve", "opd": "Optic radiation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "967541cd-5d17-4978-98de-49aa022afec9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D to K causes", "exp": "Lymphogranuloma venereum can later cause adult inclusion conjunctivitis most common mode of infection is through swimming pool hence it is also called swimming pool conjunctivitis Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 65", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aeriosclerosis", "opb": "Trachoma", "opc": "Lymphogranuloma venereum", "opd": "Urethritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "f0037545-4807-4461-a5ae-952542a656a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surgery indicated for ptosis in Horner's syndrome", "exp": "Fasanella - servat indications:\n\nMild ptosis with good levator action.\nHorner's syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fasanella - servat", "opb": "Levator resection", "opc": "Blaskovics operation", "opd": "Frontalis sling", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6e3895d-f11f-465e-ab8b-b3fa68f6aa5e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causative organism of Angular conjunctivitis", "exp": "Causative organism of Angular conjunctivitis Moraxella Axenfeld.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opb": "Pneumococcus", "opc": "Moraxella axenfeld", "opd": "Streptococcus hemolyticus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "15d0ebc3-8c11-41f8-b6c4-41b40f07e7fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Riders cataract is seen in", "exp": "Lamellar or Zonular cataract It is a developmental cataract in which the opacity occupies a discrete zone in the lens. It is the most common type of congenital cataract presenting with visual impairment. Characteristic features. Typically, this cataract occurs in a zone of foetal nucleus surrounding the embryonic nucleus. The main mass of the lens internal and external to the zone of cataract is clear, except for small linear opacities like spokes of a wheel(riders) which may be seen towards the equator. Occasionally two such rings of opacity are seen. It is usually bilateral and frequently causes severe visual defects. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:184", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blue dot", "opb": "Zonular", "opc": "Anterior capsule", "opd": "Coronary", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "46d5ed6f-8485-465d-b9c7-ddb15496b09c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of ptosis", "exp": "*Congenital myogenic ptosis is the most common type of ptosis and is often bilateral. Ref: Clinical ophthalmology p.786", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myasthenia gravis", "opb": "Paralysis of 3rd nerve", "opc": "Idiopathic", "opd": "Congenital", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "3ff8038b-28e0-47a8-bcbc-422d1b5ec4cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is treated by", "exp": "Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is the preferred form of treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR). ... In cases where macular edema and PDR coexist, laser treatments are performed: first, laser treatment is used for the macular edema; then for PDR, the PRP is spread over 3 to 4 sessions Ref AK khurana 6/e p278", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pan retinal photocoagulation", "opb": "Pars plana vitrectomy", "opc": "Grid laser photocoagulation", "opd": "Focal retinal photocoagulation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "02d2343b-308d-4c15-a08e-d62929a82860", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most constant and critical finding in retinitis pigmentosa is", "exp": "Typical electrophysiological changes in retinitis pigmentosa appear early in the disease before the subjective symptoms or the objective signs (fundus changes) appear and are most constant and critical finding. Electroretinogram (ERG) is initially subnormal (scotopic affected before photopic; b-waveaffected before ;a wave) and eventually extinguished. Electro-oculogram {EOG) is subnormal with an absence of light peak. Bony spicules are not seen in all cases. Tubular visual field can occur due to other causes as well like open angle glaucoma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bone spicule pigmentation in retina", "opb": "Significantly reduced ERG", "opc": "Tubular visual fields", "opd": "Abnormality in rhodopsin gene", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "9b7e77c4-6494-4f75-9650-9ede16fd9cb8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mittendorf dot is found on", "exp": "Answer- B. Posterior capsule of lensDuring the development of eye there is a blood vessel which runs between the optic nerve and the back of the lens, called hyaloid vessel. This vessel carries nutrients and orygen to the developing pas ofthe anterior section ofeye. This hyaloid vessel along with surrounding embryonic material is called primary vitreous. Hyaloid vessels and primary vitreous begin to involute in the second month of gestation giving way to the secondary vitreous (the vitreous humor). Small remnants of the system are common findings in healthy adults, e.g. Bergmeister papilla (tuft of tissue at the optic disc) and miftendorf dot (tag of tissue on the posterior capsule of lens). However extensive remnants of this \"hyaloid vessel - primary vitreous\" system are called persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior capsule of lens", "opb": "Posterior capsule of lens", "opc": "Vitreous", "opd": "Retina", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd9758cd-c66c-4d2e-a5dc-6981e2a38680", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rosette cataract is seen in", "exp": "Ans) d (Concussional injury) Ref: kanski 6th ed p 854- 857Concussion injury ' damage of lens fibres and capsule ' influx of aqueous humour' hydration of lens fibres' opacification usually confined to poste-rior subcapsular cortex in a flower shaped manner (rosette cataract)Features of blunt trauma:1. Cornea -comeal abrasionacute comeal edematears in descemets membrane2. Anterior chamber - hyphaema, anterior uveitis3. Pupil - miosis, pigmentary imprinting on anterior lens capsule (vossius ring)4. Irisiridodialysis 'D shaped pupiltraumatic aniridia5. Lens -cataract -rosette cataract subluxation dislocation6. Retina -commotion retinae - trauma can lead to cloudy swelling ' grey ap-pearance choroidal rupture7. Optic nerve -optic neuropathy optic nerve avulsionTypes of cataract -Snow flake cataract- diabetesMyotonic dystrophy- stellate posterior subcapsular cataractAtopic dermatitis- shield like anterior subcapsular cataractComplicated cataract- seen in chronic anterior uveitisOil droplet cataract- galactosemia", "cop": 4, "opa": "Radiation injury", "opb": "Thermal injury", "opc": "Diabetes", "opd": "Concussional injury", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "636b5a3a-8aaf-4a13-a309-da3d16fa53aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Causes of anterior polar ctaract", "exp": "B i.e. Perforating corneal injury", "cop": 2, "opa": "DM", "opb": "Perforating (penetrating) corneal injury", "opc": "Irradation", "opd": "Chalcosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5495fb2b-6ac8-4898-a621-ceb47b1f7f2f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cataract is NOT seen with", "exp": "(B) Vitamin B12 deficiency # CAUSES OF CATARACT> Age: Age is the most common cause> Trauma: Blunt trauma, Electrical injuries> Radiation: Ultraviolet light: glassblowers, Lasers> Genetics Chromosome abnormalities associated with cataracts -- 1 q21.1 deletion syndrome, cri-du-chat syndrome, Down synd ome, Patau's syndrome, trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome), and Turner's syndrome, and Neurofibromatosis type 2. Examples of single-gene disorder -- Alport's syndrome, Conradi's syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and oculocerebrorenal syndrome or Lowe syndrome.> Skin diseases: Atopic dermatitis & Eczema: Ichthyosis (cuneiform cataracts); Basal-cell nevus & Pemphigus> Smoking and alcohol> Medications: Corticosteroids, Antipsychotics, Miotics> Post-operative: Vitrectomy, Cataract Surgery> Metabolic and nutritional diseases: Aminoaciduria or Lowe's syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Fabry's disease, Galactosemia /galactosemic cataract, Homocystinuria, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypervitaminosis D, Hypothyroidism, Hypocalcaemia, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Wilson's disease> Congenital: Congenital syphilis, Cytomegalic inclusion disease, Rubella, Cockayne syndrome\\> Genetic syndromes: Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edwards syndrome> Infections: Cysticercosis, Leprosy, Onchocerciasis, Toxoplasmosis, Varicella> Secondary to other eye diseases: Retinopathy of prematurity, Aniridia, Uveitis, Retinal detachment, Retinitis pigmentosa", "cop": 2, "opa": "Steroids", "opb": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "opc": "Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Homocystinuria", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "e94fc17b-2bc9-49d9-8117-fb9b578e882b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Recurrent corneal erosion seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e Corneal dystrophy \"Corneal dystrophies are a group of progressive usually b/l and mostly genetically determined corneal opacifying disorder which develops in the absence of inflammation.\"Age of presentation is 1st or 2nd decadeMC type of all corneal dystrophies - Cogan's microcytic dystrophyCornea guttata is seen in endothelial layer *Treatment of corneal dystrophy is by keratoplasty*", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corneal dystrophy", "opb": "Keratoglobus", "opc": "Keratoconus", "opd": "Peutz-anomalies", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Corneal Dystrophies", "id": "0fb164dc-2099-440a-a5aa-5201bcec1f29", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ruptured globe is suspected if there is", "exp": "Globe rupture Globe rupture is a full-thickness wound of the eye wall caused by a blunt object. Globe rupture may occur in two ways: 1. Direct rupture. 2. Indirect rupture It is more common and occurs because of the compression force. The impact results in momentary increase in the intraocular pressure and an inside-out injury at the weakest pa of eyewall, i.e., in the vicinity of canal of Schlemm concentric to the limbus. The superonasal limbus is the most common site of globe rupture (contrecoup effect-- the lower temporal quadrant being most exposed to trauma). Rupture of the globe may be associated with prolapse of uveal tissue, vitreous loss, intraocular haemorrhage, decreased IOP and dislocation of the lens. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-407", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proptosis", "opb": "Subluxation of lens", "opc": "Blow-out fracture", "opd": "Chemosis, haemorrhage, decreased IOP", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "72ccf44b-b083-496a-9f72-67ecef71087b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Latanoprost acts in glaucoma by", "exp": "Prostaglandin derivative Latanoprost(0.005%): It is a synthetic drug which is an ester analogue of prostaglandin F2-a. It acts by increasing uveoscleral outflow and by causing reduction in episcleral venous pressure. It is as effective as timolol. It has additive effect with pilocarpine and timolol. Its duration of action is 24 hours and is, thus, administered once daily. Its side-effects include conjunctival hyperaemia, foreign body sensation and increased pigmentation of the iris. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-427", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increasing trabecular outflow", "opb": "Increasing uveoscleral outflow", "opc": "Releasing pupillary block", "opd": "Decreasing aqueous humour production", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "2ab8db6f-6ca9-4fd2-a0d9-eeb6f1a30b0f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In recurrent chalazion, histopathological examination is done to rule out", "exp": "(A) Sebaceous cell carcinoma) (430-Nema 6th, 457 - Parson 21st)Chalazion* MALIGNANT CHANGES OCCUR BUT RARE. HOWEVER IN ALL CASES WITH RECURRENCES OR THOSE OCCURRING IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS THE LESION SHOULD BE BIOPSIED TO RULE OUT A MEIOBOMIAN CELL CARCINOMA (444-PARSON 21STl* A recurring chalazion, histopathological examination to rule out adenocarcinoma of the meiobomiangland (417,430- Nelson 6th).* Meibomian gland carcinoma may be seen in elderly people (368-Khurana 5th).* Sebaceous gland carcinoma (385 Khurana 5th) arising from meibomian glands. However Indian Literature reports the sebaceous gland carcinoma being the commonest malignancy of eyelid followed by basal and squamous cell carcinoma.Common malignant tumours of the eyelidTypeCommon locationClinical featuresSpreadTherapyBasal cell carcinomaMedial canthus / lower lidNodule, central ulceration with pearly surface, telangiectasiaLocalResection, radiationSquamous cell carcinomaLower lid, from previous actinic keratosisUlcer with thickened margins, keratosisLocal, lymph nodesResection, radiation cryotheraphySebaceous cell carcinomaUpper lidPapillomatous Nodule resembling chalazion, multifocal, females > males, recurrences commonLocal,Intraepithelial lymph nodesResection, cryotheraphy exenterationMalignant melanomaPrevious nevi>6 mm size pigmented lesion, vascularization, inflammationLocal, vascular, lymph nodesResection, exenteration", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sebaceous gland carcinoma", "opb": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opc": "Adenocystic carcinoma", "opd": "Basal cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lid", "id": "6b4a9d60-ed5d-4ffd-ae7a-9d1bc44d79e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Synchysis means", "exp": "Synchysis means Liquefaction of the vitreous.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pale bony disc", "opb": "Detachment of vitreous", "opc": "Liquefaction of the vitreous", "opd": "Black spots in front of the eyes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "709eface-fc20-487e-bc20-9bfb41c0d9c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optic foramen is located between", "exp": "Optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal present between two roots of lesser wing of sphenoid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Between greater & lesser wing of sphenoid", "opb": "Between two roots of lesser wing of sphenoid", "opc": "Between two roots of greater wing of sphenoid", "opd": "Between ethmoidal and frontal bones", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e6f96a2d-42fd-467c-9fce-39ccf3c0effa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Degree of diabetic retinopathy depends on", "exp": "B i.e. Duration of disease The presence & degree of diabetic retinopathy is more closely related to the duration of disease than to its severityQ. Duration of disease is the most impoant and best predictor Q of diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic retinopathy aeriolar changes consist of narrowing Q (not dilation) silver-wiring and obliteration resembling branch retinal aery occlusion. And venous changes are bending, looping and sausage like segmentation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type of disease", "opb": "Duration of disease", "opc": "Severity of disease", "opd": "Retinal involvement", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "474f1470-a48c-4760-b496-c34163905393", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 19 year old young girl with previous history of repeated pain over medial canthus and chronic use of nasal decongestants, presented with abrupt onset of fever with chills & rigor, diplopia on lateral gaze, moderate proptosis & chemosis. On examination optic disc is congested. Most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis Repeated pain over medial canthus and chronic use of nasal decongestants suggest chronic ethmoidal sinusitis. Patient's other symptoms suggest that she has landed up in complicated sinusitis Now lets see the symptoms one by one ? There is sudden onset of ? - Chills & rigor Systemic symptoms - Diplopia on lateral gaze --> s/o VI C.N. (abducent) involvement leading to lateral rectus palsy - Proptosis & chemosis b/o venous congestion - Optic disc congestion So, among the given options ? Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) can be ruled out as visual loss is often the initial manifestations of an OAS (not seen in this patient). Orbital apex syndrome *Orbital apex syndrome is caused by any etiology (infective, neoplastic,granulomatous inflammation or traumatic) that involves the structures in the orbital apex (posterior orbit). Orbital apex consists of the superior orbital fissure + optic canal. Thus so: Orbital apex syndrome Superior orbital fissure syndrome + optic nerve signs *Superior orbital fissure syndrome is caused by involvement of all extraocular peripheral nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure i.e. III, IV, VI, & VI. *Orbital apex syndrome is characterized by: - Ophthalmoplegia (due to paresis of III, IV, VI, & VI cranial nerves), - Ptosis, - Anaesthesia in the region supplied by ophthalmic division of Vth nerve (decreased corneal sensation and -Early visual loss and afferent papillary defect (caused by optic nerve involvement). The remaining two options; cavernous sinus thrombosis & orbital cellulitis can impose adignostic difficulty. Both of these have almost similar presentation with some differences. Abrupt onset of chills & rigor, mod. proptosis and lateral gaze palsy our cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST). In orbital cellulitis onset is slow & systemic features are mild & there is restricted ocular movement in all directions from the beginning. Optic disc congestion & vision loss in late stages are found both in CST & orbital cellulitis. Differences in CST, Orbital cellulitis & OAS Clinical features CST Orbital Cellulitis OAS Onset Abrupt Slow Slow Systemic features Marked Mild Mild Laterality Initially unilateral, but can become bilateral in more than 50% cases Unilateral Unilateral Proptosis Moderate Marked Mild to moderate Chemosis Moderate Marked Mild Vision Not affected in early stages Not affected in early stages Lost in early stages Ophthalmo- plegia Sequential & complete -4 lateral gaze palsy to sta with ,as 6th C.N. is involved first* Concurrent & complete Concurrent & complete Edema in mastoid region Present (Diagnostic sign) Absent Absent *6th cranial nerve passes through the cavernous sinus (separated only by endothelial lining), so is involved first in CST.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis", "opb": "Orbital cell ulitis", "opc": "Acute Ethmoidal sinusitis", "opd": "Orbital apex syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1a43496-e8a7-4ccf-bbbf-d39622d40179", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cause of pulsating proptosis", "exp": "Causes of Pulsatile Proptosis Caroticocavernous fistula Aneurysms of Ophthalmic aery Transmitted cerebral pulsation from deficient orbital roof like congenital meningocele / meningo-encephalocele", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lymphoma", "opb": "Caroticocavernous fistula", "opc": "Orbital cellulitis", "opd": "Mucocele of paranasal sinuses", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit and Adnexa", "id": "647078c9-5b77-4971-81cb-117368389ff1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After an Extra capsular cataract extraction, spectacles can be prescribed at", "exp": "After an ECCE, the spectacle correction can be done at 6 weeks which is how long it takes for the corneo-scleral wound to heal and for refraction to be stable. If the post operative course is normal sutures to be removed at 3-4 weeks.", "cop": 2, "opa": "3 weeks", "opb": "6 weeks", "opc": "10 weeks", "opd": "14 weeks", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cataract Surgery", "id": "82d5c0f7-ca39-474a-818b-6a3c1920aaee", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ideal fluid for irrigation during ECCE is", "exp": "Balanced salt solution with glutathione resembles the aqueous most and hence the most ideal", "cop": 4, "opa": "Normal saline to dextrose", "opb": "Normal saline", "opc": "Balanced salt solution", "opd": "Balanced salt solution + glutathione", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "07ab231b-65c3-42f0-a8dd-40250d2d268d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rosettes found at the lidmargin are a feature of", "exp": "Anterior lid margin shows dilated blood vessels (rosettes) is seen in Bacterial Blepharitis (Ulcerative blepharitis).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Squamous blepharitis", "opb": "Bacterial blepharitis", "opc": "Stye", "opd": "Chalazion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae737208-e484-479c-97e2-e7d354b078e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ideal rehabilitation for aphakia is", "exp": "D i.e. Posterior chamber intraocular lens", "cop": 4, "opa": "Spectacle", "opb": "Contact lens", "opc": "Anterior chamber intraocular lens", "opd": "Posterior chamber intraocular lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23d3bd15-8d37-4221-b6b9-30164e65ab6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 33 year old man presents to AIIMS ophthalmology OPD with pain and watering of eyes. On examination there was a 3X2 mm greyish white corneal ulcer with indistinct elevated margins. The lesion is surrounded by feathery finger like infiltration into the adjacent corneal stroma. Minimal hypopyon is also observed. Based on the information provided the microbiological investigation should be directed against", "exp": "Ans. (a) Aspergillus spp.Ref: Kanski 7/e, p. 180 - 181Feathery margins with hypopyon is indicative of a fungal ulcer and the most common cause for it is Aspergillus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aspergillus spp.", "opb": "Pseudomonas spp.", "opc": "Herpes simpex virus", "opd": "Acanthamoeba spp", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "e682b8ca-d7c6-4673-972d-65d421808bf9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratometry is useful in measuring", "exp": "A i.e. Corneal curvature Keratometry or opthalmometry is objective method of estimating the corneal astigmatism by measuring curvature of cornea Q. Its readings are not of much value in routine refraction for prescribing glasses but are of utmost value for prescribing, contact lens and for calculating the power of intraocular lens to be implanted. Examination Done by Corneal thickness Patchymeter Corneal endothelium (the normal cell density is r.:., 3000-4000 cells/mm 2) Specular microscope Corneal curvature Keratometer Q Corneal sheen (shining or polish) Placido's disc examination (there is loss of sharpness of the outline of image of circles) Corneal surface Placido's disc, window reflex, slit lamp biomicroscopy Corneal staining Fluorescein stain: corneal ulcer is stained brilliant green. Alcian blue: stains excess mucus selectively Bengal rose 1% (with Xylocaine 2%): stain diseased & devitalized cells red", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corneal curvature", "opb": "Corneal thickness", "opc": "Corneal diameter", "opd": "Depth of anterior chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ef627c8-e4d9-4bd4-8a94-3a7b861ce6a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of Homer syndrome", "exp": "A i.e. Exophthalmos", "cop": 1, "opa": "Exophthalmos", "opb": "Ptosis of upper eyelid", "opc": "Miosis", "opd": "Conjuctival congestion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "67e427b9-3447-4b25-883e-25c504dea8a2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The depth of anterior chamber of the eye at the center is", "exp": "Anterior chamber It is bounded anteriorly by the back of cornea, and posteriorly by the anterior surface of iris and pa of ciliary body. The anterior chamber is about 2.5 mm deep in the centre in normal adults. It is slightly shallower in hypermetropes and deeper in myopes. It contains about 0.25 ml of aqueous humor. It communicates with posterior chamber through pupil. Reference : A.K.Khurana; 6th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "2.5mm", "opb": "3mm", "opc": "3.5mm", "opd": "4mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "0d070dec-5fa5-4043-a30e-513ce6839310", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal dystrophies are", "exp": "B i.e. Primary & bilateral", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary & unilateral", "opb": "Primary & bilateral", "opc": "Primary, bilateral with systemic disease", "opd": "Primary, unilateral without systemic disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d247e39c-25ff-4ae3-88e1-71f7a2c2cd96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The magnification obtained with a direct ophthalmoscope is", "exp": "The image formed is erect, viual and about 15 times magnified in an emmetrope. Reference : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4 ,Page-565", "cop": 3, "opa": "5 times", "opb": "10 times", "opc": "15 times", "opd": "20 times", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "6e0fa01e-e534-438f-b17c-4b4b4cb71008", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria that Cannot penetrate intact Cornea among the following is", "exp": "Bacteria which can penetrate intact Cornea are:\n\nCorynebacterium diphtheriae\nNeisseria gonorrhoea\nNeisseria meningitidis\nShigella\nHaemophilus\nListeria", "cop": 4, "opa": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opb": "Neisseria gonorrhoea", "opc": "Shigella", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc0c9839-1dc7-4da2-a9b3-d23b08d80266", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle upon lateral gaze is explained by", "exp": "A i.e. Sherrington's law", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sherrington's law", "opb": "Hering's law", "opc": "Laplace law", "opd": "Hick's law", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "02b56e1d-0bbb-4e12-a734-1bf586d338cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for Bilateral retinoblastoma", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Tumor destruction therapy", "opb": "Cryotherapy", "opc": "VEC regimen", "opd": "Enucleation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "881fcb6d-4864-4127-8aa2-27dd15dae3ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of unilateral proptosis in children is", "exp": "M/C cause in children - Orbital cellulitis.\nM/C cause in adults - Thyroid ophthalmopathy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thyroid ophthalmopathy", "opb": "Orbital cellulitis", "opc": "Chloroma", "opd": "Neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db4c6154-25f3-414e-947e-35e1ccd28c87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Herbe's pits are seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 67 - 71)Signs of TrachomaConjunctival signs:- Congestion, conjunctival follicles (boiled sagograin like), Papillary hyperplasia, conjunctival scarring (Arlt's line), concretionCorneal signs: superficial keratitis, Herbe follicles, Pannus, corneal ulcer, Herbe pits, Corneal opacity", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Spring catarrh", "opc": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "opd": "Sarcoidosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "eb2183f3-8ada-434e-a0c9-569a7f2d3aaa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hereditary retinoblastoma develop from the following chromosomal deletions", "exp": "Most commonly retinoblastoma sporadic. Most common mode of inheritance is heriditaery retinoblastoma is autosomal dominant", "cop": 1, "opa": "13q 14", "opb": "13 p 14", "opc": "14 p 13", "opd": "14 q 13", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "66912295-b272-4b20-98ba-0dc468364806", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Cataract, spectacles are advised after following number of weeks after operation", "exp": "A i.e. 6 weeks", "cop": 1, "opa": "6 weeks", "opb": "10 weeks", "opc": "12 weeks", "opd": "14 weeks", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcf2c438-1701-40ef-a841-196b94a8f51e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Iris bombe\" occurs due to", "exp": "Posterior synechiae extending for 360 degrees around the pupil (seclusio pupillae), prevent the passage of aqueous from the posterior to the anterior chamber. This gives rise to forward bowing of the peripheral iris causing an 'iris bombe'. This may lead to elevation of IOP due to secondary angle closure by the peripheral iris.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adherent Glaucoma", "opb": "Anterior Synechiae", "opc": "Posterior Synechiae", "opd": "Ring synechiae", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "42c090c7-9712-4ec7-bdaa-83b7cf1d7c68", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of amblyopia in a 3 year old child is", "exp": "B i.e. Occlusion of one eye Occlusion of the normal eye, to encourage use of the amblyopic eye, is the most effective treatment of amblyopia. Q Occlusion Therapy The sensitive period during which amblyopia can be reserved is upto 7-8 years in strabismic amblyopia & longer (upto 11-12 years) for anisometropic amblyopiaQ. The amblyopia must be detected & treated by 3 or 4 years of age for best results.Q The younger the patient, the more rapid the improvement, although the greater the risk of inducing amblyopia in the normal eye. It is therefore impoant to monitor visual acuity in both eyes during treatment. The better the visual acuity at the sta of occlusion, the shoer the duration required. If there is no improvement after 6 months of occlusion, fuher treatment is unlikely to be fruitful. Duration of occlusion - 1 week for 1 year old child - 2 weeks in 2 year old child - 3 weeks in 3 year old child and so on.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ohoptic exercises", "opb": "Occlusion of one eye", "opc": "Prism", "opd": "Surgery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "135cfc29-537b-4b72-bdd1-c739b84ab7c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surgery preferred for severe ptosis with pool levator function", "exp": "Frontalis sling - Tucking upperlid to frontalis muscle with the help of fascia lata or non - absorbable materials.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fasanella - servat", "opb": "levator resection", "opc": "Everbusch's operation", "opd": "Frontalis sling", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f4a748d6-b139-4c5e-9af5-4fdfb0b7a853", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mydriatic used in 3 years old child for refraction is", "exp": "B i.e. 1% Atropine ointment", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 % Atropine drops", "opb": "1 % Atropine ointment", "opc": "1 % Homoatropine drops", "opd": "1 % Tropicamide drops", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f1ef0e2-d26a-462e-9c0b-fb447e25e09a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Patient complains of sudden onset blindness but does not experience any pain, the cause is", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Vitreous haemorrhage", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glaucoma", "opb": "Cataract", "opc": "Vitreous haemorrhage", "opd": "Age related macular degeneration", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d30ee50-63dd-4881-9689-32e780c484a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hyphaema i.e. blood in the anterior chamber is suggestive of", "exp": "Answer- A. Intraocular traumaEtiologyof hnhaemaThe most common causes of hyphema are intraocular surgery, blunt trauma, and lacerating trauma.Hyphemas may also occur spontaneously, without any inciting trauma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intraocular trauma", "opb": "Posterior uveitis", "opc": "Capillary hemangioma of the lid", "opd": "High grade myopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9930e047-32f0-4230-a66d-cd8c7b3a5a9b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tubular vision is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Retinitis pigmentosa", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opb": "Bread crumb cataract", "opc": "Balint syndrome", "opd": "central serous retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "1e407997-872f-4676-918d-4063ee9bf26f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Classical sign of neovascular glaucoma is", "exp": "Ans. (d) Iris neovascularizationRef.: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. /250-51* Neovascular glaucoma results from the formation of a neovacular membane involving the anterior chamber secondary to diffuse retinal hypoxia. There is release of factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from the vitreous which causes formation of abnormal new blood vessels over the iris. The fibrovascular membrane then progressively closes the angle of the anterior chamber.* It is usually associated with neovascularisation of the iris (rubeosis iridis).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinal neovascularization", "opb": "Disc neovascularization", "opc": "Ciliary body neovascularization", "opd": "Iris neovascularization", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Secondary Glaucomas", "id": "cc4d6ae1-974f-4428-9808-138eb51dac5d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NOT a complication of pathological myopia among the following", "exp": "Rhegmatous Retinal detachment is a complication of pathological myopia, not Tractional Retinal detachment.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Complicated cataract", "opb": "Vitreous hemorrhage", "opc": "Tractional Retinal detachment", "opd": "Lacquer cracks", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f94df5f-8a2c-4e82-85b5-5198689f6569", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Site of lesion in Bitemporal hemianopia is", "exp": "C i.e. Optic chiasma", "cop": 3, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Optic tract", "opc": "Optic chiasma", "opd": "Optic radiation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "52e331e8-e9f1-4b33-a8bb-d16a56105fd2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Percentage of silver Nitrate used in Credes method", "exp": "Credes method is used to prevent gonococcal infection in a newborn Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 64", "cop": 1, "opa": "1 percnt", "opb": "0.5Percnt", "opc": "1.5 percnt", "opd": "2 percnt", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "b27b9cdd-4586-435d-9f96-a7ed07eb77f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fleischer ring is due to", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 194)Some confusion exists between Fleisher rings and Kayser-Fleischer (KF) ring. Kayser-Fleischer (KF) rings are caused by copper deposits and are indicative of Wilson's disease, whereas Fleischer rings are caused by iron deposits and are indicative of keratoconus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Iron deposition", "opb": "Copper deposition", "opc": "Aluminum deposition", "opd": "Molybdenum Deposition", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "d6e430b8-6eb9-4470-8c3f-d637fdbdf125", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After cataract surgery glasses are prescribed after", "exp": "After ECCE we prescribe the glasses after 6 weeks where as after is SICS we can prescribe after 2 weeks Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 197", "cop": 2, "opa": "Two weeks", "opb": "6 week", "opc": "12 weeks", "opd": "20 weeks", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "d6246dd5-fc1c-4132-b45b-2b6b78cbb9b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Area of fundus seen with direct ophthalmoscope is", "exp": "Direct ophthalmoscope is the most commonly practiced method for routine fundus examination. Once the retina is focused the details should be examined systematically staing from the disc, blood vessels, the four quadrants of the general background and the macula. Reference:", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 DD", "opb": "2 DD", "opc": "3 DD", "opd": "4 DD", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "d69403b9-1c39-4fe5-803a-171acb5c88e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Steroid induced cataract is", "exp": "Steroid induced cataract occurs due to deposition of mucopolysacharides in the trabecular mesh work", "cop": 1, "opa": "Posterior subscapular", "opb": "Anterior subscapular", "opc": "Nuclear cataract", "opd": "Cupulliform cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "60a1010c-5e53-4997-a870-0549ce3f32ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of anterior staphyloma", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Corneal ulcer Staphyloma Staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of uveal tissue through a weak and thin poion of cornea or sclera. So, a staphyloma is lined internally by uveal tissue and externally by weak cornea or sclera. Staphyloma is divided anatomically into : ? 1. Anterior staphyloma : - Protrusion and adhesion of iris to ectatic cornea. The most common cause is a sloughing corneal ulcer which perforates and heals with the formation of pseudocornea by the organization of exudates and laying down of fibrous tissue. It is lined internally by iris. 2. Intercalary staphyloma : - It occurs at the limbus. It is lined internally by the root of iris and the anterior most poion of the ciliary body. The causes are perforating injuries to limbus, marginal corneal ulcer, anterior scleritis, Scleromalacia perforans, Complicated cataract surgery, secondary angle closure glaucoma. 3. Ciliary staphyloma : - This affects the ciliary zone that includes the region upto 8 mm behind the limbus. The ciliary body is incarcerated in the region of scleral ectasia. Causes are Developmental glaucoma, Primary or secondary glaucoma end stage, scleritis, trauma to ciliary region. 4. Equatorial staphyloma : - This occurs at the equatorial region of the eye with incarceration of the choroid. Causes are scleritis, degenerative myopia and chronic uncontrolled glaucoma. 5. Posterior staphyloma : - Occurs at posterior pole and is lined internally by choroid. Degenerative high axial myopia is the most common cause", "cop": 3, "opa": "High myopia", "opb": "Scleritis", "opc": "Corneal ulcer", "opd": "Trauma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6bcc07b-bc67-4465-9f21-be449bd6681b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distance between nodal point and cornea in Listing's Reduced eye is", "exp": "Answer- A. 7.2mmNodal Point- 7.2 mm behind the anterior corneal surface", "cop": 1, "opa": "7.2mm", "opb": "9mm", "opc": "12mm", "opd": "15.3mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d70c86d2-ee27-40ed-8978-3101c9e36b60", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypersecretory glaucoma is seen in", "exp": "Epidemic dropsy causes hypersecretory glaucoma Epidemic dropsy results from use of edible oils adulterated with Argemone oil. Hypersecretion glaucoma was described as a distinct clinical entity by Becker et al. The condition usually occurs in middle aged females with neurogenic hypeension and labile personality. It is characterised by intermittent or persistent rises of intraocular pressure in absence of disordered out-flow facility Reference: khurana 6th edition pg 446", "cop": 3, "opa": "Diabetes", "opb": "Hypeension", "opc": "Epidemic dropsy", "opd": "Marfans syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "7a2b622a-09b0-4bec-80ce-bbfa598c63e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common bacteria associated with conjunctivitis is", "exp": "Ans. Staphylococcus aureus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "opc": "Haemophilus influenzae", "opd": "Neisseria gonorrhoea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff12a8ba-f23c-4eda-9830-69963006dee8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ciliary staphyloma is seen in", "exp": "Answer: a) Absolute glaucoma (PARSON 22nd ED, P-223)STAPHYLOMA* Localized bulging of weak & thin outer tunic of eyeball (cornea or sclera), lined by uveal tissue* Anterior staphyloma> An ectasia of pseudocornea> Most common cause - sloughing corneal ulcer which perforatesIntercalary staphylomaCiliary staphylomaEquatorial staphylomaPosterior staphyloma* Located at the limbus* Lined by root of iris* May be associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma* Located upto 8mm behind limbus* Lined by ciliary body.* Bulge of sclera lined by choroid in the equatorial region (14mm behind limbus)* Bulge of sclera, lined by choroid, behind the equatorial region* Not visible externally CausesCauses:* Perforating injury* Marginal corneal ulcer* Anterior ScleritisCauses* Perforating injury* Scleritis* Absolute glaucomaCauses* Scleritis* Pathological myopia* Degenerative myopiamcc* Posterior scleritis* Perforating injury", "cop": 1, "opa": "Absolute glaucoma", "opb": "Pathological myopia", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "Episcleritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "e5ebd831-8ec6-4550-9de8-84eed370a303", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A young adult presented with diminished vision. On examination he has anterior uveitis, vtritis, focal necrotizing granuloma & macular spot. Probable diagnosis is", "exp": "D i.e. Ocular toxoplasmosis Ocular toxoplasmosis presents with localized necrotizing chorioretinitis involving macula, satellite lesions, spill over granular anterior uveitis, vitritisQ (1/t head light in fog appearance) with floaters (d/t vitritis), diminished vision(2, pain, redness and photophobia in young adults/ infantsQ. Panuveitis is commonly caused by VKH syndrome, sympathetic ophthalmia, sarcoidosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasisQ and endophthalmitis. Ocular Toxoplasmosis Ocular toxoplasmosis presents with necrotizing chorio-retinitis (destroying choroid & retina producing punched out heavily pigmented macular scar), satellite lesion (solitary inflammatory focus near old pigmented scar), spill over anterior uveitis (may be granular resembling Fuchs syndrome) and severe vitritis (so dense as to prohibit an adequate view of posterior segment i.e. head light in fog appearance). It usually presents in infants or adults between ages of 10-and 35 years. Bilateral macular involvement is common (in immune compromised). - Diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is often made by clinical features alone. Active toxoplasmosis typically manifests localized necrotizing retinitis. The classical lesion is a grey white focus of retinal necrosis at the edge of pre existing pigmented chorioretinal scar. The entire thickness of choroid and retina is destroyed in a necrotizing inflammation so that a punched out heavily pigmented scar remains (often misdiagnosed White dot syndromes are caused by inflammation at the level of choriocapillaries resulting in non perfusion as congenital coloboma). In infants it is frequently a/w acute illness, convulsions, meningeal changes, hydrocephalus, calcification in brain and mental retardation. Diagnostic tests include demonstration of parasite, Sabin-Feldman dye test (serological test require live T. gondii organism with a titer >1:16), complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination test and ELISA for IgG & IgM. - and secondary changes of choroid & outer retina. It includes multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis, punctuate inner choroidopathy, serpiginous choroidopathy, progressive subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome, acute macular neuroretinopathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. - MEWDS is usually unilateral, self limiting disease predominantly involving females in 3,1-4th decade with sudden onset of decreased central vision & photopsia. It presents with mild vitritis, numerous tiny deep ill defined grey white dots at posterior pole and mid periphery. The blind spot is enlarged. The macula is spared but has a characteristic granular orange appearance which renders the foveal reflex abnormal or absent( 2. Over several weeks central vision recovers, dots fade. Fovea granularity may remain and enlarged blind spot may take much longer to diminish in size. Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis is usually bilateral, recurrent / chronic, frequently asymmetrical disease that predominantly affects myopic females in their 3rd -4th decade with blurring of central vision, floater and photopsia. It presents with vitritis (universal), anterior uveitis (50%), and active lesions (bilateral, multiple, discrete, ovoid, yellowish grey) involving the posterior pole & periphery and arranged in clumps or linear streaks (Schlagel lines). Inactive lesions have sharp punched out margins and pigmented borders. Mild disc edema, disc enlargement and peripapillary fibrosis simulating napkin holder may develop.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proteus syndrome", "opb": "White dot syndrome", "opc": "Multifocal choroiditis", "opd": "Ocular toxoplasmosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f99fe1c8-400f-4922-8591-81ce13a63cc5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The least physiological test for BSV", "exp": "Ans. (b) Bagolini striated glassesRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 751Most physiological and least dissociating test - Bagolini striated glasses testLeast physiological and most dissociating test - After image test", "cop": 2, "opa": "Worth four dot test", "opb": "Bagolini striated glasses", "opc": "Synoptophore", "opd": "After image testing", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Strabismus", "id": "abd3be03-6513-484b-a0cf-5b378ff129e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Typical iris coloboma is located at", "exp": "Iris coloboma :\n\nIt is congenital malformation due to failure to closure of choroidal or fetal tissue.\nMost common site is infero - nasal quadrant.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Supero - temporal quadrant", "opb": "Supero - nasal quadrant", "opc": "Infero - temporal quadrant", "opd": "Infero - nasal quadrant", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c53eb90-e07c-4579-bb55-55aae52bd045", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Altitudnal Field Defects are seen in", "exp": "Non aeritic AION Impoant Points on Visual Pathway Lesions 1. Optic nerve lesion I/l direct and c/ L consensual reflex gone Causes *Optic atrophy/ optic neuritis, Avulsion optic nerve 2. Middle Chiasmal syndrome/ Central Chiasmal lesion Saggital chiasma lesion Bitemporal hemianopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Non Aeritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy", "opb": "Lateral Geniculate Body lesions", "opc": "Optic nerve lesion", "opd": "Optic Chiasma Lesion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Squint", "id": "ee6a612d-ef0d-49b4-86c8-48325f11f9ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indirect ophthalmoscopy is done for", "exp": "Applications: Indirect ophthalmoscopy is essential for the assessment and management of retinal detachment and other peripheral retinal lesions. It allows 3 D stereoscopic view of the lesion . It also depicts the presence of shifting fluid,which is pathognomic of exudative retinal detachment. Reference : A K KHURANA Comprehensive Ophthalmology edition 4; page-567", "cop": 2, "opa": "Central retina", "opb": "Periphery of retina", "opc": "Sclera", "opd": "Angle of anterior chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "8ae2fbb6-e61e-41e4-84d5-5b7f027ce6f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Strabismic amblyopia is more common in patients with", "exp": "Strabismic amblyopia: It results from prolonged uniocular suppression in children with unilateral constant squint who fixate with normal eye. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-319", "cop": 4, "opa": "Latent squint", "opb": "Intermittent squint", "opc": "Alternate squint", "opd": "Constant squint", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "773303e4-827e-4550-8e53-76b323c8c5e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scleritis is commonly seen with", "exp": "Ans. (b) Rheumatoid arthritisRef: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. /141, Khurana 4th ed./129* Scleritis is chronic inflammation of the sclera. Most commonly seen in elderly females (40-70 years).* Scleritis is associated with autoimmune collagen disorders, most commonly with rheumatoid arthritis.* Other causes can be PAN, SLE, ankylosis spondylitis, Wegeners granulomatosis, thyrotoxicosis, TB, syphillis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reiter s syndrome", "opb": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "opc": "Ankylosing spondylitis", "opd": "Wegners syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Sclera)", "id": "126d96c4-c680-4725-8e06-8e774b837b3b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Berlin's oedema occurs due to", "exp": "Also called commotio retinae is oedema at the macula due to blunt trauma .It present as cherry red spot at the macula Refer khurana 6/e 431", "cop": 2, "opa": "Penetrating injury to eye", "opb": "Blunt trauma to eye", "opc": "Radiation injury to eye", "opd": "Chemical injury to eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "613fd2c0-78e5-4987-bb93-b945d8f09ab9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thinnest pa of lens is", "exp": "Lens capsule is a thin, transparent, hyaline membrane surrounding the lens which is thicker over the anterior than the posterior surface. The lens capsule is thickest at pre-equator regions(14u) and thinnest at the posterior pole (3u) Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:179", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior pole", "opb": "Posterior pole", "opc": "Posterior capsule", "opd": "Apex", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "5e69a5de-ae21-4217-9cf1-8d3ecee9db9d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual field defect seen in Optic chiasma damage is", "exp": "Bitemporal Hemianopia Saggital chiasma lesion Bitemporal hemianopia Paial descending optic atrophy Causes *Suprasellar aneurysm *Tumors of pitutory gland *Craniopharyngioma *Suprasellar meningioma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "opb": "Pie in the floor (inferior Quadrantanopia)", "opc": "Pie in the sky (superior Quadrantanopia)", "opd": "Binasal Hemianopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Squint", "id": "dc30277c-c37f-4177-ba79-2a71cddad299", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hutchinson's rule is related to", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 110, 166) *Hutchinson's rule:- In herpes zoster ophthalmicus, the involvement of the tip of the nose, supplied by external nasal nerve (a terminal branch of nasociliary nerve), signifies increase the risk of ocular involvement (uveitis).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Herpes simplex keratitis", "opb": "Mycotic keratitis", "opc": "Herpes zoster Ophthalmicus", "opd": "Vernal keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "afa44b41-1852-4bb5-948e-9a15fec33704", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the grading of trachoma, follicular stage is defined as the presence of", "exp": "WHO classification for Trachoma &;FISTO&;: 1. TF: Trachomatous inflammation-follicular. It is the stage of active trachoma with predominantly follicular inflammation. To diagnose this stage at least five or more follicles (each 0.5 mm or more in diameter) must be present on the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Fuher, the deep tarsal vessels should be visible through the follicles and papillae. 2. TI : Trachomatous inflammation intense. This stage is diagnosed when pronounced inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva obscures more than half of the normal deep tarsal vessels. 3. TS: Trachomatous scarring. This stage is diagnosed by the presence of scarring in the tarsal conjunctiva. These scars are easily visible as white, bands or sheets (fibrosis) in the tarsal conjunctiva. 4. TT: Trachomatous trichiasis. TT is labelled when at least one eyelash rubs the eyeball. Evidence of recent removal of inturned eyelashes should also be graded as trachomatous trichiasis. 5. CO: Corneal opacity. This stage is labelled when easily visible corneal opacity is present over the pupil. This sign refers to corneal scarring that is so dense that at least pa of pupil margin is blurred when seen through the opacity. The definition is intended to detect corneal opacities that cause significant visual impairment (less than 6/18). Reference :- A K KHURANA 7th edition ; page:-66", "cop": 3, "opa": "Three or more foliicles in the lower tarsal conjunctiva", "opb": "Five or more follicles in the lower tarsal conjunctiva", "opc": "Five or more follicles in the upper tarsal conjunctiva", "opd": "Three or more follicles in the upper tarsal conjunctiva", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "701d8878-c6c0-4f02-bf10-358364339d88", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Argyll Robeson pupil results from the lesion of", "exp": "Argyll Robeson pupil (ARP): Here the pupil is slightly small in size and reaction to near reflex is present but light reflex is absent, i.e., there is light near dissociation (to remember, the acronym ARP may stand for 'accommodation reflex present'). It is caused by a lesion (usually neurosyphilis) in the region of tectum. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-293", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tectum region", "opb": "Ciliary ganglion", "opc": "Lateral geniculate body", "opd": "Accessory ganglion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "76078b32-5308-499b-82e0-091873e02b66", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pinhole is used to neutralize refractive error till", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "2D", "opb": "4D", "opc": "6D", "opd": "3D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c198530-bba5-4cc9-829a-88d9c7c1ad5d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cupuliform cataract stas from", "exp": "Answer- A. Posterior subcapsular regionCupulifurm senile coical cataract (Posterior subcapsular) : Here a saucer shaped opacity develops just below the capsule. Usually in the central pa of posterior coex (posterior subcapsular cataract), which gradually extend outwards.Cupuliform cataract lies right in the pathway ofthe axial rays and thus causes an early loss of visual acuity.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Posterior subcapsular region", "opb": "Anterior capsule", "opc": "Near nucleus", "opd": "Annularly", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e5f2e078-22cb-46bb-b775-d2e1e240ab0d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sympathetic ophthalmitis is due to", "exp": "Sympathetic Ophthalmitis* Bilateral granulomatous panuveitis after penetrating trauma with prolapsed of uvea* Injured eye - exciting eye; normal fellow- sympathizing eye* Causes: penetrating injury, intraocular surgeries, cyclophotocoagulation, cyclocryotherapy* Site of injury: involving CB, iris and lens capsule* Pathogenesis: Autoimmunity against uveal pigments * Dalen Fuchs Nodules - granulomas between Bruchs and RPE* Earliest Symptom: Loss of accommodation* Earliest Sign: Retrolental flare and cells, KPs at the back of cornea* Enucleation of the injured eye within 10 days only in eyes with a hopeless visual prognosis* Treatment: Topical and systemic steroids", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blunt trauma", "opb": "Penetrating trauma", "opc": "Chemical injury", "opd": "Retained intra ocular Iron foreign body", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Trauma", "id": "4e292c52-99ef-4c2d-ac8d-e089ef9711e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The type of synechiae in iris bombe is", "exp": "A. i.e. Ring", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ring", "opb": "Total", "opc": "Goniform", "opd": "Filiform", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1bf7dc12-8e49-44c5-b887-eb64e2a3a510", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Synchysis refers to", "exp": "VITREOUS LIQUEFACTION (SYNCHYSIS) Vitreous liquefaction (synchysis) is the most common degenerative change in the vitreous. Causes of liquefaction: 1. Degenerations such as senile, myopic, and that associated with retinitis pigmentosa. 2. Post-inflammatory, paicularly following uveitis. 3. Trauma to the vitreous which may be mechanical (blunt as well as perforating). 4. Thermal effects on vitreous following diathermy, photocoagulation and cryocoagulation. 5. Radiation effects may also cause liquefaction. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-244", "cop": 3, "opa": "Collapse of the vitreous", "opb": "Black spots in front of the eyes", "opc": "Liquefaction of the vitreous", "opd": "Detachment of the vitreous", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "024fa1a0-4c04-4a69-aea9-f26b971df0cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Large pituitary tumour results in", "exp": "(C) Bitemporal hemianopia # Visual field defects are caused by tumor compression on the optic nerve or chiasm leading to axonal damage.> Depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the anatomical relationship of the chiasm to the pituitary stalk, the severity and symmetry of the visual field defect may vary.> Monocular Visual Field Deficits: Asymmetric tumors may preferentially involve one side of the chiasm or an optic nerve, and most commonly presents as a supertemporal quadrantanopia. The incidence of pituitary adenomas presenting as monocular visual field defects was reported to be 9% (in a series of 1,000 patients). If the presenting symptom is sudden monocular visual loss, a pituitary adenoma may be acutely missed, as other more common etiologies are evaluated. Another consideration for sudden monocular visual loss is pituitary apoplexy, though visual field evaluation is often deferred due to the emergent nature of this condition. Monocular temporal hemianopia are not always indicative of a pituitary tumor. These defects, especially in the setting of no Relative afferent pupillary defect or optic atrophy, may suggest functional (non-organic) vision loss. Functional vision loss in the setting of a monocular temporal hemianopsia can be confirmed by the persistence of the temporal hemianopia on binocular visual field testing.> Chiasmal Field Deficits: Characteristically lesions at the level of the optic chiasm produce a bitemporal hemianopia. Pituitary adenomas, which grow upward from the pituitary stalk, compress the chiasm from below, which preferentially involves the inferior, nasal, and macular nerve fibers. This corresponds to superior, bitemporal, and central vision loss. While these field defects typically respect the vertical midline, pituitary adenomas large enough to cause compression tend to also reduce visual acuity and cause diffuse central depression on automated and Goldmann perimetry. In prefixed chiasms or tumors that preferentially grow posteriorly, selective compression of macular fibers may cause a bitemporal hemianopsia involving the central visual field while sparing the peripheral field.> Junctional Field Deficits:- Phenomenon of a central scotoma in one eye with temporal visual field loss in the other eye has been termed a junctional scotoma. Anatomical correlate to this visual field pattern has been suggested by some as compression to an anterior loop to the decus- sating nasal fibers within the posterior optic nerve.> This explanation, called \"Wilbrand's knee,\" is debated within the literature; regardless of the cause, multiple studies nave proven that this visual field phenomenon localizes the lesion to the anterior chiasm and posterior optic nerve.> While junctional field defects have been the presenting sign of pituitary adenomas, it is more commonly seen in other etiologies (meningioma, aneurysm, inflammation).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Unilateral quadrantanopia", "opb": "Increase in blind spot only", "opc": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "opd": "Binasal hemianopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "0768f355-af2e-4c34-97c0-6ff57d8a9b30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common lid sign associated with Grave's ophthalmopathy is", "exp": "Ans. Dalrymple's sign", "cop": 2, "opa": "Von Graefe's sign", "opb": "Dalrymple's sign", "opc": "Stellwag's sign", "opd": "Rosenbach's sign", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9caf6ff9-6b5e-4a15-bc09-7084907b5063", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum cones are seen in", "exp": "Optic disc, 1.5 mm in size, is responsible for blind spot of Mariotte Rods and cones are sensory end organs of vision Rods are absent in the foveal region. Ganglion cell layer is thickest in the macular region. Foveola is the most sensitive pa of retina. It contains only cones and their nuclei covered by a thin internal limiting membrane. There are 3 types of cones Red (maximum number) 65% Green Blue (least number) Cones are packed and tight mosaic hexagonal cells Visual acuity depends upon the density of cone mosaic", "cop": 2, "opa": "Limbus", "opb": "Fovea centralis", "opc": "Macula lutea", "opd": "Blind spot", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "b5627a4b-657f-490d-a257-57a96133ef0d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Windshield wiper syndrome is seen in", "exp": "Windshield wiper syndrome is seen due to malposition of lens: IOL movement to and fro with the movement of head Complications due to Intra ocular lens - UGH Syndrome : Uveitis , glaucoma, Hyphaema syndrome - Sunrise Syndrome (superior subluxation of IOL) - Sunset syndrome (inferior subluxation of IOL) - Lost lens syndrome (Dislocation of lens) - Windshield wiper syndrome", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dislocation of Intra ocular lens", "opb": "Posterior capsular opacification", "opc": "Reaction to lens material", "opd": "Malposition of lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lenses", "id": "91ea5bff-bb95-4b67-b979-9a6190e81028", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common field defect in papillitis is", "exp": "Most common field defect in optic neuritis is a relative central or centrocecal scotoma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "A relative central or centrocecal scotoma", "opb": "Siedel's scotoma", "opc": "Baring of blind spot", "opd": "Tunnel vision", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "921f2dad-72e5-42f7-b218-a046f1440558", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optokinetic nystagmus is due to defect in", "exp": "Optokinetic nystagmus constitutes of saccadic and pursuit movements.\nDefect in OKN indicates parietal lobe lesion.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Frontal lobe", "opb": "Occipital lobe", "opc": "Temporal lobe", "opd": "Parietal lobe", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "44376d5b-ab09-4ce9-90c7-09a8b908170a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient of glaucoma with bronchial asthma presents to the emergency with status asthamaticus, causative agent might have. been", "exp": "B i.e. Timolol eye drop B2 receptors are responsible for bronchodialation, therefore blocking B2 would aggravate asthma and Timolol is nonselective beta blocker (i.e. blocks B1 & B2 both) Topical nonselective 0 blockers (e.g. timolol) are contraindicated in asthma Q, COPD, CHF, sinus bradycardia & AV blocks where as selective pi blockers (e.g. betaxolol) are C/I in sinus bradycardia & atrioventricular blocks only.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pilocarpine eye drop", "opb": "Timolol eye drop", "opc": "Betaxolol eye drop", "opd": "Levobunolol eye drop", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c945a535-720b-49e5-9272-351189e70d28", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NSAID used commonly for topical ocular use is", "exp": "Commonly used topical ocular NSAIDS Ketorolac Flurbiprofen Diclofenac sodium Reference: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 454 - 455", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ibuprofen", "opb": "Aceclofenac", "opc": "Ketorolac", "opd": "Acetaminophen", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "07cc5abe-9ddb-415f-b9fc-ee318b1cfd20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antiglaucoma drug contraindicated in acute uveitis", "exp": "Answer- A. PilocarpineCholinomimletic (Pilocarpine) :- Uveitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pilocarpine", "opb": "Timolol", "opc": "Brimonidine", "opd": "Latanoprast", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f0b0697f-6cda-49a1-8a0d-52e49a4e7a6d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Storiform pattern of tumor cells in histopathology is seen in", "exp": "Storiform or cart wheel pattern are characteristic of fibrous histiocytoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosalcoma", "opc": "Fibrous histiocytoma", "opd": "Medulloepethelioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb3d9507-bcdc-43e1-8b20-c87885a25ea6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aniridia is associated with", "exp": "Nephroblastoma Genetics of Aniridia Aniridia results from abnormal neuroectodermal development secondary to PAX-6 gene mutations at chromosome 1lp13 (locus symbol AN2) PAX-6 gene is the master gene of eye development WT gene responsible for Wilm's tumor is located near AN2 region. Sporadic aniridia may be associated with WAGR syndrome resulting from large deletions of 11p13, which include both the PAX-6 and the adjacent Wilm's tumour locus (WT)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "Hepatoblastoma", "opc": "Nephrobl astoma", "opd": "Medulloblastoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9367c09e-2767-429a-895a-f0516f3b063a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest tumor of lid is", "exp": "D i.e. Basal cell carcinoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adenocarcinoma", "opb": "Malignant melanoma", "opc": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Basal cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f45d6281-8d98-4efa-a4f6-ba769f5e117e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anterior focal point is at distance of in front of cornea in recuded eye", "exp": "Answer- C. 15.7 mmAnterior Focal Point- 15.7 mm", "cop": 3, "opa": "22.6 mm", "opb": "17.2 mm", "opc": "15.7 mm", "opd": "24.13 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0cf248d-5242-44ba-87a8-c19d904b279b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum refractive power is due to the", "exp": "Ans. Anterior surface of cornea", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior surface of lens", "opb": "Posterior surface of lens", "opc": "Anterior surface of cornea", "opd": "Posterior surface of cornea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a7b856eb-240f-448e-b19d-2cd8e0d738b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Typical bilateral inferior subluxation of lens is seen in", "exp": "In homocystinuria the subluxation is inferior nasal where as in marfans syndrome it is superior temporal hyperinsulinemia does not present with subluxation whereas in ocular trauma there is no specific direction Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 198", "cop": 2, "opa": "Marfan syndrome", "opb": "Homocystinuria", "opc": "Hyperinsulinemia", "opd": "Ocular trauma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "c26d34ad-2766-4511-b626-e1c53d25e139", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Trantas spots are seen in", "exp": "VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (VKC) OR SPRING CATARRHIt is a recurrent, bilateral, interstitial, self-limiting, allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva having a periodic seasonal incidence.Signs of vernal keratoconjunctivitis can be described in following three clinical forms:1. Palpebral form: Usually upper tarsal conjunctiva of both eyes is involved. The typical lesion is characterized by the presence of hard, flat-topped, papillae arranged in a &;cobble-stone&; or &;pavement stone&;, fashion. In severe cases, papillae may hyperophy to produce cauliflower like excrescences of &;giant papillae&;. Conjunctival changes are associated with white ropy discharge.2. Bulbar form: It is characterized by (i) dusky red triangular congestion of bulbar conjunctiva in the palpebral area; (ii) gelatinous thickened accumulation of tissue around the limbus; and (iii) presence of discrete whitish raised dots along the limbus (Tranta&;s spots).3. Mixed form. It shows combined features of both palpebral and bulbar forms.Ref. Khurana; 4th edition; Pg no. 74", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vernal conjunctivitis", "opb": "Eczematous conjunctivitis", "opc": "Ophthalmia nodosa", "opd": "Tularaemia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "8504b620-d907-4564-9388-b1ea0ad4e934", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Teiary vitreous is represented by", "exp": "Answer- A. Zonular system\"Teiary vitteous indicates the mnular system. The pimary and secondary vitreous are stages in developmmt of vitreous,However the teiary vitreous i.e. the zonules are named so only because of their proximity to the vitreous.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zonular system", "opb": "Ciliary body", "opc": "Anterior uvea", "opd": "Lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3348d9e8-584a-4782-a40c-fd38a9321ee4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior polymorphous dystrophy", "exp": "Ans. Causes corectopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Causes corectopia", "opb": "Is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion", "opc": "Causes blindness in over 90% of sufferers", "opd": "Can be treated with lamellar corneal grafts", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64b09326-a3e2-459b-8951-5f4829af89b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Voissius ring is seen in the", "exp": "Vossius ring:  It is a circular ring of brown pigment seen on the anterior capsule.\nIt occurs due to striking of the contracted pupillary margin against the crystalline lens.\nIt is always smaller than the size of the pupil.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cornea", "opb": "Anterior capsule of the lens", "opc": "Posterior capsule of the lens", "opd": "Iris", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e99a239-dd47-4f98-a01e-998512f975b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Test for visual acuity in a baby of age <1 year is", "exp": "Test for visual acuity in an infant is Electro retinography.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Electro retinography", "opb": "Electro oculography", "opc": "Snellen's chart", "opd": "Optical Coherence tomography", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "961ff179-5a50-4f2f-9f5b-8811d9b52224", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal endothelial cell count is done by", "exp": "The specular microscope is a special instrument that allows the doctor and photographer to see and record the corneal endothelial cells. Some instruments touch the front or the cornea. Others are non-contact. These instruments take advantage of a bright specular or mirror like image that is created when the angle of the light for photography is at the correct angle. Since the cornea is clear, only a small amount returns to do the photography. It&;s similar to looking at the inside surface of a drinking glass by changing the angle of light. Image : Specular microscopy Reference :- Parsons diseases of eye 23rd edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Slit lamp examination", "opb": "Gonioscopy", "opc": "Keratometry", "opd": "Specular microscopy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "03c75d89-939b-4fc3-976f-d50e85d59ac4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Laser not used in Laser Trabeculplasty among the following", "exp": "YAG laser, 1064 nm acts by photodisruption, rest all act by photocoagulation and hence used in Trabeculplasty.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nd: YAG laser, 532nm", "opb": "Nd: YAG laser, 1064nm", "opc": "Argon laser", "opd": "Diode laser", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "96eb9e85-d69d-4194-ad8d-58eba576fd93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pupil in Ac attack of Ant. Uveitis is", "exp": "D i.e. Constricted and sluggish", "cop": 4, "opa": "Semidilated", "opb": "Large and fixed", "opc": "Irregular & constricted", "opd": "Constricted & sluggish reacting", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e751d50-1c60-4607-a0d4-ae1a0dec753c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest cause of cataract", "exp": "D i.e. Age related Radiation cataract is caused by exposure to almost all types of radiation energy such as infrared or heat (in glass-blowers or glass-workers, and iron-workers), irradiation caused by X-rays, gamma-rays or neutrons (in workers in atomic energy plant, survivors of atomic bomb and in patients inadequately protected during treatment for malignant conditions near eye) and sunlight (especially the ultraviolet A and UV-B components). Microwave radiation has shown to cause cataract in animals. But MRI has no radiation exposure. - Cataract may be caused by chloroquine, coicosteroids, copper metabolism error (Wilson's disease), Calcium decrease (hypocalcemia or hypoparathyroidism or parathyroid tetany), galactosemia, hypo glycemia and diabetes mellitusQ. (Mn- CG=Cataract G) Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in India Q. Senile cataract or age related cataract is the commonest type of acquired cataract Q affecting equally persons of either sex usually above the age of 50 years. Overall incidence of acquired cataract is more than congenital.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hereditary", "opb": "DM", "opc": "Trauma", "opd": "Age related", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6e0e399d-5e3d-4f98-9740-4bc8c330e280", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The focal length of 0.25 m power of the lens is", "exp": "It is measured as reciprocal of the focal length in metres i.e. P = 1/f .  The unit of power is dioptre (D). One dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length one metre.\n\nThe focal length (f) of a lens is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus.\nPower of a lens (P) is defined as the ability of the lens to converge a beam of light falling on the lens.", "cop": 2, "opa": "40 D", "opb": "4 D", "opc": "1/4 D", "opd": "25 D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "907ead56-0365-498f-9865-dee3faa25719", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The commonest complication of topical steroids is", "exp": "A i.e. Glaucoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glaucoma", "opb": "Cataract", "opc": "Ptosis", "opd": "Iritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "12944ab6-fc90-49d0-9c35-f49535d70286", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": ". Aniseikonia refers to", "exp": "Ans. Difference in the image size (retinal image", "cop": 2, "opa": "Difference in the corneal diameter", "opb": "Difference in the image size (retinal image", "opc": "Difference in the refractive power", "opd": "Difference in image colour", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3610d2a-a839-4aeb-834b-6bffd0619eb6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After cataract", "exp": "i.e. (Elschnig's pearls): (201-Khurana 4th) (278-79- Parson 21st)* Elschnig s pearls - in which the vacuolated sub capsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the posterior capsuleSoemmering's ring - in which refer to a thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of capsuleAFTER CATARACT OR SECONDARY CATARACT - It is the opacity which persists or develops after extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE)* YAG - laser capsulotomy is the treatment of choice**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Polychromatic lusture", "opb": "Elschnig's pearls", "opc": "'Bread-crumb' appearance", "opd": "'Snow-flake' cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "4f79134c-c671-4778-9d15-23904694b013", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for acute anterior uveitis is", "exp": "A i.e. Topical steroid", "cop": 1, "opa": "Local steroids", "opb": "Systemic steroid", "opc": "Local Nsaids", "opd": "Systemic NSAIDS", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c261f88-9a40-46d0-beb1-ed3eab97b3bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bilateral proptosis is common in", "exp": "C i.e. A-V communications Cavernous hemangioma, capillary hemangioma, dermoid cyst, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrous histiocytoma, and orbital cellulitisQ mostly cause unilateral proptosis. AV communications eg carotid - cavernous fistula are usually unilateral but may become bilateral (contralateral) alsoQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "A-V communications", "opd": "Orbital cellulitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ce15468-c0e0-40ff-a148-e55f1394cf27", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of proptosis in adults is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 403 - 407)The most common cause of unilateral proptosis in children is orbital cellulitisThe most common cause of unilateral proptosis in adults is thyroid ophthalmopathy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Orbital cellulitis", "opb": "Thyroid ophthalmopathy", "opc": "Carotico-cavernous fistula", "opd": "Trauma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "be1030a6-8951-4cab-9827-96cc35f7291d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Laser used in cutting out cataract capsule is", "exp": "A i.e. Nd:YAG Laser", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nd : YAG laser", "opb": "Argon laser", "opc": "DYE laser", "opd": "Diode", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "779fc337-11a9-4af8-8019-0c80276765cf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Triad of exophthalmos, bone lesions, and diabetes insipidus is a feature of", "exp": "HSCD is associated with multifocal langerhans cell histiocytosis.\nTriad:\n\nExophthalmos\nLytic bone lesions\nDiabetes insipidus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hand-schuller christian disease", "opb": "Craniofacial dysostosis", "opc": "Mickulicz syndrome", "opd": "Letterer - sieve disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "54b30d40-1627-4651-8802-a830f8265401", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "At birth eyes are", "exp": "At birth ayes are Hypermetropic with extra power of +2D to +3D.Emmetropia is achieved at 7 years of age.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Emmetropic", "opb": "Myopic", "opc": "Hypermetropic", "opd": "Presbiopic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "795114e0-477b-4a4d-89a8-5cb6e6e6a4db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optic tract lesions presents with", "exp": "(C) Homonymous hemianopia SITES OF LESIONS CLINICAL FEATURES* Optic NerveComplete loss of vision* Optic tractHomonymous hemianopia* Optic radiationComplete homonymous hemianopia* Proximal part of optic NerveIpsilateral blindness with contralateral hemianopia* Occipital lobeHomonymous hemianopia (usually sparing the macula)* Sagittal lesion of chiasmaBitemporal hemianopia* Lateral optic chiasmaBinasal hemianopia* Temporal lobeQuadrantic homonymous defect> Binasal hemianopia produced due to lesion in Lateral optic chiasma.> LGB lesion produce Homonymous hemianopia with sparing of pupillary reflex.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "opb": "Binasal hemianopia", "opc": "Homonymous hemianopia", "opd": "Superior quadrantic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "96f80498-bdec-4ec0-b2e3-8cef1066b5a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cherry red spot is seen in", "exp": "(A) Tay Sach's disease # CHERRY RED SPOT is seen in central retinal artery occlusion, Tay-Sach's disease, Niemann-Pick's disease, Gaucher's disease and Berlin's oedema.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tay Sach's disease", "opb": "Batten Mayous disease", "opc": "von Gerkie's disease", "opd": "Mucopolysaccharidosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "41481287-25bf-45d2-ae7d-73bc9864f02a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Longest part of optic nerve", "exp": "The optic nerve is about 47- 50 mm in length and can be divided into 4 parts : \nintraocular (1mm), intraorbital (30mm), intracanalicular (6-9mm)and intracranial (10mm).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Intraocular", "opb": "Intracranial", "opc": "Intraorbital", "opd": "Intracranial", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "600d1e8b-b9f7-40d8-9ab8-2f161fc114a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cataract caused due to Blunt trauma to the Eye", "exp": "Cataract caused due to Blunt trauma to the Eye is Rosette cataract.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sunflower cataract", "opb": "Lamellar cataract", "opc": "Rosette cataract", "opd": "Christmas tree cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "494097b3-b697-476c-9aae-21cadc25775e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chalcosis is seen with", "exp": "B i.e. Cu", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pb", "opb": "Cu", "opc": "Fe", "opd": "Hg", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a4162c6-9098-48e6-9a1e-8a85b47f3c33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On ophthalmoscopic examination, retinal hemorrhage is seen as red dots surrounded by white woolly fibers. It is known as", "exp": "Subacute retinitis of Roth: It typically occurs in patients suffering from subacute bacterial endocarditis (SABE). It is characterised by multiple superficial retinal haemorrhages, involving posterior pa pf the fundus. Most of the haemorrhages have a white spot in the centre(Roth's spots) Vision may be blurred due to involvement of the macular region or due to associated papillitis. Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:268", "cop": 1, "opa": "Roth spots", "opb": "Cotton wool spots", "opc": "Rose spots", "opd": "Retinal hemorrhage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "20747f02-bebb-43bb-82d7-836a6b28a8b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 30 year old male patient presented with anterior granulomatous uveitis, ahralgia and respiratory difficulties. Probable diagnosis is", "exp": "A i.e. Ocular sarcoidosis - Bechet's syndrome and HLA B27 associated uveitis are ruled out as both are non granulomatous. Sarcoidosis may cause granulomatous pan-uveitis, periphlebitis (causing candle wax drippingsQ or en taches de bougie), pulmonary lesions (Vt progressive dyspnea, pulmonary HTN & cor pulmonary), skin lesions (erythema nodosum, lupus perniaQ granulomatous deposits), neuropathy, ahritis/ ahralgiaQ (typically symmetrical, involving both large & small joints), bone cysts & renal /liver / lymph node disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ocular sarcoidosis", "opb": "TB", "opc": "Behcet's syndrome", "opd": "HLA B27 Uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f0f6c02-8e8b-472b-a901-e26e41325374", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arden index is related to", "exp": "Electro-oculography is based on the measurement of resting potential of the eye which exists between the cornea (+ve) and back of the eye (-ve). Results of EOG are interpreted by finding out the Arden ratio as follows: Arden ratio = (Maximum height of light peak/Minimum height of dark trough) x 100 Normal curve values are 185 or above. Subnormal curve values are less than 150. Flat curve values are less than 125. Reference: A K KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4 ,page-489,490", "cop": 2, "opa": "ERG (Electroretinogram)", "opb": "EOG (Electroculogram)", "opc": "VER (Visual Evoked response)", "opd": "Perimetry", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "bb1bac2c-7a98-46f5-ba8a-f89fdda51396", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deviation of near vision is conveniently tested by", "exp": "154. Ans. b (Madox wing test) (Ref. Parson Diseases of Eye, 19th/445; Khurana ophthalmology 3rd ed., 300, 311)The-deviation in near, vision is .conveniently tested by. the Maddox wing test, The patient looks through the two slit holes in the eyepieces of instrument. The fields exposed to each eye are separated bya adiaphragm in such a way that they glide tangentially into each other. The right eye sees a white arrow pointing vertically upowards and a red arrow poting to left, while the left eye sees a horizontal roq of figures in white and a vertical row in red. The arrow pointing to the horizontal row of figures and arrow pointing the vertical row should both be at zero; any deviation indicates an esso Or exophoria or a hyperphoria, the amount of which can be read on the scale.DIAGNOSIS OF HETEROPHORIA/LATENT STRABISMUS# Diagnosis of heterophoria/latent strabismus depends on the abolishing fusion so that, with its control, the eyes assume their position of rest.# Several Tests are Available for Assessing This:- Cover test- Madox rod test:# The rod is held in front of the eyes, image of highest point close to eye becomes dissimilar and fusion becomes dissociated.# Tests performance at 6 meter and 35 cm distance.- Maddox wing test (amount of phoria for near - at a distance of 33 cm) can be measured.- Prism vergence test- SynaoptophoreSwinging flash light test# It is performed when relative afferent pathway defect is suspected in one eye (unilateral optic nerve lesion with good vision).# To perform this test, a bright flashlight is shone on to one pupil and constriction is noted.# Then the flash light is quickly moved to swinging to and fro of flashlight is repeated several times while observing the papillary response.# Normally, both pupils constrict equally and the pupil to which light is transferred remains tightly constricted. In the presence of relative afferent pathway defect in one eye, the afferent pupil will dilate when the flash light is moved from the normal eye to the abnormal eye.# This response is called 'Marcus Gunn pupil' or a relative afferent papillary defect (RAPD).# It is the earliest indication of optic nerve disease even in the presence of normal visual acuity.Diplopia Charting# It is indicated in patients complaining of confusion or double vision. In it patient is asked to wear red and green diplopia charting glasses.# Red glass being in front of the right eye and green in front of the left.# Then in a semi-dark room he is shown a fine linear light from distance of 4 ft and asked to comment about the images in primary position and in other positions of gaze. Patient tells about the position and separation of the two images in different fields.Also know:Besides the actual measurement of the deviation in latent strabismus, the strength of the muscles involved should also be tested by forcing them to a maximum effort against prism - prism vergence tests.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Madox rod test", "opb": "Madox wing test", "opc": "Swinging flash light test", "opd": "Diplopia chart test", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Examination of the Eye", "id": "b9666d21-5786-48a7-bf93-4851d4a08096", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retinoblastoma is bilateral in", "exp": "Retinoblastoma: It is a malignant glioma of the retina, usually unilateral, that occurs in young children and usually is hereditary. In about 30 % of patients retinoblastoma is bilateral. The initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellow or white light reflex seen at the pupil (cat's eye reflex).", "cop": 4, "opa": "100 % of cases", "opb": "1 % of cases", "opc": "50 % of cases", "opd": "30 % of cases", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "95f19616-1ba6-474a-9ac1-9fa96ccad686", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluorescein stain is used in the eye to stain", "exp": "Biomicroscopic examination after staining of corneal ulcer with 2 percent freshly prepared aqueous solution of fluorescein dye or sterilized fluorescein impregnated filter paper strip to note site, size, shape, depth, margin, floor, and vascularization of corneal ulcer. On biomicroscopy also note the presence of keratic precipitates at the back of the cornea, depth and contents of the anterior chamber, color and pattern of iris and condition of the crystalline lens. Image : Fluorescein-stained anterior segment images obtained at baseline show a large corneal ulcer. A striking complete healing was observed in the corneal ulcer only 2 weeks after the adjuvant treatment with CoQ10 eye drops. Reference : A K KHURANA Comprehensive Ophthalmology edition 4, page-98", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cornea", "opb": "Retina", "opc": "Choroid", "opd": "Iris", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "c8f644c6-0248-4a83-babf-0e7f4c19bed1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Second sight phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "Second sight - improved in near vision and presbyopia correct itself Nuclear cataract - Hemeralopia (day blindness) - Decreased distant vision - Seconded vision", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nuclear cataract", "opb": "Coical cataract", "opc": "Senile cataract", "opd": "Iridocyclitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cataract", "id": "46c27b5f-1981-417d-80de-415107d9c92c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal endothelial cell count is measured by", "exp": "Corneal endothelium is examined with a specular microscope, Which allows a clear morphological study of endothelial cells including photographic documentation The cell density of endothelium is around 3000 cells/mm2 in young adults, which decreases with advancing age. Image : Specular microscopy Reference : AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 95 - 96", "cop": 1, "opa": "Specular microscope", "opb": "Ophthalmoscope", "opc": "Synoptophore", "opd": "Amsler's grid", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "0a1ff7cd-1028-45ae-a6a1-f74dc55e284a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tumour having a \"Swiss cheese appearance\" is", "exp": "Histologically Adenoid cystic carcinoma shows swiss cheese appearance with cribriform growth.