AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Graduate from "École Polytechnique" (promotion 1972) and "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (promotion 1975), Michel Wachenheim starts his career in 1977 at the air traffic department. In 2007, he becomes Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Transport Dominique Bussereau. The 1st of September 2009, he becomes French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Michel Wachenheim is married, has three children and is "Officier de la Légion d'honneur". The 2009-2010 promotion of the "institut de formation universitaire et de recherche du transport aérien" (research and training air transport institute) bears his name.
Closeted
Iolanta
Iolanta (sometimes Iolanthe) () is a one-act opera. The libretto was written by Modest Tchaikovsky. It is based on the Danish play "Kong Renés Datter" ("King René’s Daughter") by Henrik Hertz. The story is a account of the life of Yolande de Bar. The play was translated by Fyodor Miller and adapted by Vladimir Zotov. The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The opera received its premiere in St. Petersburg on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre on a double-bill with the ballet "The Nutcracker".
Hrithik Roshan (born 10 January 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actor. Roshan had appeared as a child actor in many movies in the 1980s and also appeared as an assistant director in the 1990s. He made his movie debut in his father's film, Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai in 2000 with Ameesha Patel who also made her debut. His performance in the movie was widely appreciated and earned him a Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Debut. He followed it with leading roles in "Fiza" and "Mission Kashmir" and had a male supporting role in the blockbuster movie "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001)", which was India's highest-grossing movie in the overseas market at that time. This was followed by several flops in his career. The flops included "Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage" which reunited him with Ameesha Patel after their debut film. However, his career later improved when he acted in Koi... Mil Gaya, another film directed by his father and won two Filmfare Awards and he also acted in its sequels "Krrish" and "Krrish 3", which were both successful. He earned praise for his portrayal of a thief in the 2006 adventure film Dhoom 2, Mughal emperor Akbar in the 2008 historical romance "Jodhaa Akbar" and a quadriplegic in the 2010 drama "Guzaarish". He played the lead in the 2011 drama "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara", the 2012 action revenge film "Agneepath", the 2014 action comedy "Bang Bang!", the 2019 biopic Super 30, and the 2019 action thriller "War" which ranks as his highest-grossing release.
Stephen Root
Stephen Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known for doing many voices in movies and TV shows. He voiced Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in "King of the Hill", Zeb Zoober in "The Country Bears" and Junjie in "".
Goose step
The goose step is a kind of marching done by the military. It is usually done in formal parades and other ceremonies. While marching together, the troops swing their legs high off the ground, while keeping their knees unbended (so that their legs are straight). It resembles the walking style of a goose.
The march comes from the Prussian army in the mid-18th century. It was called the Stechschritt (meaning, "piercing step") or Stechmarsch. It is still used today by the armed forces of the nearly 30 countries.
James Hong
James Hong (traditional Chinese: 吳漢章, Wú Hànzhāng; born February 22, 1929) is an American stand-up comedian, character actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is perhaps best known as the voice of Mr. Ping in the "Kung Fu Panda" franchise.
Hong and his family came out in an around-the-world mountain biking travel adventure called . The Hong family rode their mountain bikes on a trail near the Hollywood sign. James' daughter named April was born in 1975.
Kung Fu Panda Holiday, also known as Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special, is a 2010 American television special, based on the "Kung Fu Panda" franchise. It premiered on NBC on November 24, 2010.
It features the voices of Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Jackie Chan, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jack McBrayer. The special's premiere broadcast drew 5.925 million viewers.
"Kung Fu Panda Holiday" got mostly positive reviews.
One day, Master Shifu (Dustin Hoffman) assigns Master Po (Jack Black) to host the upcoming annual Winter Feast that's to be held at the Jade Palace with every single Kung Fu master. But Po declines because he's gonna spend Christmas with Mr. Ping (James Hong) instead.
Mike Wallace (journalist)
Myron Leon "Mike" Wallace (born in Brookline, Massachusetts, May 9, 1918 – died in New Haven, Connecticut, April 7, 2012) was an American journalist, actor, game show host and television personality. He presented the CBS television program "60 Minutes".
Lockheed C-130 Hercules
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf (Persian/Pashto: مزارِ شریف, ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan. The population was about 375,000 as of 2006. It is the capital of Balkh province. It is linked by roads to Kunduz in the east, Kabul in the south-east, Herat to the west and Uzbekistan to the north. The city is a major tourist attraction in Afghanistan because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites. In 2006, the discovery of new Hellenistic remains was announced.
The region around Mazar-e-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Khanate of Bukhara.
The name Mazar-e-Sharif means "Noble Shrine". This name represents the Blue Mosque which is widely known to be the grave of Hazrat Ali (prophet Mohammad's son-in-law).
The city and region became part of the Afghan Durrani Empire around 1750.
Mazar-e Sharif remained peaceful for the next one hundred years. In 1979 then neighboring Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. During the 1980s Soviet war, Mazari Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army.
