AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Certain geometric transformations which are called rigid transformations have been developed to describe the movement of components of a mechanical system. These transformations simplify the derivation of its equations of motion, and is central to dynamic analysis.
Kinematic analysis is the process of measuring the kinematic quantities used to describe motion. In engineering, kinematic analysis may be used to find the range of movement for a given mechanism, and, working in reverse, kinematic synthesis designs a mechanism for a desired range of motion. In addition, "kinematics" applies algebraic geometry to the study of the mechanical advantage of a mechanical system, or mechanism.
System of measurement
A system of measurement is a set of related measures that are used to give a numeric value to something. A "system of measurement" is also known as a "metric". There are many systems of measurement. Some systems of measurement describe physical systems. Other systems of measurement describe economic systems.
The term "system of measurement" is often used in engineering application to describe a set of operational devices that take measurements.
In metrology, the term "system of measurement" is often used as a synonym for system of units.
The international standard system is the International System of Units. Other systems in common use are the closely related United States customary units and British imperial units.
A system of measurement that describes economic systems is called an econometric system. An econometric system uses quantities such as Gross domestic product and money supply to model an economic system.
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman is an American television series, created between 1993 and 1998. There were 6 seasons of episodes made and 2 feature movies ("" in 1999 and "" in 2001).
The main character is a female doctor; Michaela Quinn from Boston. As a female she could not work there as a doctor and she decided to go to the Wild West town of Colorado Springs. At first people are suspicious there, too but she soon gains their trust.
She meets there Byron Sully with whom she befriends and falls in love eventually. She also adopts three young children whose mother dies unexpectedly.
The Quinns
The Indians
Viitasaari
Viitasaari is a small city in Central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Keitele, Kinnula, Kivijärvi, Pihtipudas, Vesanto and Äänekoski. Most people speak Finnish
Viitasaari is known about lakes and rapids.
Kit (association football)
In association football, kit means the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The terms "kit", "strip", and in North-American English "uniform" all mean the same thing.
The Laws of the Game define the minimum kit a player must use.
Ricin
Ricin is a poison. It is a highly toxic, naturally occurring protein. It is produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant "Ricinus communis".
A dose the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human. The median lethal dose (LD) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram (1.78 mg for an average adult, around of a standard aspirin tablet/0.4 g gross) in humans if injected or inhaled. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic and a lethal dose can be up to 30–40 milligrams per kilogram.
Ricin prevents cells from assembling various amino acids into proteins, and death occurs after a few hours up to a day. Ricin has been used as a terrorist weapon, including the assassination of Georgi Markov in 1978, supposedly by the KGB.
Battle of Perryville
James Longstreet
English country dance
The English country dance is a very social type of folk dance. It started during the English Renaissance from the 15th through 17th centuries. This dance was popular until the 19th century in Europe, the United States and American colonies.
This dance came back in the early 20th century. It is done mostly in North America and around Britain.
There are many versions: clockwise, counter-clockwise, cross-over, double and the figure of 8.
Siege of Vicksburg
2014 Formula One World Championship
The 2014 Formula One season is the 65th season of the Formula One World Championship. The motor racing championship is the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.
The 2014 season started with the Aussie Grand Prix on 16 March 2014. The last race of the season is the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 23 November 2014. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers are competing in nineteen Grands Prix.
The Formula 1 World Champion in Abu Dhabi was Lewis Hamilton. He finished 1st in the race.Ryhor Baradulin
Ryhor Baradulin (; February 24, 1935 - March 2, 2014) was a Belarusian poet, essayist, editor, publisher and translator. Baradulin was the last Belarusian to be honored as a People's Poet (1992). His career began in 1953. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006.
Baradulin was born in Verasowka, Belarus. He studied at the Belarusian State University in Minsk. Baradulin died on March 2, 2014 from heart failure. He was aged 79. He is survived by his wife Valentina Baradulin.
Xosé María Díaz Castro
Xosé María Díaz Castro (19 February 1914, Guitiriz – 2 October 1990, Lugo) was a Galician poet and translator.
Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2014.
To Spanish: Verner von Heidenstam, Henrik Pontoppidan, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Rainer Maria Rilke, William Butler Yeats, T. S. Eliot, Walt Whitman, G. K. Chesterton, Frederick Forsyth, Friedrich Schiller, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry, Alphonse de Lamartine and Paul Claudel.
To English: Federico García Lorca and Rafael Alberti.
Molly Bobak
Molly Bobak, (Molly Lamb; February 25, 1919 – March 2, 2014) was a Canadian teacher, writer, printmaker and painter. During World War II, she was the first Canadian woman artist into be sent to a battlefield to see Canada's war effort.
Bobak was born Molly Lamb in Vancouver, British Columbia. She studied at Vancouver School of Art. Bobak died in Fredericton, New Brunswick from natural causes, aged 95.
Arrondissement of Auxerre
The arrondissement of Auxerre is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Yonne "département" in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Auxerre.
