AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844 to 1922. It had a large network of lines managed from its headquarters in Derby. It became the third-largest railway undertaking in the British Isles after the Great Western Railway and the London and North Western Railway.
The company was formed in 1844 by the merger of the Midland Counties Railway, the North Midland Railway, and the Birmingham & Derby Junction Railway. The Birmingham & Gloucester Railway joined two years later. The earlier systems met at Derby railway station. The MR established its locomotive works, and later its carriage and wagon works, at Derby.
In 1923, the MR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
Salado, Texas
Salado ( ) is a village in Bell County, Texas, United States. The population of the village was 2,126 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Killeen–Temple Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Killeen, Texas
Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. According to the 2010 census, its population was 127,921, making it the 21st-most populous city in Texas.
Temple, Texas
Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. As of 2016 the city has a population of 73,600 according to a US census estimate. It is near the county seat of Belton, Texas. It is located off Interstate 35, Temple is north of Austin and south of Waco.
Belton, Texas
Belton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the Killeen-Temple metropolitan area. The city is on the Interstate 35 corridor between Austin and Waco. It is the seat of Bell County.
The population was 20,547 in 2015 according to a US Census Estimate. As of 2015 the metro region had a population of 450,051.
Clio, Alabama
Clio is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,399 at the 2010 census, down from 2,206 in 2000.
It is the birthplace of former Governor George C. Wallace.
Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)
North Eastern Railway (UK)
George Steiner
Francis George Steiner, FBA (April 23, 1929 – February 3, 2020) was a French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator. He wrote about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust.
Steiner died on February 3, 2020 at his home in Cambridge at the age of 90.
The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player was a trick chess-playing machine. First put on show in 1770, the machine was in use until it was destroyed in a fire in 1854. It was later found to be a hoax. It was built in 1770 by Wolfgang von Kempelen to impress the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. The machine could play chess against a human. It could also perform the knight's tour, a puzzle where a player moves a knight to every square of a chessboard exactly once.
The Turk was not a real machine, but a mechanical illusion. There was a person inside the machine working the controls. With a skilled chess player hidden inside the box, the Turk won most of the games. It played and won games against many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. The chess players who secretly worked inside the box included Johann Allgaier, Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt, Aaron Alexandre, William Lewis, Jacques Mouret, and William Schlumberger.
The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, placed next to a large wooden box. The model was dressed in Ottoman robes and wore a turban. Its left arm held a long smoking pipe. The large box was about three-and-a-half feet (110 cm) long, two feet (60 cm) wide, and two-and-a-half feet (75 cm) high. On the top of the box was a chessboard, about 18 inches square. The front of the box had three doors, an opening, and a drawer. Inside the drawer was a red and white ivory chess set.
The inside of the box was very complicated. It was meant to trick those who looked into it. When the left front doors were opened you could see clockwork gears and cogs. If the back doors of the box were open at the same time you could see through the machine. The other side of the box contained a red cushion and some removable parts. This area also gave a clear view through the machine. Under the robes of the Turk were two more doors. When these were opened you could also see the clockwork parts with a view right through the machine. The design allowed the presenter of the machine to open every door to the public, to keep the illusion.
However the clockwork parts on the left side and the drawer did not go back as far as the back of the box. They only went one third of the way. This gave room for a sliding seat, so the person inside was able to slide from place to place. This meant they were not seen when the doors were opened. Moving the seat caused fake machinery to slide into its place to further hide the person inside the box.
The chessboard on the top of the box was thin. This allowed for a magnetic linkage. Each piece in the chess set had a small, strong magnet joined to its base. When placed on the board the pieces would attract a magnet attached to a string under their places on the board. The person inside the machine could see which pieces moved where on the chess board. The bottom of the chessboard was also numbered, 1–64, allowing the person to see which places on the board were affected by a player's move. The magnets were placed so that they were not affected by any magnets outside the box. Kempelen would let people from the audience put a large magnet next to the board to show that the machine was not influenced by magnetism.
To distract the audience, the Turk came with a small wooden box. This would be put on the top of the box. Kempelen would look into into the small box during play, suggesting that it controlled the machine. The box was believed by some to have magic powers.
Inside the box was a chess board connected to a series of levers. These controlled the model's left arm and could move it around the chess board. The arm could be moved up and down, and turning the lever would open and close the Turk's hand. This let it pick up the chess pieces on the board. The machinery made a clockwork-type sound when the Turk made a move, further adding to the machinery illusion. The levers also made the Turk make various facial expressions. A voice box was added later, allowing the machine to say "Échec!" (French for "check") during matches.
The person inside and the presenter on the outside could send messages to each other. There were two brass discs with numbers on the inside and outside of the box. The discs could be turned to a number which acted as a code between the two.