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pleomonphic adenoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opd": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ea6a68d-620c-4855-9667-4a470f086ac0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "UNILATERAL proptosis with BILATERAL sixth nerve palsy", "exp": "IN CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS : Abduscent Nerve has high chance of being affected ref : ak khurana 7th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "cavernous sinus thrombosis", "opb": "thyroid ophthalmopathy", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "Orbital psuedotumour", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cfea28b8-5548-44ff-8fc2-99d8fb2e8b1a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optic nerve glioma is associated with", "exp": "Answer- B. Neurofibromatosis IOpttic nervee glioma (astrocytoma) is the most common intrinsic tumor of the optic nerve. Most common type of optic nerve glioma is juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma.Optic nerve gliomas are associated with Neurofibromatosis-l (Von Recklinghausen's disease)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sturge Weber Syndrome", "opb": "Neurofibromatosis I", "opc": "VKH Syndrome", "opd": "Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8cd2b04a-0c06-480c-bb63-9b0a3fbc5da5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the given condition, cause of defective vision is", "exp": "Pterygium: - Definition:- A degenerative condition of the subconjunctival tissue which proliferates as vascularised granulation tissue to invade the cornea . Pathogenesis:- * Elastotic degeneration of the subconjunctival tissue with Fibrovascular proliferation . * Destruction of epithelium & Bowman's layer by advancing fibrovascular tissue resulting in corneal scarring. Cause Of Defective Vision In Pterygium:- * Fibrovascular tissue contracts --> flattening of the cornea in the horizontal axis --> ASTIGMATISM {WITH THE RULE ASTIGMATISM } * Obscuring the pupillary region or the Visual axis. Types Of Pterygium:- Depending upon the growth * STOCKER'S LINE:- seen in atrophic pterygium. Iron deposition in front of the head in the corneal epithelium. Ref:- Parson's Diseases of the eye 22nd edition; pg num:- 184", "cop": 3, "opa": "Astigmatism", "opb": "Hypermetropia", "opc": "Visual axis is obscured", "opd": "Diplopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "7aae0672-f2ac-400e-9e1e-3d4ee1e63ca7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Outer blood retinal barrier is formed by", "exp": "Outer blood retinal barrier is formed by retinal pigment epithelium Blood Retinal Barrier * Outer BRB: Formed by RPE * Inner BRB: Formed by endothelium of microvasculature", "cop": 3, "opa": "Internal limiting mebrane", "opb": "Endothelium", "opc": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "opd": "Ganglion cells", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "a710ef33-0ac7-4ac7-9e24-f5a271145fad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eye of a newborn is", "exp": "Eye at bih Anteroposterior diameter - 16.5 mm (adult size is attained by 7-8 years). Corneal diameter- 10 mm. (Adult size - 11.7 mm- attained by 2 years). Anterior chamber - shallow and angle is narrow. Lens - spherical at bih. An infantile nucleus is present. Retina - Fully differentiated except for macula which differentiates by 4-6 months after bih. Myelination of optic nerve fibres has reached the lamina cribrosa. Newborn - usually hypermetropic by +2 to +3 D. Orbit - more divergent (50deg) as compared to adult (45deg). Lacrimal gland - underdeveloped and tears are not secreted. Postnatal period Macula - fully developed by 4-6 months. Fusional reflexes, stereopsis, and accommodation - well developed by 4-6 months. Cornea attains normal adult diameter by 2 years of age. Lens grows throughout life. Reference : Khurana Ophthalmology: 4th Edition Page 11.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Emmetrophic", "opb": "Hypermetrophic", "opc": "Myopic", "opd": "Astigmatic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "0473efc6-4540-4cb8-9bd1-9b70767838d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Size of optic disc is", "exp": "Optic disc.The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye. The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. It is a pink coloured, well defined veically oval area with average dimension of 1.76 mm horizontally and 1.88 mm veically. It is placed 3.4 mm nasal to the fovea. Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:263", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.5mm", "opb": "1mm", "opc": "1.5mm", "opd": "2mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "49c15148-0cc6-45f1-ad87-933a9caa0181", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amaurosis fugax is caused due to occlusion of", "exp": "(B) Retinal Artery # Amaurosis fugax may present as a type of transient ischemic attack (TIA), during which an embolus unilaterally obstructs the lumen of the retinal artery or ophthalmic artery, causing a decrease in blood flow to the ipsilateral retina.> Most common source of these athero-emboli is an atherosclerotic carotid artery.> However, a severely atherosclerotic carotid artery may also cause amaurosis fugax due to its stenosis of blood flow, leading to ischemia when the retina is exposed to bright light.> \"Unilateral visual loss in bright light may indicate ipsilateral carotid artery occlusive disease and may reflect the inability of borderline circulation to sustain the increased retinal metabolic activity associated with exposure to bright light.\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior auricular artery", "opb": "Retinal Artery", "opc": "Ciliary artery", "opd": "Vertebral artery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "d217796a-837d-4ab6-a83d-3fb845307a97", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of orbital apex syndrome", "exp": "A, b, c are triad of orbital apex syndrome.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ophthalmoplegia", "opb": "Amaurosis", "opc": "Anaesthesia of ophthamic nerve", "opd": "Enophthalmos", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf06458c-a14d-487d-8f91-38c4ab194707", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Instrument of choice for diagnosing pediatric retinal disorders", "exp": "Retcam has been used to diagnose pediatric retinal disorders. It has a probe which is put over eye which captures the fundus photo. It can also do fluorescein angiography and is used for tele consultation too High Yield Facts *Factors responsible for ROP : Low GA is more impoant than LBW *WHO Vision 2020 program targets ROP as \"avoidable disease\" *Nd:Yag LASER is used in ROP Photocoagulation *30 Day Screening Strategy: ROP screening in NICU *Anti VEGF & Algae extracts: Experimentally evaluated for Rx *Lensectomy is done for cataract a/w ROP *Stage 5 ROP: Rx is Vitrectomy under poor prognosis *Retcam: Retinal wide field camera for diagnosis, training and angiography in Pediatric retinal anomalies", "cop": 4, "opa": "OCT", "opb": "Fluorescein angiography", "opc": "Slit lamp examination", "opd": "Retcam", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diagnosis and Treatment of Retina", "id": "7a64fd0e-3505-4017-a612-4124738978e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Schwalbe&;s line is", "exp": "Angle of anterior chamber Angle of anterior chamber plays an impoant role in the process of aqueous drainage. It is formed by root of iris, anterior-most pa of ciliary body, scleral spur, trabecular meshwork and Schwalbe's line (prominent end of Descemet's membrane of cornea). Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-205,206", "cop": 3, "opa": "The anterior limit of the Bowman's membrane", "opb": "The posterior limit of the Bowman's membrane", "opc": "The anterior limit of the Descemet's membrane", "opd": "The posterior limit of the Descemet's membrane", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "076566aa-1b87-4536-9453-066f10c3d483", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratomalacia (REPEATED question)", "exp": "Night blindness is a first feature of Vitamin A deficiency and is also a feature of retinitis pigmentosa Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 468", "cop": 1, "opa": "Occurs due to vitamin A deficiency", "opb": "Relatively benign condition", "opc": "First feature of vitamin A deficiency", "opd": "Also seen in retinitis pigmentosa", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "e6229ebd-711b-463b-b837-a48b75edb44b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A malnourished child from poor socio economic status reading in overcrowd and diy areas presents with a nodule around limbus with hyperemia of conjuctiva. Other significant findings were axillary and Cervical lymph adenopathy", "exp": "The history suggests that the child had TB and due to endogenous allergy ,he is suffering from Phlyctenular conjunctivitis. The nodule around the limbus is called the Phlycten Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 83", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phylectenular conjuctivitis", "opb": "Foreign body granuloma", "opc": "Scleritis", "opd": "Episcleritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "09593ca1-b04c-454c-a3ba-6edf8f4e33ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surgery of choice of congenital cataract is", "exp": "Childhood cataracts,(congenital, developmental as well as acquired) can be dealt with anterior capsulotomy and irrigation-aspiration of the lens matter or lensectomy.The needling operation (which was performed in the past) is now obsolete. Note- most of the books give lensectomy or aspiration as the surgery of choice for congenital cataracts. a peripheral rim of a capsule is usually left behind for secondary IOL implantation. Thus the closest possible answer is ECCE. Since glaucoma occurs in 10% of congenital cataract surgery, many surgeons delay the cataract surgery. Extracapsular cataract extraction with primary posterior capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy is the procedure of choice ( limbal or pars plana approach). Ref khurana 6th edition pg 456", "cop": 1, "opa": "ECCE", "opb": "ICCE", "opc": "Needling", "opd": "Dessication", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "f989bd85-674c-4436-8771-53b493f557ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest ophthalmic finding in Diabetes mellitus retinopathy", "exp": "(Microaneurysm) (260- Khurana 4th) (295-P)Microaneurysms in the macular area (The earliest detectable lesions)Ophthalmic features of Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy* Micro aneurysm (Earliest detactable lesions)* Retinal haemorrhages both deep {dot and blot haemorrhages) and superficial haemorrhages {flame-shaped)* Hard exudates - yellowish- white waxy looking patches* Retinal oedema* Cotton - wool spots (If >8, there is high risk of developing PDR)* Venous abnormalities - beading, looping and dilatation* Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA)**Hall mark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the occurrence of neovascularization** Moderate loss of vision in DM is due - Macular oedema* Earliest changes of background DR-characteristically effect the small blood vessels. Small dot and blot haemorrhages are common and degeneration of the vessel walls leads to the development of micro aneurysm", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cotton wool spots", "opb": "Micro-aneurysm", "opc": "Flame shaped haemorrhage", "opd": "Hard exudate", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "b547491d-045c-4020-8f3d-bc5fd4aec625", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A broadest neuroretinal rim is seen in", "exp": "The tissue outside the cup is termed the neuroretinal rim and contains the retinal nerve axons as they enter the nerve head. Rim area ranges from 0.8-4.66 mm2 (1.97 +- 0.5 mm2) and correlates with disc area (Oonas, Gusek, and Naumann,1988). It is broadest in the lower segment of the disc, then above, then nasally and then temporally. It is narrowest in the temporal horizontal disc region in 99.2% of all discs. Compared with the visually normal eyes, glaucomatous neuroretinal rim loss occurred in all sectors of the optic disc with regional preferences depending on the stage of the disease. In the eyes with modest glaucomatous damage, rim loss was usually most pronounced in the inferotemporal disc region. In the eyes with moderately progressed glaucomatous changes, rim was decreased most markedly in the superotemporal sector, then in the temporal horizontal area, the nasal inferior region, and finally in the superior nasal sector. In very advanced glaucoma, rim remnants usually were present only in the nasal disc region. At that stage, they were significantly larger in the superior nasal region than in the nasal inferior area Other than occurring in a diffuse way, glaucomatous neuroretinal rim loss took place in a sequence of sectors. Generally, it began in the inferotemporal disc region and then progressed to the superotemporal, the temporal horizontal, the inferior nasal, and finally the superior nasal sectors. This correlates with the progression of visual field defects and the morphology of the lamina cribrosa. This finding may be impoant for \"early\" glaucoma diagnosis Ref. Wolff's anatomy of the eye; 8th edition; Pg.No. 506", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior pole", "opb": "Inferior pole", "opc": "Nasal pole", "opd": "Temporal pole", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "b2817933-58db-4189-8f1d-1b3862746491", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Critical period of development of fixation reflex is", "exp": "A. i.e. 2-4 months Unilateral cataract in children should be operated early in life because the critical period for development of fixation reflex is between 2\" & 4th months of age.Q Age Visual Development At Bih * * * * Eye appear to move randomly & there is no central fixation Fovea is not fully developed & visual acuity is roughly 6/60. The retina is almost fully developed at bih, apa from macula which fuher develops after bih till 4-6 months of ageQ Myelination of optic nerve begins in the 7th month in utero & reaches lamina cribrosaQ(ie is completed) * Hypermetropia of +2 to +3D(2 * Orbit is more divergent (500)Q as compared to adult (450) . * A-P diameter of eyeball is 16.5 mmQ (70% of adult size which is attained by 7-8 years) * Corneal diameter is 10 mm.Q Adult size 11.7 mm is attained by 2 yrs. of age * The anterior chamber is shallower, the angle deep & the lens is more spherical as compared to the adult eye. 6 weeks (11/2 months) * Fixation reflex first becomes apparent and eye can follow bright light for a sho distance 2-4 months * Critical period for development of fixation reflexQ 4-6 months * Refixation reflex develops firmly * Macula differentiates 6-8 months * Depth perception stas developingQ 6 years * Fovea develops completely * Full visual acuity of 6/6 attained If visual developmental process is interrupted during this period by any means (eg. high anisometropia, congenital cataract) it results in amblyopia which becomes irreversible after few years. If the stimulus deprivation occurs bilaterally & severe by the age of 6 months it results in pendular nystagmus on attempted fixation. PAX6 is the master gene for eye development. Binocular Vision Psycho-optical Reflex Fusion Reflex Fixation & Refixation Reflex When a normal individual fixes * Retinal areas which coordinate visually in the Since the most accurate his visual attention on an object occipital coex so that such an object is seen vision is attained by fovea of regard, the image is formed on with both eyes as single object are k/a it is necessary that the eyes the fovea of both the eyes corresponding points. The most impoant pair be rapidly oriented so that separately, but the individual of which is foveae. Nasal half of one retina image of an object of perceives a single image. This corresponds to temporal half of other retina in interest falls upon them or state is called Binocular Single occipital coex. that of a moving object vision. It is a conditional reflex * Points on two retinae which are not retained on them. This which is not present since bih corresponding points in this sense of term are ascendancy of fovea is but is acquired during 1., 6 called disparate points and if object forms its maintained by Fixation monthsQ and is completed during retinal images on these, it will be seen double Reflex first few years. (Psycho-optical (binocular diplopia). If disparity is slight there reflex) is tendency to move the eyes so that images may be fused by means of Fusion Reflex", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-4 months of age", "opb": "6-8 months of age", "opc": "2 years", "opd": "3 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b12637c-86f0-45d0-ae62-57248494864c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Soft contact lenses are made of", "exp": "Soft contact lenses: Soft contact lenses are made up of HEMA (hydroxyethylmethacrylate) which is hydrophilic. Advantages : Being soft and oxygen permeable, they are most comfoable and so well tolerated. Disadvantages : Problems of proteinaceous deposits, getting cracked, limited life, inferior optical quality, more chances of corneal infections, and inability to correct astigmatism of more than one dioptre. Reference :- A K KHURANA; page:-564", "cop": 2, "opa": "Polymethyl methacrylate", "opb": "Hydroxymethyl methacrylate", "opc": "Silicone", "opd": "Glass", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "27e45f46-b8fa-4897-810a-4f6eef5a6eff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Only intact eye movement in one and a half syndrome is", "exp": "Only abduction of contralateral eye is possible.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adduction of Ipsilateral eye", "opb": "Abduction of Ipsilateral eye", "opc": "Adduction of contralateral eye", "opd": "Abduction of contralateral eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5738235-5eb4-41f5-bed2-d6d6052d1190", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gold standard procedure to reduce recurrence of pterygium after surgical excision is", "exp": "Gold standard procedure to reduce recurrence of pterygium after surgical excision is amniotic membrane grafting.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thiotepa", "opb": "B- radiation", "opc": "Conjunctival autograft", "opd": "Amniotic membrane grafting", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a41a62f3-ee4a-4542-b245-f41f75803c9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma is", "exp": "VEC regimen - Vincristine, Etoposide, Cisplatin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vincristine, Etoposide, Cisplatin", "opb": "Vinblastine, Epirubicin, Cisplatin", "opc": "Vincristine, Etopside, Cyclophosphamide", "opd": "Vinblastine, Etoposide, Cisplatin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae3b3603-665d-4fdc-9b8e-36023aa4719e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leber cells are most commonly seen in", "exp": "Leber cells are mainly seen in trachoma Follicles: * Conjunctival follicles multiple discrete resembling grains of rice , blood vessels run across or around. * Subepithelial lymphoid germinal centres with histiocytes, monocytes and large nucleated cells called leber cells with immature lymphocytes centrally and mature cells peripherally. * Leber cells and necrosis is mainly seen in trachoma. * Causes: Viral & chlamydial conjunctivitis PseudoMembrane * Adenoviral * Gonococcal * Ligneous * Steven jhonson Pappilla * IN PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA &Limbal bulbar conjunctiva * Vascular core is present * Hyperplastic conjunctival epithelium with vascular core * Bacterial conjunctivitis , allergic conjunctivitis, marginal conjunctivitis, contact lens wear", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis", "opb": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Ophthalmianeonatorum", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ophthalmology Q Bank", "id": "24453394-2414-4d6f-9076-7ab0d9b1056d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Campimetry is used to measure", "exp": "Normal extent of field of vision for white color is Superior: 60o Nasal: 60o Inferior: 70o Temporal: 100o Field of vision for blue and yellow color is roughly 100 less and that for red and green color is about 200 less than that for white. (smallest is with green color) Red color perimetry is paicularly useful in the diagnosis of bitemporal hemianopia with chiasmal compression and of central scotoma of retrobulbar neuritis. Static perimetry is performed with adopted goldmann perimeter. Friedman perimeter and automated perimeter. Campimetry is performed to evaluate the central and paracentral area (300) of the visual field on Bjerrum's screen Bjerrum's Tangent Screen", "cop": 1, "opa": "Field of Vision", "opb": "Pattern of retina", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Squint", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "cc005120-2a18-4c3f-8f46-7e92503a5e40", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lost muscle in squint surgery is", "exp": "Ans. (a) MRwww.cybersight.orgwww.eyewiki.aao.orgRef: , , Pubmed, PMID: 11705143)Lost or slipped muscle is usually MR. It is known as the Surgeon's Graveyard.", "cop": 1, "opa": "MR", "opb": "LR", "opc": "SR", "opd": "SO", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Strabismus", "id": "228adac1-6c9f-4b27-b1d9-e232a37e2b7d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Typical field defect observed in anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy is", "exp": "ANTERIOR ISCHAEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (AION) It refers to the segmental or generalised infarction of anterior pa of the optic nerve. Etiology: The AION results from occlusion of the sho posterior ciliary aeries. Depending upon the etiology it may be typified as follows: 1. Idiopathic AION: It is the most common entity, thought to result from the atherosclerotic changes in the vessels. 2. Aeritic AION: It is the second common variety. It occurs in association with giant cell aeritis. 3. AION due to miscellaneous causes. Clinical features: Visual loss is usually marked and sudden. Fundus examination during acute stage may reveal segmental or diffuse oedematous, pale or hyperaemic disc, usually associated with splinter haemorrhages. Visual fields show typical altitudinal hemianopia involving the inferior (commonly) or superior half. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-297", "cop": 3, "opa": "Homonymous hemianopia", "opb": "Baring of the blind spot", "opc": "Altitudinal hemianopia", "opd": "Paracentral scotoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "d5c77d6d-e645-435c-923f-e836792361ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A recurrent bilateral conjunctivitis occurring with the onset of hot weather in young boys with symptoms of burning, itching and lacrimation with polygonal raised areas in palpebral conjunctiva is", "exp": "VKC is an allergic conjunctivitis due to exogenous antigen, common in small boys REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 61", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Mucopurulent conjuctivitis", "opd": "Vernal conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "3f991231-e5e6-4ef5-9e18-9f4d462cd678", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lens develops from", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Neuroectoderm", "opb": "Surface ectoderm", "opc": "Mesoderm", "opd": "Neural crest", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7df8ed31-0124-4895-8202-e5168bce550f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In human corneal transplantation, the donor tissue is", "exp": "B i.e. Donated human cadaver eyes Donor corneas are harvested from cadaveric donors within 6 hours after death Q (upto 12 hours after death in cold countries.) Corneal Transplantation (Grafting) /Keratoplasty General Indications To provide a clear visual axis and restore good vision (Optical Keratoplasty) To restore the integrity of the globe in corneal diseases (Tectonic Graft) To remove infective tissue unresponsive to conservative treatment (Therapeutic Graft) To improve the appearance of the eye (Cosmetic Graft) Contraindications Death of unknown cause CNS disease such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, rubella, Reye's syndrome, rabies & infectious encephalitis. Infections such as HIV, Hepatitis, septicemia, syphilis, & endocarditis. Eye disease as retinoblastoma, malignant tumor of anterior segment & active ocular inflammation (uveitis, scleritis, retinitis & choroiditis) Prior ocular surgery (although pseudophakic eyes may be used with good cell density) Congenital or acquired anterior segment abnormalities such as Keratoconus & Fuch's endothelial dystrophy. * Corneas from infants (53 year) are used only very occasionally, even for pediatiric transplants as they are a/w surgical, refractive and rejection problems Graft-Harvesting Donor corneas are harvested from cadaveric donors within 6 hours after death Q (upto 12 hours after death in cold countries.) Graft-Preservation Sho term (upto 96 hours) - Moist chamber (at +40C) method for 24 hours. - M-K (Mc Carey-Kaufman) medium upto 96 hours. Intermediate-term (upto 2 weeks) - K-SOL / DEXOL / OPTISOL-medium Long term (months - years) - Viable: Organ culture & cryopreservation - Nonble: Glycerine Types Full Thickness or Penetrating keratoplasty Paial Thickness or Lamellar Keratoplasty - Superficial LK (replacement of corneal epithelium & superficial stroma) Deep anterior LK (DALK). all opaque tissue almost upto the level of Descemet membrane is removed Descemet stripping endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK)/DS automated EK (DSAEK; when a microkeratome is used to perform donor lamellar dissection)/ Posterior LK (PLK) Small Patch grafts which can again be full or paial thickness Full Thickness/ Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP) It is full thickness replacement of diseased corneal tissue with a healthy donor. It can be done in disease involving all or few layers of cornea eg keratoconus, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, Fuchs endothelial & other dystrophies. An ideal graft size is 7.5 mm; grafts smaller than this may 1/t high astigmatism. Grafts 8.5 mm are prone to postoperative anterior synechiae formation, vascularization and increased intraocular pressure. - PKP has long been the gold standard for treatment of endothelial dysfunction. The limitations of PK include However, because of recent advances & lack of these limitations, endothelial keratoplasty is rapidly gaining popularity. It takes 6 months to many years for the refraction to stabilize 10-15% of patients typically require a hard contact lens for best vision and final mean refractive cylinder of 45D is common PKP incision cuts all corneal nerves, so the inclination to blink and produce tears is reduced postoperatively. This, together with prolonged presence of corneal sutures, increases the risk that ocular surface complications will interfere with recovery. PKP wound never heals back to the full strength of a virgin cornea, so a PKP eye is forever at increased risk of loss from a traumatic injury. Paial Thickness /Lamellar Keratoplasty (LKP) - It is a procedure in which a paial thickess graft of donor tissue is used to provide tectonic stability and /or optical improvement. - It may be of 2 types: anterior LKP and posterior LKP. - In anterior LKP, the transplanted tissue does not include corneal endothelium. This procedure avoids endothelial rejection and thus donor tissue may be obtained from older eyes. Indications for anterior LKP mainly include anterior corneal pathology in which the posterior cornea is unaffected - In deep LKP and posterior LKP, the diseased corneal endothelium is replaced while keeping the anterior corneal surface intact. - Because the donor endothelium is not used, the criteria for anterior LKP are less stringent than those used in PKP; the tissue does not need to be as fresh as that used in PKP. Corneal stroma may be used upto 7 days postmoem (whereas, Posterior LKP has same criteria as PKP) . Endothelial Keratoplasty (EK) i.e. posterior lamellar keratoplasty/ Descemet's Stripping endothelial Keratoplasty involves selective removal of dysfunctional recipient corneal endothelium and replacement with donor tissue consisting of posterior stroma and healthy endothelium. EK is performed through a small incision and spares the majority of host cornea so corneal strength and surface topography are minimally altered & technique is essentially refractive neutral. Fuhermore, corneal innervaton is retained and corneal sutures are not required. So corneal surface complications are minimal. The small incison allows rapid healing and rapid visual recovery after surgery. While fewer patients may achieve 20/20 vision after EK compared with PKP, overall the visual results are more predectible. - DSEK increases corneal thickness because posterior donor stroma is implanted without removal of any recipient stoma. In general, younger patients are likely to achieve better visual acuity after DSEK than older patients (even when have no retinal problems). Whereas PKP was often post phoned until after retirement or at least until visual problems were quite disturbing, EK is now being performed earlier, when visual problems begin to interfere with daily activities, such as reading or driving Infact, it is preferable to perform EK before long standing corneal edema 1/ anterior stromal scarring, because the anterior stroma is not replaced in EK.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Synthetic polymer", "opb": "Donated human cadaver eyes", "opc": "Donated eyes from live human beings", "opd": "Monkey eyes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "18f8a6f3-e19e-4bc4-b07a-7afbae2eecfd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal 6/6 visual acuity is attained at", "exp": "Development : 1 month - Fixation of light becomes more steady: Baby develops a preference for looking at the face or face-like-stimulus. 3 months - Binocular vision and eye coordination are established: Baby smiles in response to a visible smile: recognizes familiar faces and objects. 6 months - Preference for looking at human faces: ability to reach out, grasp and play with small objects 9 months - Looks for a toy if they see it being hidden. 6 years - Normal resolution visual acuity levels, such as that of adults, i.e. 6/6, 20/20 is attained. Ref. : Parson's Diseases of the Eye: 21st Ed; Pg. 27", "cop": 4, "opa": "6months", "opb": "1years", "opc": "3years", "opd": "6years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "b5e6a9ae-4edb-4696-8d32-13cc9a2eff97", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Khodadaust Line indicates", "exp": "Answer- B. Rejection of corneal graftA Khodadoust Line or chronic focal transplant reaction is a medical sign that indicates a complication of corneal graft surgery on the eye.This method is called Khodadoust Line.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sypathetic ophthalmia that has poor prognosis", "opb": "Rejection of corneal graft", "opc": "Poor prognosis of Acute congestive glaucoma", "opd": "Lesion at optic chiasma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ee45e06e-f44d-424d-9abe-5be5562ece35", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anterior uveitis in hypeensive patient, Drug of choice is to decrease the 10P", "exp": "D i.e. TimololIn inflammatory glaucomas (e.g. hypeensive uveitis as Fuchs uveitis syndrome & Posner-Schlossman syndrome also k/a glaucomatocyclitic crisis) the following drugs should be avoided.1. Prostaglandin analogues e.g. latanoprost Q breakdown the blood aqueous barrier and may exacerbate cystoid macular oedema2. Miotic (e.g. physostigmine & Pilocarpine is also contraindicated Q) as it will promote the development of posterior synechiae.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lanatoprost", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Epinephrine", "opd": "Timolol", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb6ed677-5113-42eb-a86e-44e7f9c945f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oldest component of lens of the eye is", "exp": "Nulceus is the oldest pa of lens Refer Khurana 6th edition pg no191", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anterior capsule", "opb": "posterior capsule", "opc": "Nucleo coical Junction", "opd": "nucleus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "7dbb8253-56e0-46ee-9f73-a5e4c96a1727", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE) is", "exp": "B i.e. Lens extracted with posterior capsule left behind Cataract Surgeries Intracaspular cataract extraction (ICCE) Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) Phacoemulsification General principles Whole lens removed with intact capsuleQ Lens nucleus and coex removed leaving the capsular bag behindQ Same as ECCE Dilatation of pupil Not required Required Required Magnification Binocular loupe or microscope Microscope Microscope Incision Large, 180deg, 10-12mm Medium, 120deg, 7-8 mm, from 10 O'clock to 2 O'clock Small, 30deg, 3.2-3.5mm A,,...-----,A Larger Smalle Smallest Incision Incision Incision Lens Removal Intact lens delivered - Capsulotomy - Nucleus -'Can-opener' or rhexis -Rhexis delivery -Manual sliding -Phacoemulsification - Coex removal -Irrigation aspiration, manual or automated -Irrigation aspiration, automated Intraocular lens Anterior chamber or none Posterior chamber 'in the bag' Posterior chamber 'in the bag' Sutures Required, continuous or interrupted (5-7) Required, continuous or interrupted (3-5) Not required Method Entire cataractous lens Central pa of anterior capsule It is basically an ECCE along with intact capsule is is removed along with nucleus with a instrument called removed & coex of lens. The posterior capsule & equatorial and peripheral pa of anterior capsule is left inside. phacoemulsifier, which emulsifies lens nucleus and coical matter by ultrasonic vibration (1 mm titanium needle vibrating 40,000 times/second). Then it is removed by simultaneous irrigation aspiration. Indications * Subluxated or dislocated * < 40 years age * Same as ECCE, it is lens Q is absolute indication * High myopia with degenerated fluid vitreous overall method of choice * Camp surgery, no facility of micro surgery, untrained surgeon may be other reasons * Procedure of choice over ICCE Contraindi- * < 40 years age Q (due to * Markedly subluxated or * Same as ECCE cation strong zonules) dislocated lens Advantages * No chances of developing * Posterior chamber IOL can be Same as ECCE uveitis & secondary implanted + glucoma due to lens * Less chances of * Small incision sutureless paicle (as lens is 1. Endopthalmitis Q cataract surgery removed along with capsule) 2. Vitreous traction & loss leading to less chances of * Rapid wound healing, shoer convalescence * No chances of after * Cystoid maculaer oedema Q * Early stabilization of cataract, since there is no * Tractional RD Q refraction with minimal posterior capsule * Pupillary block or no refraction. * Simple, quick, cheap & suitable for camp surgery * Vitreous tounch syndrome Q * Vitreous wick syndrome Disadvantage * All advantes of ECCE & * All advantages of ICCE are Same as ECCE phacoemulsification are disadvantages of ECCE e.g. + disadvantages of ICCE e.g. more astigmatism, PC-IOL can't be implanted possibility of after cataract, lens paicle induced glucoma & uveitis * Costly & most difficult", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterior capsulectomy only", "opb": "Lens extracted with posterior capsule left behind", "opc": "Posterior capsulectomy with no lens removal", "opd": "Anterior capsulectomy with no lens removal", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c7a48d1-2a99-48b7-afa9-59eee1601ceb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indirect opthalmoscopy detects A,/E", "exp": "D i.e. Examination of fovea Don't get astonished, this is the right answer. All the structures given in options can be examined by indirect ophthalmoscope. But indirect ophthalmoscope is almost never used for examination of fovea, as it provides only 5 times of magnification and the image is inveed (direct ophthalmoscope provides 15 times magnification, erect image and the instrument is cheap, handy and easily available). And the vitreous base (a 3-4 mm wide zone straddling the ora serrata) ora serrata, retinal peripheray can only be examined by indirect ophthalmoscopyQ. Indirect ophthalmoscopy The higher the power of condensing lens, the lower the magnification, the shoer the working distance but the greater the field of view. Scleral indentation enhances visualization of peripheral retina anterior to equatorQ and enables a dynamic fundus examination. Ora serrata, vitreous base and small u-tearsQ may be overlooked without scleral indentation.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Examination of ora sera", "opb": "Retinal periphery", "opc": "Examination of vitreous base", "opd": "Examination of fovea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3ec61e1-92a0-4916-8403-240667482723", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mucin tear film deficiency occurs in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Herpetic keratitisRef: Khurana anatomy, 2/e, p. 389Soluble surfactant (Mucin) deficiency is caused by ocular surface disorders affecting the goblet cells which secrete mucus forming the innermost layer of the tear film. Herpes infection causes Keratoconjunctivitis and hence mucin deficiency.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca", "opb": "Lacrimal gland removal", "opc": "Canalicular block", "opd": "Herpetic keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjuctiva", "id": "7c08a193-1a9f-44da-b040-c920b82accfc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Voex vein invasion is a feature of", "exp": "Malignant melanoma of choroid shows extraocular spread along the perivascular spaces of the voex veins or ciliary vessels. Extraocular extension also occurs due to progressive growth of the tumor that may burst through sclera, usually at the limbus Ref. Khurana page no.174", "cop": 1, "opa": "Malignant melanoma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Medulloepithelioma", "opd": "Optic nerve glioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "4be8c9b2-b1c5-4f28-9249-34d1644290d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prevalence of .... % is considered as an epidemic of trachoma and indication for staing chemoprophylaxis.", "exp": "Prevalence of 10 % is considered as an epidemic of trachoma and indication for staing chemoprophylaxis * Annual mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin (or topical tetracycline) for three years, was recommended by WHO, in combination with other elements of the SAFE strategy, in districts where the prevalence of TF in children aged 1-9 years, determined by programmes using population-based surveys, was at least 10%. * Number of rounds of treatment required: if baseline prevalence is over 30% - 5 rounds of treatment are recommended. If baseline prevalence is between 10% and 30% - 3 rounds of treatment should be conducted. * Prevalence of 10 % is considered as an epidemic of trachoma and indication for staing chemoprophylaxis", "cop": 4, "opa": "1%", "opb": "3%", "opc": "5%", "opd": "10%", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Community Ophthalmology", "id": "fd71212f-3c7a-4fae-aa63-a0b8eccc9643", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diameter of the optic disc is", "exp": "Optic disc: It is a pink coloured, well-defined circular area of 1.5-mm diameter. At the optic disc all the retinal layers terminate except the nerve fibres, which pass through the lamina cribrosa to run into the optic nerve. A depression seen in the disc is called the physiological cup. The central retinal aery and vein emerge through the centre of this cup. Macula lutea: It is also called the yellow spot. It is comparatively deeper red than the surrounding fundus and is situated at the posterior pole temporal to the optic disc. It is about 5.5 mm in diameter. Fovea centralis is the central depressed pa of the macula. It is about 1.5 mm in diameter and is the most sensitive pa of the retina. Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:-249", "cop": 1, "opa": "1.5mm", "opb": "2.5mm", "opc": "3.5mm", "opd": "5 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "abfdeb1e-48c1-4fd6-a4b8-f3856290e4c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a pa of Retrobulbar space", "exp": "Equatorial veins are not a pa of retrobulbar space of the orbit Retrobulbar Space/ Central Space / muscular cone Contents: Extra ocular muscles with intermuscular septa Includes Optic nerve Boundaries : > anteriorly - by Posterior pa of tenon's capsule enclosing the globe > peripherally - by four recti muscles and their intermuscular septa > posteriorly - continous with the peripheral space Site of putting retrobulbar injection Tumors lying here produce axial proptosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Extra ocular muscles with intermuscular septa", "opb": "Optic nerve", "opc": "Posterior pa of tenon's capsule enclosing the globe", "opd": "Equatorial veins", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ophthalmology Q Bank", "id": "94bae4cb-2780-4956-89fb-788b705af90f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Superotemporal dislocation of the lens is seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 215 - 216)Types of lens dislocations in various disease:Marfan syndrome-superotemporalHomocystinuria-InferonasalWeil-Marchesani syndrome-forward", "cop": 1, "opa": "Marfan's syndrome", "opb": "Homocystinuria", "opc": "Weil Marchesani syndrome", "opd": "Alpo's Syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "12380474-99db-470f-a6b6-58fd0a57ef80", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The enzyme responsible for development of Cataract in diabetes is due to", "exp": "NADPH+ dependent aldoreductase is responsible for accumulation of Sorbitol in Lens causing Cataract in Diabetic.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hexokinase", "opb": "NADPH+ dependent aldoreductase", "opc": "Glucokinase", "opd": "Phosphofructoisomerase", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab4f8150-c75b-4146-8e3c-99c9fbae18cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Volume of orbit is", "exp": "Answer- B. 29 mlVolume of each orbit is 29 ml.Orbit is made up of 7 bones: frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, maxilla, zygomatic and sphenoid", "cop": 2, "opa": "19 ml", "opb": "29 ml", "opc": "39 ml", "opd": "49 ml", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "85df5a83-17ac-44e1-b2f9-7e227a5b572e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macular differentiation occurs at the age of", "exp": "Macular differentiation occurs at the age of 4 - 6 months.", "cop": 3, "opa": "2 - 4 months", "opb": "6 - 8  months", "opc": "4 - 6 months", "opd": "5 - 7 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d9bb71b-f00a-4b1a-81dd-18b92cacd9fb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rosette shaped cataract in", "exp": "Ans. C: Traumatic cataract Rosette Cataract: This opacity may occur as a result of concussion injury, under the anterior or posterior coex or both and may be complete or sectored with a flower peddle or feather shape. A very close estimation as to when the injury occurred by viewing the lens with an optic section and determining at which nucleus it appears.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Senile cataract", "opb": "Diabetic cataract", "opc": "Traumatic cataract", "opd": "After cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d7f0b096-580a-4bcf-8fc1-eb18c759aaa6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common malignant cancer of conjunctiva", "exp": "Ans. (a) Squamous cell carcinomaRef: Abeloff's clinical oncology p. 1019SCC is the most common malignancy of the conjunctiva with an incidence of 0.025 to 3.5/100000 population.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opc": "Dermoid", "opd": "Papilloma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjuctiva", "id": "3b96ae36-0d39-413c-bcc2-560900db7b5a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Elsching pearls is seen in", "exp": "After cataract is also known as 'secondary cataract' . Types of after cataract : Thickened posterior capsule opacification(PCO) Dense membranous after cataract Soemmering's ring which refers to a thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of capsule Elsching's pearls in which the vacuated subcapsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the poster capsule. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:214 QUESTION REPEATED", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wilsons disease", "opb": "Secondary cataract", "opc": "Complicated cataract", "opd": "Congenital cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "3868c419-a99f-4fa2-a994-683d65d2980c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypopyon corneal ulcer is caused by", "exp": "Since pneumococcus invariably causes hypopyoin, its called Hypopyon Corneal ulcer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumococcus", "opb": "Pseudomonas", "opc": "Herpes simplex", "opd": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ccc9b0a-d043-4085-84ad-a0b76284386c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hamarlopia is seen in", "exp": "Hamarlopia (day blindness) is due to congenital deficiency of cones  and central corneal and central lenticular Opacities.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oguchi's disease", "opb": "High myopia", "opc": "Vitamin A deficiency", "opd": "Congenital deficiency of cones", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "965776ff-c60a-4685-af5c-b2c479172bfb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Temporal lobe tumors may produce", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Crossed upper Quadrantanopia", "opb": "Uncrossed upper Quadrantanopia", "opc": "Crossed lower Quadrantanopia", "opd": "Uncrossed lower Quadrantanopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5837202-4ef8-4d58-882d-5d5ec78b6ef8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Refractive index of nucleus and Cortex are Respectively", "exp": "Refractive index of nucleus and Cortex are Respectively are 1.42 and 1.39.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1.42 , 1.30", "opb": "1.39 , 1.42", "opc": "1.42 , 1.39", "opd": "1.30 , 1.42", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0dc114a0-f2ad-4157-bdd2-3b4087beb518", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for intermediate uveitis is", "exp": "Treatment includes: 1. Coicosteroids administered systemically and as repeated periocular injections may be effective in some cases. 2. Immunosuppressive drugs may be helpful in steroid-resistant cases. 3. Peripheral cryotherapy is also repoed to be effective. with most forms of uveitis, coicosteroids are the mainstay of therapy. Topical therapy with prednisolone acetate 1% or prednisolone sodium phosphate 1% is only helpful in the treatment of the anterior segment inflammation. Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No.161", "cop": 4, "opa": "Atopine", "opb": "Antibiotics", "opc": "Topical steroids", "opd": "Systemic steroids", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal tract", "id": "a119cfeb-f0db-444d-92fe-563ba7438b45", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not an absolute contraindication for corneal transplantation is", "exp": "Tubercular meningitis is a relative contraindication for corneal transplantation as the cornea may not be damaged and disease is not transmissible by this procedure. Contraindications : Death from unknown cause. Infections -HIV, viral hepatitis, syphilis, congenital rubella, tuberculosis, septicaemia and active malaria. Prior high-risk behaviour Commercial sex wrokers, Men who have sex with men, IV drug abusers Within the last 12 months: sex with someone with high-risk behaviour, lives in Africa, or received blood clotting factor concentrates; tattooing, acupuncture or ear/body piercing; imprisonment. Infectious/possibly infectious diseases of CNS,- prion diseases, SSPE, PML, encephalitis, Dementias, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, MS and MND. Receipt of a transplanted organ. Receipt of human pituitary-derived growth hormone. Brain or spinal surgery before 1992. Most haematological malignancies. Ocular disease- likely to compromise graft outcome Rabies", "cop": 3, "opa": "Subacute Sclerosing panencephalitis", "opb": "Rabies", "opc": "Tubercular meningitis", "opd": "Death due to unknown cause", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "f428fba3-f478-4f7f-8266-f3625f40230d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rosette cataract is seen after", "exp": "Cataract Features Sunflower Wilson's disease / chalcosis **Keyser - Fleisher ring - characteristic of Wilson's disease Snow flake DM Christmas tree Myotonic dystrophy Oil drop Galactosemia Rosette shapes Blunt trauma Other features of blunt trauma 1. Commotio retina (berlin's edema)- milky white cloudiness involving the posterior pole with a cheer red spot in the foveal region 2. Vossius's ring - circular ring of brown pigment seen on the anterior capsule FABRY's disease Propeller / spoke like Complicated cataract Mostly posterior sub capsular cataract Bread crump appearance Polychromatic lusture Punctate / blue dot cataract M/C congenital cataract in children No loss of vision Atopic dermatitis Shield cataract Anterior sub capsular cataract", "cop": 1, "opa": "Blunt trauma to eye", "opb": "Copper foreign body in eye", "opc": "Penetrating injury to eye", "opd": "Infection", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "7b3b1d2c-f0dc-4472-bdb9-f882bb1519d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common causative organism of canaliculitis is", "exp": "Chronic canaliculitis is an uncommon condition, frequently caused by Actinomyces israelii, anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Occasionally scarring and canalicular obstruction may result. Presentation is with unilateral epiphora associated with chronic mucopurulent conjunctivitis refractory to conventional treatment. There is pericanalicular redness and oedema, and mucopurulent discharge on pressure over the canaliculus. A 'pouting' punctum may be a diagnostic clue in mild cases. In contrast to dacryocystitis, there is no lacrimal sac involvement. Concretions (sulfur granules) are metabolic products of Actinomyces and other hydrogen sulfide-utilizing bacteria, and classically are expressed on canalicular compression or following canaliculotomy", "cop": 3, "opa": "HSV", "opb": "Candida albicans", "opc": "Actinomyces israelii", "opd": "Nocardia asteroides", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Nasolacrimal Disorders", "id": "e2e661dc-aa30-4dfb-a0df-43a65ec78cc0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Area of Cornea indented in Goldman Applanation  tonometer  for measuring IOP", "exp": "Area of Cornea indented in Goldman Applanation  tonometer  for measuring IOP is 3.06mm.", "cop": 4, "opa": "3.66mm", "opb": "3.6mm", "opc": "3.0mm", "opd": "3.06mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "38360e1d-5d6a-4427-945a-25daacdbc13e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sudden painful loss of vision seen in", "exp": "Sudden painful loss of vision : Acute congestive glaucoma Acute iridocyclitis Chemical injuries to the eyeball Mechanical injuries to the eyeball Reference : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition 4, Page-462", "cop": 1, "opa": "Angle closure glaucoma", "opb": "Central retinal aery occlusion", "opc": "Acute uveitis", "opd": "Endopthalmitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "38b068c0-b1ad-46cb-b8cd-ae90e214cfd5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distichiasis means", "exp": "Distichiasis: Congenital distichiasis: It is a rare anomaly in which an extra row of cilia occupies the position of Meibomian glands which open into their follicles as ordinary sebaceous glands. These cilia are usually directed backwards and when rubbing the cornea, should be electroepilated or cryoepilated. Acquired distichiasis (metaplastic lashes): occurs when due to metaplasia and differentiation, the meibomian glands are transformed into hair follicles. The most impoant cause is late stage of cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with chemical injury, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-342,343", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased number of eyelashes in the lower lid", "opb": "Second row of eyelashes", "opc": "Increased thickness of eyelashes", "opd": "Increased pigmentation of eyelashes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "24b7707a-4897-42fa-8037-7660fb7ee430", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Swimming pool conjunctivitis is caused by", "exp": "ADULT INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS Etiology : Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by serotypes D to K of Chlamydia trachomatis. The primary source of infection is urethritis in males and cervicitis in females. The transmission of infection may occur to eyes either through contaminated fingers or more commonly through contaminated water of swimming pools (hence the name swimming pool conjunctivitis). Reference :- A K KHURANA;6th edition , page:- 68", "cop": 2, "opa": "Picorna virus", "opb": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "opc": "Adenovirus type 8", "opd": "Gonococcus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "59bae9ef-dc4d-4908-9677-bbbf2d05b60f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blindness in child is most commonly due to", "exp": "Most common cause of childhood blindness is vitamin A deficiency Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 382", "cop": 1, "opa": "Keratomalacia", "opb": "Congenital cataract", "opc": "Glaucoma", "opd": "Injuries", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "244e0aee-c262-4d75-8492-052e3ed61a08", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retrobulbar injection is given in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 444) *Retrobulbar injection:- Injection in retrobulbar space inside the muscle cone *Peribulbar injection:- Injection in peribulbar/retrobulbar space outside the muscle cone *Sub-tenon injection:- Injection beneath the tenon capsule, i.e. in subtenon space. It is also called parabulbar block Retrobulbar block involves depositing local anesthetic inside the muscle cone. It aims to block the ciliary nerves, the ciliary ganglion, and cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inside muscle cone", "opb": "Outside muscle cone", "opc": "Subtenon space", "opd": "Subperiosteum", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "3dcaae0c-8de1-45bf-ab44-7917ffd8aa8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stocker's line is seen in", "exp": "Ans is 'b' i.e. Pterygium Stocker's line is line of iron deposition in the corneal epithelium seen adjacent to the head of the pterygium.Pterygium and Pinguecula are degenerative conditions of the cornea.PingueculaAre areas of bulbar conjunctival thickening, near the limbus in the palpebral fissure area.These are triangular, horizontally oriented with apex away from the cornea.These are white to yellow in color, often having a fatty appearance. (The name pinguecula is derived from fat- pinguis)Usually found in elderly persons, especially those exposed to strong sunlight, dust, wind etc.Usually bilateralUsually nasalEtiology is not well known, however good evidence exists, of an association with increasing age and ultraviolet light exposure.Pinguecula do not cause any symptom, apart from cosmetic defect and sometimes inflammation (pingueculitis). Hence no treatment is required. However rarely, simple excision may be done for cosmetic reasons or for chronic pingueculitis.PterygiumPterygium is a wing shaped fibrovascular growth of the conjunctiva encroaching upon the cornea.It occurs in the palpebral fissure area, usually nasally but may also occur on the temporal side.Elevated whitish opacities (\"islets of Vogt\") and an iron deposition line (\"Stocker\") may delineate the head of the Pterygium on the cornea.Like pinguecula, pterygium is associated with ultraviolet light exposure. It occurs at highest prevalence and most severely in tropical areas near the equator and to a lesser and milder degree in cooler climates. The predominantly nasal location is related to reflection of light from the nose onto the nasal conjunctiva.Usually the pterygium is symptomless, so no treatment is required.Indications for surgery are:cosmetic deformityimpaired vision due to encroachment into the pupillary area of the corneasignificant astigmatismrestriction of ocular motilitySimple excision is done.Recurrence of the pterygium after surgical excision is the main problem. Methods to prevent recurrence areconjunctival autografting andmitomycin C application.Is Pinguecula precursor of Pterygium?This is controversial.Parson writes- \"A Pterygium frequently follows a Pinguecula\"But Yanoff Ophthalmology contradicts this and writes- \"Current information, however, suggests that pinguecula does not progress to Pterygium and that the two are distinct disorders.\"Pterygium and PseudopterygiumPterygium resembles pseudopterygium. Pseudopterygium is conjunctival adhesion to the cornea secondary to previous trauma or inflammation such as peripheral corneal ulceration. A pseudopterygium often has an atypical position and is not adherent at all points, so a probe can be passed beneath it peripherally.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pinguencula", "opb": "Pterygium", "opc": "Congenital Ocular Melanosis", "opd": "Conjunctival epithelial melanosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Degenerative Conditions", "id": "bcd61d39-abdd-4928-a0ee-d358c9ac11ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common benign tumour of eye lids", "exp": "Simple Papilloma\nUsually ocurs at lid margin\nmost common tumour.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Simple papilloma", "opb": "Xanthelasma", "opc": "Capillary haemangioma", "opd": "Neurofibroma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c681612-8a93-426f-ace2-819203e87c87", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene involved in Retinoblastoma", "exp": "Retinoblastoma - 13Q14\nWilm's tumor - 11P13", "cop": 4, "opa": "12P13", "opb": "13P14", "opc": "12Q13", "opd": "13Q14", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f65cde36-657d-4c30-9757-d64be8e464ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diabetic retinopathy, most likely present with", "exp": "B i.e. NIDDM with 2 years duration Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is commoner in type 1 or IDDM (40%) than in type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus (20%) Duration of diabetes is most impoant risk factor Q for DR. DR rarely develops within 5 years of the onset of diabetes or before pubey, but about 5% of type 2 (NIDDM) diabetics have DR at presentation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "IDDM with 2 years duration", "opb": "NIDDM with 2 years duration", "opc": "Juvenile diabetes", "opd": "Gestational diabetes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f132dfb1-e690-4405-a8d0-18da382f8e32", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Muscles responsible for accommodation are innervated by nerves passing through.", "exp": "Ans. (b) Edinger-westphal nucleusRef. Parson's 22/e, p. 35Pathway of accommodation reflex: The afferent impulses extend from the retina to the parastriate cortex via the optic nerve, chiasma, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, and striate cortex. From the parastriate cortex the impulses are relayed to the Edinger- Westphal nucleus of both sides via the occipito-mesencephalic tract and the pontine centre for convergence.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pre-tectal nucleus", "opb": "Edinger-westphal nucleus", "opc": "Nucleus ceruleus", "opd": "Dorsal nucleus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Elementary Optics", "id": "dcd85986-4a38-42b5-8e64-76b27d8b1dbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lens sutures are formed in", "exp": "Development of Lens Surface ectoderm Classification of nucleus formed during lens development Embryonic (0-3 months) Fetal (3 months to gestation) Infantile (from bih to pubey) Adult (adult life) Sutures Seen in fetal nucleus Anterior Y shaped Posterior inveed Y shaped", "cop": 1, "opa": "Foetal nucleus", "opb": "Embryonic nucleus", "opc": "Infantile nucleus", "opd": "Adult nucleus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Embryology& Anatomy", "id": "732d32e8-2a43-45d5-b5c6-68ed12ed54e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ring scotoma is seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 233) The scotoma is a defect in the visual field and corresponds to the degenerated zones of the retinaAnnular or ring-shaped scotoma is a typical feature which corresponds to the degenerated equatorial zone of the retinaRing scotoma is seen in retinitis pigmentosa, high myopia, POAG, aphakic spectacle correction and after panretinal photocoagulation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "High myopia", "opb": "Pseudophakia", "opc": "Hypermetropia", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "f732b4ec-9757-487a-9e5f-2684a193da93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Final common pathway for horizontal gaze", "exp": "Horizontal Conjugate Gaze Pathway : Components of Pathway For both eyes to look at a side: Contralateral Frontal Eye Field (Brodmann area 8) Ipsilateral PPRF (Paramedial Pontine Reticular Formation) Ipsilateral CN VI Nucleus Contralateral Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) Contralateral CN III Nucleus Reference: AK khurana 7th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oculomotor nucleus", "opb": "Vestibular nucleus", "opc": "Trochlear nucleus", "opd": "Abducent nucleus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "67fe7408-dd7c-402b-aec3-d2e4fbe3bca5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The water content in the lens is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 181)The lens is composed of 64% water, 35% protein, and 1% lipid, carbohydrate and trace elements. The protein concentration in the lens is actually the highest amongst body tissues. The main types of proteins are alpha (31%), beta (55%) and gamma (2%) crystallins, and insoluble albuminoids (12%)", "cop": 4, "opa": "1%", "opb": "28%", "opc": "35%", "opd": "64%", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "5dc7f692-7df1-48fb-9621-75bf50308d9b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vossius ring occurs in", "exp": "B i.e. Concussion injury", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lens dislocation", "opb": "Concussion injury", "opc": "Penetrating injury", "opd": "Extra capsular extraction", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e85de612-0a26-401f-ab45-c8b0cfa5b57b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Haab striae are seen in", "exp": "Haab striae are seen in buphthalmos ( congenital glaucoma ). These are curvilinear healed breaks in Descemet membrane. Buphthalmos is a large eye as a result of stretching due to elevated IOP prior to the age of 3 years. Ref: kanski's clinical ophthalmology, 8th edition, page no.386", "cop": 1, "opa": "Buphthalmos", "opb": "Keratoglobus", "opc": "Trachoma", "opd": "Keratoconus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "4e3388e4-c3c9-4129-abdd-69b116310c33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common malignant eyelid tumor", "exp": "B i.e. Basal cell CA", "cop": 2, "opa": "Squamous cell CA", "opb": "Basal cell CA", "opc": "Sebaceous CA", "opd": "Malignant melanoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1635293a-6b3d-48c7-b3bf-ac0b5e213910", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chorioretinitis in AIDS is caused by", "exp": "D i.e.Cytomegalovirus", "cop": 4, "opa": "Candida albicans", "opb": "Herpes simplex", "opc": "Toxoplasma", "opd": "Cytomegalovirus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "98e3b457-150c-4164-b0be-d211766794aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Ferry line\" is found in", "exp": "Ferry line is found in sclera Ferry&;s Li Reference: AK Khurana 7th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Head of Pterygium", "opb": "Base of keratoconus", "opc": "Sclera", "opd": "Eyelid", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "8405361b-c6de-4939-a8e4-f4f035ad5fcc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tomato ketchup retina is seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 271 - 272)Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)FeaturesNon-Ischemic CRVO Ischemic CRVO Epidemiology Most common (75%)Moderate visual acuity lossLess common (25%)Severe visual acuity lossPathogenesis Slight RAPD with mild touosity & dilatation of retinal veins Marked RAPD with severe touosity & engorgement of retinal veins Fundus finding Hemorrhages Dot blot & Flame shaped in all 4 quadrants & most numerous in periphery Extensive retinal hemorrhages (Blood & Thunder fundus)Cotton wool spots Few Numerous Disc & Macular edema Mild Severe with hyperemia Fundus Fluorescein Angiography Venous stasis Masking of retinal vascular bed by retinal hemorrhages & extensive area of capillary nonperfusion Prognosis Good Poor Management Treat predisposing factor Pan retinal photocoagulation", "cop": 2, "opa": "Central retinal aery occlusion", "opb": "Central retinal vein occlusion", "opc": "Coats disease", "opd": "Sickle cell retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "27b8aa3f-0220-424c-bf82-a3ecff8f99ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of blepharoconjunctivitis", "exp": "The most common cause of blepharoconjuctivitis is staph aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis is an innocuous flora of lid and conjunctiva. It can also produce blepharoconjunctivitis. Moraxella lacunata is most common cause of angular conjunctivitis and angular blepharoconjunctivitis. Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes acute membranous conjunctivitis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Corynebacterium", "opb": "Moraxella lacunata", "opc": "Staph epidermidis", "opd": "Stah aureus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Disorders of Conjunctiva", "id": "724a4e02-0160-40f9-8ce4-9eda68ae17bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Thinnest layer of tear film", "exp": "Thickest - Aqueous layer.\nThinnest - Mucus layer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mucus layer", "opb": "Aqueous layer", "opc": "Lipid layer", "opd": "Oily layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aedaa0aa-4fef-44c5-8e72-8c68f7a7eab8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Patient with fixed dilated pupil, with iris atrophy and secondary glaucoma after penetrating keratoplasty is suggestive of.", "exp": "Ans. d. Urrets Zavalia syndrome A fixed dilated pupil following penetrating keratoplasty is a well recognized if rare postoperative complication. The mydriasis following penetrating keratoplasty was first described by Castroviejo but it was Urrets-Zavalia who first published his observations on a series of six cases and suggested an association of fixed dilated pupil, iris atrophy. and secondary glaucoma. The pupil can become abnormally dilated following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus, paicularly if dilating drops are used. In addition to the pupil and iris abnormalities, Urrets-Zavalia also described other features__ iris ectropion, pigment dispersion, anterior subcapsular cataract and posterior synechiae. Urrets Zavalia Syndrome Urrets Zavalia Syndrome is characterized by triad of: Secondary glaucoma + Iris atrophy + Fixed dilated pupil') Urrets-Zavalia syndrome (UZS) consists of a fixed dilated pupil associated with iris atrophy. It is a poorly understood complication following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Posner Shlossman syndrome It is also called as glaucomatocyclitic crisis. Episodic unilateral mild anterior uveitis, photophobia, reduced vision and colored rings around lights (from secondary corneal edema Benedict's Syndrome If red nucleus is involved, tremors and jerky movements occur in contralateral side of the body. This condition combined with ipsilateral 3rd nerve paralysis is called as Benedict's syndrome. McKusick-Kaufmann Syndrome McKusick-Kaufman syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by hydrometrocolpos (fluid buildup in vagina and uterus), extra fingers and congenital hea defects", "cop": 4, "opa": "Benedict's syndrome", "opb": "Posner-Shlossman syndrome", "opc": "Kaufmann's syndrome", "opd": "Urrets Zavalia syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "86371fc4-0956-4adc-a97c-234f1495b167", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chyriasis is deposition of", "exp": "Chryiasis is deposition of gold in stroma of cornea. Type of Pigment Name of Deposit Disorder Location in Cornea Iron Stocker's line Pterygium Epithelium Hudson-Stahli line In old age Epithelium Ferry's line Filtering bleb Epithelium Fleischer's ring Keratoconus Epithelium Coat's white ring Previous Metallic foreign body injury Bowman's layer Siderosis Stroma Blood staining of cornea Stroma Copper Kayser-Fleischer ring Wilsons's Disease Descement's membrane Melanin Krukenberg's spindle Pigment dispersion syndrome Endothelium Silver Argyrosis Stroma Gold Chrysiasis Stroma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Silver in stroma of cornea", "opb": "Gold in stroma of cornea", "opc": "Iron in basement membrane", "opd": "Copper in descement's membrane", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "2826aad9-e21d-46fe-983c-c6a69e8f7121", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site of metastasis in intraorbital melanoma is", "exp": "Blood-borne metastasis usually occurs in liver and is the commonest cause of death. Lymphatic spread is usually not known. Ref: khurana page no. 174", "cop": 4, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Lung", "opc": "Lymph node", "opd": "Liver", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "6239c4ca-b53f-40dd-9401-f763f683d51c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common extraocular muscle involved in Grave's disease", "exp": "IR > MR > SR > LR > obliques.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior rectus", "opb": "Inferior rectus", "opc": "Medial rectus", "opd": "Superior oblique", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c23a2b25-c081-4dec-ba49-1e3f570faed3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by", "exp": "Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis It is an acute inflammation of conjunctiva characterised by multiple conjunctival haemorrhages, conjunctival hyperaemia and mild follicular hyperplasia. The disease is caused by Picornavirus (enterovirus type 70) which are RNA viruses of small (pico) size. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:76", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enterovirus 70", "opb": "Coxsackie virus", "opc": "Enterovirus 72", "opd": "Calcivirus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "c8a7c416-417f-4cbc-9b94-65e01df36a0a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common tumor that spread to orbit from intracranial cavity is", "exp": "Sphenoid wing meningiomas are slow growing tumors that originate from outer arachnoid meningeal epithelial cells.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gliomas", "opb": "Pituitary tumors", "opc": "Neurofibroma", "opd": "Sphenoid wing meningioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bae28b17-87b0-4327-9193-0985fe35123d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment for mild ptosis is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 381) Fasanella-Servat operation: It is performed in cases having mild ptosis (1.5-2mm) and good levator function. In it, upper lid is eveed and the upper tarsal border along with its attached Muller's muscle and conjunctiva are resected. Fasanella Servat procedure. 4-0 silk suture is placed through the eyelid margin for a traction suture. The eyelid is eveed over a Desmarres retractor. Additional local anesthesia is placed transconjunctivally. It is determined that a 3 mm tarsal resection and a 3 mm conjunctival and mullers muscle resection will be performed. These marks are made with the monopolar cautery corresponding to the central third of the eyelid. Tooth forceps are then used to grasp the superior border of the tarsus. A 4-0 silk traction suture is then placed at the superior boarder of the tarsus in a locking running fashion. The traction suture then holds the eyelid in position and in this case curved hemostats are used to clamp at the previous markings on the tarsus. A Putterman clamp can be used here as well which is probably more efficient. A 6-0 chromic suture is then placed in a running mattress fashion on the other side of the curved hemostats. This suture is placed across the eyelid and then turned around to complete the passes. There is significant discussion around the most appropriate suture to use as well as whether to place these sutures transcutaneous. The 15 blade is then used to make metal on metal contact with the curved hemostats to excise the tissue. The tissue is removed and the suture is tied. Since the knot is on the inside of the eyelid, a contact lens will be placed later. Inspection of the resected tissues shows the tarsus as well as the conjunctiva and mullers muscle. Measurement of this shows an approximate height of 6-7 mm. The contact lens is placed, the traction sutures are removed, and antibiotic drops are placed into the eye. Ref khurana 6th edition pg 344", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fasanella servat operation", "opb": "Levator resection", "opc": "Frontalis sling operation", "opd": "Everbusch's operation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "f431df1f-dc2e-4437-a0cc-e8e342df9923", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of colour blindness is", "exp": "Protanopes - Red is defective.\nTritanopes - blue is defective.\nDeuteranopes - Green is defective.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protanopes", "opb": "Tritanopes", "opc": "Deuteranopes", "opd": "Hamarlopes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "229939b4-54a3-474d-9c59-366f0133dd38", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Strongest force of bonding b/w retina an RPE", "exp": "D i.e. IPM Interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) is the strongest mechanism for bonding the retina to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)Q. It also provide physical suppo of photoreceptors and transfer nutrients and visual pigment. The quality of these functions is controlled by RPE through the synthesis of matrix materials, transpo of proteins, ions and water. Because acute alteration in degree of hydration / dehydration changes its bonding propey & viscosity. The strength of adhesion is constantly and acutely dependent on metabolism (i.e., adhesion force drops to 0 after death & reversibly restored or enhanced by tissue oxygenation). Vitreous gel pressure, intraocular fluid pressure & RPE water transpo also help in retinal adhesion.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitreous gel pressure", "opb": "Intraocular fluid pressure", "opc": "RPE water transpo", "opd": "IPM", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "59414282-99f9-4369-afe8-70ef36367868", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A wave in ERG is due to the activity of", "exp": "Normal record of ERG consists of the following waves : a-wave. It is a negative wave possibly arising from the rods and cones. b-wave. It is a large positive wave which is generated by Muller cells but represents the activity of the bipolar cells. c-wave. It is also a positive wave representing the metabolic activity of pigment epithelium. Both scotopic and photopic responses can be elicited in ERG. Foveal ERG can provide information about the macula. REFERENCE : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4,Page-489", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pigmented epithelium", "opb": "Rods and cones", "opc": "Ganglion cell", "opd": "Bipolar cell", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "5c18debd-f352-4dcd-a582-56f328eab63d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum density of goblet cells is seen in", "exp": "Goblet cells form the mucus layer of the tear film They are maximum nasally and least superiorly REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 59", "cop": 4, "opa": "Superior conjunctiva", "opb": "Inferior conjunctiva", "opc": "Temporal conjunctiva", "opd": "Nasal conjunctiva", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "6576cf14-bd25-4d13-bf8c-cf1e634d918d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest drug used in acute angle closure glaucoma", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e Diamox (Acetazolamide) As already explained in Nov 99, Acetazolamide is used even earlier than Pilocarpine.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diamox", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Atropine", "opd": "DFP", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma", "id": "f5a7b7db-d6b8-486a-bf64-cefb66b662a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Late onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is caused by", "exp": "Bacterial endophthalmitis: This is one of the most dreaded complications with an incidence of 0.2 to 0.5 percent. The principal sources of infection are contaminated solutions, instruments, surgeon&;s hands, patient&;s own flora from conjunctiva, eyelids and air-borne bacteria. Symptoms and signs: Present between 48 and 72 hours after surgery and include: ocular pain, diminshed vision, lid oedema, conjunctival chemosis and marked circumciliary congestion, corneal oedema, exudates in pupillary area, hypopyon and diminished or absent red pupillary glow. Delayed chronic postoperative endophthalmitis : is caused when an organism of low virulence (Propionobacterium acne or staph epidermidis) becomes trapped within the capsular bag. It has an onset ranging from 4 weeks to years (mean 9 months) postoperatively. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-200,201", "cop": 2, "opa": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "opb": "Propionibacterium acne", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "54f38dae-1ee5-4473-87f3-a87c9b3fbfde", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Koeppe nodules are located at", "exp": "In uveitis, Iris nodules develop at\n\nBase of Iris known as Busacca nodules.\nPupillary border of Iris known as Koeppe Nodules.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Base of Iris", "opb": "Pupillary border of Iris", "opc": "Pars plana", "opd": "Pars plicata", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b91eb01d-e347-4dfd-bd0e-04a4eb6f419c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a sign of Fuch's heterochomic iridocyclitis", "exp": "Posterior synechiae are not seen in Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis * Heterochromic uveitis * Chronic, unilateral iridocyclitis , in young adults. * Amsler sign ( also known as amsler verrey sign): Hyphaema during intraoperative manipulation due to blood vessels at angle are seen * 50 % develop PSC ( Posterior subcapsular cataract)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Posterior Synechiae", "opb": "Young adults", "opc": "Develop posterior subcapsular cataract", "opd": "Amsler Sign", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous Humour, Uveal Disorders", "id": "b01ec067-0569-494d-8174-6166e2558d20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of Neonatal conjunctivitis is", "exp": "Most common cause of Neonatal conjunctivitis is Chlamydia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chlamydia", "opb": "Chemical", "opc": "Gonococcus", "opd": "Herpes simplex", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "87a51c51-9de7-4626-b5d9-fb677abeadc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The orbital extension in choroid melanoma is treated with", "exp": "(Exenteration) (165-Khurana) (326-Kanski 5th) (356-P)Malignant melanoma of choroid - It is the most common primary intraocular tumour of adults (40-70 years) of age.TREATMENT1. Conservative treatment using cobalt plaques photocoagulation or cryocoagulation may be tried in small (under 7 mm) non progressive, posteriorly located melanomas.2. Enucleation - It is indication for glaucomatous stage and for longer tumours (more than 7 mm) in quiescent stage3. Exenteration or, Debulking with chemotherapy and radiotherapy is required in the stage of extraocular spread4. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy - may be of some use in patients with distant metastasis.ENUCLEATIONEVISCERATION* It is excision of the eyeball. It can be performed under LA in adults and under GA in children.* It is the removal of the contents of the eyeball leaving behind the sclera* Frill evisceration is preferred over simple evisceration.Indication(i) Absolute indications - are retinoblastoma and malignant melanoma(ii) Relative indications are painful blind eye following absolute glaucoma, endophthalmitis, mutilating ocular injuries, Anterior staphyloma and phthisis bulbiIndications includes Panophthalmitis, expulsive choroidal haemorrhage, bleeding anterior staphyloma.Exenteration of the orbit is indicated for patients with extensive extraocular extension at the time of diagnosis or for orbital recurrences following enucleation (326-Kanski 5th)Best answer is Exenteration & radiotherapy.Orbital spread of the malignant melanoma necessitates exenteration but metastasis elsewhere can be treated by enucleation and radiation (356-P)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Radio therapy", "opb": "Enucleation", "opc": "Evisceration", "opd": "Exentration", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "84671342-87b1-49fd-b07c-d7a584d4c090", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of Choice for prophylaxis of Right eye in case of primary open angle glaucoma of Left eye", "exp": "Treatment of Choice for prophylaxis of healthy eye when follow eye has primary open angle glaucoma is laser trabeculoplasty.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Goniotony", "opb": "Trabeculectomy", "opc": "Laser trabeculoplasty", "opd": "Seton Surgery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e4b3b717-220d-413b-b801-b4d62bd53fb4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 26yr old female presented with complaints of coloured\nhalos, matted and sticky eyelids since 3 days. On examination,\nvisual acuity was normal. Most common organism causing\nthis condition is", "exp": "The Clinical scenario gives the diagnosis of Acute mucoopurulent conjunctivitis which is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gonococcus", "opb": "Pneumococcus", "opc": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opd": "Streptococcus hemolyticus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "979a9e8a-1975-488a-9059-335f889b484a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The vitamin A supplement admistered in Prevention of Nutrition blindness in Children programme contain", "exp": "1 lakh IU is given on 0,1 and 14th day REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 480", "cop": 2, "opa": "25000 IU/ml", "opb": "1 lakh IU/ml", "opc": "3 lakh IU/ml", "opd": "5 lakh IU/ml", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "2cd7dbd4-f717-438d-809b-d46cda2ce5c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best to visualize corneal endothelium", "exp": "Ans. b (Specular microscopy). (Ref. Parson Diseases of Eye/19th/pg. l 13)SPECULAR MICROSCOPY# It is vital to count and study morphology of corneal endothelial cells, especially in the cases of cataract with suspected endothelial dystrophy.# Normal cell count is 2000-2500 cells/mm2.# IOL implantation is contraindicated if the cell count is < 1500/mm2.# Specular reflection by slit lamp biomicroscope (specular microscopy) allows visualization of corneal endothelium by viewing light reflected back from this interface, count of endothelial cells is possible using an Elser grid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fundoscopy", "opb": "Specular microscopy", "opc": "Slit lamp exam", "opd": "Operating microscopy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "701641ad-2b3e-4917-87af-d6ddeff23965", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Laser trabeculoplasty is done for", "exp": "Laser Trabeculoplasty is useful in patients with primary or secondary open angle glaucoma. It acts by producing a thermal energy at the point of application which will produce micro scars. As the micro scars contract, surrounding un-lasered tissue is stretched there by allowing for better drainage. Repopulation of the trabecular meshwork by stimulation of the cellular division is another possible mechanism. New formed cells are more efficient at allowing drainage. In the given options, Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and Uveitic glaucoma are secondary open angle glaucoma. Uveitic glaucoma patients require control of the uveitis and usually medical treatment of glaucoma. Surgical intervention including laser treatment can worsen the uveitic component of the disease. Pseudo exfoliation syndrome (PES) is characterized by deposition of an amorphous grey dandruff-like material on the pupillary border, anterior lens surface, posterior surface of iris, zonules and ciliary processes. Secondary open-angle glaucoma is associated in about 50% of the cases. Exact mechanism of rise of IOP is also not clear. Trabecular blockage by the exfoliative material is considered as the probable cause. Clinically, the glaucoma behaves like POAG and is managed by Laser Trabeculoplasty (Increases Trabecular Outflow) Laser trabeculoplasty causes damage, inflammation and scarring of trabecular mesh work causing opening up of trabecular spaces. Since it causes a lot of inflammation it is not used for cases where already there is a lot of inflammation like uveitic glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chronic angle closure glaucoma", "opb": "Neovascular glaucoma", "opc": "Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma", "opd": "Uveitic glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "76c068f0-47c7-461b-b1de-eb059df0cec5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of conjunctivitis", "exp": "Impaired pupillary reaction is seen in optic nerve disorders or extensive retinal detachment . It is not seen in conjuvtivitis. C/F of conjunctivitis * Discharge: Watery, Mucoid, mucopurulent, Severe purulent * Hyperemia: Bacterial /viral infection. * Hemorrhage: Viral (enteroviral/ adenoviral / trauma). * Chemosis(swelling of conjunctiva): Viral/ Bacterial. . Normal pupillary reaction * Pseudomembrane/true membrane: Pseudomembrane doesnot bleed on removal * Infiltration * Subconjunctival scarring: Loss of goblet & accessory lacrimal glands (trachoma) lead to fibrosis . colored halos", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mucoid discharge", "opb": "Impaired pupillary reactions", "opc": "Chemosis", "opd": "Halos", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Disorders of Conjunctiva", "id": "ab000f0e-61e0-461a-8a8d-b7250608ded1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause diminision of vision in Peterygium is", "exp": "Most common cause of diminision of vision in Peterygium is Astigmatism.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Obstruction of visual axis", "opb": "Corneal perforation", "opc": "Myopia", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9b1d089-39d2-4e22-ab11-57ad7a7d3fa4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site of bony metastases in retinoblastoma", "exp": "Answer-A. Skull bonesThe most frequently identified sites of metaststic involvement in children with retinoblastoma include skull bones, distal bones, brain, spinal cord, lymph nodes and abdominal viscera.