When the Yonne department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Auxerre was part of that original department.
The "arrondissement" of Auxerre is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Sens, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Avallon, to the south by the Nièvre (Burgundy) department and to the west by the Loiret (Centre-Val de Loire) department.
It has an area of , the largest in area of the "arrondissements" of the department. It has 179,922 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².
In the "arrondissement" of Auxerre, there are six cantons where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
The "arrondissement" of Auxerre has 171 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Igor Shafarevich
Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Russian mathematician. He contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. He also wrote books and articles which criticise socialism. He was an important dissident during the Soviet regime. He was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine.
Shafarevich died on 19 February 2017 in Moscow, at the age of 93.
Iran hostage crisis
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981).
It happened after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran. President Jimmy Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail."
The U.S. tried to free the hostages during the crisis, but failed when rescue officials were killed in a helicopter crash.
The hostages were released just as Ronald Reagan was being inaugurated as President.
M. Karunanidhi
Muthuvel Karunanidhi (born Dakshinamurthy; 3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian politician. He has served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu five different times. He is the head of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. He has been the leader of the DMK since the death of its founder, C. N. Annadurai, in 1969.
Karunanidhi was born in Thirukuvalai, Tiruvarur, British India. He was an atheist. Karunanidhi died in Chennai at a hospital from multiple organ failure on 7 August 2018, aged 94.
Oath of office of the President of the United States
The oath of office of the President of the United States is an oath that the president as he takes office. The Chief Justice of the United States gives the oath to the President of the United States.
The oath is ordered by the United States Constitution (Article II, Section One, Clause 8), and is given before the President begins his term of office.
This is what the oath says:
It is unknown how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law.
Pierre Cardin (), (born Pietro Cardin; 2 July 1922 – 29 December 2020) was an Italian-born French fashion designer. Cardin was known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. Cardin was made UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in 1991 and FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2009.
He was gay, however he was in a four year relationship with actress Jeanne Moreau in the 1960s.
Cardin died on 29 December 2020 at a hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, at the age of 98.
Pac (wrestler)
Benjamin Satterly (born 22 August 1986) is a English professional wrestler. He currently wrestles under the ring name "PAC”. He has also wrestled under the ring names Adrian Neville in the WWE's developmental territory, NXT and Pac in the Independent circuit. He is currently signed to AEW. He is a former one-time NXT Champion and a two-time NXT Tag Team Champion with Oliver Grey and Corey Graves."
On the 16 January 2013 episode of "NXT", he made his WWE debut under the ring name Adrian Neville defeating Sakamoto.
On the 13 February episode of NXT (originally taped on 31 January), Neville along with Oliver Grey, won the finals of tournament to crown the first ever NXT Tag Team Champions by defeating the Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan). When Grey suffered a torn ACL (in storyline caused by the Wyatt Family), Neville decided to choose Bo Dallas as his new partner in April. On the 8 May episode of NXT (taped on 2 May), during the team's first defence, Neville and Dallas lost the championships to the Wyatt Family.
At NXT Arrival, Neville was able to win the NXT Championship when he defeated Bo Dallas in a ladder match. On December 11, at the event, Neville lost the championship to Sami Zayn.
33 BC
Frozen (2013 movie)
Frozen is a 2013 American computer-animated musical fantasy-comedy movie based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale "The Snow Queen". It is produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.
The movie is about a princess named Anna, and her sister Elsa who becomes queen. There is also a funny talking snowman called Olaf. In the popular movie, Elsa sings a song called "Let It Go," which became very popular and it is a 52nd movie. "Frozen" was released on November 27, 2013 and has the voices of Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel in speaking and singing roles.
"Frozen" got great reviews from movie critics. It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Animated Feature Film.
Anna and Elsa are two princess sisters who live in Arendelle. Elsa, now queen of Arendelle, has the power of working with snow and ice, but her power gets out of control and upsets the people of Arendelle. Not wanting to hurt anyone, Elsa runs away and makes her own palace for herself. Meanwhile, Anna sets off in the snow and ice to bring Elsa back and make things right with her. On the way, she meets Kristoff, a friendly iceman, and Olaf, a funny snowman made alive by Elsa and who dreams of seeing summer.
Hans wants to marry Anna, but he tells her he only wants to marry her to destroy Elsa and get her royal status. As Hans raises his sword over Elsa, Anna stops Hans and as a result turns to a frozen statue. Elsa weeps out of love for the frozen Anna, and this thaws Anna back to life. Seeing this, Olaf realizes that an act of true love is what thaws a frozen heart. With the power of love, Elsa stops the icy spell over Arendelle, and all of Arendelle live happily ever after, including Olaf, who is able to see summer with a snow flurry over his head to keep the summer heat from melting him.
Plans to make a movie based on "The Snow Queen" were started in the 1940's. The writers were not sure how its story could go and so the movie could not be made. Later, in 2011, the writers finally found a story to use for the movie and the production team began making the movie, naming it "Frozen". The plans said that "Frozen" would be hand-drawn, but the team later decided to use computer animation. It took only two years to make "Frozen", which was a very fast production time for a computer-animated movie.