The first display of the Turk was in 1770 at Schönbrunn Palace. Kempelen showed everyone what he had built. He opened the doors and drawers of the cabinet, so the audience could look into the machine. It was then ready for a game.
The Turk would use the white pieces and have the first move. Between moves its left arm sat on a cushion. The Turk could nod twice if it threatened the other player's queen, and three times upon placing the king in check. If the other player made an illegal move, the Turk would shake its head, move the piece back. The first person to play against the Turk was Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, an Austrian courtier at the palace. He was quickly defeated.
Another part of the show was the knight's tour, a famed chess puzzle. The puzzle requires the player to move a knight around a chessboard, touching each square once along the way. While most experienced chess players of the time still struggled with the puzzle, the Turk was able to make the moves easily. The person inside had a map of moves needed.
The Turk could also communicate with the audience using a letter board. It was able to do this in English, French, and German. Carl Friedrich Hindenburg, a university mathematician, wrote down the conversations during the Turk's time in Leipzig and published it in 1789 as "Über den Schachspieler des Herrn von Kempelen und dessen Nachbildung" (or "On the Chessplayer of Mr. von Kempelen And Its Replica"). Questions included the Turk's age, marital status, and its secret workings.
Interest in the machine grew across Europe. Kempelen, however, was more interested in his other projects and did not want to show the Turk. He would tell people it was not working.  After the performances at the Schönbrunn Palace the Turk only played Sir Robert Murray Keith, a Scottish noble. Kempelen took the machine to pieces after the match. Kempelen said the machine was a "mere bagatelle". He was not pleased with its popularity and would rather continue his work on steam engines and machines that could speak.
In 1781, Kempelen was ordered by Emperor Joseph II to rebuild the Turk and take it to Vienna for a state visit from Grand Duke Paul of Russia. This was so successful that Grand Duke Paul suggested a tour of Europe for the Turk. Kempelen reluctantly agreed.
The tour began in 1783, beginning in France. In Paris,  the Turk lost a match to Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, the Duc de Bouillon. People wanted the Turk to play a game with François-André Danican Philidor, the best chess player of his time. Philidor won, but it was "his most fatiguing game of chess ever!" The Turk's final game in Paris was against Benjamin Franklin, the United State's ambassador to France. Franklin enjoyed the game with the Turk and kept a copy of Philip Thicknesse's book "The Speaking Figure and the Automaton Chess Player, Exposed and Detected" in his personal library.
After Paris, Kempelen moved the Turk to London, where it was on show every day at a cost of five shillings. Thicknesse, a skeptic, tried to explain that the machine was just a trick. He said Kempelen was "a very ingenious man", but the Turk was an elaborate hoax. He thought there was a small child inside the machine. The Turk was "a complicated piece of clockwork ... which is nothing more, than one, of many other ingenious devices, to misguide and delude the observers".
After a year in London, Kempelen and the Turk went to Leipzig, Dresden, and Amsterdam. After that the machine was probably stored at the Schönbrunn Palace for 20 years. Kempelen did try to sell it before his death. He died at the age of 70 on 26 March 1804.
In 1805 Kempelen's son sold the machine to Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a Bavarian musician interested in machines and devices. Mälzel had designed a type of metronome. He had tried to purchase the Turk before Kempelen's death but the price was too high. Mälzel had to learn how the machine worked and make some repairs. He wanted to make the Turk a greater challenge.
In 1809, Napoleon I of France arrived at Schönbrunn Palace to play the Turk. Before the game, the Turk, with Johann Baptist Allgaier hidden inside, saluted Napoleon. In a surprise move, Napoleon took the first turn instead of allowing the Turk to make the first move. When Napoleon attempted an illegal move, the Turk put the piece back in its original spot and continued the game. After a second illegal move the Turk took the piece from the board. When Napoleon tried a third illegal move the Turk swept its arm across, knocking all the pieces off the board. Napoleon was amused, and then played a real game with the machine. After 19 moves Napoleon pushed over his king to show that he knew he could not win, and was giving up.
In 1811, Mälzel took the Turk to Milan to show Eugène de Beauharnais, the Prince of Venice and Viceroy of Italy. Beauharnais liked it so much, that he bought the Turk for 30,000 francs – three times what Mälzel had paid – and kept it for four years. In 1815, Mälzel went to Beauharnais in Munich and bought the Turk back.
Mälzel took the Turk back to Paris where he made friends of many of the leading chess players at Café de la Régence. In 1818 he moved to London and held a number of performances with the Turk and many of his other machines. He added a voice box so the machine could say "Échec!" when placing a player in check.
In 1826, Mälzel took the machine to New York City. Mälzel had problems finding people to operate the machine.  He ended up bringing William Schlumberger, from Alsace in Europe to come to America and work for him once again. Mälzel had to provide the money for Schlumberger's transport.