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Skull bones", "opb": "Hip bones", "opc": "Ribs", "opd": "Veebrae", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e96d8a87-ffe8-4396-bea3-a2ec803151a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iris cyst are induced by", "exp": "D i.e. Ecothiopate", "cop": 4, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Phenylephrine", "opd": "Ecothiopate", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "35ab0766-e944-4f2c-b604-61310247bc32", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest clinical feature of Senile cataract", "exp": "Earliest clinical feature of Senile cataract is Glare\nMost common symptom at presentation is Frequent change of glasses", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glare", "opb": "Frequent change of glasses", "opc": "Coloured halos", "opd": "Uniocular polyopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "663e2089-fb49-4cea-b962-8abd5de2e607", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Structure with highest refractive index", "exp": "Lens - 1.41 Aqueous humor - 1.34 Cornea - 1.38 Vitreous humor - 1.34", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cornea", "opb": "Lens", "opc": "Aqueous humor", "opd": "Vitreous humor", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Embryology& Anatomy", "id": "2379d45c-d2a7-48a5-ae89-1fb68c2a6721", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common malignant tumor of the eyelids is", "exp": "B i.e. Basal cell carcinoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opc": "Melanoma", "opd": "Adenocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f2ba6ebd-d1a4-484c-a176-cf44923bcbb5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contraindication of topical beta blockers", "exp": "B i.e. Asthma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypeension", "opb": "Asthma", "opc": "Tachycardia", "opd": "Hypotension", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c91d0c7-5a13-4ae5-ba68-dc33c3c0682d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of Gonococcal ophthalmica neonatoram do not include", "exp": "Treatment of Gonococcal ophthalmica neonatoram do not include\n\nTopical Atropine\nCeftriaxone im\nTopical Bacitracin", "cop": 2, "opa": "Topical Atropine", "opb": "iv Bacitracin", "opc": "Ceftriaxone im", "opd": "Topical Bacitracin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f096e3d-aa22-4de7-8995-ea689a3b4ef4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fixation reflex develops at the age of", "exp": "Fixation reflex 2-4 months.\nMacular differentiation 4-6 months.\nStereopsis 5-7 years.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-4 months", "opb": "4-6 months", "opc": "6-8 months", "opd": "5-7 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "438a5c67-fd6c-48dd-9add-bfc459c836a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hirschberg test is used to detect", "exp": "Hirschberg corneal reflex test: It is a rough but handy method to estimate the angle of manifest squint. In it the patient is asked to fixate at point light held at a distance of 33 cm and the detion of the corneal light reflex from the centre of pupil is noted in the squinting eye. Roughly, the angle of squint is 15deg and 45deg when the corneal light reflex falls on the border of pupil and limbus, respectively. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-327", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic atrophy", "opb": "Squint", "opc": "Glaucoma", "opd": "Field defects", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "d2881fcf-d579-4c3d-a4c0-580379efe52d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glaucoma flecken is", "exp": "Vogt's triad may be seen in patients with any type of post congestive glaucoma and in treated cases of acute congestive glaucoma. It is characterized by: _ Glaucoma flecken (anterior subcapsular lenticular opacity), _ Patches of iris atrophy, and _ Slightly dilated non-reacting pupil (due to sphincter atrophy). Glaukomflecken are gray-white epithelial and anterior coical lens opacities that occur following an episode of markedly elevated IOP , Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 230", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute uveitis due to glaucoma", "opb": "Lens opacity due to glaucoma", "opc": "Retinal detachment due to glaucoma", "opd": "Corneal opacity due to glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "00dbb14a-cc34-4650-ad71-b56addb4a9ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bitemporal hemianopia is caused by lesions at", "exp": "(Central lesion of the Chiasma) (290-Khurana 4rd) (35-P)LESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY1. Lesions of the optic nerve - Marked loss of vision or complete blindless on the affected side associated with abolition of the direct light reflex on the ipsilateral side and consensual on the contralateral side.Common causes - Optic atrophy, Traumatic avulsion of the optic nerve, Indirect optic neuropathy and acute optic neuritis2. Lesions through proximal part of the optic nerve - Ipsilateral blindness, contralateral hemianopia and abolition of direct light reflex on the affected side and consensual on the contralateral side, Near reflex is intact.3. Sagittal (Cental) lesions of the Chiasma - Bitemporal hemianopia and bitemporal hemianopic paralysis of the pupillary reflexes.Common causes - Suprasellar aneurysm, tumours of the pituitary glands*, Craniopharyngioma, suprasellar Meningioma, glioma of third ventricle, third ventricular dilatation due to obstructive hydrocephalus and chronic chiasmal arachnoiditis.4. Lateral chiasmal lesions - Binasal hemianopia associated with binasal hemianopic paralysis of the pupillary reflexes.Common causes are - Distension of third ventricles causing pressure on each side of the chiasma, and atheroma of the carotids or posterior communicating arteries.5. Lesions of the optic tract - in congruous homonymous, hemianopia associated with contralateral hemianopic pupillary reactions {Wernicke's reaction)Common causes are - syphilitic meningitis or gumma, TB and tumours of optic thalamus and aneurysms of superior cerebellar or posterior cerebral arteries.6. Lesion of the lateral geniculate body - homonymous hemianopia with sparing of pupillary reflexes and may end in partial optic atrophy7. Lesions of optic radiation(I) Inferior quadrantic hemianopia {Pie on the floor) - lesions of parietal lobe(II) Superior quadrantic hemianopia {Pie in the sky) lesions of the temporal lobes", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic tract", "opb": "Central lesions of the chiasma", "opc": "Lateral part of chiasma", "opd": "Optic radiation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optic Nerve", "id": "61d7f74b-69cd-4123-9ce2-bf7e51dfac20", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Avascular coat in the eye is", "exp": "The cornea is a transparent, avascular, watch-glass like structure. It forms anterior one-sixth of the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball. It gets its nutrition from aqueous humor predominantly.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg: 89", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sclera", "opb": "Cornea", "opc": "Retina", "opd": "Choroid", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "1d0cf423-5774-4e48-b21e-b57df3e45978", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of rubeosis iridis is", "exp": "Rubeosis iridis is a condition in which new blood vessels form on the anterior surface of the iris. It occurs in diabetics of long standing and in thrombosis of the retinal vein.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitreous hemorrhage", "opb": "CRVO", "opc": "CRAO", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "19d7c974-f965-476c-8fc9-7472d0d7aef6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluorescent dye for ophthalmological diagnosis is injected in", "exp": "The technique of FFA comprises rapidly injecting 5 ml of 10 percent solution of sterile sodium fluorescein dye in the antecubital vein and taking serial photographs (with fundus camera) of the fundus of the patient who is seated with pupils fully dilated. The fundus camera has a mechanism to use blue light (420-490 nm wavelength) for exciting the fluorescein present in blood vessels and to use the yellow-green filter for receiving the fluorescent light (510-530 nm wavelength) back for photography. Reference : A K KHURANA Comprehensive Ophthalmology; edition 4; page-487", "cop": 1, "opa": "Antecubital vein", "opb": "Popliteal vein", "opc": "Femoral vein", "opd": "Subclan vein", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "7ca14190-504d-477c-9609-588cb6085fc6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A56 years old patient presents after three days of cataract surgery with a history of increasing pain and decrease of vision after an initial improvement the most likely cause would be", "exp": "Pain which is increasing along with decrease in vision paicularly after only three days of cataract surgery strongly suggest endophthalmitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endophthalmitis", "opb": "After cataract", "opc": "Central retinal vein occlusion", "opd": "Retinal detachment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "97bc6a1d-d772-43aa-bdbc-8528bcd42f51", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Salt and pepper fundus occurs in", "exp": "C i.e. Rubella Congenital syphilis show dusty discrete pigmentation of peripheral retinae where multitude of black & white spots appears ('pepper & salt fundus' Q) + anterior retinitis + interstitial keratitis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Toxoplasma", "opb": "Toxocara", "opc": "Rubella", "opd": "Ehlers Danlos syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60a98c99-ef1b-4520-8202-46c977aa4864", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Krukenberg spindles", "exp": "Deposition of pigment granules in posterior surface of cornea is called krukenbergs spindle it is seen in pigment dispersion syndrome.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Involves anterior surface of cornea", "opb": "Involves anterior lens surface", "opc": "Involves posterior surface of cornea", "opd": "Involves posterior surface of lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "25e48b25-49de-410d-953c-402f27e2bc98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On performing retinoscopy, movement of red reflex does not occur with the movement of retinocope in", "exp": "In > 1D Myopia, movement of red reflex occurs against the movement of retinoscope. In rest, it occurs with the movement of retinoscope.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Emmetropia", "opb": ">1D Myopia", "opc": "< 1D Myopia", "opd": "Hypermetropia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ef31734c-ae8c-4e23-974d-cd648a69a077", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antimicrobial resistance in frequent lens user is due to", "exp": "The contaminated contact lens provides Pseudomonas aeruginosa an idea site for attachment and biofilm production Continuous contact of the eye to the biofilm-infested lens can lead to serious ocular diseases, such as keratitis (corneal ulcers) The biofilm also prevent effective penetration of the antibiotics, which increase the chances of antibiotic resistance. Reference : AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 50", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biofilm formation", "opb": "Improper handling", "opc": "Unhygienic formation", "opd": "Low potency of antibiotics", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "84922ba5-bb43-46b4-b479-1c3a4cb4e56c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mydriatic used in children for refraction is", "exp": "C i.e. Atropine ointment", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tropicamide", "opb": "Cyclopentolate", "opc": "Atropine ointment", "opd": "Homatropine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "22696b1e-a789-4747-9deb-12b19de25fe7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common ocular feature in Reiter\nSyndrome is", "exp": "Reiter syndrome is characterised by\n\nUrethritis\nArthritis\nConjunctivitis>>> Urethritis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior Uveitis", "opb": "Pars planitis", "opc": "Conjunctivitis", "opd": "Chorioretinitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a962600-70ba-4319-befe-623c5171a3d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal endothelium was seen by", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 95 - 96)Corneal endothelium:It consists of single layer of polygonal (mainly hexagonal cells)They are visualized by slit lamp bio-microscope and appear like a mosaicThe cell density is 30000 cells/mm2 in young adults and decreases with ageThese cells contain active pump mechanism", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pachymeter", "opb": "Keratometer", "opc": "Tonometer", "opd": "Slit lamp bio-microscope", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "312851d1-4d4c-4a3a-b818-caf48f6f47c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Number of pericytes in diabetic retinopathy", "exp": "In diabetic retinopathy loss of pericytes in capillaries cause leakage of vessels. The onset of diabetic retinopathy is characterized by morphologic alterations of the microvessels, with thickening of the basement membrane, loss of inter-endothelial tight junctions and early and selective loss of pericytes, together with increased vascular permeability, capillary occlusions, microaneurysms Reference: Aravind FAQS in Ophthalmology; First Edition; Page no: 335", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increases", "opb": "Decreases", "opc": "No change", "opd": "Decreases followed by increases", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "601ee8a1-ffbe-4d34-88c8-01741deae56e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of unilateral proptosis is", "exp": "A i.e. Thyrotoxicosis Grave's ophthalmopathy is most common cause of U/L or B/L proptosis in adults Q between age of 25-50 yrsQ", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyrotoxicosis", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Intraocular haemorrhage", "opd": "Raised intracranial tension", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "572f1e60-d4de-4ba0-95f8-9a8daea9bc84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "One meridian focussed on retina, other meridian focussed behind retina is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Simple myopic astigmatism", "opb": "Simple hypermetropia", "opc": "Compound myopic astigmatism", "opd": "Simple hypermetropic astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2732bc20-a067-48e0-9eb6-a1a099435f94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SAFE strategy is used for", "exp": "Trachoma blindness Trachoma is a leading cause of preventable blindness. Effective interventions have been demonstrated in developing nations using the &;SAFE strategy&;. SAFE strategy: &;S&;urgery to correct lid deformity and prevent blindness, &;A&;ntibiotics for acute infections and community control, &;F&;acial hygiene, &;E&;nvironmental change including improved access to water and sanitation and health education. Reference :- A K KHURANA 7th edition ; page:-447", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Onchocerciasis", "opc": "Diabetic retinopathy", "opd": "Glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "eecd3042-0920-4c2a-80d0-051e1f5014cd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest clinical feature of orbital extension of the basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Diplopia", "opb": "Photophobia", "opc": "Leucocoria", "opd": "Proptosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a49460b6-73b0-4d2a-93a4-ea4a25ff1d6a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contraindicated in glaucoma is", "exp": "(Atropine): Ref: 222-KH (147-P)* Topical beta blockers are the first drug choice for medical therapy of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) E.g. Timolol maleate, Betaxolal, Levobunolol, carteolol* Pilocarpine: - Contracts longitudinal muscle of ciliary body and opens spaces in trabecular mushwork, thereby mechanically increased aqueous outflow.* Dorzolamide: - topically carbonate anhydrase inhibitor* Latanoprost: - (prostaglandins F2a) decreases the IOP by increading the uveo-scleral out flow of aqueous.* Adrenergic drugs- Epinephrine, Apraclonidine and brimonidine* Atropine - are contraindicated in individuals with narrow iridocorneal angle - may precipitate acute congestive glaucoma, however marked rise in IOP its rare in patients with wide angle of glaucoma (100-KDT)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Timolol maleate", "opd": "Latanoprost", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "21dbab62-c481-491c-a2d9-1bb517d6752a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia is", "exp": "U/L INO - Diabetes mellitus.\nB/L INO - Multiple sclerosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Quinine toxicity", "opb": "Diphtheria", "opc": "Multiple sclerosis", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f682dc89-c21b-457c-83c5-43553f680daf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lens develops from.", "exp": "Ans. (b) Surface ectodermSurface EctodermNeural EctodermMesodermNeural Crest* Conjunctival Epithelium* Corneal Epithelium* Lacrimal gland* Tarsal gland* Lens* Smooth muscle of Iris* Iris Epithelium* Ciliary Epithelium* Retina & its pigment epithelium* Optic nerve fibre* Part of vitrous* EOM* Sclera* Iris* Vascular endothelium* Choroid* Part of vitrous* Corneal stroma* Ciliary ganglion* Schwann cell* Uveal and conj melanocytes* Meningeal sheath of ON* Part of vitrous", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neuroectoderm", "opb": "Surface ectoderm", "opc": "Mesoderm", "opd": "Neural crest", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Lens)", "id": "9e55d3c7-3554-4e70-9601-f53aee558d22", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frequent changes of reading glasses in a 60yr old male patient is a feature of", "exp": "Frequent changes of reading glasses is a feature of Primary open angle glaucoma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Primary open angle glaucoma", "opb": "Senile nuclear cataract", "opc": "Acute angle closure glaucoma", "opd": "Presbyopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d63ab1c9-2877-4156-b975-9a2d22875ac9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wavelength of Femtosecond laser is", "exp": "Femtosecond - 1053 nm\nnd - Yag - 1064 nm.", "cop": 3, "opa": "514", "opb": "1064", "opc": "1053", "opd": "714", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ae87aca-8ca0-405f-9027-4ac5e24b4b4c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fasanella servat operation is done for", "exp": "The Fasanella-Servatprocedure is used for the repair of mild to moderate ptosis. ... RESULTS: Ptosis was classified as involutional, occurring after intraocular surgery, congenital, due to Horner's syndrome present after levator surgery, and myogenic/other. Ref khurana 6/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myasthenia gravis", "opb": "Horner syndrome", "opc": "Congenital ptosis", "opd": "Drug induced ptosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "b9a6bc4d-2f51-4010-ba3f-8bbd1e3b7c37", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Marcus Gunn sign is seen in", "exp": "Grading of hypeensive retinopathy:Keith and Wegner (1939) have classified hypeensive retinopathy changes into following four grades:_ Grade I: It consists of mild generalized aeriolar attenuation, paicularly of small branches, with broadening of the aeriolar light reflex and vein concealment._ Grade II: It comprises marked generalized narrowing and focal attenuation of aerioles associated with deflection of veins at aeriovenous crossings (Salus' sign)._ Grade III: This consists of Grade II changes plus copper-wiring of aerioles, banking of veins distal to aeriovenous crossings (Bonnetsign), tapering of veins on either side of the crossings (Gunn sign) and right-angle deflection of veins (Salu's sign). Flame-shaped hemorrhages cotton-wool spots and hard exudates are also present._ Grade IV: This consists of all changes of Grade III plus silver-wiring of aerioles and papilloedema.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 258", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opb": "Retinal detachment", "opc": "Diabetic retinopathy", "opd": "Hypeensive retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "d9024b76-4bbe-41b8-a282-652635a6cd23", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitreous floaters are seen in", "exp": "Choroiditis refers to inflammation of the choroid which in most cases also involves the adjacent retina resulting in chorioretinitis. clinical features: -Painless visual symptoms like photopsia -Vitreous Floaters : black spots in front of the eyes - represent the vitreous inflammation - opacities that cast shadows on the retina - can be seen in any condition associated with vitritis - intermediate or posterior uveitis -Micropsia or macropsia -Positive scotoma Fundus examination reveals vitreous opacities with active healed stage of retinitis. Treated by systemic steroids", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctivitis", "opb": "Keratitis", "opc": "Anterior Scleritis", "opd": "Posterior uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveitis", "id": "6751e4c8-7aaa-43ed-bc80-131df4f89994", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First change in Visual field seen in Glaucoma", "exp": "First change in Visual field seen Glaucoma is Isopter Contraction but is Visually insignigficant.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Paracentral scotoma", "opb": "Siedel's scotoma", "opc": "Isopter Contraction", "opd": "Arcuate scotoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c590956e-2c24-449a-a0bd-36246f3079a2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Satellite nodule on a corneal ulcer is seen due to", "exp": "(Fungal infection) (100- Khurana 4th)FUNGAL - KERATITIS - caused by filamentous fungiSign.* It is dry looking grayish- white with elevated rolled out margins* Delicate feathery finger like extension are present into the surrounding stroma under the intact epithelium* A sterile immune-ring (yellow line of demarcation) may be present* Multiple small satellite lesions may be present around the ulcer* Usually a big hypopyon unlike bacterial ulcer may not be sterile and the fungi can penetrate into the anterior chamber without perforation* Perforation in mycotic ulcer is rare but can occure* Corneal vascularization is consipicusly absent", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fungal infection", "opb": "Bacterial infection", "opc": "Viral infection", "opd": "Protozoal infections", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "b40e82ec-3408-426f-b21c-a6be3c350671", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma among the following is", "exp": "Myopia is a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma, not Hypermetropia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hereditary", "opb": "diabetes mellitus", "opc": "Cigarette smoking", "opd": "Hypermetropia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd125051-cc3a-4f23-a87a-bddf5b9180a7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual field defect in a woman with pituitary adenoma compressing the optic chiasma", "exp": "Ref: Kanski: Clinical Ophthalmology; 7th edition.Explanation:Normal chiasmal position is seen in 80%Prefixed chiasma - placed in front of the pituatory fossa - 10%Postfixed chiasma - placed posteriorly above the pituatory fossa-10%.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Homonymous hemianopia", "opb": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "opc": "Bi nasal hemianopia", "opd": "Quadrantanopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lesions of the Visual Pathway", "id": "ade2a7cc-6b89-41e1-a82e-7026dd308474", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Snowflakes\" cataract is seen", "exp": "A. (Diabetes) (181 - Khurana 4th)True Diabetic Cataract - It is also called \"snow- flake cataract\" or \"snow storm cataract\". It is rare condition usually occurring in young adults due to osmotic overhydration of the lens. Initially a large number of fluid vaccoules appears underneath the anterior and posterior capsules. Which is soon following by appearance of bilateral \"snow - flake white opacities in the cortex* Clasical diabetic cataract consists of snow flake cortical opacities occurring in young diabetics (166 - K)* Galectosaemic cataract - bilateral cataracts oil droplet central lens opacities*** Wilson's disease - \"Sunflower cataracts\"*** Dystrophia - myotonica - \"Christmas tree\" patternTreatment of advanced diabetic retinopathy include - Seal the tear and reattach the retina, vitrectomy, exophotocoagulation***", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diabetes", "opb": "Galectosemia", "opc": "Trauma", "opd": "Wilson's disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "a24a60c3-549c-479d-926a-d4149156cacd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best method of detection of retained glass intraocular foreign body is", "exp": "In CT or MRI, accurate foreign body localization is possible.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Radiography", "opb": "Usg", "opc": "Tonometry", "opd": "CT scan", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d17d159f-d1e7-4855-b596-9b83b7999814", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Snellen's chart is based on", "exp": "Snellen's chart is based on Form sense.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Light sense", "opb": "Colour sense", "opc": "Contrast sense", "opd": "Form sense", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88253bbb-5ea9-42be-bf1a-bfefb62e78c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von Herick angle grade '3' of anterior chamber denotes", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Moderately open angle", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wide open angle", "opb": "Moderately open angle", "opc": "Moderately narrow angle", "opd": "Closed angle", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "afa411d3-1bfb-407b-b265-2d734901dcd3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Radiation induced cataract is", "exp": "Radiation can cause Posterior subcapsular cataract Lens is the most sensitive pa of eye for radiation induced damage Miscellaneous Cataract impoant for PGMEE * Sunflower cataract: Wilson disease, chalcosis. * Polychromatic Lusture- Complicated cataract * Coicosteroid: Posterior subcapsular cataract. (Topical steroids cause glaucoma, systemic steroids cause cataract more) * Galactosemia: Oil drop cataract * Anterior lenticonus- Alpo * Posterior Lenticonus- Lowe Syndrome * Rosette Cataract: Blunt trauma * Shield cataract- Atopic dermatitis. * Radiation can cause PSC cataract. * Persistent hyaloid aery: Cause of Posterior polar cataract * Myotonic Dystrophy: Christmas Tree Cataract (mimics the lights on a christmas tree) * Posterior polar cataract: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous * Snow storm/Snow flake cataract: Diabetes", "cop": 3, "opa": "Shield cataract", "opb": "Antrior polar cataract", "opc": "Posterior Subcapsular cataract", "opd": "Alpo syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cataract", "id": "fb42f13d-599b-4575-941d-f15c36830021", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cataract in a diabetic patients is because of accumulation of sorbital in lens. The enzyme responsible for this is", "exp": "B i.e. NADPH + dependent aldolase reductase Lens Q, peripheral nerves, renal glomeruli & RBC's are the tissues where glucose can enter without the help of insulin. In diabetics, concentration of glucose rise with in lens which is conveed into sorbitol & fructose. Sorbitol does not easily diffuse through cell membrane & thus accumulate. It causes damage to lens protein and leads to cataract.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hexokinase", "opb": "NADPH+ dependant aldolase reductase", "opc": "Glucokinase", "opd": "Phosphofructo isomerase", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d70bf7e2-bc70-487a-9a48-f265fb110a85", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest change in diabetic retinopathy is", "exp": "(C) Microaneurysms and pin point haemorrhages # Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)> Ophthalmoscopic features of NPDR include: Microaneurysms in the macular area*(the earliest detectable lesion). Retinal haemorrhages both deep (dot and blot haemorrhages) and superficial haemorrhages (flame-shaped). Hard exudates -yellowish-white waxy-looking patches are arranged in clumps or in circinate pattern. These are commonly seen in the macular area. Retinal oedema characterised by retinal thickening. Cotton-wool spots (if>8, there is high risk of developing PDR). Venous abnormalities, beading, looping and dilatation. Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA). Dark-blot haemorrhages representing haemorrhagic retinal infarcts.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyaloid change", "opb": "Hard exudate", "opc": "Microaneurysms and pin point haemorrhages", "opd": "Vitreous haemorrhage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "d6efe0ee-0699-4b5e-85c9-f1844425f658", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contraindication of LASIK among the following is", "exp": "Any corneal defect is a contraindication for LASIK. Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Currently, this procedure is being considered the refractive surgery of choice for myopia up to -12D. In this technique first, a flap of 130-160 micron thickness of anterior corneal tissue is raised. After creating a corneal flap midstromal tissue is ablated directly with an excimer laser beam, ultimately flattening the cornea. Patient selection criteria are: 1. Patients above 20 years of age 2. Stable refraction for at least 12 months 3. Motivated patient 4. The absence of corneal pathology: Presence of ectasia or any other corneal pathology and a corneal thickness less than 450 mm is an absolute contraindication for LASIK. Because keratoconus is a degenerative corneal disease that causes thinning of the cornea and leads to unpredictable and irregular changes in the shape of the front surface of the eye, LASIK generally is not recommended for anyone with keratoconus Reference: AK khurana 7th edition page 256", "cop": 2, "opa": ">= 20 years", "opb": "Keratoconus", "opc": "Normal cornea", "opd": "Myopia of -8D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "5cdaeb58-44ff-4b45-9aec-d1705b06c45f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NOT a feature of Behcet's disease among the following is", "exp": "Behcet's disease is characterised by bilateral non granulomatous Anterior Uveitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Granulomatous Uveitis", "opb": "Oral ulcers", "opc": "Erythema multiformae", "opd": "HLA B5 association", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "763b659c-21fe-49ef-9f33-c627cd0cb8b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 65 year old man complains of difficulty in reading newspaper with his left eye, three weeks after sustaining a gunshot injury to his Right eye. Diagnosis is", "exp": "It is a serious bilateral granulomatous panuveitis which follows a penetrating ocular trauma.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Macular edema", "opb": "Retinal detachment", "opc": "Sympathetic ophthalmitis", "opd": "Hyphaema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8a8d2706-4dbc-4ee3-b113-773e56f2967d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mild dilated fixed pupil seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Acute congestive glaucoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute congestive glaucoma", "opb": "Iridocyclitis", "opc": "Chronic congestive glaucoma", "opd": "Open angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf340485-e8b9-48bc-b9e2-c0e97c7a5efa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Absence of tear film is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: A condition in which there is deficiency of the aqueous tears.Causes are:Sjogren's syndromeCongenital alacrimaParalytic hyposecretionIdiopathic hyposecretionAbsence of tear film is not seen in lacrimal gland removal because :\"It must be remembered that xerosis or dryness of the conjunctiva does not result from extirpation of the superior and inferior lacrimal glands, the moistening of the conjunctiva by Krause's glands and its own mucous cells being sufficient to prevent it.\"", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctivitis", "opb": "Lacrimal gland removal", "opc": "Herpes keratitis", "opd": "Kerato conjunctivitis sicca", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lacrimal Gland", "id": "3b5913a7-5e8e-46ed-9824-754cd9e8983c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iris cyst formation induced by", "exp": "Local side-effects are encountered more frequently with long-acting miotics. These include problems due to miosis include myopia and frontal headache, retinal detachment, lenticular opacities, iris cyst formation, mild iritis, lacrimation and follicular conjunctivitisAmong the given drugs pilocarpine is Parasympathomimetic drugs (Miotics)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Latanoprost", "opd": "Timolol", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ef510f17-b03c-4779-8ec2-e827d65fafd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Perimetry is a test to assess the", "exp": "The visual field is a three-dimensional area of a subject's surroundings that can be seen at any one time around an object of fixation. The extent of the normal visual field with a 5 mm white color object is superiorly 50 degree, inferiorly 70 degree, nasally 60 degrees and temporally 90o degree. The field for blue and yellow is roughly 10 degrees less and that for red and green color is about 20 degrees less than that for white. Perimetry with a red color object is paicularly useful in the diagnosis of bitemporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression and in the central scotoma of retrobulbar neuritis. Image : Goldmann perimetry Reference : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4, Page-481", "cop": 3, "opa": "Visual acuity", "opb": "Intraocular pressure", "opc": "Visual field", "opd": "Depth of the anterior chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "a034eab5-4743-4fb3-9059-73790a7fce36", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The toxic agent in 'Tobacco amblyopia' is", "exp": "(Cyanide): Ref: 296-KH (92-P)TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA: -Toxic agent involved cyanide fond in tobacco.Excessive tobacco smoking Decreased cyanide detoxification due to alcoholics dietary deficiency of sulphur rich proteins| |Excessive cyanide in blood | Degeneration of ganglion cells particularly of the macular region | Degeneration of papillo-macular bundle in the nerve | Toxic amblyopia * Bilateral gradually progressive impairment in the central vision* Visual field examination - Bilateral centrocaecal scotomas* Fundus examination is essentially normal or there may be slight temporal pallor of the disc.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nicotine", "opb": "Cyanide", "opc": "Carbondioxide", "opd": "Dinitrozol", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "8dd4a18b-38fd-4bc7-b8e3-93b627a4377b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sixth cranial nerve palsy of left eye causes", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 336 - 361)Sixth nerve supplies lateral rectus, therefore its palsy results in abduction weakness (not adduction weakness).In left gaze, there is the abduction of left eye and adduction of the right eye. If there is paralysis of lateral rectus of the left eye (6th nerve paralysis), abduction of left eye will not be possible in left gaze, while adduction of the right eye is normal. Therefore, there will be diplopia in left gaze.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Accommodation paresis in left gaze", "opb": "Ptosis of left eye", "opc": "Adduction weakness of left eye", "opd": "Diplopia in left gaze", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "2e184321-a836-4e26-b5dc-c42df963d926", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 58 year old male with history of Ipsilateral facial paralysis and contralateral hemiplegia. Plain CT scan head is given below. The diagnosis is", "exp": "(A) MCA stroke # Stroke syndromes:> Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel: the lateral aspects of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, the corona radiata, globus pallidus, caudate and putamen.> The MCA is the most common site for the occurrence of ischemic stroke.> Middle Cerebral Artery Pneumonic: \"CHANGes\" Contralateral paresis and sensory loss in the face and the arm Homonymous Hemianopsia Aphasia Neglect Gaze preference toward the size of the lesion# Signs and Symptoms:> Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the lower half of the contralateral face> Hemiparesis or hemiplegia of the contralateral upper and lower extremities> Sensory loss of the contralateral face, arm and leg> Ataxia of contralateral extremities> Speech impairments/aphasia: Broca's, Wernicke's or Global aphasia as a result of a dominant hemisphere lesion (usually the left brain)> Perceptual deficits: hemispatial neglect, anosognosia, apraxia, and spatial disorganization as a result of a non-dominant hemi- sphere lesion (usually the right brain)> Visual disorders: deviation conjuguee, a gaze preference towards the side of the lesion; contralateral homonymous hemianopsia> Radiographic features:> Generally the features are those of cerebral infarction, similar to those seen in any other territory.> There are however certain features specific to middle cerebral artery infarct, and these are discussed below. For both CT and MRI it is worth dividing the features according to time course.> It should also be noted that middle cerebral artery infarcts are often incomplete affecting only perforator branches or one or more distal branches. As such in many cases only parts of the middle cerebral artery territory is affected.> CT: The earliest finding of middle cerebral artery occlusion is: Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign 3 seen immediately and represents direct visualisation of the thromboembolism. Presence of calcification is important as it is a contraindication to angioplasty> Early parenchymal signs include subtle blurring, decreased attenuation and swelling of the grey-white matter junction of affected regions. It should be noted that deep grey matter structures are affected before the cortex due to lenticulostriate arteries being end arteries, and cytotoxic oedema (intracellular fluid accumulation) occurring earlier 2,4: lentiform nucleus; caudate nucleus as early as 1 hour after occlusion 4 visible in 75% of patients at 3 hours 4 insular ribbon although cortical it is the furthest cortex from collateral circulation and is therefore also affected early 4 the insular ribbon sign describes loss of normal grey-white differentiation surface cortex (including peri-rolandic cortex) collateral flow retards development of CT signs with only 20% of cases demonstrating changes at 3 hours 4> With time the hypo-attenuation and swelling become more marked, and in patients with the majority of the MCA territory affected the mass effect is often dramatic and life threatening, sometimes requiring a decompressive craniectomy.> As time passes the infarct undergoes gradual reduction in swelling and mass effect (see cerebral infarction).> Treatment and prognosis. Treatment of middle cerebral artery infarcts is the same as infarcts anywhere else (see cerebral infarction) except that due to the size of the involved territory the degree of mass effect resulting form infarction can be marked and life threatening. As such decompressive craniectomy is advocated by many as a life saving procedure.", "cop": 1, "opa": "MCA stroke", "opb": "ACA stroke", "opc": "PCA stroke", "opd": "PICA stroke", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "13caa9cd-d9a9-43c3-b9e2-968b28539d98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distance of patient w hile reading Snellen chart is", "exp": "(C) 6 meters # SNELLEN CHART is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity.> Visual acuity = Distance at which test is made / distance at which the smallest optotype identified subtends an angle of 5 arcminutes.> In the most familiar acuity test, a Snellen chart is placed at a standard distance: 6 metres (or 20 ft). At this distance, the symbols on the line representing \"\"normal\"\" acuity subtend an angle of five minutes of arc, and the thickness of the lines and of the spaces between the lines subtends one minute of arc. This line, designated 6/6 (or 20/20), is the smallest line that a person with normal acuity can read at a distance of 6 metres (20 ft).", "cop": 3, "opa": "6 feet", "opb": "25 ems", "opc": "6 meters", "opd": "25 feet", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "12304bc4-9c72-40d2-8738-c71851c39918", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest ocular sign of hypothyroidism is", "exp": "Cataract - hypothyroidism\nDarlymple sign - Graves disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cataract", "opb": "Glaucoma", "opc": "Band-shaped keratopathy", "opd": "Uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "71931145-eace-4b50-a2bf-591ed78b5568", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unilateral water discharge from the eye of a newborn with no edema or chemosis is due to", "exp": "Chemical conjuctivitis occurs due to silver nitrate eye drops given in children to prevent gonorrhea infection REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 65", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chlamydia", "opb": "Gonococcus", "opc": "Sticky eye", "opd": "Chemical conjuctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "faf4df61-e5a4-4b01-88d1-dae4dc926a64", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ascorbic acid transpo in cornea is mediated by", "exp": "Metabolism of Cornea *Main Metabolic pathway: Aerobic *Ascorbic acid transpo: Na K ATPase > Myoinositol *Cornea becomes edematous due to lactate accumulation that happens during hypoxic conditions such as prolonged contact lens use. *Oxygen is derived from environment & glucose from aqueous humor. *Vitamins and amino acids are also provided by the limbal cappilaries", "cop": 2, "opa": "Carbonic anhydrase pump", "opb": "Na K pump", "opc": "Myoinositol pump", "opd": "Passive diffusion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "6c3f920d-96e2-4d84-88a8-a63bcd50c420", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ophthalmia nodosa is seen with", "exp": "*Ophthalmia nodosa: Conjunctival inflammatory nodule due to caterpillar hair or tarantula hair *Can lead to chronic conjunctivitis and visually disabling corneal scars , cataract, vitritis and macular edema *Treatment: removal of the offending agent and managing inflammation through coicosteroid treatment.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Onchocerciasis", "opb": "Caterpillar hair in conjunctiva", "opc": "Pseudoexfoliation syndrome", "opd": "Pinguecula", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Disorders of Conjunctiva", "id": "73904fec-4195-4777-8437-0492289533b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Development of eye completes at", "exp": "Development of eye begins at 3 weeks period of gestration.\nDevelopment of eye eompletes at 9 - 10 weeks period of gestation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "3 - 4 weeks period of gestation", "opb": "9 - 10 weeks period of gestation", "opc": "12 - 15 weeks period of gestation", "opd": "20 - 22 weeks period of gestation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1d25d7aa-9964-4ed4-8f3a-eec2cce0fe23", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For a neonate with Threshold Retinopathy of prematurity, most appropriate Rx would be", "exp": "If threshold disease is present, perform ablative surgery. Ablative therapy currently consists of cryotherapy or laser surgery to destroy the avascular areas of the retina. The average gestational age (GA) at which surgery is necessary is usually 37-40 weeks Figure : Retina of the right and left eye, showing borders of the three zones and clock hours used to describe the location and extent of retinopathy of prematurity. Reference : Khurana 6th edition page 214", "cop": 1, "opa": "Photocoagulation", "opb": "Less O2 flow", "opc": "Surgery", "opd": "Antioxidants", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "1dd72097-8dab-4435-b408-e254ae224e37", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eale's disease is best treated with", "exp": "Best treatment is steroids.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Steroids", "opb": "ATT drugs", "opc": "Streptomycin", "opd": "Benvacizumab", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7f86cd7e-4216-418a-9db0-0ab613f0b5a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Muscae volitantes are seen in", "exp": "These are physiological opacities and represent the residues of primitive hyaloid vasculature.\nPatient perceives them as fine dots and filaments, which often drift in and out of the visual field, against a bright background (e.g., clear blue sky).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitreous detachment", "opb": "Vitreous hemorrhage", "opc": "Eale’s disease", "opd": "Remains of primitive hyaloid vasculature", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd5f05f5-0b9c-482a-b2f3-1f50c5e61232", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Voex vein invasion is commonly seen in", "exp": "Voex vein invasion is common in malignant Melanoma where does optic nerve invation is common in retinoblastoma Refer khurana 6/e p 420", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "malignant Melanoma", "opc": "Optic nerve glioma", "opd": "Medula epithelioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "0b8c566a-36f3-4c25-9b98-55f1299fbab6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blow up out fracture of zygomatic arch cause", "exp": "Blow out fracture is the fracture of floor due to blunt trauma. Floor is formed of zygomatic arch ,maxillary bone and small palatine bone Refer khurana 6/e 403", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anosmia", "opb": "Diplopia", "opc": "Exophthalmous", "opd": "Epistaxis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "5b703c1e-f702-47b0-bc48-1a0e5dbe7573", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Christmas tree cataract is seen in", "exp": "Christmas tree cataract is seen in myotonic dystrophy Christmas tree cataract These are polychromatic and highly reflective, needle-shaped opacities in the lens seen in myotonic dystrophy. Usually it does not disturb vision.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Atopic dermatitis", "opb": "Diabetes", "opc": "Myotonic dystrophy", "opd": "Alpo syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cataract", "id": "041438be-a67c-4f7a-87c9-f16e62971413", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cornea veicillata is caused by", "exp": "Cornea veicillata: *This is a whorl-like opacity in the corneal epithelium seen in patients on long-term treatment with medication such as amiodarone, chloroquine, phenothiazines, and indomethacin. *It is also seen in patients with Fabry disease and its carrier state. *The condition is generally asymptomatic, harmless and reversible on stopping the drug. *The whorl-like pattern shows the direction of migration of corneal epithelial cells. *Occasionally the condition has been known to cause glare and surface discomfo which responds to topical lubricants. Cornea veicillata, also called voex keratopathy or whorl keratopathy, is a condition characterised by corneal deposits at the level of the basal epithelium forming a faint golden-brown whorl pattern. It is seen in Fabry disease or in case of prolonged amiodarone intake Ref- Parson's; 21st edition; Pg No. 214", "cop": 2, "opa": "Erythromycin", "opb": "Amiodarone", "opc": "Timolol", "opd": "Tetracycline", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "9db63938-1189-4a10-ae4c-dd174e7c4421", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common ocular complication of Diphtheria is", "exp": "A i.e. Paralysis of accommodation In diptheria ciliary muscle never escape, hence there is almost always paralysis of accommodation Q. Pupils often escapes hence pupillary reflex is normal. Isolated ocular palsies are common External opthalmoplegia is rare.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Paralysis of accommodation", "opb": "External ophthalmoplegia", "opc": "Sluggish pupillary reflex", "opd": "Optic neuritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "40a77c42-e208-4d35-b0ab-f4fe02eec482", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Besides its propeies of decreasing intraocular pressure, timolol is preferred in the treatment of glaucoma because it", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Produces no miosis Advantages of topical n-blockers (timolol) over miotics (pilocarpinel No change in pupil size (no miosis) - No fluctuation in I.O.T. No induced myopia - Convenient once/twice daily applications No ciliary spasm (no spasm of accomodation) - Few systemic side effects.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Produces no miosis", "opb": "Possess membrane stabilizing activity", "opc": "Increases outflow of aqueous humor", "opd": "Is a selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9660259c-636d-48ee-bfb9-458109edca1d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of astigmatism in keratoconus is", "exp": "Keratoconus usually have irregular astigmatism * B/L Non inflammatory ectatic condition of cornea Clinical Presentation * Young females with constantly changing power of glasses with myopia & high cylinder and irregular astigmatism SIGNS IN KERATOCONUS Munson sign Enlarged corneal nerves Oil droplet reflex( on DDO) Rizutti sign Hydrops Fleischer ring", "cop": 3, "opa": "Simple myopia", "opb": "Simple hypermetropia", "opc": "Irregular astigmatism", "opd": "Regular astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "7b5ae78e-966f-41ed-bba6-d1b02cc2871a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In cystoid macular edema fluid collects in the macular region at the level of", "exp": "Ans. Outer plexiform layer", "cop": 2, "opa": "Outer nuclear layer", "opb": "Outer plexiform layer", "opc": "Inner plexiform layer", "opd": "Between pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8a768bb0-88c2-43f1-aa2c-70a7c94c143e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Human retina consists about", "exp": "(A) 100 million Rods & 5 million Cones # Total number of cones in fovea:> Approximately 200,000. There are 17,500 cones/degree> Rod free area is approximately 10 thus there are 17,500 cones in the central rod-free fovea.> Total number of cones in the retina. - 6,400,000> Total number of rods in the retina. - 110,000,000 to 125,000,000> Rod distribution.> Rods peak in density 180 or 5mm out from the center of the fovea in a ring around the fovea at 160,000 rods/mm2> No rods in central 200 pm.> Average 80-100,000 rods/mm2> Rod acuity peak is at 5.20 or 1.5 mm from foveal center where there are 100,000 rods/mm2", "cop": 1, "opa": "100 million Rods & 5 million Cones", "opb": "5 million Rods & 100 million Cones", "opc": "100 million Rods & 100 million Cones", "opd": "5 million Rods & 5 million Cones", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "eb558050-7507-4cd2-88dd-a61bac149c0f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ophthalmia neonatorum presenting within 24 hours of bih is most likely due to", "exp": "Chemical conjunctivitis Time of onset of chemical conjuctivitis: Immediately after bih Ophthalmia Neonatorum *B/L Conjunctival swelling in a neonate in first 4 weeks of life Signs Pain and tenderness in the eyeball. Conjunctival discharge Conjunctiva shows hyperaemia & chemosis. Eyelids are usually swollen. Corneal involvement may occur in herpes simplex ophthalmia neonatorum. CAUSES Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Haemophilus species Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus BACTERIAL Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus viridans Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa VIRAL Adenovirus Herpes simplex virus CHEMICAL CONJUNCTIVITIS Crede's solution Time of Onset *Chemical : Immediately *C. Trachomatis: upto 2 weeks *N. Gonorrhea: 24-48 hours *Staphylococcus, H. influenzae, Streptococcus, enterococcus: 2-5 days *Viral: within one week Just on the basis of the time of onset, it is difficult to make a diagnosis sometimes, other relevant clinical history and clinical findings have to be taken in consideration", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chemical inoculation", "opb": "Herpes simplex", "opc": "Staphylococcus", "opd": "H. Influenzae", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "75129fe8-f750-47fc-90d3-1bd6ceafa060", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uveitis with raised intraocular tension is best managed by", "exp": "D i.e. Steroid", "cop": 4, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Atropine", "opc": "Pilocarpine", "opd": "Steroid", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cff2119c-eab6-4f52-88d6-83ff69082d94", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The golden period of eye donation is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 136)\"Donor corneas are harvested from cadaveric donors within 6 hours after death, sometimes up to 12 hours after death in countries with cold climates\".", "cop": 1, "opa": "6 hours", "opb": "12 hours", "opc": "18 hours", "opd": "24 hours", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "06feb34c-a0a8-4f6b-936c-d90d9e596f0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Granulomatous uveitis is seen in", "exp": "UVEITIS (INFLAMMATION OF UVEA) Pathological Classification: 1)Non-granulomatous: Common systemic disorders associated with acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis are: sacroiliitis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter&;s syndrome, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn&;s disease. 2)Granulomatous: Impoant causes of granulomatous uveitis are: Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Syphilis, Herpetic uveitis, Brucellosis, Histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, Sarcoidosis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada&;s disease, Sympathetic ophthalmitis, Lens induced uveitis, and Foreign body uveitis. Ref:- A K Khurana; pg num:-138,140,141", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis", "opb": "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada' s disease", "opc": "Behcet' s disease", "opd": "Psoriatic ahritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal tract", "id": "dc903b5c-0847-4e18-a513-ed340b9ba1d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most impoant factor for development of diabetic retinopathy is", "exp": "Duration of diabetes is most impoant factor for development of diabetic retinopathy. Other Risk Factors: Duration of DM Hyperlipidemia Nephropathy Pregnancy Hypeension", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duration of diabetes", "opb": "Level of diabetes", "opc": "Type of diabetes", "opd": "co morbid conditions like hypeension & hyperlipidemia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diagnosis and Treatment of Retina", "id": "b478ca44-dc5a-4eef-8278-7ca00129c682", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ocular bobbing centre is", "exp": "Ocular bobbing centre is pons. Characterised by conjugate eye movements, beginning with a fast downward movement followed by slow drift back to midline. Causes : -comatose patient with massive pontine lesion - metabolic encephalopathy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Midbrain", "opb": "Pons", "opc": "Medulla", "opd": "Coex", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "1df98a9f-782c-4481-92a9-58e2cdb1a449", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The main corneal mechanism holding the LASIK flap in place after surgery is", "exp": "In LASIK surgery after creating a corneal flap and ablating the midstromal tissue , the flap is reposited back without sutures. The main mechanism holding the flap is corneal endothelial pumps.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endothelial pump", "opb": "Stromal collagen adhesions", "opc": "Bowman's layer-stromal adhesions", "opd": "Endothelial-Descemet's membrane forces", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and Errors of Refraction", "id": "fdb7d4bc-8570-4555-a2fc-834a40822ecd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common etiology of recurrent vitreous heamorrhage in young patient", "exp": "M/C cause of vitreous haemorrhage in Adults & Children - trauma.\nM/C cause of recurent VH in elderly - PDR.\nM/C cause of recurrent VH in young - Eales disease.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Peripheral detachment of retina", "opc": "Eale's disease", "opd": "CRAO", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e123ed2-80a4-4fab-a56e-d05b1f32e54b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a function of eye collection centre", "exp": "Processing of donor eyes are done by eye bank Functions of eye collection centre A. Local publicity B. Registration of voluntary donors C. Arrangement for collection of eyes after death D. Transpoation of eye to eye bank", "cop": 4, "opa": "Local publicity", "opb": "Registration of voluntary donors", "opc": "Arrangement for collection of eyes after death", "opd": "Processing of the donor eyes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Community Ophthalmology", "id": "ebfccd01-922a-4004-9b55-bc39d8dbe4d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment modalities for myopia are", "exp": "Treatment of myopia 1. Optical treatment of myopia 2. Surgical treatment of myopia Radial keratotomy (RK) Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Extraction of clear crystalline lens Phakic intraocular lens Intercorneal ring (ICR) implantation Ohokeratology 3. General measures-include balanced diet rich in vitamins and proteins and early management of associated debilitating disease. 4. Low vision aids (LVA) 5. Prophylaxis (genetic counselling). Reference : A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,Edition4, page-35,36,47,48", "cop": 2, "opa": "Radial keratotomy", "opb": "LASER Keratomileusis", "opc": "Epikeratophakia", "opd": "LASER Keratoplasty", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "d51631d7-d413-4cdf-bcd5-88c468844fc3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of paralytic squint", "exp": "Paralytic squint\n\nDiplopia\nConfusion\nOcular deviation\nNausea & vertigo.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diplopia", "opb": "Confusion", "opc": "Nausea and vertigo", "opd": "Amblyopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "60ad315b-daf5-4958-b3cc-1bfbb83a37ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Adei's atonic pupil is due to", "exp": "(B) (Loss of parasympathetic nerve supply) (313- Khurana 5th)ADIE'S TONIC PUPIL - caused by post ganglionic parasympathetic pupillo motor damage* Usually unilateral associated with absent knee jerk, common in young woman* Reaction to light is absent and to near reflex is very slow and tonicComparison bwtween Argyll-Robertson pupil and Adie's pupilFeaturesARPAdie' pupilVisionGoodGoodPupilConstrictedDilated (Anisocoria)LateralityBilateral, may be unilateralUnilateral, may become bilateralEffect of illuminationNilLarger in bright lightLight reflex (Direct and consensualAbsentAbsent /poorNear reflex (Accomodation)BriskTonicAtropineNo mydriasisMydriasisMioticConstrictConstrict with, very weak solutionLesionPretectalCiliary ganglionARP- first described in neuro-syphilis, but this may be seen in several conditions affecting the midbrain including Encephalitis, CVA, M.S etcHutchinson's pupil- developed after the head injury (H tor H)There is widely dilated immobile pupil on the same side as the head injury. Both the direct and the concensual reflexes to light are lost", "cop": 2, "opa": "Loss of sympathetic nerve supply", "opb": "Loss of parasympathetic nerve supply", "opc": "Vascular ischaemia", "opd": "Infective neuritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "5f08aeac-9889-4886-8e7c-b85b6c2cd095", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary glaucoma associated with angle recession is seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Concussion injury Angle recession involves rupture of face of ciliary body, the poion that lies between the iris root and the scleral spur. It is detected gonioscopically as widening of ciliary body band. It is seen in large number of blunt trauma Q patients but glaucoma Q develops in 6-9%.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Concussion injury", "opb": "Radiation injury", "opc": "Penetrating injury", "opd": "Chemical injury", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1acf2617-c03f-4594-a9e9-fd0f36df9f3d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Emmetropia is associated with", "exp": "Emmetropia (optically normal eye) is a state of refraction when the parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused at the sensitive layer of the retina with accommodation at rest. At bih, the eyeball is relatively sho and thus most infants are born with +2 to +3 D hypermetropia. This is gradually reduced and by the age of 5 to 7 years usually, the eye becomes emmetropic in a person with absent refractive error. Ametropia (a condition of refractive error), is defined as a state of refraction when the parallel rays of light coming from infinity (with accommodation at rest), are focused either in front or behind the sensitive layer of the retina, in one or both the meridians. The ametropia includes myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. Emmetropia is the state of vision in which a faraway object at infinity is in sharp focus with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state. That condition of the normal eye is achieved when the refractive power of the cornea and the axial length of the eye balance out, which focuses rays exactly on the retina, resulting in perfect vision. A human eye in a state of emmetropia requires no corrective lenses; the vision scores well on a visual acuity test (such as an eye cha test). For example, on a Snellen cha test, emmetropic eyes score at \"6/6\"(m) or \"20/20\"(ft) vision, meaning that at a distance of 20 ft (the first number) they see as well as a normal eye at a distance of 20 ft (the second number). Either myopic (near-sighted) eyes or hyperopic (far-sighted) eyes would score worse, e.g. 20/40 (visual acuity roughly half normal). Exceptionally acute vision (excellent cornea and lens and better than standard retina) might be 20/15 Emmetropia is the state of the eye in which no refractive error is present, there is no need for glasses or contact lenses. In emmetropia, the curvature of the cornea, the shape of the lens and their distances from each other all work together to focus the rays of light to create a sharp image on the retina Reference : Khurana comprehensive ophthalmology; 4th edition; P: 28,29", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Astigmatism", "opc": "Hypermetropia", "opd": "Absence of refractive error", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "4fc0d9f6-09e3-4cb2-a393-3fe52ef2653a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "5% guanethidine is used for", "exp": "C. i.e. Thyrotoxic opthalmopathy", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ptosis", "opb": "Neuro-paralytic keratitis", "opc": "Thyrotoxic ophthalmopathy", "opd": "Homer's syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "283136e5-4545-4a8d-9206-a43e7660f031", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for treatment of intermediate uveitis is", "exp": "Treatment for Intermediate uveitis : Intravitreal or Posterior Subtenon's Steroid injections : Triamcinolone acetonide Steroids may also be given by subconjuntival route or by Subtenon's route", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cycloplegics", "opb": "Analgesics", "opc": "Steroids", "opd": "Antibiotics", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveitis", "id": "7567d44d-bd7e-41bb-9ca2-2b829a708499", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macula is", "exp": "Ans. Constant blinking", "cop": 4, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Optic tract", "opc": "Periodic bluring of vision", "opd": "Constant blinking", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd47dbd6-756f-4a3a-85d4-4baf035008de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Swimmer after coming out from swimming pool presents with redness and mucopurulent discharge. There is no history of contact lens wear. On examination, no corneal involvement seen. Probable diagnosis is", "exp": "Answer- B. Adult inclusion conjunctivitisis a type of follicular conjunctivitis caused by serotypes D to K of chlamydia trachomatis in sexually active young adults.Transmission may occur either through contaminated fingers or through contaminated water of swimming pools (Swimming pool granuloma).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acanthamoeba keratitis", "opb": "Adult inclusion conjunctivitis", "opc": "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis", "opd": "Angular conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b706fcaf-1e84-48f3-bfeb-c174c87d33e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indications to use Collagen cross linking", "exp": "Riboflavin is used in collagen cross linking for keratoconus COLLAGEN CROSS LINKING C3R: Principle: Using riboflavin, we build up collagen cross links and provide cornea the strength to maintain its curvature f/b use contact lenses for few days. UV-A radiation 370 nm is used for 45 minutes. Indication: Keratoconus Post lasik ectasia Fungal corneal ulcer Corneal ectatic disorders CONTRAINDICTION Herpes infection Pachymetry less than 400 nm Severe dry eye", "cop": 2, "opa": "Herpes infection", "opb": "Fungal corneal ulcer", "opc": "Pachymetry less than 400 nm", "opd": "Severe dry eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "aba86dab-00de-4941-83a4-3422c53f3363", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The refractive power of emmatropic eye is", "exp": "(58-D) (26-Khurana4rd)* The total dioptric power is +58 D, of which cornea contributes + 43 D and the lens + 15 DDimensions of an adult eyeballAnterior posterior diameter24 mmHorizontal diameter23.5 mmVertical diameter23 mmCircumference75 mmVolume6.5 mlWeight7 gm.", "cop": 2, "opa": "50 D", "opb": "58D", "opc": "65 D", "opd": "68 D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Errors of Refraction", "id": "a3d7eea0-0d25-4c48-b465-81acdb687514", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Weakest poion of sclera is", "exp": "D i.e. Behind rectus inseion The sclera is thickest (1mm) at the posterior pole near the optic nerveQ and thinnest (0.3mm) just behind the inseion of rectus muscleQ.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Limbus", "opb": "Quator", "opc": "Anterior to attachment of superior rectus", "opd": "Behind rectus inseion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "14bc3741-a0df-4e8c-9a7f-5d9426a39783", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The commonest cause of rubeosis iridis is", "exp": "Ans. Diabetes mellitus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Central retinal vein occlusion", "opc": "Central retinal aery occlusion", "opd": "Carotid stenosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "102727e3-bf2f-41a6-9d35-94a9ee1c1266", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ideal cure for subacute angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "B i.e. Peripheral iridectomy Nd: Yag Laser iridotomy is the Treatment of choice but is not an option here, so the answer is Peripheral iridectomy which is the 2nd choice treatment. Treatment of choice for primary angle closure glucoma (fellow eye Q, latent stage, subacute or intermittent stage Q, chronic stage) is laser iridotomy or peripheral surgical iridectomy. Q In acute congestive stage of PACG drug of choice is Pilocarpine, till the time laser iridotomy can be performed. Q", "cop": 2, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Peripheral iridectomy", "opc": "Pilocarpine", "opd": "Trabeculectomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a44a9087-eccd-40dd-86e2-0c38db3d0061", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Coca cola bottle sign is seen in", "exp": "The Coca-Cola bottle sign refers to the appearance of the muscles of the orbit inthyroid eye disease. The belly of the muscle enlarges with sparing of the tendinous inseion, giving the appearance of the traditional Coca-Cola bottle. The nature of the enlargement is impoant as it is one of the chief findings to differentiate it from orbital pseudotumor, in which the tendinous inseion is also involved and enlarged, unlike in thyroid eye disease. Hyperostosis seen in case of spehnoid wing meningioma on CT scan", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blowout fracture", "opb": "Glioma", "opc": "sphenoid wing Meningioma", "opd": "Thyroid ophthalmopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit and Adnexa", "id": "851882f9-a5c7-4385-a103-1fa2f3ce2803", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Betts classification is used for", "exp": "Ans. (a) Ocular TraumaRef: International society of Ocular Trauma Official Website'Betts' in the betts classification refers to 'Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System'", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ocular Trauma", "opb": "Retinopathy", "opc": "Corneal Ulcers", "opd": "Uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Trauma", "id": "646e6beb-e1c7-4c39-a819-842661bcedc9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intact cornea can be penetrated by", "exp": "A few species of bacteria are capable of penetrating an intact corneal epithelium -\n\ni. Neisseria gonorrhoea\nii. Corynebacterium diphtheriea\niii. Haemophilus agyptus\niv. Neisseria meningitidis\nv. Listeria species  Bacteria which cause comeal ulcer after epithelial injuries are -\ni. Pseudomonas\nii. Pneumococcus\niii. Staphylococcus aureus\niv. Morexella\nv. Streptococcus epidermids\nvi. Enterobacterias  Most common bacterial cause of keratitis;comeal ulcer →\nStaphylococcus aureus,  Most common cause of keratitis/comeal ulcer in a contact lens wearer → Pseudomonas o Most common viral cause of keratitis/comeal ulcer → HSV", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gonococcus", "opb": "Pseudomonas", "opc": "Streptococcus", "opd": "Pneumococcus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfffe577-c294-405b-a246-fbbae38a8cfa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scarpa's Staphyloma is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) MyopiaRef: Clinical ophthalmology By Sandeep Saxena 2/e, p. 445'The presence of posterior staphyloma (Scarpa's Staphyloma) is pathognomonic of pathologic myopia'", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinal Detachment", "opb": "Myopia", "opc": "Glaucoma", "opd": "Iridocyclitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Elementary Optics", "id": "5c42e077-25f2-4d1a-ae1d-f6041336fb3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The power of reduced eye is", "exp": "Ans. 59 D", "cop": 3, "opa": "17 D", "opb": "45 D", "opc": "59 D", "opd": "66 D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1ed0219c-eb17-4527-ae5a-f31bb9654183", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Range of accommodation is the distance between", "exp": "Ans. Far point and near point of the eye", "cop": 1, "opa": "Far point and near point of the eye", "opb": "the eyes and the near point", "opc": "The eyes and the far point", "opd": "The retina and the near point", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bd80caff-2861-4e7e-b56e-8d57b7affd54", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior subcapsular stellate cataract seen in", "exp": "(C) Myotonic Dystrophy > Sunflower cataract - Occurs in Wilson's disease -Concussion may cause an 'imprinting' of iris pigment on the anterior lens capsule (Vossius ring) as well as striking flower shaped cortical opacities (rosette cataract).> Trauma is he most common cause of unilateral cataract in young individuals> Snow flake or snow storm cataract - Diabetes Shield like anterior subcapsular cataract - Atopic dermatitis> Stellate posterior subcapsular cataract - Myotonic dystrophy> Punctate subcapsular cataract - Down syndrome", "cop": 3, "opa": "Wilson's disease", "opb": "DM", "opc": "Myotonic Dystrophy", "opd": "SLE", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "3fc4fcd3-cad7-4aca-b4fe-e5a76c47b71f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Haab&;s striae are seen in", "exp": "Buphthalmos: In this condition, IOP is raised and the eyeball is enlarged as a whole. The enlarged cornea is usually associated with central or peripheral clouding and Descemet's tears (Haab's striae). Haab's striae, or Descemet's tears, are horizontal breaks in the Descemet membrane associated with congenital glaucoma. It is named after Otto Haab. Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 91", "cop": 1, "opa": "Buphthalmos", "opb": "Keratoglobus", "opc": "Trachoma", "opd": "Keratoconus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "52561955-c638-4e85-b6ab-dd2ed684e8e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Placido disc is used for", "exp": "It is a disc painted with alternating black and white circles. Used to assess the smoothness and curvature of corneal surface. It shows irregularity of circles in keratoconus. Ref khurana page no.126", "cop": 2, "opa": "Uveitis", "opb": "Keratoconus", "opc": "Retinoblastoma", "opd": "Retinal detachment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal tract", "id": "85dce36a-f772-4ef6-8fd0-51aaea69d7e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "CRAO may be seen in", "exp": "D i.e. Orbital mucormycosis - Most of central retinal aery obstruction (CRAO) are caused by atherosclerotic thrombus formation at or just proximal to the lamina cribrosaQ (-80%) followed by emboli (20%). Inflammation in form of vasculitis (eg varicella infection), optic neuritis or even orbital disease (eg mucormycosis)Q, local trauma and radiation may also cause CRAO. Vascular tropism/ invasion is the hallmark of orbital mucomycosis. This along with thrombosis b/o inflammatory process results in CRAO. In CRAOQ, when obstruction to blood flow is not complete, the flow may be paially restored in the course of a few days in which case gentle pressure upon the globe may break up the column of venous blood (in retinal veins)Q into red beads separated by clear interspaces. The beads move in jerky fashion sometimes in normal direction of blood flow & sometimes in the opposite direction - The \"Cattle Truck Appearance\". Central retinal aery occlusion characteristically presents with sudden (not gradual) painless loss of vision, cherry red spotQ and cattle truck appearanceQ of retinal veins (usually).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "CMV retinitis", "opc": "Panophthalmitis", "opd": "Orbital mucormycosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a69660a6-b04f-45b7-8165-aad32de0b857", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Exotropia occurs due to", "exp": "Answer- A. Third nerve palsyCauses and associations ofexotropia (Divegent squint)Third nerve palsyCongenitalPrevious strabismus surgeryThyroidophthalmopathyIatrogenic trauma following retinal detachment surgery", "cop": 1, "opa": "Third nerve palsy", "opb": "Optic neuritis", "opc": "Abducens injury", "opd": "Papilloedema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac8446c1-742b-4dcd-ac1d-026bb92a2538", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a cause of panuveitis", "exp": "Syphillis is not a common cause for panuveitis Panuveitis: Inflammation of all the layers of uveal tissue iris, ciliary body and choroid. Diseases causing granulomatous panuveitis. *Tuberculosis *Vogt Kayanaga Harada *Behcet's syndrome *Sarcoidosis *Sympathetic Ophthalmitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Behcet's syndrome", "opb": "Syphillis", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Sympathetic ophthalmitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous Humour, Uveal Disorders", "id": "397a6d35-8ae6-4d78-93fe-f560d01d7f9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a complication of orbital cellulitis", "exp": "Retinal detachment is not a complication of orbital cellulitis Orbital Cellulitis Inflammation of orbital septum Complications Exposure keratopathy Compression of optic nerve Central retinal aery occlusion Orbital Abscess Intracranial spread of infections Septicemia", "cop": 4, "opa": "Exposure keratopathy", "opb": "Optic neuritis", "opc": "Subperiosteal abscess", "opd": "Retinal detachment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit and Adnexa", "id": "788f7781-a72c-4392-b96e-f188e5f80f8b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient has a right homonymous hemianopia with saccadic pursuit movements and defective optokinetic nystagmus. The lesion is most likely to be in the", "exp": "Right nomonymous hemianopia with saccadic pursuit movements and detective optokinetic nystagmus confirms the diagnosis of perietal lobe lesion.\nOptokinetic Nystagmus: - It can be elicited in all normal individuals.\nDefect in optokinetic nystagmus and lesions of brain associated with it.\nIn a case of hemianopia due to lesions of the parietal lobe optokinetic nystagmus is absent.\nOther lesions where optokinetic Nystagmus is defective:-\n\nFrontal lobe lesions - it inhibits this response only temporarily.\nBrainstem lesions - it results in asymmetry of this response in vertical plane.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Frontal lobe", "opb": "Occipital lobe", "opc": "Parietal lobe", "opd": "Temporal lobe", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8440f493-b242-4a40-a517-fd85b374449f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mittendorf dots may be associated with", "exp": "Ans. (a) AMittendorf dots are remnants of tunica vasculosa lentis at its anterior end i.e. the posterior end of the lens - thus causing posterior polar cataract.", "cop": 1, "opa": "A", "opb": "B", "opc": "C", "opd": "D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "8b1bfbf6-cb3b-4ea3-83e1-b503d6325fb5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lens contains the oldest cells in", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' ie Nucleus Parson writes - \"It is important to bear in mind that the central nucleus of the lens consists of the oldest cells and the periphery or cortex of the youngest.\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "nucleus", "opb": "anterior surface of lens", "opc": "posterior surface of lens", "opd": "Nucleo-cortical junction", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous (Lens)", "id": "42c117d9-456a-41fc-88ed-1fe0697e00eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A young 25 year old man following A presented with proptosis (pulsatile in nature) ,chemosis and pain in right eye after 4 days. On Examination there was bruit on forehead and right eye. The probable diagnosis is", "exp": "B i.e. Carotico cavernos Fistula", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis", "opb": "Carotico cavernous Fistula", "opc": "Fracture sphenoid", "opd": "Internal Carotid Aery Aneurysm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "63171850-88da-4d16-ad44-4419876674c0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Muscle not paralysed in retrobulbar block", "exp": "Answer- A. Superior obliqueA retrobulbar block is a regional anaesthesic nerve block in the retrobulbar space, the area located behind the globe ofthe eye. Injection oflocal anaesthesic into this space constitutes the retrobulbar block.Cranial nerve IV lies outside the muscle cone,but is blocked by diffusion of the local anaesthetic.Superior oblique is supplied by cranial nerve IV.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superior oblique", "opb": "Lateral rectus", "opc": "Superior rectus", "opd": "Medial rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "746c8f66-0dd6-41c9-87a5-90ce46321232", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gonioscope is used for visualization of", "exp": "Gonioscopy: Owing to lack of transparency of corneoscleral junction and total internal reflection of light (emitted from angle structures) at the anterior surface of cornea it is not possible to visualize the angle of anterior chamber directly. Therefore, a device (goniolens) is used to dive the beam of light and this technique of biomicroscopic examination of the angle of the anterior chamber is called gonioscopy. Types of goniolens: (i) Indirect goniolens provides a mirror image of the opposite angle, e.g., Goldmann and the Zeiss goniolens (ii) Direct goniolens provides a direct view of the angle. Koeppe goniolens is the most popular type. The angle structures seen from behind forwards are: 1. The root of the iris 2. The anteromedial surface of the ciliary body (ciliary band), 3. Scleral spur 4. Trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal and 5. Schwalbe's line Applications of gonioscopy: 1. Classification of glaucoma into open angle and closed angle based on the configuration of the angle. 2. Localization of foreign bodies, abnormal blood vessels or tumors in the angle. 3. Demonstration of the extent of peripheral anterior synechiae and hence planning of glaucoma surgery. Ref: Khurana comprehensive ophthalmology; 4th edition Pg: 546", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anteior chamber angle", "opb": "Posterior chamber angle", "opc": "Anterior surface of lens", "opd": "Posterior chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal tract", "id": "1ef967a4-b667-4a9d-a409-0bb732d4b556", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The earliest Cataract in the development of Senile Cortical Cataract is", "exp": "The earliest Cataract in the development of Senile Cortical Cataract is Incipient cataract.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lamellar separation", "opb": "Intumescent cataract", "opc": "Incipient cataract", "opd": "Mature senile cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d4585431-d6d1-4d4f-a1ff-775d51089243", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Horner Trantas spots are seen in", "exp": "Horner Trantas spots are Eosinophils It is seen on the hyperophied papilla in the upper limbus REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 70", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vernal conjunctivitis", "opb": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Angualar conjuctivitis", "opd": "Follicular conjuctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "a437ced0-fe84-48d5-bfe0-9684f0b5ba4f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lesion in the optic chiasma causes", "exp": "A i.e. Bitemporal hemianopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "opb": "Upper nasal", "opc": "Lower nasal", "opd": "Upper temporal", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "69b1b147-ad35-4899-bec8-ffd8b30c4e8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surface ectoderm form", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lens of eye", "opb": "Retina", "opc": "Iris", "opd": "Corneal stroma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "00323bbe-0c8d-41fb-b906-d6cd70f81541", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "After blunt trauma to eye a patient develops circumcorneal congestion. The further test done is", "exp": "Blunt or penetrating ocular trauma leads to vision loss through glaucoma.\nThus, next step is to measure IOP", "cop": 3, "opa": "Indirect Ophthalmoscopy", "opb": "Perimetry", "opc": "Intraocular pressure measurement", "opd": "Slit lamp", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f2b296c-08d9-494d-be2f-e6c8eebec4f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common primary tumor of orbital cavity presenting as proptosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Uveal melanoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e4bd37c-da97-45f9-9871-e8af3662ce59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is seen in infection of", "exp": "ACUTE HAEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS It is an acute inflammation of conjunctiva characterized by multiple conjunctival hemorrhages, conjunctival hyperemia, and mild follicular hyperplasia. Etiology: The disease is caused by picornaviruses (enterovirus type 70) which are RNA viruses of small(pico) size. The disease is very contagious and is transmitted by direct hand-to-eye contact. Clinical picture: The disease has occurred in an epidemic form in the Far East, Africa, and England and hence the name 'epidemic hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (EHC)' has been suggested. An incubation period of EHC is very sho (1-2days). Symptoms include pain, redness, watering, mild photophobia, transient blurring of vision and lid swelling. Signs of EHC are conjunctival congestion, chemosis, multiple hemorrhages in bulbar conjunctiva, mild follicular hyperplasia, lid edema and pre-auricular lymphadenopathy. Corneal involvement may occur in the form of fine epithelial keratitis. Treatment: *EHC is very infectious and poses major potential problems of cross-infection. Therefore, prophylactic measures are very impoant. *No specific effective curative treatment is known. *However, broad-spectrum antibiotic eye drops may be used to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Usually, the disease has a self-limiting course of 5-7 days. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is primarily caused by enterovirus 70 and a variant of coxsackievirus A24; however, other enteroviruses, including echoviruses 7 and 11, coxsackieviruses B1 and B2, and several adenoviruses can also cause acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, sporadic conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis Ref- Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. No. 69", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enterovirus type 70", "opb": "Staphylococci", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Hemophilus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "d00179e7-24c7-4555-bcdb-c7a50d85623a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Feature of coical blindness is", "exp": "D i.e. Normal direct and consensual reflex", "cop": 4, "opa": "Absent direct and intact consensual reflex", "opb": "Absent consensual but positive direct reflex", "opc": "Absent direct and consensual reflex", "opd": "Normal direct and consensual reflex", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff1d9bff-b0ef-47d1-81ce-920e93241028", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The commonest malignant tumour of the lids is", "exp": "MALIGNANT TUMOURS Basal-cell carcinoma It is the commonest malignant tumour of the lids (90%) usually seen in elderly people. It is locally malignant and involves most commonly lower lid (50%) followed by medial canthus (25%), upper lid (10-15%) and outer canthus (5-10%). Clinical features: It may present in four forms: Noduloulcerative basal cell carcinoma is the most common presentation. It stas as a small nodule which undergoes central ulceration with pearly rolled margins. The tumour grows by burrowing and destroying the tissues locally like a rodent and hence the name rodent ulcer. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-360", "cop": 1, "opa": "Basal-cell carcinoma", "opb": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opc": "Adenocarcinoma", "opd": "Melanocarcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "3291e548-1e25-4fd4-9ae5-4405781ba419", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for Nummular keratitis", "exp": "Ans. (b) Topical SteroidsRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 189Nummular keratitis is characterized by fine granular subepithelial deposits, surrounded by a halo of stromal haze. Develops 10 days after onset of rash.Only Topical steroids are given for treatment.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acyclovir 3% ointment", "opb": "Topical Steroids", "opc": "Intravenous antivirals", "opd": "Keratoplasty", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "e7ce71a0-bd97-4aa0-8613-51a0fccd05e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stellwagg's sign of graves disease is", "exp": "Lid lag - Von graefe's sign.\nFullness of eyelids - Enroth's sign.