Between May and July 1997, the Taliban unsuccessfully attempted to take Mazar. About 3,000 Taliban soldiers were killed by Abdul Malik and his Shia followers. The Taliban returned on August 8, 1998 and led a six-day killing frenzy of Hazaras. Soon after, the city was occupied and taken over by the Taliban.
Following 9/11, Mazar Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the Northern Alliance (United Front). The Taliban's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into defeat from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan. On November 9, 2001 the city was captured by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces after the Battle of Mazar e Sharif with help from the United States Special Operations Forces and bombing by U.S. Air Force aircraft. As many as 2,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle. Reports also place U.S. ground troops at the scene of the massacre.
There are also NATO peacekeeping forces in and around the city providing assistance to the Afghan government.
On April 1, 2011, as many as ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city. The demonstration was organized in retaliation to the March 21 Qur'an-burning in Florida, United States.
The climate in Mazari Sharif is very hot during the summer. Daily temperatures are over 40°C or 104 degree Fahrenheit in June and July. The winters are cold with temperatures falling below freezing.
The population of Mazari Sharif is around 375,000. It is a multiethnic and multilingual society.
The main language in Mazari Sharif is Dari (Persian) followed by Pashto. Both are the official languages of Afghanistan.
The city is a centre for the traditional buzkashi sport, and the Blue Mosque is the focus of Afghanistan's Nawroz celebration.
Mazar-e Sharif serves as the major trading center in northern Afghanistan. It was the first city to connect itself by rail with a neighboring country. The rail service from Mazar-e Sharif to Uzbekistan began in 2011 and is expected to rapidly boost the economy of the city. Cargo on freight trains arrives to the last station near Mazar-i-Sharif Airport, where the goods are reloaded onto trucks or airplanes and sent to their last destinations across Afghanistan.
The local economy is mainly trade, agriculture and karakul production. Some oil and gas have also boosted the city's economy.
The modern city of Mazar-i Sharif is centered around the Shrine of Hazrat Ali. Much restored, it is one of Afghanistan's most glorious monuments. Outside Mazar-i Sharif lies the ancient city of Balkh.
Badakhshan Province
Badakhshan (Persian: بدخشان - "Badakhshān") is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It has 28 Districts. The capital is Feyzabad. It is located in the north-east of the country, between the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya.
Badakhshan is bordered by Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province in Tajikistan to the north and east. In the east is the Wakhan Corridor. The province has a total area of 44,059 km². Much of the land is the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges.
Badakhshan is one of the poorest areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province.
Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines for over 6,000 years. The mines were the largest and most well-known source in ancient times.
The population of the province is estimated at 889,700 people. The majority of them are Persian-speaking Tajiks.
The residents of the province are largely Sunni.
The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team.
Fayzabad, Badakhshan
Fayzabad (also spelled Feyzabad, Fazelabad or Faizabad) () is the provincial capital and largest city in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. There are around 50,000 people. It is the main commercial and administrative center of the Pamir region.
Fayzabad is in northeast Afghanistan. The city is located on the right bank of the Kokcha River.
Fayzabad has been separate from other parts of the country because of the lack of paved roads. There are two active bazaars in the city where items as different as cotton, cotton cloth and goods, salt, sugar, tea, indigo, and cutlery are traded.
The majority of the people are Tajiks. There also are some Pashtun, Uzbek and Turkmen.
There are a number of mosques and shrines of historical importance in the city.
The city has several schools including an all-girls school. There is also a hospital which is considered the best in the province, and a police station. There is a guest house called Lapis Lazuli for expatriates.
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological name for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to ca. 2300–1700 BCE. It was in present-day Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan and northeastern Iran, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan. Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (1976). "Bactria" was the Greek name for the area of "Bactra" (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan. "Margiana" was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, in today's Turkmenistan.
Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward many buildings in many sites. Reports on the BMAC were mostly in Soviet journals, until the last years of the Soviet Union. The findings were unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work was translated in the 1990s.
Uzbek language
Uzbek ("O'zbek tili" or "O'zbekcha" in Latin script, Ўзбек тили or Ўзбекча in Cyrillic script, أۇزبېك تیلی in Arabic script) is a Turkic language. It is the official language of Uzbekistan. It has about 40 million native speakers. It is spoken by the Uzbeks in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia. Uzbek belongs to the southeastern Turkic or Uyghur family of Turkic languages.
Turkmen language
Turkmen (, Cyrillic: , Persian: ) is the national language of Turkmenistan. It is spoken by about 7,000,000 people in Turkmenistan and by an about 380,000 more people in Northwestern Afghanistan and 500,000 in Northeastern Iran.
The leading Turkmen poet is Magtymguly Pyragy, who wrote in the 1700's.
Nuristani languages
The Nuristani (Nurestani) languages () are one of the three groups in the Indo-Iranian language family. The other two languages are Indo-Aryan and Iranian. They are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan.