In Boston, Mälzel told a story that the New York chess players could not handle full games and that the Boston players were much better. This was a success for many weeks, and the tour moved to Philadelphia for three months. In Baltimore, it lost a match against Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Two American brothers built their own machine, the Walker Chess-player. Mälzel tried to buy it, but they would not sell it. This second machine toured for a number of years, but was never as famous as the Turk.
Between 1828, Mälzel visited Europe, returning to the States in 1829. In the 1830s, went as far west as the Mississippi River and visiting Canada. In Richmond, Virginia, Edgar Allan Poe, wrote about the Turk for the "Southern Literary Messenger". Poe's essay "Maelzel's Chess Player" was published in April 1836 and is the most famous essay on the Turk.
Mälzel took the Turk on his second tour to Havana, Cuba. In Cuba, Schlumberger died of yellow fever, leaving Mälzel without an operator. Mälzel died at sea in 1838 at the age of 66 during his return trip, leaving his machine with the ship captain.
The Turk was given to a friend of Mälzel's, the businessman John Ohl. He tried to sell it at auction but ended up buying it himself for $400. John Kearsley Mitchell, Edgar Allan Poe's doctor, bought the Turk from Ohl. Mitchell formed a club to fix it, completing the rebuilding in 1840.
Mitchell and his club gave the machine to the Chinese Museum of Charles Willson Peale. After a few shows it was put into a corner and forgotten. On 5 July 1854, a fire that started at the National Theater in Philadelphia reached the Museum and destroyed the Turk. Mitchell believed he had heard "through the struggling flames ... the last words of our departed friend, the sternly whispered, oft repeated syllables, 'echec! echec!!'
John Gaughan, an American in Los Angeles who made items for magicians, spent $120,000 building a copy of Kempelen's machine over a five-year period from 1984. The new machine used the Turk's chessboard, which was saved from the fire. Gaughan's Turk was displayed in November 1989 at a history of magic conference. This time, the Turk played against a computer running a chess program.
Most books and articles written during the Turk's life about how it worked were incorrect.
It was not until Dr. Silas Mitchell's series of articles for "The Chess Monthly" that the secret was fully revealed. Mitchell, son of the final owner of the Turk, wrote that "no secret was ever kept as the Turk's has been. Guessed at, in part, many times, no one of the several explanations ... ever solved this amusing puzzle". As the Turk had been destroyed, Silas Mitchell felt that there were "no longer any reasons for concealing from the amateurs of chess, the solution to this ancient enigma".
New interest began in the Turk when IBM created Deep Blue. This was a computer that could challenge the world's best players. The Turk was used as a personification of Deep Blue in the 2003 documentary "Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine".
The Turk inspired a number of inventions and copies. These included the Ajeeb, or "The Egyptian", built by Charles Hopper that President Grover Cleveland played in 1885; and Mephisto, the self-described "most famous" machine, of which little is known. The Walkers made the "American Chess Player" first shown in May 1827 in New York. El Ajedrecista was built in 1912 by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo and first shown at the Paris World Fair of 1914. It was the first true chess-playing automaton, and a precursor of sorts to Deep Blue.
Other people were inspired by the Turk. The Rev. Edmund Cartwright saw it in London in 1784. He later wrote "it is more difficult to construct a machine that shall weave than one which shall make all the variety of moves required in that complicated game". Cartwright would later invent the power loom. Sir Charles Wheatstone, an inventor, saw the Turk while it was owned by Mälzel. Mälzel later showed his speaking machines to the researcher and his teenage son. Alexander Graham Bell read a copy of a book by Wolfgang von Kempelen on speaking machines after seeing a similar machine built by Wheatstone. Bell went on to invent the telephone.
A play, "The Automaton Chess Player", was performed in New York City in 1845. The play used a copy of the Turk made by J. Walker, who had earlier built the Walker Chess-player.
Raymond Bernard's silent movie, "The Chess Player" ("The Chess Player", France 1927), uses the story of the Turk in an adventure tale set during the Partitions of Poland in 1772. A Polish nationalist escaping from the  Russians, also happens to be an expert chess player. He is hidden inside a chess playing automaton called the Turk. Just as he is about to escape over the border, the machine is taken to Saint Petersburg for the empress Catherine II. Copying the Napoleon incident, Catherine attempts to cheat the Turk, who sweeps all the pieces from the board.
The Turk has been used novels and stories:
In 2005, Amazon.com launched the Amazon Mechanical Turk. The program is designed to have humans perform tasks with which computers struggle, such as color comparisons.
Naagin
Nagin may refer to:
Wolfgang von Kempelen
Wolfgang von Kempelen (; 23 January 1734 – 26 March 1804) was a Hungarian author and inventor. He is known for his chess-playing "automaton" hoax, The Turk, and for his speaking machine.
Von Kempelen was born in Pressburg, part of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was the last child of Engelbert Kempelen (1680–1761), and Anna Theresa Spindler.