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Difficulty in eversion of upper lid", "opb": "Infrequent blinking", "opc": "Fullness of eyelids", "opd": "Lid lag", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c41efc2e-01c3-4ec4-b5dd-f2c31fc5afc6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The instrument is used for", "exp": "Ans. (b) Fundus ExaminationOption a - Optic disc can be examined by the Direct ophthalmoscope, but it is one part of the fundus view Option b - Ophthalmoscopy is a clinical examination of the posterior segment of the eye/ Fundus examination. (Fundus is a view of the inner lining of the eye made up of the Sensory Retina, the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Bruch's Membrane, and the Choroid).Option c - Cornea may be examined, but the role is no more than of a torch.Option d - Gonioscopy is done for it.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Examination of the optic disc", "opb": "Fundus Examination", "opc": "Corneal Examination", "opd": "Examination of the Angle of Anterior Chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "580fecbd-ef6b-4552-bf33-7dd8c6264172", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nummular keratitis is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Herpes zoster keratitisRef: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. /108-109", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bacterial keratitis", "opb": "Herpes zoster keratitis", "opc": "Acanthamoeba keratitis", "opd": "Fungal keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Inflammations of the Cornea", "id": "3260a27f-b57d-438c-8b99-8d54a621f195", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The arrow marked sign is due to deposition of", "exp": "lron deposition anterior to advancing head of pterygium is called as Stocker's line.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Melanin", "opc": "Iron", "opd": "Magnesium", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62a888a3-4d23-4f2b-b631-3102c9e23b04", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Percentage of endothelial cell loss during Descent's membrane stripping in automated penetrating keratoplasty", "exp": "C i.e. 30-40% The incidence of endothelial cell loss in donor tissue of Descemet stripping endothelial keratolplasty is nearly 36%, mainly in the central area of graft. Compared with penetrating keratoplasty, EK involves more donor-tissue manipulation including lamellar dissection and folding, which could potentially damage donor endothelium. On the other hand EK grafts are usually larger (8-9 mm diameter compared with typical PK diameter of 7 - 8mm) and provide a larger reservoir of healthy donor endothelium. However, several recent repos suggest that endothelial cell loss in first few years after EK is similar to that experienced after PK.", "cop": 3, "opa": "0-5%", "opb": "10-15%", "opc": "30-40%", "opd": "50-60%", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0942b2ef-e27c-42cc-beef-7ecca5f7c7d4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common cause of Macular edema is", "exp": "Macular edema refers to the collection of fluid in the outer plexiform(Henle's layer) and an inner nuclear layer of the retina, centered around the foveola.EtiologyIt is associated with a number of disorders. A few common causes are as follows:1. As postoperative complication following cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty.2. Retinal vascular disorders e.g., diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion.3. Intraocular inflammations e.g., pars planitis, posterior uveitis, Behcet disease.4. As a side-effect of drugs e.g., following use of adrenaline eyedrops, especially for aphakic glaucoma.5. Retinal dystrophies e.g., retinitis pigmentosa.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No. 273", "cop": 2, "opa": "Secondary glaucoma", "opb": "Cataract surgery", "opc": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opd": "Uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "118328f6-22f1-4acf-87f4-621a9d4f962e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Color blindness transmitted through", "exp": "(A) X-linked recessive # COLOR BLINDNESS> Gross cases occur in 3%--4% of males, but are rare in females (0.4%); milder cases are more common in males.> Colour blindness is an inherited condition, being transmitted as X-linked recessive through the female who is usually unaffected, and is probably due to the absence of one of the photo-pigments normally found in the foveal cones.> In most cases reds and greens are confused, so that the defect is a source of danger in certain occupations, such as in engine- drivers and sailors. The red-green cases fail into two chief groups, protanopes and deuteranopes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "X-linked recessive", "opb": "Male to male inheritance", "opc": "Autosomal recessive", "opd": "Autosomal dominant", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "fc3f77a5-67b3-4225-9e88-7af57a7900ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A newborn is hypermetropic by", "exp": "* (N) REFRACTIVE error at bih 2-3 D hypermetropic' * BY the age of 5-7 years the eye is emmetropic and remains so till the age of about 50 years* After 50 years of age there is tendency to develop hypermetropia again which gradually increase the extreme of life by which the eye has the same +2 TO +3 with which it staed. this senile hypermetropia is due to change in the lens.", "cop": 1, "opa": "+ 2.5 D", "opb": "+ 5D", "opc": "+ 10 D", "opd": "+ 1D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "84e228d1-809c-4d03-88e9-489c4833d780", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lacquer cracks in pathological myopia is due to breaks in", "exp": "Lacquer cracks in pathological myopia is due to breaks in Bruch's membrane.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "opb": "Bruch's membrane", "opc": "Outer plexiform layer", "opd": "Inner plexiform layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "58d0146c-c269-4fa2-a3c1-afd1e248eae5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chalcosis is caused by", "exp": "“Chalcosis refers to specific changes made by copper containing alloys in eye” Features of chalcosis are:\n√ KF rings on descement membrane of cornea\n√ Sunflower cataract\n√ Golden brown metallic sheen plaques on the retinal pole", "cop": 3, "opa": "Iron", "opb": "Lead", "opc": "Copper", "opd": "Mercury", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6aa27cff-0962-4650-adfd-99d49f9aa93d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The corneal transparency is maintained by", "exp": "D i.e. Endothelium", "cop": 4, "opa": "Keratocytes", "opb": "Bowman's membrane", "opc": "Descement's membrane", "opd": "Endothelium", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d5596ec7-f96b-4d0b-b075-be16fb80f82a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Contraindication for lasik is", "exp": "Patient selection criteria are: \u0001 Patients above 20 years of age, \u0001 Stable refraction for at least 12 months. \u0001 Motivated patient. \u0001 Absence of corneal pathology Reference : A K KHURANA; 6th edition;Page no: 53", "cop": 2, "opa": ">/= 2years", "opb": "Keratoconus", "opc": "Normal cornea", "opd": "Myopis of -8D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "18a3b110-2cbb-49a5-a8b7-2fc7fce3b99a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common orbital tumors in children is", "exp": "Rhabdomyosarcoma is a tumor arising from the pleuripotential mesenchymal cells which later develops in striated muscle Refer khurana 6/e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "Melanoma", "opd": "Chloroma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "b26149b1-22a9-49fc-b1d3-9866e7326e27", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surgery of choice in patient with congenital ptosis with good levator action is", "exp": "SURGICAL CORRECTION * Levator resection : very commonly done in congenital ptosis with moderate and severe grades of ptosis * Fascia lata sling surgery : done in patients having severe ptosis with no levator function. In Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Ptosis , LPS excision is combined with frontalis sling operation and in Congenital Ptosis with bad elevation we do Sling surgery. * Fasanella Servat operation : - done in patients having mild ptosis with good levator function - it is also done in Horners syndrome *Avoid ptosis surgery in Myasthenia Gravis and Paial third nerve palsy induced ptosis as they usually resolve with medical treatment and with time", "cop": 4, "opa": "LPS resection", "opb": "Muller's Resection", "opc": "Fascia lata sling surgery", "opd": "Fasanella Servat operation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lacrimal Apparatus and Eyelid Disorders", "id": "c2de2282-a1b3-4015-88c6-626db87ba774", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest cause of uniocular diplopia", "exp": "In Unilocular diplopia an object appears double from the affected eye even when the normal eye is closed. CAUSES Subluxated clear lens. Subluxated intraocular lens. Keratoconus (irregular refraction from corneal surface) Double pupil (congenital / large iridectomy / iridodialysis) Incipient cataract (this usually causes polyopia - due to irregular refraction due to multiple water clefts within the lens) Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:344", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cataract", "opb": "Subluxated lens", "opc": "Third nerve palsy", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "73a1b19d-0273-40c1-855a-e4bb3b901146", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epithelial xerosis of the conjunctiva is caused by", "exp": "Epithelial xerosis:  It occurs due to hypovitaminosis -A. \nEpithelial xerosis may be seen in association with night blindness or as a part and parcel of the xerophthalmia (the term which is applied to all ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency which ranges from night blindness to keratomalacia", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Xerophthalmia", "opc": "Diphtheria", "opd": "Pemphigus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8a30617-b932-4d1e-9abb-733e6a049583", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "For Sudden, painless monocular blindness select the site of the lesion of cerebrovascular disease,", "exp": "Sudden, painless monocular blindness is a sign of carotid disease. The symptom is also called amaurosis fugax . The patient may describe a shade dropping in front of the eye or describe vision like looking through ground glass. If a thrombus propagates up the carotid to the middle cerebral aery, then symptoms seen in middle cerebral aery occlusion or embolization (hemiparesis with sensory symptoms, aphasia depending on hemispheric dominance) will also occur. Midbasilar aery disease produces weakness and sensory loss with diplopia, loss of facial sensation or movement, and ataxia. Branches of the basilar aery supply the base of the pons and superior cerebellum. The symptoms described suggest disease in the posterior circulation, whichincludes paired veebral aeries, the basilar aery, and the paired posterior cerebral aeries. The basilar aery divides into two posterior cerebral aeries that provide branches to the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and temporal and occipital lobes. A midbasilar aery occlusion could cause ataxia of limbs by involving pontine nuclei; paralysis of the face, arm, and leg by involving coicospinal tracts; and impairment of facial sensation by involvement of fifth nerve nucleus. Occlusion of the entire middle cerebral aery results in contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and homonymous hemianopsia. When the dominant hemisphere is involved, aphasia is present. When the nondominant hemisphere is involved, apraxia and neglect are produced. When only a penetrating branch of the middle cerebral aery is affected, the syndrome of pure motor hemiplegia is produced, as the infarct involves only the posterior limb of the internal capsule, involving only motor fibers to the face, arm, and leg (lacunar infarct).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Internal carotid aery", "opb": "Middle cerebral aery", "opc": "Midbasilar aery", "opd": "Penetrating branch, middle cerebral aery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb3c4efb-fff0-4afb-bb98-bfe305c098d6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Longest extraocular muscle is", "exp": "Superior oblique is the longest extraocular muscle Extraocular muscles: Shoest tendon among rectus- MR Muscle having least distance from limbus - MR Superior oblique is longest muscle Inferior oblique is smallest muscle", "cop": 3, "opa": "Superior Rectus", "opb": "Inferior rectus", "opc": "Superior Oblique", "opd": "Inferior oblique", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Squint", "id": "063e8fbf-e3a3-4bb0-a1e7-137fe004f343", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A homonymous upper quadrantic field defect is typical of lesion in", "exp": "B i.e. Temporal lobe", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parietal lobe", "opb": "Temporal lobe", "opc": "Occipital lobe", "opd": "Optic chiasma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4130e4c8-a780-4d99-b0a8-8b6fb621d6bf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by", "exp": "Ans. Entero virus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Entero virus", "opb": "Adeno virus", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "Streptococcus haemolyticus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a21cba87-7012-4df9-8822-1707660ea6d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Arrow points towards", "exp": "The structure marked is the trochlea and the muscle is superior oblique", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior Rectus", "opb": "Trochlea", "opc": "Inferior Rectus", "opd": "Annulus of Zinn", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Embryology& Anatomy", "id": "379fb0b9-eee5-43ad-a1a8-a85c3b4f9664", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The clinical findings differentiating ophthalmic aery occlusion from central Retinal aery occlusion is", "exp": "Within a few hours of CRAO the retina loses its transparency, becoming opaque and milky-white, especially in the neighbourhood of the disc and macula. At the fovea centralis, where the retina is extremely thin, the red reflex from the choroid is visible and appears as a round cherry-red spot, presenting a strong contrast to the cloudy white background. As choroid derives its blood supply from the ophthalmic aery, in ophthalmic aery occlusion even choroidal circulation is affected and hence a cherry-red spot is not clearly visible", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sudden painless loss of vision", "opb": "Box carring of vessels", "opc": "Area of retinal whitening", "opd": "Absence of cherry red spot", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "11983dc1-751a-4406-8259-17b0927d7b83", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sunflower cataract is caused by", "exp": "Chalcosis is copper alloy in the eye Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 194", "cop": 2, "opa": "Siderosis", "opb": "Chalcosis", "opc": "Lead intoxication", "opd": "Silicosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "f53f9aa1-e451-4370-92d4-9ed8158c8d9e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rosette shaped catraract is seen in", "exp": "Rosette cataract is most typical form of concussion cataract.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Infection", "opb": "Diabetes", "opc": "Syphilis", "opd": "Trauma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "004c2a81-0c29-43de-9681-765b85b731c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The diagnostic triad of exophthalmos, diabetes insipidus and bone lesions is characteristic of", "exp": "Hand-Schuller-Christian disease: It is a chronic disseminated form of histiocytosis involving both soft tissues and bones in older children of either sex. It is characterised by a triad of proptosis, diabetes insipidus and bony defects in the skull. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-397", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fibrous dysplasia", "opb": "Letterer-Sieve disease", "opc": "Osteoporosis", "opd": "Hand-Schuller Christian disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "783b4a6a-4946-4fcd-a710-a1fda6372414", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of Congenital cataract with significant visual disability", "exp": "Most common type of Congenital cataract is blue dot Cataract.\nMost common type of Congenital cataract with significant visual disability Lamellar Cataract.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blue dot Cataract", "opb": "Lamellar Cataract", "opc": "Nuclear Cataract", "opd": "Posterior sub capsular Cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec56a9ba-cce5-4599-8a56-cc0f4f51adcd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Haab's striae are seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Anteroposterior flat", "cop": 1, "opa": "Angle closure glaucoma", "opb": "Infantile glaucoma", "opc": "Stargardt disease", "opd": "Disciform keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e18d4dd-e959-4949-8c35-096fe8a957f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Elsching pearls are seen in", "exp": "After cataract: It is also known as 'secondary cataract'. It is the opacity which persists or develops after extracapsular lens extraction.Causes. (i) Residual opaque lens matter may persist as after cataract when it is imprisoned between the remains of the anterior and posterior capsule, surrounded by fibrin (following iritis) or blood(the following hyphaema). (ii) Proliferative type of after cataract may develop from the left-out anterior epithelial cells. The proliferative hyaline bands may sweep across the whole posterior capsule.Clinical types. After cataract may present as a thickened posterior capsule, or dense membranous after cataract or Soemmering's ring which refers to a thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of the capsule or Elschnig's pearls in which the vacuolated subcapsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the posterior capsule.Treatment is as follows :i. Thin membranous after cataract and thickened posterior capsule are best treated by YAG-laser capsulotomy or desiccation with cystitome or Zeigler&;s knife.ii. Dense membranous after cataract needs surgical membranectomy.iii. Soemmering's ring after cataract with clean central posterior capsule needs no treatment.iv. Elschnig's pearls involving the central pa of the posterior capsule can be treated by YAG laser capsulotomy or desiccation with cystitome.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 201", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wilsons disease", "opb": "Secondary cataract", "opc": "Complicated cataract", "opd": "Congenital cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "8c95a254-8bcc-49f5-b97c-c56f04e35189", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Circumcorneal vascularization is observed in deficiency of", "exp": "Ans. c. Riboflavin ye changes in Riboflavin Deficiency Riboflavin deficiency leads to superficial interstitial keratitis and corneal vascularization In the earlier changes, the superficial layers of the cornea are invaded by the capillaries. Interstitial inflammatory infiltration and exudation follow, producing opacities and sometimes, ulcerations of corneal surface. Other Changes of Riboflavin Deficiency Cheilosis is usually the first and most characteristic sign of riboflavin deficiency. It begins as areas of pallor at the angles of the mouth. Later, cracks or fissures may appear, radiating from the corners of the mouth, which tend to become secondarily infected. With glossitis, the tongue becomes atrophic, taking on a magenta hue strongly resembling the red-blue colour of cyanosis. A greasy, scaling dermatitis over the nasolabial folds may extend into a butterfly distribution to involve the cheeks and skin about the ears. Scrotal and vulvar lesions are common.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vitamin D", "opb": "Thiamine", "opc": "Riboflavin", "opd": "Biotin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8319ab30-71a3-4134-8457-6320de58e078", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Critical age for development of fixation reflex is", "exp": "Impoant milestones in development of eye : Postnatal period Fixation stas developing in first month and is completed in 6 months. Macula is fully developed by 4-6 months Fusional reflexes, stereopsis and accommodation are well developed by 4-6 months Cornea attains normal adult diameter by 2 years of age. Lens grow throughout life Reference : A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:13", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-4 months", "opb": "6-8 months", "opc": "1-2 years", "opd": "4-6 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "11f731c4-c83e-4e87-ab60-de6f3893a556", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The veical diameter of an adult eye is", "exp": "Dimensions of an adult eyeball Anteroposterior diameter 24mm Horizontal diameter 23.5mm Veical diameter 23 mm Circumference 75 mm Volume 6.5 ml Weight 7 gm Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:3", "cop": 4, "opa": "7 mm", "opb": "27 mm", "opc": "21 mm", "opd": "23 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "6089c4f5-ba37-4c91-b439-2e1f9289aaf4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal intraocular pressure is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 223)The intraocular pressure (IOP) refers to the pressure exeed by intraocular fluids on the coats of the eyeball. The normal IOP varies between 10 and 21 mmHg.", "cop": 3, "opa": "2.1-6 mm Hg", "opb": "7-14 mm Hg", "opc": "10-21 mm Hg", "opd": "16-32 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "6c9f8616-bdbc-4948-afca-bb6f6e074ab1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The embryonic vascular layer of the eye is derived from", "exp": "(Mesoderm) (8-9-Khurana 4th) (5-Parson 20th)Structures derived from the Embryonic layers1. Surface ectoderm2. Neural ectoderm(a) The crystalline lens(b) Epithelium of the cornea(c) Epithelium of the conjunctiva(d) Lacrimal glands(e) Epithelium of eyelids and its derivatives, viz.: cilia, tarsal glands, and conjunctival glands.(f) Epithelium lining the lacrimal apparatus (Lacrimal glands, Tarsal glands)(a) Retina with its pigment epithelium(b) Epithelial layers of ciliary body(c) Epithelial layers of iris(d) * Sphincter and dilator papillae muscles(e) Optic nerve (neuroglia and nervous elements only)(f) Melanocytes - Retinal pigment epithelium(g) Secondary vitreous(h) Ciliary zonules3. Associated paraxial mesoderm(a) ** Blood vessels of choroid, iris, ciliary vessels, central retinal artery, other vessels (Vascular endothelium of eye and orbit)(b) Primary vitreous(c) Substantia propria, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium of cornea(d) The sclera(e) Stroma of iris(f) Ciliary muscle(g) Sheaths of optic nerve(h) Extraocular muscle(i) Fat, ligaments and other connective tissue structures of the orbit(j) Upper and medial walls of the orbit(k) Connective tissue of the upper eyelid4. Visceral mesoderm of maxillary process below the eye(a) Lower and lateral walls of orbit(b) Connective tissue of the lower eyelid.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neural crest", "opb": "Mesoderm", "opc": "Ectoderm", "opd": "Surface ectoderm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy", "id": "9f8d8531-cb22-47ea-87c4-f97def5bb075", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Minimum thickness of lens capsule is found in", "exp": "Minimum thickness of lens capsule is found in posterior pole ( 3-4  μm ).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pre equatorial area → 3-4  μm", "opb": "posterior pole → 5-7  μm", "opc": "Anterior pole → 5-7  μm", "opd": "posterior pole → 3-4  μm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5bae907-69a2-48df-b66c-f32d4d621d27", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction  a) Syringing  b) Probing   c) DCR  d) Dacryocystectomy  e) Antibiotic", "exp": "All are treatment options for dacryocystitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "abcde", "opb": "abc", "opc": "abd", "opd": "bcd", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "79cbbd61-6b32-4ef4-b428-d1451d21c789", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Yoke muscle for right superior rectus is", "exp": "Yoke muscles Yoke muscles (contralateral synergists) are a pair of muscles (one from each eye) which contract simultaneously during version movements. Different pairs of yoke muscles are as follows: 1) Right medial rectus and left lateral rectus 2)\u0001Right lateral rectus and left medial rectus 3)\u0001Right superior rectus and left inferior oblique 4)\u0001Right inferior rectus and left superior oblique 5)\u0001Right superior oblique and left inferior rectus 6)\u0001Right inferior oblique and left superior rectus. Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:- 537", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left superior oblique", "opb": "Left inferior oblique", "opc": "Left inferior rectus", "opd": "Left superior rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "4d3edffc-6bab-426f-88b2-c71ae973d103", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Prescription of presbyopic lens to a 50 year old emmetropic individual is", "exp": "Ans. (c) +1.50Ref: Khurana optics 2/e, p. 101, Elkington optics 4/e, p. 237Rough estimate for presbyopic add45 years: +1.00 to +1.25 D50 years: +1.50 to +1.75 D55 years: +2.00 to +2.25 DIn order to focus on an object at a reading distance of 25 cm, the emmetropic eye must accommodate by 4 D. However, for comfortable near vision one-third of the available accommodation must be kept in reserve. Therefore, the patient will begin to experience difficulty or discomfort for near vision at 25 cm when his accommodation has decayed to 6 D. This usually occurs between 40 and 45 years of age. A person experiencing such difficulty and discomfort for near vision due to reduced amplitude of accommodation is said to be presbyopic.", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.5", "opb": "1", "opc": "1.5", "opd": "2", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Elementary Optics", "id": "0cff9a14-c5d8-4379-ab37-d348dfbef8f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Atropine is drug of choice in", "exp": "C i.e. Iridocyclitis Steroid > Atropine is drug of choice for acute iridocyclitis (anterior uveitis).Q Atropine is contraindicated in glucomas where as pilocarpine is contraindicated in anterior uveitis. Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chorioretinitis", "opb": "Lens induced glaucoma", "opc": "Iridocyclitis", "opd": "Close angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d25619f-4a13-4096-a2ee-243790304519", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wernicke's hemianopic reaction is due to lesions at the level of", "exp": "Lesions of optic tract.\nI/L direct and C/L consensual light reflexes are absent.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Optic tract", "opb": "Optic chiasma", "opc": "Optic radiations", "opd": "LGB", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4d7d94c-abff-4e26-8f80-7d453c4b5eb7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In uraemic amaurosis the pupils are", "exp": "Uraemic amaurosis It is a sudden, bilateral, complete loss of sight occurring probably due to the effect of ceain toxic materials upon the cells of the visual centre in patients suffering from acute nephritis, eclampsia of pregnancy and renal failure. The visual loss is associated with dilated pupils which generally react to light. The fundi are usually normal except for the coincidental findings of hypeensive retinopathy, when associated. Usually, the vision recovers in 12-48 hours. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-306", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dilated but react to light", "opb": "Dilated and do not react to light", "opc": "Normal", "opd": "Constricted", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "5a5df245-d965-40c2-bc5c-b76339b4608a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Snow banking is not a feature of", "exp": "Snow banking is seen in\n\nCandidiasis\nMultiple sclerosis\nSarcoidosis\nOcular toxocariasis\nPara planitis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Candidiasis", "opb": "Multiple sclerosis", "opc": "Chronic congestive glaucoma", "opd": "Sarcoidosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b03282a-2e3b-43db-92c6-5df5d7c4198c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Snow banking on fundus examination is the sign of", "exp": "Pars planitis is intermediate uveitis M /c cause of pars planitis is idiopathic M/c symptom is FLOATERS Eye is usually quiet , fundus shows Snow ball opacities which may join together to form Snow banking .(Hallmark Feature) Snow Balls-are the infllamatory cells From Pars Plana thrown into vitreous causing vitreous floaters .these gravitate and sink down fotming Snow Banking.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior uveitis", "opb": "Intermediate uveitis", "opc": "Posterior uveitis", "opd": "CMV infection", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveitis", "id": "040d7059-7e91-460a-bc1c-d2c198de59f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Alkali injury to eye causes", "exp": "Symblepharon is adhesion of bulbar conjunctiva with palpebral conjunctiva Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 374", "cop": 4, "opa": "Globe perforation", "opb": "Retinal detachment", "opc": "Optic neuritis", "opd": "Symblepharon", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "d36c080d-6c83-4ab4-a591-2f13f38c1b44", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratomalacia", "exp": "Night blindness is a first feature of Vitamin A deficiency and is also a feature of retinitis pigmentosa Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 468", "cop": 1, "opa": "Occurs due to Vitamin A deficiency", "opb": "Relative Benign condition", "opc": "First feature of Vitamin A deficiency", "opd": "Also seen in retinitis pigmentosa", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "fe70baca-5733-467f-a0cb-669b35bf2d70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amaurotic cat eye reflex is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Retinoblastoma", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cridu chat syndrome", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Trachoma", "opd": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "f53bbe6c-686f-4bc3-98a3-37382783259b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common ocular foreign body is", "exp": "most common occular foreign body is iron. And the most common mode is chissel and hammer Refer khurana 6/e p 421", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chisel and hammer", "opb": "Glass", "opc": "Plastic", "opd": "Stone", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "df8f67ad-d7bc-426e-b7ef-fca721b1e51d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of amblyopia is", "exp": "Strabismic amblyopia\n\nIt is due to unilateral suppression in large squint.\nIt is the most common type.\nIt has best prognosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stimulus deprivation amblyopia", "opb": "Anisometropic amblyopia", "opc": "Strabismic amblyopia", "opd": "Ametropic amblyopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "880f717d-793e-47f1-9960-d45fa025043a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Length of naso lacrimal duct is", "exp": "Nasolacrimal duct is about 12 - 18 mm long.", "cop": 4, "opa": "9 mm", "opb": "10 mm", "opc": "11 mm", "opd": "12 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "92831838-c5f9-41bc-8a82-45268bc5f40f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On measuring 3.5 to 4 mm posterior to the limbus in a phakic eye and plunging a 30 gauge needle perpendicular to sclera, you pass through", "exp": "Intravitreal injections are given using 30G needle Piercing Pars Plana which is introduced at : In Phakic eye - .5mm from limbus Pseudo-Phakic eye- 4mm from limbus Aphakic eye - .5mm from limbus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tenon's capsule", "opb": "Pars plana", "opc": "Ora serrata", "opd": "Zonules", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous Humour, Uveal Disorders", "id": "8df8948c-6944-41f9-a1aa-3b1a11cd459c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Non regenerative layer of Cornea is", "exp": "Non regenerative layer of Cornea is Bowman's membrane.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Epithelium", "opb": "Bowman's membrane", "opc": "Connective timer stroma", "opd": "Descement membrane", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0079fbf5-ef9d-4dcd-a07a-04538f74d63e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a characteristic of neovascularization of iris", "exp": "Characteristics of Neovascularization - Fine and irregular Orientation across the angle - Bright red - Arborizing - Cross the scleral Spur - Can be seen near pupillary border - Indicate VEGF Secretion - Can be seen at Optic nerve head/ retina/ angle/ pupillary border", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fine and irregular vessels", "opb": "Can be seen on pupillary border or angle", "opc": "Do not cross the scleral spur", "opd": "Indicate VEGF secretion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "7abf884f-7dad-4c0c-91ea-ef373292d7e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal sensation is tested by", "exp": "To test the corneal sensations, the patient is asked to look ahead; the examiner touches the corneal surface with a fine twisted cotton (which is brought from the side to avoid menace reflex) and observes the blinking response. Normally, there is a brisk reflex closure of lids. Always compare the effect with that on the opposite side. The exact qualitative measurement of corneal sensations is made with the help of an aesthesiometer. Reference: A K KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition 4, page-547", "cop": 3, "opa": "Keratometry", "opb": "Pachymeter", "opc": "Aesthesiometer", "opd": "Specular microscopy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "dec4abaf-ff16-4f16-a84b-babe969e0c8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common complication of hypermature sclerotic cataract is", "exp": "Subluxation of the lens is the most common complication of nuclear sclerotic hypermature cataract refer Khurana 6th edition page number 184", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dislocation of the lens", "opb": "Phacomorphic glaucoma", "opc": "Uveitis", "opd": "Neovascularization of retina", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "cc607c9d-fac9-4fe9-8416-2c0ceeed9d69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SRK formula is used to calculate", "exp": "Answer- A. Power of intraocular lensIntraocular lens power calculation :- Which requires Keratometry (K), Axial length of eyeball or Biometry (L) and aconstant (A). It is calculated by SRK formula:Power of IOL= A- 2.5L -0.9K", "cop": 1, "opa": "Power of intraocular lens", "opb": "Corneal curvature", "opc": "Corneal endothelial cell count", "opd": "Extent of retinal detachment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a594cdee-a170-435c-89e8-4719166d7c2c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tear production in child begins at", "exp": "Ans. (a) 4 weeks", "cop": 1, "opa": "4 weeks", "opb": "4 months", "opc": "6 months", "opd": "9 months", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lacrimal Gland", "id": "63e4bafa-9010-4c74-842a-de2f41dced19", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best treatment for buphthalmos is", "exp": "Ans. b (Goniotomy). (Ref. Parson, Diseases of Eye, 18th/pg.214)BUPHTHALMOSNormal IOT in Schiotz tonometer is 14-20 mmHg.Glaucoma Index =Initial IOP-----------Facility of outflow(Normal < 100)Treatment of choice for buphthalmos is goniotomy.Eventual success rate with goniotomy is 85%.However in resistant cases trabeculectomy and trabeculotomy are helpful.Trabeculotomy is useful when corneal clouding is present or when goniotomy fails.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trabeculectomy", "opb": "Goniotomy", "opc": "Cryotherapy", "opd": "Conservative", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "80a9a3ec-6d4f-4b3d-9419-739ae6a6973b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of optic neuritis", "exp": "M/C cause - Multiple sclerosis, Vit B12 deficiency, B2 deficiency.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ethyl alchol", "opb": "Anterior ischeamic optic neuropathy", "opc": "Leber's disease", "opd": "Multiple sclerosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f4f49f71-e5aa-4a26-afa8-0dc5a1b787a0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SAFE strategy use in", "exp": "SAFE strategy - for prophylaxis against trachoma and prevention of blindness S - Surgery for trichiasis - Teiary prevention A - Antibiotic - AZITHROMYCIN (D/O/C) - secondary prevention F - Facial hygiene - primary prevention E - Environmental changes - primordial prevention", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inclusion conjunctivitis", "opb": "Ophthalmia neonatorum", "opc": "Trachoma", "opd": "Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Community Ophthalmology", "id": "8bdbe442-f7d0-4211-beec-62597d41a0e1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for increased IOT in acute anterior uveitis", "exp": "A i.e. Atropine Treatment of hypeensive uveitis is treatment of acute iridocyclitis (Mydriatic-cycloplegic-steroidantibiotics), topical (3 blocker (e.g. timolol), carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide) dipivefrine. Secondary glaucoma Q (due to posterior synechiae formation) is the m.c. complication of recurrent anterior uveitis. Miotics eg pilocarpine or other cholinergics are contraindicated in treatment of anterior uveitis Q as these increase chances of synechiae formation. It is also contraindicated in malignant glaucoma Q & post inflammatory glaucoma Q.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Timolol", "opc": "5% Epinephrine", "opd": "2% Pilocarpine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e9bb729-676d-46ac-a2ed-05439af7c17e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nerve carrying motor component of light reflex", "exp": "Efferent pathway consists of parasympathetic fibres which arise from the Edinger -Westphal nucleus in the midbrain and travel along the third cranial nerve .\ni.e, occulomotor nerve.", "cop": 1, "opa": "3rd nerve", "opb": "1st nerve", "opc": "2nd nerve", "opd": "4thnerve", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "75beeab1-466c-42e8-9f96-46c88d7f34c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phacoemulsification is done with", "exp": "Ans. b (Ultrasound) Ref: AK Khurana, 4th ed, p. 193In phacoemulsification nucleus is emulsified & aspirated by phacoemulsification. Phacoemulsifier acts through a titanium needle ( hollow 1 mm needle)It vibrates in its longitudinal axis at an ultrasonic speed of40000 times a second and thus emulsifies nucleusAdvantage: Very small corneoscleral incision (3.2-3.5 mm), hence sutureless surgeryNOTE:Various surgical techniques with length of corneoscleral incisionECCE- 7-8 mm (120deg)ICCE- 10-12 mm (180deg)Small incision cataract surgery (SICS) - 4-6 mmPhacoemulsification- 3.2-3.5 mm (30deg)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Laser", "opb": "Ultrasound", "opc": "Cryo", "opd": "UV light", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "0c662544-29f5-4b23-9bcc-a631b6a320ad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest manifestation of diabetic retinopathy is", "exp": "D i.e. Microaneurysm Microaneurysms are located in the inner nuclear layer and are the earliest and most characteristic ocular lesion Q of diabetic retinopathy.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Soft exudates/Cotton wool spot", "opb": "Dot haemorrhage", "opc": "Hard exudates", "opd": "Microaneurysm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6c429237-b726-48f2-b6a1-22c12b3b9bff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of Benign Orbital tumour in Adults is", "exp": "(C) Haemangioma# ORBITAL TUMORS in both age groups are mostly benign.> Most common benign orbital tumors in children are Dermoids and vascular lesions such as capillary hemangiomas, lymph-angiomas and cavernous hemangiomas.> Most common benign tumors in Adults are also blood vessel tumors such as Hemangiomas, lymphangiomas and arteriovenous malformations> Tumors of the nerves (Schwannomas), fat (Lipoma), as well as those that evolve from the surrounding sinuses (Mucocele) occur less commonly.> Orbital Malignancies in Childhood are unusual. Most common are rhabdomyosarcomas, other malignant lesions that may affect the orbit include Burkitt's lymphoma and granulocytic sarcoma. Neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, Wilm's tumor, and leukemias are the more common metastatic orbital lesions afflicting children.> Most common Malignant Orbital tumors in Adults are lymphomas. Often they are initially confined to the orbit without any systemic manifestations. Direct invasion of the orbit from the surrounding skin and sinus cavities can occur from squamous and basal cell cancers. Other malignancies that arise from tissues within the orbit are less common (Hemangiopericytoma, Chondrosarcoma, Malignant neurofibroma). Metastatic orbital tumors most frequently arise from breast & prostate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lipoma", "opb": "Dermoid", "opc": "Haemangioma", "opd": "Schwannoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "c2c10ea5-1d9b-4379-98bb-07d96d47e369", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rapid change of presbyopic glass is a feature of", "exp": "D i.e. Open angle glaucoma Conditions associated with altered refraction Feature Found in Frequent change of presbyopic glasses Open angle glaucoma Q Second sight/ Myopic Shift/Improvement in near vision Senile immature nuclear cataract Fluctuation of refractory error Diabetic cataract Frequent change of glasses Coical or nuclear cataract Primary Open Angle Glaucoma/ Chronic Simple Glaucoma It is chronic, slowly progressive, bilateral disease characterized by - adult onset, 10P > 21 mmHg at some point in the course of disease, an open angle, glaucomatous optic nerve head damage and visual field loss. It presents with painless progressive loss of vision Q, frequent change in presbyopic glasses Q and difficulty in near work owing to accommodative failure.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Senile cataract", "opb": "Retinal detatchment", "opc": "Intumescent cataract", "opd": "Open angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1d33a6f3-018f-4042-883f-3c1fd7ecd4cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest sign of Acute Anterior Uveitis is", "exp": "Earliest sign of Acute Anterior Uveitis is Aqueous flare.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lid oedema", "opb": "Aqueous flare", "opc": "Keratic precipitate", "opd": "Hypopyon", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cabccba3-6009-4e7d-a21e-fb689ca27a4e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NOT a feature of Fuch's Heterochromic Uveitis among the following is", "exp": "Posterior Synichae is always absent in Fuch's Heterochromic Uveitis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Seen in females", "opb": "Rubeosis iridis", "opc": "Posterior Synichae", "opd": "Stellate Keratic precipitate", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0197bc60-48c1-436d-aa41-ed30f643014e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In maturity onset diabetes mellitus, ophthalmoscopy should be done at", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e immediately Ophthalmological examination is done inType II diabetese mellitus - at the time of diagnosis and reexamined at least annually*Type I DM - Within 3 yrs after diagnosis and reexamined on at least on annual basis*Diabetic women who becomes pregnant - should be examined in the 1st trimester and at least every 3 months thereafter until parturition. *Explanation :Diabetic retinopathy depends on the length of time the patient has had diabetes, even though his sugar level may be well controlled.Both in Type I and Type II DM, retinopathy occurs at least 3 to 5 years after the onset of diseaseBut type I DM can be diagnosed at the time of onset because of specific symptoms, such as polyuria, nocturnal enuresis, polydipsia, polyphagia.Type II DM is usually diagnosed many years after the onset of disease. Type II remains occult for many yrs and usually presents as a neurological or cardiological complication or may be diagnosed accidently during routine laboratory studies.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Immediately", "opb": "After 5 years", "opc": "After 10 years", "opd": "After 15 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vascular Disorders", "id": "3b3c270e-ee60-474c-9e99-2fa604a7ab7b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The temporal field of vision is", "exp": "A normal visual field is an island of vision measuring 90 degrees temporally to central Fixation, 50 degrees superiorly and nasally, and 60 degrees inferiorly. Visual acuity increases from movement discrimination in the extreme peripheral vision to better than 20/20 in the center of vision. Reference: AK khurana 7th edi", "cop": 4, "opa": "50", "opb": "75", "opc": "85", "opd": "90", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "879ff3ab-faad-4677-8fd5-80e681a7f756", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for fellow eye in acute angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "D i.e. Laser iridotomy", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pilocarpine", "opb": "Timolol", "opc": "Surgical iridotomy", "opd": "Laser iridotomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fd211ac3-89eb-4d63-87ca-297d820324a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sclera buckling is used in the treatment for", "exp": "Retinal detachment: It is the separation of neurosensory retina proper from the pigment epithelium Scleral buckling i.e., inward indentation of the sclera to provide external tamponade is still widely used to maintain chorioretinal apposition for at least a couple of weeks in simple cases of Rhegmatogenous or primary retinal detachment. Scleral buckling is achieved by inseing an explant (silicone sponge or solid silicone band). Radially oriented explant is most effective in sealing an isolated hole, and circumferential explant (encirclage) is indicated in breaks involving three or more quadrants The other surgical options include pneumatic retinopexy or vitreoretinal surgery Scleral buckling is a surgical procedure used to repair a retinal detachment. In this surgery, a surgeon attaches a piece of silicone or a sponge onto the white of the eye at the spot of a retinal tear. The buckle is designed to repair retinal detachment by pushing the sclera toward the retinal tear or break. Ref: Khurana; 4th ed; Pg 276", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cataract", "opb": "Scleritis", "opc": "Retinal detachment", "opd": "Vitreous hemorrhage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "a1671ad9-b590-41cf-b7b7-450fa444956f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The earliest sign of papilledema is", "exp": "Early (incipient) papilloedema:_ Symptoms are usually absent and visual acuity is normal._ Pupillary reactions are normal.Ophthalmoscopic features of early papilloedema are: (i) Obscuration of the disc margins (nasal margins are involved first followed by the superior, inferior and temporal) (ii) Blurring of peripapillary nerve fiber layer. (iii) The absence of spontaneous venous pulsation at the disc(appreciated in 80% of the normal individuals).(iv) Mild hyperemia of the disc. (v) Splinter hemorrhages in the peripapillary region may be present._ Visual fields are fairly normal.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No. 299", "cop": 2, "opa": "Less pulsations", "opb": "Blurring of disc margin", "opc": "Obliteration of cup", "opd": "Cotton wool spots", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "3164a236-5675-4850-8c02-6ddd691b7d6f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Esotropia is associated with", "exp": "Esotropia - hypermetropia.\nExotropia - myopia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Aphakia", "opc": "Hypermetropia", "opd": "Presbyopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "96520cd8-f7ce-4e5c-9b4c-943c561e7aaf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Optic radiations arise from", "exp": "Answer- A. Lateral Geniculate bodyThe optic radiations (geniculocalcarine pathway) extend from the lateral geniculate body to the visual coex. Inferior fibres of optic radiations ,subserve upper visual fields and superior fibres subserve inferior visual fields.The visual pathway staing from retina consists of optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, visual coex.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lateral Geniculate body", "opb": "Medial Geniculate Body", "opc": "Superior colliculus", "opd": "Inferior colliculus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8746014-7e0b-4fc3-947c-6510efa4663c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary detion of the eye is an example of the following law", "exp": "Secondary detion: It is detion of the normal eye seen under cover, when the patient is made to fix with the squinting eye. It is greater than the primary detion. This is due to the fact that the strong impulse of innervation required to enable the eye with paralysed muscle to fix is also transmitted to the yoke muscle of the sound eye resulting in a greater amount of detion. This is based on Hering's law of equal innervation of yoke muscles. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-331", "cop": 1, "opa": "Herring's", "opb": "Listing's", "opc": "Sherrington's", "opd": "Donder's", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "7ee42758-82c7-4d7d-ac6d-2f53eefacccd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presents with Right homonymous hemianopia. Most likely site of lesion is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Left optic radiationRef: Khurana 6/e, p. 314Just remember - Homonymous is always Contralateral and all in lesions below optic chiasma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Left optic radiation", "opb": "Right geniculate body", "opc": "Right optic nerve", "opd": "Right optic radiation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "5ffeaecd-d7cd-4772-a6c5-41037390ac1d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Slit lamp examination helps in the examination of", "exp": "Structures examined in Slit lamp: *Eyelids *Conjunctiva *Cornea *Anterior chamber *Iris and Pupil *Lens - Anterior and Posterior surface *Retina ( with +78D or +90D lens ) Choroid can be examined with Indirect Ophthalmoscopy only. Reference : Khurana's Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction; 2nd Ed; Pg. 350-360", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anterior 2/3rd of choroid", "opb": "Anterior 1/3rd of choroid", "opc": "Posterior 1/3rd of choroid", "opd": "Posterior capsule", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "90fc9701-a686-4941-83ec-5a0e57ddd281", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site for retinal break is", "exp": "Upper temporal region is most common site for retinal break The mechanism most commonly involves a break in the retina that then allows the fluid in the eye to get behind the retina. A break in the retina can occur from a posterior vitreous detachment, injury to the eye, or inflammation of the eye. Other risk factors include being sho sighted and previous cataract surgery Reference: Aravind FAQS in Ophthalmology; First Edition; Page no: 371", "cop": 1, "opa": "Upper temporal", "opb": "Lower temporal", "opc": "Upper nasal", "opd": "Lower nasal", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "702e71fb-730a-4f76-ac94-e53941e032b3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Koeppe's and Busaca's nodules are characteristic of", "exp": "Presentation of anterior uveitis : - Iris nodules : a) Koeppe's nodules - present on pupillary margin b) Busacca's nodules - present on surface of iris Both are seen in granulomatous uveitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Granulomatous uveitis", "opb": "Non granulomatous uveitis", "opc": "Residual uveitis", "opd": "Recurrent uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveitis", "id": "4225946a-7199-4ab0-a5b0-f44337382bc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Onion ring Appearance is seen in", "exp": "Onion ring/whorled Appearance  seen in Posterior polar Cataract.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lamellar Cataract", "opb": "Capuliform", "opc": "Myotonic dystrophy", "opd": "Posterior polar Cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d95cc8c6-6d3f-433d-b5d9-fd5033ae2b92", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Longest pa of the optic nerve is", "exp": "The optic nerve is about 47- 50 mm in length and can be divided into 4 pas : intraocular (1mm), intraorbital (30mm), intracanalicular (6-9mm) and intracranial (10mm). Refer comprehensive ophthalmology 6th edition , A K Khurana , page no. 310.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Intraocular", "opb": "Intracranial", "opc": "Intraorbital", "opd": "Intracanalicular", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b55f9347-7894-4e21-b7c0-bf33fdec2a57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anterior vitreous cells are least likely to be found in", "exp": "Anterior vitreous cells are least likely to be found in Retinitis pigmentosa.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CMV", "opb": "Serpiginous Choroidopathy", "opc": "Chronic cyclitis", "opd": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e12e05b-f0a9-4e0e-ba5c-4704660ecb89", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The cause of a coloured &;Halo&; in narrow angle glaucoma is", "exp": "Clinical Features of Glaucoma - Cupping of disc. - Raised intraocular pressure with coloured halos due to corneal oedema Ref khurana 6th edition pg 1234 - Visual field defect.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase IOP", "opb": "Corneal oedema", "opc": "Lenticular changes", "opd": "Lacrimation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "b578cd79-6a2b-49cf-956c-d5a8609cebe0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "40 years male with spherophakia is at risk for developing", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 248) Phacomorphic glaucoma is an acute secondary angle-closure glaucoma caused by:Intumescent lens i.e., swollen cataractous lens due to rapid maturation of cataract or sometimes following traumatic rupture of the capsule is the main cause of phacomorphic glaucomaAnterior subluxation or dislocation of the lensSpherophakia (congenital small spherical lens) Phacomorphic glaucoma is the term used for secondary angle-closure glaucoma due to lens intumescence. The increase in lens thickness from an advanced cataract, a rapidly intumescent lens, or a traumatic cataract can lead to pupillary block and angle closure.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phacolytic glaucoma", "opb": "Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma", "opc": "Phacomorphic glaucoma", "opd": "Obscuration of disc margins", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "f51891de-170b-4f00-9f25-24bc19ea5c16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A dendritic ulcer is caused by", "exp": "B i.e. Herpes simplex Dendritic & geographical corneal ulcers Q are seen in herpes simplex ocular disease. Dendritic ulcers (branching ulcer with knobbed ends), resembles no other condition, and is pathognomic of herpes simplex ocular infectionQ. The use of steroids in dendritic ulcer hastens the formation of geographical ulcer so it is contraindicatedQ. Early lesions of acanthameba keratitis appears like dendritic ulcers (which is usually a characteristic feature of herpes simplex keratitis), hence it is called pseudo-dendritic keratitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mycetoma", "opb": "Herpes simplex", "opc": "Staphylococcus", "opd": "Pneumococcus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "df5c4fde-6229-4471-9a06-9385bfe6835e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common metastatic orbital tumour in children", "exp": "Metastatic orbital tumours in children neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, Ewing's, testicular embryonal sarcoma and Ovarian sarcoma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Carcinoma lung", "opc": "Ewing's sarcoma", "opd": "Ovarian sarcoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "488d82c0-06e9-4a50-b2a6-076946264e17", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Van herick&;s angle grade 3 of anterior chamber denotes", "exp": "Van herick&;s method:*To evaluate the chamber depth of the right eye, turn the lamp so that the light is coming at the temporal limbus at an angle of 60 degrees. Change the slit to its most narrow setting, and direct the beam onto the cornea, just barely to the right of the limbus. *You should see three things: the beam of light sharply focused on the cornea in a thin slit, the light falling on the iris(unfocused), and a dark interval in between.* The dark interval is the area of interest, as it represents the chamber's depth. *If this shadow is one-quaer to one-half the width of the illuminated corneal section, the angle is open. If the dark section is less than one-quaer the width of the corneal beam, the chamber is narrow. If there is no dark interval (ie, the corneal and iris beams meet), the angle is extremely narrow or closed. The chamber is graded from 1 to 4 or labeled as closed, open, shallow, or moderate.FeaturesGradeClosed angle0Angle extremely narrow, probable closure1+Angle moderately narrow, possible closure2+Angle moderately open, closure not possible3+Angle wide open, closure not possible4+Ref: The slit lamp primer; 2nd edition; Pg. 41", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wide open glaucoma", "opb": "Moderately open glaucoma", "opc": "Moderately narrow glaucoma", "opd": "Closed angle", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "522b8903-8531-44ef-8270-132353ef4ca0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common cause of glaucoma with elevated IOP and optic nerve damage present in only ONE eye is", "exp": "A secondary glaucoma may complicate perforating as well as blunt injuries. Mechanisms. Traumatic glaucoma may develop by one or more of the following mechanisms: Inflammatory glaucoma due to iridocyclitis, Glaucoma due to intraocular haemorrhage, Lens-induced glaucoma due to ruptured, swollen or dislocated lens, Angle-closure due to peripheral anterior synechiae formation following perforating corneal injury producing adherant leucoma. Epithelial or fibrous in growth, may involve trabeculum. Angle recession (cleavage) glaucoma. Axenfeld rieger syndrome and Sturge weber syndrome are not as common as trauma. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome -can cause both u/l as well as b/l glaucoma, most common secondary open-angle glaucoma worldwide", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sturge weber syndrome", "opb": "Pseudoexfoliation syndrome", "opc": "Blunt trauma", "opd": "Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "82c45f11-851f-49b8-ba68-62a835b4d5ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Attachement of Vitreous is Srongest at", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Across ora serrata Attachement of vitreous Vitreous is attached anteriorly to the lens (Hyloid capsular ligament of Wieger) and ciliary epithelium in front of the ora serrata. The pa of vitreous about 4 mm across the ora serrata is known as the \"base of vitreous\" where the attachement is strongest Posteriorly vitreous is attached to the edge of the optic disc and macula lutea (foveal region) forming ring-shaped structure around them", "cop": 3, "opa": "Foveal region", "opb": "Back of lens", "opc": "Across ora serrata", "opd": "Margin of optic disc", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f092428f-73c1-4207-8dfa-6365e5f54b33", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most Common infection in Contact Lens user is", "exp": "Most Common infection in Contact Lens user is Pseudomonas", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acanthamoeba", "opb": "Pneumococcus", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "Staphylococcus aureus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a6e90f6-3391-4021-a506-84c9f3f5e8cc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blow out fracture of orbit commonly produces", "exp": "(D) Fracture of floor of orbit # Blow out fracture of orbit; Intraorbital haemorrhages, proptosis, paralysis of extrinsic muscles and fracture of the floor of the orbit are not infrequent following a blunt injury to the orbital region> Proptosis develops due to reactive oedema and intra-orbital haemorrhage.> Partial or complete ophthalmoplegia occurs as a result of injury to the muscles or due to profuse orbital oedema.> In the fracture of the floor of orbit, the eyeball is depressed into the maxillary antrum & the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles are entrapped causing diplopia.> There occurs limitation of upward gaze, and downward gaze may also be reduced because of the pinched inferior rectus muscle in between the chips of the broken bone> A positive forced duction test, downwards and inwards displacement of the globe and radiological evidence virtually confirm the diagnosis of blowout fracture with incarcerated orbital tissue.> The fracture of the base of skull implicates optic foramen and may cause optic atrophy or pulsating exophthalmos.> The fracture of the optic canal is characterised by a wound at the lateral part of the eyebrow, loss of direct homolateral pupillary reaction and hemianopic field defects.> The patient may suffer from epistaxis and varying periods of unconsciousness.> The pallor of the optic disc may be noticed 2-3 weeks after the injury. Serial radiological tomograms taken at one minute intervals may confirm the diagnosis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Deviation of septum", "opb": "Retinal haemorrhage", "opc": "Fracture of nasal bones", "opd": "Fracture of floor of orbit", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "5d7fcdca-98b9-43e6-bfed-edf8891c9ac9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Transpo of Ascorbic acid to lenses done by", "exp": "Lens has a special carrier system for the Ascorbic acid which is a major oxidant in the lens This carrier system is mediated by myoinositol Refer: AK Khurana 6th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myoinositol", "opb": "Choline", "opc": "Taurine", "opd": "Na/K ATPase", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "5b13ac7b-536c-430d-96fc-72fb942965ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for Spring Catarrah is", "exp": "Drug of choice for Spring Catarrah is Olopatiadine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Topical Steroids", "opb": "Palivizumab", "opc": "Olopatiadine", "opd": "Sodium chromoglycate", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ac16c97-8067-46f0-9e50-733a49b0b516", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gene responsible for Anterior segment morphogenesis", "exp": "GENETICS IN CORNEA * PAX 6 gene a/w- Ectodermal Ectodactyly dysplasia & eye morphogenesis *PITX2 gene- Axenfeld Riger Syndrome Corneal Dystrophy & Anomalies *Lattice & Granular Corneal Dystrophy- TGF B1, 5q31, AD *Macular - AR, 16q22 *Fuch's endothelial dystrophy: AD, COL8A2 *Megalocornea: XLR, mostly males are involved Extra edge: - Faulty migration of NCC causes anterior segment dysgenesis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PAX 6", "opb": "PIT X 2", "opc": "TSG", "opd": "GLC 1", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "f6898b26-1826-4df7-91be-b4e5bc21f1d2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macula lies from disc at a distance of..... from temporal margin of disc.", "exp": "3 mm", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 mm", "opb": "2 mm", "opc": "3 mm", "opd": "4 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8d93c237-9c01-4789-9930-1cbe7e891785", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest symptom of sympathetic ophthalmia is", "exp": "A i.e. Photophobia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Photophobia", "opb": "Pain", "opc": "Loss of near vision", "opd": "Loss of distant vision", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "679d19b7-8de8-46f9-8dba-7687ed0dcae9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oldest cells of Lens are in", "exp": "Lens contains oldest cells in its Nucleus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nucleo - cortical junction", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Anterior surface of lens", "opd": "Posterior surface of lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6584f91f-5791-4b9d-bc5f-c1eaa035cbe2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blood retinal barrier is formed by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Outer Plexiform layerRef: Retina by Ryan 6/e, p. 657; Khuranas Anatomy 2/e, p. 151Blood retinal barrier at 2 levels* Inner - Non-fenestrated capillaries of the retinal vessels (superficial capillary network in NFL and deep capillary network between INL and OPL)* Outer - tight junctions of RPE", "cop": 4, "opa": "Muller cells", "opb": "Amacrine cells", "opc": "Horizontal cells", "opd": "Outer Plexiform layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "258ea604-8263-4fe9-905e-533e6ab0d256", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Diagnose the ocular pathology.", "exp": "Ans. (c) PapilledemaOption a - should be a pale - white disc.Option b - POAG should present with loss of nasal neuro- retinal rim and Cupping (large cup, c/d ratio >0.5) along with vascular changes.Option d - CRAO - no occlusion can be seen, all arteries (thinner cross-section, red colour) and veins (thicker cross section, darker red color) are seen to be patientOption c - Papilledema - earliest sign is blurring of the disc margins, which is visible in the image.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Primary optic atrophy", "opb": "Primary open angle glaucoma", "opc": "Papilledema", "opd": "Central retinal artery occlusion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "42f2cc0b-dff2-410e-91df-74ee085e6f63", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Total number of refractive surfaces in the Eye is", "exp": "There are 4 refractive surfaces in the Eye\n\nAnterior surface of Cornea\nPosterior surface of Cornea\nAnterior surface of Lens\nPosterior surface of Lens", "cop": 2, "opa": "2", "opb": "4", "opc": "5", "opd": "3", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10cfe6d8-19cd-487d-aaa7-a8ac516a631e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The type of corral ulcer seen in Vernal\nkeratoconjunctivitis is", "exp": "Superficial punctate keratitis seen in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is characterised by Shied ulcer.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dendritic pattern", "opb": "Pseudodendritic pattern", "opc": "Geological ulcer", "opd": "Shield ulcer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ad525752-715a-43ec-a6d3-85ad978e1ae3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Laser iridotomy is useful in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Angle closure glaucomaRef.: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. 1247", "cop": 1, "opa": "Angle closure glaucoma", "opb": "Neovascular glaucoma", "opc": "Open angle glaucoma", "opd": "Secondary glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Surgical Procedures For Glaucoma", "id": "53010b2a-8ee5-4bba-b607-152a599788f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Crocodile tears are ssen in", "exp": "Crocodile tear syndrome The mechanism appears to be a misdirection of regenerating gustatory fibers destined for the salivary glands, so that they become secretory fibers to the lacrimal gland and cause homolateral tearing while the patient is eating. A simple procedure, involving subtotal resection of the palpebral lobe of the involved lacrimal gland, proved to be an effective corrective measure in these cases.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Frey's syndrome", "opb": "Conjunctivitis", "opc": "Ophthalmia neonatorum", "opd": "Abnormal facial nerve regeneration", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro Ophthalmology", "id": "4585bdc6-b404-44af-92f9-2e0f4d7fbae2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of posterior staphyloma", "exp": "POSTERIOR STAPHYLOMA It effects the posterior pole of the eye and is lined by the choroid. Degenerative high axial myopia is the most common cause. Indirect ophthalmoscopy shows a posterior outward curvature of the globe detected as a crescentric shadow in the macular region. The retinal vessels are seen to change direction, dipping down into the region. The staphylomatous region may appear pale due to degenerative changes in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Ref:- Parsons diseases of eye; pg num:-230", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Glaucoma", "opc": "Myopia", "opd": "Scleritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "34fde85d-d3a1-4a18-aaca-4690f181178d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "IOP is most accurately measured by", "exp": "Answer: b) Applanation tonometer (BASAK 4th ED, P-262)Measurement of IOP:1. Contact Tonometer* Indentation tonometer> When placed on a eye, the plunger together with a present weight, indents the cornea.> The amount of indentation is measured on a scale and the IOP can be calculated> Not accurate since IOP measured is influenced by scleral rigidity> Types# Schiotz (manual)# MacKay-Marg (electronic)* Applanation tonometer> Based on the principle of Imbert-Fick's law> Applanation tonometer measures the IOP by flattening the cornea over a specific area (3.06mm)> More accurate since the pressure values are not influenced by scleral rigidity> Types# Goldmann (slit-lamp mounted)# Parkins' (hand-held)2. Non-Contact tonometer3. Digital tonometry: IOP is roughly assessed by digital palpation, fluctuating the down-turned eye between two index fingers through the upper lid", "cop": 2, "opa": "Schiotz tonometer", "opb": "Applanation tonometer", "opc": "Non contact tonometer", "opd": "Digital tonometer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "90da01bb-dfe2-4cba-9174-49f32ae704b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Steroid induced cataract", "exp": "Drug induced cataract Coricosteroid-induced cataract Posterior subcapsular opacities are associated with the use of topical as well as systemic steroids. Prolonged use of steroids in high doses may result in cataract formation. Children are more susceptible than adults. Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:195", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nuclear cataract", "opb": "Cupuliform cataract", "opc": "Posterior subcapsular cataract", "opd": "Anterior subcapsular cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "0e156404-eeaf-449a-83ac-7dc9af3ae47e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lipogranuomatous inflammation is seen in.", "exp": "Ans. c. Chalazion", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fungal infection", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Chalazion", "opd": "Viral infection", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4d75f36f-be27-456b-87a3-9d4cab649a7f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal curvature is measured by", "exp": "The 'Keratometry' or 'ophthalmometry' is an objective method of estimating by measuring the curvature of the central cornea Gonioscopy- Biomicroscopic examination of the angle of the anterior chamber Perimetry-Procedure of estimating the extent of visual fields Tonography- a Non-invasive technique for determining the facility of aqueous outflow (C- value) Reference : AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 575", "cop": 1, "opa": "Keratometry", "opb": "Pachymetry", "opc": "Gonioscopy", "opd": "Perimetry", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "83587fc7-d327-4910-9d60-d22e9796a97b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Berlin's edema is seen due to", "exp": "Ocular Trauma o Blunt traums o Perforation Manifestations a. Corneal edema b. Hyphaema c. Iridodialysis d. Angle recession e. TM tear f. Hyphaema g. Subluxation/Dislocation of lens h. Rosette cataract i. Retinal dialysis j. Choroidal detachment k. Berlin's edema l. Optic nerve avulsion m. Nasolacrimal duct damage n. Blow out 7 RINGS OF BLUNT TRAUMA 1. Central iris: Sphincter tear 2. Peripheral iris: Iridodialysis 3. Anterior ciliary body: Angle recession 4. Separation of ciliary body from scleral spur: Cyclodialysis 5. Trabecular meshwork: Trabecular meshwork tear 6. Zonules/lens: Zonular tear with possible lens subluxation 7. Seperation of the retina from the ora serrata: Retinal dialysis Vitreous based detachment, that is, Retinal Dialysis is sign of blunt trauma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trauma", "opb": "Foreign body", "opc": "Infection", "opd": "Pars planitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "09ada8b0-056e-4683-9830-26f40cae91a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Heerfordt's syndrome does not include", "exp": "Heerfordt's syndrome ( Uveoparotid fever) includes facial nerve palsy, not 6th Cranial nerve palsy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fever", "opb": "Parotitis", "opc": "6th Cranial nerve palsy", "opd": "Uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a99c6526-230e-4ded-bfbb-340d1191cb62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) has been used in assessment of", "exp": "Ans. c. Inferior vestibular nerve function VEMPs are believed to be a good indicator of saccular and inferior vestibular nerve function in clinical evaluations.\" - Julie A. Honaker and Ravi N. Samy, Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surger Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) Assesses inferior vestibular nerve function. VEMP testing is a relatively noninvasive method to assess patients with vestibular disorders. The VEMPs are sho latency electromyograms (EMGs) evoked by high-acoustic stimuli at the ipsilateral ear and recorded surface electrodes over a tonically contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle. VEMP is a vestibule-collie reflex whose afferent limb arises from acoustically insensitive cells in the saccule, with signals conducted the inferior vestibular nerve.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cochlear nerve unction", "opb": "Superior vestibular nerve function", "opc": "Inferior vestibular nerve function", "opd": "Inflammatory myopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e56ce08a-708a-4fc0-9fe9-0fd074113554", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Global rupture due to blunt trauma is indicated by", "exp": "C i.e. Contusion + Haemorrhage + Low intraocular pressure Complications of Blunt Trauma Voissius ring (on anterior surface of lens) Q Rossette shaped cataract Q Angle recession with secondary glaucoma Q Global rupture indicated by contusion, haemorrhage & low intraocular pressure Q Hyphaema with elevated lop", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blow out fracture", "opb": "Lens sublu xati on", "opc": "Contusion + haemorrhage + low intraocular pressure", "opd": "Proptosis and decreased mobility of muscle", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "15b7a7b1-97e9-42e4-aa91-28b1229f08a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sudden Painless loss of vision is seen in", "exp": "(A) Vitreous hemorrhage # Clinical features of vitreous haemorrhage:> Sudden development of floaters occurs when the vitreous haemorrhage is small.> In massive vitreous haemorrhage patient develops sudden painless loss of vision.> Fate of vitreous haemorrhage> Complete absorption> Organization> Complications like vitreous liquefaction, degeneration and khakhi cell glaucoma (in aphakia) may occur.> Retinitis proliferans> Treatment: Conservative treatment Treatment of the cause Vitrectomy> Sudden loss of vision: Central retinal artery occlusion Retinal detachment Central retinal vein occlusion Retrobulbar neuritis> Transient loss of vision: Carotid artery disease Migraine Papilloedema, Severe hypertension", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitreous haemorrhage", "opb": "Optic atrophy", "opc": "Developmental cataract", "opd": "Acute Angle closure glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "8e474b93-919d-457e-8ee8-d0d059e3576b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In posterior capsular cataract, treatment is", "exp": "B i.e. Nd-YAG laser Nd. YAG (Neodymium-Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet) laser is used for posterior capsulotomy in after cataract.Q After cataract/ Secondary cataract/ Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) - It is the opacity which persists or develops after ECCE - It may present as thickened posterior capsule or dense membranous after cataract or Soemmering's ringQ (thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of capsule) or Elschnig's pearlsQ (vacuolated subcapsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the posterior capsule) - It is treated by Nd-YAG-laser posterior capsulotomyQ (Neodymium-Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet laser) or surgical membranectomy Laser Wavelength (nm) Clinical Application of LASERS in Ophthalmology Nd: YAG 1064Q Posterior capsulotomy Q, iridotomy, vitreolysis. Femtosecond laser 1053 Refractory surgery, lamellar corneal surgery. Diode laser 800 Retinal photocoagulation* Krypton laser 714 Retinal photocoagulation* Frequency doubled Nd: YAG 532 Retinal photocoagulation*, cyclophoto-coagulation Argon green 514 Retinal photocoagulation*, trabeculoplasty, iridoplasty, pupillo-mydriasis Excimer (Argon-fluoride) 193 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), LASIK, LASEK Retinal photocoagulation includes treatment for diabetic retinopathy, other causes of retinal neovascularization or oedema, retinal breaks, central serous retinochoroidopathy, subretinal neovascular membranes, small retinal tumors, angiomas. Argon green laser is m.c. used for this.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Krypton Laser", "opb": "Nd-YAG Laser", "opc": "Argon Laser", "opd": "CO2 Laser", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb1ce2ff-1eee-43fd-8783-8bf8eed8448e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Objective assessment of the refractive state of the eye is termed", "exp": "Ans. Retinoscopy", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retinoscopy", "opb": "Gonioscopy", "opc": "Ophthalmoscopy", "opd": "Keratoscopy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1d961ec-7d66-45ed-9253-21b6431d7bf3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common tumour of eyelid is", "exp": "(A) (Basal cell carcinoma) (430-Nema 5th) (457- Parson 21st)* Basal cell carcinoma is the most common maligment tumour of the eyelids and constitutes 85%-90% of the all malignant epithelial eyelid tumours.* Squamous papilloma is the most common benign tumour of the eyelid.Common malignant tumours of the eyelidTypeCommon locationClinical featuresSpreadTherapyBasal cell carcinomaMedial canthus, lower lidNodule, central ulceration with pearly surface telangiectasiaLocalResection RadiationSquamous cell carcinomaLower lid. From previous actinic keratosisUlcer with thickened margins, keratosis papillomatousLocal, lymph nodesResection,RadiationCryotherapySebacious cell carcinomaUpper lidNodular resembling, chalazion multifocal F > M recurrence commonLocal intraepith elial lymph nodesResectionCryotheropyExenterationMalignant melanomaPrevious nevi> 6mm size pigmented lesion. Vascularization inflammationLocal vascular lymph nodesResectionExenterationThe moct common benign orbital tumour is adults Cavernous HemangiomaMost common malignant orbital tumour in adults is LymphomaMost common benign orbital tumour in children is Dermoid cystMost common malignant orbital tumour in children is RhabdomyosarcomaBASAL CELL CARCINOMA* Also k/a \"Rodent ulcer\"* It is more common in Caucasians (99%)* Age is 40-79 years* Ultravoilet light exposure is one of the most important risk factors* It is locally malignant* It involves most commonly lower eyelid (50-60) >medial canthus (25-30%) >upper eyelid (15-20%) > lateral canthus* Basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin- Goltz syndrome) is a rare syndrome occurring in <l%of patients with basal cell carcinoma* Surgery is the treatment of choice - there are two- techniques(i) Moh's micrographic surgery(ii) Excisional biopsy with frozen section control", "cop": 1, "opa": "Basal cell carcinoma", "opb": "Adenocarcinoma", "opc": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Sebaceous cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lid", "id": "7d0c8556-2b4e-489d-84c6-567b5883452f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ciliary staphyloma affects ciliary zone upto mm behind the limbus", "exp": "Answer- C. 8Staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of uveal tissue through a weak and thin poion of cornea or sclera. So, a staphyloma is lined internally by weal tissue and ennally by weak cornea or sclera.Ciliary staphyloma : - This afects the ciliary zone that includes the region upto I mm behind the limbls. The ciliary body is incarcerated in the region of scleral ectasia. Causes are Developmental glaucoma, Primary or secondary glaucoma end stage, scleritis, trauma to ciliary region.", "cop": 3, "opa": "4", "opb": "6", "opc": "8", "opd": "10", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "440b3882-6808-4255-8342-e608038f6653", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary deviation of eye is based on", "exp": "Increased flow of energy to contracting muscles is accompanied by relaxation of C/L antagonists - sherrington's law.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hering's law", "opb": "Sherrington's low", "opc": "Brown's law", "opd": "Duane's law", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8989a95d-1f02-4148-9aab-02f1b9d640a6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In the grading of trachoma,trachomatous inflammations follicular is defined as the presence of", "exp": "The pneumonic is FIST-O Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 65", "cop": 3, "opa": "5 or more follicles in the lower tarsal conjunctiva", "opb": "Three or more molecules in the lower tarsal conjunctiva", "opc": "Five or more follicles in upper tarsal conjunctiva", "opd": "Three or more follicles in upper tarsal conjunctiva", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "09a7b6c7-e8c8-413e-a1f6-e64a3469469d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Preauricular lymphadenopathy not seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Atopic conjunctivitiso Preauricular lymphadenopathy is seen in -Bacteral conjunctivitis (staphylococcal, gonococcal, pneumococcal).Viral conjunctivitis (Herpes simplex, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis).Chlamydial conjunctivitiso It is not seen in allergic (atopic) conjunctivitis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chlamydial conjunctivitis", "opb": "Herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis", "opc": "Atopic conjunctivitis", "opd": "Staphylococcal conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Inflammations of Conjunctiva - Infective", "id": "b8c187e0-e60d-4adb-afe2-1402f7d5fd82", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vossius ring is seen in", "exp": "B. i.e. (Blunt trauma) (367 - Parson 20th- 405 -Khurana 4th)Vossius- Ring - is a circular ring of brown pigment seen on the anterior capsule** of the lens* It occurs due to striking of the contracted pupillary margin against the crystalline lens. It is always smaller than the size of the pupil* It is always smaller than the size of the pupil produced by the force of the blow driving the cornea and iris backwards* Rosette - shaped cataract following blunt trauma", "cop": 2, "opa": "After cataract", "opb": "Blunt trauma", "opc": "Diabetics", "opd": "Hypertensive retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Trauma", "id": "b0ec6f90-f74a-49b5-bf5f-3e2639dfe410", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for phlyctenular conjunctivitis is", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Topical steroids", "opb": "Sodium cromoglycate", "opc": "Zinctioxide", "opd": "AKT", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "198f7b03-f760-4f24-aa96-2ca58022a89f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Peripheral retinal degeneration is most common in case of", "exp": "A i.e. Myopia Ophthalmoscopic findings of pathological myopia are - - Myopic crescents (on temporal edge of optic disc), - Foster fuch's spot - (dark red patch at macula due to retinal neovascularization & choroidal haemorrhage), Cystoid degeneration, - Peripheral retinal degeneration (lattice & snail track degenerations)Q - Posterior staphyloma.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Presbyopia", "opc": "Hypermetropia", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f96e6b5-e486-4e4b-b0f7-080a4937c83b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common congenital tumour of conjunctiva is", "exp": "Commonest congenital tumour of the conjunctiva - Epibulbar dermoid", "cop": 3, "opa": "Papilloma", "opb": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opc": "Epibulbar dermoid", "opd": "Melanoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "19ffc703-91e8-4d6e-a401-53dd62c1f112", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pterygium is", "exp": "Pterygium is subconjuctival fibrobasvular growth encroaching on the cornea REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 87", "cop": 1, "opa": "An inflammatory response", "opb": "A connective tissue disorder", "opc": "An infection", "opd": "Assosciated with vitamin A deficiency", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "d45d986b-d97e-410c-84ef-4d920fa32981", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is caused by", "exp": "Ans. d (Adenovirus). (Ref. Textbook of Microbiology by Anantanarayan, 6th/451)INFECTION BY ADENOVIRUS SyndromesPrinciple serotypes1Respiratory disease in children1, 2, 5, 62Sore-throat, febrile cold, pneumonia3, 4, 7, 14, 213ARDS in military recruits4, 7, 214Follicular (swimming pool) conjunctivitis3,75Epidemic kerato conjunctivitis sicca8, 19, 37Q6Diarrhoea40, 417Soft tissue sarcoma and bladder carcinoma18,198Gene therapy2,59AIDS43, 47", "cop": 4, "opa": "Corona virus", "opb": "Epstien-Barr virus", "opc": "Picorna virus", "opd": "Adenovirus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjuctiva", "id": "7c728566-3645-4e2c-bebf-84e04027354f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Because of circle of least diffusion, the distant vision is comparatively good in", "exp": "At point D, the divergence of veical rays is exactly equal to the convergence of the horizontal rays from the axis. So here the section is a circle, which is called the circle of least diffusion. Mixed astigmatism: refers to a condition where in the light rays in one meridian are focused in front and in other meridian behind the retina. Thus in one meridian eye is myopic and in another hypermetropic. Such patients have comparatively less symptoms as &;circle of least diffusion&; is formed on the retina. Reference :- A K KHURANA; page:-25,26,37", "cop": 2, "opa": "Compound myopic astigmatism", "opb": "Mixed astigmatism", "opc": "Simple myopic astigmatism", "opd": "Compound hypermetropic astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "7ff7370d-20f0-4a5f-badd-a65ed859a90c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is caused by", "exp": "B i.e. Pilocarpine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Brimonidine", "opd": "Dorzolamide", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b2792f26-5561-45cc-af6b-f3c214b24007", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Nerve tested in pupillary reflex is", "exp": "Afferent - 2nd nerve.\nEfferent - 3rd nerve.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2nd and 3rd", "opb": "Only 3rd", "opc": "only 2nd", "opd": "3rd and 5th", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8742256b-6b9e-414f-952e-62273625a63e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Antigaucomatous drug causing spasm of accommodation", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pilocarpine Ocular side effects of topical agents for POAG 13-blocker: Allergic blepheroconjunctivitis, corneal hyposthesia, blurred vision, dry eye, superficial punctate keratitis. Cholinomietics (pilocarpine): Blurred vision, miosis, accommodative spasm, browache. Sympathomimetics Non-selective (Dipivefrine): Follicular conjunctivities, rebound congestion, macular edema in aphakic Apraclonidine: Allergies, lid retraction, follicular conjunctivitis, fluctuation in visual acuity Brimonidine: Ocular allergy, conjuntival blanching. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Dorzolamide, brinaolamide): Punctate keratitis, ocular allergies. Prostaglandin analogues (Latanoprost): Punctate keratitis, iris pigmentation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Dorazolamide", "opd": "Latanoprost", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "baf6a944-6c55-4f35-b679-a0169e94e93e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Scleral Expansion Bands are used in the management of", "exp": "Schachar introduced scleral expansion bands for surgical reversal of presbyopia. Originally, the implant was designed as a continuous ring that was placed into the sclera. The modified and improved design of this prototype consists of four polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bands that are placed in four scleral tunnels at depths of 350 to 400 mm in order to create more space between the lens and the sclera. This follows the theory of accommodation described by Schachar.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Astigmatism", "opc": "Presbyopia", "opd": "Keratoconus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ddd338cd-e202-47bf-82ea-a53df64127a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of chronic dacrocystitis  a) Dacrocystorhinostomy     b) Antibiotics    c) Probing    d) Massage", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "abcd", "opb": "abc", "opc": "acd", "opd": "bcd", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "55e3eb28-c477-4eee-8602-aa8c515cdbc2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glaucoma capsulare is caused by", "exp": "Occurrence of glaucoma in eye with pseudoexfoliation is called glaucoma capsulareReference: Aravind FAQS in Ophthalmology; First Edition; Page no: 232", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neovascular glaucoma", "opb": "Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma", "opc": "Pigmentary glaucoma", "opd": "Angle recession glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "574abe31-33bb-49c0-b8e0-e9fdfb0a3bb3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Excessive O2 concentration in Neonates causing", "exp": "(Retrolental fibroplasia) (264-KH)Retinopathy of prematurity term coined for the disease \"retrolental fibroplasia\"* It is a bilateral proliferative retinopathy, occurring in premature infants (weighting less than 1300 gm) exposed to high concentration of oxygen during the first 10 days of life.* Premature infants should not be placed in incubator with an O2 concentration of more than 30% and efforts should be made to avoid infection and attacks of apnoea.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retrolental fibroplasias", "opb": "Respiratory distress syndrome", "opc": "Hyaline membrane disease", "opd": "Anaemic retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "26cc46ed-8895-4cd4-b425-4e446a1c5f1e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary action of Inferior oblique", "exp": "Inferior oblique\n1o - Extortion\n2o - Elevation\n3o - Abduction.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Intortion", "opb": "Extortion", "opc": "Elevation", "opd": "Depression", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0e4a8db-2659-400d-b549-e4e73f4515a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine means", "exp": "B i.e. When the headache is followed by paial paralysis of 3rd nerve without any scotoma Ophthalmoplegic migrane is characterized by recurrent episodes of migraine like headache accompanied mostly by recurrent, ipsilateral and transient paresis of 3rd (most common), 6th (rare) and/ or 4th (rarest) cranial nervesQ. It is more common in childhood & typically stas before the age of 10 years.", "cop": 2, "opa": "When headache is followed by complete paralysis of the IlIrd and VIth nerve on the same side as the hemicrania", "opb": "When the headache is followed by paial paralysis of the IIIrd nerve on the same side as the hemicrania without any scotoma", "opc": "Headache is associated with IIIrd, IVth and VIth nerve paralysis", "opd": "Headache associated with optic neuritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "faf7f665-d0c5-48e9-a718-f4c1483e5d38", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for Acute Anterior Uveitis", "exp": "Atropine Is the Drug of choice for Acute Anterior Uveitis, due to\n\nRelieves of Ciliary spasm\nPreventing posterior synichae\nReduce candatis and reduces the signs", "cop": 2, "opa": "Topical Steroids", "opb": "Atropine", "opc": "Systemic Steroids", "opd": "NSAIDS", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c6e07d3-861d-4252-b6bd-865680ffb53d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Modified Kastenbaum surgery is done for", "exp": "Modified Kastenbaum Surgery *Recession resection of all four horizontal recti is done according to the type and amount of nystagmus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Esotropia", "opb": "Nystagmus", "opc": "Superior oblique palsy", "opd": "Third nerve palsy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Squint", "id": "733e40bf-ed17-455e-8fbc-3b79af82209d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Increased intraocular tension can be diagnosed by", "exp": "The intraocular pressure (IOP) is measured with the help of an instrument called tonometer. Two basic types of tonometers available are: indentation and applanation. Indentation (impression) tonometry is based on the fundamental fact that a plunger will indent a soft eye more than a hard eye. The concept of applanation tonometry was introduced by Goldmann is 1954. It is based on Imbe- Fick law which states that the pressure inside a sphere (P) is equal to the force (W) required to flatten its surface divided by the area of flattening (A); i.e., P = W/A. Reference: AK khurana 7th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tonometer", "opb": "Pachymeter", "opc": "Placido's disc", "opd": "Keratometer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "80c5d418-2fe2-4113-9e6e-4d8585ef83c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lesion in left optic tract manifest as", "exp": "(D) Right homonymous hemianopia # Lesions of optic tract: These are characterized by incongrous homonymous hemianopia associated with contralateral hemianopic pupillary reaction (Wernicke's reaction).> These lesions usually lead to partial descending opitic atrophy and may be associated with contralateral third nerve paralysis and ipsilateral hemiplegia.> Common causes of optic tract lesions are syphilitic meningitis or gumma, tuberculosis and tumours of optic thalamus and aneurysms of superior cerebellar or posterior cerebral arteries.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Left unilateral blindness", "opb": "Left bilateral hemianopia", "opc": "Left homonymous hemianopia", "opd": "Right homonymous hemianopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "56970719-5c81-4521-8748-d3f28eda5ef6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "While performing duochrome test, If the patient repos that he sees red letters more clear than green, it indicates that he is slightly", "exp": "Duochrome test: It is based on the principle of chromatic aberration. In this, the patient is asked to read the red and green letters. In an emmetropic eye the green rays are focused slightly anterior and red rays slightly posterior to the retina. Therefore, to an emmetropic patient letters of both colours look equally sharp. When the patient tells that he or she sees red letters more clearly than the green, it indicates that he or she is slightly myopic. Technique One eye is occluded Subject is asked to note whether the letters on the cha are equally visible or prominent on both backgrounds or more visible or prominent against one of the backgrounds Vision is slightly fogged by adding plus(+) sphere monocularly in 0.25DS steps until red background letters become more prominent This should occur in only one / two increments of plus power unless the eye has been over corrected The plus powered sphere before the eye is reduced until both background letters appear equally distinct. This represents optimum correction Next reduction causes green to be more prominent Reference :- A K KHURANA; page:-556", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myopic", "opb": "Hypermetropic", "opc": "Presbyopic", "opd": "Emmetropic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "2df093e9-082f-4788-b426-81bf44ec32cb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluoroscein dye study is done to detect", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Retinal vascular pathology Angiography for fundus examination Angiography is used for dynamic flow study of Iris, Retina or choroid. Following types of angiographies are used. Fluorescein Angiography :- Sodium fluorescein dye is used by injecting it into antecubital vein. It is primarily used for retinal vasculature, but iris & choroid can also be examined. Indocyanine green Angiography :- It is used primarily for choroidal vasculature, especially in choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM). Therefore, it is used in - i) The identification and delineation ofpoorly defined or occult choroidal neovascularization, (ii) Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) detachments.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Assess retinal function of babies", "opb": "Retinal vascular pathology", "opc": "Macular pathology", "opd": "Posterior segment of eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1b2e2dcc-1798-4753-8a63-35b93fa0fede", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most characteristic eye lesion in diabetes is", "exp": "Most characteristic - Capillary aneurysm.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Papilledema", "opb": "Proptosis", "opc": "Capillary aneurysm", "opd": "Cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48e79fac-305f-4e93-bd07-958b7264b734", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common nerve involved in herpes zoster ophthalmicus is", "exp": "HZO is an acute infection of Gasserian ganglion of the fifth cranial nerve by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a DNA virus and produces acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. It is neurotropic in nature. In HZO , frontal nerve is more frequently affected than the lacrimal and nasociliary nerves. Ref: khurana 6 th edition page no.104", "cop": 1, "opa": "Frontal", "opb": "Lacrimal", "opc": "Nasaciliary", "opd": "Oculomotor", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "2e093609-c1bf-43e3-ae20-cc616681fe90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Select the wrong pair of Yolk muscles", "exp": "RMR & LLR & Not LMR are yolk muscle Yoke Muscles: *Synergist muscle: Involved in Same Version movement (So one muscle would be of left eye, other would be of right eye.) *Ex- Right eye dextroversion by RLR and LMR is involved.. these two are YOKE muscles. \\", "cop": 3, "opa": "RSR LIO", "opb": "RSO LIR", "opc": "RMR LMR", "opd": "RIR LSO", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Squint", "id": "0bf1c7cc-cd67-4df8-91f5-af3673eae24c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of hyphema due to Blunt trauma", "exp": "Most common cause of hyphema due to Blunt trauma is Major arterial circle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Minor arterial circle", "opb": "Major arterial circle", "opc": "Choroidal veins", "opd": "Conjunctival vessels", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48f7a2fe-0f98-4d01-a127-2e0c99240cca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Percentage disability ceificate that can be given for a patient with 1/60 in one eye & 6/60 vision in other eye would be", "exp": "According to the vision of the patient the amount of visual disability ceificate would be 75 percent Category Better eye Worse eye % age Category 0 6/9-6/18 6/24- 6/36 20 Category 1 6/18-6/36 6/60 to Nil 45 Category 2 6/36- 4/60 or field of vision 10-20 Deg 3/60 to Nil 75 Category 3 3/60 to 1/60 or field of vision 10 Deg FC at 1 feet, to Nil 100 Category 4 FC at 1ft to Nil or field of vision 10 Deg FC at 1 feet to nil 100 One eyed Persons 6/6 FC at 1ft to Nil or field of vision 10 Deg 30", "cop": 2, "opa": "100%", "opb": "75%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "0", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Community Ophthalmology", "id": "8fa75dee-e543-4cef-8f96-9ca02fbc6a69", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wernicke's hemianopic pupil is seen in the lesion of", "exp": "Wernickes hemianopic pupil is seen in the lesion of optic tracts - characterized by contralateral homonymous hemanopia with a characteristic pupillary response. Narrow beam of light when shown into the non-seeing pa of the retina, pupil fails to react while when shown into the seeing pa of the retina, pupillary constriction occurs. Make your concept - Homonymous means same side (i.e. right or left) - Heteronymous means opposite side (i.e. nasal or temporal) - Congruous means same shape or symmetric on both sides - Incongruous means different shape or asymmetric on both sides - Hemianopia means half side is involved - Generally Anterior lesions cause heteronymous, incongruous defects and posterior lesions cause more homonymous and congruous defects Impoant Points on Visual Pathway Lesions 1. Optic nerve lesion - I/l direct and c/ L consensual gone Causes - optic atrophy/ optic neuritis - avulsion optic nerve 2. Proximal pa of optic nerve - I/L blindness C/L hemianopia 1. Saggital chiasma lesion - Bitemporal hemianopia - Paial descending optic atrophy Causes - suprasellar aneurysm - tumors of pitutory craniopharyngioma - suprasellar meningioma 2. Lateral chiasma - Binasal hemianopia of pupillary reflex Causes - Distention of 3rd ventricle Since some fibres of other side there is crossover Binasal Hemianopia 3. Optic tract Lesion- - Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with incongruity - Bow tie pattern of optic atropy 5.Temporal lobe lesion - contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia (pie in the sky defect) 6. Parietal Lobe lesion- Pie in the floor. Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia Homonymous hemianopsia, also referred to as homonymous hemianopia is the loss of half of the field of view on the same side in both eyes. Left superior homonymous quadrantanopia Left inferior homonymous quadrantanopia 7.Keyhole visual field defects: Vascular lesion of Lateral Geniculate body 8. Occipital lobe lesion Congruous homonymous hemianopia with sparing of macula Cause: Occlusion of posterior cerebral aery Congruous Homonymous macular defect Cause: Bullet injury/ head injury Bilateral homonymous macular defect Cause: Bilateral occipital defect", "cop": 1, "opa": "Optic tract", "opb": "Optic nerve", "opc": "Optic chiasma", "opd": "Occipital lobe (visual coex)", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro Ophthalmology", "id": "a16cf903-8cc9-402c-8ffe-bbeb31681365", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest symptom of Congenital Glaucoma", "exp": "Earliest but nonspecific symptom of Congenital Glaucoma is photophobia", "cop": 3, "opa": "Lacrimation", "opb": "Blepharospasm", "opc": "photophobia", "opd": "Diminision of vision", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d241fa04-6033-4ffa-8aa0-999355e09d91", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment for First degree angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "C i.e. Laser Irodotomy Laser Irodotomy is the treatment of choice for PACG, but is successful only if less than 180deg (50% )of the angle is closed. So it is effective in first degree angle closure glaucoma. But it may be difficult until the corneal thickening & iris congestion have settled (usually 48 hours). The Shaffer grading system The system of angle grading which is used almost universally today records the angle in degrees of arc subtended by the inner surface ofthe trabecular meshwork and anterior surface of the iris about one-third of the distance from its periphery. Grade Angle Description Grade 4 (35-45deg) The widest angle characteristic of myopia and aphakia in which the ciliary body can be visualized with ease; it is incapable of closure. Grade 3 (25-35deg) Open angle in which at least the scleral spur can be identified; it is also incapable of closure Grade 2 (20deg) Moderately narrow angle in which only the trabeculum can be identified; angle closure is possible but unlikely Grade 1 (10deg) Very narrow angle in which only Schwalbe line, and perhaps also the top of the trabeculum, can be identified; angle closure is not inevitable but the risk is high Slit angle One in which there is no obvious irido-corneal contact but no angle structures can be identified; this angle has the greatest danger of imminent closure Grade 0 (0deg) Closed angle due to iridocorneal contact and is recognized by the inability to identify the apex of the corneal wedge", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trabeculectomy", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Laser Irodotomy", "opd": "Timolol", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6f65632-ebbd-4d5f-98f8-d6aa85477bfe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Parasitic subconjunctival cysts are caused by", "exp": "Parasitic cysts such as subconjunctival cysticercus, hydatid cyst, and filarial cyst are not infrequent in developing countries. cyst with hooklets on the optic disc has been repoed who also had sub-cutaneous and cerebral involvement. The differential diagnosis of orbital cysticercosis includes idiopathic myositis, tumours or metastasis, muscle abscess or haematoma, and other parasitic infections like hydatid cyst Conjunctival cysts need a careful surgical excision. The excised cyst should always be subjected to histopathological examination. Ref: Khurana; 4th ed; Pg 86", "cop": 2, "opa": "Toxoplasmosis", "opb": "Cysticercosis", "opc": "Leishmaniasis", "opd": "Chagas disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "32aa7a99-5f32-44aa-bc68-f919d52fc3e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Red keratic precipitates are seen in", "exp": "Keratic precipitates (KPs) are proteinaceous cellular deposits occurring at the back of the cornea. Mostly, these are arranged in a triangular fashion occupying the center and inferior pa of the cornea due to convection currents in the aqueous humor. The composition and morphology of KPs vary with the severity, duration, and type of uveitis.Following types of KPs may be seen:i. Mutton fat KPs: These typically occur in granulomatous iridocyclitis and are composed of epithelioid cells and macrophages. They are large, thick, fluffy, lardaceous KPs, having a greasy or waxy appearance. Mutton fat KPs are usually a few (10 to 15) in number.ii. Small and medium KPs (granular KPs). These are pathognomic of non-granulomatous uveitis and are composed of lymphocytes. These small, discrete, diy white KPs are arranged irregularly at the back of the cornea. Small KPs may be hundreds in number and form the so-called endothelial dusting.iii. Red KPs: These are formed when in addition to inflammatory cells, RBCs also take pa in the composition. They may be seen in hemorrhagic uveitis.iv. Old KPs: These are a sign of healed uveitis. Either of the above described KPs with healing process shrink, fade, become pigmented and irregular in shape (crenated margins). Old mutton fat KPs usually have a ground glass appearance due to hyalinization.Ref.UG Khurana 4th edition Pg.No142", "cop": 2, "opa": "Granulomatous uveitis", "opb": "Hemorrhagic uveitis", "opc": "Old healed uveitis", "opd": "Acute anterior uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal tract", "id": "fa1f943d-30b1-4ee0-b664-692ca41be27f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Von herick's angle grade 3 of anterior chamber denotes", "exp": "Von Herick's technique compares the depth of peripheral anterior chamber with the corneal thickness. The method involves a narrow slit of light from a slit lamp being projected on to the peripheral cornea at an angle of 60deg as near as possible to the limbus. Ratio Angle closure Angle grade 1:1 open angle VH grade 4 1:1/2 Moderately open angle VH grade 3 1: 1/4 Moderately narrow angle VH grade 2 1: <1/4 angle closure likely VH grade 1", "cop": 2, "opa": "Wide open angle", "opb": "Moderately open angle", "opc": "Moderately narrow angle", "opd": "Closed angle", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "6f2f7903-97cd-4e86-830b-b8c30efb8f15", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In ophthalmology, muscle resection leads to", "exp": "Ans. (b) Strengthening of muscleRef Kanski 8/e, p. 769Weakening procedures on recti muscleStrengthening proceduresRecessionResection[?]Retro equatorial myopexy (FADEN)AdvancementMarginal myotomyDouble breasting or tuckingMyectomyCinchingFree tenotomy or disinsertionTransposition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Weakening of muscle", "opb": "Strengthening of muscle", "opc": "Muscle paralysis", "opd": "No effect", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Strabismus", "id": "abefd65e-390d-4ad9-8579-a795273c1ae2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type 4 hypersenstivity to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen may manifest as", "exp": "Most common ocular manifestation of TB is Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 83", "cop": 3, "opa": "Iridocyclitis", "opb": "Polyaeritis nodosa", "opc": "Phlyctenular", "opd": "Giant cell aeritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "cb3db90a-e0eb-4c67-b742-ed6b6c71b3b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Two tumours commonly associated with Masquerade syndrome are", "exp": "Masquerade syndrome:Intraocular tumour necrosis may present as sterile endophthalmitis. These include a group of diseases which mimic anterior or posterior uveitis in their clinical features but the aetiopathogenesis is entirely different, being usually neoplastic or occasionally ischaemic. Acute leukaemia, iris melanoma, juvenile xanthogranuloma, small round cell malignancies, anterior segment ischaemia, reticulum cell sarcoma or large cell lymphoma are some of the conditions which can present in this manner. Eyelid sebaceous carcinoma and intraocular lymphoma are often associated with masquerade syndromes.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctival lymphoma, choroidal melanoma", "opb": "Conjunctival lymphoma, intraocular lymphoma", "opc": "Basal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma", "opd": "Eyelid sebaceous ca, intraocular lymphoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lacrimal Apparatus and Eyelid Disorders", "id": "d7505d11-5f5f-43d3-823c-a9c2cfbdc47a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Berlin's edema is due to", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 431)Berlin's edema (commotio retinae) is a common condition caused by blunt injury to the eye. It is characterized by a decreased vision in the injured eye a few hours after the injury. Under examination, the retina appears opaque and white in color in the periphery but the blood vessels are normally seen. Cherry-red' spot in the foveal region may be seen", "cop": 1, "opa": "Blunt trauma to eye", "opb": "Extradural hemorrhage", "opc": "Choroidal melanoma", "opd": "Parsplanitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "0ceff480-299f-480e-be8b-da09cecf7f62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitrectomy is done in case of vitreous hemorrhage if not absorbed within", "exp": "Vitrectomy is indicated if vitreous haemorrhage does not absorb in 3 months.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 month", "opb": "2 months", "opc": "3 months", "opd": "12 months", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d501ef4-16f3-4aa6-93d3-b191c45ec7f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Topical antifungal used in corneal fungal infection", "exp": "C i.e. Natamycin Fungal corneal ulcer is treated by antifungal agents - topical & systemic (required in severe keratitis & endopthalmitis) and cycloplegics (e.g. atropine ointment or scopolamine)Q as an adjuvant therapy. Steroids are contraindicated Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Silver sulfadiazine", "opb": "Neomycin", "opc": "Natamycin", "opd": "Griseofulvin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "71bc952b-cde7-4749-9576-cf1fd9083b45", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "β blocker of choice used in Glaucoma with hyperlipidaemia", "exp": "β blocker of choice used in Glaucoma with hyperlipidaemia is Carteolol.\nβ blocker of choice used in Glaucoma with cardiopulmonary disease is Betaxolol and Carteolol.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Betaxolol", "opb": "Carvedilol", "opc": "Carteolol", "opd": "Timolol", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4074b679-e98a-424e-9755-b84f8162d809", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior lenticonus is seen in", "exp": "Lenticonus: It refers to the cone-shaped elevation of the anterior pole (lenticonus anterior) or posterior pole (lenticonus posterior) of the lens. Lenticonus anterior may occur in Alpo syndrome and lenticonus posterior in Lowe syndrome. On distant direct ophthalmoscopy, both present as an oil globule lying in the center of the red reflex. Slit-lamp examination confirms the diagnosis. Lowe syndrome is a condition that primarily affects the eyes, brain, and kidneys. This disorder occurs almost exclusively in males. Infants with Lowe syndrome are born with thick clouding of the lenses in both eyes (congenital cataracts), often with other eye abnormalities that can impair vision. Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 204", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alpo syndrome", "opb": "Lowe syndrome", "opc": "Marfan syndrome", "opd": "Homocystinuria", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "6dc91e15-3f8b-4c3a-b537-9666cf363c61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Disscociated vertical deviation seen in", "exp": "Diplopia—seeing double—is a symptom with many potential causes, both neurological and .\nThis group of patients may also describe palinopsia—multiple images .\nHowever, other causes of an apparent superior oblique palsy such as .\nThe optokinetic system cannot be properly assessed at bedside because the OKN", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vertical on looking up", "opb": "Horizontal on looking in", "opc": "Vertical on looking down", "opd": "Horizontal on looking out", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ed90de5-efaa-42e0-96a1-35cd95cc80c2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deapth of anterior chamber in normal person is", "exp": "Deapth of anterior chamber is 2.4 to 2 5 Refer khurana 6/e p 3", "cop": 4, "opa": "1-2 mm", "opb": "3-4 mm", "opc": "0.5-0.9 mm", "opd": "2 -3 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "f0c86329-b97a-4e3f-9745-0a5e90cd8dc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "BSGT stands for", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 334 - 358)Bagolini striated glasses test, or BSGT, is a subjective clinical test to detect the presence or extent of binocular functions and is generally performed by an ohoptist. It is mainly used in strabismus clinics", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bagolini striated glasses test", "opb": "Bagolini smooth glasses test", "opc": "Bagolini shiny glasses test", "opd": "Bagolini second glue test", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "a7fc38a2-a063-4e19-9909-a81015888440", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most commonly seen primary orbital tumour in children is", "exp": "Rhabdomyosarcoma It is a highly malignant tumour of the orbit arising from the extraocular muscles. It is the most common primary orbital tumour among children, usually occurring below the age of 15 years (90%). Clinical features: It classically presents as rapidly progressive proptosis of sudden onset in a child of 7-8 years. Massive proptosis due to rhabdomyosarcoma located in the superonasal quadrant (mimmicking acute inflammatory process). The clinical presentation mimics an inflammatory process. The tumour commonly involves the superionasal quadrant; but may invade any pa of the orbit. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-394", "cop": 3, "opa": "Optic nerve sheath meningioma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opd": "Glioma of optic nerve", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "a8e0c826-eee1-45b4-bf7a-f8e8caf50e67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior staphyloma is associated with", "exp": "Posterior staphyloma is a condition that can be present in highly myopic individuals with long axial lengths. It is caused by elongation of the globe due to thinning and bulging of the sclera and results in an irregular configuration of the retina at the posterior pole. ref img", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pathological myopia", "opb": "Uveoscleritis", "opc": "Pseudocornea", "opd": "Angle closure glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "4260dd9a-bb1a-42c8-a2fa-5c86fe7f4214", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A woman complains of coloured haloes around lights in the evening, with nausea and vomiting, IOP is normal; Diagnosis is", "exp": "B i.e. Prodromal stage of closed angle glaucoma In Prodromal (Latent) stage of angle closure glaucoma there occurs an attack of transient rise in IOP (40-60 mmHg) lasting for few seconds only Q. Such attacks are intermittent and are usually precipitated by overwork, anxiety, fatigue or due to dilation of pupil (as reading in dim illumination, or watching cinema in a darkened cinema hall) Q. During this phase patient experiences transient blurring of vision, coloured halos around the light due to corneal oedema and mild headache Q. On examination eye is white and not congested. Anterior chamber is narrow and gonioscopy reveals narrow angle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Incipient stage glaucoma open angle", "opb": "Prodromal stage, closed angle glaucoma", "opc": "Migraine", "opd": "Cluster Headache", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f115a92-73cf-4e1a-addd-ddbe41cd6327", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Minus cylinder lenses are prescribed because of", "exp": "Aniseikonia is defined as a condition wherein, images projected to visual coex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal in size and/or shape. Up to 5% aniseikonia is well tolerated. Meridional aniseikonia - refractive differences only occur in one meridian In a plus cylinder the lens is ground on the anterior surface of spectacle and thus there is more scattering and distoion of image as compared to a minus cylinder which is ground on posterior surface. Thus a minus cylinder is more comfoable to the patient and hence all prescriptions are written with a minus cylinder. Extra edge: - In pt with monocular aphakia wearing contact lens, % of aniseikonia is approximately 8% - In aphakia, Aniseikonia is decreased with contact lens than glasses. Hence, IOL implantation is preferred management NOTE- Aneisokonia with IOL- (1-3%)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cheaper to produce and distribute", "opb": "Preferred due to meridional aniseikonia", "opc": "Reduces minification", "opd": "Causes less coma and trefoil", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and Errors of Refraction", "id": "3b571f08-32b7-48b7-ae30-8f2692220300", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retinitis pigmentosa is not associated with", "exp": "Associations of retinitis pigmentosaI. Ocular associations. These include myopia, primary open angle glaucoma, microphthalmos, conical cornea and posterior subcapsular cataract.II. Systemic associations. These are in the form of following syndromes:1. Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome: It is characterized by retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, hypogenitalism, polydactyly and mental deficiency.2. Cockayne's syndrome: It comprises retinitis pigmentosa, progressive infantile deafness, dwarfism, mental retardation, nystagmus and ataxia.3. Refsum's syndrome. It is characterized by retinitis pigmentosa, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar ataxia. 4. Usher's syndrome. It includes retinitis pigmentosa and labyrinthine deafness. 5. Hallgren's syndrome. It comprises retinitis pigmentosa, vestibulo-cerebellar ataxia, congenital deafness and mental deficiency. Ref: Khurana; Comprehensive Ophthalmology; 4th edition; Page no: 269", "cop": 4, "opa": "Usher syndrome", "opb": "Refsum's syndrome", "opc": "Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome:", "opd": "Marfan syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "f1a764df-4e98-407b-bc0c-aa9520860ab2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iris bombe occurs with", "exp": "C i.e. Ring synechiae Annular posterior synechia/ Ring synechia are 360deg adhesion of pupillary margin to anterior capsuldial lens. Thus preventing circulation of aquous humor from posterior chamber to anterior chamber (seclusio pupillae)Q. So the aqueus collects behind the iris & pushes it anteriory like a sail lit Iris bombeQ formation. Due to this the anterior chamber becomes funnel shaped i.e. deeper in centre & shallower at periphery. And ant. surface of iris comes in contact with posterior surface of cornea at periphery, where eventually firm adhesions form (Peripheral anterior synechiae). Both ring & peripheral anterior synechaia lit secondary glaucoma. Yag laser iridotomy is treatment of choice to prevent secondary glaucoma. Complications of Anterior Uveitis - Seclusio occlusio pupillae Secondary glaucoma (most common)Q - Cyclitic membrane Complicated cataractQ Pseudoglioma due to vitreous exudation - Cystoid macular oedemaQ is common cause of visual impairment - Pthisis & atrophic bulbi - Tractional retinal detachment - Band shaped keratopathy: more common in children with JRA - Features of anterior uveitis (acute) include pain, redness /ciliary flush or congestion / perilimbal injection, tenderness, photophobia, blurred vision, keratic precipitates, aqueous flare and cellsQ. Smaller KPs are seen in nongranulomatous, whereas larger (mutton fat) KPs are characteristic of granulomatous uveitis. The normal convection currents of aqueous humor & gravitation result in KPs being typically concentrated over a triangular area (Arlt triangle) in the lower pa of cornea. A diffuse pattern of KPs is frequently seen in Fuch's hetrochromic iridocyclitis or herpetic Keratouveitis. New KPs are white and become shrunken (crenated) or more pigmented as they age. Cornea may show epithelial dendrites, geographic ulcers or stromal scarring in herpetic Keratouveitis. Conjunctiva demonstrate nodules in sarcoidosis. - Clinical features of intermediate uveitis include floaters, deterioration of vision (d/t opacities in anterior vitreous), minimal AF with occasional KPs (k/a spill over anterior uveitis), anterior vitritis, white snowball like exudates near ora serrata, coalescent exudates (snow bank appearance), mild peripheral periphlebitis. - Typical features of posterior uveitis include often painless floater with or without diminution of vision0, vitritis (detectable inflammatory cells & opacities in vitreous), retinitis- choroiditis (exudates, infiltration, odema or atrophy) and sheathing of vessels (perivascular exudates). - Other less frequent features of posterior segment involvement (i.e. complications) include macular edema, disc edema (papillitis), retrolental cyclitic membrane, vitreous haemorrhage; serous, tractional or rhegmatogenous RD; retinochoroidal neovascularization & atrophy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Posterior complete synechiae", "opb": "Anterior complete synechiae", "opc": "Ring synechiae", "opd": "Angle block glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a59224f-ad68-4b94-ad61-b0bcebfcfca7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ring of Sommerring is seen in", "exp": "D i.e. After cataract", "cop": 4, "opa": "Galactosemia", "opb": "Dislocation of lens", "opc": "Acute congestive glaucoma", "opd": "After cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "73072474-d74f-47ed-b4b6-bac96eb21285", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a Cause of Salt & Pepper retinopathy", "exp": "Salt and pepper retinopathy: Fundoscopic examination reveals granular, pigmentary mottling in the macula and periphery, with punctuate hypopigmentation & hyperpigmentation Causes of Salt & Pepper retinopathy * Congenital Syphilllis * Rubella * Thioridazine *Birdshot chorioretinopathy * Stargardt (rarely)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Congenital Syphilllis", "opb": "Rubella", "opc": "Thioridazine", "opd": "Healed macular edema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "4d4a763e-0d72-4a35-9df8-e6fb4a2d674f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child with amblyopia is to be operated by", "exp": "Amblyopia, also known as \"lazy eye,\" occurs when the brain ors one eye and develops pathways to only one eye. The condition typically begins in infancy or early childhood. This may be corrected before the age of 5 years,through surgery.", "cop": 1, "opa": "< 5 years", "opb": "5-10 years", "opc": "10-15 years", "opd": "18 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "10749830-a51e-4471-93b9-a14b08453722", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal sensation is lost in", "exp": "A i.e. Herpes simplex Decreased corneal sensations, dendritic and geographical ulcers are characteristic features of Herpes simplex ocular disease Q Sensory supply of cornea is through trigeminal nerve Q. Neurotrophic keratopathy occurs due to paralysis of sensory supply of cornea. Causes of neurotrophic keratopathy or anaesthetic cornea are:", "cop": 1, "opa": "Herpes simplex", "opb": "Conjunctivitis", "opc": "Fungal infection", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "71073f6c-d59b-4d7f-9722-e2ca9b54a84e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Axenfeld anomaly is seen in glaucoma associated with", "exp": "a) Microdontia; b.Slit pupil and iris atrophy; c.Corectopia with iris atrophy; d,e.Posterior embryotoxon; f.Broad peripheral anterior synechiae. Axenfeld anomaly is seen in glaucoma associated with iridocorneal dysgenesis. It is a posterior embryotoxon characterised by prominent Schwalbe's ring. Ref: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, A. K. Khurana, 4th edition, p214.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aniridia", "opb": "Phakomatosis", "opc": "Iridocorneal dysgenesis", "opd": "Ectopia lentis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "07c05602-4cc0-4ab6-b34f-a7808b18aea3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macula lies from disc at a distance of ..... from temporal margin of disc.", "exp": "3 mm", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.3 mm", "opb": "33 mm", "opc": "3 mm", "opd": "0.03 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8a67d11-76cb-4a60-9791-d64ba6a352aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amsler's grid is used to evaluate", "exp": "The Amsler grid is a tool that eye doctors use to detect vision problems resulting from damage to the macula (the central pa of the retina) or the optic nerve. The damage may be caused by macular degeneration or other eye diseases, so the Amsler grid is useful in detecting these problems. Reference: AK khurana 7th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Central 10 degress of vision", "opb": "Central 20 degrees of vision", "opc": "Peripheral vision", "opd": "Lens opacity", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "c4d6e986-9395-403f-87c2-fe5dcc55586c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Arlts line is seen in", "exp": "Arlts line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva in patients of trachoma REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 69", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vernal keratoconjunctis", "opb": "Pterygium", "opc": "Ocular pemphigoid", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "932f3bf1-7e93-421e-9aa9-e6e69711a487", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Absence of Lamina cribrosa occurs in", "exp": "B i.e. Morning glory syndrome", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic nerve hypoplasia agenesis", "opb": "Morning glory syndrome", "opc": "Drusen", "opd": "Non opthalmia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2c6cf3dc-d9c6-4b6f-a943-0867660aba90", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Snow blindness is caused due to", "exp": "Snow blindness is a painful, temporary loss of vision due to overexposure to the sun's UV rays.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Extreme cold", "opb": "UV  Rays", "opc": "IR Rays", "opd": "Vit A deficiency", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4ca781c6-a8a5-4c8d-97cf-63d1b2c71179", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Typical appearance of diabetic cataract is", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blue dot cataract", "opb": "Post capsular cataract", "opc": "Snow flake opacities", "opd": "Sunflower cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ebfad76a-1411-4a67-90ab-7c50c7e562b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 40 year old diabetic male present with vitrous haemorrhage. Most impoant cause for it is", "exp": "D i.e. Neovascularization of disc", "cop": 4, "opa": "Poterior vitreous detachment", "opb": "CRVO", "opc": "CRA trauma", "opd": "Neovascularization of disc", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fdd3c862-d2a0-469b-85b0-55c0a8d4864f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First eye muscle affected in thyroid disease", "exp": "Thyroid related ophthalmopathy 5 times more common in female Extra ocular muscles involvement: I - Inferior rectus Am - Medial rectus So - Superior rectus Lucky - Lateral rectus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lateral rectus", "opb": "Inferior rectus", "opc": "Medial rectus", "opd": "Superior rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit and Adnexa", "id": "77e54c6c-3f6f-4a98-be23-7312015d47dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cattle track appearance is seen in", "exp": "Central retinal aery occlusion (CRAO): It occurs due to obstruction at the level of lamina cribrosa.Symptoms: Patient complains of sudden painless loss of vision.Signs: Direct pupillary light reflex is absent. On ophthalmoscopic examination, retinal aeries are markedly narrowed but retinal veins look almost normal. Retina becomes milky white due to edema. The central pa of the macular area shows cherry-red spot due to vascular choroid shining through the thin retina of this region. In eyes with a cilioretinal aery, pa of the macular will remain normal. Blood column within the retinal veins is segmented (cattle trucking).After a few weeks, the edema subsides, and atrophic changes occur which include grossly attenuated thread-like aeries and consecutive optic atrophy.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No. 255", "cop": 2, "opa": "CRVO", "opb": "CRAO", "opc": "Diabetis", "opd": "Syphilis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "5d41f78a-37ae-4f63-a2a9-a484a9c5a4ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for other eye in angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "C i.e. Laser iridotomy In acute congestive glucoma stage of primary angle closure glucoma the fellow eye require prophylactic peripheral iridotomy or surgical iridectomy Q (as PACG is usually a B/L disease and the fellow eye is in latent, subacute or intermittent stage).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Laser trabeculoplasty", "opb": "Trabeculectomy", "opc": "Laser iridotomy", "opd": "Peripheral iridectomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "79a02b2c-0446-4a69-8e42-d1dcc7ebd7ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Methanol attacks", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no.63 - 65) Methyl alcohol is metabolized very slowly and thus stays for a longer period in the bodyIt is oxidized into formic acid and formaldehyde in the tissues. These toxic agents cause edema followed by degeneration of the ganglion cells of the retina, resulting in complete blindness due to optic atrophy Methanol intoxication leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn results in ganglion cell and optic nerve necrosis. Antioxidant therapy that inhibits the oxidative stress reaction is now being used as an alternative method of preventing methanol intoxication", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cones", "opb": "Rods", "opc": "Ganglion cells of retina", "opd": "Germinal cell layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "fcbb008b-012c-44ac-8cc4-3fc2d20ad4f9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Satellite lesions in eye is caused by", "exp": "C i.e. Aspergillosis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Herpes zoster", "opb": "Herpes simplex", "opc": "Aspergillosis", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f6c642e-da74-4214-abae-640c0b107044", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paralysis of 3rd, 4th, 6th nerves with involvement of ophthalmic division of 5th nerve, localizes the lesion", "exp": "A i.e. Cavernous sinus Abrupt (sudden/ very rapid) onset of marked systemic features (high grade fever) with proptosis, chemosis especially with prostration, sequential ophthalmoplegia (i.e. initial lateal gaze involvement), bilateral involvement and mastoid edemaQ strongly suggest the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. - In cavernous sinus, the ophthmic division of trigeminal (Vi)nerve picks up sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus. These are for dilator papillae muscle. Vi divides just posterior to superior orbital fissure into 3 branches (lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, nasociliary nerve), which pass through superior orbital fissureQ - Lesions of cavernous sinus e.g. thrombosis, rupture of aneurysm of internal carotid aery at may lead to paralysis of 3rd 4th, 5th and 6th nerve Q Feature Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Orbital Cellultis Orbital Apex Syndrome Arise from - Most septic CST arise from - Exension of inflammation - < 1% of orbital cellulitis result in sphenoid or ethmoid sinuses >> from neighbouring tissues esp OAS; howeve, >50% of these dental, facial & ear infection by gram positive bacteria sinuses (mc ethmoid); eyelid, eyeball, face etc or occur in patient with diabetes meltitus and most frequently - Aseptic thrombosis (rare) is penetrating injuries & d/t rhinocerebral caused by conditions that 1/t surgeries mucormycosis. venous thrombosis eg - Bacterial OC is more common - Ketoacidosis is most impoant polycythemia, sickle cell anemia, in children whereas, fungal risk factor b/o lack of inhibitory (vasculidities), trauma, neurosurgery, pregnancy & oral condraceptive use. (mucor or Aspergillus) affect diabetic (ketoacidosis) & immune compromised activity against Rhizopus in serum. Involve Cavernous sinus i.e. - All orbital contents may be - Superior orbital fissure - 6th CN & carotid plexus of involved and may evolve into transmitting 3rd,4th, 6th and Vi sympathetic nerves run through the substance orbital abscess cranial nerves - Optic canal transmitting optic - 3rd,4th,ophthalmic (Vi) and maxillary (V2) division of 5th (2nd) cranial nerve CN and trigeminal ganglion lie in lateral wall Onset & progression Abrupt / violent /Very RapidQ Slower (relatively) Slower (relatively) Systemic Features MarkedQ (fever, headache, nausea, vomiting) Mild (less prominent) Mild (less prominent) Mastoid edema DiagnosticQ (Present) Absent Absent Laterality Bilateral (in >50%), although initially unilateral Unilateral Unilateral Proptosis & Chemosis Marked (with eye pain) Marked (with severe eye pain) Mild to moderate (do not always complain of pain) Vision Not affected in early stagesQ May lost early if retrobulbar Lost in early stages d/t optic (2\" CN) optic neuritis or compression develop nerve involvement (RAPD) present Ophthalmoplegia Sequential (beginning with 6th Concurrent & complete Concurrent & complete external (3,4,6 CN) nerve) and completeQ. Initial external ophthalmoplegia ophthalmoplegia involving 3rd,4th lateral rectus (gaze) palsyQ is d/ t early involvement of 6th nerve in substance of CS. involving 3rd,4th & 6th nerve & 6th nerve Irigeminal (V) nerve Opthalmic (V1) and maxillary - Opthalmic (V1) division involved (5 CN) (V2) division involved (= decreased corneal sensation) Clinical Features Abrupt onset marked periorbital Signs of anterior eye Visual loss (2\" CN) and edema, orbital congestion (chemosis), proptosis, adnexal involvement (chemosis, edema) are usually out of ophthalmoplegia are out of propoion and often precede edema, eye pain, ptosis and ophthalmoplegia (involving 3rd, 4th, 6th cm CN) with involvement of VI & Vz. propoion to ophthalmoplegia at least initially signs of anterior eye involvement, such as proptosis periorbital (adnexel) edema, and orbital congestion", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cavernous sinus.", "opb": "Apex of orbit.", "opc": "Brainstem", "opd": "Base of skull.", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b739cfb-d435-455b-8397-5ce103a890da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MC ocular manifestation of mumps is", "exp": "A i.e. Dacroadenitis Mumps Most common manifestation of mumps (in all age groups) is parotitis Q 2nd most common manifestation of mumps in postpubeal males is orchitis Q Aseptic meningitis is common manifestation of mumps in both children & adults. Most common ocular manifestation of mumps is dacryoadenitis Q", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dacrodenitis", "opb": "Chorioretinitis", "opc": "Anterior uveitis", "opd": "Memb. conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e94301be-7768-4aeb-939c-ce084a17bc10", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subluxation of lens occurs in", "exp": "(Marfan's syndrome): (214- Khurana 5th, 68- Nema 6th/e)SUBLUXATED LENS -The lens is kept in its position by the suspensory ligaments if the ligaments are weak or improperly developed the lens get subluxedClinico-ctiological typesI. Congenital displacement(a) Simple ectopia lentis(b) Ectopia lentis et papillae(c) Ectopia lentis with systemic anomalies1. Marfan's syndrome**2. Homocystinuria3. Weil Marchesani syndrome4. Ehler s Danlos syndrome5. Hyperlysinaemia6. Stickler syndrome7. Sulphite oxidase deficiencyII. Traumatic displacement of the lens* Usually associated with concussion injuries* Couching is an iatrogenic posterior dislocation of lens performed as a treatment of cataract in olden days* Posterior dislocation of lens- Deep AC- Tremulousness of the iris- Floating lens in the vitreousIII Consecutive or Spontaneous displacementCommon conditions -* Hypermature cataract* Buphthalmos* High myopia* Staphyloma* Intraocular tumours* Uveitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Down syndrome", "opb": "Marfan's syndrome", "opc": "Sturge Weber syndrome", "opd": "Von-hipple syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "3a4ec308-8b23-4496-b430-00ff74892b1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient of closed angle Glaucoma the treatment of choice in other eye is", "exp": "B i.e. Laser iridotomy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acetolazimide", "opb": "Laser iridotomy", "opc": "Pilocarpine", "opd": "Timolol eye drop", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b18f2aaf-d6f1-45cf-8607-a50f0ec71782", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fixation reflex of eyes develop at", "exp": "Fixation reflex of eyes develop at 2 - 4 months.", "cop": 2, "opa": "2 - 4 months", "opb": "4 - 5 months", "opc": "9 months", "opd": "6 - 8 months", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "57949f82-309b-4bef-8ed8-43f615f5cea8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The earliest clinical manifestation of siderosis bulbi is", "exp": "Siderosis bulbi It refers to the degenerative changes produced by an iron foreign body. Sidesosis bulbi usually occurs after 2 months to 2 years of the injury. However, earliest changes have been repoed after 9 days of trauma. Clinical manifestations : 1. The anterior epithelium and capsule of the lens are involved first of all. Here, the rusty deposits are arranged radially in a ring. Eventually, the lens becomes cataractous. 2. Iris. It is first stained greenish and later on turns reddish brown. 3. Retina develops pigmentary degeneration which resembles retinitis pigmentosa. 4. Secondary open angle type of glaucoma occurs due to degenerative changes in the trabecular meshwork. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-409,410", "cop": 4, "opa": "Deposits in Descemet's membrane of cornea", "opb": "Discolouration of iris", "opc": "Pigmentary changes in retina", "opd": "Rusty deposits in the anterior subcapsular cells of the lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "52c38d92-0617-4aba-8625-179fd283c08c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The only intact eye movement in one and a half syndrome is", "exp": "One-and-a-half syndrome is due to a lesion of MLF combined with PPRF of same side. Loss of all horizontal movements except contralateral abduction, which shows abduction nystagmus. One and One half syndrome (right sided lesion) Eight and half syndrome consists of one and half syndrome with 7th nerve palsy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Abduction of Ipsilateral eye", "opb": "Abduction of contralateral eye", "opc": "Adduction of Ipsilateral eye", "opd": "Adduction of contralateral eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro Ophthalmology", "id": "bc74d3bb-ff16-4649-af1c-ed8d63abc687", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of fracture of roof of orbit", "exp": "\"Orbital roof fracture should be suspected in any child presenting with blunt injury to the brow or forehead with subsequent development of a hematoma of the upper lid in the hours following injury \". — Pediatric ophthalmology", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blow on back of head", "opb": "Blow on parietal bone", "opc": "Blow on the forehead", "opd": "Blow on the upper jaw", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bfd184e0-f5ea-49bc-94c1-ade8da7c1b6d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retinal neovacularization is seen in A/E", "exp": "C i.e. Retinitis pigmentosa", "cop": 3, "opa": "Diabetic retinopathy", "opb": "Eale's disease", "opc": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opd": "Retinopathy of prematurity", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2adcb209-50f6-4259-960a-2c6a38c776ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a manifestation of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy", "exp": "Drusens are pathognomic of dry ARMD and not diabetic retinopathy Manifestations OF non proliferative diabetic retinopathy - a. Microaneurysm: Saccular outpouchings of the vessel wall due to loss of pericytes b. Dot blot haemorrhage: Due to break of wall of microaneurysm in the deep layers c. Superficial haemorrhage: haemorrhage in superficial layers d. Hard exudates: Lipofuschin deposits in inner layer e. Cotton wool spots: NFL Infarction f. Intraretinal microvascular anomalies: abnormal communicating vessels between aeries and the veins g. Venous bleeding", "cop": 1, "opa": "Drusens", "opb": "Hard exudates", "opc": "Dot blot haemorrhage", "opd": "Cotton wool spots", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "ac7b23cb-68d9-45cb-a7b9-adc16a405767", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal ulcer is defined as", "exp": "Answer- C. Erosion of epithelium + underlying inflammationCorneal ulcer refers to discontinuation in normal epithelial surface of cornea associated with necrosis of the surrounding corneal tissue", "cop": 3, "opa": "Erosion of epithelium only", "opb": "Erosion of endothelium only", "opc": "Erosion of epithelium + underlying inflammation", "opd": "Loss of endothelium with loss of corneal sensation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f24e58c0-15b5-4aa2-bdb9-fa540dafcb86", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Satellite nodules are seen in", "exp": "o Features of fungal corneal ulcer are", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fungal corneal ulcer", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Viral ulcer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "75dec336-846c-4432-8b7a-b50b769633df", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The gene known to be associated with Cataract", "exp": "The gene known to be associated with Cataract is CRYA4.", "cop": 3, "opa": "PAX6", "opb": "FKHL7", "opc": "CRYA4", "opd": "CYP1B1", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0e5d1f7-c93f-42eb-9577-dfc96d628d1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commotio retinae is seen in", "exp": "BLUNT TRAUMA Retina 1. Commotio retinae (Berlin's oedema): It is of common occurrence following a blow on the eye. It manifests as milky white cloudiness involving a considerable area of the posterior pole with a cherry-red spot' in the foveal region. 2. Retinal haemorrhages: These are quite common following concussion trauma. Multiple haemorrhages including flame-shaped and pre retinal (subhyaloid) D-shaped haemorrhage may be associated with traumatic retinopathy. 3. Retinal tears: These may follow a contusion, paicularly in the peripheral region, especially in eyes already suffering from myopia or senile degenerations. 4. Traumatic proliferative retinopathy (Retinitis proliferans): It may occur secondary to vitreous haemorrhage, forming tractional bands. 5. Retinal detachment: It may follow retinal tears or vitreo-retinal tractional bands. 6. Concussion changes at macula. Traumatic macular oedema is usually followed by pigmentary degeneration. Sometimes, a macular cyst is formed, which on rupture may be conveed into a lamellar or full thickness macular hole. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-406", "cop": 3, "opa": "Central retinal vein thrombosis", "opb": "Central retinal aery thrombosis", "opc": "Concussion injury", "opd": "Retinopathy of AIDS", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "4cceedb6-2529-4d9a-b4b3-2d0dd7131851", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Specific for albinism", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Red reflex All the given options are seen in albinism. But, red reflex is specific. Ocular features in albinism - a Red reflex Pink or blue iris Dazzling glare Photophobia Decreased vision Nystagmus Clear retinal and choroidal vessels, separated by glistening white space Strabismus (mild to moderate)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Red reflex", "opb": "Decreased visual activity", "opc": "Photophobia", "opd": "Nystagmus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "17c2a3e2-cec5-4f3a-9dad-b113335815fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest visual field change in open angle glaucoma is", "exp": "A i.e. Paracentral scotoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Paracentral scotoma", "opb": "Ring scotoma", "opc": "Siedel's scotoma", "opd": "Arcuate scotoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8cebe952-47ed-4a6a-b0eb-9e7ee6533c8a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retinoblastoma arises from", "exp": "Arises from immature retinal neural cells.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Layer of rods & cones", "opb": "Layer of bipolar cells", "opc": "External limiting membrane", "opd": "Any nucleated retinal layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc67b71e-3c67-459c-98a7-cf29b481cac9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common primary intracranial tumour producing neuro ophthalmological feature", "exp": "Chromophobe adenoma - M/c primary intracranial tumour producing neuroophthal features.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sebaceous gland carcinoma", "opb": "Papilloma", "opc": "chromo phobe adenoma", "opd": "Uveal melanoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "091c507a-d10b-4bfe-be39-454722f3b379", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amsler grid is used in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Detecting maculopathy", "opb": "Optic disc examination", "opc": "Squint", "opd": "Retinal examination", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d3c089ac-5679-4a08-8110-a181e7466eeb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chalazion of lid is aEUR'", "exp": "Chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation Chalazion: Also known as tarsal or meilmmian cyst It is not a cyst. It results from obstruction of a sebaceous gland either meibomian or Zeis. Extravasated lipid material produces a surrounding chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation (Yanoff & Duker Ophthalmology) Acute lesions are treated with hot compresses while chronic chalazia are treated using intralesional coicosteroid (e.g. Triamcinolone acetonide) or by surgical drainage (incision & curettage)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Caseous necrosis", "opb": "Chronic nonspecific inflammation", "opc": "Chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation", "opd": "Liposarcoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bdf32f21-fe53-4293-903e-dbd255d03ba6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Volume of anterior chamber is", "exp": "Volume of anterior chamber is 0.25 ml.\nVolume of posterior chamber is 0.06 ml.", "cop": 4, "opa": "0.31 ml", "opb": "0.06 ml", "opc": "0.6 ml", "opd": "0.25 ml", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "58946113-8b61-41c6-ac22-973909784212", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Comment on the diagnosis of this patient with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.", "exp": "Ans. (c) Grave's disease.* Thyrotoxicosis is sometimes associated with a form of hypokalemic periodic paralysis; this disorder is particularly common in Asian males with thyrotoxicosis.* Lid retraction, causing a staring appearance, can occur in any form of thyrotoxicosis and is the result of sympathetic overactivity.* However, Graves' disease is associated with specific eye signs that comprise Graves' ophthalmopathy* Many scoring systems have been used to gauge the extent and activity of the orbital changes in Graves' disease. The \"NO SPECS\" scheme is an acronym derived from the following eye changes:0 = No signs or symptoms1 = Only signs (lid retraction or lag), no symptoms2 = Soft-tissue involvement (periorbital edema)3 = Proptosis (>22 mm)4 = Extraocular-muscle involvement (diplopia)5 = Corneal involvement6 = Sight loss", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rhinophyma", "opb": "Buphthalmos", "opc": "Grave's disease", "opd": "Pheochromocytoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Adverse Ocular Effects of Systemic Drugs", "id": "d278cb02-963d-421b-85cb-46f2866c6039", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not seen in keratoconus", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "More common in female", "opb": "AD trait", "opc": "Myopic with irregular astigmatism", "opd": "Descemet's membrane may rupture", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6d29c800-e88a-4c0d-93ce-1fed8cc5db84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common complication of Acute Anterior Uveitis is", "exp": "Most common complication of Acute Anterior Uveitis is Cataract.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute Congestive Glaucoma", "opb": "Cataract", "opc": "Retinal detachment", "opd": "Vitritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "64d4621a-0d6f-4f8b-afa1-eecc4d5b7c98", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bacteria causing acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is", "exp": "Pneumococcus is the only bacteria causing acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Streptococcus hemolyticus", "opc": "Pneumococcus", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "923bfd4a-615d-42db-8ce0-a68ec7dfacd3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distichiasis is", "exp": "Answer- B. Growth of eyelashes from Meibomian OrificesDistichiasis is a rare disorder defined as the abnormal grorvth of lashes from the orifces of the meibomian glands on the posterior lamella of the tarsal plate.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased number of lashes in the lower eyelid", "opb": "Growth of eyelashes from Meibomian Orifices", "opc": "Hyperpigmentation of eyelashes", "opd": "Increased thickness of eyelashes", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb5981c0-5a4c-4a9a-9d70-6a2aed54cda8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid", "exp": "It is type 2 hypersensitivity and not type 1 Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid * Type II hypersensitivity * Age> 60 * MC in females * Chronic inflammatory subepithelial blistering disease with subsequent cicatrization C/F * Inflammatory signs * Cicatrization- Loss of fornices ,symblepharon, loss of limbal stem cells * Lid: Trichaiasis& Entropion * Cornea: Superficial punctate keratitis, corneal neovascularization & even perforation * Mucus of oral cavity, anus, vagina and urethra may be involved * Cutaneous vesicles & bullae may be formed * Involvement of trachea and esophagus Rx * Lubricants * Dapsone * Immunosuppressants * Treatment of severe dry eye", "cop": 4, "opa": "Loss of fornices", "opb": "Lid: Trichaiasis& Entropion", "opc": "Involvement of mucosa of mouth", "opd": "Type 1 hypersensitivity", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Disorders of Conjunctiva", "id": "a1b52882-3ecb-47c1-9aa5-29e2ab805696", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Initial screening test for the auditory function in neonates", "exp": "Ans. b. Otoacoustic Emissions The screening investigation of high-risk neonates in ICU for suspected hearing loss is otoacoustic emissions. Uses of OAE Screening test of hearing in neonatesQ Help to differentiate between cochlear and retrocochlear lesionsQ Used to diagnose retrocochlear pathologies especially auditory neuropathyQ", "cop": 2, "opa": "Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)", "opb": "Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)", "opc": "Free Field Audiometry", "opd": "Visual reinforcement audiometry", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "81382d2f-9055-4854-bb09-d421b6d6216f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary objective of use of atropine in anterior uveitis", "exp": "A i.e. Rest to the ciliary muscle In inflamatory glaucoma (glaucoma with uveitis) pilocarpine (miotic) & prostaglandin analogue e.g. latanoprost are contraindicated Q because - Pilocarpine 1/t development of posterior synechiae - Prostaglandin analogue enhance breakdown of aqueous barrier and exacerbate cystoid macular edema.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rest to the ciliary muscle", "opb": "Increase supply of antibody", "opc": "Increase blood flow", "opd": "Prevents posterior synechia formation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e4ec274-f14d-4f70-9e9d-ffb39f6dd717", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ocular symptom of Von Recklinghausen disease is", "exp": "NF-1 is the most common phakomatosis, affecting 1:4000 individuals, and presents in childhood. The gene locus is on 17q11. For NF- 1, the diagnostic criteria are met if two or more of the following features listed are present: 1. Six or more cafe au lait (CAL) macules greater than 5 mm in prepubeal patients and greater than 15 mm in postpubeal patients 2. Two or more neurofibromas of any type, or one plexiform neurofibroma 3. Axillary or inguinal freckling 4. Optic nerve glioma 5. Two or more Lisch nodules (iris hamaomas) 6. A distinctive osseus lesion such as sphenoid wing dysplasia or coical thinning of long bones, with or without pseudoahrosis 7. A first degree relative with NF- 1 based on the preceding criteria The ocular features are as follows: Orbital involvement: Optic nerve glioma Other neural tumors Spheno-orbital encephalocele Eyelid neurofibromas Iris lesions: Lisch nodules Congenital ectropion uveae Mammillations Prominent corneal nerves Glaucoma--Congenital and infantile glaucomas are common Fundus lesions: Choroidal naevi (not hemangioma) Retinal astrocytomas Anterior chamber angle malformations", "cop": 2, "opa": "Deformed anterior chamber with reduced angle of AC", "opb": "Glaucoma", "opc": "Choroidal hemangioma", "opd": "Subretinal neovascularization", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "a1ff5f5d-223c-4432-9d48-af383df4e07f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First investigation to be done in Hyphema is", "exp": "First investigation to be done in Hyphema is Tonometry to detect raised Intraocular pressure.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Slit lamp examination", "opb": "B scan", "opc": "Tonometry", "opd": "Funduscopy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "55e96f50-5260-4c01-a89a-80b7c866b436", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Yolk muscle pair is", "exp": "Yoke muscles (contralateral synergists)refers to the pair of muscles (one from each eye) which contract simultaneously during version movements. For example, right lateral rectus and left medial rectus act as yoke muscles for dextroversion movements. Other pairs of yoke muscles are: right MR and left LR, right LR and left MR, right SR and left IO, right and left SO, right SO and left IR, and right IO and Left SRRefer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 339", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right medial rectus & Right lateral rectus", "opb": "Right medial rectus & Left lateral rectus", "opc": "Right superior oblique & Left inferior oblque", "opd": "Right superior rectus & Left superior rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "f1ce782c-5f54-4538-85b1-d8e48bfae549", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Deposition and degeneration of retina occurs in", "exp": "(A) Chloroquine", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chloroquine", "opb": "Quinine", "opc": "Dapsone", "opd": "INH", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "8ddfde34-7963-4b54-a64b-15375c6a4b6a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The magnification obtained by direct ophthalmoscope is", "exp": "TECHNIQUE MAGNIFICATION FIELD OF VIEW CHARACTERISTICS Direct ophthalmoscopy 15X 5* Erect and viual Indirect ophthalmoscopy with +20D 3X 45* Inveed reversed and real Indirect ophthalmoscopy with +30D 2X 50* Inveed reversed and real Biomicroscopic examination with +78D 10X 30* Inveed reversed and real Biomicroscopic examination with +90D 7.5X 40* Inveed reversed and real Fundus camera 2.5X 30* Erect, viual, photo documentation Ref. : Khurana's Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction; 2nd Ed; Pg. 386", "cop": 3, "opa": "5times", "opb": "10times", "opc": "15times", "opd": "20times", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "ff1153d6-1770-45e4-a76d-21f2a028ba61", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for Aniseikonia", "exp": "Treatment 1. Optical aniseikonia may be corrected by aniseikonic glasses, contact lenses or intraocular lenses depending upon the situation. 2. For retinal aniseikonia treat the cause. 3. Coical aniseikonia is very difficult to treat. Image : Aniseikonia Reference : A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,Edition 4,Page-39", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ohoptic exercise", "opb": "Spectacles", "opc": "Surgery", "opd": "Contact lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "8d574689-dec7-4d9e-932e-ed80f6edb547", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary glaucoma in early stage of herpes zoster ophthalmlcus occurs due to", "exp": "HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS Ocular lesions: Ocular complications usually appear at the subsidence of skin eruptions and may present as a combination of two or more of the following lesions: 1. Conjunctivitis: It is one of the most common complication of herpes zoster. It may occur as mucopurulent conjunctivitis with petechial haemorrhages or acute follicular conjunctivitis with regional lymphadenopathy. Sometimes, severe necrotizing membranous inflammation may be seen. 2. Zoster keratitis: May precede the neuralgia or skin lesions. 3. Episcleritis and scleritis: These usually appear at the onset of the rash but are frequently concealed by the overlying conjunctivitis. 4. Iridocyclitis: It is of a frequent occurrence and may or may not be associated with keratitis. There may be associated hypopyon and hyphaema (acute haemorrhagic uveitis). 5. Acute retinal necrosis: 6. Anterior segment necrosis and phthisis bulbi. 7. Secondary glaucoma: It may occur due to trabeculitis in early stages and synechial angle closure in late stages. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-104,105", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trabeculitis", "opb": "Hypersecretion of aqueous humour", "opc": "Haemorrhagic hypopyon", "opd": "lridocyclitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "406f665c-7bd8-400e-ab4b-e6d2c594677e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cherry red spot on retina is seen in A/E", "exp": "B i.e. CRVO", "cop": 2, "opa": "CRAO", "opb": "CRVO", "opc": "Nieman-pick diseases", "opd": "Tay-sach's disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8311c473-7e26-4255-86ca-7ed2595d40fc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Megalocornea is not seen in", "exp": "Megalocornea is a feature of\n\nMarfan Syndrome\nAlport syndrome\nDown's syndrome\nEhler-Danlos Syndrome", "cop": 2, "opa": "Marfan Syndrome", "opb": "Congenital Rubella", "opc": "Alport syndrome", "opd": "Down's syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0ba8ac10-9401-489b-a138-efca1177244f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amsler grid test is for", "exp": "Amsler grid test is for testing Macular function. The Amsler grid is a tool that eye doctors use to detect vision problems resulting from damage to the macula (the central pa of the retina) or the optic nerve. The damage may be caused by macular degeneration or other eye diseases, so the Amsler grid is useful in detecting these problems. Reference: AK khurana 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Corneal thickness", "opb": "Macular function", "opc": "Visual field chaing", "opd": "Calculation of squint angle", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "f7123df7-a595-4895-8a3a-df496742e531", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The laser used in LASIK is", "exp": "Answer- C. Excimer laserKrypton red Excimer ( argon fluoride)- Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), LASIK, LASEK", "cop": 3, "opa": "Argon diode laser", "opb": "Nd:YAG Laser", "opc": "Excimer laser", "opd": "Double frequency Nd:YAG Laser", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "71e73c45-e504-4d18-b0df-7966e24e7002", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Herpetic keratitis is treated by", "exp": "D i.e. Idoxuridine Drug of choice for herpetic keratitis is Acyclovir Q (topical) Other antiviral drugs used are - Idoxuridine - Trifluorothyrnidine - Vidarabine", "cop": 4, "opa": "Analgesics", "opb": "Atropine", "opc": "Steroids", "opd": "Idoxuridine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3029e0c6-d99d-4c36-af6e-a79354d70968", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patient is", "exp": "Answer- D. ValganciclovirValganciclovir- pro-drug of ganciclovir that is taken orally and is as effective for both induction.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amantadine", "opb": "Fludrabine", "opc": "Oseltamivir", "opd": "Valganciclovir", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e7e4c02e-9c68-410c-a704-53f0fc0025ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Headache with bitemporal hemianopia with 6/6 vision is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Chiasmal lesionRef: Parson's, 22/e, p. 507-509May be seen in chaismal lesions caused by 3rd ventricular glioma leading to raised ICP.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Optic neuritis", "opb": "Trauma", "opc": "Chiasmal lesion", "opd": "Bilateral cavernous lesion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "9e6fae7a-966f-4d63-a56d-1ff3980dc9ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Fleischer ring\" is a distinct feature of", "exp": "A condition in which the clear tissue on the front of the eye (cornea) bulges outward. Visual: astigmatism, blurred vision, distoed vision, double vision, inability to see in dim light, nearsightedness, sensitivity to light, or vision loss Also common: a rim of discolouration around the front of the eye (fleischer ring) Picture show Keratoconus, a non circular, non-centered oval caused by a bulging cornea. Very common in Keratoconus, it is best viewed under cobalt blue light, that's why the sclera looks blue. Reference: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 25edition page 132", "cop": 2, "opa": "Keratoconus", "opb": "Pterygium", "opc": "Congenital ocular melanosis", "opd": "Congenital epithelial Melanosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "6f62c566-90c1-4381-82a2-7c3a5a1224b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal conjunctival flora is", "exp": "Answer- C. Coagulase negative staphylococciResident flora-Coagulase negative staphylococci (most common)MicrococciHaemphillusCorneybacterium xerosis", "cop": 3, "opa": "E. coli", "opb": "Pseudomonas", "opc": "Coagulase negative staphylococci", "opd": "Lactobacillus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "53c8f6ef-1390-43e5-a252-21db516680bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest feature of xerophthalmia is", "exp": "Earliest - Night blindness.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctival xerosis", "opb": "Bitot spots", "opc": "Dry eye", "opd": "Night blindness", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "82bad9d8-da02-43bb-8d92-4f80d3ec5cb3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The termination of Descemet&;s membrane is", "exp": "Descement's membrane The Descement's membrane is a strong homogeneous basement membrane of the corneal endothelium It consists of collagen and glycoproteins. Unlike Bowman's membrane it can regenerate. In the periphery it appears to end at the anterior limit of trabecular meshwork as Schwalbe's line (ring) Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:96", "cop": 1, "opa": "Schwalbe's line", "opb": "Sclera's spur", "opc": "Schlemm's canal", "opd": "Tubercular meshwork", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "b2004879-3366-41ff-894d-57d689908368", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sunset sign is seen in", "exp": "Answer- B. HydrocephalusSun set sign: The scleraa revisible between theupper eyelid and their is, Sun setting sign is seen usually in hydrocephalus due to loss of upward conjugate gaze caused by raised intracranial pressure (ICP).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic neuritis", "opb": "Hydrocephalus", "opc": "Thyroid ophthalmopathy", "opd": "Orbital cellulitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e85e0f59-3848-4752-b190-1c02ba572d6c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amaurosis Fugax is", "exp": "Ans. a (Transient ischemic attack of retina). (Ref. Basak, Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., 222)AMAUROSIS FUGAX (Transient ischemic attack of the retina)# Because neural tissue has a high rate of metabolism, interruption of blood flow to the retina for more than a few seconds results in transient monocular blindness, a term used interchangeably with amaurosis fugax.# C/f: Patients describe a rapid fading of vision like a curtain descending, sometimes affecting only a portion of the visual field.# Amaurosis fugax usually occurs from an embolus that becomes stuck within a retinal arteriole.# Ophthalmoscopy:- reveals zones of whitened, edematous retina following the distribution of branched retinal arterioles.- Complete occlusion of the central retinal artery produces arrest of blood flow and a milky retina with a cherry-red fovea.- Emboli are composed of either cholesterol (Hollenhorst plaque), calcium, or platelet-fibrin debris.# The most common source is an atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery or aorta, although emboli can also arise from the heart-in patients with diseased valves, atrial fibrillation, or wall motion abnormalities.# Impending branch or central retinal vein occlusion can produce prolonged visual obscurations that resemble those described by patients with amaurosis fugax. The veins appear engorged and phlebitic, with numerous retinal hemorrhages. In some patients, venous blood flow recovers spontaneously, while others evolve a frank obstruction with extensive retinal bleeding (\"blood and thunder\" appearance), infarctionAura of migraine# In a typical attack, a small central disturbance in the field of vision marches toward the periphery, leaving a transient scotoma in its wake. Patients can confuse aura of migraine with amaurosis fugax.# The expanding border of migraine scotoma has a scintillating, dancing, or zig-zag edge, resembling the bastions of a fortified city, hence the term fortification spectra (Teichopsia).Educational points:D/D of \"cherry red\" spot on fundus# CRAO,# Blunt injury (Berlin's edema of macula),# Tay-Sach's disease,# Niemann-Pick disease,# Sandhoff's disease & quinine anblyopia.# \"Cattle-track\" appearance is other important feature of CRVO, apart from Hollenhorst plauge.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transient ischemic attack of retina", "opb": "Demyelinating disease of optic nerve", "opc": "Retinal detachment in diabetic retinopathy", "opd": "Coat's disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "a604f4f1-4656-418d-a44f-33f3761d07ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common second malignant in survival of retinoblastoma", "exp": "Osteogenic sarcoma is the most common ocular malignancy in retinoblastoma. IT occurs in hereditary cases Refer khurana 6/e p 421", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thyroid cancer", "opb": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma", "opc": "Optic glioma", "opd": "Osteosarcoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "d9271a00-f1d6-4bd1-864e-ab621dfeb8fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitreous attachment to the retina is strongest at", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 264) Vitreous is attached anteriorly to the lens (Hyaloid capsular ligament of Wieger) and ciliary epithelium in front of the ora serrata. The pa of vitreous about 4mm across the ora serrata is known as the \"base of vitreous\" where the attachment is strongest. Posteriorly vitreous is attached to the edge of the optic disc and macula lutea (foveal region) forming a ring-shaped structure around them", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ora serrata", "opb": "Posterior pole", "opc": "Superotemporal retina", "opd": "Near the fovea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "4788d5ed-ad17-4184-957b-33e115ccc3b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fincham test is used to diagnose", "exp": "Ans. (b) CataractRef: Khurana 4/e, p. 146If the halos break it is due to cataract and if not it is due to angle closure glaucoma.Thus, the test is positive in diagnosing cataract. Glaucoma is not being diagnosed by this test. It is a diagnosis by exclusion.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Open angle glaucoma", "opb": "Cataract", "opc": "Mucopurulent conjunctivitis", "opd": "Acute angle closure glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "dce22fbf-f388-4ed4-983e-82be2d2b52fc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The earliest symptom to occur in corneal ulcer is", "exp": "Ans. Pain", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pain", "opb": "Photophobia", "opc": "Loss of sensation", "opd": "Diminished vision", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8cf1676-bef8-4870-8846-21e74333c304", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cobblestone appearance is seen in", "exp": "Cobblestone appearance is severe papillary hyperplasia in upper palpebral conjunctiva Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 73", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spring Catarrh", "opb": "Viral conjunctivitis", "opc": "Bacterial conjunctivitis", "opd": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "2f9d014b-5875-4c85-ada4-dca4a72536bc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In aphakia, Purkinje fibres absent are", "exp": "Purkinje images test. This test does not have much significance and thus is not frequently employed in clinical practice. Normally, when a strong beam of light is shown to the eye, fpur images(Purkinje images) are formed from the four different reflecting surfaces viz. anterior and posterior surfaces of cornea and anterior and posterior surface of lens. In patients with mature cataract, fouh image (formed by posterior surface of the lens) is absent i.e., three Purkinje images are formed. In aphakia, third and fouh Purkinje images ( formed by anterior and posterior surface of lens) are absent, i.e., only two images are formed. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no: 506", "cop": 4, "opa": "1 and 3", "opb": "2 and 4", "opc": "2 and 3", "opd": "3 and 4", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "cca91715-7425-4659-8f21-c63247245f23", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Safe strategy is for", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. Trachoma 'SAFE' strategy is a WHO recommended strategy to fight trachoma.'SAFE' strategy for Trachoma It includesSurgery - first component of the strategy for correction of trichiasis and entropionAntibiotics - Zithromax (azithromycin) single dose oral medication is used (Zithromax is donated by Pfizer Inc.) Tetracycline eye ointment was used before Pfizer donated Zithromax.Face washing -breaks the cycle of reinfection and prevents transmission of disease.Environmental Improvement - Poverty and poor living conditions contribute to high rates of blinding trachoma. Environmental improvement includesavailability of improved water suppliesimproved household sanitation, particularly safe disposal of faeces.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Diabetic Retinopathy", "opc": "Onchocerciasis", "opd": "Glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy", "id": "eb891c0b-16a6-4137-a4d4-034a1f2ee776", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cause of asymmetrical enlargement of orbit", "exp": "Asymmetrical enlargement of orbit \n\nRhabdomyosarcoma\nDermoidcyst\nLacrimal gland tumour.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Optic nerve glioma", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Neurofibroma", "opd": "Lacrimal gland tumour", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "25b8ab53-b4ef-495a-ad05-6a7f3b743224", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retina is derived from", "exp": "BASIC ANATOMY * Retina is the light sensitive tissue of the eye * Derived from neural ectoderm. * Extends from optic disc to ora serrata * Embryologically derived into two pas * Outer Pigmented Layer: Forms RPE (6th week) Inner neural layer: Neurosensory retina(40th week) LAYERS OF RETINA 1. Inner limiting membrane 2. Nerve fiber layer 3. Ganglion cell layer 4. Inner plexiform layer 5. Inner nuclear layer 6. Outer plexiform layer 7. Outer nuclear layer 8. External limiting membrane 9. Photoreceptor layer 10. Retinal pigment epithelium.", "cop": 2, "opa": "surface ectoderm", "opb": "neural ectoderm", "opc": "mesoderm", "opd": "endoderm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "80c932fe-6ff7-44da-90e1-c1aeb1dd2f51", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Agent used for dilatation of pupil in children is", "exp": "A i.e. Atropine", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Homatropine", "opc": "Tropicamide", "opd": "Phenylephrine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce079c46-08a3-4cc4-a346-257a213781f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Persistant pupillary membrane originates from", "exp": "Persistant pupillary membrane\n\nDevelopmental abnormality of iris.\nStarts at iris collarette (thickest part of iris).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collarete", "opb": "Around pupil", "opc": "Angle of anterior chamber", "opd": "Root of iris", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "330ab857-9202-4547-8598-abbe1d29272b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bilateral ptosis is not seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Marfan's Syndrome Marfan's Syndrome does not present with ptosis. It has bilateral subluxation of lens, retinal detachment, hypoplasia of dilator pupilae, flat cornea, axial myopia & angle anomaly etc.