Telephone numbers in Afghanistan
Area codes in Afghanistan are two digits long. It is common to write phone numbers as (0xx) yyy-yyyy, where xx is the area code. The 0 prefix is for long-distance dialing from within the country. International callers should dial +93 xx yyyyyyy.
Area codes for common cities are:
Helmand Province
Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region, providing water for irrigation.
Helmand is the world's largest opium-producing region. It makes 75% of the world's total production. This is more than all of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. Afghan opium accounts for more than 90% of the global supply.
The current governor is Mohammad Golab Mangal (since March 2008).
Much of the fighting between NATO and Taliban forces is taking place in this province. Helmand is said to be a Taliban stronghold.
Helmand has a southern border with the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Many domestic and international observers have criticized Pakistan's efforts towards securing the border against Taliban insurgents.
The population is 1,441,769. The area is 58,584 square kilometres. Pashtuns are the majority estimated at 92% of the population. There are also Balochs who are in the south. Also there are small numbers of Hazara, Brahui and Tajik.
Ghazni Province
Ghazni () () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Its capital is Ghazni City.
The major ethnic groups in the province are Hazaras, Pashtuns and Tajiks. There are also some Burki, and Uzbeks. Ghazni is made up of 19 districts.
Some Sikhs and Hindus also live in Ghazni province. During the Taliban regime they fled the country. With the current administration they have returned to Ghazni city.
Band E Sardeh Dam is located in Andar District near the border with Paktika Province. It creates a large water reservoir that is important to the irrigation of the Kahnjoor farming zone.
Ghazni
Ghazni (Persian/Pashto: غزنی - "Ġaznī"; historically known as غزنین / "Ġaznīn" and غزنه / "Ġazna") is a city in central-east Afghanistan. It is the capital of Ghazni Province.
Just like other cities of Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has seen many military invasions.
The city has a number of public schools.
Ghazni City is located in an area of extreme drought. In 2007, one of the gates on a fifty-year-old dam on the Jikhai River broke. This worried the people of Ghazni city about the water supply. The dam serves as a good source of irrigation water to Ghazni City and the surrounding agricultural areas. Nearby rivers have a history of flooding and causing severe damage and death, though efforts have begun to fix this.
Pashayi language
Pashayi - also known as Pashai - is a language (or a group of languages) spoken by the Pashai people in parts of Kapisa, Laghman, Nuristan, Kunar, and Nangarhar Provinces in northeastern Afghanistan.
It is spoken by over 216,842 people who are mostly Muslim. Most of them are bilingual in Pashto. Only 25% are able to read. The Pashai language was not written prior to 2003.
Kushan Empire
The Kushan Empire ( ("Kuṣāṇ Rājavaṃśa"), BHS: "", Parthian: "Kušanxšaθr") was first formed in the early 1st century AD. It was in eastern and northern Afghanistan and the north-west of India.
The Kushan were a branch of the Yuezhi confederation. Previously a nomadic people living in eastern Central Asia, the Yuezhi moved southwest and settled in ancient Bactria.
Jennifer Maroney (born August 15, 1990) is an American actress. She has acted in films for the "X-Men" series and "The Hunger Games" series.
In 2010, Lawrence played Ree Dolly in "Winter's Bone". In 2012, she played Katniss Everdeen in "The Hunger Games" franchise. In 2013, she won an Oscar for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role. That year, she also won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.
Lawrence is of English, Scottish, Irish and German descent. As of August 2013, Lawrence is dating "" and "" co-star Nicholas Hoult. The couple started dating in 2011 after filming "X-Men: First Class", but ended their relationship in January 2013, after 2 years of dating. They reconnected 6 months later in July 2013, after filming "X-Men: Days of Future Past" together.
Lawrence has been the recipient of an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Award, four Critic's Choice Movie Awards, a Independent Spirit Award, a Venice Film Festival Award, a Palm Springs International Film Festival Award, a Saturn Award, a Satellite Award and several other awards. She was named the Associated Press' Entertainer of the Year for 2013.
The Buddhas of Bamiyan ( – "but hay-e bamiyan") were two 6th century monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff. They are in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat region of central Afghanistan.
They were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban. Japan and Switzerland, among others, have said they would help rebuild the statues.
Tahirid dynasty
The Tahirid dynasty () was a Persian dynasty that ruled the Abbasid province of Khorasan from 821 to 873. It also ruled the city of Baghdad from 820 until 891. The capital in Khorasan was first located at Merv. Later it moved to Nishapur.
History of Azerbaijan
The history of Azerbaijan goes back centuries before the USSR was formed. The population of Azerbaijan is a native to the Caucasus area, which are of turk descent.
In the 7th century, Islam was introduced with the Arab conquest, which was important in the formation of a single nation and language in Azerbaijan, when the population became Muslim. A common religion for both Turkic and non-Turkic ethnic groups brought about the formation of common traditions, and the integration between the different ethnic groups living on the territory of Azerbaijan. By the middle of the 9th century, the Turkic ethnic group, the Azerbaijani people became the major ethnic group.