He studied law and philosophy in Pressburg, and attended the Academy in Győr, Vienna and Rome. He was interested in mathematics and physics. He spoke German, Hungarian, Latin, French, Italian. Later, during his travels he learned English and Romanian. His first job was in 1755 as a clerk in the Hungarian Court Chamber in Pozsony. Later he became a secretary (1757), a Councillor of the Court Chamber (1764), Director of Salt Mining (1765), Second Commissioner of the Constitutional Commission for the Region of Banat (1769), and finally Imperial-Royal Court Councillor (1787). He also helped move the University of Nagyszombat to Buda Castle, and looked after the building of the Court Theatre in Buda's old Carmelite monastery.
He married twice, first in 1757 to Maria Franziska Piani, who died in 1758, and again in 1762 to Maria Anna von Gobelius. Five children were born from his second marriage, of whom two survived into adulthood: Maria Theresia (1768–1812) and Karl (1771–1822).
Von Kempelen was most famous for his construction of The Turk, a chess-playing automaton presented to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1769. The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, dressed in Turkish robes and wearing a turban. It was seated behind a large wooden box on with a chessboard on the top. The machine could play a game of chess against a human opponent. But it was a trick. There was a person, a skilled chess player, hidden inside the box. The Turk was a really a puppet, worked from below by levers. The Turk won most of the games played during its shows around Europe and the Americas for nearly 84 years. It played and defeated many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin.
Kempelen also built a speaking machine. One of them can still be seen in the Musical Instruments section of the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In 1789, he published a book of his 20 years of speech research, "Mechanismus Der Menschlichen Sprache Nebst Beschreibung Seiner Sprechenden Maschine".
He also built steam-engines, waterpumps, a pontoon bridge in Pressburg (1770), patented a steam turbine for mills (1788/89) and a typewriter for the blind Viennese pianist Maria Theresia von Paradis (1779), and built a theatre house in Buda opened on 25 October 1790 (now Budapest) and the famous fountains at Schönbrunn in Vienna (1780). He was also an artist, wrote poems and epigrams, and composed a "singspiel", "Andromeda and Perseus", performed in Vienna.
He retired in 1798, after 43 years of service to the Austrian Empire. In 1771, Maria Theresia gave von Kempelen an annual pension of 1,000 ducats. After her death, her son Joseph II cut the pensions given to the court's civil servants. In 1802, he tried to get his pension back from Francis II, and also asked for compensation of 20,000 Gulden, but was not granted.
At the time of his death in 1804, he owned a country estate in Gomba near Pozsony, but died in his apartment in Alser, a suburb of Vienna.
The Wolfgang von Kempelen Computing Science History Prize was named in his honor, as was a high school in Budapest.
Meadowbank Stadium (Meadowbank Sports Centre) is a multi-purpose sports facility in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was originally built to host the 1970 Commonwealth Games. It also hosted the Games in 1986, the first venue to host the Games twice.
The stadium is the home ground of Scottish Football League team Meadowbank Thistle. The Meadowbank complex also hosts Leith Athletic, who play on the Meadowbank artificial pitch next to the main stadium. Meadowbank Stadium was also used for rugby union as the home venue of Edinburgh Rugby between 2002 and 2004.
As of 2017, the stadium is being redeveloped.
A knight's tour is a set of moves of a knight on a chessboard. The knight visits every square only once. If the knight ends on a square that is one knight's move from the beginning square (so that it could tour the board again immediately, following the same path), the tour is "closed", otherwise it is "open".
The knight's tour problem is the mathematical problem of finding a knight's tour. Making a program to find a knight's tour is a common problem given to computer science students. Variations of the knight's tour problem involve chessboards of different sizes than the usual , as well as irregular (non-rectangular) boards.
Derby railway station
Derby railway station, also known as Derby Midland, is a main line station serving the city of Derby in England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Trains. The station is also used by CrossCountry services and one daily Northern service.
It lies north of London St Pancras. It is situated to the south-east of Derby city centre, and is close to the west bank of the River Derwent.
Northern (train operating company)
The Great Central Railway (GCR) of England was created in 1897 when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name. In 1899, the GCR opened its London Extension to a new terminus at Marylebone station.
On 1 January 1923, the company became part of the London and North Eastern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
London and South Western Railway
The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922. It started as the London and Southampton Railway from Waterloo station to Southampton.
Later, the network extended to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter. There were branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow. Beyond Southampton there were branches to Bournemouth and Weymouth. The LSWR also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth and Reading.
In the grouping of railways in 1923 the LSWR joined with other railways to create the Southern Railway.
An epitaph is a short text honouring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it is text that is carved on a tombstone or plaque. Usually it gives the person’s name and dates of birth and death. Some epitaphs say what the person did, and other things. Some people write their own epitaphs before they die.