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Marfan's syndrome", "opb": "Myaesthenia gravis", "opc": "Myotonic dystrophy", "opd": "Kearns sayre syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f896fef7-17bc-42d6-8371-313ff119bfe9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amsler grid test is used for diagnosis of", "exp": "Ans. b (Age related macular degeneration) (Ref. Clinical ophthalmology by By Jack J. Kanski Ip. 383)THE AMSLER GRID# used to test the macula, the very central part of the retina (the presence of central field defects or metamorphopsia). The test is simply a grid made of evenly spaced horizontal and vertical lines. A small dot is located in the center of the grid for fixation.# The Amsler grid is a grid of lines used to test for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD). Each eye is tested individually, with any perceived distortion of the grid considered to be a positive test.# Using Amsler grid is the simplest way for people with ARMD and Stargardt's to monitor their progress.# It contains 7 charts and 400 squares.GroupDefinitionNo AMDLess than 5 small drusen {<63 mm) within 3000 mm from foreal center in the study eyeMild AMDMore than 5 small srusen and /or less than 5 intermediate drusen (<63 mm but <125 mm) within 3000 mm from foveal center in the study eyeIntermediate AMDMore than 5 intermediate drusen and any large drusen (>125 mm) within 3000 mm from foveal center in the study eyeNeovascular AMDActive CNV with less than 50% fibrotic component and visual acuity >20/160Educational Points:# Ishihara chart is used to detect congenital color defects.# Amsler sign: noted in patients with Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (bleeding from neovascularized vessels following AC paracentesis).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opb": "Age-related macular degeneration", "opc": "Optic atrophy", "opd": "Choroiditis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "363ca452-1a26-4ec1-98ff-56ba8cefcdbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polychromatic lusture is seen in", "exp": "Polychromatic luster is a pathognomic feature of complicated cataract which is most commonly posterior subcapsular Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 187", "cop": 2, "opa": "Zonular cataract", "opb": "Posterior subscapular cataract", "opc": "Nuclear cataract", "opd": "Anterior subscapular cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "3b4be9cb-964f-480e-a155-c1248d0ee287", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In retinoscopy with plane mirror at 1 meter distance, if retinal glow moves in opposite direction of the mirror, the person has myopia of", "exp": "Ans. c (> 1 D) (Ref. Khurana Ophthalmology 2nd/pg. 67; Parsons' Diseases of the Eye 20lh/pg. 63).Under the actual conditions of retinosopy at 1 m distance with a plane mirror, when the mirror is titled towards the right side, the immediate source of light moves to the left, and1. in the hypermetropic eye, the circle of light on the fundus moves to the right and the shadow seen in the pupil moves to the right in the same direction as the mirror;2. in the myopic eye (above-1 D) the circle of light on the fundus moves to the right, and the luminous reflex of the fundus seen in the patients's pupil and the shadow seen in the pupil moves against this to the left; in the opposite direction to the mirror'3. in the myopic eye of-l D there is no shadow and the pupil is uniformly illuminated;4. in emmetropic and myopic of less than -1 D there is a very faint shadow moving to the rightMYOPIA (SHORTSIGHTEDNESS)# A discrepancy between the refractive power and axial length of the eye such that parallel incident light rays converge at a focal point anterior to the retina# Whereas parallel incident light rays converge at a focal point on the retina in emmetropic eyes, they converge at a focal point anterior to the retina in myopic eyes. This means that no sharply defined images appear on the retina when the patient gazes into the distance.# The myopic eye can only produce sharply defined images of close objects from which the light rays diverge until they enter the eye.# The far point moves closer; in myopia of -1 diopter it lies at a distance of 1 m.# In myopia, the far point (distance from the eye = A) can be calculated using the formula: A (m) = 1/D, where D is myopia in diopters.# Possible causes include an excessively long globe with normal refractive power (axial myopia) and, less frequently, excessive refractive power in a normal-length globe (refractive myopia).# A difference in globe length of 1 mm with respect to a normal eye corresponds to a difference of about 3 diopters in refractive power.", "cop": 3, "opa": "< 1 D", "opb": "ID", "opc": ">1D", "opd": ">2D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Errors of Refraction", "id": "53589973-771b-4b70-b16d-1fc0eb78b8de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice of prophylaxis of Left eye in a case of Acute Angle Closure glaucoma of right eye", "exp": "Treatment of choice of prophylaxis of healthy eye when fellow eye has Acute Angle Closure glaucoma is Laser Iridotomy or surgical peripheral Iridotomy.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Laser Trabeculoplasty", "opb": "Trabeculectomy", "opc": "Laser Iridotomy", "opd": "Seton surgery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "adb1347b-b1e8-407b-84a0-7338ee5fe8ce", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "lesion producing incongrous Homonymous Hemianopia with Wernicke's Hemianopia pupil", "exp": "ref : ak khurana 7th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Optic tract", "opb": "Visual coex", "opc": "Optic radiation", "opd": "Optic Nerve", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9ef4ee56-cfdd-46ab-9eed-40695f304cf9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Staphyloma involves", "exp": "Staphyloma refers to a localised bulging of weak and thin outer tunic of the eyeball (cornea or sclera), lined by uveal tissue which shines through the thinned out fibrous coat. Types of staphyloma - Anterior staphyloma Intercalary staphyloma Ciliary staphyloma Equatorial staphyloma Posterior staphyloma Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:144", "cop": 4, "opa": "Iris wth conjuctiva", "opb": "Conjuctiva with cornea", "opc": "Choroid with retina", "opd": "Iris with cornea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "2ad1785f-c325-43b3-b5d9-f8ad8e172b26", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug among the following causing cataract is", "exp": "Drugs causing cataract:i. Coicosteroidsii. Phenothiazines and other antipsychoticsiii. Topical mioticsiv. Amiodaronev. StatinsRef. Aravind FAQs in Ophthalmology(first edition) Pg-310", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amikacin", "opb": "Dexamethasone", "opc": "Chloramphenicol", "opd": "Penicillin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "66a2aa3c-90cd-4acc-b048-456acce12490", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient with homonymous hemianopia is found to have asymmetric optokinetic nystagmus. The location of the lesion is", "exp": "Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), elicited with a rotating striped optokinetic drum, useful in localizing cause of an isolated homonymous hemianopia. Physiological OKN involves smooth pursuit of a target, followed momentarily by a saccade in the opposite direction to fixate on the next target. If a homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion in the parietal lobe, smooth pursuit pathways towards the side of the lesion are likely to be affected, making this component of OKN defective. OKN will therefore be asymmetrical: erratic when the drum is rotated towards the side of the lesion, but regular when the drum is rotated away from the side of the lesion. If the lesion is in the occipital lobe, smooth pursuit pathways are intact and OKN will be symmetrical - this is the Cogan dictum, which also states that the parietal lobe lesion is more likely to be a tumour and the occipital lesion an infarction. optokinetic drum", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parietal lobe", "opb": "Occipital lobe", "opc": "Temporal lobe", "opd": "Lateral geniculate body", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro Ophthalmology", "id": "f4d65b94-2bef-4c72-9c3a-eded41ba71aa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Puscher's retinopathy is seen in patients with", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 428 - 432)Puscher 's retinopathyThe occurrence of bilateral patches of retinal whitening and hemorrhage around the optic disc in patients who suffered massive head trauma was first described by Puscher and is called Puscher's retinopathy. Puscher's retinopathy is a disease where pa of the eye (retina) is damaged. Usually associated with severe head injuries, it may also occur with other types of trauma, such as long bone fractures, or with several non-traumatic systemic diseases. However, the exact cause of the disease is not well understood", "cop": 3, "opa": "Complication of chronic pancreatitis", "opb": "Occlusion of anterior retinal aery", "opc": "Head trauma", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "7e85291e-f5a9-4d1a-89d8-7dcb44ea7b0c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ulcer serpans is caused by", "exp": "The characteristic hypopyon corneal ulcer caused by Pneumococcus is called ulcus serpens. Characteristic features of ulcus serpens are : Ulcus serpens is a greyish white or yellowish disc - shaped ulcer occurring near the centre of cornea The ulcer has a tendency to creep over the cornea in a serpiginous fashion. Violent iridocyclitis is commonly associated with a definite hypopon Hypopon increases in size very rapidly and often results in secondary granuloma Ulcer spreads rapidly and has a great tendency for early perforation. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:102 REF IMG", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pseudomonas pyocynaceous", "opb": "Pneumococcus", "opc": "Corynebacterium", "opd": "Neisseria gonorrhoea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "6252bd36-61d4-46ad-b4d0-4b2e4ee2861e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The treatment of choice of fellow eye of acute angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "B i.e. Nd: YAG Laser iridotomy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pilocarpine", "opb": "Nd:YAG laser iridotomy", "opc": "Peripheral iridectomy", "opd": "Careful follow up", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca2d135d-93b1-4125-9e98-6e3f848f471e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A child presents with sudden loss of vision with painful ocular movements. The eye is white and there are no obvious signs on ophthalmoscopy. The most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "B i.e. Retrobulbar neuritis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic nerve glioma", "opb": "Retrobulbar neuritis", "opc": "Craniopharyngioma", "opd": "Eales disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc6cdd7d-818d-4988-a208-78ed9f8c77a2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common primary intraocular tumor in children", "exp": "Ans. (a) RetinoblastomaRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 510Retinoblastoma - most common intraocular tumor in children.Rhabdomyosarcoma - most common orbital malignant tumor in children.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retinoblastoma", "opb": "Malignant melanoma of choroid", "opc": "Malignant melanoma of ciliary body", "opd": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "59938a02-7c7f-44ae-8561-980de52c3cde", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Common ocular manifestation in Trisomy 13 is", "exp": "B i.e. Bilateral micropthalmos Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13)Q present with microcephaly, mental retardation and micropthalmos Q Patau's Syndrome Ocular Manifestations - Micropthalmos Q/ Anopthalmos - Anterior segment dysgenesis - Cyclopia - Corneal opacity - Cataract / congenital glaucoma - Coloboma - Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous - Retinal dysplasia - Hypeelorism Other Features - Microcephaly/mental retardation - Cleft lip & palate - Polydactyly - Cardiac defects - Umbilical hernia - Renal defects - Rocker bottom feet", "cop": 2, "opa": "Capillary hemangioma", "opb": "Bilateral microphthalmos", "opc": "Neurofibroma", "opd": "Dermoid Cyst", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0da0b254-d440-47c6-ac7f-b437b7172dad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macular involvement is common in", "exp": "Decreased visual acuity may occur as a result of macular involvement or severe vitreous inflammation. ... An active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is whitish and moderately exudative with ill-defined borders and involves the macula in a majority of patients. Ref khurana 6/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Toxoplasma", "opb": "Malaria", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "Syphilis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "5fa5f38b-ecaa-4c92-adc0-36589b00a5c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A newborn baby presents with h/o seizures, hepatomegaly and following feature was noted on ophthalmic examination. Most probable diagnosis is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Deficiency of Galactokinase", "opb": "Deficiency of Galactose 1 phosphate Uridly transferase", "opc": "Deficiency of Ceruloplasmin", "opd": "Maternal exposure of X - ray in Antenatal period", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ad5513e8-6e4d-4d07-8339-70a3b04b0265", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Type of cataract in chalcosis is", "exp": "Answer- A. Sunflower cataract", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sunflower cataract", "opb": "Blue dot Cataract", "opc": "Snowflake cataract", "opd": "Polychromatic lustre", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a9f146a8-0c75-4d12-9a71-8851bc43fb95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eye of newborn is", "exp": "Eye at bih Anteroposterior diameter of eyeball is about 16.5 mm Corneal diameter is about 10 mm Anterior chamber is shallow and angle is narrow Pupil is small and doesnot dilate fully. Lens is spherical at bih Retina is fully differentiated at bih. Macula differentiates 4-6 months after bih Myelination of optic nerve fibres has reached the lamina cribrosa Refractive status. Newborn is usually hypermetropic by +2 to +3 D Orbit is more divergent(50o) as compared to adult (45o) Lacrimal gland is still underdeveloped and tears are not secreted. Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:13", "cop": 2, "opa": "Emmetrophic", "opb": "Hypermetrophic", "opc": "Myopic", "opd": "Astigmatic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "c7378582-71f3-4766-927d-9778bfec4b62", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "On touching cornea of Right eye, only right eye blinks. Same response is seen on touching the left eye. The lesion is at", "exp": "(B) Left 5th nerve palsy# Corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body), though could result from any peripheral stimulus.> Stimulation should elicit both a direct and consensual response (response of the opposite eye).> Reflex occurs at a rapid rate of 0.1 seconds.> Purpose of this reflex is to protect the eyes from foreign bodies and bright lights (the latter known as the optical reflex). The blink reflex also occurs when sounds greater than 40-60 dB are made.> The reflex is mediated by: Nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) sensing the stimulus on the cornea, lid, or conjunctiva (i.e., it is the afferent).> Temporal and zygomatic branches of the 7th cranial nerve (Facial nerve) initiating the motor response (i.e., it is the efferent).> Centre (nucleus) in the pons of brain stem. Use of contact lenses may diminish or abolish the testing of this reflex.> The optical reflex, on the other hand, is slower and is mediated by the visual cortex, which resides in the occipital lobe of the brain.> Reflex is absent in infants under 9 months. The examination of the corneal reflex is a part of some neurological exams, particularly when evaluating coma.> Damage to the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the 5th cranial nerve results in absent corneal reflex when the affected eye is stimulated.> Stimulation of one cornea normally has a consensual response, with both eyelids normally closing.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left 7th nerve palsy", "opb": "Left 5th nerve palsy", "opc": "Optic nerve palsy", "opd": "Left 3rd nerve palsy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "31df3a96-501a-49e1-a29e-e5a12ef782c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Apex national institute of ophthalmology is", "exp": "Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi has been designated as the apex national institute of ophthalmology.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Advance eye care PGI Chandigarh", "opb": "RIO", "opc": "Dr. R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences , Delhi", "opd": "Shankara Netralaya , Chennai", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Community Ophthalmology", "id": "79e04d67-af42-4b0e-b242-cd83473eed50", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of rubeosis iridis", "exp": "it develops following retinal ischemia which is a common feature of:\n●proliferative diabetic retinopathy \n●central retinal vein occlusion \n●sickle cell retinopathy \n●Eale's disease", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tumor", "opb": "CRAO", "opc": "Radiation retinopathy", "opd": "Diabetic retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b31af239-e53a-45e8-afc4-38dfbd2914a9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 1 year old child having leucocoria was detected to be having a unilateral, large, retinoblastoma having the large globe. Current therapy would involve", "exp": "Conservative mode of treatment is indicated only in tumors of small size that is less than 6 mm in height Refer khurana 6/e p 303", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enucleation", "opb": "Chemotherapy followed by local dyes", "opc": "Direct laser ablation using a photodynamic crytherapy", "opd": "Scleral radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "ae413bfd-6d95-4a1d-9c8a-65430052b4ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice in basal cell carcinoma at inner canthus of eye is", "exp": "D i.e. Wide excision and reconstruction Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant eyelid tumor Q accounting for 90% of all cases. Radiotherapy & cryotherapy are contraindicated in medial canthus BCC Q. Basal Cell CA (BCC) Basal cell CA is the most common tumor of eyelid Q In most frequently arise from lower eyelid > medial canthus > upper eyelid > lateral canthus. Xeroderma pigmentosa (AR disorder characterized by skin damage on exposure to natural sunlight, progressive cutaneous pigmentation, skin malignancy & bird like facies) & Gorlin-Goltz syndrome are predisposing conditions.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Radium implant", "opb": "Radiotherapy", "opc": "Chemotherapy", "opd": "Wide excision and reconstruction", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "56296e44-eb23-448b-b31b-140488b4653a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Homonymous hemianopsia is associated with lesion at", "exp": "(C) Optic tract > It is difficult to localize a postchiasmal lesion accurately, because injury anywhere in the optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, or visual cortex can produce a homonymous hemianopia, i.e., a temporal hemifield defect in the contralateral eye and a matching nasal hemifield defect in the ipsilateral eye", "cop": 3, "opa": "Visual cortex", "opb": "Optic radiation", "opc": "Optic tract", "opd": "Optic chiasma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "3952d1c4-e3b1-4ee6-a36d-4bcc93ffbce7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of retinal detachment seen in proliferative diabetic retinopathy", "exp": "Tractional Retinal Detachment Due to tractional forces (due to fibrosis/ contracture) the retina is pulled from its bed resulting in retinal detachment Causes *Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy *Retinopathy Of prematurity *Vasculitis *Sickle hemoglinopathies Tractional retinal detachment Concept * Rhegmatogenous RD is because of rhegma holes * Fibrous bands cause tractional RD * Serous fluid behind retina cause Exudative RD", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhegmatogenous", "opb": "Tractional", "opc": "Exudative", "opd": "Retinoschisis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diagnosis and Treatment of Retina", "id": "c6452c9b-9e27-45bc-ae43-23d14c377aa0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Left superior oblique and left inferior rectus are", "exp": "Synergists: It refers to the muscles having the same primary action in the same eye; e.g., 1) superior rectus and inferior oblique of the same eye act as synergistic elevators. 2) Inferior rectus and superior oblique of the same eye act as synergistic depressors. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-316", "cop": 4, "opa": "Yoke muscles", "opb": "Antagonists", "opc": "Agonists", "opd": "Synergists", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "fbfe94fd-4d9f-479b-8706-30fb86812353", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Aniseikonia refers to", "exp": "ANISEIKONIA Aniseikonia is defined as a condition wherein the images projected to the visual coex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal in size and/or shape. Etiological types: 1. Optical aniseikonia: may occur due to either inherent or acquired anisometropia of high degree. 2. Retinal aniseikonia: may develop due to displacement of retinal elements towards the nodal point in one eye due to stretching or oedema of the retina. 3. Coical aniseikonia: implies asymmetrical simultaneous perception inspite of equal size of images formed on the two retinae. Symptoms : 1. Asthenopia, i.e., eyeache, browache and tiredness of eyes. 2. Diplopia due to difficult binocular vision when the difference in images of two eyes is more than 5 percent. 3. Difficulty in depth perception. Figure : Schematic presentation of the ocular sources determining aniseikonia and the visualization of a visual field angle a (for simplicity the optical and visual axis are assumed equal here). Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:-39", "cop": 4, "opa": "Difference in the refractive power", "opb": "Difference in the corneal diameter", "opc": "Difference in image colour", "opd": "Difference in the retinal image size", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "2b479488-c917-4eab-844b-1fa7d104f9c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Persistent pupillary membrane originates from", "exp": "Ans. (a) CollaretteRef: Paediatric Ophthalmology by Wright and Speigel, p. 444PPM is the most common developmental abnormality of the iris. They are believed to the vestiges of precursor vessels and associated structures derived from tunica vasculosa lentis.The formation of a PPM is a normal embryological process and starts at the Iris Collarette (thickest part of the iris).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collarette", "opb": "Angle of ant. chamber", "opc": "Around pupil", "opd": "Root of iris", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal Tract", "id": "1ff71693-9342-4eae-8515-1623afb8474b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Xerostomia, Xerophthalmia area part of", "exp": "Ans. (a) Sjogren syndromeRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 124-126Sjogren syndrome is characterized by autoimmune inflammation and destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands - thus causing dryness of mouth and Xerosis or xerophthalmia.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sjogren syndrome", "opb": "Riley day syndrome", "opc": "Stevens - Johnson syndrome", "opd": "Vitamin A deficiency", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Systemic Disease", "id": "c7544ac5-5bf8-48c0-8fc9-c3b2fdb9989e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dangerous area of the eye is", "exp": "Any trauma to the ciliary body can cause sympathetic ophthalmitis ; hence it is considered the dengerous area of the eye", "cop": 3, "opa": "Retina", "opb": "Sclera", "opc": "Ciliary body", "opd": "Optic nerve", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Trauma", "id": "8e1e6e00-795c-4ae9-895e-46b5b5901d63", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anterior lenticonus is found in", "exp": "Alpos syndrome is familial hemorrhagic nephritis Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 218", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alpo syndrome", "opb": "Lowe's syndrome", "opc": "Down syndrome", "opd": "Willium syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "241aa6d3-7143-4cd1-aa4c-0c38a9ebdfbc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 12 year old boy presents with recurrent attacks of conjunctivitis for the last 2 years with intense itching and ropy discharge. The diagnosis is", "exp": "A i.e. Vernal conjunctivitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vernal conjunctivitis", "opb": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Trachoma", "opd": "Viral conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "951882d3-eda0-458f-834f-e73c73f2181a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shortest acting Mydriatic and Cycloplegic is", "exp": "Shortest acting Mydriatic and Cycloplegic is Tropicamide.\nPhenylephrine is only mydriatic with no cycloplegic property.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Phenylephrine", "opc": "Tropicamide", "opd": "Homatropine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b41511ba-0d61-4f5d-a429-7cc217893f71", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal endothelial cell count in Corneal endothelium is", "exp": "Normal endothelial cell count in Corneal endothelium is 2500-3000 cells / sq.mm", "cop": 4, "opa": "500-1000 cells / sq.mm", "opb": "1500-2000 cells / sq.mm", "opc": "2000-2500 cells / sq.mm", "opd": "2500-3000 cells / sq.mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "493daa0c-9be9-4e2a-a5fd-b699d34d897a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis is caused by", "exp": "Ans: A (Contact lens) Ref: Kanski clinical ophthalmology 6th edition; page 218, 234Explanation:Conjunctiva] papillae: Hyperplasic conjunctival epithelium with fibrovascular core and subepithelial infiltration with inflammatory cells.Three types of papillae:Micropapillae - mosaic like red dotsMacropapillae - < 1 mm in sizeGiant papillae - > I mm in sizeCauses of Giant Papillary ConjunctivitisRepeated mechanical irritation of the conjunctivaOcular prosthesesExtruding scleral bucklesExposed ocular suturesFiltering blebElevated corneal scars- Giant papillary conjunctivitis symptoms and signs, such as papillary changes in the tarsal conjunctiva, have been associated with the use of all types of contact lenses (eg. rigid, hydrogel, silicone hydrogel, piggyback, scleral, prosthetic).Incidence of giant papillary conjunctivitis with various types of contact lensesSoft contact lens wearers: 1% to 45%'Conventional soft contact lens: 34%Extended wear disposable soft contact lens wearers -5%Frequent replacement contact lens (every one day to twelve weeks): 21.27%Rigid gas permeable lens wearers: Very low (1 % to 5%).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Contact lens", "opb": "Trichiasis", "opc": "LASIK", "opd": "L.ASEK", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Inflammations of Conjunctiva - Allergic and Granulomatous", "id": "88cc5898-d318-40ae-aa50-6bd3c0854072", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Grave's ophthalmopathy mostly presents as September 2010", "exp": "Ans. A: Proptosis Graves' ophthalmopathy (also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), dysthyroid/thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), Graves' orbitopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the orbit around the eye, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, swelling (edema), redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, reduce dpower convergence and bulging eyes (proptosis).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proptosis", "opb": "Ptosis", "opc": "Reduced intraocular tension", "opd": "Increased power of convergence", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23b2d44a-f5e5-47b8-9004-ddd6e0c183d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice for treatment of Acute attack of primary Angle Closure glaucoma is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Mannitol", "opb": "Latanoprost", "opc": "Pilocarpine", "opd": "Acetazolamide", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "510cd840-681e-4208-a813-e216d37c4c8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A one month old infant presents with a spongy purplish eyelid mass. The most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Capillary hemangioma is the most common eyelid tumor in children. Capillary hemangioma (strawberry naveus) It presents sholy after bih as a unilateral, raised bright red lesion usually in the upper lid; a deeper lesion appears purplish . frequently associated with ptosis. In majority of cases(75%), lesions resolve by age of 7 years It may be Associated with PHACES SYNDROME The lesion blanches on pressure & may swell on crying. Treatment -propranolol/Intralesional injection of triamcinolone, and vincristine (for resistant cases) - Neurofibroma Lids & orbits are commonly affected in neurofibromatosis type-1 (von Recklinghausen's disease).The tumor is usually of plexiform type resulting in mechanical ptosis & 'S'- shape deformity of upper lid - Rhabdomyosarcoma :presents as rapidly progressive proptosis of sudden onset in a child of 7-8 years . The clinical presentation mimics an acute inflammatory process. - Metastatic Ewing's sarcoma: metastasize M/C to lungs .rarely to eyes", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opb": "Capillary hemangioma", "opc": "Neurofibroma", "opd": "Metastatic Ewing's sarcoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lacrimal Apparatus and Eyelid Disorders", "id": "65369c3f-338d-4407-b1c9-1c1bb165060e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a function of district blindness control society", "exp": "Training of ophthalmologists are included in the teiary care hospitals District blindness Control Society * Planning -preparation of district Micro-plan * Implementation of programme * Monitoring of programme * Financial and material management * Social mobilization * Creating public awareness * Procurement of consumable and non-consumable items * Arrangement of screening camp * Record keeping and maintaining", "cop": 1, "opa": "Training of ophthalmologists", "opb": "Financial and material management", "opc": "Social mobilization", "opd": "Creating public awareness", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Community Ophthalmology", "id": "d5fe223c-a6ae-46ca-9012-71f3dcc030de", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of scleritis among the following is", "exp": "Scleritis refers to a chronic inflammation of the sclera proper. It is a comparatively serious disease which may cause visual impairment and even loss of the eye if treated inadequately. It usually occurs in elderly patients (40-70 years) involving females more than the males. It can be classified as follows:I. Anterior scleritis (98%)1. Non-necrotizing scleritis (85%)(a) Diffuse(b) Nodular2. Necrotizing scleritis (13%)(a) with inflammation(b) without inflammation (scleromalacia perforans)II. Posterior scleritis (2%) REF:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,4th edition,pg no.129.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Non-necrotizing", "opb": "Necrotizing", "opc": "Posterior", "opd": "Granulomatous", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "1c785881-abf5-4ff0-b30f-1435df5658e9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The power of Cornea is", "exp": "The power of Cornea +43 — +45D\nThe power of Lens is +15 — +17D\nThe power of the Eye : +60D", "cop": 3, "opa": "+15 to +17D", "opb": "+14 to +42D", "opc": "+43 to +45D", "opd": "+60D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2954f3d8-0e9c-4a1d-8f64-7b8bba2d4d67", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iridocyclitis is a feature of", "exp": "C. i.e. Seronegative pauciaicular juvenile rheumatoid ahritis", "cop": 3, "opa": "Juvenile rheumatoid ahritis with systemic involvement", "opb": "Seropositive, pauciaicular, juvenile rheumatoid ahritis", "opc": "Seronegative pauciaicular juvenile rheumatoid ahritis", "opd": "Seropositive, polyaicular juvenile rheumatoid ahritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9521af3c-b626-47c1-a6cc-067cdbb37a49", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Complication of vernal keratoconjunctivitis is", "exp": "Keratoconus (conical cornea) is a noninflammatory bilateral (85%) ecstatic condition of the cornea in its axial pa. It usually stas at pubey and progresses slowly. Keratoconus may be associated with :Ocular conditions e.g. ectopia lentis, congenital cataract, aniridia, retinitis pigmentosa, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Systemic conditions e.g., Marfan's syndrome, atopy, Down's syndrome, Ehlers-Danlossyndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and mitral valve prolapse. Treatment. Falling vision may not be corrected by glasses due to irregular astigmatism.\u0001 Contact lenses (rigid gas permeable) usually improve the vision in early cases.\u0001 In later stages penetrating keratoplasty may be required.\u0001 Intacs, the intracorneal ring segments, are repoed to be useful in early cases. Keratoconus can occur in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis due to repeated rubbing of the eye. early complications: This constant damage to the cornea may cause severe complications, including shield ulcers and vernal plaques, keratoconus, corneal scarring, microbial keratitis, and limbal epithelial stem cell deficiency. As some of these complications occur during the first decade of life, they may result in amblyopia. Ref khurana 16th edition pg 256 Ref: Khurana; 4th ed; Pg 119", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cataract", "opb": "Keratoconus", "opc": "Retinal detachment", "opd": "Vitreous hemorrhage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "7810ee8a-7bb6-4d25-bca9-af0c6d082f9d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In complicated cataract opacity develops in", "exp": "Answer-C. Posterior subcapsularComplicated cataract refers to the lens opacification secondary to some other intraocular disease, Anterior uveitis is the most common cause.Posterior coical complicated cataract : - This type of cataract is due to affections of posterior segment. This cataract is located in a posterior subcapsular cataract and typically opacification stas in the posterior pa of the coex in the axial region.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior capsule", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Posterior subcapsular", "opd": "Coical", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf45ffba-7d88-46f1-9bce-05a8297ac4ba", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "standard sutureless cataract surgery done with phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens has an incision of", "exp": "The incision size in phacoemulsification is 3.2 mm refer Khurana 6th edition page number 197", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 mm to 1.5 mm", "opb": "2 mm to 2.5 mm", "opc": "3 mmto 3.5 mm", "opd": "3.5 to 4.5 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "bf2741d6-327e-4a66-abd0-d4a366f61337", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gonioscopy is used to study", "exp": "C i.e. Angle of anterior chamber Gonioscopy is examination of angle of anterior chamber Q.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ant. Chamber", "opb": "Post chamber", "opc": "Angle of anterior chamber", "opd": "Retina", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb12dc7a-8e53-4e26-8a65-5bc708bb6df8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual acuity in infants is tested with the help of", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Landolt's rings", "opb": "'4' dot test", "opc": "Perimeter", "opd": "Slit lamp", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d30e7409-acbd-4324-9296-7aed34dc33f0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The Uveitis associated with vitiligo & auditory defects occurs in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e Vogt Koyanagi Harada Syndrome * Vogt Koyanagi Harada Syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by Cutaneous lesionsOtological:VitiligoDeafnessAlopeciaTinnitusPoliosisVertigo Neurological lesionsOcular:Encephalopathy, MeningismusUveitisRetinal detachmentAssociated with HLA DR4 & DW15Bechet's Syndrome is characterized bv *Recurrent uveitisApthous ulcerationsGenital ulcerationsErythema multiformeAssociated with HLA B5 *Steven's Johnson Syndrome - is a cutaneous drug reaction.Clinical features include-Initial feature is always sore throat, malaise feverLesions involve 2 mucous memb. sites.Small blisters on dusky purpuric maculesTotal percent of body surface area blistering and eventual detachment is less than 10% (Note >=30% is seen in TEN, Toxic Epidermal Necrosis, the most serious cutaneous drug reaction)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bechet's syndrome", "opb": "Steven's Johnson syndrome", "opc": "Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome", "opd": "Ankylosing-spondylitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal Tract", "id": "a0f2b6f9-fe16-4cde-84ae-149933646e0f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The normal pH of tear is", "exp": "pH of tear is 7.4 Refe: Khurana 6th edition page number 366", "cop": 2, "opa": "5.7", "opb": "7.5", "opc": "6.5", "opd": "7.9", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "54899d15-b95a-4544-93d2-12e41840567d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for pseudotumor", "exp": "Steroids are the treatment of choice for pseudotumor Orbital Pseudotumor Most common cause of painful orbital mass, present like tumor histopathology - Polymorphous lymphoid infiltrate with varied amount of fibrosis Optic nerve compression may occur in massive posterior involvement May lead to frozen orbit in cases of chronic involvement and fibrosis More common seen unilaterally On MRI sequences it has both Muscle belly + Tendon involvement Rx: Oral prednisolone after confirmation is treatment of choice. Radiotherapy,methotrexate andTNF alpha inhibitors are used in recalcitrant cases", "cop": 2, "opa": "Methotrexate", "opb": "Steroids", "opc": "Intravenous antibiotics", "opd": "Radiotherapy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbital Disorders", "id": "c1475d39-fc16-425f-957d-1641c2849de5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subconjunctival cyst is seen in QUESTION REPEATED", "exp": "Parasitic cysts such as subconjuctival cyst is seen in Cysticercosis . Hydatid cyst and filarial cust are not infrequent in development countries. Common cystic lesions of conjunctiva are : Congenital cystic lesions Lymphatic cysts of conjunctiva Retention cysts Epithelial implantation cyst (traumatic cyst) Aqueous cyst Pigmented epithelial cyst Parasitic cysts Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no: 92", "cop": 2, "opa": "Toxoplasmosis", "opb": "Cysticercosis", "opc": "Leishmaniasis", "opd": "Chagas disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "66e4edc0-b678-4e1a-b0dc-f8269a6b7992", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Uveitis with auditory and cutaneous problems occurs in", "exp": "A. i.e. (Vogt - Koyanagi - Harada syndrome)VOGT- KOYANAGI- HARADA (VKH) Syndrome* Idiopathic multisystem disorder HLA- DR4 and DW-15Clinical features1. Cutaneous lesions include - alopecia, poliosis and vitiligo2. Neurological lesions are in the form of meningism, encephalopathy, tinnitus, vertigo and deafness3. Ocular- features - are bilateral chronic granulomatous anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis and exudative retinal detachment* Uveitis with ankylosing spondyitis is characteristically an acute, recurrent, non granulomatous type of iridiocyclitis* Behcet's disease - idiopathic multi system disease characterized by recurrent non granulomatous uveitis, aphthous ulceration, genital ulceration and erythema multiforme* Persistent primary hyperplastic vitreous (PHPV) is seen in association with Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome**) and Trisomy 22, Norries disease, walker Warburg syndrome**LDH in aqueous humor is increased in Retinoblastoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vogt- Koyanagi- Harada syndrome", "opb": "Behcets disease", "opc": "Ankylosing spondylitis", "opd": "Marfan's syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal Tract", "id": "81bac5f4-9341-4679-80e5-59d0af4cedcc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vogt&;s triad is indicative of", "exp": "Vogt&;s triad of clinical signs of past acute angle closure glaucoma includes sector iris atrophy, pigment dispersion on corneal endothelium and anterior subcapsular cataractous changes called Glaukomflecken. Ref:- Parsons diseases of eye; pg num:-298", "cop": 4, "opa": "Past attack of herpes zoster ophthalmicus", "opb": "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome", "opc": "Past attack of acute iridocyclitis", "opd": "Past attack of acute-angle closure glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "a800c4bc-4106-4d3e-9340-f18bcb2606f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common senile cataract causing glaucoma is", "exp": "Morgagnian cataract complicates into phacolytic glaucoma Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 187", "cop": 3, "opa": "Incipient type", "opb": "Nuclear type", "opc": "Morgagnian hyper mature", "opd": "Sclerotic hypermature", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "1ea24644-ee98-4b3e-adec-5a267ec9134d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of optic nerve glioma is", "exp": "Pilocytic means that the tumor cells are hair like. pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common type Refer khurana 6/e 410", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protoplasmic", "opb": "Pilocytic", "opc": "Gemistocytic", "opd": "Fibrous", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "a4bf189f-5f67-4109-8037-1f58f5f5a147", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Topical drug that can cause Heterochromia Iridis", "exp": "Latanoprost, a PG analogue can cause heterochromia iridis in patients.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Olopatadine", "opc": "Latanoprost", "opd": "Brimonidine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "b3a65d2e-6ed1-40e6-9fd4-c4a5409fe99f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Site of secretion of aqueous humor", "exp": "Pars plicata is the site for production of aqueous humor It drains through trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral outflow", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pars plana", "opb": "Pars plicata", "opc": "Choroid", "opd": "Trabecular meshwork", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Embryology& Anatomy", "id": "91c40356-814f-42f4-9a63-b556aac245c8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Snow blindness is caused by", "exp": "In snowblindness the cause and symptoms are similar to photophthalmia, for the ultraviolet rays are reflected from snow surfaces. Snow blindness, also called arc eye or photokeratitis, is a painful eye condition caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. When too much UV light hits the transparent outer layer of your eyes, called the cornea, it essentially gives your cornea a sunburn. Snow blindness symptoms can be disorienting. Ref-Parson's; 21st edition; Pg No. 214", "cop": 1, "opa": "UV rays", "opb": "Infra red rays", "opc": "Microwaves", "opd": "Defect in mirrors", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "cc3ed1e7-f981-462a-89b8-caa15a58c545", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior capsule opacities are treated by", "exp": "Ans. is c i.e., Nd:YAG Laser * Nd:YAG Laser is used for treatment of posterior capsular opacities commonly seen after cataract surgeries.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Argon green laser", "opb": "Lens explantation", "opc": "Nd:YAG Laser", "opd": "Diode laser", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "1d7e4ce1-32e2-440d-9547-c128903c00ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Umbrella configuration on fluorescein angiography is seen in", "exp": "Fundus fluorescein angiography helps in confirming the diagnosis. Two patterns are seen:_ Ink-blot pattern: It consists of a small hyperfluorescent spot which gradually increases in size._ Smoke-stack pattern: It consists of a small hyperfluorescent spot which ascends veically like a smoke-stack and gradually spreads laterally to take a mushroom or umbrella configuration.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No. 272", "cop": 3, "opa": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opb": "Rhegmatous retinal detachment", "opc": "Central serous retinopathy", "opd": "Eale's disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "62b4c19f-359d-4c29-8ffe-11e667193ac5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Microanuerysms in diabetic retinopathy is present in", "exp": "Microaneurysms and dot blot hemorrhages - inner nuclear layer.\nHard exudates - Outer plexiform layer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inner nuclear layer", "opb": "Outer nuclear layer", "opc": "Inner plexiform layer", "opd": "Outer plexiform layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c5b9e962-aa53-45f8-8d00-bb3aa8ab2011", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Percentage of endothelial loss in Descemets stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty", "exp": "Ans. (c) 30 - 40%Ref: Cornea: July 2007- Volume 26 - Issue 6 p. 670 - 674)Reported mean endothelial cell loss (usually at 6 months post op) varies from 24-59% (with standard deviations) across the studies.", "cop": 3, "opa": "5%", "opb": "10 - 20%", "opc": "30 - 40%", "opd": "50 - 60%", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "8c063880-21d4-435c-a859-090d73163ca4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual field defect in pituitary tumour with supracellar extension is", "exp": "A i.e. Bitemporal hemianopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "opb": "Binasal hemianopia", "opc": "Homonymous hemianopia", "opd": "Pie in the sky vision", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0ebe5fd-7842-41f0-af16-7a33e4c9c858", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Acanthamoeba keratitis is associated with", "exp": "Acanthamoeba keratitis Mode of infection. Corneal infection with acanthamoeba results from direct corneal contact with any material or water contaminated with the organism. Following situations of contamination have been described: Contact lens wearers using home-made saline Non contact lens related situations include mild trauma with contaminated vegetable matter, salt water diving, wind blown contaminant and hot tub use Oppuunistic infection. Acanthamoeba keratitis can also occur as oppounistic infection in patients with herpetic keratitis, bacterial keratitis, bullous keratopathy and neuroparalytic keratitis. Reference: A.K.Khurana;6th Edition; Page no: 113.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trauma with vegetable matter", "opb": "Wearing of soft contact lenses", "opc": "Dry eyes", "opd": "Entropion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "7de7892b-d934-4036-97ee-4da2a45a5804", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "3\nrd\n cranial nerve suppliesa) Lateral rectusb) Medial rectus, Levator palpabrae superiorisc) Superior rectusd) Superior obliquee) Inferior oblique", "exp": "Occulomotor (3rd) nerve supplies all extraocular muscles (except superior oblique and lateral rectus)and levator palpebrae superioris.\nOcculomotor nerve also supply the sphinctor pupillae and ciliary muscle through the parasympathetic general visceral efferent fibers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "bce", "opb": "bc", "opc": "acd", "opd": "ace", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f9e33c3a-98f8-4926-baeb-d29e061bd647", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Soft contact lens is made up of", "exp": "B i.e. HEMA Types of Contact Lens Hard Gas permeable (Rigid or semisoft) Soft Made of PMMA (poly methyl metha acrylate) Q Copolymer of PMMA, silicon containing vinyl monomer and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) HEMA (hydro? xy methyl metha acrylate) Q Oxygen delivery Poor Moderate to high High Deposits Few Few More Visual clarity Good Clear Need to refocus after a blink Use in astigmatism Possible Possible Less suitable Adaptation Required Required Not required Durability May scratch Do not scratch or tear Tear", "cop": 2, "opa": "PMMA", "opb": "HEMA", "opc": "Glass", "opd": "Silicone", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "196a5556-4ae8-4665-8f08-7cb5bef2bd30", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common presentation of Retinoblastoma", "exp": "Leucocoria (60%)\nStrabismus (22%)\nDecreased vision (5%).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Strabismus", "opb": "Leucocoria", "opc": "Decreased vision", "opd": "Yellowish-white retinal mass.", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d777f445-6c30-440f-aaa3-545cd94488d0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The periphery of the retina is visualized with", "exp": "The technique of examining the fundus of the eye is called ophthalmoscopy. In indirect ophthalmoscopy, a real and inveed image is formed between the condensing lens and the observer. The advantage of stereopsis (depth perception) and a larger field of view makes indirect ophthalmoscope (IDO) more useful both in retina clinics and during posterior segment surgeries. Reference : A K KHURANA Comprehensive Ophthalmology; edition 4; page-567", "cop": 1, "opa": "Indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy", "opb": "Direct ophthalmoscopy", "opc": "Contact lens", "opd": "Goldman's three mirror contact lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "699961d7-3fea-450f-850c-a143be35d16e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Specific term used for granulomatous inflammation of superior orbital fissure is", "exp": "Tolosa Hunt Syndrome Specific term used for granulomatous inflammation of superior orbital fissure Painful Ophthalmoplegia Present as either Superior Orbital fissure syndrome/ Orbital apex syndrome Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome Retro orbital Pain Sensory disturbances in ophthalmic division of 5th nerve Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia due to 3rd , 4th, 6th nerve Ptosis due to 3rd nerve palsy Orbital Apex Syndrome Symptom complex produced by involvement of structures passing through superior orbital fissure and optical canal The features are similar to Superior orbital fissure syndrome Features of optic nerve involvement like early visual loss and RAPD are also present", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis", "opb": "Tolosa Hunt Syndrome", "opc": "Pseudotumor", "opd": "Grave's Ophthalmopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbital Disorders", "id": "2414dcd3-89fa-4b23-874b-689773f17886", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Retinoblastoma is", "exp": "(Autosomal dominant) (280- Khurana 4th)RETINOBLASTOMA - Most common intraocular tumour of childhood and malignant melanoma of choroid in adults*** Identified as band on the long arm of chromosome 13(13ql4)* Most hereditary cases are multifocal* Inheritance is autosomal dominant and the risk of transmitting the gene mutation is 50%* Leukocoria ox yellowish - while pupillary reflex** (also called as amaurotic cat's eye appearance) is the commonest features* In the presence of calcification it gives the typical \"Cottage- cheese \" appearance* Calcification occurs in 75% is almost pathognomic of Retinoblastoma* Enucleation is the treatment of choice when* Tumour involves more than half of the retina* Optic nerve is involved* Glucoma is present and anterior chamber is involved* External beam radiation therapy spares vision and the cosmetic use of the globe* Palliative therapy (chemotherapy, surgical debulking of the orbit or orbital exentration and External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is given in following cases where prognosis for life is dismal in spite of aggressive treatment* Retinoblastom with orbital extension* Retinoblastoma with intracranial extension* Retinoblastoma with distant metastasis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Autosomal dominant", "opb": "Autosomal recessive", "opc": "X - linked recessive", "opd": "X- linked dominant", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "a5dd40d3-4e6a-46ba-aa8f-29c9eecd4174", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "An object located in the panum's area stimulates", "exp": "Panum's area of fusion stimulates stereopsis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fusion", "opb": "Confusion", "opc": "Diplopia", "opd": "Stereopsis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9eb73181-4e30-43f0-b818-c096d5357d21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum Number of cones are seen in", "exp": "(A) Fovea centralis # Human retina contains on average 4.6 million cones and 92 million rods, although there is significant inter-individual variation (Curcio et al 1990).# Retina:> Fovea centralis: It lies in the center of macula lutea. Cones are highly concentrated in the fovea. It is responsible for visual acuity.> Although cones populate the whole retina, their density is highest in the foveola, where approximately 7000 cones reach an average density of 199,000 cones/mm2: this area is entirely rod free.> Going outwards from the foveola, rod numbers rise, reaching a peak density in a horizontal elliptical ring at the eccentricity of the optic disc, before declining once more toward the periphery.> Cone density is 40-45% higher in the nasal compared to the temporal retina, and slightly higher interiorly than superiorly.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fovea centralis", "opb": "Blind spot", "opc": "Macula Lutea", "opd": "Optic disc", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "b846acc9-13e9-446c-a018-720aa062a723", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fincham's test differentiates cataract from", "exp": "D i.e. Acute congestive glaucoma", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctivitis", "opb": "Iridocyclitis", "opc": "Open angle Glaucoma", "opd": "Ac. Congestive Glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1320b4da-8b26-46f0-b12b-e68cdf0d3663", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dendritic ulcer is produced by", "exp": "Epithelial Herpes simplex Virus keratitis - Symptoms Redness Pain Photophobia Tearing Decreased vision Signs Three distinct patterns of epithelial keratitis seen are : punctate Epithelial keratitis dendritic ulcer geographical ulcer Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:108 REF IMG", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pneumococcus", "opb": "Herpes zoster virus", "opc": "Gonococcus", "opd": "Herpes simplex virus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "b5874bf1-e692-47d3-bd0e-e65a57e0c9e5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sunflower cataract is Seen in", "exp": "A typical 'sunflower cataract' is seen in disorder of copper metabolism (Wilson's disease). It is produced by deposition of copper under the posterior capsule of the lens. It is brilliant golden green in colour and arranged like the petals of a sun flower. Ref:- A K Khurana; pg num:-410,476,", "cop": 2, "opa": "Haemochromatosis", "opb": "Wilson's disease", "opc": "Galactosemia", "opd": "Diabetes milletus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "ce59b0c0-483d-452a-aa07-dff2bf15cff7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "NOT an etiology for Myopia is", "exp": "Decreased radius of curvature of Cornea is an etiology for myopia, not increased radius of curvature.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased axial length", "opb": "Increased curvature of Cornea", "opc": "Increased radius of curvature of Cornea", "opd": "Increased accommodative effort", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab993794-1b17-4f2e-82cd-d0df1e11736c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "8 year old boy presented with swelling in the left eye of three months duration examination revealed proptosis of the left eye with preserved vision right eye is normal CT Scan revealed incredible extraconal mass lesion biopsy revealed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic workup was normal the standard line of treatment is", "exp": "Rhabdomyosarcoma is very responsive to radiotherapy Refer khurana 6/e p 425", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chemotherapy only", "opb": "Wide local excision", "opc": "Enucleation", "opd": "Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "0ef435df-4c16-4993-8c6b-7347bf01cdc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vogt's triad of primary Angle closure glaucoma does not include", "exp": "Vogt's triad of primary Angle closure glaucoma include \n\nGlaucoma flackens.\nPigment deposition on Corneal endothelium.\nPatches of Iris atrophy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fixed pupils", "opb": "Glaucoma flackens", "opc": "Pigment deposition on Corneal endothelium", "opd": "Patches of Iris atrophy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e00b295a-7c21-4077-88b0-58922cff8524", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 35 year old male complains of headaches and inability to read near objects. Most probable diagnosis", "exp": "Hypermetropia presents with complains of difficulty in near vision. When the amount of hypermetropia is such that it is not fully corrected by the voluntary accommodative effos, then the patients complain of defective vision which is more for near than distance and is associated with asthenopic symptoms due to sustained accommodative effos. Myopia and astigmatism generally doesn't present with complains of inability to read near objects. Presbyopia presents after age of 40 years.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Presbyopia", "opb": "Myopia", "opc": "Astigmatism", "opd": "Hypermetropia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and Errors of Refraction", "id": "8da12857-ed8a-4599-9740-026c549b3772", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 60 year old man with optic disc swelling in the right eye and optic atrophy in left eye optic atrophy most likely has", "exp": "This is a case of pseudo foster Kennedy syndrome.- It is characterized by occurrence of unilateral papilloedema associated with raised intracranial pressure (due to any cause) and a pre-existing optic atrophy (due to any cause) on the other side. It is caused most commonly by bilateral sequential anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Foster-Kennedy syndrome.- It is associated with olfactory or sphenoidal meningioma and frontal lobe tumors (anterior fossa tumours) In this condition, there occurs pressure optic atrophy on the side of lesion and papilloedema on the other side (due to raised intracranial pressure). It is classically associated with frontal lobe meningioma which is absent in above case. Sphenoid wing meningiomas are common in 5th decade of life in women whereas the clinical scenario provided is of 60 year old male patient", "cop": 4, "opa": "Left sphenoid ridge meningioma", "opb": "Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy", "opc": "Left optic nerve glioma", "opd": "Anterior Ischemic optic neuropathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro Ophthalmology", "id": "f1a81dc4-3251-4f04-977f-0dc0bfab8d57", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cicatrising trachoma is seen in", "exp": "Grading of trachoma:McCallan&;s classification by McCallan in 1908, divided the clinical course of the trachoma into following four stages:Stage I (Incipient trachoma or stage of infiltration): It is characterized by hyperemia of palpebral conjunctiva and immature follicles.Stage II (Established trachoma or stage of florid infiltration): It is characterized by an appearance of mature follicles, papillae, and progressive corneal pannus.Stage III (Cicatrising trachoma or stage of scarring): It includes obvious scarring of palpebral conjunctiva.Stage IV (Healed trachoma or stage of sequelae): The disease is quite and cured but sequelae due to cicatrization give rise to symptoms.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg no. 65", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stage I", "opb": "Stage II", "opc": "Stage III", "opd": "Stage IV", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "af5f6ca1-00e7-4b30-9fea-f0aeddd75af4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Field defect seen in papilloedema", "exp": "In papilloedema, as the condition progresses vision worsens with an enlargement of the blind spot owing to separation of the retina around the disc by the oedema and a progressive contraction of the visual field due to atrophy of the optic nerve. Ref: Parson's 22 nd edition, page no. 352", "cop": 2, "opa": "Seidel's scotoma", "opb": "Constriction of peripheral fields", "opc": "Centro-caecal scotoma", "opd": "Altitudinal hemianopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "57383b33-4b02-4bf6-91b2-50043bc89284", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of Neonatal conjunctivitis causing\nblindness is", "exp": "Most common cause of Neonatal conjunctivitis causing blindness is Gonococcus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chlamydia", "opb": "Chemical", "opc": "Gonococcus", "opd": "Herpes simplex", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "983f1fe1-f3cc-4195-a7c2-bd94baf267dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The normal value of Arden index is", "exp": "Arden ratio = (Maximum height of light peak/Minimum height of dark trough) x 100 Normal curve values are 185 or above. Subnormal curve values are less than 150. Flat curve values are less than 125. Reference : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4 , Page-490", "cop": 4, "opa": "1", "opb": "5-Jan", "opc": "Less than 18.5", "opd": "More than 1.85", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "929928e5-ebe6-4f1d-91d6-c017d49177d1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Toughest layer of Cornea is", "exp": "Toughest layer of Cornea is Pre descement membrane.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Descement membrane", "opb": "Endothelium", "opc": "Connective tissue stroma", "opd": "Pre descement membrane", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "01eed7f3-636b-40ee-8abc-39f455b18cd9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cataracta brunescens result due to deposition of", "exp": "Nuclear senile cataract: The usual degenerative changes are intensification of the age- related nuclear sclerosis associated with dehydration and compaction of the nucleus resulting in a hard cataract. It is accompanied by a significant increase in water insoluble proteins. However, the total protein content and distribution of cations remain normal. There may or may not be associated deposition of pigment urochrome and/or melanin derived from the amino acids in the lens. The nucleus may become diffusely cloudy (greyish) or tinted (yellow to black) due to deposition of pigments. In practice, the commonly observed pigmented nuclear cataracts are either amber, brown (cataracta brunescens) or black (cataracta nigra) and rarely reddish (cataracta rubra) in colour. Ref:- A K Khurana; pg num:- 176,178", "cop": 3, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Melanin", "opd": "Keratin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "5bbdce5d-aafa-4bae-86ad-701e3569c8f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gyrate Atrophy patient with defective ornithine aminotransferase will be benefited by", "exp": "Ans is 'b' i.e. Arginine free diet Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is a slowly progressive, diffuse, bilateral chorioretinal dystrophy with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.Gyrate dystrophy is caused by a deficiency of OAT (ornithine aminotransferase) also k/a ornithine keto acid aminotransferase.Deficiency of OAT leads to increased level of omit Bine (hyperomithemia).Ornithine, a nonessential amino acid, is an intermediate compound in the formation of urea. It is formed from Arginine.Arginine is converted to ornithine then to glutamate-y-semialdehyde by OAT.Deficiency of OAT leads to hyperomithemia causing gyrate atrophy.Patients develop nyctalopia during the second to third decade of life. Visual acuity is preserved until later stages. Treatment:Since ornithine is produced from other amino acids, mainly arginine a low protein diet, including near total elimination of arginine with supplementation of essential amino acids has been found to be beneficial in gyrate atrophy.Gene for the enzyme OAT has been mapped to chromosome 10q26.Replacement of the abnormal gene, or genetic engineering to produce a supply of normal enzyme, may result in a reduction of ornithine levels without dietary restrictions.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ornithine free diet", "opb": "Arginine free diet", "opc": "Pyridoxine and Vit B12", "opd": "Vitamin B1, B6 and B12", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "72eece95-98b9-4b7f-aa71-03df40d0b88d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 4 year old child presents with complaints of watering and itching in the eye, and on examination the eyes was seen as given below. His last immunization was found to be incomplete. Probable organism causing the condition is", "exp": "Membrane that bleeds on peeling and incomplete immunization history in a child denotes Acute membranous conjunctivitis, which in children is most commonly caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Streptococcus hemolyticus", "opb": "Moraxilla axenfeld", "opc": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae", "opd": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "489e9aec-bada-42d8-a2b8-627a6b4f4721", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most frequent cataract type seen in adult retinitis pigmentosa patient is", "exp": "Ans. (a) PSCRef: Yanoff and Duker 2/e, p. 818; Kanski 7/e, p. 654* Retinitis pigmentosa is associated with posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC)Retinal pigment degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa, Usher's syndrome and gyrate atrophy are associated with cataract, which are usually subscapular opacities.", "cop": 1, "opa": "PSC", "opb": "Anterior polar", "opc": "Cortical", "opd": "Mixed", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "72e3b6ac-8484-481a-bf83-2e7a1641c8c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The swinging light test is positive in", "exp": "Retrobulbar neuritis: a common cause of visual loss with normal fundus. Presence of a definite or relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and VER are diagnostic. Swinging flashlight test: It is performed when relative afferent pathway defect is suspected in one eye (unilateral optic nerve lesion with good vision). Normally, both pupils constrict equally and the pupil to which light is transferred remains tightly constricted. In the presence of relative afferent pathway defect in one eye, the affected pupil will dilate when the flashlight is moved from the normal eye to the abnormal eye. This response is called 'Marcus Gunn pupil' or a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). It is the earliest indication of optic nerve disease even in the presence of normal visual acuity. In the swinging flashlight test, a light is alternately shone into the left and right eyes.Thus, light shone in the affected eye will produce less pupillary constriction than light shone in the unaffected eye. Anisocoria is absent. A Marcus Gunn pupil is seen, among other conditions, in optic neuritis. Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg.No. 307, 474", "cop": 3, "opa": "Conjunctivitis", "opb": "Glaucoma", "opc": "Retrobulbar neuritis", "opd": "Keratoconus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "e0d01412-75c7-487d-8734-bf68b6bd8e45", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum refraction occurs at", "exp": "Ans. a (Anterior surface of cornea) (Ref: A K Khurana, 2nd/pg. 50, and Basak's Ophthalmology 2nd/pg. 4)Refractive mediumRefractive indexCornea1.38Aqueous humor1.33Lens1.4Vitreous humor1.34Air1Maximum refraction occurs at anterior surface of cornea because:1. Anterior surface of cornea has greater curvature and2. There is greater difference between refractive indices of air and cornea.Refractive surfaceRefractive PowerAnterior surface of cornea+48DPosterior Surface of cornea-4DLens of eye (Vivo)+15DLens of eye (taken out)+150D", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anterior surface of cornea", "opb": "Anterior surface of lens", "opc": "Posterior surface of cornea", "opd": "Posterior surface of lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "9690b823-f855-4947-9953-b4cca2f56d26", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lisch nodule is seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 309)Lisch nodules are the most common type of ocular involvement in NF-1. These nodules are melanocytic hamaomas, usually clear yellow to brown, that appear as well-defined, dome-shaped elevations projecting from the surface of the iris.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sympathetic Ophthalmitis", "opb": "Neurofibromatosis", "opc": "Chronic iridocyclitis", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "660bfe87-5cfd-4105-bcf8-8b8ab0595593", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Steroids are contraindicated in", "exp": "D i.e. Dendritic ulcer Since fungal corneal ulcer is not an option here, so, the obvious answer is dendritic ulcer.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Phlyctenular conjunctivitis", "opb": "Granular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Mooren's ulcer", "opd": "Dendritic ulcer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e99696ea-e2d9-4ae8-85eb-4dcfcafd920a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\"Elschnig Pearl\" in papillary aperture is a sign of", "exp": "Ans. c (After cataract) (Ref. Basak, Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., 182)AFTER CATARACT# Posterior capsular opacification following ECCE & discission of congenital/traumats cataract.# More common in children# Elschning's pearl (Balloon lens-cell)# Soemerring's ring (Ring behind iris formed by lens fibers)# Treatment:- Discission or needling- Capsulotomy/membranectomy Nd-YAG Laser capsulotomy (safe, noninvasive & quick OPD procedure)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acute iridocylitis", "opb": "Pseudoexfoliation syndrome", "opc": "After-cataract", "opd": "Secondary cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "3498508f-8f63-4bbc-be0c-a36c9fe1bbb2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Volume of the orbit is", "exp": "Volume of the orbit is 30ml Orbit\" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is 30 millilitres (1.06 imp fl oz; 1.01 US fl oz), of which the eye occupies 6.5 ml (0.23 imp fl oz; 0.22 US fl oz). Ratio of volume of orbit to eyeball is 4.5:1 Reference: Aravind FAQS in Ophthalmology; First Edition; Page no: 577", "cop": 4, "opa": "120ml", "opb": "100ml", "opc": "60ml", "opd": "30ml", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "ffbd4042-0698-4942-96c5-fb2824e9b32a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Angle recession glaucoma occurs in", "exp": "A. i.e. (Concussion injury in the globe) (235 - Khurana 4th) (290 - Parson 20th)Angie - recession (cleavage) glaucoma - due to disruption of trabecular mesh work followed by fibrosis - seen in Traumatic glaucoma (Perforating as well as blunt injuries)(i) Symptom - Diminuation of vision(ii) Anterior segment - Mydriasis, tears of the iris sphincter, iridodialysis(iii) Gonioscopy - anterior recession >180deg(iv) Intraocular pressure - Moderate to high(v) Optic nerve head - Granulomatous cupping if chronic(vi) Treatment - Medical and surgery* Intractable secondary glaucoma is seen in - Diffuse iris melanoma**", "cop": 1, "opa": "Concussion injury of the globe", "opb": "Extraction of the cataract", "opc": "Gonioctomy", "opd": "Intraocular tumours", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "3ad9a192-c64b-4ea4-b649-6f3b50737680", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vossius ring is seen on", "exp": "Vossius ring is the Iris pigments inprinted on the anterior capsule of the lens in shape of Pupil It is due to blunt trauma Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 430", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cornea", "opb": "Anterior capsule of lens", "opc": "Posterior capsule of lens", "opd": "Iris", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "2fc5c784-d7b1-4c91-8ad0-e3441070b45a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zonular cataract", "exp": "i.e. (Developmental cataract): (265-Parson 21st) (172-Khurana 4th)ZONULAR OR LAMELLAR CATARACT - refers to the developmental cataract in which the opacity occupies a discrete zone in the lensMost common types of congenital cataract presenting with visual impaiment*** Usually bilateral* Lineal opacities like spikes of a wheel (called riders) may run outwards towards the equator- Other most common types of developmental cataract- Punctate cataract- Fusiform cataract- Nuclear cataract- Coronary cataract- Anterior capsular (polar) cataract- Posterior capsular (polar) cataract", "cop": 2, "opa": "Riders not seen", "opb": "Developmental cataract", "opc": "Acquired cataract", "opd": "After complication", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "5f17bf78-f09d-4468-a554-2f8282f35942", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Macular sparing is seen in a lesion of", "exp": "Retention of macular function in spite of losses in the adjacent visual field. Example: In homonymous hemianopia due to an occipital lobe lesion (e.g. an interference in the blood flow in the middle cerebral aery). Reason: Macula has a dual blood supply of both MCA and PCA Visual Field Defects - Left Hemianopia with Macular Sparing. Left hemianopia with macular sparing is a paial loss of vision in the same half of both eyes with the center, the macula, spared. A lesion of both the dorsal radiation and Meyer&;s loop in the occipital lobe causes this blindness Reference: khurana 6th edition pg 677", "cop": 3, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Optic chiasma", "opc": "Occipital lobe", "opd": "Parietal lobe", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "03d564e1-2466-4345-9ada-b481bdfeafb1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis is seen", "exp": "It is the inflammation of conjunctiva with formation of very large sized papillae. Etiology :It is a localised allergic response to a physically rough or deposited surface (contact lens, prosthesis, left out nylon sutures). Probably it is a sensitivity reaction to components of the plastic leached out by the action of tears. ref: A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,E4, Page-77", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Contact lens", "opc": "Phlytenular conjunctivitis", "opd": "Vernal kerato conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "aa618f4a-22da-4ec7-8c8c-cb96c4ca840c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common intraocular foreign body retained is", "exp": "Common foreign bodies responsible for such injuries include: chips of iron and steel (90%), paicles of glass, stone, lead pellets, copper percussion caps, aluminium, plastic and wood. It is impoant to note that during chopping a stone with an iron chisel, it is commonly a chip of the chisel and not of the stone which enters the eye. Ref khurana 6/e p433", "cop": 4, "opa": "Airgun pellets", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Glass", "opd": "Chisel", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "68758f8f-f341-4907-b8c3-d2937256688f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paralytic squint is", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Incomitant squint Incomitant squint is a squint in which the angle of detion differs depending upon the direction of gaze i.e, amount of detion varies in different directions of gaze . There are many type of incomitant squints (paralytic, restrictive, 'A' & 'V' pattern), however the most common type is Paralytic squint and the word incomitant squint is usually used for paralytic squint.Therefore, I will explain paralytic squint here.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Incomitant squint", "opb": "Exophoria", "opc": "Esotropia", "opd": "Heterotropia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2cc5c646-8259-44cf-a714-a17e7dad1a49", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sauce and cheese retinopathy is seen in", "exp": "Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related oppounistic infection that can lead to blindness Ref AK khurana 6/e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Toxoplasmosis", "opb": "Congenital rubella", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "Measles", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "2252ebed-ddcc-4876-8fc7-739bd6c11097", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following Rosenbaum chart is used to test for visual acuity at a distance of", "exp": "(C) 36 cm # VISUAL ACUITY:> Snellen chart is used to test acuity at a distance of 6 m (20 ft). For convenience, a scale version of the Snellen chart called the Rosenbaum card is held at 36 cm (14 in.) from the patient.> The Rosenbaum card is a miniature, scale version of the Snellen chart for testing visual acuity at near.> When the visual acuity is recorded, the Snellen distance equivalent should bear a notation indicating that vision was tested at near, not at 6 m (20 ft), or else the Jaeger number system should be used to report the acuity.> All subjects should be able to read the 6/6 m (20/20 ft) line with each eye using their refractive correction, if any.> Patients who need reading glasses because of presbyopia must wear them for accurate testing with the Rosenbaum card. If 6/6 (20/20) acuity is not present in each eye, the deficiency in vision must be explained.> If it is worse than 6/240 (20/800), acuity should be recorded in terms of counting fingers, hand motions, light perception, or no light perception.> Legal blindness is defined by the Internal Revenue Service as a best corrected acuity of 6/60 (20/200) or less in the better eye or a binocular visual field subtending 20deg or less.> For driving the laws vary by state, but most states require a corrected acuity of 6/12 (20/40) in at least one eye for unrestricted privileges. Patients with a homonymous hemianopia should not drive.", "cop": 3, "opa": "6 meters", "opb": "3 meters", "opc": "36 cm", "opd": "6 cm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "647e7202-3a74-4c5b-a4bd-fcd370d3016b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Purtscher's retinopathy is due to", "exp": "It is a hemorrhagic vasculopathy associated with severe head trauma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tubercular hypersensitivity", "opb": "Trauma", "opc": "Tyrosinase deficiency", "opd": "Lipofuschin deposition in RPE", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48eb68f8-6a0d-4a74-9756-ca8c67b419e6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SMILE is", "exp": "SMILE is bladeless Flapless LASIK Types of LASIK *Conventional LASIK: The LASIK flap is made by microkeratome blade and then EXCIMER laser is used for stromal ablation *Epi LASIK or Photorefractive Keratectomy: Laser ablation is done after removal of epithelium without the creation of flap *SMILE- is small incision lenticular extraction , a new technique in lasik using femtolaser. No Flap is made and it is bladeless. *I lasik: bladeless lasik. Creation of Flap is by Femtolaser LASIK procedure", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bladeless flap LASIK", "opb": "Blade LASIK", "opc": "Bladeless Flapless LASIK", "opd": "Blade based flapless LASIK", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "b658e01f-e717-4291-a1dc-0ecf09ad8833", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Brush fire appearance of fundus is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., CMV retinitis", "cop": 2, "opa": "Toxoplasmosis", "opb": "CMV retinitis", "opc": "Chloroquine toxicity", "opd": "Bacterial endocarditis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "373aec45-e309-4321-b188-8d0577c08b0e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A soft contact lens users has corneal keratitis cause is", "exp": "C i.e. Pseudomonas infection", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acanthamoeba-ulcer", "opb": "Erosion of cornea", "opc": "Pseudomonas infection", "opd": "Herpes infection", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3906c5ad-99d8-469a-9066-6be78e8becd6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Organism not invading intact cornea", "exp": "Answer- D. PseudomonasThe organisms which can penetrate intact corneal epithelium are Neisseria gonorrhoea, Haemophilus aegyptus, corynebacterium diphthriae, Listeria species and Neisseria meningitidis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gonococci", "opb": "C. diphtheriae", "opc": "Meningococci", "opd": "Pseudomonas", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1da3e5d7-0388-44c7-929c-6daa92f4289c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The optic canal is a pa of", "exp": "*The optic nerve leaves the orbit is the optic canal to enter the cranial vault *The optic canal is the most posterior landmark of the orbit. It measures 10mm in length *The thin piece of bone separating the optic canal from the superior orbital fissure is the optic strut *The optic strut and optic canal are a pa of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone Fig - Foramina and bony landmarks of the sphenoid wings and pterygoid process. Reference : AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 310", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lesser wing of sphenoid", "opb": "Greater wing of sphenoid", "opc": "Ethmoid", "opd": "Pterygium", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "ef87435f-52a0-4daf-84b3-5ca34723a50b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Extra layer of cilia posterior to grey line", "exp": "REF : AK KHURANA 7TH ED", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tylosis", "opb": "Madarosis", "opc": "distichiasis", "opd": "Trichiasis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "01f2a45e-eb47-4589-950a-ac8fa27bad96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The following rosette cataract is seen with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Steroid induced cataract", "opb": "Traumatic cataract", "opc": "Syndermatotic cataract", "opd": "Rose thorn injury to lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1eefadf6-c0eb-44cd-8281-d04adeb68264", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause for rubeosis iridis is", "exp": "Neovascularization of the iris (NVI) or rubeosis iridis is a peculiar condition that occurs commonly in eyes having proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central retinal vein obstruction. It is characterized by the development of new, branching and enlarged vessels in the iris, the neovascularization being frequently accentuated towards its root and in the angle of the anterior chamber. The new vessels leak protein and give rise to turbid aqueous. NVI may be associated with signs of iritis. Rubeosis iridis, is a medical condition of the iris of the eye in which new abnormal blood vessels (formed by neovascularization) are found on the surface of the iris. Ref.Parson's; 21st edition; Pg. 247", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tumor", "opb": "CRAO", "opc": "Radiation retinopathy", "opd": "Diabetic retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "01655a24-0400-4b14-bbf6-7a4088b7e3c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glaucoma is characterised by apoptosis of", "exp": "Multifactorial optic neuropathy characterised by Retinal Ganglionic cell death by the apoptosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bipolar cells", "opb": "Ganglion cells", "opc": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "opd": "Rods and Cones", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7633d566-b821-497d-9e50-7c62c55099c3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Primary aim of retinal detachment surgery", "exp": "D i.e. Encirclage The main objective of the treatment of retinal detachment is to seal and suppo the retinal breakQ.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Removal of vitreous", "opb": "Drainage of subretinal fluid", "opc": "Vitrectomy", "opd": "Encirclage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f31d66a4-029c-4ab1-90ba-6df300fe4bec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive pa of retina to light is", "exp": "It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina. The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called fovealvision), which is necessary in humans for activities for which visual detail is of primary impoance, such as reading and driving It is sensitive pa for light Ref AK khurana 6/e p 25", "cop": 1, "opa": "Foveola centralis", "opb": "Macula", "opc": "Optic disc", "opd": "Peripheral retina", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "a6e34d16-1866-497d-a1fd-37d615960637", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The immune ring is a feature of", "exp": "A typical fungal corneal ulcer has following salient features: The corneal ulcer is dry-looking, greyish white, with elevated rolled out margins. Delicate feathery finger-like extensions are present into the surrounding stroma under the intact epithelium. A sterile immune ring (yellow line of demarcation) may be present where fungal antigen and host antibodies meet. Multiple, small satellite lesions may be present around the ulcer. Usually, a big hypopyon is present even if the ulcer is very small. Perforation of mycotic ulcer is rare but can occur. Corneal vascularization is conspicuously absent. The term fungal keratitis refers to a corneal infection caused by fungi. One type of fungus that can infect the cornea is Fusarium.This increased occurrence of fungal keratitis is a result of the frequent use of topical coicosteroids along with antibacterial agents in treating patients with keratitis Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg no.100", "cop": 2, "opa": "Interstitial keratitis", "opb": "Fungal corneal ulcer", "opc": "Bacterial corneal ulcer", "opd": "Herpes simplex keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "5ed689cc-8683-496f-afcd-9610789e5cfa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Maximum refraction takes place between", "exp": "Ansa. Air tear film", "cop": 1, "opa": "Air tear film", "opb": "Tear film and cornea", "opc": "Cornea and aqueous", "opd": "Aqueous lens", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3638b00-e28c-425a-b386-6f2f609bcbc3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Continuous contact lens wear may lead to", "exp": "Answer- A. Giant papillary conjunctivitisCorneal complications : - Corneal abrasion, Corneal edema, Corneal vascularization, Microbial keratitis (pseudomonas, acanthamoeba), Sterile corneal infiltrate.Giant papillary conjunctivitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis", "opb": "Anterior uveitis", "opc": "Nuclear Cataract", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2af0f32b-240f-4f51-993b-9ea6c44827c5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most commotion etiology of Uveitis is", "exp": "Most commotion etiology of Uveitis is Autoimmune.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Infection", "opb": "Idiopathic", "opc": "Autoimmune", "opd": "Traumatic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca117729-9eb5-40b5-8200-83020fb61349", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for acute angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "B i.e. Pilocarpine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Steroid", "opd": "Atropine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "961945c8-a7b0-4882-a7ed-2a5411ce592a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tachyphylaxis is an adverse effect of", "exp": "Dipevifrine, an a adrenergic agonist has adverse effect of Tachyphylaxis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Betaxalol", "opb": "Latanoprost", "opc": "Dipevifrine", "opd": "Dorzolamide", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ac45dbf-3275-49b9-aba7-bd55893b7095", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of infectious keratitis in a contact lens user", "exp": "Most common cause of infectious keratitis in a contact lens user is pseudomonas Commonest causative organism associated with keratitis - pneumococcus Hypopyon ulcer / ulcus serpens - pneumococcus acanthamoeba : attacks contact lens that are washed with water.