The establishment of a single state in Azerbaijan happened between the 15th century and the 18th century. This period is very important in the history of Azerbaijan. The ruler Shah Ismail Khatai (1501-1524) who was of Azerbaijani origin, united all the territories of Azerbaijan under his control. He founded the Safavid dynasty with Tabriz as its capital. During the rule of the Safavis, the Azerbaijani language also became the only official language. After the Safavid dynasty ended, Nadir Shah Afshar (1736-1747), an Azerbaijani commander founded the Afsharid dynasty (1736-1796) named after himself, and continued to rule over Azerbaijan's territories. He strengthened the borders and in 1739 invaded North India including Delhi. After Nadir Shah's death, his dynasty weakened and in the second part of the 18th century resulted in the formations of new smaller states.
In the late 18th century, then, the government of Iran passed to the Qajar dynasty (1796-1925), who were also of Azerbaijani origin. Their main policy was to unite all the territories once ruled by their ancestors. This gave the start to several long wars between the Qajars and Russia, with both parties aiming to occupy the South Caucasus which Azerbaijan is a part of. Azerbaijan was divided between the two empires. The northern part of Azerbaijan was annexed to Russia, while the south went to Iran. This is the origin of today's political division between "North Azerbaijan" which today has become the Republic of Azerbaijan, and "South Azerbaijan", which today is a part of Iran.
Azerbaijan came under Russian rule after the Persian-Russian wars of 1804-1813. The country gained independence for a short period, however, towards the end of the First World War. After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, Azerbaijan, together with Armenia and Georgia formed the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When this republic ended in May 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan on May 28, 1918, as the first modern and secular parliamentary republic in the Muslim World. However, the Red Army occupied the territory and annexed it to the newly formed Soviet Union and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was founded on April 28, 1920.
During the Second World War and after, the Azerbaijan SSR, as a petroleum producer, was important in the energy policy of the Soviet Union. Following the politics of reforms called "glasnost", started by the leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, riots and ethnic fighting grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, a region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to the Soviet government's lack of response to the already tense conflict between the Azerbaijanis and Armenians, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which resulted in the massacre known as "Black January" in the capital Baku in January 1990. Azerbaijan eventually declared independence on October 18, 1991. The Soviet Union was ended on December 25, 1991.
When Azerbaijan became independent, the conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh turned into the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1991-1994.
The politician Heydar Aliyev became the President of Azerbaijan in 1993 and successfully stabilized the country and a ceasefire between Azerbaijan and Armenia was signed in 1994, which paused the war. However, 20 % of Azerbaijan remained occupied by the Armenian military and the two countries were in a state of war, until November, 2020. Nevertheless, representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have since been holding peace talks organized by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) "Minsk Group" to solve the conflict and restore the territory to Azerbaijan. When Heydar Aliyev died in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev became the President of Azerbaijan and is continuing his father's policies today. As an important producer of petroleum and natural gas, Azerbaijan's economy is increasing very rapidly every year, and has become rich as a result.
Marilyn Chambers
Marilyn Ann Chambers (April 22, 1952 - April 12, 2009) was an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer and fashion model. She was born Marilyn Ann Briggs in Providence, Rhode Island. She was raised in Westport, Connecticut. She was notable for performing in many pornographic movies, including "Behind the Green Door" and mainstream movies, including "Rabid". Chambers died in Santa Clarita, California due to cerebral hemorrhage and aneurysm cause by heart disease.
Sistan
Sīstān () is a border region in eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southern Afghanistan (Nimroz, Kandahar and Zabul provinces).
Sistan was once the homeland of Sakas, a Scythian tribe of Iranic origin. The Saffarids, one of the early Iranian dynasties of the Islamic era, were first from Sistan.
Saffarid dynasty
The Saffarids or the Saffarid dynasty () was a Persian empire. They ruled in Sistan from 861–1002. Sistan was a historical region in southeastern Iran, southwestern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Their capital was Zaranj, located in present-day Afghanistan.
Bukhara
Bukhara (; ; ) is the capital of the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan. It is the nation's fifth-largest city. It had about 263,400 people at the 2009 census. People have lived in the area for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. The city is on the Silk Road. That made it a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which has many mosques and madrassas, is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. There are many Uzbeks and Tajiks. The city has Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was called "Bokhara" in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as "Buhe/Puhe"（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
The M37 highway connects the city to most of the major cities in Turkmenistan including Ashgabat.
Many important people lived in Bukhara in the past. Most famous of them are:
Lashkar Gah
Lashkar Gah () (), also called Bost, is a city in southern Afghanistan and the capital of Helmand Province. It is located in Lashkar Gah district, and is between the Helmand and Arghandab rivers. The city has a population of 201,546 as of 2006.