"Frozen" is also probably one of the most difficult animated movies to make. The animation team had to travel to a snowy area in Wyoming so that they could study the behavior of snow and simulate that with a computer. They also used a program that could generate a lot of strands for Elsa's hair. An average human has about 100,000 strands of hair, while Elsa's hair was made of 400,000 strands.
This is a list of songs heard in the movie "Frozen". These can be found on the movie's soundtrack CD. The CD also contains the background music pieces used for "Frozen". Most of the songs were made by husband and wife Robert and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, while the movie's background music was made by Christophe Beck. The first song in the movie, "Frozen Heart," was made by South Sami composer Frode Fjellheim and is in a traditional Sami style called Vuelie.
The character Kristoff is meant to be Sami, a member of an indigenous group that lives in northern Europe. Some viewers complained that Kristoff was not a good way to show Sami because he is light-skinned and blond. Although, today, some Sami look like Kristoff, most have darker skin and hair. When making the 2019 sequel, "Frozen II", Disney signed a contract with Sami leaders and hired Sami experts to make sure the culture would be shown respectfully.
Frozen Fever is a short movie made by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It continues the events of "Frozen". It was released with the longer movie "Cinderella" on March 13, 2015. The movie is about Elsa who catches a cold and finds it hard to surprise Anna on her birthday. "Frozen Fever" runs for about 8 minutes. It has one new song sung by Elsa.
Olaf's Frozen Adventure is a short movie made by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It was released with the longer movie "Coco" on November 22, 2017. It was later shown on ABC on December 14. The short movie is about Olaf the snowman who is looking for the best holiday traditions for Anna. It runs for about 21 minutes. It has four new songs.
The full length sequel, "Frozen II", was released on November 22, 2019.
35 BC
36 BC
Nancy Charest
Nancy Charest (November 28, 1959 – March 1, 2014) was a Canadian politician. She represented the of Matane in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2003 to 2007 as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. She was defeated by Pascal Bérubé of the Parti Québécois in the 2007 provincial election. She was born in Matane, Quebec.
Charest was found dead on March 1, 2014. Her body was found on a roadside in Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. She was 54 years old.
Spike Jonze
Spike Jonze (; born Adam Spiegel; October 22, 1969) is an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor. His movies include "Being John Malkovich" (1999), "Adaptation" (2002), "Where the Wild Things Are" (2009), and "Her" (2013).
Jonze was born in Rockville, Maryland. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland and Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania.
Paolo Sorrentino
Paolo Sorrentino (born 31 May 1970) is an Italian director and screenwriter. His movies include "One Man Up" (2001), "The Consequences of Love" (2004), "The Family Friend" (2006), "Il Divo" (2008), "This Must Be the Place" (2011) and "The Great Beauty" (2013).
Sorrentino was born in Naples.
Kerser
Scott Froml (born 21 August 1987), better known by his stage name Kerser, is an Australian rapper. His best known song is "Kerser Is the Sickest". He was released a number of mixtapes and three albums since 2011. His second album "No Rest For the Sickest" reached #15 on the ARIA albums chart.
Kerser was born in Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales.
Erectile disfunction
Bruce Vilanch
Bruce Vilanch (born November 23, 1948) is an American comedian, songwriter and actor. He is best known for his four-years on "Hollywood Squares", as a celebrity participant and head writer for the show. He has won six Emmy Awards. From 2000 to 2014, he was the head writer for the Oscars. For ten years before this role, he was the Oscar program co-writer. He is also a featured writer for the Tonys, Grammys and Emmys.
Vilanch was born in New York City, New York. He grew up in Paterson, New Jersey. He was adopted when he was four days old. He was raised in a Jewish family. He studied at the Ohio State University (OSU). He is openly gay.
Prempeh I
Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 December 1870 – 12 May 1931) was the thirteenth king of the Asante state of the Kingdom of Ashanti. He ruled from March 26, 1888 until his death in 1931.
John Ficarra
Desmond Devlin
Desmond Devlin is an American comedy writer. His has worked for "MAD Magazine" for more than a . He ranks as one of the magazine's four most regular non-illustrating writers.
Jämijärvi
Jämijärvi is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. It had about 2,000 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää and Parkano. Most people speak Finish.
Sam Viviano
Sam Viviano (born March 13, 1953) is an American caricature artist and art director. He has been a lead artist for "MAD Magazine" since 1980.
Viviano was born in Detroit, Michigan.
James Warhola (born March 16, 1955) is an American artist. He has illustrated dozens of children's picture books since 1987.
Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Paul Warhola, Andy Warhol's oldest brother.
Mort Drucker
Morris "Mort" Drucker (March 22, 1929 – April 9, 2020) was an American caricaturist and comics artist. He worked for "Mad" magazine for over 50 years. At "Mad", he became known for his satires on leading feature movies and television series.