2020 UEFA Champions League Final
The 2020 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League. It was played on 23 August 2020 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, between Paris Saint-Germain and Bayern Munich. The match was held behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Originally, it had been scheduled to be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 30 May 2020. On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee chose to relocate the final to Lisbon as part of a "final-eight tournament" consisting of single-match knockout ties played in two stadiums across the city.
"In the following table, finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era, since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era."
The final was originally scheduled to be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 30 May 2020. However, UEFA announced on 23 March 2020 that the final was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee chose to relocate the final to Lisbon as part of a "final-eight tournament" consisting of single-match knockout ties played in two stadiums across the city.
The UEFA Executive Committee chose the Estádio da Luz, officially known as the Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica, in Lisbon as the final venue at their meeting on 17 June 2020.
The home stadium of Benfica since 2003, it was rebuilt to host five matches of UEFA Euro 2004, including the final. Before its demolition in 2003, to make way for the new 65,000-capacity ground, the original Estádio da Luz hosted the 1992 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, where Werder Bremen beat Monaco 2–0, and the second leg of the 1983 UEFA Cup Final, where Anderlecht secured a 1–1 draw with Benfica to lift the trophy.
Lisbon had also hosted a European Cup final in 1967, when Celtic beat Inter Milan 2–1 at the Estádio Nacional. Lisbon also hosted the 2005 UEFA Cup Final at the Estádio José Alvalade, home of Benfica's local rivals and finalists Sporting CP, who lost 3–1 to CSKA Moscow.
Paris Saint-Germain reached their first Champions League final. They entered the final having played 110 matches in the European Cup and Champions League, the most for a final debutant, surpassing Arsenal's record of 90 matches prior to their final appearance in 2006.
Bayern Munich reached their eleventh Champions League final, tying Milan for the second-most finals behind Real Madrid's 16. Recently, they appeared in the 2013 final, in which they won 2–1 against Borussia Dortmund for their fifth title.
"Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away; N: neutral)."
The original identity of the 2020 UEFA Champions League Final was unveiled at the group stage draw on 29 August 2019.
The ambassador for the original Istanbul final was Hamit Altıntop, who finished as runner-up in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League with Bayern Munich as well as winning the 2003 and 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cups with Schalke 04.
On 20 August 2020, UEFA named Italian Daniele Orsato as the referee for the final. He was joined with Lorenzo Manganelli and Alessandro Giallatini as assistant referees, Massimiliano Irrati as the video assistant referee and Marco Guida as the assistant VAR official. The fourth official was Ovidiu Hațegan, while Roberto Díaz Pérez del Palomar and Alejandro Hernández Hernández served as the offside and support VAR officials, respectively.
Each team made one change to their starting line-up following the semi-finals. After recovering from injury, Keylor Navas started in place of Sergio Rico. For Bayern Munich, Hans-Dieter Flick decided to replace Ivan Perišić, and Kingsley Coman on the left wing. Jérôme Boateng was also fit to start for Bayern, having suffered a minor injury in the semi-final which required him to be substituted off at half-time.
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held on 10 July 2020 (after the quarter-final and semi-final draws), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.
John Napier
John Napier (he also signed as Neper, and Nepair) 1550 – 4 April 1617) was a Scottish landowner, nicknamed "Marvellous Merchiston". He was a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper.
John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms and Napier's constant. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR was a railway company in England from 1846 to 1922. Its territory formed a rough triangle, with London at its apex, most of the coastline of Sussex as its base, and a large part of Surrey. The LBSCR had the most direct routes from London to the south coast seaside resorts of Brighton, Eastbourne, Worthing, Littlehampton and Bognor Regis, and to the ports of Newhaven and Shoreham-by-Sea. It served the inland towns/cities of Chichester, Horsham, East Grinstead and Lewes, and jointly served Croydon, Tunbridge Wells, Dorking and Guildford. At the London end was a complicated suburban and outer-suburban network of lines emanating from London Bridge and Victoria, and shared interests in two cross-London lines.
The LBSCR was formed by a merger of five companies in 1846. On 1 January 1923, it became part of the Southern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
Shoreham-by-Sea
Shoreham-by-Sea (often shortened to Shoreham) is a seaside town and port in West Sussex, England. The town is bordered to its north by the South Downs, to its west by the Adur Valley and to its south by the River Adur and Shoreham Beach on the English Channel. The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast. It is about half-way between Brighton and Hove to the east and Worthing to the west. Shoreham covers an area of and has a population of 20,547 (2011 census).
Leo Sayer-English-born, Australian singer, famous for a number of hits mainly during the 1970s and early 1980s.
South Eastern Railway (UK)
The South Eastern Railway (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 to 1922. The company was formed to construct a route from London to Dover. Branch lines were later opened to Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Canterbury and other places in Kent. The SER absorbed or leased other railways, including the London and Greenwich Railway and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. Most of the company's routes were in Kent, eastern Sussex and the London suburbs. There was also a long cross-country route from Redhill, Surrey to Reading, Berkshire.