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acanthamoeba", "opb": "Pneumococcus", "opc": "Pseudomonas", "opd": "Staph", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "ed0876e8-7d7e-4fe9-8293-2009fce7544e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Final center for horizontal movements of the eye is", "exp": "Subcoical centre for lateral/horizontal conjugate gaze lies in the abducent nucleus In pons, though some authors take it to be PPRF (para-median pontine reticular formation) and others as nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. This centre receives input from the contralateral frontal eye field and moves ipsilateral lateral rectus and contralateral medial rectus muscle projections of MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus) PPRF lesion leads to inactivity of saccadic movements by lateral rectus and contralateral medial rectus. There is loss of horizontal saccades directed towards the side of the lesion but pursuit and vergence movements are preserved. One and a half syndrome: Unilateral abducent and bilateral MLF lesion. On attempted lateral gaze, the only muscle functional is the intact lateral rectus. MLF connects the nuclei controlling eyeball muscles--(LR6 SO4)3 and mediates nystagmus and lateral conjugate gaze. Its fibers originate in vestibular nucleus and terminate in abducent, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei. It coordinates eyeball movements with the head. Trochlear nucleus is concerned with veical gaze movements. Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (and not hypoglossal nucleus), is involved in the gaze circuitry.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Abducent nucleus", "opb": "Irochlear nucleus", "opc": "Oculomotor nucleus", "opd": "Vestibular nucleus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "612dfc9b-c144-41d8-a08c-342d64783c84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Esotrotropia is most commonly associated with", "exp": "Near vision impaired they try to compensate by increasing their accomodation Infants are hyperopic by 2.5 D they are esotropic at bih ref : ak khurana 7th ed", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperopia", "opb": "Myopia", "opc": "presbyopia", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "705f1427-0db6-44e5-850d-7da1f8ca3d77", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for Eale’s disease", "exp": "1. Medical treatment. Course of oral corticosteroids for extended periods is the main stay of treatment during active inflammation.\nA course of antitubercular therapy has also been recommended in selective cases. \n2. Laser photocoagulation of the retina is indicated in stage of neovascularizion. \n3. Vitreoretinal surgery is required for non- resolving vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corticosteroids", "opb": "Antibiotics", "opc": "Antihistaminics", "opd": "Surgery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b10fb5e5-94ea-4787-b790-bebe6612508c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "YAG laser is used in", "exp": "Posterior capsular opacity/after cataract treated by ND-YAG capsulotomy A Yag capsulotomy is a special laser treatment used to improve your vision after cataract surgery. It is a simple, commonly performed procedure which is very safe. During your cataract operation, the natural lens inside your eye that had become cloudy was removed. Yag laser capsulotomy is the only way to treat this. Reference: khurana 6th edition pg 233", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retinal detachment", "opb": "diabetes", "opc": "Refractive errors", "opd": "After cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "455d8753-3e47-46c5-8804-d952cd4d295e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distance of Muscle 5 from Limbus", "exp": "5.5 mm (Muscles shown: 1 Superior rectus, 2 Lateral rectus, 3 Inferior rectus, 4 Inferior Oblique, 5 Medial rectus, 6 Superior oblique)", "cop": 2, "opa": "4.5 mm", "opb": "5.5 mm", "opc": "7,6 mm", "opd": "10 mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Motility", "id": "d668c012-9f31-4f65-9d98-86bbc3f57cf8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A Middle aged man brought to casualty with unilateral headache, right eye congested and painful, with sudden vision loss. The diagnosis is", "exp": "(A) Angle Closure Glaucoma# Angle-closure glaucoma, also known as narrow-angle glaucoma, is caused by blocked drainage canals in the eye, resulting in a sudden rise in intraocular pressure.> This is a much more rare form of glaucoma, which develops very quickly and demands immediate medical attention. Symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma may include:> Hazy or blurred vision: The appearance of rainbow-colored circles around bright lights Severe eye and head pain Nausea or vomiting (accompanying severe eye pain) Sudden sight loss", "cop": 1, "opa": "Angle Closure Glaucoma", "opb": "Corneal edema", "opc": "CRVO", "opd": "CRAO", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "a727370f-3970-4aa5-802d-4a3abf62522d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best X ray view to visualize superior orbital fissure is", "exp": "Caldwell luc view is posterioanterior view(PA) Refer khurana 6/e", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anteroposterior", "opb": "Basal", "opc": "Towne's", "opd": "Caldwell luc view", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "6dd7bd1f-4375-4df3-b502-3e19cc4f0305", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Highest density of cones are present in", "exp": "The highest density of cones is present in fovea which helps in clear vision when fixation object image falls there. In the fovea, cone density increases almost 200-fold, reaching, at its center, the highest receptor packing density anywhere in the retina. This high density is achieved by decreasing the diameter of the cone outer segments such that foveal cones resemble rods in their appearance. Reference: Aravind FAQS in Ophthalmology; First Edition; Page no: 15", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fovea", "opb": "Ora serrata", "opc": "Optic nerve", "opd": "Parsplana", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "f489e289-9155-4480-8995-4fce7980eb31", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Exudative retinal detachment occurs in", "exp": "Myopia and trauma causes rhegmatogenous retinal detachment proliferative diabetic retinopathy causes tractional retinal detachment PIH causes bilateral exudative retinal detachment. Ref:khurana 6th edition, page no. 298", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Diabetes mellitus", "opc": "Pregnancy induced hypeension", "opd": "Trauma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "88d85350-1a91-4df3-bed4-9d62c4585378", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "\" Polychromatic luster\" is a feature of", "exp": "Ans. d (Complicated cataract) (Ref. Basak's ophthalmology 2nd ed., 181)COMPLICATED CATARACTS# It is a complication of any protracted intraocular inflammation, especially heterochromia, chronic iridocyclitis, retinal vasculitis, and retinitis pigmentosa.# Complicated cataract results from a disturbance of the lens metabolism due to inflammatory or degenerative diseases.# The result is a \"pumice-like posterior subcapsular cataract\" that progresses axially toward the nucleus.# Vision is much impaired even in early stage, due to position of the opacity near nodal point of eye.# The opacity usually commences in posterior cortex in the axial plane (posterior cortical cataract).# The opacity appears grayish with \"bread-crumb\" appearance in oblique illumination.# This form of cataract produces extreme light scattering.# On slit lamp, the opacity shows a characteristic rainbow display of colors, the polychromatic luster.# Rx: Operative and visual prognosis in complicated cataract is usually poor.Note: Riders (\"spoke wheel\") are seen in lamellar cataract, which is the most common type of congenital cataract.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nuclear cataract", "opb": "Cortical cataract", "opc": "Zonular cataract", "opd": "Complicated cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "3dfb1095-7d16-4f4e-94fb-c4c1f89a11b2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Illuminated Frenzel glasses are used in detecting", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 358 - 362)Illuminated Frenzel glasses (+20 lenses) are useful for abolishing fixation and thus revealing peripheral vestibular nystagmus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nystagmus", "opb": "Heterophoria", "opc": "Esotropia", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "cd3dfebb-2e28-4695-8f31-3e8007fd834a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient of glaucoma with bronchial asthma presents to the emergency with status asthamaticus, causative agent might have been)", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e. Timolol eye drops Timolol maleate is the most widely used drug for open angle glaucoma.It is non-selective B blocker (Blocks both B1 and B2B2 is responsible for bronchodilation, therefore blocking B2 would aggravate asthma.Instead of Timolol, Betaxolol can be used because it is a selective B1 blocker and causes less respiratory side effects.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pilocarpine eye drop", "opb": "Timolol eye drop", "opc": "Betaxolol eye drop", "opd": "Levobunolol eye drop", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Related Conditions", "id": "7c8980c4-c654-4a7a-abb1-4e774a6c5a95", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a cause of enlarged corneal nerves", "exp": "CAUSES OF ENLARGED CORNEAL NERVES *Leprosy *Keratoconus (prominent) *Neurofibromatosis *Riley day dysautonomia *MEN *Posterior Polymorphous Membrane Dystrophy", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neurofibromatosis", "opb": "Riley day dysautonomia", "opc": "MEN", "opd": "Band shaped keratopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "1491eaec-9f6a-4336-8739-ba9f2be233ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rapid change of presbyopic glasses is seen in", "exp": "PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMAAs the name implies, it is a type of primary glaucoma, where there is no obvious systemic or ocular cause of the rise in the intraocular pressure. It occurs in eyes with an open angle of the anterior chamber.Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) also known as chronic simple glaucoma of adult onset and is typically characterized by slowly progressive raised intraocular pressure(>21 mmHg recorded on at least a few occasions) associated with characteristic optic disc cupping and specific visual field defects.Reading and close work often present increasing difficulties owing to accommodative failure due to constant pressure on the ciliary muscle and its nerve supply. Therefore, patients usually complain of frequent changes in presbyopic glasses.Ref: UG Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 215", "cop": 4, "opa": "Senile cataract", "opb": "Retinal detachment", "opc": "Intumescent cataract", "opd": "Open angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "83064f65-bbf9-4a4b-a72f-e0fbc939c7e3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratomalacia is associated with", "exp": "Vitamin A deficiency and Keratomalacia The condition is usually bilateral. The cornea becomes dull and insensitive, hazy, and yellow infiltrates form until finally the whole tissue undergoes necrosis and seems to melt away (Keratomalacia) with in few hrs. A characterstic feature is the absence of inflammatory reaction. It is often precipitated by an acute systemic illness such as measles, pneumoniae and severe diarrhoea. Treatment: Ref:- Parsons diseases of eye; pg num:-218", "cop": 1, "opa": "Measles", "opb": "Mumps", "opc": "Chicken pox", "opd": "Rubella", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "f99fb260-d532-4d35-a93c-29115a777bc9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice of choroiditis is", "exp": "C i.e. Steroids Steroids Q are the main stay of treatment in anterior uveitis (iridocyditis) as well as posterior uveitis (choroiditis) Condition Treatment of choice Primary angle closure glaucoma (fellow eye, latent, subacute, intermittent stage) Laser iridotomy Q > Surgical peripheral iridectomy Q Acute congestive stage of primary angle closure glaucoma Pilocarpine (drug of choice) Q to gain time f/b laser iridotomy Q Primary open angle glaucoma /3-blocker (timolol) Q topical Normal / low tension glaucoma /31-blocker (betaxolol) Q topical Anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis) & posterior uveitis (choroiditis) Steroid Q > Cycloplegic-mydriatic (atropine) Q Posner-Schlossman Syndrome (Glaucomatocyclitic crisis) Steroids Q > Aqueous suppressants", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cycloplegic (atropine)", "opb": "Analgesic", "opc": "Steroid", "opd": "Antibiotic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ad89ef26-a4c3-4368-8320-29a6ac372e5f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tetracyclines ointment for mass prophylaxis", "exp": "Tetracyclines:\nThese are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agents with considerable action against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms as well as some fungi, rickettsiae and chlamydiae.\nThis group includes tetracycline, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline.", "cop": 1, "opa": "1%", "opb": "0.10%", "opc": "0.50%", "opd": "5%", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8b665a50-fd2b-46e5-91dc-64dde5022026", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common metastatic tumor in orbit in adult male is due to", "exp": "Lung carcinoma is the most common cause of metastasis to orbit in adult Most common orbital tumor in adults Primary Benign: Cavernous hemangioma Primary Malignant: Lymphoma Metastatic Tumor: Carcinoma Lung (male) , Carcinoma Breast (Female)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lung carcinoma", "opb": "Hodgkins lymphoma", "opc": "Neuroblastoma", "opd": "Breast cancer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit and Adnexa", "id": "eff28ac0-dae0-44a5-bf26-483ea212fd9a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Corneal hysteresis is studied using", "exp": "Corneal hysteresis assesses the biomechanical strength of the cornea and is assessed by Dynamic Contour Tonometry(DCT). Dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) is a contin- uous (dynamic) and direct tonometric principle. It reads the IOP at the interface between the sensitive tonometer tip and the surface of the cornea. Ref khurana 6th edition pg 345", "cop": 3, "opa": "Goldmann perimetry", "opb": "Corneal topography", "opc": "Dynamic Contour Tonometry", "opd": "Goldmann Applanation tonometry", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "c66c9e0b-d6be-4628-8bd3-55d747c61bca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Equatorial diameter of the lens is", "exp": "The lens continues to grow throughout life. At bih, it measures about 6.4 mm equatorially and 3.5 mm anteroposteriorly and weighs approximately 90 mg. The adult lens typically measures 9 mm equatorially and 5 mm anteroposteriorly and weighs approximately 255 mg. Ref. AAO Sec.11 (2011-2012) Pg.No. 7", "cop": 3, "opa": "7mm", "opb": "8mm", "opc": "9mm", "opd": "10mm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "98f00043-22e0-414a-a202-2f59ffc9f04c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior staphyloma is seen in", "exp": "Ans. (d) Degenerative myopiaRef: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. /144* Posterior staphyloma is seen in conditions like pathological myopia, posterior scleritis and perforating injuries.Important Features Associated with Myopia* Simple/developmental myopia is the commonest type of myopia.* Foster fucks flecks is the choroidal haemorrhage in the macular region.* Lacquer cracks are breaks in the bruchs membrane* Retinal detachment is the most serious complication of myopia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "High hypermetropia", "opb": "Astigmatism", "opc": "Emmetropia", "opd": "Degenerative myopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Sclera", "id": "7b8acaaa-40d9-4b9a-9cc6-1276709f41bb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Founder members of vision 2020 are A/E", "exp": "B i.e. UNICEF", "cop": 2, "opa": "WHO", "opb": "UNICEF", "opc": "ORBIS", "opd": "International Agency for prevention of blindness", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d195b51-2758-4be1-8e4e-ff5e73dcbfab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluorescein dye study is done to detect", "exp": "A fluorescein angiography is a medical procedure in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of theeye so they can be photographed.Retinal vascular disorders e.g., diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion Reference : A K KHURANA Comprehensive Ophthalmology; edition 4; page-273", "cop": 2, "opa": "Assess retinal function of babies", "opb": "Retinal vascular pathology", "opc": "Macular pathology", "opd": "Posterior segment of eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "4c758f04-40af-42a2-a14b-873e427dc444", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Glaukomflecken is", "exp": "Acute congestive angle closure may cause small anterior grey-white subcapsular or capsular opacities, glaukomflecken to form within the pupillary area. These represent focal infarcts of the lens epithelium and are almost pathognomonic of prior acute angle-closure glaucoma. Ref: kanski's clinical ophthalmology, 8th edition , page no. 273", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acute uveitis due to glaucoma", "opb": "Lens opacity due to glaucoma", "opc": "Retinal detachment due to glaucoma", "opd": "Corneal opacity due to glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "2b5e8a49-348a-48e1-98b6-7b69c8b62f08", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Last visual field to be lost in Glaucoma is", "exp": "Last visual field to be lost in Glaucoma is Temporal field of vision.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Superior", "opb": "Nasal", "opc": "Inferior", "opd": "Temporal", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "40e0d8e4-217d-48b9-8304-cb8d8fec53e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is", "exp": "Treatment of choice for phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis is Topical Steroids.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Topical Steroids", "opb": "Palivizumab", "opc": "Olopatiadine", "opd": "Sodium chromoglycate", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6da1e575-1dbd-4fef-8291-9df29dbb1af3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The ocular hypotensive agent causing apnoea in infants is", "exp": "Brimonidine:- * Selective alpha 2 agonist * MOA:- decreases aqeous production & increases the uveoscleral outflow * Neuroprotective Effect Adverse Effects:- Ref:- A K Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology 7th edition; pg num:- 469", "cop": 4, "opa": "Latanoprost", "opb": "Betaxolol", "opc": "Timolol", "opd": "Brimonidine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "8fdeb8ae-3a53-477f-9a97-1ce340abeab3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "MC retained foreign body intraocularly", "exp": "B i.e. Iron The foreign bodies most likely to penetrate and be retained in the eye are minute chips of iron or steel (accounting for 90% all foreign bodies in industry)Q In chipping stone with an iron chisel, it is commonly a chip of the chisel and not of the stone() which enters the eye", "cop": 2, "opa": "Airgun pellets", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Glass", "opd": "Chisel and hammer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6e60e366-98a9-495e-9b43-d083c2df76b9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bitemporal hemianopia is seen in", "exp": "(A) Pituitary adenoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pituitary adenoma", "opb": "Craniopharyngioma", "opc": "Medulloblastoma", "opd": "Retinoblastoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "bc02df1f-bb50-491a-9641-3e01cd02dfea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most commonly associated Fungus with orbital cellulitis in patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis is", "exp": "(B) MucorRhino - Orbital mucormycosis:Mucormycosis is a very rare opportunistic infection caused by fungi of the family Mucoraceae, which typically affects patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or immunosuppression. This aggressive and often fatal infection.Specific infections - rhinocerebral mucormycosis:Fungal infection caused by order of mucorales (mucor, rhizopus, absidia).Usually seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.Fungus inhaled into paranasal sinuses, germinates and invades palate, sphenoid, cavernous sinus, orbit, brain.Neurological deficits occur when fungus involves vessels.Proptosis, visual loss ophthalmoplegia, cranial nerve palsies occur. #SIS CLASSIFICATION OF MUCORMYCOSIS & ASPERGILLOSIS AspergillosisMucormycosis (rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis)OrderOrder EurotialesOrder MucoralesGenus Aspergillus SpeciesAspergillus fumigatusRhizopus orzae (most common - 90%)Aspergillus flavusAbsidiaAspergillus nigerMucor Rhizomucor pusillus Apophysomyces elegansHyphaeSeptate with dichomatous branches at 45degNon septate filamentous fungi branched at 45degThis is a purulent inflammation of the cellular tissue of the orbit.It is due most frequently to extension of inflammation from the neighbouring parts, especially the nasal sinuses; other less common causes are deep injuries, especially those with a retained foreign body, septic operations, posterior extension of suppurative infections of the eyelids or the eyeball such as panophthalmitis, facial erysipelas, or metastases in pyaemia.In diabetics a particularly fulminant infection with Mucor or Aspergillus is possible.Biopsy to find out non-septate broad branching hiphae.Treatment:Correction of underlying metabolic defect.Intra venous antifungal, antibiotics, E.g., Amphotericin-BWide excision of devitalized necrotic tissues exenteration may be required.Hyperbaric oxygen.Phacomycosis:Mucormycosis is rare a aggressive & often fatal infection caused by the fungus of family Mucoraceae, infection acquired by inhalational of spores.Other Options[?]Candida Ophthalmic Infections:The eye infections that may be caused by Candida species range from extraocular (keratitis, orbital cellulitis) to intraocular (endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis).[?]Aspergillus:Aspergillosis is caused by fungus in the order Eurotiales and genus Aspergillus.[?]Histoplasma:Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) occurs secondary to infection with the yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum. The disease is characterized by atrophic chorioretinal scars, peripapillary atrophy (PPA) & the absence of vitritis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Candida", "opb": "Mucor", "opc": "Aspergillus", "opd": "Histoplasma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Systemic Disease", "id": "a5663718-8c8b-46f4-ab4d-4a0357c911f9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitrectomy should be considered if the vitreous haemorrhage is not absorbed within", "exp": "VITREOUS HAEMORRHAGE Fate of vitreous haemorrhage 1. Complete absorption may occur without organization and the vitreous becomes clear within 4-8 weeks. 2. Organization of haemorrhage with formation of a yellowish-white debris occurs in persistent or recurrent bleeding. 3. Complications like vitreous liquefaction, degeneration and khaki cell glaucoma (in aphakia) may occur. 4. Retinitis proliferans may occur which may be complicated by tractional retinal detachment. Treatment : 1. Conservative treatment consists of bed rest, elevation of patient's head and bilateral eye patches. This will allow the blood to settle down. 2. Treatment of the cause. Once the blood settles down, indirect ophthalmoscopy should be performed to locate and fuher manage the causative lesion such as a retinal break, phlebitis, proliferative retinopathy, etc. 3. Vitrectomy by pars plana route should be considered to clear the vitreous, if the haemorrhage is not absorbed after 3 months. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-246", "cop": 3, "opa": "1 month", "opb": "2 months", "opc": "3 months", "opd": "6 months", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "4a542136-b5aa-4900-a9e9-7154a3441a41", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Children with apathy, general weakness, loosening of the skin, marasmic features also has X3B Xerophthalmia features. Eye finding will be", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 467 - 470)X3A Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia affecting less than a one-third corneal surfaceX3B corneal ulceration/keratomalacia affecting more than a one-third corneal surfaceXS corneal scar due to xerophthalmia XF Xerophthalmic fundus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Corneal ulcer with thickening", "opb": "Corneal ulcer with full thickness", "opc": "Hyperemia", "opd": "Conjunctival xerosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "7901b015-8182-4e64-acf7-4a88a950489b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sudden painful diminition of vision in\nAnterior Uveitis is due to", "exp": "Due to ciliary muscle spasm, convexity of lens increases leading to blurred vision and pain due to spasm.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blood in Anterior chamber", "opb": "Cells in Anterior chamber", "opc": "Edema of Cornea", "opd": "Ciliary muscle spasm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6dcaddeb-f66b-4725-b36a-d7a759a510e0", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most sensitive part of retina is", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e Fovea Centralis Fovea centralis, is a depression or pit situated at the posterior pole of eye, 3 mm to the temporal side of the optic disc.Here the retinal layer consists only of cones and other layers are completely absentFovea is the most sensitive part of retinaFovea is surrounded by a small area, the macula lutea, which although not so sensitive, in more so than other parts of retina.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Macula", "opb": "Fovea-centralis", "opc": "Optic disc", "opd": "Peripheral-retina", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "8286f29a-c536-44aa-b4cc-5007d5cecbbb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Polychromatic lustre is seen in", "exp": "COMPLICATED CATARACT It refers to opacification of the lens secondary to some other intraocular disease. Etiology: 1. Inflammatory conditions. These include uveal inflammations (like iridocyclitis, parsplanitis, choroiditis), hypopyon corneal ulcer and endophthalmitis. 2. Degenerative conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa and other pigmentary retinal dystrophies and myopic chorioretinal degeneration. 3. Retinal detachment. 4. Glaucoma (primary or secondary). 5. Intraocular tumours such as retinoblastoma or melanoma may give rise to complicated cataract in late stages. Clinical features: Typically the complicated cataract stas as posterior coical cataract. Lens changes appear typically in front of the posterior capsule. The opacity is irregular in outline and variable in density. In the beam of slit- lamp the opacities have an appearance like 'bread- crumb'. A very characteristic sign is the appearance of iridescent coloured paicles the so-called 'polychromatic lustre' of reds, greens and blues. A diffuse yellow-haze is seen in the adjoining coex. Slowly the opacity spreads in the rest of the coex, and finally the entire lens becomes opaque, giving chalky white appearance. Deposition of calcium is common in the later stages. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-181,182", "cop": 4, "opa": "Post radiation cataract", "opb": "Diabetic cataract", "opc": "Congenital cataract", "opd": "Complicated cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "ace057ba-8321-44d1-833c-0a39768c1b93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common variety of scleritis is", "exp": "SCLERITIS Scleritis refers to a chronic inflammation of the sclera proper. Classification : It can be classified as follows: I. Anterior scleritis (98%) 1. Non-necrotizing scleritis (85%) (a) Diffuse (b) Nodular 2. Necrotizing scleritis (13%) (a) with inflammation (b) without inflammation (scleromalacia perforans) II. Posterior scleritis (2%) Clinical features : Symptoms: Patients complain of moderate to severe pain which is deep and boring in character and often wakes the patient early in the morning . Ocular pain radiates to the jaw and temple. It is associated with localised or diffuse redness, mild to severe photophobia and lacrimation. Occasionally there occurs diminution of vision. Signs: The salient features of different clinical types of scleritis are as follows: 1. Non-necrotizing anterior diffuse scleritis: It is the commonest variety, characterised by widespread inflammation involving a quadrant or more of the anterior sclera. The involved area is raised and salmon pink to purple in colour. 2. Non-necrotizing anterior nodular scleritis: It is characterised by one or two hard, purplish elevated scleral nodules, usually situated near the limbus. Sometimes, the nodules are arranged in a ring around the limbus (annular scleritis). Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-129,130", "cop": 1, "opa": "Non-necrotizing anterior diffuse", "opb": "Anterior necrotizing without inflammation", "opc": "Non-necrotizing anterior nodular", "opd": "Anterior necrotizing with inflammation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "8b0823cc-b3e5-46ad-8f57-62685d81a043", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The layer of the retina in touch with vitreous humor", "exp": "Internal limiting layer is in touch with vitreous LAYERS OF RETINA 1. Inner limiting membrane 2. Nerve fiber layer 3. Ganglion cell layer 4. Inner plexiform layer 5. Inner nuclear layer 6. Outer plexiform layer 7. Outer nuclear layer 8. External limiting membrane 9. Photoreceptor layer 10. Retinal pigment epithelium.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "opb": "Internal limiting membrane", "opc": "Outer nuclear layer", "opd": "Ganglion cell layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ophthalmology Q Bank", "id": "f0296e31-3459-4da1-9b0d-11edf0f1a715", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of fungal orbital cellulitis in diabetes", "exp": "Ans. (c) MucormycosisRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 91, Parson's 22/e, p. 242Mucormycosis often affects patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or immunosuppression.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aspergillus", "opb": "Fusarium", "opc": "Mucormycosis", "opd": "Candida", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit", "id": "1ccc51ff-6ad3-4d02-9c16-89a555fa3e70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Phoria is a type of", "exp": "Phoria are type of latent squint Types of Phoria Esophoria Exophoria Hyperphoria Hypophoria They are seen in times of stress when the fusional amplitudes are insufficient to maintain alignment Cover uncover test is done to diagnose it", "cop": 3, "opa": "Apparent squint", "opb": "Manifest squint", "opc": "Latent squint", "opd": "Pseudo squint", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Squint", "id": "7e0ae161-90af-460c-ba23-6fb609d77935", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The strongest attachment of the vitreous body to the surrounding structures is at the level of", "exp": "Vitreous humour Vitreous humour is an ine, transparent, jelly-like structure that fills the posterior four-fifth of the cavity of eyeball and is about 4 ml in volume. It is a hydrophilic gel that mainly serves the optical functions. In addition, it mechanically stabilizes the volume of the globe and is a pathway for nutrients to reach the lens and retina. Attachments: The pa of the vitreous about 4 mm across the ora serrata is called as vitreous base, where the attachment of the vitreous is strongest. The other firm attachments are around the margins of the optic disc, foveal region and back of the crystalline lens by hyloidocapsular ligament of Wieger. Image : Cross-sectional view of the human eye depicting different substructures of the vitreous body. The most anterior vitreous is a thin collagenous layer called the anterior hyaloid. The vitreous core comprises the entire central region of the vitreous body. This poion of the vitreous is more aqueous in contrast to the vitreous base, which is viscous enough to be grasped by forceps and is firmly attached to the underlying ciliary body and retina. Encompassing the vitreous core is a very thin collagenous shell called the vitreous coex. Reference: A K KHURANA; pg num:-243", "cop": 4, "opa": "Posterior surface of the lens", "opb": "Foveal region", "opc": "Optic disc", "opd": "Vitreous base", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "862d1807-06f3-4aec-9c02-a3631e85467a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iris cysts are prevented by", "exp": "C i.e. Phenylephrine", "cop": 3, "opa": "Atropine", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Phenylephrine", "opd": "Ecothiopate", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "900f06bd-33c1-44a8-84ad-cfef16803a8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Conjunctival epithelium is", "exp": "Histologically, conjuctiva consists of three layers namely,epithelium,adenoid layer and fibrous layer. Epithelium. This is a 2-5 layered, non- keratinised epithelium. The layer of epithelial cells in conjunctiva varies from region to region amd in its different pas as follows: Marginal conjuctiva has 5- layered stratified squamous type of epithelium. Tarsal conjunctiva has 2-layered epithelium Fornix and bulbar conjunctiva have 3 layered epithelium Limbal conjunctiva has again many layered (5 to 6 ) stratified squamous epithelium. 2. Adenoid layer 3. Fibrous layer Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no: 60", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pseudostratified", "opb": "Stratified columnar", "opc": "Stratified non keratinised squamous", "opd": "Transitional", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "1ae92dc7-e62c-4982-9783-bec6171627f8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In patient with anterior uveitis, decrease in vision due to involvement of posterior segment can occur because of", "exp": "B i.e. Cystoid macular edema (CME)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Exudative RD", "opb": "Cystoid macular edema (CME)", "opc": "Vitreal floaters", "opd": "Inflammatory disc edema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d4bcd923-bde3-4ae3-b986-124ec840f9e4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The term anisometropia indicates", "exp": "Ans. Refractive error", "cop": 1, "opa": "Refractive error", "opb": "Long vision", "opc": "Sho vision", "opd": "Ageing process", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab1932af-ff2f-458a-8b15-dd3bb48be8e7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best irrigating fluid for phacoemulsification  is", "exp": "Best irrigating fluid for phacoemulsification  is Basal salt solution with Glutathione.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Normal saline", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "Basal salt solution with Glutathione", "opd": "Distilled Water", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "389a6a88-c70b-4bce-83cd-7fd9a98442e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fleischer ring is characteristic of", "exp": "D i.e. Keratoconus Corneal Pigmentation Condition Deposited Material Site Of Deposition Argyrosis Sliver nitrate (AgNO3) Brown discolouration of descement's membrane Fleischer ring Iron Epithelial iron deposits at the base of Keratoconus Chalcosis (Kayser Fleischer ring) Cu Grayish-green or golden brown discolouration of stroma of peripheral cornea Wilson's disease/Hepatolenticular degeneration (Kayser Fleischer ring) Cu Grayish-green or brown ring is seen just inside the limbus due to Cu deposition between Descemet's membrane and endothelium Siderosis Fe (hemosiderin) - Green or brown discolouration of deeper layers of cornea. Blood staining can follow massive hyphaema either from contusion or surgery - Fleischer's ring representing deposition of haemosiderin is found in keratoconus Q Hudson-Stahli line Elderly Brown horizontal line in inferior third or cornea Krukenberg's spindle Myopic men Veical spindle shaped brown uveal pigment deposition Topical epinephrine Used for glucoma Result in black cornea.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Megalocornea", "opb": "Diabetes", "opc": "Chalcosis", "opd": "Keratoconus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d30fb46-d823-4368-9bf6-206a82779774", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Exudative retinopathy in hypeensive is due to", "exp": "C i.e. Renal aery stenosis Renal retinopathy describes the retinal changes seen in chronic renal failure. These may mimic a hypeensive retinopathy of grade III or IV but the tendency to exudates formation is marked paicularly at the macula.Q Severe hypeension in eclampsia may precipitate a florid retinopathy of grade IV often with exudative retinal detachment. This detachment clears rapidly with the termination of pregnancy when the hypeension is under control.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Co-arctation of aoa", "opb": "Type I takaysu's aeritis", "opc": "Renal aery stenosis", "opd": "Diabetic atherosclerosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d6d5768-efde-4e8e-a762-dec29f0806d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Oil droplet cataract is seen in", "exp": "Galactosaemic cataract It is associated with an inborn error of galactose metabolism. Galactosaemia is frequently associated with the development of bilateral cataract (oil droplet central lens opacities). The lens changes may be reversible and occurrence of cataract may be prevented if milk and milk products are eliminated from the diet when diagnosed at an early stage. Galactosemia is a disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose. A small amount of galactose is present in many foods. It is primarily pa of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas Reference : Khurana; Comprehensive Ophthalmology; 4th edition; Page no: 181", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diabetes", "opb": "Galactosaemia", "opc": "Wilson's disease", "opd": "Marfans syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "84aa6724-783d-41bc-9112-d8ec64790616", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'Berlin's edema' is seen in", "exp": "Ans. a (Blunt eye trauma) (Ref. Ophthalmology by Basak 4th/414)# Berlin's edema is edema after blunt trauma to the globe.Blunt Injury to EyeInjury to eyelids, conjunctiva cornea & scleraInjury to ACHyphaema (8-ball or black ball hyphaema)Injury to irisA. Iridodialysis (Partially torn iris with D-shaped pupil)B. Irideremia (traumatic aniridia)C. Retroflexion (Total inversion of iris)D. Iridoschisis (Partial thickness iris tear)E. IridocyclitisCiliary body# Spasm of accomodation# Angle recessionLens# Vossius's ring# Rosette cataract# DislocationRetina# Commotio retinae (Berlin's edema)# Macular degeneration# Ret h'ge & tears# Rhegmatous RD.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Blunt eye trauma", "opb": "Penetrating eye traumas", "opc": "Chemical injury", "opd": "Thermal injury", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular Trauma", "id": "87dbd6c4-2e3f-49e2-9815-755fe62b099a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Parenchymatous xerosis of conjunctivitis is caused by", "exp": "A i.e. Trachoma Vit A deficiency causes epithelial xerosisQ. Parenchymal xerosis is caused by widespread destructive interstitial conjunctivitis as seen in trachoma Q, diptheria, Steven Jonson Syndrome, pemphigus or pemphigoid conjunctivitis, thermal, chemical or radiational burns of conjunctiva Q and exposure of conjunctiva.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trachoma", "opb": "Vitamin A deficiency", "opc": "Vernal catarrh", "opd": "Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8457564e-ce71-4f98-9817-f32509607540", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "UGH syndrome is commonly due to", "exp": "Ans. (a) ACIOLRef: Cornea by Mark J Mannis/p. 196UGH syndrome is caused by mechanical excoriation of the iris from an IOL haptic or optic that results in uveitis, glaucoma, and hyphema.It is most commonly due to use of ACIOL, though it can also be seen with use of PCIOL (if a malpositioned haptic is present).", "cop": 1, "opa": "ACIOL", "opb": "PCIOL", "opc": "Several fixed IOL", "opd": "Piggy back IOL", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "ca80ea8d-4a82-47d5-882f-58d9e90b71ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In bacterial endophthalmitis systemic steroids should be", "exp": "Ans. Staed after 12-24 hours of intensive antibiotic therapy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staed immediately", "opb": "Staed after 12-24 hours of intensive antibiotic therapy", "opc": "Deferred", "opd": "Given after 7 days of intensive antibiotic therapy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8213531f-63ef-4ebd-a1f1-cfd4ec95c149", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gyrate atrophy is a retinal degenerative disease involving deficiency of ornithine transcarbamoylase enzyme. Such patients are benefited by", "exp": "Ans. b. Arginine free diet", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ornithine free diet", "opb": "Arginine free diet", "opc": "Pyridoxine and folic acid", "opd": "Vitamin B1, B6 and B12", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "825f83df-f91d-4b25-a393-2daec1c9d194", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "SIte of bleeding after cataract surgery is", "exp": "After cataract surgery, posterior ciliary vessels are the common sites of bleeding. Ref AK khurana 6/e p 215", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anterior choroidal vessels", "opb": "Posterior choroidal vessels", "opc": "Anterior ciliary vessels", "opd": "Posterior ciliary vessels", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "6a8afd9f-ef28-4869-978e-70f971f433ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lattice retinal degeneration seen in", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. . Myopia. Lattice degeneration of retina is seen in Myopia or more specifically, pathological myopia.Myopia is clinically of 3 types:-Developmental myopic -a congenital stationary* condition in which a child is bom with an abnormally long eye.Simple myopia :Commonest type of myopiaPathological myopia:is a degenerative and progressive conditionRefractive changes appear in childhood, and increases rapidly during the period of active growth upto 20 to 30 D by the age of 25 yrs*.the eyeball gets elongated essentially due to the degeneration of the posterior half of sclera often leading to a scleral bulge at the posterior pole (.Posterior staphyloma)*Fundus changes Myopic crescent*:-present at the temporal edge of the optic disc (Optic disc is large and pale). Fosterfunch9s spots*:-these are dark red circular patches due to choroidal Haemorrhage and subretinal neovascularization.Posterior staphyloma*.Vitreous degenerations & Haemorrhage*Chorioretinal atrophic patches at posterior pole.Retinal haemorrhages and lattice degenerates* leading to retinal detachment*.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Hypermetropia", "opc": "Presbyopia", "opd": "Anisocoria", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Dystrophies and Degenerations", "id": "31a850f4-874e-4529-a047-cf18f62e47a8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dalen Fuchs nodules are seen in", "exp": "Dalen-Fuchs nodules are seen in Sympathetic ophthalmitis and also in Vogt- koyanagi- harada( VKH) syndrome. These are formed due to proliferation of pigment epithelium( of the iris , ciliary body and choroid ) associated with invasion by the lymphocytes and epithelioid cells. Located between Bruch membrane of choroid and the retinal pigment epithelium. Ref: kanski's clinical ophthalmology,8th edition, page no. 418", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tubercular iridocyclitis", "opb": "Syphilitic uveitis", "opc": "Posner-schlossman syndrome", "opd": "Sympathetic ophthalmitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "84804e2a-3318-46ea-98f9-49a8b718324b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In central serous retinopathy, in the macular region, there occurs", "exp": "Ans. . Spontaneous detachment of neuro-sensory retina", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spontaneous detachment of neuro-sensory retina", "opb": "Macular oedema", "opc": "Detachment of pigment epithelium", "opd": "Detachment of choroid", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c2a639b-ecc4-4424-a02f-fc77f202d2bd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Eale's disease", "exp": "It is an idiopathic inflammation of the peripheral retinal veins, characterised by recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. Etiology not exactly known, but consider to be a hypersensitivity reaction to tubercular protiens. Bilateral disease, typically affecting young adult males. Ref : khurana 6 th edition , page no. 265 Eales disease (ED) is an idiopathic, inflammatory retinal venous occlusive disease characterized by 3 stages: vasculitis, occlusion and retinal neovascularization, leading to recurrent vitreous hemorrhages and vision loss. Ref AK khurana 6/e p240", "cop": 2, "opa": "Recurrent anterior uveitis", "opb": "Recurrent vitreous haemorrhage", "opc": "Recurrent macular haemorrhage", "opd": "Recurrent subconjuctival haemorrhage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "195ea96d-3a6d-45fc-895d-9bd6088f1d8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Assistance for the National Blindness Control Programme is done by", "exp": "Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is providing assistance for the development of services under national blindness control programme. A comprehensive National Programme for Control of Blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing prevalence of blindness to 0.3 per cent by 2000 AD. (iii) DANIDA agreed to assist NPCB since 1978 (Phase I). (iv) National Survey was undeaken by the GOI / WHO in 1986-89. Park 23e pg: 924", "cop": 3, "opa": "WHO", "opb": "UNICEF", "opc": "DANIDA", "opd": "SIDA", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "0e67143c-7de0-478d-ad26-12bc27fb82b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lattice degeneration is seen in", "exp": "Lattice degeneration is an impoant cause of retinal detachment in young myopic individuals. Peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern and may develop tears, breaks, or holes, which may fuher progress to retinal detachment. Lattice degeneration is a disease of the human eye wherein the peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern and may develop tears, breaks, or holes, which may fuher progress to retinal detachment. It is an impoant cause of retinal detachment in young myopic individuals Reference: Khurana 4th edition PG: 269", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypermetropia", "opb": "Anisocoria", "opc": "Glaucoma", "opd": "Myopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "b8682602-dc65-4d6c-bebd-bdd633217711", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common intraorbital tumour in children is", "exp": "M/c intraorbital tumour in adults - Cavernous hemangioma.\nM/c intraorbital tumour in children - Rhabdomyosarcoma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cavernous haemangioma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Retinoblastoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "82e058d7-b1d3-4194-adb6-25f1b5a24da1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug of choice of trachoma is", "exp": "C i.e. Tetracycline Treatment of Trachoma Oral tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, rifampicin & sulfonamides Oral tetracycline cannot be given to children < 8 years, pregnant women or nursing mothers. Sulfonamides have high risk of stevens Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme. Topical treatment with tetracycline or erythromycin or sulfacetamide (less preffered) is cheaper more effective and has no risk of systemic side effects.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Penicillin", "opb": "Sulfonamide", "opc": "Tetracycline", "opd": "Chloramphenicol", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8363065-3b16-4495-87fa-2ace6a0a53d7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common orbital cyst in children is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 417) Epidermal dermoid cyst (dermoid) is the most common orbital cystic lesion in children, accounting for over 40% of all orbital lesions of childhood and for 89% of all orbital cystic lesions of childhood that come to biopsy or surgical removal.the most impoant secondary cyst is a mucocele that can occur in children with cystic fibrosis Orbital dermoid cysts are benign congenital choristomas. They are common in pediatric population, developing adjacent to suture lines, most commonly located in antero-lateral fronto-zygomatic suture, and are slowly progressive. Complete surgical excision without rupture of cyst is the standard of care", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neuroenteric cyst", "opb": "Dermoid cyst", "opc": "Lymphoma", "opd": "Clobomatous cyst", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "05417960-58f0-4cbf-8908-e07252e71e74", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The wavelength of the excimer laser used for corneal refractive surgery is", "exp": "All clinical excimer lasers use are argon-fluorine (ArF) gas. The wavelength is in the UV region (193 nm), which has been determined to be safe for human ocular use.Therapeutic applications of excimer lasers are: photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correction of refractive errors and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for corneal diseases such as band-shaped keratopathyRef: Khurana; 4th ed; Page no: 431", "cop": 3, "opa": "190nm", "opb": "191 nm", "opc": "193 nm", "opd": "195 nm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "936e009e-aa02-482d-81d7-e38719b87288", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Viral Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by", "exp": "Viral Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by Adenovirus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Herpes simplex", "opb": "Enterovirus", "opc": "Adenovirus", "opd": "Coxackie A Virus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bfc4bd8-8a99-4f3a-ac5e-78a73be88807", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Refractive index of the cornea is", "exp": "The corneal refractive index is 1.376 The index of refraction of the cornea is about 1.376. Rays pass from the cornea into the watery fluid known as the aqueous humor which has an index of refraction of about 1.336, so most of the refraction is at the cornea-air interface. Reference: khurana 6th edition pg 396", "cop": 1, "opa": "1.37", "opb": "1.33", "opc": "1.42", "opd": "1.45", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "183529ae-8854-4f79-b0a7-35c09c20fa21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal IOP in population is", "exp": "Normal IOP : 14-19 mm Hg Variables in Intraocular pressure (Those factors that can cause change in the intraocular pressure throughout day) More in morning than in evening in normal adults (Diurnal Variation) Hea rate Blood pressure Respiration", "cop": 4, "opa": "6-10 mm Hg", "opb": "1-6 mm Hg", "opc": "21-25 mm Hg", "opd": "14-19 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "94943981-40f6-4530-89a0-a5480127f436", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "19 year old young girl with previous history of repeated pain over medial canthus and chronic use of nasal decongestants, presented with abrupt onset of fever with chills & rigor, diplopia on lateral gaze,moderate proptosis & chemosis. On examination optic disc is congested. Most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "It Stas initially as a unilateral condition which soon becomes bilateral due to intercavernous connection. It should be differentiated from orbital cellulitis and panophthalmitis. Ref: ak khurana 6th edition pg no412", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis", "opb": "Orbital cellulitis", "opc": "Acute Ethmoidal sinusitis", "opd": "Orbital apex syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "9a217ed0-8b3e-4ff3-93c0-86c045a2855d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common cause of proptosis in adults is", "exp": "Proptosis:- Ref:- A K Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology 7th edition; pg num:- 398", "cop": 3, "opa": "Preseptal cellulitis", "opb": "Orbital cellulitis", "opc": "Thyroid eye disease", "opd": "Capillary hemangioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "3b81dcb0-9047-4439-aa73-c21d3f5ef77c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pachymeter is used to measure", "exp": "A pachymeter is a medical device used to measure the thickness of the eye's cornea. It is used to perform corneal pachymetry prior to refractive surgery, for Keratoconus screening, LRI surgery and is useful in screening for patients suspected of developing glaucoma among other uses. Ref khurana 6/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corneal thickness", "opb": "Corneal diameter", "opc": "Corneal density", "opd": "Conjuctival thickness", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "4f81c769-c619-40b2-9d9a-c30f3f444148", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ophthalmia neonatorum within first 48 hours of birth is caused by", "exp": "Ans. b (Neisseria gonorrheae) (Ref: Parson's, 18th ed/140)DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM)CauseOnsetFindingsCytology&lab tests(1)Toxic AgNO3- Silver nitrate (Crede's prophylaxis)Within hoursHyperemiaSlight watery to mucoid discharge. Negative culture(2)Gonococci (gonococcal conjunctivitis)2nd-4th day of lifeAcute purulent conjunctivitisIntracellular gram-negative diplococci.Positive culture on blood and chocolate agar(3)Other bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae; Haemophilus)4th-5th day of lifeMucopurulent conjunctivitisCulture on bloodagar(4)Chlamydia (inclusion conjunctMtis)... most common5th-14th day of lifeMucopurulent conjunctivitisGiemsa-positive cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in epithelial cells.Negative culture.(5)Herpes simplex virus5th-7th day of lifeWatery blepharoconjunctivitis. Corneal involvement.Systemic manifestations.Multinucleated gaint cells, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.Negative cultureEducational Points:Intact corneal epithelium cannot be penetrated b\\ any organism EXCEPT-# Neisseria gonorrhoeae# Neisseria meningitides# Cornybacterium diphtheriaeConjunctivitis FeaturesAcute mucopurulent conjunctivitis# Staph, is commonest causative organism.Ophthalmia neonatorum# Chlamydia is most common causative organism (7-10 days)# Presents at birth/in a hour of birth (Chemical)# Treatment is Credes prophylaxis with 1% silver nitrateLigneous conjunctivitis# Membranous but repeated conjunctivitisAngular conjunctivitis# Caused by Moraxella. Treatment is zinc oxideFollicular conjunctivitis# Trachoma, drug induced,New Castle's conjunctivitis# Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (adenovirus)Acute herpetic conjunctivitis# occurs in young children infected from contagion of carrierVernal conjunctivitis (Spring catarrh)# Bulbar and palpebral conjunctivitis# Bilateral and recurrent# Ropy discharge# 'Cobble stone' palpebral conjunctiva# Gaint papilla # Horner-Trantas spots# Maxwell-Lion sign# Pseudogerontoxon# Treatment with steroids, acetyl cysteine and topical NSAIDEducational point:# Sulphacetamide eye drops used for ophthalmia neonatorum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adenovirus", "opb": "Neiserria gonorhoeae", "opc": "Candida albicans", "opd": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjuctiva", "id": "d444109d-2859-4130-86da-acc80bf71cbc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most effective treatment for Blepharospasm is", "exp": "(C) Botulinum toxin # Botulinum toxin is currently the treatment of choice for blepharospasm. Botulinum toxin injections (Botox is a widely known example) have been used to induce localized, partial paralysis. Among most sufferers, botolinum toxin injection is the preferred treatment method.> Injections are generally administered every three months, with variations based on patient response and usually give almost immediate relief (though for some it may take more than a week) of symptoms from the muscle spasms. Most patients can resume a relatively normal life with regular Botulinum toxin treatments. A minority of sufferers develop minimal or no result from Botox injections and have to find other treatments.> Most effective surgical treatment has been protractor myectomy, the removal of muscles responsible for eyelid closure.> In some cases a dietary supplement of magnesium chloride has been found effective.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trihexphenidyl", "opb": "Surgical ablation of nerve to orbicularis", "opc": "Botulinum toxin", "opd": "Dietary supplement of magnesium chloride", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "23c86e83-94e7-4eec-8ac8-2d48a565c8da", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Keratometer measures September 2010 September 2012, March 2013 (e)", "exp": "Ans. C: Curvature of cornea A keratometer, also known as a ophthalmometer, is a diagnostic instrument for measuring the curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea, paicularly for assessing the extent and axis of astigmatism. A keratometer uses the relationship between object size (0), image size (I), the distance between the reflective surface and the object (d), and the radius of the reflective surface (R). If three of these variables are known (or fixed), the fouh can be calculated using the formula R = 2dI/0", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thickness of cornea", "opb": "Radius of cornea", "opc": "Curvature of cornea", "opd": "Depth of posterior chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "596f8ca7-6bd5-4ea7-9dd8-59ad33686858", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pathognomonlc feature of trachoma is", "exp": "TRACHOMA Trachoma (previously known as Egyptian ophthalmia) is a chronic keratoconjunctivitis, primarily affecting the superficial epithelium of conjunctiva and cornea simultaneously. It is characterised by a mixed follicular and papillary response of conjunctival tissue. It is still one of the leading causes of preventable blindness in the world. Clinical Signs : A. Conjunctival signs : 1. Congestion of upper tarsal and forniceal conjunctiva. 2. Conjunctival follicles. Follicles look like boiled sagograins and are commonly seen on upper tarsal conjunctiva and fornix; but may also be present in the lower fornix. Follicles may be seen on the bulbar conjunctiva (pathognomic of trachoma). 3. Papillary hyperplasia: Papillae are reddish, flat topped raised areas which give red and velvety appearance to the tarsal conjunctiva. Each papilla consists of central core of numerous dilated blood vessels surrounded by lymphocytes and covered by hyperophic epithelium. 4. Conjunctival scarring: which may be irregular, star-shaped or linear. Linear scar present in the sulcus subtarsalis is called Arlt&;s line. 5. Concretions may be formed due to accumulation of dead epithelial cells and inspissated mucus in the depressions called glands of Henle. Corneal signs : 1. Superficial keratitis may be present in the upper pa. 2. Herbe follicles refer to typical follicles present in the limbal area. These are histologically similar to conjunctival follicles. 3. Pannus i.e., infiltration of the cornea associated with vascularization is seen in upper pat. The vessels are superficial and lie between epithelium and Bowman&;s membrane. 4. Corneal ulcer. 5. Herbe pits: are the oval or circular pitted scars, left after healing of Herbe follicles in the limbal area 6. Corneal opacity may be present in the upper pa. It may even extend down and involve the pupillary area. It is the end result of trachomatous corneal lesions. Image: Features of Trachoma Reference :- A K KHURANA; 6th edition, page:-62,64,65", "cop": 3, "opa": "Palpebral papillae", "opb": "Bulbar papillae", "opc": "Bulbar follicles", "opd": "Palpebral follicles", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "8946deba-5c4b-4903-9748-b0563e0262f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual acuity of 6/60 is classified as", "exp": "This means you can see at 6 metres what someone with standard vision could see from 60 metres away. The figures 6 / 60 or 3 / 60 are how the result of a Snellen test are written. The first number given is the distance in metres from the cha you sit when you read it Low vision is the term used to describe significant visual impairment that can&;t be corrected fully with glasses, contact lenses, medication or eye surgery. It includes: ... Tunnel vision (lack of vision in the periphery) and blind spots are examples ofvisual field loss. Legal blindness. Reference: AK khurana 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blind", "opb": "Low vision", "opc": "Visual morbidity", "opd": "Normal vision", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "c4c228ad-76f5-4927-bb73-fd8f8e6108d9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient sustained blunt trauma to eye after that the developed sudden loss of vision with deep anterion chamber, Most likely causes is", "exp": "A i.e. Lens dislocation", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lens dislocation", "opb": "Berlin's oedema", "opc": "Retinal haemorrhage", "opd": "Recession of angle of AC", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3d5d182b-d47f-4f66-9f92-d026c4ff8664", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The sclera is thinnest at", "exp": "The sclera is thickest near the optic nerve, where it is approximately 1 mm in thickness The sclera is thinnest (0.3 mm) posterior to the rectus muscle inseions and thickest (1.0 mm) at the posterior pole near the optic nerve head. Thinnest at the inseion of extraocular muscles (0.3 mm) Reference: khurana 6th edition pg 788", "cop": 4, "opa": "Limbus", "opb": "Equator", "opc": "Optic nerve", "opd": "Posterior to attachment of superior rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "3a7e04da-c12a-43fe-8726-d5d2b7ae971f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Confirmatory investigation in retinitis pigmentosa is", "exp": "Answer- D. ElectroretinogramAn accurate diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa relies on the documentation of the progressive loss photoreceptor cell function, confirmed by a combination of visual field and visual acuity tests, fundus and optical coherence imagery, and electroretinography.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Optical coherence tomography", "opb": "Pachymetry", "opc": "Visual Acuity testing", "opd": "Electroretinogram", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51f104f3-08a1-4d45-a4dc-a34f9fb0cc07", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In adult Pulsatile proptosis seen in", "exp": "(A.V. fistula): (407-Khurana 5th edition; 551-Nema 6th/ed; 484-Parson 21st/ed)Causes of Pulsatile proptosis* Arterio - venous aneurysm (saccular aneurysm of ophthalmic artery)* Carotico- cavernous fistula (communication between ICA and cavernous)* Congenital meningocele or meningo encephaloele* Neurofibromatosis* Traumtic or operative hiatus* Embolization during arteriography is presently the treatment of choice* **Cavernous hemangiomaCapillary hemangioma* Most common benign tumour of the orbit in adult* Slowly progressive* Produces axial proptosis* Common ocular complications- Hyperopia- Optic nerve compression- Secondary glaucoma- Strabismus* Common tumour of childhood* Shows strawberry discolouration of the skin of eyelid* Usually involves the supreronasal quadrant of the orbit and medial part of upper lidCauses of PseudoproptosisHigh myopiaBuphthalmosRetraction of upperlid", "cop": 1, "opa": "A.V. fistula", "opb": "Lateral sinus thrombosis", "opc": "Orbital varies", "opd": "Hemangioma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit", "id": "7a658128-76fb-422e-a0ce-3f02679b7f1c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common cause of cataract is", "exp": "Most common cause of acquired cataract is senile cataract Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 190", "cop": 1, "opa": "Age related changes", "opb": "Hereditary", "opc": "Diabetes mellitus", "opd": "Trauma induced", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "96d71de4-f6b2-447f-909d-8c38ea28d4c9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Indocyanine Green Angiography is most useful in detecting", "exp": "Fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography help in detecting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in relation to foveal avascular zone. Which may be subfoveal, juxta foveal or extrafoveal CNV. Reference : A K KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4 , page-275", "cop": 1, "opa": "Occult Choroidal Neovascularization (Occult CNV)", "opb": "Classic choroidal Neovascularization (Classic CNV)", "opc": "Angioid streaks with choroidal Neovascularization (CNV)", "opd": "Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "6356a40f-c656-4c0d-9aa9-7d276819d017", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mildly dilated pupil is seen in", "exp": "In acute congestive glaucoma, pupil is semidilated, veically oval and fixed. It is non reactive to both light and accommodation. Other signs include congestion, hazy cornea, shallow AC and IOP high( 60 - 70 mmhg ). Ref: khurana 6th edition , page no.244", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute congestive glaucoma", "opb": "Iridocyclitis", "opc": "Chronic congestive glaucoma", "opd": "Open angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "b796af66-66d6-48a5-8dde-84ce6e91e8a3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Amaurosis fugax does not occur in", "exp": "Amaurosis fugax is due to transient failure of retinal circulation.\nOccurs in papilledema but not in papillitis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Papillitis", "opb": "Migraine", "opc": "Giant cell arteritis", "opd": "Venous stasis retinopathy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1430078b-04bd-4336-9399-787e9ccf6c16", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of retinoblastoma is by", "exp": "Ans. (b) Carboplatin + Etoposide + VincristineRef: Ryan's retina 6/e, p. 2392; Kanski 8/e, p. 502; Parson's 22/e, p. 381Chemotherapy agents commonly used for treatment of retinoblastoma are Age <= 36 monthsAge > 36 monthsVincristine0.05 mg/kg1.5 mg/m2Etoposide5 mg/kg150 mg/ m2Carboplatin18.6 mg/kg560 to 600 mg/m2", "cop": 2, "opa": "5FU + Cisplatin + Vinblastine", "opb": "Carboplatin + Etoposide + Vincristine", "opc": "Cyclophosphamide + Etoposide + Vincristine", "opd": "Cyclophosphamide + Doxorubicin + Etoposide", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "50bbb728-048a-44ec-9dd7-189304142d86", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The characteristic field defect seen in pituitary tumors is", "exp": "Ans. (d) Bitemporal hemianopiaRef: Harrison's 19th ed. /198-199\"Bitemporal hemianopia is usually caused by tumors in the region of the sells turcica, pressure by a suprasellar aneurysm or by chronic arachnoiditis; these press upon the chiasma so that the fibers going to thenasal halves of each retina are destroyed. Tumors of the pituitary body are most common.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Homonymous hemianopia", "opb": "Complete vision loss", "opc": "Binasal hemianopia", "opd": "Bitemporal hemianopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lesions of the Visual Pathway", "id": "6c0071b6-236d-4423-8edd-7e7989fb3685", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Neovascularization in uveal tissue is most commonly caused by", "exp": "Answer- A. Diabetic Retinopathy It is a secondary angle closure glaucoma which results due to formation of neovascular membrane over the iris i.e., neovascularization of iris (rubeosis iridis).Causes of rubeosis iridis are:-Common :- Diabetic retinopathy (most common cause), central retinal vein occlusion), Eale's disease, sickle-cell retinopathy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diabetic Retinopathy", "opb": "CRVO", "opc": "CRAO", "opd": "Choroidal melanoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f23a6a8-717b-40c7-9060-37e60218d9e8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Foster kennedy syndrome seen with", "exp": "Answer- C. Frontal lobe tumorFoster - kennedy syndrome :- The frontal lobe, pituitary and middle ear tumor such as meningiomata of the oflactor groove are sometimes associated with Ipsilateral pressure atrophy of the optic nerve and contralateral papilloedema.", "cop": 3, "opa": "AION", "opb": "Retinal detachment", "opc": "Frontal lobe tumor", "opd": "Macular edema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e16fbbd9-3362-42e0-a2ed-601693fbb3a5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Circumcorneal vascularization is seen in deficiency of", "exp": ".", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vit D", "opb": "Vit A", "opc": "Riboflavin", "opd": "Thiamine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f2ef1653-6281-4076-afa8-30232c81f09e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Earliest sign of Diabetic retinopathy is", "exp": "(Microaneurysm) (295-Person 20th) (260-62-Khurana 4th)* Earliest detactable lesion is microaneurysm in the macular area in NPDRDIABETIC RETINOPATHYOphthalmoscopic features of Non-proliferativediabetic retinopathy (NPDR)* Microaneurysm at the macular area (the earliest detectable lesion)*** Retinal haemorrhage both deep (dot and blot haemorrhage) and superficial haemorrhages (flame shaped)* Hard exudates** - yellowish- white- waxy looking patches are arranged in clumps or in the circinate pattern - seen in macular area* Retinal oedema characterized by retinal thickening* Cotton -wool spots** (if >8, there is high risk of PDR)* Venous abnormalities - beading, looping and dilatation* Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA)* Dark-blot haemorrhages representing haemorrhagic retinal infarctsThe hall mark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the occurrence of neovascularization over changes of very severe NPDRComments cause of moderate (diminuation) of vision is Macular oedema*** Advanced diabetic eve disease - It is marked by complication such as- Persistent vitreous haemorrhage**- Tractional retinal detachment**- Neovascular glaucoma**Most common cause of vitreous hemorrhage in adults is - Diabetes (PDR) (297-Parson 20th)HARD EXUDATES - seen in -DR, Hypertensive retinopathy, coat's disease, circinate retinopathySoft exudates seen in - Hypertensive retinopathy DR, Toxemic retinopathy of pregnancy, Anemia, collagen vascular disease like- SLE, PAN, SclerodermaManagement of diabetic retinopathyType of retinopathyTherapy* Background* MaculopathyCSME* Difuse leak around macula- Circinate* Preproliferative retinopathy* Proliferative retinopathy* Advanced diabetic eye diseaseControl of diabetic, regular reviewFocal photocoagulation- Grid laserFocal photocoagulation**- Frequent reviewPan retinal photocoagulation**- Vitreo, retinal surgery** with photocoagulation* Gentamicin - can cause macular or retinal toxicity even at therapeutic and low doses when given intravitreally* NIDDM with history of DM for years should have an ophthalmic examination - As early as feasible in IDDM- 5 years after the onset of diabetes", "cop": 1, "opa": "Micro-aneurysm", "opb": "Cotton wool spots", "opc": "Hard exudates", "opd": "Flame shaped haemorrhage", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "fcfcd1de-d9fa-49d5-9626-0738c7c747ac", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In homocystinuria, lens subluxates in", "exp": "Homocystinuria. It is an autosomal recessive, inborn error of metabolism. In it the lens is usually subluxated inferior and nasally. Systemic features Fair complexion, malar flush, mental retardation, fits and poor motor control Diagnosis is established by detecting homocysteine in urine by sodium nitro-prusside test. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:216 QUESTION REPEATED", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inferolateral", "opb": "Inferonasal", "opc": "Superionasal", "opd": "Superiotemporal", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "488e5d6c-f5ea-4382-ab53-4ad4b7d3dd96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The normal pH of tear is (REPEATED)", "exp": "pH of tear is 7.4 Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 366", "cop": 2, "opa": "5.7", "opb": "7.5", "opc": "6.5", "opd": "7.9", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "6268675f-a307-4d16-8962-341c5da0d10a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pilocarpine eye drops act as", "exp": "Ans. (b) Directly acting mioticRef: KDT 7/e, p. 105It is a cholinomimetic alkaloid and acts directly on muscarinic receptors and also on ganglionic muscarinic receptors causing miosis, ciliary muscle contraction and fall in IOP.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Directly acting mydriatic", "opb": "Directly acting miotic", "opc": "Indirectly acting miotic", "opd": "Indirectly acting mydriatic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "06a9b300-57f2-4a94-84fa-d1ca6a50a37a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intraocular lenses are made up of", "exp": "A i.e. PMMA The Optic pa of non foldable lenses are made up of PMMA (Poly methyl methacrylate) Q where as foldable lenses are made up of silicon, hydrophobic or hydrophilic acrylic.Q The Haptic pa of both is made of polypropylene, PMMA, acrylic. Lens Made up of Contact lens: 1. Hard PMMA (Polymethyl methaacrylate) Q 2. Soft HEMA (Hydroxy methyl methaacrylate) Q 3. Semi soft PMMA + Silicon + CAB Intraocular lens: 1. Optic pa Non foldable PMMA Q Foldable Silicone, Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic acrylic 2. Haptic pa Polypropylene, PMMA, Acrylic", "cop": 1, "opa": "PMMA", "opb": "HEMA", "opc": "Glass", "opd": "Plastic", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9a45305c-fcc6-494a-a24e-d92fe2707b3d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Zonular cataract is seen in", "exp": "Lamellar or Zonular cataract It is a developmental cataract in which the opacity occupies a discrete zone in the lens. It is the most common type of congenital cataract presenting with visual impairment. Characteristic features. Typically, this cataract occurs in a zone of foetal nucleus surrounding the embryonic nucleus. The main mass of the lens internal and external to the zone of cataract is clear, except for small linear opacities like spokes of a wheel(riders) which may be seen towards the equator. Occasionally two such rings of opacity are seen. It is usually bilateral and frequently causes severe visual defects. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:184", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opc": "Gauchers disease", "opd": "Niemann pick's disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "6c17e51b-3307-4e6c-8306-c95ee8f9ef0d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Lamina Cribrosa is absent in", "exp": "Morning glory syndrome is a birth defect of optic nerve that resembles flower known as morning glory.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Macular hole", "opb": "Coloboma of Optic disc", "opc": "Optic atrophy", "opd": "Morning glory syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "18d2c0b2-25f3-4535-afac-14c9077791c1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope uses", "exp": "Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope It is an instrument using a confocal laser system to provide and analyze a three-dimensional image of the optic nerve head, peripapillary retina, and macular region It uses a 670 nm diode laser and measures the amount of light reflected from a series of 16-64 sections in depth and reconstructs them to show the anatomy of the optic nerve head and reconstruct the anatomy of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 461 - 462", "cop": 2, "opa": "Infrared laser", "opb": "Diode laser", "opc": "Excimer laser", "opd": "YAG laser", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "bda19b8f-b5d5-48d0-bdf7-c24ec2fa4742", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Axial proptosis is associated with", "exp": "Ans. (a) Optic gliomaRef Kanski 7/e, chapter 3, Jakabisc 3/e, p. 2886* Space-occupying lesions within the muscle cone, such as cavernous haemangiomas and optic nerve tumours cause axial proptosis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Optic glioma", "opb": "Dermoid cyst", "opc": "Lacrimal gland tumors", "opd": "Maxillary tumors", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Orbit", "id": "2490a675-6f09-4748-b632-99e8d456df56", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The epithelium is absent in lens on", "exp": "There is no posterior epithelium, as these cells are used up in filling the central cavity of lens vesicle during The epithelium development of the lens.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior surface", "opb": "Posterior surface", "opc": "Anterior pole", "opd": "At zonular attachment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d9ee13f9-8619-4d69-aef9-1e1fd007c70d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dalrymple’s sign is seen in", "exp": "o Ocular signs of thyroid ophthalmopathy\ni) Bilateral exophthalmos with associated exposure keratitis.\nii) Dalrymple’s sign - There is peculiar stare due to retraction of the upper lid.\niii) Von Graefe’s sign - Upper lid lags on downward movments of the eyeball.\niv) Stellwag’s sign - There is infrequent and incomplete blinking.\nv) Mobius’s sign - There is weakness of convergence .\nvi) Jellinek’s sign - There is increased pigmentation of lids.\nvii) Joffroy’s sign - There is poor forehead wrinking on looking up\nviii) Enroth’s sign - Fullness of eyelids (Puffy edematous).\nix) Grifford’s sign - Difficulty in eversion of upper lid", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyroid ophthalmopathy", "opb": "Orbital cellulitis", "opc": "Choroidal melanoma", "opd": "Posterior Vitreal detachment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9626acc8-386f-4f48-bdc3-e05dbf23cc0e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Leber's amourotic optic neuropathy inheritance is", "exp": "Ans. a. Mutation in mitochondrial DNALeber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is rare ganglion cell degeneration.Papillomacular bundle is particularly affected in this case.The condition is caused by maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA point mutations, most frequently (50-90%) at nucleotide position 1178 (G to A) in theMT-ND4 gene.Most commonly affects age group 15-35 years.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mutation in mitochondrial DNA", "opb": "Autosomal Dominant", "opc": "X-linked recessive", "opd": "Autosomal Recessive", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-Ophthalmology", "id": "9f0e434a-e4d4-44ea-940b-dd94bf9a773e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hyaloid artery starts to regress at", "exp": "Hyaloid artery starts to regress at 3 - 4 months of period of gestation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Birth", "opb": "3 - 4 months of period of gestation", "opc": "6 - 7 months of period of gestation", "opd": "2 - 3 weeks after birth", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6950cc81-d68f-4717-af0c-09aab7259577", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Forced duction test is to find out", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 353 - 354) Forced duction testIt is performed to differentiate between the incomitant squint due to paralysis of extraocular muscle and that due to the mechanical restriction of the ocular movements.FDT is positive (resistance encountered during passive rotation) in cases of incomitant squint due to mechanical restriction and negative in cases of extraocular muscle palsy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ocular muscle palsy", "opb": "Ocular muscle spasm", "opc": "Angle of detion", "opd": "Refractive error", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "21bdfebf-4452-4dfe-99e8-c00d70aada96", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Rosette cataract develops in the", "exp": "It is seen as feathery lines of Opacities in the posterior cortex.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior cortex", "opb": "Posterior cortex", "opc": "Anterior subcapsule", "opd": "Posterior subcapsule", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10817e2f-bed6-4a7d-9e63-47be4401180f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "These instruments are used for the surgery of", "exp": "CHALAZION CLAMP is used to fix the chalazion and achieve haemostasis during the incision and curettage operation CHALAZION SCOOP it is used to scoop out contents of the chalazion during incision and curettage.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ptosis", "opb": "Chalazion", "opc": "Ectropion", "opd": "Entropion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lacrimal Apparatus and Eyelid Disorders", "id": "03d44c5e-5e14-4540-b82d-b2eed2afc697", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not an anti oxidant in Lens", "exp": "β Carotenoids (precursor of Vitamin A) is an anti oxident in Lens, not Vitamin A.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vitamin A", "opb": "Vitamin B", "opc": "Vitamin C", "opd": "Vitamin D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb51407c-97e8-45c2-b6e7-bd5e443f3961", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In Recurrent Chalazion histopathological examination is done to rule out", "exp": "(Sebaceous cell carcinoma): (430- Nema 6th edition/457-Parson 21st)CHALAZION* Malignant changes occur but rare, However in all cases with recurrences or those occurring in elderly individuals the lesion should be biopsied to rule out a meibomian cell carcinoma. (444- Parson 21st/ed)* A recurring chalazion, histopathological examination to rule out adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland* Meibomian gland carcinoma may be seen in elderly people (368- Khurana 5th/ed)Sebaceous gland carcinoma (385.Khurana 5th) - arising from meibomian glands. However Indian, literature reports the sebaceous gland carcinoma being the commonest malignancy of eyelid followed by basal and sequamous cell carcinoma.Common malignant tumours of the eyelidTypeCommon locationClinical featuresSpreadTherapyBasal cell carcinomaMedial canthus.lower lidNodule, central ulceration with pearly surface, telangiectasiaLocalResection, radiationSquamous cell carcinomaLower lid, from previous actinic keratosis- Ulcer with thickened margins, keratosis- PapillomatousLocal, lymph nodesResection, radiation cryotherapySebaceous cell carcinomaUpper lid- Nodule resembling chalazion, multifocal, females > males, recurrences commonLocal, intraeptielial, lymph nodesResection, cryotherapy exenterationMalignant melanomaPrevious nevi> 6 mm size pigmented lesion, vascularization, inflammationLocal, vascular, lymph nodesResction exnteration", "cop": 3, "opa": "Squamous cell Carcinoma", "opb": "Adenoma carcinoma", "opc": "Sebaceous cell carcinoma", "opd": "Adenocystic carcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lid", "id": "8b199f11-d81e-4c29-9954-35d0580ca3e2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is associated with", "exp": "Associated with patau syndrome (Trisomy 13).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Trisomy 13", "opb": "Trisomy 21", "opc": "Trisomy 5", "opd": "Monosomy 1", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "86968233-f9db-4f8c-aab1-75f65e6ad2b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Anterior lenticonus may be associated with", "exp": "Lenticonus: It refers to cone-shaped elevation of the anterior pole (lenticonus anterior) or posterior pole (lenticonus posterior) of the lens. Lenticonus anterior may occur in Alpo&;s syndrome and lenticonus posterior in Lowe&;s syndrome. Slit-lamp examination confirms the diagnosis. Ref:- A K Khurana; pg num:-204", "cop": 2, "opa": "Marfan's syndrome", "opb": "Alpo's syndrome", "opc": "Homocystinuria", "opd": "Lowe's syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "5c1fc1ba-584a-4699-825b-60a965afeac4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of Vogt Kayanagi Harada Syndrome is", "exp": "Features of Vogt Kayanagi Harada Syndrome include Mental retardation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sensorineural hearing loss", "opb": "Norma IQ", "opc": "Vitiligo", "opd": "Hyperpigmentation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "540c4efb-7e68-4c70-a6c8-08f010ce5384", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual cycle refers to", "exp": "Visual cycle In the retina of living animals, under constant light stimulation, a steady state must exist under which the rate at which the photochemicals are bleached is equal to the rate at which they are regenerated. This equilibrium between the photodecomposition and regeneration of visual pigments is referred to as visual cycle. Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:-14,15", "cop": 4, "opa": "Day vision and colour vision", "opb": "Cycle of night vision and colour vision", "opc": "Alternate distance and near fixation", "opd": "Photodecomposition and regeneration of visual pigments", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "3a3d6e3e-1201-43af-8fce-9c27204b618e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Topical antifungal in keratomycos s is", "exp": "Natamycin Three main groups of antifungal agents are effective against corneal fungal infection These are: ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS Agent Route Polyenes Amphotericin B Topical Subconjunctival Intracameral Natamycin Topical suspension Imidazoles Clotrimazole Topical Ketoconazole Topical Oral Miconazole Topical suspension Topical cream Subconjunctival Triazoles Fluconazole Topical Oral Itraconazole Topical Oral Pyrimidines Flucytosine Topical Oral Polyenes - i.e. Amphotericin B & Natamycin are the first agents of choice in keratomycosis. Amphotericin B? - is paicularly efective against yeasts but less effective against filamentous organisms. - it is therefore the first agent of choke against yeasts. Natamycin? - it is effective against yeasts and has broad spectrum of activity against filamentous organisms. - it is therefore the first agent of choice against filamentous organisms. Amphotericin B and Natamycin can be alternated on an hourly basis for infections which fail to respond to single-agent. The azoles and flucytosine are used as alternative agents for advanced fungal infections or infections failing to respond to polyenes. If fungal keratitis fails to respond to medical therapy surgical intervention is needed.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Silver sulfadiazine", "opb": "Natamycin", "opc": "Ketoconazole", "opd": "Flucytosine", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "48a0b874-f532-451f-8d8a-da719ad935f1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Bitemporal hemianopia is associated with lesions of the", "exp": "Sagittal (central) lesions of the chiasma These are characterised by bitemporal hemianopia and bitemporal hemianopic paralysis of pupillary reflexes. These usually lead to paial descending optic atrophy. Common causes of central chiasmal lesion are: suprasellar aneurysms, tumours of pituitary gland, craniopharyngioma, suprasellar meningioma and glioma of third ventricle, third ventricular dilatation due to obstructive hydrocephalus and chronic chiasmal arachnoiditis. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-290", "cop": 1, "opa": "Central chiasma", "opb": "Lateral pas of chiasrna", "opc": "Optic radiation", "opd": "Optic tract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "74bd978a-55a1-41c8-95bc-8e2f873ad435", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of Mature Senile Cataract among the  following is", "exp": "Iris shadow is absent in mature senile cataract.