Drucker was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Jewish family. Some sources list his birth date as March 22, 1929, and others as March 29. He died on April 9, 2020 in Woodbury, New York, at the age of 91.
China Airlines Flight 611
China Airlines Flight 611 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Taipei to Hong Kong, China. On May 25, 2002, the Boeing 747-209B airplane broke apart while flying over the Taiwan Straits and crashed into the water. It happened about 25 minutes after takeoff. The accident was caused by metal fatigue in the rear part of the plane. This was traced back to an incorrect repair that was done 22 years before the accident. All 225 people on board the plane were killed.
The Boeing 747-209B that flew China Airlines Flight 611 was registered as B-1866. This was changed to B-18255 on May 18, 1999. The plane was delivered to China Airlines on July 31, 1979. It was powered by 4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines. At time of crash it had flown for 64,394 hours, taking off and landing 21,180 times.
On February 7, 1980 the tail of the plane struck the runway while landing at Hong Kong airport. The plane was then ferried back to Taipei. A temporary repair was done on February 8, 1980, while a permanent repair was done from May 23 to 26, 1980. Later it was discovered the repair was not done to Boeing repair standards. It was also discovered that from 1997 a total of 29 corrosion inspections were not completed. When the repair patch was recovered from the crash site, there was evidence that deep scratches had been polished out, thinning the metal. Several fatigue cracks were found in the scratches. Crash estimate a crack of about 71 inches may have caused the plane to break up.
The captain was Yi Ching-Fung (In Traditional Chinese, 易清豐), who was 51 years old. He joined China Airlines in 1991 before becoming a captain in 1997. He had flown for 10148 hours. First Officer Hsieh Ya Shiung (In Traditional Chinese, 謝亞雄), who was 52 years old, joined China Airlines in 1990. He had flown for a total of 10173 hours.
As the Boeing 747-200B was an older type of airplane, a flight engineer is needed. The flight engineer on this flight is Sen Kuo Chao (In Traditional Chinese, 趙盛國). He joined China Airlines in 1977 and had a total flying time of 19117 hours.
All three pilots had more than 24 hours of rest before this flight.
On the flight to Hong Kong, there were 190 Taiwanese passengers. Of the rest 16, 9 were from People's Republic Of China and 5 were from Hong Kong. There were also 1 Singaporean and 1 Swiss.
All 19 crew came from Taiwan.
On May 25, 2002, B-18255 was actually going to be sold to Orient Thai Airlines. This was the plane's last day of service with China Airlines. Takeoff was at 3.07 pm, and the plane was cleared to climb to 20,000 feet. At 3.16 pm the plane was again cleared to climb and maintain 35,000 feet. At about 3.30 pm, the plane was about to reach 35,000 feet when it suddenly disappeared from the radar systems of the air traffic controllers. Communications were also lost. No distress signals were sent out. However, two Cathay Pacific planes nearby received flight 611's emergency location-indicator signals.
Later, the investigators discovered that flight 611 broke apart in mid-air when as it was reaching 35,000 feet. All 225 people on the plane were killed. This was one of the worst disaster in aviation history involving explosive decompression. China Airlines has had nine fatal crashes between 1970 and 2002. This is the worst record in commercial aviation.
Shortly after the plane vanished, Taiwan launched one of the country's largest search-and-rescue operations. As the plane broke apart in mid-air, wreckage were spread over a large area and this makes it difficult to recover all the wreckage. When the search-and-rescue teams arrived, they realised they could not do anything-all 225 people onboard were dead.
When there was no more hope for survivors, the teams started to recover wreckage and human remains. These were sent to Penghu Islands. There, the wreckage were numbered and the human remains were sent for identification. In the end, out of 225 people on board, 175 bodies were recovered. 50 remain in the sea.
The investigation of the crash was by Aviation Safety Council (ASC) of Taiwan. During the investigation, it was found that the crash of China Airlines Flight 611 was similar with another crash, TWA flight 800. Investigators found out that both crashes had similar points such as:
However, unlike flight 800, investigators determined that flight 611 was not caused by a fuel tank explosion.
As the investigation continues, both recorders of the flight were recovered. However, investigators could not find any possible cause from the recorders as the flight data recorder showed that the plane was working properly before it broke up. The cockpit voice recorder also showed nothing unusual. The recorder started ten minutes before the flight. After a last sentence said by captain Yi Ching-Fung, "two thousand" at 3.26pm, the recorder captured nothing more spoken. Then, the sound of the plane breaking up was heard at about 3.29pm.
With nothing possible showing up, investigators decided to use a method that the investigators of TWA Flight 800 used. Using several pieces of wreckage, investigators were able to use a computer and find out which piece fell off first. This provided a major clue-the wreckage from the back of the plane fell first. So, investigators began looking for wreckage from the back of the plane.
Finally, investigators managed to find a piece of wreckage which was damaged in the tailstrike incident in 1980. A doubler plate was placed over the scratches that the tailstrike caused. The piece, item number 640, was sent to Taipei for further examination.