Much of the company's early history saw attempts at expansion. This sometimes led to feuds with its neighbours, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in the west and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to the north-east. However, in 1899 the SER agreed with the LCDR to share operation of the two railways and work them as a single system, marketed as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became constituents of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.
William Oughtred
William Oughtred 5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660) was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman.
John Napier invented logarithms and Edmund Gunter created the logarithmic scales. Oughtred was the first to use two such scales. He slid one next to another to do direct multiplication and division. He is credited with inventing the slide rule in about 1622.
He also introduced the "×" multiplication sign and the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions.
London, Chatham and Dover Railway
The London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) was a railway company in south-eastern England (registered 1 August 1859). It was previously called the East Kent Railway.
Its lines ran through London and northern and eastern Kent to form a part of the Greater London commuter network. The railway was always in a difficult financial situation. It went bankrupt in 1867 but was able to continue to operate. Many of the difficulties were caused by competition and duplication of services with the South Eastern Railway (SER). However, in 1898 the LCDR agreed with the SER to share the operation of the two railways and work them as a single system under the name South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation.
The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became part of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 (Railways Act 1921).
South Eastern and Chatham Railway
Caledonian Railway
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) was a major British railway company before the 1923 Grouping. It was created in 1847 from an amalgamation of several existing railways. It was the third largest railway system based in Northern England. Only the Midland Railway and the North Eastern Railway were bigger.
It was the first mainline railway to introduce electrification of some of its lines. It also ran steamboat services across the Irish Sea and North Sea. It was a bigger shipowner than any other British railway company.
It amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922. One year later, the merged company became the largest constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
Aintree
Aintree is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England. It was historically in Lancashire. It lies between Walton and Maghull on the A59 road. It is about north-east of Liverpool city centre, in North West England.
It is best known as the site of Aintree Racecourse, which since the 19th century has staged the Grand National horserace. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was also a three-mile-long international Grand Prix motor racing circuit on the site, which used the same grandstands as the horserace. A shorter form of the racing circuit is still used for various motorsport events.
Stanley Anderson
Stanley Anderson (October 23, 1939 – June 24, 2018) was an American actor. He was born in Billings, Montana. He appeared in "Deceived", "RoboCop 3" and "The Pelican Brief". He was known for starring as Drew Carey's father in "The Drew Carey Show". He also starred in "Seinfeld" and in "Spider-Man".
Anderson died on June 24, 2018 from brain cancer at the age of 78.
Josip Pirmajer
Josip Pirmajer (14 February 1944 – 24 June 2018) was a Slovenian footballer. He played for Yugoslavia and later became a manager. He was born in Trifail, Nazi Germany. He played for Novi Sad, Partizan and Vojvodina.
Pirmajer died on 24 June 2018 in Srbobran, Serbia from a heart attack at the age of 74.
Štefka Drolc
Štefka Drolc (22 December 1923 – 25 June 2018), full name Štefanija Ana Drolc, was a Slovenian actresses. She was born in Ponikva, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Her career began in 1945. She debuted in the movie "On Our Own Land". She also starred in "Blossoms in Autumn" ("Cvetje v jeseni"; 1973), "The Story of Good People" ("Povest o dobrih ljudeh"; 1975) and "The Tenth Brother" ("Deseti brat"; 1982).
Drolc died on 25 June 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 94.
Steve Soto
Steve Soto (August 23, 1963 – June 27, 2018) was an American punk guitarist. Soto was once part of California punk rock band Agent Orange, and started Adolescents in 1980 performing on bass guitar in both bands. He was born in California.
Soto died on June 27, 2018 at the age of 54.
Capital Gazette shooting
The "Capital Gazette" shooting is a mass shooting that happened at the offices of "The Capital" and the "Maryland Gazette" newspapers at 888 Bestgate Road in Annapolis, Maryland on June 28, 2018.
The Anne Arundel County Police Department reported that the shooting began around 2:34 PM. Five people are confirmed dead. A suspect was captured by police and is in custody.
Shooting occurred outside the newspaper building.
Five people were killed and several others were injured in the attack. The five who were killed are Rob Hiaasen, an assistant editor and weekend columnist for "The Capital" and the brother of novelist Carl Hiaasen, community beat reporter Wendi Winters, columnist and editorial page editor Gerald Fischman, editor and sports reporter John McNamara, and sales assistant Rebecca Smith.
Maryland Governor Larry Hogan tweeted that he was "[a]bsolutely devastated to learn of this tragedy in Annapolis," and asking residents to "heed all warnings and stay away from the area". President Trump was briefed on the shooting while aboard Air Force One.