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pearly white colored", "opb": "Diminision of Vision", "opc": "Glare", "opd": "Iris shadow", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d361ab82-abc2-4160-92bd-8e336270aee9", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common type of scleritis is", "exp": "Scleritis can be classified as follows: I. Anterior scleritis (98%) 1. Non-necrotizing scleritis (85%) (a) Diffuse (b) Nodular 2. Necrotizing scleritis (13%) (a) with inflammation (b) without inflammation (sclero malacia perforans) II. Posterior scleritis (2%) The most common form, anterior scleritis, is defined as scleral inflammation anterior to the extraocular recti muscles. Posterior scleritis is defined as involvement of the sclera posterior to the inseion of the rectus muscles. Ref. UGkhurana 4th edition Pg.129", "cop": 3, "opa": "Non-necrotizing", "opb": "Necrotizing", "opc": "Anterior", "opd": "Posterior", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea and sclera", "id": "9a395653-f32e-4a64-b9f2-8412227b75ec", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Subconjunctival hemorrhage does not occur in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "High intraocular tension", "opb": "Trauma", "opc": "Peussis", "opd": "Eye rubbing", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e47fa535-1b9e-47b9-8a47-85ec8cd5cb99", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Flower petal appearance in fundus flourescein angiography is in", "exp": "Flower petal appearance  - CME.\nSmoke stack pattern or Ink blot sign - Central serous retinopathy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cystoid macular edema", "opb": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opc": "Central serous retinopathy", "opd": "Age related macular degeneration", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "16eeba5c-86de-46e9-bea6-ffa1467733db", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Surgery used to treat posterior capsular Opacification is", "exp": "Posterior Capsular opacification is a complication of Cataract surgery.\nTreatment is Nd : YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Laser Posterior Capsulotomy", "opb": "Extracapsular cataract Extraction", "opc": "Phacoemulsification", "opd": "Lensectomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "39d81a9f-686c-4b84-a2d8-26f64887f446", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Duane syndrome involves", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 357) Duane retraction syndrome represents the most frequent and most prominent congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD)It is due to fibrosis of the lateral rectus or an innervational anomaly with Co-contraction of the lateral and medial rectiThere is a deficiency of abduction, associated with impaired adduction, contraction of palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye", "cop": 3, "opa": "Superior oblique", "opb": "Inferior oblique", "opc": "Lateral rectus", "opd": "Superior rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "97e91a3c-2590-4e61-8827-87fe384ec826", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Circumcorneal congestion is not seen in", "exp": "Acute bacterial conjunctivitis Conjunctival congestion, which is more marked in palpebral conjunctiva, fornices and peripheral pa of bulbar conjuctiva, giving the appearance of fiery red eye. The congetion is typically less marked in circumcorneal zone. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:63 REF IMG", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acute bacterial conjuctivitis", "opb": "Acute iritis", "opc": "Acute glaucoma", "opd": "Scleritis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "3eece46e-f9a8-4742-903e-60bcfef02937", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common retrobulbar mass in adults is", "exp": "Cavernous hemangioma is a non encapsulated seen most commonly inside the muscle cone. Refer khurana 6/e p 411", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neurofibroma", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "Cavernous hemangioma", "opd": "Schwannoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "abe21976-0172-4f75-a373-4cb509de475c", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mutton fat keratic precipitates are seen in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Granuloma uveitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Granuloma uveitis", "opb": "Non granulomatous uveitis", "opc": "Choroiditis", "opd": "Posterior staphyloma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal Tract", "id": "544a9b8e-7ebb-44fd-8f4b-223a8cc32a58", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Krukenberg spindles are found in", "exp": "Pigment dispersion syndrome *Krukenberg spindle- Pattern formed on posterior surface of cornea by pigmented iris cells which are deposited as result of currents of the aqueous humor. Found In Pigment dispersion Trauma Pseudoexfoliation syndrome", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pigment dispersion syndrome", "opb": "Primary angle closure glaucoma", "opc": "Hypermature morgagnian cataract", "opd": "Anterior uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of Cornea", "id": "0bb9dd38-ab0c-4f55-8e77-1d26b2f9662a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Normal corneal endothelial count in a young adult is", "exp": "Ans. (b) 2500/mm2Ref Parson's 21/e, p. 120* The cell density of endothelium is around 2800cells/mm2(2400-3000cells/mm2) in young adults, which decreases with the advancing age.", "cop": 2, "opa": "500/mm2", "opb": "2500/mm2", "opc": "4500/mm2", "opd": "6500/mm2", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "d5a1ea05-ba87-4bdf-b71f-cc903e50eaaa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chalazion is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "An acute suppurative staphylococcal infection of glands of zeis or moll", "opb": "A chronic non-infective, non-suppurative lipo-granulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland", "opc": "An acute primary staphylococcal infection of meibomian gland", "opd": "A viral infection commonly affecting children", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "87ca6268-58c0-41db-abbd-644117e552ab", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma is", "exp": "D i.e. Iridectomy", "cop": 4, "opa": "Trabeculectomy", "opb": "Pilocarpine", "opc": "Timolol", "opd": "Iridectomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f097082f-d487-403c-81a7-c8fa599c87d8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for the other eye in open angle glaucoma is", "exp": "Ans. (b) Laser trabeculoplasty* Please refer to above explanation* Treatment of choice for primary angle closure glaucoma (fellow eye, latent stage, subacute or intermittent stage , chronic stage) is laser iridotomy* Peripheral surgical iridectomy can also be used.* In acute congestive stage of PACG drug of choice is Pilocarpine, till the time laser iridotomy can be performed. Treatment of choice for fellow eye | | |Primary open angle glaucoma Primary angle closure glaucoma | | Laser trabeculoplasty Nd YAG Laser Iridotomy", "cop": 2, "opa": "Peripheral iridectomy", "opb": "Laser trabeculoplasty", "opc": "Laser iridotoomy", "opd": "Trabeculectomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Surgical Procedures For Glaucoma", "id": "76b91b0e-4aea-4f39-8bb9-7b5a75e2de84", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Area of fundus seen with direct ophthalmoscope", "exp": "Ans. 2 DD", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 DD", "opb": "2 DD", "opc": "3 DD", "opd": "4 DD", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9412f26f-85bf-4fe0-8a0a-fc6bf698b950", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commonest manifestation of retinoblastoma is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 303) Leukocoria or amaurotic cat's eye reflex this is the most common manifestation. The leukocoria or the white glow in the pupil is caused by reflection of light from the white intraocular tumor Leukocoria. Leukocoria (also white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye. Because of the potentially life-threatening nature of retinoblastoma, a cancer, that condition is usually considered in the evaluation of leukocoria.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pseudohypopyon", "opb": "Leukocoria", "opc": "Squint", "opd": "Nystagmus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "4158d059-213c-447e-a76d-7504e6448fbd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudopapillitis is seen in", "exp": "Pseudopapillitis = small optic disc with ill defined margins.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Hypermteropia", "opc": "Presbyopia", "opd": "Pathological myopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bb93e3b7-32da-4c5b-8635-e5d2bb337fd4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "KISA% is associated with", "exp": "Answer- A. KeratoconusThe KISA index is used in cases ofkeratoconus and is derived using 4 indices:Central keratometry KInferior- Superior keratometry (I-S)Astigmatism Index (AST)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Keratoconus", "opb": "Keratoglobus", "opc": "Hypermetropia with astigmatism", "opd": "Terrien's marginal degeneration", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "527f7f68-7354-4c4b-bba8-20e934603ff8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "First sign of raised intracranial pressure in fundoscopy is", "exp": "1st sign - Dilatation of vessels.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cupping of optic disc", "opb": "Dilatation of vessels", "opc": "Blurring of disc", "opd": "Nasal shifting of blood vessels", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a45392b-6e96-4ad9-a5e4-a020a8f149b5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Standard in perimetry is", "exp": "Goldmann's perimeter: It consists of a hemispherical dome. Its main advantage over the tangent screen is that the test conditions and the intensity of the target are always the same. It permits greater reproducibility, Goldmann perimeter stimuli I through V. Unless otherwise instructed, the equivalent to Goldmann size III (4 mm2) white target. Reference : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4, Page-483,484", "cop": 3, "opa": "Goldman type I", "opb": "Goldman type II", "opc": "Goldman type III", "opd": "Goldman type IV", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "76edc5cb-1576-4154-a32d-14d981098700", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Circinate retinopathy is seen in", "exp": "Answer- A. Diabetic RetinopathyCircinate retinopathy is a feature of Diabetic Retinopathy. It is a feature of diabetic macular edema.Circinate retinoiathy a condition markedby a circle ofwhite spotsenclosing the macular area,leading to complete foveal blindness.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diabetic Retinopathy", "opb": "Hypeensive Retinopathy", "opc": "Best Disease", "opd": "Stargardt's Disease", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "417fe2c5-3fe0-4cd7-92b7-b1beddd56f03", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Binasal hemianopia is seen in", "exp": "Central chiasma - Bitemporal hemianopia.\nB/ L Lateral chiasma - Binasal hemianopia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Optic nerve lesions", "opb": "Central chiasma lesions", "opc": "B/L lateral chiasma lesions", "opd": "Optic tract lesion", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6c7e9852-f49a-4f58-938b-0df8e52cfbff", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Satellite nodule on a corneal ulcer is seen in", "exp": "A i.e. Fungal infection Feature Found in Satellite lesion Fungal keratitis (corneal ulcer) C e.g. Aspergillus, Candida Sympathetic opthalmitis Q Dalen fuch's nodule, B/L granulomatous uveitis Dendritic & Geographic ulcer Herpes simplex Q Snow ball opacity in vitreous Pars planitis (intermediate uveitis), sarcoid Q, amyloid, candidiasis, lyme disease Fleischer ring, Munson's sign, Vogt lines, Oil droplet reflex Keratoconus Q Invasion of normal corneal epithelium N. gonorrhoea & Corynebacterium diptheria Q Horner Trantas dots, Cobble stone (pavement stone) papillary hyperophy, no follicles, shield ulcer, Maxwell lyon sign (sting or ropy discharge) Spring catarrh Herbe's pit, Arlt's line, papillary hyperplasia, follicles, pannus, SAFE treatment strategy Trachoma Habb's striae, lens anteroposteriorly flattened & displaced Q Bupthalmos", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fungal infection", "opb": "Bacterial infection", "opc": "Viral infection", "opd": "Mycoplasma infection", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "55abe494-4c64-4a06-b517-4e6c4b5dbe70", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "S shaped eyelid is seen in", "exp": "Plexiform neurofibromas - Bag of worm consistency and S shaped eyelid deformity.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arterio venous fistula", "opb": "Ulcerative blepharitis", "opc": "Plexiform neurofibroma", "opd": "Horner's syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f022b79-b260-410d-ad10-b5ab712742a4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Minimum number of Goblet cells in Conjunctiva is found at", "exp": "Upper temporal conjunctiva has minimum number of Goblet cells in Conjunctiva.\nNasal bulbar conjunctiva has maximum number of Goblet cells in Conjunctiva.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nasal bulbar conjunctiva", "opb": "Lower temporal conjunctiva", "opc": "Upper tarsal conjunctiva", "opd": "Upper temporal conjunctiva", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5c09e7c7-4052-4535-9826-63b3d2ce311d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hypermature morgagnian cataract most commonly leads to", "exp": "Hypermature morgagnian cataract most commonly leads to Phacolytic glaucoma. LENS INDUCED GLAUCOMA Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma (phacoantigenic glaucoma)is due to anaphylactic reaction to lens protein that is a cryptic antigen. It can be through any intraocular surgery or trauma during which lens material comes in contact of anterior chamber & there is a sudden bout of inflammation associated with rise of IOP. In phacolytic glaucoma lens capsule is intact. There are micropores through which lens proteins leak. Phacomorphic glaucoma is a secondary angle closure glaucoma due to intumescent cataract. It is more common than phacolytic glaucoma. Lens dislocation in anterior chamber or microspherophakia also causes lens induced glaucoma due to angle closure.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phacomorphic glaucoma", "opb": "Phacolytic glaucoma", "opc": "Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma", "opd": "Buphthalamos", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cataract", "id": "475c132a-ba3e-4ec4-8ea7-c6403a87d21b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Shadow test is used in", "exp": "Shadow test in Retinoscopy : Fundal reflex casting shadow in pupillary area.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ophthalmoscopy", "opb": "Gonoioscopy", "opc": "Retinoscopy", "opd": "Keratometry", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3682d7e-c796-4d73-9f78-5457fed5c4f4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ameboid ulcer is a feature of", "exp": "Ans. is c i.e., Herpetic corneal ulcer Herpetic Keratitis Most of the ocular infection are caused by HSV-1 except in neonates where eye infection can be caused by HSV2 through infected genitalia of mother. Ocular involvement by HSV may occur in two forms : - Primary herpes : - Typically is a unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis which is characterized by vesicles on the skin of lids, follicular conjunctivitis, preauriculars adenopathy and sometimes punctate keratitis. Recurrent ocular herpes : - After primary infection, recurrent disease may involve any or all layers of the cornea. Recurrent herpatic keratitis is divided into : ? 1) Epithelial keratitis : - Manifestations of epithelial keratitis include : - Corneal vesicles : - Vesicles coalesce and erupt to form dendritic or geographic ulcer. Superficial punctate keratitis Dendritic ulcer: - It is the most common presentation and is a typical lesion of herpes keratitis. There is an associated marked diminution of sensation. Geographic ulcer (amoeboid ulcer) 2) Stromal keratitis : - Stromal keratitis may be of two types : - Disciform keratitis : - This is due to damage to endothelial cells as a result of hypersensitivity reaction to the HSV antigen. Diffuse stromal necrotic keratitis : - Caused by active viral invasion and tissue destruction. 3) Metaherpatic keratitis (Epithelial sterile trophic ulceration) : - It is not an active disease, but is a mechanical healing problem at the site of previous herpetic ulcer.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Parasitic corneal ulcer", "opb": "Mycotic corneal ulcer", "opc": "Herpetic corneal ulcer", "opd": "Bacterial corneal ulcer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "743db665-144e-439c-8961-a68a15f9d3f6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pars planitis is also known as", "exp": "Ans. a (Intermediate uveitis) (Ref. Parson's 19th/pg. 360 & Basak's Ophthalmology, 2nd /p. 151; Q. 157 of MH-2007)INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS (PARS PLANITIS)# Thought to be immunological reaction# 2nd to 4th decade# Usually trilateral (80%)# Floaters & blurring of vision# Snow-ball vitreous opacities# Snow-bank exudates over pars plana ('SNOW-BANKING')# Moderate aqueous cells & flare# Moderate to severe cases need sub-tenon steroid inj or systemic steroids or cryotherapy", "cop": 1, "opa": "Intermediate uveitis", "opb": "Anterior uveitis", "opc": "Posterir uveitis", "opd": "Pan uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Uveal Tract", "id": "cdc72949-ccff-4be1-80d0-58e0c3cb7740", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "30 year old young male came with sudden onset visual loss with no h/o trauma and the fundus details cant be appreciated with no significant systemic history. The other eye has evidence of sheathing of vessels in periphery. A diagnosis of Eale's disease is made. The most common presenting symptom of this disease is", "exp": "EALES DISEASE -Bilateral, Idiopathic, Occlusive, Peripheral periphlebitis -also known as angiopathia retinae juvenilis, periphlebitis retinae, primary perivasculitis of the retina. -Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage in young and is the most impoant and pathognomic identifying feature -There can be subtle signs of sheathing of vessels and exudates in the fellow eye -Few evidence in literature suggests of possible association with TB", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neovascularization", "opb": "Recurrent vitreous hemorrhage", "opc": "Macular edema", "opd": "Posterior subcapsular cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous Humour, Uveal Disorders", "id": "e531716e-a225-4bda-95f0-0ab6a8b7de42", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Organism invading intact corneal membrane is", "exp": "Intact corneal epithelium cannot be penetrated by any organism EXCEPT, Neisseria gonorrhea Neisseria meningitides Corynebacterium diphtheriea", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcus", "opb": "Streptococcus", "opc": "Gonococcus", "opd": "Pneumococcus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "6f325b6b-1ebe-4e45-b67b-fe2117e40bc8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common intraocular malignancy of childhood is", "exp": "Retinoblastoma arises from primitive retinal cells, presented commonly in first two years of life. Inheritance Pattern In hereditary retinoblastoma, mutations in the RB1 gene appear to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of cancer. Reference: Aravind FAQS in Ophthalmology; First Edition; Page no: 407", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neuroblastoma", "opb": "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Retinoblastoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "0f696129-b7e0-4240-959f-14506aa673dc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Temporal lobe tumours may produce", "exp": "Ans. Crossed upper quadrantanopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Crossed upper quadrantanopia", "opb": "Crossed lower quadrantanopia", "opc": "Uncrossed upper quadrantanopia", "opd": "Uncrossed lower quadrantanopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "13e08522-74d5-4ab3-ad78-e484e5789f50", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Duane Retraction Syndrome is most commonly characterised by", "exp": "Answer- A. Deficiency in action of 6th nerve characterized by difficult abductionDuane retraction syndrome represents the most frequent and most prominent congenital (CCDD). cranial dysinnervation d.isorderDuane retraction syndrome is a congenital strabismus that is usually caused by failure of normal development of the abducens nerve (the sixth cranial nerve). There is absence ofthe abducens nerve and fascicle with anomalous innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the oculomotor nerve.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deficiency in action of 6th nerve characterized by difficult abduction", "opb": "Weakness of superior oblique", "opc": "Presence of corneal pigmentation", "opd": "Presence of acute increase in intraocular pressure", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9802b6b-98d5-4f3e-842d-6094cf45debd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Commotio retinae is", "exp": "(B) Oedema of retina following blunt trauma # COMMOTIO RETINAE (Berlin's oedema): Common occurance following a blow on the eye\"> Manifests as milky white cloudiness involving a considerable area of the posterior pole with a 'Cherry - red spot' in the foveal region.> It may disappear after some days or may be followed by pigmentary changes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oedema of cornea following blunt trauma", "opb": "Oedema of retina following blunt trauma", "opc": "Injury to anterior part of lens", "opd": "Injury to sclera", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "d16d014b-c3e1-47b9-98d1-902ad85ebebf", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fluctuating refractive errors with cataract are seen in", "exp": "B i.e. Diabetic cataract Feature Found in Frequent change of presbyopic glasses Open angle glucoma Q Second sight (index myopia neutralizes the plus power of presbyopia & patient is able to see small prints without spectacles) Nuclear cataractQ Fluctuation of refractory error (high level of aqueous glucose is metabolized by aldose reductaseQ into sorbitol which then accumulates with in lens resulting in secondary osmotic over hydration of lens. Hypeglycemia leads to fluctuating myopia) Diabetic cataract Q Shield like cataract A topic dermatitis Q", "cop": 2, "opa": "Morgagnian cataract", "opb": "Diabetic cataract", "opc": "Intumescent cataract", "opd": "Traumatic cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d910907-b234-4804-8707-307c1c75bc3f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "&; Angry sun appearance &; in fundoscopy seen in", "exp": "Angry sun appearance &; in fundoscopy is a feature of -papilloedema. Ref AK khurana 6/e <img alt=\"\" src=\" />", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary optic atrophy", "opb": "Papilledema", "opc": "Papillitis", "opd": "Drusen's rings", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "44f41d6b-0496-4ab2-a415-3ab1f1a29cda", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common organism causing chorioretinitis in HIV is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 470 - 472)Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of chorioretinitis in patients who are HIV positive", "cop": 1, "opa": "CMV retinitis", "opb": "Toxoplasma chorioretinitis", "opc": "Syphilitic retinitis", "opd": "Pneumocystis carini", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Vitreous and retina", "id": "aaace0bb-9ecd-4d63-9a83-95fbef3c879b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Net power of Cornea", "exp": "Power of anterior surface of Cornea = +48D\nPower of posterior surface of Cornea= –5D\nNet power of Cornea= +48D –5D = +43D", "cop": 2, "opa": "+48D", "opb": "+43D", "opc": "+45D", "opd": "+60D", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "170f2c6e-7603-42a8-8c68-c2025697c80f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tonometer with variation in application surface", "exp": "Ans. d. Maklakov tonometer Indentation tonometry Indentation tonometry was devised by SchiotzQ. Because of its simplicity, reliability, low price and relative accuracy, it is the most widely used tonometer in the world. For repeated use in multiple patients it can be sterilized by dipping the footplate in ether, absolute alcohol, acetone or by heating the footplate in the flame of spirit. The greatest accuracy is attained if the deflection of lever is between 3-4. Its main disadvantage is that it gives a false reading when used in eyes with abnormal scleral rigidity') False low level of 10P are obtained in eyes with low scleral rigidityQ seen in high myopes and following ocular surgery Applanation tonometry The concept of Applanation tonometry was introduced by GoldmannQ is 1954. It is best on lmbe-Fick lawQ. Currently, it is the most popular and accurate tonometerQ", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mackey Marg tonometer", "opb": "Rebound tonometer", "opc": "Dreger's tonometer", "opd": "Maklakov tonometer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c792e63-310f-41f7-8989-1e460674d570", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "'Cobble stone' appearance of conjunctiva is seen in", "exp": "(A) Spring catarrh > Each papilla is polygonal with a flat fop and contains tufts of capillaries and dense fibrous tissue. The hyaline degeneration imparts bluish-white or milky colour to the papilla.# Vernal keratoconjunctivitis or spring catarrh is a recurrent, bilateral, interstitial self limiting allergic inflammation of conjunctiva having a periodic seasonal incidence:> Vernal conjunctivitis or Spring catarrh;> Predisposing factors: Age: 4-20 years Sex: More in boys than girls Season: More common in summer (Name is a misnomer as it is more common in summer rather than spring)> Agent: is produced in response exogenous allergen (dust, pollen, heat)> Laterality: is bilateral> Presentation: Most marked symptom is itching (Photophobia and lacrimation arc also seen) Ropy discharge : Maxwell Lyon sign (containing eosinophills) Conjunctival SignsBulbarCorneal SignsPalpebralGelatinous thickening around LimbusEpithelial erosionCobble stone appearanceHorner Trantas spots (composed of degenerated eosinophils)Supepethelial punctate erosion and scarringPapillary hypertrophy into polygonal papillaDusky red triangular congestionsPseudogerantoxon with classic cupid bow outlineFollicle are not seen in vernal conjunctivitis Ulcer may be present.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spring catarrh", "opb": "Angular conjunctivitis", "opc": "Eczematous conjunctivitis", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "1731e8b2-fdd2-44d7-82da-f3be14ef39fe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Frequency of USG used in ophthalmics is", "exp": "Ultrasonic frequency in the range of 10MHz are used for ophthalmic diagnosis Ref khurana 6/e", "cop": 1, "opa": "8", "opb": "18", "opc": "15", "opd": "12", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "9c350cde-6418-46cd-9615-16c8ad45f8ca", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient presented with pain in left eye associated with visual distrubance, also a history of blunt trauma to eye 4 month back, first investingation of choice is", "exp": "A i.e. Intraocular tension This is a case of angle recession glaucoma", "cop": 1, "opa": "Introcular tension", "opb": "Ophthalmoscopy", "opc": "Perimetry", "opd": "Ultrasound", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c3ab2112-2831-4d5e-bf63-7309cfbaa6eb", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Epiretinal membrane is seen in", "exp": "Answer- A. Posterior vitreous detachmentEpiretinal membrane is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes. It is also called macular pucker.Immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Posterior vitreous detachment", "opb": "Optic neuritis", "opc": "Papilloedema", "opd": "Glaucomatous optic atrophy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e04a791-4d02-4520-99d2-05b893d09af7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common ocular involvement in sarcoidosis is", "exp": "M/C - Iritis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Iritis", "opb": "Keratitis", "opc": "Cataract", "opd": "Glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebe49982-1f0f-4a90-8710-7f7a6bb36c72", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Modified wheeler's operation is done for", "exp": "Entropion management\n\nJones, Reech and wobing operation\nModified wheeler's operation\nWeiss operation\nBick's operation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Entropion", "opb": "Ectropion", "opc": "Symblepharon", "opd": "Ankylobelpharon", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "858547a0-5de3-433f-b972-247cfdaf261f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dendrites on the cornea may be seen with.", "exp": "Ans. (c) HSV keratitis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Staphylococcal keratitis", "opb": "Pseudomonas keratitis", "opc": "HSV keratitis", "opd": "Acanthamoeba keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Inflammations of the Cornea", "id": "7af45a7b-c899-4055-88c9-5cc77b0d7cc1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A cherry red spot is seen in fundus in", "exp": "C i.e.Trauma", "cop": 3, "opa": "CRV obstruction", "opb": "Diabetic retinopathy", "opc": "Trauma", "opd": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9af48502-f709-41aa-8b44-167837449cf5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common method of anterior capsulotomy in phacoemulsification", "exp": "Answer- C. CapsulorhexisThe most commonly used technique for anterior capsulotomy during phacoemulsification is continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Can-opener capsulotomy", "opb": "Intercapsular capsulotomy", "opc": "Capsulorhexis", "opd": "Envelop capsulotomy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8080b3aa-ce1f-40d7-a1d4-4518f86a8206", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Chalcosis is assosciated with", "exp": "Chalcosis is copper deposition whereas gold deposition is called Chrisiasis Long term intake of gold of more than 1000mg leads to corneal deposits and anterior subscapular cataract Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 434", "cop": 1, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Zinc", "opc": "Lead", "opd": "Gold", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "a04b3c41-167c-4ec4-82ee-5efb466c860a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of 13/1 retinoblastoma is", "exp": "A i.e. Chemotherapy", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chemotherapy", "opb": "Enucleation", "opc": "Radiotherapy", "opd": "Cryo", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "910fe38d-7e96-4e56-b9df-99ffd98b2a3a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice for eales disease is", "exp": "Eales' diseaseIt is an idiopathic inflammation of the peripheral retinal veins. It is characterized by recurrent vitreous hemorrhage; so also referred to as primary vitreous hemorrhage.Treatment of Eales' disease comprises:1. Medical treatment. A course of oral coicosteroids for extended periods is the mainstay of treatment during active inflammation. A course of antitubercular therapy has also been recommended in selective cases.2. Laser photocoagulation of the retina is indicated in the stage of neovascularization.3. Vitreoretinal surgery is required for non-resolving vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 254", "cop": 2, "opa": "Antibiotics", "opb": "Coicosteroids", "opc": "Antihistaminics", "opd": "Surgery", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "22a481f7-da52-4988-b555-f357ce99d6be", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Not a feature of Congenital rubella syndrome is", "exp": "Anterior Uveitis is Not a feature of Congenital rubella syndrome.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Congenital Cataract", "opb": "Microphthalmia", "opc": "Salt and pepper retinitis", "opd": "Anterior Uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4392f489-67d5-498c-a7ed-fee71275ef1b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sarcoidosis is associated with", "exp": "Sarcoidosis -Can cause - Anterior uveitis (M /C)- Posterior uveitis- Intermediate uveitis- Pan uveitis M/C presentation - B/L Lymphadenopathy2nd m/c - uveitis C/F - Mutton fat keratic precipitates - Koppe's / busacca's nodules - Bilateral uveitis - Infiltration - Snowball/ string of pearl appearance - Candle wax drippings ( VASCULITIS) - DX - KVEIM TEST + Increase ACE", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cataract", "opb": "Ectopia lentis", "opc": "Anterior uveitis", "opd": "Keratitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "28367924-e541-4cef-a03a-ab49afb22b7f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Melanocytes in conjunctiva are derived from", "exp": "Neural ectoderm : Retina with its pigment epithelium Epithelial layers of ciliary body Epithelial layers of iris Sphincter and dilator pupillae muscles Optic nerve (neuroglia and nervous elements only) Melanocytes Secondary vitreous Ciliary zonules (teiary vitreous) Reference : A K KHURANA OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4 , Page-10", "cop": 4, "opa": "Neural ectoderm", "opb": "Surface ectoderm", "opc": "Mesoderm", "opd": "Neural crest", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "1b2deaca-b6e3-4eaf-ac33-9dc5dac137b1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Dalen Fuch's nodules seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 163, 437)Dalen Fuch's nodules are seen in sympathetic ophthalmitisDalen-Fuchs' are formed due to the proliferation of the pigment epithelium (of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid) associated with invasion by the lymphocytes and epithelioid cells. Retina shows perivascular cellular infiltration (sympathetic perivasculitis)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sympathetic Ophthalmitis", "opb": "Chronic iridocyclitis", "opc": "Neurofibromatosis", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular trauma ", "id": "6d28db1e-1ad8-4a09-8982-a2e0e4535dad", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient with this condition , presents with retraction of eye lid on chewing. This represents", "exp": "Marcus gunn Jaw winking syndrome Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Ptosis is a congenital ptosis Associated with synkinetic movements of upper lid on masticating movements of the jaw. It is usually unilateral but rarely presents bilaterally. Affects males and females in equal propoion . Etiology This synkinetic movement results from a congenital aberrant connection between motor branches of trigeminal nerve controlling muscles of mastication and superior division of oculomotor nerve controlling the levator palpebrae superioris Ref : ak khurana 7th ed", "cop": 3, "opa": "Abducent palsy", "opb": "Third nerve misdirection syndrome", "opc": "Marcus gunn Jaw winking syndrome", "opd": "Oculomotor palsy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cd501f51-b982-44f2-b002-d16342434478", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pupillary reaction to light is still normal in lesion/injury to", "exp": "Ans. (b) Optic disc* Optic disc is not involved in papillary light reflex.* Pathway of papillary light reflex:Retina - Optic Nerve - Optic Chiasma - Optic Tract - Prerectal Nucleus - Edinger Westphal Nucleus - Inferior Division of 3rd Nerve - Ciliary Ganglion - Short Ciliary Nerves - Sphincter Pupillae", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Optic disc", "opc": "Optic tract", "opd": "Optic chiasm", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of the Optic Nerve", "id": "19e0e53b-7d97-40c2-8a62-2ba59cfc8751", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stocker&;s line is seen in", "exp": "Pterygium It presents as a triangular fold of conjunctiva encroaching the cornea in the area of the palpebral apeure, usually on the nasal side, but may also occur on the temporal side. Deposition of iron seen sometimes in corneal epithelium anterior to advancing head of the pterygium called as stocker's line. Pas. A fully developed pterygium consists of three pas: i. Head (apical pa present on the cornea), ii. Neck (limbal pa), and iii. Body (scleral pa) extending between limbus and the canthus. Stocker's line in pterygium. Pterygium is a fibrovascular proliferative disorder in which conjunctival tissue grows medially to cover the clear cornea. On slit-lamp examination showed marked pterygium that extend from the nasal side of bulbar conjunctiva onto the cornea in the left eye Ref: Khurana; 4th ed; Pg 80", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pinguecula", "opb": "Pterygium", "opc": "Congenital ocular melanosis", "opd": "Conjunctival epithelial melanosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "c60ee27b-cb30-4075-8c71-925f924f5ffe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common site of rupture of the globe", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Limbus", "opb": "Equator", "opc": "Sclera", "opd": "Near pupil", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "600f5f5b-4571-43ac-9161-ae6299aabaaa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The most common retrobulbar orbital mass in adults", "exp": "C i.e. Cavernous haemangioma The cavernous haemangioma is the most common benign orbital tumor in adultsQ, with a female preponderance of 70%. Although it may develop anywhere in orbit, it most frequently occurs with in the muscle cone just behind the globeQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Neurofibroma", "opb": "Meningioma", "opc": "Cavernous haemangioma", "opd": "Schwannoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc43bc59-87f1-4347-9055-e94f70396cc3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Hyaluronic acid is present in", "exp": "Vitreous is composed of water, collagen and hyaluronic acid. Vitreous Humour. Vitreous humor is the fluid-like gel, composed of approximately 98-99% water with trace amounts of hyaluronic acid, glucose, anions, cations, ions, and collagen, located in the posterior chambers of the eyes Reference: khurana 6th edition pg 567", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lens", "opb": "Vitreous humour", "opc": "Blood vessels", "opd": "cornea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "ac6a1fc1-a55e-4e36-a5b3-ce6e2504256d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cataract associated with convulsion is seen in", "exp": "C i.e. Galactosemia Galactosemia presents with B/I., oil droplet cataract, convulsion, Hepatosplenomegaly, ascitis, jaundice, and reluctance to ingest breast milk Q.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Toxoplasmosis", "opb": "Tay Sac's disease", "opc": "Galactosemia", "opd": "Bih asphyxia with prematurity", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "700f7fdb-234a-45bc-b57d-7036576acfbc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Gonioscopy is used for", "exp": "Gonioscopy describes the use of a goniolens in conjunction with a slit lamp or operating microscope to gain a view of the iridocorneal angle, or the anatomical angle formed between the eye&;s cornea and iris. Reference: AK Khurana 7th Edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anterior chamber angle", "opb": "Posterior chamber angle", "opc": "Anterior surface of lens", "opd": "Posterior chamber", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "1795e0db-c349-4dca-8a0a-ca986d44e925", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Ramu, age 10 yr present with itching in his eye, foreign body sensation, & ropy discharge since several months. These symptoms are more prominent in summer. Most probable diagnosis is", "exp": "A i.e. Vernal conjunctivitis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vernal conjunctivitis", "opb": "Fungal keratoconjunctivitis", "opc": "Viral conjunctivitis", "opd": "Trachoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "baca7969-360a-48b3-b125-b1e9f06a173f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Paralysisof 3rd, 4th, 6th nerves with involvement of ophthalmicdivisionof5thnerve, localizes the lesion to", "exp": "Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia  causing diplopia occur due to 3rd, 4th  & 6th cranial nerves.\n6th nerve passes through cavernous sinus and others are related to the lateral wall of cavernous sinuses.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Apex of orbit", "opb": "Brainstem", "opc": "Cavernous sinus", "opd": "Base of skull", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe7a915e-fdae-4fd9-a0f5-0c30803ecd93", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Beaded margin of eyelid is seen in", "exp": "Lipoid proteinosis is a rare, recessively inherited disorder, characterized by infiltration of the skin, oral cavity and larynx. Patients with this genodermatosis can usually be recognized instantly because of husky voice, inability to protrude tongue and thickened eyelids.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Erythema granuloma annulare", "opb": "Leprosy", "opc": "Granuloma annulare", "opd": "Lipoid proteinosis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "f4ed60f6-a828-4619-9f96-ec96800a2c63", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Drug required for dilatation of eye in patient of children with squint", "exp": "D i.e. 1% Atropine ointment", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tropicamide", "opb": "1% Atropine drop", "opc": "Homatropine", "opd": "1% Atropine ointment", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e653d496-10e4-4408-9cf3-7f714084407f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common presentation of Basal cell carcinoma of Lid", "exp": "M/c - Noduloulcerative\nM/c histological pattern is solid basal cell carcinoma with characteristic peripheral palisaded appearance.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Noduloulcerative", "opb": "Nonulcerative nodular", "opc": "Sclerosing type", "opd": "Pigmented bcc", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1835f9cd-e14f-4850-81d4-47d2c3660527", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intraocular calcification in the eye in a child is seen in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 303) *In retinoblastoma, there are areas of necrosis and calcification *In the presence of calcification, endophytic retinoblastoma gives the typical 'cottage cheese' appearance", "cop": 2, "opa": "Toxocara", "opb": "Retinoblastoma", "opc": "Angiomatosis retinae", "opd": "Malignant melanoma of choroid", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "b6003da2-0420-4565-bdd8-baf563df8694", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "In senile nuclear cataract, type of myopia seen is", "exp": "Index myopia results from an increase in the refractive index of the crystalline lens associated with nuclear sclerosisVisual deterioration due to senile cataract has some typical features. It is painless and gradually progressive in nature. Patients with central opacities (e.g., cupuliform cataract) have early loss of vision. These patients see better when the pupil is dilated due to dim light in the evening (day blindness). In patients with peripheral opacities (e.g. cuneiform cataract) visual loss is delayed and the vision is improved in bright light when the pupil is contracted. In patients with nuclear sclerosis, distant vision deteriorates due to progressive index myopia. Such patients may be able to read without presbyopic glasses. This improvement in near vision is referred to as 'second sight&;. As opacification progresses, vision steadily diminishes, until the only perception of light and accurate projection of rays remains in the stage of mature cataract.Ref: Khurana comprehensive ophthalmology 4th ed; Pg179", "cop": 2, "opa": "Curvature myopia", "opb": "Index myopia", "opc": "Axial myopia", "opd": "Positional myopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "d85ce735-efac-4c8d-a589-f9596926339d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Sudden increase in blood sugar in a diabetic causes", "exp": "Ans. Myopia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Hypermetropia", "opc": "Presbyopia", "opd": "Anisometropia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "10bb707b-2a27-4ad9-a70a-ed5b9effe553", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Secondary detion is more than primary detion is a feature of", "exp": "Broadly, strabismus can be classified as below:I. Apparent squint or pseudostrabismus.II. Latent squint (Heterophoria)III. Manifest squint (Heterotropia)1. Concomitant squint2. Incomitant squint INCOMITANT SQUINTIt is a type of heterotropia (manifest squint) in which the amount of detion varies in different directions of gaze. It includes following conditions:1. Paralytic squint,2. 'A' and 'V' pattern heterotropias,3. Restrictive squint PARALYTIC STRABISMUSIt refers to ocular detion resulting from complete or incomplete paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles Primary detion. It is detion of the affected eye and is away from the action of the paralyzed muscle, e.g., if lateral rectus is paralyzed the eyeis converged.2. Secondary detion. It is a detion from the normal eye seen undercover when the patient is made to fix with the squinting eye. It is greater than the primary detion. This is due to the fact that the strong impulse of innervation required to enable the eye with the paralyzed muscle to fix is also transmitted to the yoke muscle of the sound eye resulting in a greater amount of detion. This is yoke muscles. In Paralytic squint, the secondary detion is more than the primary detion. Reference: Khurana Ophthalmology; 4th edition; Strabismus and Nystagmus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Accommodative squint", "opb": "Paralytic squint", "opc": "Infantile esotropia", "opd": "Alternate exotropia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "dec0683d-2ea6-4dfd-9ea8-2d83729ec552", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Afferent component of corneal reflex is mediated by", "exp": "Ans. (c) Trigeminal nerveRef: Fuller Neurological examination made easy 3/e, p. 102The afferent component of corneal reflex is mediated through the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (Vth nerve).The efferent component is mediated through the facial nerve (VIIth nerve).Following corneal stimulation:* Failure of either side of face to contract = Nasociliary nerve lesion* Failure of only one side to contract = Facial nerve lesion.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vagus nerve", "opb": "Facial nerv", "opc": "Trigeminal nerve", "opd": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cornea", "id": "a2dd32ce-af73-4a6a-89b9-9b9ac9579cbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Jaegers cha is used to measure", "exp": "Jaeger's cha is used for measuring Near Vision The Jaeger cha is an eye cha used in testing near vision acuity. It is a card on which paragraphs of text are printed, with the text sizes increasing from 0.37mm to 2.5mm. This card is to be held by a patient at a fixed distance from the eye dependent on the J size being read. The smallest print that the patient can read determines their visual acuity", "cop": 2, "opa": "Distant vision", "opb": "Near vision", "opc": "Color vision", "opd": "Contrast sensitivity", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and Errors of Refraction", "id": "8e0ab827-7c14-4b00-b993-b9848c8513f2", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Downward and lateral gaze is action of", "exp": "C i.e. Superior oblique", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inferior oblique", "opb": "Medial rectus", "opc": "Superior oblique", "opd": "Lateral rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1def027-0708-44ed-8f25-27d4a73bef32", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Accommodation is maximum at the age of", "exp": "Ans. 5 years", "cop": 2, "opa": "25 years", "opb": "5 years", "opc": "14 years", "opd": "30 years", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1e05cd8b-6327-4dee-b31b-94f57d7e1188", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Stye is inflammation of", "exp": "Ans. b (Glands of Zeis or Moll) (Ref. Parson's diseases of Eye 22nd/p 467).# An infection of a Zeis gland is known as a \"hordeolum\" or \"stye.\"# A chalazion is the result of obstruction of the duct of a meibomian gland, which is usually idiopathic, with secondary lipogranulomatous inflammation.# A stye (external hordeolum) is acute inflammation of the Zeis or Moll glands with pain and swelling.# Similarly painful inflammation of the meibomian glands is called an internal hordeolum.TEAR FILM# The lipid component of the tear film is produced by sebaceous glands known as \"Meibomian\" glands (located in the tarsal plates along the eyelid margins) and the glands of \"Zeis\" (which open into the hair follicles of the eyelashes).# Below the lipid layer is located the lacrimal or aqueous layer of the tear film.# This middle layer is the thickest of the three tear layers, and it is formed primarily by the glands of \"Krause\" and \"Wolfring\" and secondarily by the \"lacrimal\" gland, all of which are located in the eyelids.HORDEOLUM# Definition: Hordeolum is an acute bacterial infection of one or more eyelid glands .# Epidemiology and etiology: Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of hordeolum. Hordeolum is often associated with diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, or acne.# Symptoms and diagnostic considerations:- Hordeolum presents as painful nodules with a central core of pus.- External hordeolum appears on the margin of the eyelid where the sweat glands are located.- Internal hordeolum of a sebaceous gland is usually only revealed by everting the eyelid and usually accompanied by a more severe reaction such as conjunctivitis or chemosis of the bulbar conjunctiva.- Pseudoptosis and swelling of the preauricular lymph nodes may also occur.# Rx:- Antibiotic ointments and application of dry heat (red heat lamp) will rapidly heal the lesionCHALAZIONDefinition: Is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland.Clinical features# There is no age or sex predisposition.# There is a higher incidence of chalazion in seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, and diabetes mellitus.# The appearance is of a pale, round, firm lesion of the lid.# Astigmatism with a reduction in vision can be induced by pressure on the eyeball.Treatment# An intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide may help in the resolution of smaller chalazia. If the chalazion does not resolve, or there is a large chalazion, it should be incised and curetted.# Very hard chalazia are occasionally met with, particularly near the canthi, which may be adenomata of the glands and require excision. Malignant changes occur but are rare. However, in all cases with recurrences or those occurring in elderly individuals, the lesion should be biopsied to rule out a meibomian cell carcinoma.Q", "cop": 2, "opa": "Meibomian glands", "opb": "Glands of Zeis or Moll", "opc": "Glands of Moll and Nunh", "opd": "Glands of Krause and Wolfring", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lid", "id": "faa9073f-86eb-4bc4-b753-e850e1432214", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Brown's syndrome involves", "exp": "Brown's syndrome is due to fibrous tightening of the superior oblique tendon.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Superior rectus", "opb": "Superior oblique", "opc": "Medial rectus", "opd": "Lateral rectus", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "84b6aa38-2682-45a3-89c9-d8e5940716fc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A 60 year old woman presents after 4 days of cataract surgery with history of pain and decrease in vision after an initial Improvement. Diagnosis is", "exp": "Bacterial endophthalmitis is most dreaded complication over all.\nPain, diminition of vision after improvement s/o endopthalmitis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "After cataract", "opb": "Endophthalmitis", "opc": "Iris prolapse", "opd": "posterior capsular rupture", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "784a7dde-8fa4-4654-bba7-6e5c523264ae", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "PASCAL is used for", "exp": "Laser photocagulations RETINAL INSTRUMENTS * OCT: Measure RNFL thickness, Ganglion cell volume, Optic nerve head parameters & retinal layers. Cystoid Macular edema is classified according to OCT classification. * OCT- Angio that shows retinal vasculature without the use of dye. * PASCAL- Patterned scanned laser used for photocoagulation. * Spectralis- can do FA, OCT, ICG in same machine. * Retcam 3- Seeing & documenting pediatric retinal diseases, (ROP, Choroidopathies & Dystrophies) * Fugo blade- Used for both anterior, posterior capsulorrhexis & PHPV.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Angiography", "opb": "Laser photocoagulation", "opc": "RNFL thickness", "opd": "Ganglion cell layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "5647bd8b-cb84-4398-899e-6d19950e0a12", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most B/L multifocal retinoblastoma require", "exp": "D i.e. Multi Modality therapy Multi Modality Therapy Most children with bilateral retinoblastoma, multifocal RB, or bothQ, and occasion children with unilateral RB, are managed by multimodality therapy.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chemotherapy", "opb": "Radiotherapy", "opc": "Enucleation", "opd": "Multi Modality therapy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f54bdb7-c07d-4d83-a8d7-c856795d1dbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Vitamin A supplementation in a 10 month old child with xeropthalmia is", "exp": "The three doses are given on 0,1 and 14th day In less than 1 year ago oral dose is 1 lakh IU whereas injectable is 50,000IU Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 467", "cop": 3, "opa": "One dose of 1 lakh units", "opb": "Two doses of 1 lakh units", "opc": "Three doses of 1 lakh units", "opd": "Two doses of 2 lakh units", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "92f42e41-fa36-4490-9b91-235c455f8ecd", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Marcus Gunn pupil is a feature of", "exp": "OPTIC NEURITIS Signs: 1. Visual acuity is usually reduced markedly. 2. Colour vision is often severely impaired. 3. Pupil shows ill-sustained constriction to light. Marcus Gunn pupil which indicates relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is a diagnostic sign. It is detected by the swinging flash light test. Swinging flash light test: It is performed when relative afferent pathway defect is suspected in one eye (unilateral optic nerve lesion with good vision). To perform this test, a bright flash light is shone on to one pupil and constriction is noted. Then the flash light is quickly moved to the contralateral pupil and response noted. This swinging to-and-fro of flash light is repeated several times while observing the pupillary response. Normally, both pupils constrict equally and the pupil to which light is transferred remains tightly constricted. In the presence of relative afferent pathway defect in one eye, the affected pupil will dilate when the flash light is moved from the normal eye to the abnormal eye. This response is called 'Marcus Gunn pupil' or a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). It is the earliest indication of optic nerve disease even in the presence of normal visual acuity. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-294,474,475", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ciliary ganglion lesion", "opb": "Lesion of Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "opc": "Optic neuritis", "opd": "Papilloedema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "d492381e-1188-4cd2-bfaf-ccee1c032831", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Cotton wool spots of Hypertensive retinopathy is present in", "exp": "Flame shaped hemorrhages & cotton wool spots are present in nerve fibre layer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "opb": "Nerve fibre layer", "opc": "Ganglionic cell layer", "opd": "Internal limiting membtane.", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6bb22b8f-9e8f-4e5d-ad31-a66d3c6538fa", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Mizuo phenomenon is seen in", "exp": "Oguchi disease also called as congenital stationary night blindness * Mizuo- nakamura phenomenon: Patient sees better in dark than during day. * Genetic: AR, Mutation in rhodopsin kinase gene * Fundus is normal in dark but loses its sheen in day light * Delayed dark adaptation time * Cause: impaired rods activity (overstimulation of rod cells)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oguchi disease", "opb": "Stargardt disease", "opc": "Gyrate atrophy", "opd": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "26bc5a38-ad46-42cc-82c1-1b170e2fe59a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Circulus aeriosus iridis major is formed by the anastomosis of", "exp": "Anterior ciliary aeries: These are derived from the muscular branches of ophthalmic aery. These aeries pass anteriorly in the episclera, give branches to sclera, limbus and conjunctiva; and ultimately pierce the sclera near the limbus to enter the ciliary muscle; where they anastomose with the two long posterior ciliary aeries to form the circulus aeriosus major, near the root of iris. Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:-136", "cop": 3, "opa": "Long posterior ciliary aeries with sho posterior ciliary aeries", "opb": "Long posterior ciliary aeries with anterior conjunctival aeries", "opc": "Long posterior ciliary aeries with anterior ciliary aeries", "opd": "Anterior ciliary aeries with sho posterior ciliary aeries", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "d779bcc8-f9ab-4bf5-a78c-84693308e74a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Visual axis is", "exp": "Axes of the eyes: 1. The optical axis is the line passing through the center of the cornea (P), the center of the lens (N) and meets the retina (R) on the nasal side of the fovea. 2. Visual axis is the line joining the fixation point (O), nodal point (N), and the fovea (F). 3. Fixation axis is the line joining the fixation point (O) and the center of rotation (C). simple definition of the visual axis is: \" A straight line that passes through both the centre of the pupil and the centre of the fovea\". There is also a stricter definition (in terms of nodal points) which is impoant for specialists in optics and related subjects Image : The Visual Axis of the eye Reference : Khurana comprehensive ophthalmology; 4th edition ; Page27", "cop": 2, "opa": "Center of cornea to retina", "opb": "Object to fovea", "opc": "Center of lens to cornea", "opd": "Center of cornea to optic nerve", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "4f09c9bc-0691-42dc-92a5-277b873419c4", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tabular vision is caused by", "exp": "Ans. a (Retinitis pigmentosa). (Ref Basak, Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., 203)As the primary OAG advances the glaucomatous field defect due to generalized constriction of peripheral field along with double arcuate scotoma leads to tubular vision, in which only central vision remains.Causes of tubular vision include:# CRAO with sparing of cilioretinal artery.# High myopia# POAG# Retinitis pigmentosa}(Mnemonic: CHOR)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Retinitis pigmentosa", "opb": "Narrow angle glaucoma", "opc": "Nuclear cataract", "opd": "Papillodema", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "ed908dea-6f2e-4b7b-a5e1-afcbc251b4b6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The curvature of the cornea can be measured by", "exp": "The 'keratometry' or 'ophthalmometry' is an objective method of estimating corneal astigmatism by measuring the curvature of the central cornea. The keratometry readings are not of much value in routine refraction for prescribing glasses but are of utmost value for prescribing contact lenses and for calculating the power of the intraocular lens to be implanted. Principle. Keratometer is based on the fact that the anterior surface of the cornea acts as a convex mirror; so the size of the image produced varies with its curvature. Therefore, from the size of the image formed by the anterior surface of the cornea (first Purkinje image), the radius of curvature of the cornea can be calculated. The accurate measurement of the image size is obtained by using the principle of visible doubling. Reference : A K KHURANA Comprehensive Ophthalmology edition 4,page-554", "cop": 1, "opa": "keratometry", "opb": "Direct ophthalmoscopy", "opc": "Retinoscopy", "opd": "Perimetry", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Anatomy, Development and clinical examination", "id": "fbd03d0a-ea0c-4d0a-8254-1423dc451bf3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Distant direct ophthalmoscopy is done at", "exp": "Ans. (b) 25 cmDistant direct ophthalmoscopy is done from a distance of 20 - 25 cm, and the features of the red reflex are noted.Option a/d are the same (mathematical conversion), so rule them out distance for retionscopy.Option c - distance for Direct ophthalmoscopy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "100 cm", "opb": "25 cm", "opc": "As close to the face as possible", "opd": "1 m", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Retina", "id": "9d3a18e3-bda7-4fbb-bd38-310d6ea8527f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Blood supply of prelaminar optic nerve is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Short posterior ciliary arteries", "opb": "Branch retinal artery", "opc": "Ophthalmic artery", "opd": "Meningeal arteries", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "adbdfff0-31b6-4d82-b94b-eb2c7e6de49b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A patient came to the casualty with acute attack of asthma after starting treatment of glaucoma. The causative drug is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Timolol(Ref: Kanski 7/e, p. 383; Katzung 12/e, p. 158)Timolol is a non-selective beta blocker and thus acts on Beta 2 receptors also, leading to broncospasm and exacerbation of asthmaBetaxolol is a cardioselective (beta 1 blocker) and thus is free from this side effect", "cop": 1, "opa": "Timolol", "opb": "Betaxolol", "opc": "Clonidine", "opd": "Acetazolamide", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "75db775d-629e-4334-b90e-7c9ffa12f21a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Salt and pepper fundus is seen in", "exp": "D i.e. Congenital syphilis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Multiple sclerosis", "opb": "Cystinosis", "opc": "Weil-Marchaesani syndrome", "opd": "Congenital syphilis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "306cf68a-e691-439e-899e-9d504dd17fbc", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iris pearls are pathognomonic for", "exp": "Iris pearls are seen as glistening white beads at the pupillary margin. They are compared of bacilli within histiocytes and are pathognomonic for Lepromatous uveitis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Syphilis", "opb": "Sarcoidosis", "opc": "Herpes simplex virus", "opd": "Leprosy", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0d7b1acd-4800-4eb4-9879-f33be44289c7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The common cause of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia is", "exp": "Multiple sclerosis It is a demyelinating disorder of unknown etiology, affecting women more often than men, usually in the 15-50 years age group. Pathologically, the condition is characterised by a patchy destruction of the myelin sheaths throughout the central nervous system. Clinical course of the condition: It is marked by remissions and relapses. In this condition, optic neuritis is usually unilateral. Other ocular lesions include bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and vestibular or cerebellar nystagmus. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:- 310", "cop": 2, "opa": "Diabetes mellitus", "opb": "Multiple sclerosis", "opc": "Lead toxicity", "opd": "Diphtheria", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Ocular motility and squint", "id": "37deaf41-88bb-4a69-8baa-68f4f726c4b8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wernicke&;s hemianopic pupillary reaction indicates lesions at the level of", "exp": "Lesions of optic tract: These are characterised by incongruous homonymous hemianopia associated with contralateral hemianopic pupillary reaction (Wernicke's reaction). These lesions usually lead to paial descending optic atrophy and may be associated with contralateral third nerve paralysis and ipsilateral hemiplegia. Common causes of optic tract lesions: Include syphilitic meningitis or gumma, tuberculosis and tumours of optic thalamus and aneurysms of superior cerebellar or posterior cerebral aeries. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-290", "cop": 2, "opa": "Distal pa of optic nerve", "opb": "Optic tract", "opc": "Optic chiasma", "opd": "Optic radiation", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Neuro-ophthalmology", "id": "927564c2-a992-44db-a711-b9bc64566dbe", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Intravenous Mannitol is indicated in", "exp": "* Iv mannitol is an hyperosmotic agents which acts by increasing the osmotic pressure in the plasma thereby imbibing water from the vitreous . Indications:- * Acute rise in IOP --> Primary angle closure glaucoma, Secondary angle closure glaucoma , Posner Schlossman syndrome * In the pre-operative period to reduce IOP in case of lens induced glaucomas, trabeculectomy, etc. Dosage:- * 1-2 mg /kg body weight ; 20% solution Adverse Effects:- * Volume overload in cardiac patients * Increase in BP Other Hyperosmotic Agents: - * Glycerol - increases blood glucose, Contraindicated in Diabetics. * Urea - not routinely used * Isosorbide Ref:- Parson's Diseases of the eye 22nd edition; pg num:- 53,76", "cop": 2, "opa": "Normal tension glaucoma", "opb": "Acute angle closure glaucoma", "opc": "Sympathetic ophthalmitis", "opd": "Primary Open angle glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "8945395a-b0aa-45a7-ae36-7cf837058292", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A girl has pain and blurring of vision while reading", "exp": "(A) (Asthenopia) (341, 346 Khurana 5th)Asthenopia (aesthenopia) from the Greek word \"asthen-opia : aoGsv-Gma\" or eye strain is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and occasionaldouble vision. Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work, or other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks.When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the ciliary muscletightens. This can cause the eyes to get irritated and uncomfortable. Giving the eyes a chance to focus on a distant object at least once an hour usually alleviates the problem.Sometimes, asthenopia can be due to specific visual problems, for example, uncorrected refraction errors or binocular vision problems such as accommodative insufficiency orheterophoria. It is often caused by the viewing of monitors such as those of computers or phones.ESOPHORIAEXOPHORIA* Common in younger group*** Increased accommodation* Excessive use of convergence may cause esophoria(as occurs in bilateral congenital myopes )* Dissociation factor such as prolonged constant use of one eye may result in exophoria (as occurs in individuals using uniocular microscope and watch makers using uniocular magnifying glass)* Elderly* Decreased accommodation* Decreased use of convergence is often associated with exophoria (as seen in presbyopes)Symptoms1. Muscular fatigue -(i) Headache(ii) Difficulty inchanging the focus(iii) Headache and eyeache(iv) Photophobia2. Symptoms of failure to maintain binocular single vision**(i) Blurring or crowding of words while reading(ii) Intermittent diplopia* Intermittent squint (without diplopia)3. Symptoms of defective postural sensation cause problems in judging distances and positions especially of the moving objects. This difficulty may be experienced by cricketers, tennis players and pilots during landing* Concomitant convergent squint - Esotropia* Concomitant divergent squint - Exotropia* Vertical squint - Hypertropia* Uncrossed diplopia is seen in convergent squint -(Esotropia)* Crossed diplopia is seen divergent squint -(Exotropia)CORTICAL BLINDNESS- Bilateral infarction in the distal posterior cerebral arteries* Direct and concensual reflexes are present in both the eyes**", "cop": 1, "opa": "Asthenopia", "opb": "Esotropia", "opc": "Exotropia", "opd": "Esophoria", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "8e4d8449-5ba2-4d1f-a6fa-ab4ff35ae791", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Fincham test differentiates cataract from", "exp": "The colored halos in glaucoma must be differentiated from those found in acute purulent conjunctivitis and early cataractous changes. In conjunctivitis, the halos can be eliminated by irrigating the discharge. The halos of glaucoma and immature cataract may be differentiated by Fincham&;s test in which a stenopaeic slit is passed across the pupil. During this test glaucomatous halo remains intact, while a halo due to cataract is broken up into segments.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 228", "cop": 4, "opa": "Conjunctivitis", "opb": "Iridocyclitis", "opc": "Open angle glaucoma", "opd": "Acute congestive glaucoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "51187665-11db-4bfd-91f1-1fdb6398edd7", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of choice in acute congestive glaucoma", "exp": "B i.e. Laser iridotomy In acute congestive glaucoma stage of primary angle closure glaucoma the fellow eye require prophylactic peripheral iridotomy or surgical iridectomy Q (as PACG is usually a B/L disease and the fellow eye is in latent, subacute or intermittent stage).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pilocarpine", "opb": "Laser iridotomy", "opc": "Timolol", "opd": "Trabeculoplasty", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "91901c78-f1bc-4444-b5e4-acc4178e6067", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most resistant layer of Neurosensory retina", "exp": "Most resistant Layer - RPE.\nMost resistant layer of Neurosensory retina - Ganglionic cell layer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ganglionic cell layer", "opb": "Layer of Rods & cones", "opc": "Retinal pigment epithelium", "opd": "Nerve fibre layer", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "61a6187c-5935-4cc3-9d37-50d8a9edc120", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "The specific topical remedy suggested for angular cojunctivitis is", "exp": "C i.e. Zinc sulphate", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dexamethasone", "opb": "Sulphacetamide", "opc": "Zinc sulphate", "opd": "Penicillin", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c387de19-afe5-46b8-a92d-9e28c72d0fe5", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Miotics are used in the treatment of", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Angle closure glaucoma * Treatment of choice for acute congestive glaucoma - Laser iridotomy (1st choice), Peripheral iridectency (2nd choice).* Drug of choice for acute congestive glaucoma - Pilocarpine .* Initially IOP is controlled (first drug used) - Systemic mannitol or acetazolamide.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Open angle glaucoma", "opb": "Angle closure glaucoma", "opc": "After cataract", "opd": "Posterior uveitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "c820bb73-73f6-4588-ab89-b99ca911cdc8", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudopapilitis is seen in", "exp": "The clinical picture in a patient with hypermetropia is as follows: Symptoms In patients with hypermetropia, the symptoms vary depending upon the age of the patient and the degree of refractive error. These can be grouped as under: 1. Asymptomatic 2. Asthenopic symptoms: These include tiredness of eyes, frontal or a frontotemporal headache, watering and mild photophobia. These asthenopic symptoms are especially associated with near work and increase towards evening. 3. Defective vision with asthenopic symptoms: The patients complain of defective vision which is more for near than distance and is associated with asthenopic symptoms due to sustained accommodative effos. 4. Defective vision only: When the amount of hypermetropia is very high, the patients usually do not accommodate (especially adults) and there occurs marked defective vision for near and distance. Signs 1. Size of the eyeball may appear small as a whole. 2. The cornea may be slightly smaller than the normal. 3. The anterior chamber is comparatively shallow. 4. Fundus examination reveals a small optic disc which may look more vascular with ill-defined margins and even may simulate papillitis (though there is no swelling of the disc, and so it is called pseudopapillitis). The retina as a whole may shine due to the greater brilliance of light reflections (shot silk appearance). 5. A-scan ultrasonography (biometry) may reveal a sho anteroposterior length of the eyeball. Disease Pseudopapilledema is defined as anomalous elevation of one or both optic discs without edema of the retinal nerve fiber layer Papilledema, on the other hand, is a swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure. It is impoant to distinguish pseudopapilledema from true papilledema, which can be the first sign of disease process with the potential for vision loss, neurological impairment, or death. Patients thought to have papilledema are often subjected to lumbar puncture, MRI, and extensive laboratory studies to find the underlying cause. In this aicle, we will cover multiple causes of pseudopapilledema and how to differentiate them from true papilledema. Reference : Khurana comprehensive ophthalmology; 4th edition ; Page: 29, 30", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myopia", "opb": "Hypermetropia", "opc": "Squint", "opd": "Presbyopia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "36b11834-3a0a-4e20-9e42-79c4364520ea", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "lridocorneal endothelial syndrome is associated with", "exp": "GLAUCOMAS ASSOCIATED WITH IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL SYNDROMES Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndromes include three clinical entities: 1) Progressive iris atrophy, 2) Chandler's syndrome, and \u0001 3) Cogan-Reese syndrome. Pathogenesis: The common feature of the ICE syndromes is the presence of abnormal corneal endothelial cells which proliferate to form an endothelial membrane in the angle of anterior chamber. Glaucoma is caused by secondary synechial angle-closure as a result of contraction of this endothelial membrane. Clinical features: The ICE syndromes typically affect middle-aged women. The raised IOP is associated with characteristic features of the causative condition. \u0001 1) In 'progressive iris atrophy', iris features predominate with marked corectopia, atrophy and hole formation. 2)\u0001 While in Chandler's syndrome, changes in iris are mild to absent and the corneal oedema even at normal IOP predominates. 3)\u0001 Hallmark of Cogan-Reese syndrome is nodular or diffuse pigmented lesions of the iris (therefore also called as iris naevus syndrome) which may or may not be associated with corneal changes. Treatment: Medical treatment is often ineffective. \u0001 Trabeculectomy operation usually fails, \u0001 Aificial filteration shunt may control the IOP. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-237", "cop": 1, "opa": "Progressive atrophy of iris stroma", "opb": "Deposition of glycosaminoglycan in Descemet's membrane", "opc": "Deposition of collagen in Descemet's membrane", "opd": "Bilateral stromal oedema of iris and cornea", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Glaucoma", "id": "09a1ff7d-b52d-4f29-a19a-838afa9770c6", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Iris shadow is sign of", "exp": "Iris shadow is a sign of immature cataract When an oblique beam of light is thrown on pupil, a crescentic shadow of pupillary margin of iris will be formed on the greyish opacity of the lens, as long as clear coex is present between the opacity and pupillary margin. When lens is completely transparent or opaque, no iris shadow is formed. Hence presence of iris shadow is a sign of immature cataract..", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mature cataract", "opb": "Hypermature cataract", "opc": "Advanced glaucoma", "opd": "Immature cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Cataract", "id": "b4086d54-4814-4379-9c8a-45bbf3f0df6b", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Most common intracranial tumour encroaching the orbit is", "exp": "The intracranial meningiomas which secondarily invade the orbit are arising from the sphenoid bone. Orbital invasion may occur through: floor of anterior cranial fossa, superior orbital fissure and optic canal. Ref khurana page no.423", "cop": 3, "opa": "Astrocytoma", "opb": "Glioblastoma multiforme", "opc": "Sphenoid wing meningioma", "opd": "Medulloblastoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "7aed1167-fab4-429e-925d-131d6fc4689a", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Wilson's KF ring is associated with following", "exp": "(D) Sun Flower cataract# Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder due to impaired hepatic excretion of copper.> There is excessive accumulation of copper in the CNS, liver, kidneys, cornea, and other organs.> This accumulating copper leads primarily to damage of the liver and brain.> Predominant presentation includes dystonias, tremor, dysphasia, dysarthria, gait & limb ataxia, and neuropsychiatric manifestations> Kayser-Fleischer ring, a brownish coloration of the outer margin of the cornea in Descemef s membrane, is diagnostic of Wilson's disease, which regresses on treatment with metal chelating drugs.> Sunflower cataract was first described in Wilson's disease by Seimerling and Oloff.# Types of cataracts: Blunt trauma/Concussion (Rosette Cataract) Infrared irradiation (Glass Blower's Cataract) Diabetes (Snow Storm Cataract) Galactosemia (Oil Drop Cataract) Wilson's Disease Chalcosis, Penetrating trauma with retention of Cu (Snow flake /Sunflower/ Petals of flower Cataract) Atopic Dermatitis (Syndermatotic Cataract) Posterior Subcapsular (Cupuliform) Congenital (Coronary, Coralliform, etc) Senile (Cuneiform) Blue-Dot (Cataracta caerulea) Black (Cataracta nigra) Brown (Cataracta brunescnence) Red (Cataracta rubra) Vossious ring on anterior surface of lens, Myotonia dystrophia (Christmas tree cataract) Dust like lenticular opacity Galactosemia (Oil drop cataract) (Posterior cortical) bread crumb appearance, Polychromatic luster/Rainbow cataract Complicated cataract (secodary to any eye diseases) Hypermature Senile cataract (Morgagnian cataract)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oil drop cataract", "opb": "Rosette cataract", "opc": "Snow Flake cataract", "opd": "Sun Flower cataract", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous", "id": "e47782d2-87fb-4023-80c4-2bd42bbedf59", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Tear film is absent in", "exp": "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is deficiency of the aqeous layer of tear film REF:Khurana 6th edition page number 366", "cop": 2, "opa": "Herpes keratitis", "opb": "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca", "opc": "Dacryoadenitis", "opd": "Acute conjunctivitis", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "e759ad48-6635-49c8-8946-d4a2a431588e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Density of cells in adult corneal endothelium is", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 95 - 96)The cell density of corneal endothelium is around 3000 cells/mm2 in young adults, which decreases with the advancing age", "cop": 2, "opa": "2000 cells/mm2", "opb": "3000 cells/mm2", "opc": "4000 cells/mm2", "opd": "5000 cells/mm2", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "44023f26-f6dd-442a-925e-533516a48f21", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Probing and irrigation is not done in", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 392 - 395)Contraindications to probing and irrigation The main contraindications are acute dacryocystitis and acute canaliculitisIn the setting of active infection, probing and irrigation is more likely to cause trauma because the lacrimal sac wall is inflamed and friable; it also can cause unnecessary pain and anxiety for the patient Treatment with oral antibiotics (eg, amoxicillin-clavulanate) is appropriate. Cultures of the lacrimal fluid may be helpful. The presence of a lacrimal sac mucocele in adults mandates treatment even if asymptomatic. The treatment of choice is a dacryocystorhinostomy whether the patient is symptomatic or not", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lacrimal fistula", "opb": "Acute dacryocystitis", "opc": "Congenital dacryocystitis", "opd": "Trauma to eye", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus", "id": "281b0ddc-e7d8-4b8f-857e-1e46ac6a2c8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Duochrome test is used for", "exp": "Refining the sphere : The spherical correction is refined after refining the cylinder power and axis . It is done by following tests : Fogging technique Duochrome test Pin-hole test Reference : A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no: 578", "cop": 3, "opa": "Colour blindness", "opb": "Cylindrical axis", "opc": "Spherical axis", "opd": "Astigmatism", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optics and refraction", "id": "4bdfceb9-1232-4e62-9922-3391916ade8e", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Best method of treatment for segmental trichiasis", "exp": "Cryoepilaion\nCryoprobe with -20oc is applied for 20-25 seconds.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Epilation", "opb": "Electrolysis", "opc": "Cryoepilation", "opd": "Argon laser destruction", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f91823a-faf9-4a90-b3ab-0b448ee3c981", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Calcification in retinoblastoma is due to", "exp": "Calcification in retinoblastoma is due to retinal pigment epithelium metaplasia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Necrosis", "opb": "Hemorrhage", "opc": "Scleral rupture", "opd": "RPE metaplasia", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f7f5ba0d-ebb4-42b2-baf5-1ef6dcfdf91d", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Posterior capsulotomy after cataract is done using", "exp": "(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 214 - 215)After cataract, if thin, can be cleared centrally by Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy. Dissection with cystitome or Zeigler&;s knife also be used. Thick membranous after cataract needs surgical membranectomy.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Argon Laser", "opb": "Nd YAg", "opc": "Holmium", "opd": "Diode laser", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Lens", "id": "596f1db8-1aa5-4890-ba12-ac6eb12536f3", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Unilateral papilloedema with optic atrophy on the other side is a feature of", "exp": "(Foster kennedy syndrome): Ref: 241-P, 285-KH (34-KH 4th) (545-Ghai 7th)* Unilateral papilloedema with or without optic atrophy on the other side suggests a tumour of the opposite olfactory groove or orbital surface of the frontal lobe or of the pituitary body - FOSTER - KENNEDY - SYDNROME", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fisher syndrome", "opb": "Foster-kennedy syndrome", "opc": "WAGR syndrome", "opd": "Vogt-Kayanagi-Harada syndrome", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Optic Nerve", "id": "e42939ab-18d0-44ac-9d90-2df88691d9a1", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of metastatic disease in retinobastoma is", "exp": "A i.e. Chemotherapy Treatment Plan of Retinoblastoma The factors influence the management include size, location & laterality of tumor, vision of affected & unaffected eye, age & health of child and any associated ocular problem such as retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage, neovascularization of iris & secondary glaucoma. Chemotherapy (CT) It is primary treatment option in children with bilateral retinoblastomaQ. Initial treatment in children with unilateral disease when the affected eye is believed to be salvageable. 6 cycles of Carboplatin, etopasaide & vincristine (CEV) +- cyclosporine is most common regimen. Paially regressed tumors that are still ble following the 2nd cycle of chemotherapy & any new tumors that develop during the course of chemotherapy must be treated by obliterative local therapies (cryotherapy, laser therapy, and episcleral plaque radiation therapy). Residual or recurrent vitreous seeds following chemotherapy and focal (local) treatments usually require external beam radiation therapy if eye is to be salvaged. Chemotherapy is also used to treat extraocular tumor extension at presentation, or detected on histopathology of enucleated eye, orbital tumor recurrence after enucleation, intracranial invasion by tumor & metastatic diseaseQ. Inspite of popularity of CT as the primary t/ t for RB, enucleation remains impoant option especially in - Unilateral advanced intraocular diseaseQ. - B/L for advanced disease not amenable to any eye preserving therapy. - For more severely affected eye in markedly asymmetrical bilateral cases. The principle route of exit of tumor cells from the eye is along the optic nerveQ Enucleation is usually curative in RB if an optic nerve section longer than 5mm is obtained with globe - Surgeon should attempt to obtain optic nerve section 10-15 mm long in every case. External Beam Radiation Therapy 40-50 Gy radiation (in multiple fractions of 150-200 cGy over 4-5 weeks) is given using a linear acclelerator to Eyes containing one or more tumors that involve optic disc. Eyes that show dffuse vitreous seeding. Eyes for which prior chemotherapy or local treatments such as laser therapy, cryotherapy, photocoagulation or plaque radiotherapy, failed. - Vitreous seeds generally do not respond well to , because of their relative hypoxic status. - Cataract (at least after 6 months usually after 1-1.5 years) is likely to develop. Rarely retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, orbital bone growth arrest and second malignancy may develop.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chemotherapy", "opb": "Enucleation", "opc": "Radiotherapy", "opd": "Cryo", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e00afce0-b68a-412b-8bc3-3fd8595a0073", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "A recurrent chalazion should be subjected to histopathologic evaluation to exclude the possibility of", "exp": "CHALAZION complications: Malignant change into meibomian gland carcinoma may be seen occasionally in elderly people. Sebaceous gland carcinoma : It is a rare tumour arising from the meibomian glands. Clinically, it usually presents initially as a nodule(which may be mistaken for a chalazion). Which then grows to form a big growth. Rarely, a diffuse tumour along the lid margin may be mistaken as chronic blepharitis. Surgical excision with reconstruction of the lids is the treatment of choice. Recurrences are common. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-346,361", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sebaceous cell carcinoma", "opb": "Squamous cell carcinoma", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Basal cell carcinoma", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Tumors", "id": "8726c26b-5e8c-4aa9-a3ad-c3452b0f1a8f", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Treatment of Phlyctenular conjunctivitis is", "exp": "It's an endogenous allergy treated by anti allergics and mild topical steroids Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 83", "cop": 2, "opa": "Systemic steroids", "opb": "Topical steroids", "opc": "Antibiotics", "opd": "Miotics", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": "Conjunctiva", "id": "6a5a5515-84fd-40c3-b5d4-186344d03396", "choice_type": "single"}
{"question": "Pseudoproptosis caused by", "exp": "Answer- A. Buphthalmoscauses are:Buphthalmos (congenital glaucoma),High myopia,Upper lid retraction,Paralysis of the extrinsic muscles,Stimulation of muller muscle by cocaine,Shallow orbit as in craniofacial dysostosis", "cop": 1, "opa": "Buphthalmos", "opb": "Meningioma of optic nerve", "opc": "Orbital cellulitis", "opd": "Dermoid cyst", "subject_name": "Ophthalmology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4095bf06-2be6-49d9-8d0c-a3ec98ae3e17", "choice_type": "single"}