When investigators removed the doubler that was installed over Item 640, they found out that the scratches, caused by the tailstrike 22 years ago, were still there. This was not the proper way to repair the damage from the tailstrike. From this investigators found out what really happened 22 years ago.
According to the Boeing SRM (Structural Repair Manual), the scratches should be sanded down. But as the scratches caused by the tailstrike were too deep, the correct way to repair is to cut out the damaged section, then put a doubler plate that is 30% larger than the section that was cut out. However, in the repair of the accident plane, the workers did not follow the instructions. Instead they just placed a doubler plate over the damaged section, which was not 30% larger than the section that was supposed to be cut out. This weakened the structure behind the doubler. The workers then made one more mistake, by writing in the repair log that the repair was done correctly. So, anyone reading the log book would assume that the repair was done correctly and that the workers had cut out the damaged section and replaced it.
Over the years, the cracks under the doubler grew worse and worse. Every time the plane took off and landed the cracks increased in length, in the end reaching 2.3 metres. Then, on May 25, 2002, the cracks reached the breaking point. It grew in all directions and caused the whole tail to break away from the plane. The plane went into a steep dive and was torn apart.
Another possible reason why the mistake could not be found out is that the maintenance procedures of China Airlines. In 1988, the roof of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 peeled off when the plane was cruising, causing explosive decompression. The plane landed safely. After the accident, the FAA ordered that the airlines evaluate again all the previous repairs that was done on planes.
China Airlines began evaluating the repairs in 2001. The workers took photographs of 31 different doublers on different 747s, including the one on B-18255. Although there was a stain on the doubler, the workers chose to ignore it. The stain was actually caused by smoke as passengers were allowed to smoke until 1995. The smoke was forced out through the crack and nicotine stained the plane's skin. It was said in Mayday that if China Airlines went on to find out how the stain formed, they may find out the cracks and prevent the crash.
The workers then scheduled the next maintenance check, 7C, on November 2, 2002. The check would definitely have led the workers to find out the cracks. However, the plane crashed 5 months before the check.
China Airlines no longer uses 611 as its flight number.
What a Way to Go!
Raskam
A part of the river valley is known to the Kyrgyz people as Raskam, and the river itself is also called the Raskam River. The river is also known as the Zarafshan River. The area was once claimed by the ruler of Hunza.
Sarin
Sarin (or GB) is a nerve gas, a deadly poison. It was developed as a chemical weapon for use in war by Nazi Germany.
It is classified as a weapon of mass destruction in UN Resolution 687. Production and stockpiling of sarin was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, and it is classified as a Schedule 1 substance according to the convention. That means that is a very dangerous chemical that has no use outside of chemical warfare.
Sarin can be lethal even at very low concentrations. Death comes in 1 to 10 minutes after breathing it in. It paralyses lung muscles. Antidotes, such as atropine, can save a person if given immediately.
People who get a non-lethal dose, but do not get immediate treatment, may suffer permanent neurological damage.
Like other nerve agents, sarin attacks the nervous system by stopping nerve endings in muscles from switching off. Death will usually occur as a result of asphyxia due to the inability to control the muscles involved in breathing function.
In vertebrates, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, where signals are transmitted between neurons from the central nervous system to muscle fibres.
Normally, acetylcholine is released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle, after which it is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. This allows the muscle to relax. Inhibition of cholinesterase means the neurotransmitter continues to act on the muscle fibre. This stops breathing.
Sarin was discovered in 1938 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at IG Farben attempting to create stronger pesticides. it is the most toxic of the four G-Series nerve agents made by Germany. The name "sarin" comes from letters in the scientists' names: Gerhard Schrader, Otto Ambros, Gerhard Ritter, and Hans-Jürgen von der Linde.
In mid-1939, the formula for the agent was passed to the chemical warfare section of the German Army Weapons Office, which ordered that it be brought into mass production for wartime use. It was not used in World War II.
Sarin is a liquid. It has no color and no smell. However, sarin that is not pure can look brown and smell like burnt rubber. It is miscible in water, which means that it can dissolve in water. Sarin melts at −56 °C and boils at 158 °C.
Sarin is very dangerous, whether someone touches it or breathes it in. The LD50 of sarin is 172 μg/kg. This means that a group of people were injected with 172μg of sarin per kilogram of body weight, 50% of the people in that group would die. This was determined when scientists injected mice with sarin. They then did calculations to determine the ratio of sarin per kilogram and get the LD50.
Pure sarin is estimated to be 26 times more deadly than cyanide.
Sarin is made by mixing different chemicals together. It is difficult and dangerous for the average person to make sarin or get many of the chemicals needed to make sarin.
1) Methylphosphonyl difluoride with isopropyl alcohol. Hydrofluoric acid is made as a byproduct of the reaction:
2) Methylphosphonyl difluoride and methylphosphonic dichloride. This is called the "Di-di" process. Hydrochloric acid is made as a byproduct:
Both methods leave a lot of acid behind. This is a problem because acid will corrode the containers used to store sarin in.