Lashkar Gah is linked by major roads with Kandahar to the east, Zaranj to the west, and Herat to the north-west.
Football is the popular sport in Lashkar Gah. The Lashkar Gah Football Stadium was rebuilt in 2006. It can hold around 10,000 spectators. Currently, 13 registered cricket teams play at the new Karzai Stadium in Lashkar Gah.
Greater Khorasan
Al-Farabi (persian: ابو نصر محمد بن محمد فارابي, / ;) known in the West as Alpharabius (c. 872 in Fārāb – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951 in Damascus), was a persian scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world. He was also a cosmologist, logician, and musician.
Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī
"Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni"' in English, was a Persian-Chorasmian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.
Al-Biruni was one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences. He did a lot of work as a historian, chronologist and linguist.
Timurid dynasty
The Timurid dynasty () or the Timurids, who called themselves "Gurkānī" (), were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage. Members of the dynasty were strongly influenced by the culture of Iran and had established two well-known empires in history, the Timurid Empire in Iran and Central Asia and the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal dynasty was a branch of the Timurid dynasty.
Hotaki dynasty
The Hotaki dynasty was founded in 1709 by Mirwais Hotak at Kandahar, Afghanistan. It was made up of Pashtuns (ethnic Afghans) who belonged to the Hotak tribe of Pashtuns. They revolted and made their land independent from foreign ruler, but later they invaded Persia and defeated the great Persian Empire of the Shi'a Safavids.
Mahmud Hotaki, son of Mirwais, ruled Persia until he died in 1725 and then his cousin Ashraf ruled until 1729 when Nader Shah Afshar defeated him.
The last king was Hussain Hotaki in Kandahar until he was defeated by Nader Shah in 1738.
Himni i Flamurit
"Himni i Flamurit" (in English: 'Hymn to the Flag') is the national anthem of Albania. The words were written by the Albanian poet Asdreni ("Aleksandër Stavre Drenova"). The hymn was first published as a poem in "Liri e Shqipërisë" (in English: "Freedom of Albania"), an Albanian newspaper in Sofia, Bulgaria, on 21 April 1912. It was later printed in a volume of poems by Drenova titled "Ëndra e lotë" (in English: "Dreams and tears"), which was published in Bucharest. The music of the anthem was composed by the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu. It's based on the song "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire".
The first part (stanza or verse) is always sung, the second part is sung on occasion, and the third part is never sung.
Albanian has historically been written in a number of different alphabets.
Telephone numbers in Albania
The country calling code for Albania is +355
For domestic calls (within Albania), 0 must be dialed before the area code. The prefix for international calls from Albania is 00 (for example for an United States number 00 1 ... should be dialed). Below is an explanation when dialing a Tirana number:
Albania has the lowest rate of telephone use in Europe. In 2008 there were about 10 lines per 100 people. Cellular phone use is very common throughout the country.
This is a list of area codes in Albania.
List of heads of state of Albania
This is a list of heads of state of Albania. The head of state is named President.
List of Prime Ministers of Albania
This is a list of Prime ministers of Albania. The current Prime Minister is Sali Berisha.
Zayyanid dynasty
Zayyanids (, "Ziyānyūn") or Abd al-Wadids (), or Banu Zayan, is the name of a Berber Zenata dynasty in North Africa. The Zayyanids, whose capital was Tlemcen(in modern day Algeria) existed from 1235 to 1556. They were also known as Abdalwadid.
Catholic University of the North
The Catholic University of the North () is a Catholic university located in Antofagasta, Chile. It is one of the universities in the north of Chile.
Gennady Zyuganov
Isfana
Isfana is a small town in Kyrgyzstan. It is the administrative center of Leilek District. Over 27 thousand people live in Isfana.
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol () is the Netherlands' main international airport, It is 20 minutes southwest of Amsterdam. The airport's English name is Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The airport had an IATA name of SPL, but is now AMS.
The airport is the main airport for KLM, Arkefly, Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair and Transavia. The airport is also the main European airport for Delta Air Lines. It is the 4th busiest airport in Europe and the 12th busiest in the world.
Trains run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen connect Amsterdam Schipol railway station to places around the Netherlands.
Flybe Group PLC (Known as flybe) was a low-cost regional airline group in Exeter, Devon, England. It had over 180 routes to 65 European airports and was Europe's biggest regional airline. Over 6.7 million passengers travelled with them during 2010. The airline was on the London Stock Exchange (), and payed around 2,800 people.
Aurigny Air Services Limited, known as aurigny.com is an airline with its head office at Guernsey Airport in the Channel Islands, and is owned by the States of Guernsey. It operates passenger and freight services between the Channel Islands, northern France and the United Kingdom. Its main base is Guernsey Airport, with other aircraft and crew based at Jersey Airport and Alderney Airport. Aurigny is one of the longest operating regional airlines in the world, and is one of the oldest airlines in Britain except for Loganair and Monarch Airlines. The name means Alderney.