Roger Stone
Roger Jason Stone (born Roger Joseph Stone Jr.; August 27, 1952) is an American political consultant, lobbyist and strategist. He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut.
Stone is known for his use of opposition research, studying opposing candidates to find bad things about them. Usually he works for candidates of the Republican Party. Since the 1970s, Stone has worked on the campaigns of key Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Jack Kemp, Bob Dole and Donald Trump.
Stone is the subject of a "Netflix" documentary movie, titled "Get Me Roger Stone", which focused on his past and role in the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump.
Stone officially left the Trump campaign on August 8, 2015; however, it has been reported that, as part of the ongoing investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, two associates of Stone have claimed that he collaborated with WikiLeaks owner Julian Assange in the spring of 2016 to discredit Hillary Clinton's campaign. Stone has denied this.
On January 25, 2019, Stone was arrested at his Fort Lauderdale, Florida, home in connection with Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation and charged in an indictment with witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements. Stone pleaded not guilty and denied wrongdoing in press interviews.
Ormskirk
Ormskirk is a market town in west Lancashire, England. It is 13 miles (21 km) north of Liverpool, 11 miles (18 km) northwest of St Helens, 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Southport and 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Preston. The name is Old Norse in origin
Ormskirk is known for its gingerbread.
Domenico Losurdo
Domenico Losurdo (14 November 1941 – 28 June 2018) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and historian. He was born in Sannicandro di Bari, Italy. He was Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Urbino. Losurdo wrote "". He was critical of racism, slavery, and genocide.
Losurdo died on 28 June 2018 in Rome from esophageal cancer at the age of 76.
St Helens, Merseyside
St Helens is a large town in Merseyside, England. It is the centre of the metropolitan borough of St Helens. The town has population of 102,629. The entire metropolitan borough had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 census.
The town and the area round it grew in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.
It was a centre for coal mining and glassmaking. It was also home to a cotton and linen industry (notably sail making) lime and alkali pits, and brewing.
Glass producer Pilkington is the town's only remaining large industrial employer.
St.Helens has the second highest rate of suiside within the United Kingdom.
Brett Michael Kavanaugh (born February 12, 1965) is an American judge. He is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since October 6, 2018. He was the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was Staff Secretary in the Executive Office of the President of the United States under President George W. Bush.
Kavanaugh played a lead role in drafting the Starr report, which urged the impeachment of President Bill Clinton.
Kavanaugh was nominated by President Donald Trump on July 9, 2018, to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, following the vacancy created by the retirement of Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy.
During the confirmation process, two women (including Christine Blasey Ford), accused Kavanaugh of sexual misconduct during his college years. Kavanaugh denied the allegations.
According to polling, Kavanaugh has the lowest measured approval rating of any Supreme Court Justice in the modern era.
Kavanaugh was born in Washington, D.C.. He was born to Martha Gamble (Murphy) and Everett Edward Kavanaugh Jr. He was raised in Bethesda, Maryland. He attended the same high school as Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch (just two years apart).
Kavanaugh, very active in college sports, attended Yale University. He graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Arts "cum laude". He graduated from Yale Law School with a Juris Doctor in 1990.
Kavanaugh first worked as a law clerk for Judge Walter King Stapleton of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Kavanaugh was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1990 and the District of Columbia Bar in 1992.
Kavanaugh then earned a one-year partnership with the Solicitor General of the United States, Ken Starr. Kavanaugh next clerked for Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy 1993–1994.
From 1997 to 1998, Kavanaugh was a partner at the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis. In 1998 he rejoined Starr as an Associate Counselor.
Kavanaugh was a principal author of the "Starr Report" to Congress, released in September 1998, on the Monica Lewinsky–Bill Clinton sex scandal; the report supported Clinton's impeachment.
In December 2000, Kavanaugh joined the legal team of George W. Bush, which was trying to stop the ballot recount in Florida following the 2000 election. After Bush became president in January 2001, Kavanaugh was hired as an associate by the White House Counsel, Alberto Gonzales.
In July 2003, he became Assistant to the President and White House Staff Secretary.
President George W. Bush nominated Kavanaugh to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on July 25, 2003. His nomination stalled in the Senate for nearly three years. Democratic senators accused him of being too partisan. In 2003, the American Bar Association had rated Kavanaugh as "well qualified".
The Senate Judiciary Committee recommended he be confirmed on a 10–8 party-line vote on May 11, 2006, he was confirmed by the Senate on May 26 by a vote of 57–36. He was sworn in June 1.
Kavanaugh was one of four U.S. Court of Appeals judges to receive a personal 45-minute interview by President Donald Trump as a possible replacement for Justice Anthony Kennedy. On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Kavanaugh for a seat on the Supreme Court.
Political commentators said that Kavanaugh's nomination would push the Supreme Court to the right for many years. He is a known critic of abortion and Roe v. Wade decision. He is a supporter of the "Brown v. Board of Education" decision calling it the "single greatest Supreme Court decision in history".