Sarin is hard to store because the bond between the phosphorus and the fluorine is easily broken. That's why it is stored as two separate chemicals that create sarin when they are mixed.
Sarin decomposes at a high pH. First, it breaks down to isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA). Then it breaks down to methylphosphonic acid (MPA). IMPA can be detected to find out if sarin was used somewhere because it is a chemical not found in nature.
In medicine, the acronym SLUDGE is used to remember some of the symptoms of sarin poisoning:
Other symptoms of sarin poisoning include:
How to Steal a Million
How to Steal a Million is a comedy movie of 1966. It is about a high-skilled art forger that fakes being an art collector. His daughter, Nicole, is concerned about his behavior, and more importantly that he might be caught. Audrey Hepburn plays Nicole.
This movie was released on July 13, 1966.
Jane Powell (born Suzanne Lorraine Bruce on April 1, 1929) is an American actress. She played the title character in "A Date with Judy" in 1948. She also played Tess Morgan in "Three Daring Daughters" (also 1948).
Powell was born in Portland, Oregon. She was married to actor Dickie Moore from 1988 until his death in 2015.
Head writer
Centimetre-gram-second system of units
The centimetre-gram-second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system. The derived units are on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as a unit of mass and the second as a unit of time. The system evolved in the nineteenth century when it was used to define both electrical and mechanical units.
The cgs units of energy and force are the "dyne" and the "erg".
The coherent cgs unit of pressure was the "barye" (symbol Ba). A "bayre" is one dyne per square centimeter.
Many non-coherent units of pressure were used in the cgs system. They include:
The dyne and the erg were used to define the units for electrical quantities. Two different forms of cgs units were developed. One form was developed for electrostatic units and another for electromagnetic units. Electrical engineering units were based on the MKS (metre-kilogram-second) system instead of the CGS system.
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many other units were defined using cgs units. In 1960 the BIPM published the International System of Units (SI) which was based on the metre, the kilogram, the second and the ampere. SI has now replaced the CGS system of units in most applications.
"Connected" is an electronic pop song by Stereo MCs. This song was released in September 1992. It was #20 on "Billboard" Hot 100 and #18 on UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in several television programs and movies.
The song samples the disco classic song "Let Me (Let Me be Your Lover)" by Jimmy Bo Horne. The full length of the song is five minutes and 16 seconds.
AgustaWestland AW139
The AgustaWestland AW139 is a Italian and British helicopter. It's used both by militaries and civilians. It's a twin turboshaft helicopter. Similars helicopters are Eurocopter EC175 and Sikorsky S-70.
Citroën C15
The Citroën C15 is a light utility car. It was designed and built in France by Citroën. It was built between 1984 and 2005.
Grumman G.159 Gulfstream
Jean Jaurès
Jean Jaurès, or Jean Léon Jaurès is a French politician. He was assassinate by a nationalist fanatic, Raoul Villain. Jaurès was a pacifist in Europe and was against any war. He was a socialist in France.
Douglas C-74 Globemaster
The Airbus A400M Atlas is a military cargo aircraft. It is built in Spain by Airbus Defence & Space, part of Airbus Group. The wings are made in the UK. The cockpit and landing gear are made in France. Germany provides the fuselage assembly. The Atlas is a four turboprops and high-wing aircraft. Orders have come from militaries of many countries like France, Germany, Spain, and the UK. The aircraft's first flight was on 11 December 2009. The French Air Force used it in the Mali war in 2013 and 2014.
On Monday May 11, 2015, An Airbus A400M crashed in Spain during final flight testing. Two pilots and two flight engineers were killed in the accident. Britain, Germany, Malaysia and Turkey all grounded their A440Ms. The six planes France has will only see limited use. Spain has stopped all testing of the planes until the cause of the crash is discovered.
Rasputina (band)
Rasputina is a cello rock band from New York. The members are Melora Creager, Daniel DeJesus, and Dawn Miceli. The band was started in 1992 by Creager.
Creager put an advertisement in The Village Voice asking for other cellists to start a rock band with her. Julia Kent, an editor of the newspaper, responded to the ad.
The band released its first album, "Thanks For the Ether", in 1996. In 1997 they released an extended play remixed by Marilyn Manson. In 1998 the band's second album "How We Quit the Forest" was released. In 2002 "Cabin Fever" was released.
"Walk On By" is a very melancholy song. It was composed by Burt Bacharach. It was first sung by Dionne Warwick. It was released in April 1964. It hit #1 on United States R&B charts.
Isaac Hayes, Melissa Manchester, Cyndi Lauper, and others covered the song. Manchester had her version during 1989.
Women and video games
Stan Rickaby
Stanley "Stan" Rickaby (12 March 1924 – 8 February 2014) was an English footballer. He played as a right back in West Bromwich Albion F.C.. Rickaby played one game for England, in 1953.