Aurigny Air Services runs to the following destinations (at February 2010):
The airline used to run to the following destinations:
British Midland Airways Limited
British Midland Airways Limited known as BMI was an airline based at Donington Hall in Castle Donington in the United Kingdom, close to East Midlands Airport. The airline flew to places in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia from its base at London Heathrow Airport, where it held 11% of all take off and landing slots and runs over 2,000 flights a week.
BMI was owned by Lufthansa, who announced an agreement in December 2011 to sell the airline to the owner of British Airways, International Airlines Group. The deal does not include Bmibaby and BMI Regional.. BMI Regional was sold to Sector Aviation Holdings for £8 million in May 2012. In April 2012 it was announced that bmi (excluding bmibaby) was to be fully merged into British Airways by the end of October 2012.
British Midland Airways Limited had a Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, which allowed it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats, and was a 3-star airline by Skytrax.
Bmibaby
Bmibaby Limited known as bmibaby.com was a British low-cost airline. It flew to places in the UK and Europe from its bases at Belfast City, Birmingham and East Midlands airports. It was owned by British Midland International, which itself is owned was Lufthansa. In April 2012, BMI was bought by the International Airlines Group and the airline, along with bmibaby, stopped flying.
Bmibaby had a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence. It was allowed to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.
Tōkaidō
In Japanese, may mean:
BMI Regional
Belfast City Airport
George Best Belfast City Airport is a single-runway airport in Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland next to the Port of Belfast it is from Belfast City Centre. It shares the site with the Short Brothers/Bombardier aircraft making area. The airport began commercial operations in 1983.
The airport was known as "Belfast City Airport" until it was renamed in 2006 in memory of George Best, the professional footballer from Belfast, best known for his time with Manchester United.
The airport gets over 2.7 million passengers in 2010, a record total for the airport, though the total fell by 12.5% to 2.4 million in 2011.
The airport is a major base for Flybe, which began services at the airport in 1993 and is now the largest operator at Belfast City.
Belfast City has a CAA public use aerodrome licence (number P862) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.
Ipswich Airport
Amānullāh Khān
Md. Aman Ullah (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: ) (Aptil 27, 2000 –) was the Sovereign of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929. He was first an Emir and after 1926 the King. He led Afghanistan to freedom from the United Kingdom. He was the first Afghan ruler to make the country more modern. Habibullah Kalakani and his followers fought against Khan. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah went to then neighboring British India. Afghanistan fell into a civil war. From British India he went to Europe where he died in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1960.
Badghis Province
Bādghīs (Persian/Pashto: بادغیس) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in northwestern Afghanistan, between the Murghab and Hari rivers. It goes as far northward as the edge of the desert of Sarakhs.
The province was one of the last captured by the Taliban in their military offensive before the American invasion in 2001. TheTajik people of the province never welcomed the Pashtun Taliban. The province was quickly retaken by Northern Alliance forces.
Badghis Province is in the isolated hills of northwestern Afghanistan. Its borders are Herat, Ghor, and Faryab provinces as well as Turkmenistan.
The current Governor of the province is Delbar Jan Arman.
Agriculture is the main source of people's income. The Murghab and Hari rivers makes the land suitable for farming. The province had a bad drought in the late 1990s and early 2000s. This has gotten better. Badghis is the biggest in pistachio production in Afghanistan. It is also one of the carpet-making capitals of the country.
Badghis Province has little transportation. Qala i Naw Airport (QAQN) is the only airport.
Qala i Naw, Afghanistan
Qala i Naw (قلعه نو) is a town in Qala i Naw District and the capital of Badghis Province, of north-west Afghanistan. Its population is estimated 9,000 in 2006.
It has a small airport, Qala i Naw Airport.
Tōkaidō (road)
The was a major road in ancient Japan. It was one of five main roads during the Edo period. The route connected Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and Kyoto along the sea coast of eastern Honshū.
There were fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations ("shuku-eki") along the road which connected Edo and Kyoto.
The typical method of travel was by foot.
Tōkaidō (region)
"Tōkaidō" was one of the main circuits of the "Gokishichidō" system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the "Gokishichido" became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including "Tōkaidō", remained cultural markers.
The ancient Tōkaidō road was improved and widened in 1604.
It is a geographic region which has 15 ancient provinces, including
The lands of five prefectures are in the region of "Tōkaidō": Chiba, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama and Tokyo.
Today, Route 1 is a major national highway that mirrors the route of the old Tōkaidō except in the Tōkyō-Yokohama section.
Route 15 follows the route of the old Tōkaidō between Tōkyō and Yokohama
Romantic poetry
UTC+04:30
UTC+04:30 is the time used for:
Baghlan Province
Baghlan (Persian/Pashto: بغلان "Baġlān") is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is Puli Khumri. The name comes from a major town in the province, Baghlan.
Hazaras, Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks are living in this Province.