On September 28, 2018, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to confirm Kavanaugh to a full Senate vote in early October 2018. He was confirmed on October 6, 2018 with a 50 to 48 vote.
On September 27, 2018, Professor Christine Blasey Ford, accused him of sexual assault when they were both in high school. Republican members of the committee did not question Ford directly rather a Republican-hired investigator.
Ford said that they were both “visibly drunk” and that Kavanaugh had locked her into a bedroom, where he groped her and tried to take off her clothes. She said she “believed he was going to rape me” and feared for her life when he held his hand over her mouth. In his opening statement, Kavanaugh claimed the accusations were politically motivated by Democrats and Bill Clinton.
After Ford opened up about her accusations, two more women accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault/harassment. Deborah Ramirez accused Kavanaugh of exposing himself when they were at Yale. Later, former government employee Julie Swetnick, accused Kavanaugh of drugging her and raping her in a gang rape.
After the Senate committee vote, Senators Flake, Manchin and Murkowski called for an FBI investigation into the sexual assault allegations against Kavanaugh. President Trump ordered a limited investigation.
Kavanaugh met his wife, Ashley Estes Kavanaugh, while working at the White House in 2001. They have two daughters. Kavanaugh is a Catholic. He lives in Washington, D.C.
Kavanaugh ran the Boston Marathon in 2010 and 2015.
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
The impeachment of Bill Clinton began in December 1998 by the House of Representatives and led to a trial in the Senate for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice.
These charges were caused from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones. Clinton was found not guilty of these charges by the Senate on February 12, 1999.
Four charges were considered by the full House of Representatives; two passed, making Clinton the second president to be impeached, after Andrew Johnson in 1868.
The Senate vote:
St Helens
St Helens may refer to:
Kathleen Kraninger
Kathleen L. Kraninger (born December 28, 1974) is an American government official. She was the 2nd Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau from December 2018 to January 2021. Before she worked in the White House Office of Management and Budget. She was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Kraninger was confirmed, however, 50-49.
Stephen Miller
Stephen Miller (born August 23, 1985) is an American political activist. He serves as a senior advisor for policy for President Donald Trump. Before, he served as the communications director for then-Senator Jeff Sessions. He was also a press secretary to Republican Representatives Michele Bachmann and John Shadegg.
As a speechwriter for Trump, Miller helped write Trump's inaugural address.
On October 6, 2020, Miller tested positive for COVID-19.
Goran Bunjevčević
Goran Bunjevčević (;, 17 February 1973 – 28 June 2018) was a Serbian footballer. He played as a defender in Serbia, England and the Netherlands. He played for FR Yugoslavia from 1998 to 2003. He also played for Grafičar, BASK, Rad Belgrade, Red Star Belgrade, Tottenham Hotspur and for ADO Den Haag.
Bunjevčević died on 28 June 2018 from a stroke at the age of 45.
Liverpool Overhead Railway
The Liverpool Overhead Railway (known locally as the Dockers' Umbrella) was an elevated railway in Liverpool which operated along the Liverpool Docks. It opened in 1893 with lightweight electric multiple units. The design of an overhead line probably originated from the New York High Line which was authorised in 1847. Just five years later, in 1852, the need arose in Liverpool for a similar solution. The railway had a number of world firsts:
It was also the second oldest electric metro in the world. The only earlier one was the 1890 City and South London Railway. In the early 1900s electric trains ran on the electrified Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to Southport and Aintree. Special trains to Aintree for the horse race meetings ran twice a year after regular services were withdrawn. Being a local railway it was not nationalised in 1948.
In 1955, a report into the structure of the many viaducts showed major repairs were needed that the company could not afford. The railway closed at the end of 1956. Despite public protests the structures were dismantled in the following year.
Chagrin Falls, Ohio
Chagrin Falls is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Cleveland. The village was created and has grown around a natural waterfall on the Chagrin River.
As of the 2010 census, the village population was 4,104. The village was made in 1844 from parts of three townships in two counties.
Johann Baptist Allgaier
Johann Baptist Allgaier (June 19, 1763, Schussenried – January 3, 1823, Vienna) was a German-Austrian chess master and theoretician. He was also the author of the first chess handbook in German – "Neue theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel" (Vienna 1795–96).
Johann Baptist Allgaier was born in 1763 in the Duchy of Württemberg. His father, Georg Allgaier, worked at a monastery as a "Hofmeister", the person in charge of the education of the children of the rich and noble families. Johann's father wanted him to study theology. On a trip to Poland he learned to play chess. In 1798, he moved to Vienna and joined the army. He was able to improve his chess skills. In 1780, he won a game with a prize of 1500 florins and became Vienna's best player. He taught many people to play chess, including the sons and brothers of the Emperor Francis II.