Rickaby was born in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He died from natural causes at the age of 89.
Gordon Tullock
Gordon Tullock (February 13, 1922 – November 3, 2014) was an American economist and a Professor of Law and Economics at the George Mason University School of Law. He was best known for his work on public choice theory. The theory was about political science and political issues. He is one of the founding figures in his field.
Tullock was born in Rockford, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago. Tullock studied at the University of Chicago. He worked with fellow economist James M. Buchanan.
On November 3, 2014, Tullock died in Des Moines, Iowa. He was aged 92.
Format war
Finnish Maiden
Frost heaving
Sammaljoki
Sammaljoki might mean:
Taivalkoski
Taivalkoski is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. About 4,250 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuusamo, Posio, Pudasjärvi and Suomussalmi.
Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier. It controls what gets from the bloodstream into the brain, and what does not.
For example, things that the brain needs to survive (water, glucose, and amino acids) can get through the barrier. However, the barrier stops many harmful things, like bacteria and viruses, from getting into the brain. This helps protect the brain from getting an infection.
The blood-brain barrier is formed by capillary endothelial cells. It allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion. It also allows the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids which are crucial to nerve function. On the other hand, the blood-brain barrier may prevent the entry of neurotoxins by means of an active transport mechanism.
A few small areas in the brain do not have a blood-brain barrier.
Paul Ehrlich, a German doctor, discovered the blood-brain barrier. He injected dye into mice's bloodstreams. The dye got to every organ except the brain. The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting through to the brain. Then one of Ehrlich's students injected the dye right into the mice's brains. This time the brain turned blue, but no other organs did. The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting out of the brain into the bloodstream (which would have carried the dye to every other organ in the body).
The blood–brain barrier protects the brain from many common infections. Infections of the brain are rare. If they do happen, they are often serious and difficult to treat. Antibodies (which the body's immune system makes to fight infections) are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier. Also, many antibiotics cannot pass through the BBB to kill the infection in the brain.
One way to get medications into the brain is to inject them into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF helps protect the brain and spinal cord. However, it does not actually touch the brain. Instead, two of the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord hold the CSF. Because of this, even if medications are injected right into the CSF, they still do not get into the brain very well.
Some bacteria, viruses, and other things can get through the blood-brain barrier and damage the brain. For example:
Wu Tianming
Wu Tianming (5 December 1939 – 4 March 2014) was a Chinese movie director and producer. He was considered one of the leading "Fourth Generation" directors. He was born in Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province.
Wu Tianming died from a heart attack on 4 March 2013. He was 74 years old.
Xu Chongde
Xu Chongde (15 January 1929 – 3 March 2014) was a Chinese legal expert, professor and political scientist. He was a member of the Communist Party of China in the People's Republic of China. He was born in Qingpu, Shanghai.
Xu Chongde died on 3 March 2014 in Beijing. He was 85 years old.
Eckart Höfling
Eckart Höfling (28 October 1936 – 1 March 2014) was a German Catholic priest. He was best known for working in the fight against poverty in Brazil. He was born in Langenprozelten, Lower Franconia.
Höfling died after a long illness on 1 March 2014 in Main-Spessart, Bavaria. He was 77 years old.
Michael Shea (writer)
Michael Shea (1946 – February 16, 2014) was an American writer. His genres included fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He has won "year's best" World Fantasy Awards for the novel "Nifft the Lean" and the novella "Growlimb". He was born in Culver City, California.
Michael Shea died unexpectedly on February 16, 2014. He was 67 years old. He was outlived by his wife and two children.
Sauvo
Sauvo is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 3,025 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Kaarina, Kemiönsaari, Parainen, Paimio and Salo.
Most people in Sauvo speak Finnish.
Kemiönsaari
Kemiönsaari is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 7,000 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Salo, Raasepori, Hanko, Parainen and Sauvo.
It was created on 1 January 2009, when the former municipalities of Dragsfjärd, Kimito and Västanfjärd were merged into the municipality.
Most people in Kemiönsaari speak Swedish.
Valtimo
Valtimo is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 2,385 people lived there. Municipalities next to it are Nurmes, Rautavaara and Sotkamo.
Rautavaara
Rautavaara is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 1,780 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Juankoski, Juuka, Kuopio, Lapinlahti, Nurmes, Sonkajärvi, Sotkamo and Valtimo.
Stag beetle
Stag beetles are a family of about 1,200 species of beetles in the family "Lucanidae". They are first found in the mid Jurassic period.
Male stag beetles use their jaws to wrestle with each other. They fight over females and over food, such as tree sap or decaying fruits. Despite their appearance they are not normally aggressive to humans. Adults spend the winter underground in the soil and usually emerge from mid-May onwards. They can fly, and need to because they have to cover large distances.
The larvae live in rotting wood for several years going through three larval stages.
A well-known species in much of Europe is "Lucanus cervus", known as "the" stag beetle. It is the largest land insect in Europe.