Baghlan's primary crops (as of 1974) were cotton and sugar beets. The area also produced grapes, pistachios, and pommegranates. The primary livestock are Karakul sheep.
The province also produces silk. Coal is mined in the Karkar Valley.
The districts of Baghlan are:
The current Governor of Baghlan is Mohammad Akbar Barakzai, appointed 2009.
Puli Khumri
Puli Khumri (or Pul-i-Kumri) () is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Baghlan Province and has a population of 60,000 (2002 official estimate).
Antonietta Di Martino
Antonietta Di Martino (born 1 June 1978) is an Italian high jumper. She was born in Cava de'Tirreni.
Piuza won the silver medal at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Bamyan Province
Bamyan Province () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the centre of the country. Its capital city is also called Bamyan. Most of the people are Hazaras, with fewer Tajiks, and Pashtuns. Bamyan is the largest province in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan.
The former governor of the province is Habiba Sarabi. She is Afghanistan's first and, so far, only female governor.
Bamiyan is famous for its potatoes.
Bamyan Province has the only university, Bamiyan University in the area.
Hakucho
"Hakucho" was sent into orbit on February 21, 1979. It reentered the atmosphere and melted on April 15, 1985.
This was Japan's first x-ray astronomy satellite.
Languages of Afghanistan
Dari and Pashto are the official languages of Afghanistan, but other important regional languages include Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and possibly a few other.
Bamyan
Bamyan (), also spelled Bamiyan and Bamian, is the capital city of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. It has about 61,863 people. It is the largest town in the Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan. It is 240 kilometres north-west of Kabul, the national capital.
Bamyan has the region's only university, Bamiyan University.
Daykundi Province
Daykundi "(Persian: دایکندی)" also spelled "Daikondi", "Dāykondī" or "Daikundi" or "Daykundi, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Day Kundi's capital is Nili. It is about 310 kilometres from Kabul. It is in the Hazarajat region.
Daykundi province grows almonds.
On 15 April 2011, Mr. Qurban Ali Oruzgani became Governor of Daikundi province.
Lauren Ambrose
Nili, Afghanistan
Nili () is the capital city of Daykundi Province, Afghanistan. It is located in Nili District. The town is at 2,022 m altitude.
Farah Province
Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Farah. Farah is large with few people living in it. It is the fourth largest province in Afghanistan. It is on the Iranian border. Most of the people are Pashtun.
Tenma
"Tenma" was sent into orbit on February 20, 1983.
This was Japan's second x-ray astronomy satellite.
Farah, Afghanistan
Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is a city in western Afghanistan. It is the capital of Farah Province. There are about 109,409 people living here. It is at 650 m altitude. It is on the Farah River.
The city is a major trading and farming center in the area. There is an airport with a paved runway.
Faryab Province
Fāryāb () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. The capital is Maymana. Most of the people are Uzbek.
The Governor of the province is Abdul Haq Shafaq.
Alain Lefebvre
Alain Lefebvre, born the 1st of April 1947, is a French journalist. Graduate from the "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (French civil aviation university), he founded the ephemeral "Magazine hebdo" while managing the "groupe Media" and "L'Histoire magazine".
Lefebvre is also interested in advertising in collaboration with journalist Christian Blachas, also host of the show "Culture-Pub".
Sakigake
The satellite was launched on January 7, 1985.
Southern
Southern is the adjective form of south. It may refer to:
Maymana
Maymana, Meymaneh or Maimana (Persian: میمنه) is the capital of Faryab Province, northern Afghanistan. It is near the Turkmenistan border. It is about 400 km northwest of the Afghan capital Kabul.
Ghōr Province
Ghōr (, (), also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in central Afghanistan, towards the northwest. The capital of Ghor is Chaghcharan.
About 635,302 people live in Ghor Province.
The current governor of Ghor is Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib.
Chaghcharan
Chaghcharan () also known as Firouzkoh () is a town and the capital of Ghor Province in central Afghanistan. It is located on the southern side of the Hari River.
There are about 15,000 people, mostly Persian speaking. Chaghcharan Airport is about 1 mile to the northeast of the town.
Paula Zahn
Herat Province
Herat (Persian/Pashto: هرات) is one the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the south-western region of the country. The main city and capital is named Herat.
The region of Herat used to be part of Greater Khorasan. It was ruled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Saffavids. In the early-18th century it became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty followed by the Durrani Empire.
There are about 1,762,157 people living in Herat Province.
There are 16 districts within the province. These are listed in the table below.
Football (soccer) is the popular sport in Herat Province. Cricket is also getting popular.
Fred Flintstone is the main protagonist of "The Flintstones" franchise. He is an everyday caveman and caring father. He was invented by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera.
His iconic phrase is "Yabba-dabba-doo". Alan Reed came up with it.
Alan Reed, Henry Corden, James Arnold Taylor and Jeff Bergman have voiced him in various media. John Goodman played him in the 1994 movie.
Cookie Monster is a Muppet that appears in Sesame Street. He is a blue monster that is known for eating lots of food, especially cookies. He is also known for some of his famous eating phrases. His favorite food is cookies, as his name implies. He especially enjoys chocolate chip cookies. Throughout the years of his presence, he has gained increasing awareness of children's food habits. In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food."
Modest Tchaikovsky
Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky (13 May 1850 – 15 January 1916) was a Russian dramatist, opera librettist and translator. Like his famous composer brother Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, he was a homosexual. In 1876, Modest tutored a deaf-mute boy and eventually helped him to talk, write, and read. Modest wrote three plays and the libretti for several operas, including his brother's "The Queen of Spades" and "Iolanta". He translated Shakespeare's Sonnets, and wrote his brother's biography. He died in Moscow in 1916.
Antonietta Dell'Era
Jowzjan Province
Jowzjān or Jōzjān or Jawzjan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the northern area of the country. The capital is Sheberghan.
There are around 485,300 people in the province.
Jowzjan's current governor is Mohammed Aleem Sayee.
Sheberghan
Sheberghān or Shaburghān (), also spelled "Shebirghan" and "Shibarghan", is the capital city of the Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan.
Sheberghan is on the Safid River banks, about west of Mazari Sharif.
Kabul Province
Kābul (, ) situated in the east of the country, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital of the province is Kabul City, which is also Afghanistan's capital. There are about 3.5 million people living in the province as of 2009.
Kabul is the center of annual buzkashi and football tournaments.
Suisei
The unmanned space probe was sent into space on August 18, 1985. It was designed to study Halley's Comet when it passed through the inner solar system in 1986.
Kandahar Province
Kandahar or Qandahar () () is one of the largest of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in southern Afghanistan, between Helmand, Oruzgan and Zabul provinces. Its capital is the city of Kandahar. There are about 913,000 people who live in the province. The United States is currently fighting the Taliban in this area.
The following is a list of the districts of Kandahar Province:
Ginga (satellite)
The satellite was sent into orbit on February 5, 1987.
Temuco Catholic University
Kapisa Province
Kapisa (Pashto/Persian: کاپيسا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north-east of the country. The capital is Mahmud-i-Raqi. There are about 364,900 people living in the province.
Kapisa province is 80 km north east of Kabul.
Mahmud-i-Raqi
The town of Mahmud Raqi (also: Mahmud-i-Raqi, Mahmood-e Raqi) is the capital of Kapisa Province. It is the center of Mahmud Raqi District in Afghanistan.
Khost Province
Khost () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Khost province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past. Its capital is Khost City.
The current Governor of the Province is Abdul Jabbar Naeemi.
There are 638,849 living in the Province. They are mostly Pashtun.
Kunar Province
Kunar () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan It is in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital is Asadabad. About 413,008 people live in the province. Most of them are Pashtuns.
The districts in Kunar Province as of March 2004 are:
Asadabad, Afghanistan
Asadabad or Asad Abad ( - Asadābād) is the capital city of Kunar Province in Afghanistan. It is in the eastern part of the country next to Pakistan. There are a lot of mountains around Asadabad.
Kunduz Province
Kunduz or Qunduz (, ) is one of the provinces of Afghanistan. It is in northern Afghanistan. There are about 820,000 people who live in the Province.
The Kunduz River valley is the main feature of the Kunduz Province.
Kunduz
Kunduz (; ) also known as Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Kondûz, Kondoz, or Qhunduz is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Kunduz Province. It is linked by highways with Mazari Sharif to the west, Kabul to the south and Tajikistan's border to the north. There are about 250,000 living in the city.
Laghman Province
Mehtar Lam
Mihtarlam (), also spelled Mehtar Lam, is a town in Afghanistan. It is the capital of Laghman Province. It is the only large urban settlement in the province. The town is in the valley formed by the Alishing and Alingar rivers. It is 47 km northwest of the city of Jalalabad.
Logar Province
Logar (, ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the eastern part of the country. Most of the peoople are Pashtun.
Pul-i-Alam
Pul-i-Alam (Persian/Pashto: پل علم) is the capital of Logar Province, Afghanistan. About 30,000 people live in the city. They mostly Pashtuns and Tajiks.
There were major car bombings in 2020 and 2021.
Nangarhar Province
Nangarhar ( "") is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Jalalabad is the capital. There are 1,383,900 people in the province.
Nangarhar province is divided into 22 districts, these are:
Annette Funicello
Annette Joanne Funicello (October 22, 1942 – April 8, 2013) was an American singer, movie and television series actress. Funicello was one of the most popular "Mouseketeers" on the "Mickey Mouse Club" in the 1950s.
She was born in Utica, New York to Italian American parents and moved to Southern California when she was four. She went public with her multiple sclerosis in 1992. She died from the disease on April 8, 2013.
Nimruz Province