Mark Freidkin
Mark Iehielvich Freidkin (; 14 April 1953 – 4 March 2014) was a Soviet and Russian poet, writer, translator, and singer. He wrote three books of prose. He was born in Leninobod (now Khujand, Tajikstan) and studied in Moscow. He was of Jewish descent.
Freidkin died after a long illness on 4 March 2014 in Moscow. He was 60.
System of units
A system of units is a collection of units of measurement. The quantities described by the units are related to each other by specific rules. These rules may not contradict each other. An example of a system like this is one needed for the problems of the economic system.
Some of the units are called "base units". These units can be defined by arbitrarily. Other units are called derived units. They are defined using the base units.
The most common systems of units today are the International System of Units (SI), the Imperial units and the United States customary units.
The base units of SI are the metre, the second, the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin, the candela and the mole. SI has many derived units which include the watt, newton and joule. SI is called a "coherent system of units" because the constant factor in the definition of it derived units is always 1.
The base units of the imperial system and the United States customary system are the pound avoirdupois, the yard and the second. Derived units found in the Imperial and Customary systems of units include horsepower and Pounds per square inch.
The relationship force, energy and power is an example of coherence. The equations are
In SI, the equations become
In the cgs system of units, the equations become
In the MKS-gravitational system, the equations become
Marsha M. Linehan
Marsha M. Linehan (born May 5, 1943) is an American psychologist and writer. She made a new kind of psychotherapy called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Linehan is a Professor of Psychology, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia in March 1961 at The Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. She was an inpatient there for 2 years and 2 months. She was given thorazine and lithium as treatment. She believes that she was misdiagnosed and that she actually had borderline personality disorder.
In 1971 Linehan was given her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Loyola University Chicago.
After she left university, Linehan did an internship at The Suicide Prevention and Crisis Service in Buffalo, New York from 1971 to 1972. During that time Linehan was also an assistant professor at University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
In 1973 Linehan went back to Loyola University to work as a professor for two years. In 1977 Linehan became an assistant professor in the Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences department of the University of Washington.
Vito LoGrasso
Vito Joseph LoGrasso (born June 18, 1964 in Brooklyn) is a American professional wrestler. He is known under the ring names Big Vito and just Vito. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He also spent a short time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
On September 2013, he opened a wrestling school in Clearwater, Florida.
Bikini Kill
Bikini Kill was an American punk rock band. The band was started in October 1990 in Olympia. The band's members were singer Kathleen Hanna, guitarist Billy Karren, bassist Kathi Wilcox, and drummer Tobi Vail.
The band was started in Olympia, Washington by Kathleen Hanna (vocals), Billy Karren (guitar), Kathi Wilcox (bass), and Tobi Vail (drums). They released a demo cassette tape in 1991. They were then signed to Kill Rock Stars. Their first extended play "Bikini Kill" was released on the label. In September 1993 the band's first album "Pussy Whipped" was released. The band's last album, "Reject All American" was released in 1996. In 1997 the band broke up. In 2012 "Bikini Kill" was released again. In 2014 "Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah" was released again.
Division of Fisher
The Division of Fisher is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Andrew Fisher, three times Prime Minister of Australia. It covers the Sunshine Coast area north of Brisbane. It includes the towns of Caloundra, Mooloolaba, Beerwah, Maleny, Woodford and Kilcoy.
Sir Charles Adermann was Deputy Leader of the Country Party 1964–66.
Peter Slipper was elected as Speaker on 24 November 2011 and resigned from the Liberal National Party. He stayed in parliament as an independent member. He resigned as speaker on 9 October 2012. On 11 May 2013, he joined businessman Clive Palmer's new Palmer United Party, becoming its first member in federal parliament. However, only hours later his membership of the party was cancelled and Slipper returned to being an independent.
Division of Flynn
The Division of Flynn is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up for the 2007 federal election. The electorate covers the areas west from the port city of Gladstone, as far as the town of Emerald. It was named after John Flynn, founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
In June 2006, the Australian Electoral Commission announced that the new division would be named Wright. This would honour Judith Wright for her life as a "poet and in the areas of arts, conservation and indigenous affairs in Queensland and Australia". Many people complained because the name could be linked to disgraced former Queensland ALP leader Keith Wright. Instead the AEC named the seat after John Flynn.
Zhou Youguang (Chou Yu-kuang; ; born Zhou Yaoping ; 13 January 1906 – 14 January 2017) was a Chinese linguist and writer. He was sometimes called the "father of Hanyu Pinyin". Hanyu Pinyin is the official romanization of Chinese in the People's Republic of China. He also wrote many books banned by the government of China.
Zhou was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu. In 1933, he married Zhang Yunhe. She died on 14 August 2002. They had two children together Zhou Xiaoping (1934–2015) and Zhou Xiaohe (1935–1941). He turned 100 in 2006. He became a supercentenarian (turning 110) in 2016.
Zhou died on 14 January 2017 at his home in Beijing, a day after his 111th birthday.
Emmanuel Kriaras