AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Another early large synchrotron is the Cosmotron built at Brookhaven National Laboratory which reached 3.3 GeV in 1953. The first Cornell University synchrotron was built before 1950 with a power of 300 MeV.
Until August 2008, the highest energy synchrotron in the world was the Tevatron, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, in the United States. It accelerates protons and antiprotons to slightly less than 1 TeV of kinetic energy and collides them together. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which has been built at the European Laboratory for High Energy Physics (CERN), has roughly seven times this energy (so proton-proton collisions occur at roughly 14 TeV). It is housed in the 27 km tunnel which formerly housed the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, so it will maintain the claim as the largest scientific device ever built. The LHC will also accelerate heavy ions (such as lead) up to an energy of 1.15 PeV.
The largest device of this type seriously proposed was the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), which was to be built in Texas. This design, like others, used superconducting magnets which allow more intense magnetic fields to be created without the limitations of core saturation. Its planned ring circumference was 87.1 kilometres (54.1 mi) with an energy of 20 TeV per beam of protons. Construction was begun in 1991 but later cancelled in 1994. The project had been poorly managed. Some people say that the end of the Cold War resulted in a change of scientific funding priorities that contributed to its ultimate cancellation.
While there is still potential for yet more powerful proton and heavy particle cyclic accelerators, it appears that the next step up in electron beam energy must avoid losses due to synchrotron radiation. This will require a return to the linear accelerator, but with devices significantly longer than those currently in use. There is at present a major effort to design and build the International Linear Collider (ILC), which will consist of two opposing linear accelerators, one for electrons and one for positrons. These will collide at a total center of mass energy of 0.5 TeV.
However, synchrotron radiation also has a wide range of applications (see synchrotron light) and many 2nd and 3rd generation synchrotrons have been built especially to harness it. The largest of those 3rd generation synchrotron light sources are the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, the Advanced Photon Source (APS) near Chicago, USA, and SPring-8 in Japan, accelerating electrons up to 6, 7 and 8 GeV, respectively.
Synchrotrons which are useful for cutting edge research are large machines, costing tens or hundreds of millions of dollars to construct, and each beamline (there may be 20 to 50 at a large synchrotron) costs another two or three million dollars on average. These installations are mostly built by the science funding agencies of governments of developed countries, or by collaborations between several countries in a region, and operated as infrastructure facilities available to scientists from universities and research organisations throughout the country, region, or world. More compact models, however, have been developed, such as the Compact Light Source.
Brave (2012 movie)
Brave is a 2012 American animated adventure movie which stars Billy Connolly and Emma Thompson. The movie was released on June 22, 2012, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Pixar was the studio that worked on this movie. It received positive responses from critics and won an Oscar.
The movie is set in Scotland during the Medieval period. 16-year-old Princess causes chaos in the kingdom of DunBroch by not wanting to marry.
It took six years to make.
Bunkyū
France at the Olympics
France has taken part in every Olympic Games with the possible exception of the 1904 Games. In 1904, different sources list Albert Corey as taking place in the games for either the United States or France.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for France is FRA.
France has hosted the Games 5 time:
French athletes have won 671 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Fencing and cycling are their best sports. France has won 94 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Most of these are in alpine skiing.
Leading in that sport
Enryaku
Jean-Honoré Fragonard (5 April 1732 in Grasse - 22 August 1806 in Paris) was a French artist. He is remembered as one of the most important French painters of the rococo style. He was a pupil of François Boucher, and developed Boucher's style further. At first he did historical paintings, but soon gave up on these.
He then painted things that were light-hearted, gay, and slightly erotic. His works include "The Swing", "A Young Girl Reading", and "The Secret Meeting". Together with Boucher and Antoine Watteau, he is one of the principal painters of French Rococo. He lost his wealth during the French Revolution. After the revolution, the painting style was different, because he had trouble adapting, he died a poor man.
In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of linear equations involving the same set of variables.
Mathematicians show the relationship between different factors in the form of equations. "Linear equations" mean the variable appears only once in each equation without being raised to a power. A "system" of linear equations means that all of the equations are true at the same time. So, the person solving the system of equations is looking for the values of each variable that will make all of the equations true at the same time. If no such values can satisfy all of the equations in the system, then the equations are called "inconsistent."
is a system of three equations in the three variables formula_2, formula_3, formula_4. A "solution" to a linear system is an assignment of numbers to the variables such that all the equations are simultaneously satisfied. A solution to the system above is given by
since it makes all three equations valid:
In mathematics, the theory of linear systems is a branch of linear algebra, a subject which is fundamental to modern mathematics. Computer algorithms for finding the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra, and such methods play a prominent role in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science, and economics. A system of non-linear equations can often be approximated by a linear system (see linearization), a helpful technique when making a mathematical model, computer model, or computer simulation of a relatively complex system. For complex systems, there are many equations and many variables, not just two or three. In many cases, the number of equations and variables in the system are the same. In some cases, there are more variables than equations, and the solution will be a range of different values rather than one exact solution.
The simplest kind of linear system involves two equations and two variables:
One method for solving such a system is as follows. First, solve the top equation for formula_2 in terms of formula_3:
Now substitute this expression for "x" into the bottom equation:
This results in a single equation involving only the variable formula_3. Solving gives formula_13, and substituting this back into the equation for formula_2 yields formula_15:
This method generalizes to systems with additional variables.
Very often, all the coefficients are written in the form of a matrix A, which is called a coefficient matrix.
In much the same way, the variables can be written in the form of a vector:
This makes it possible to write
Mathematically, the vector defined above is a 1-by-n matrix. The system of equations can then be solved using the multiplication operation defined on matrices. A, x and b are all part of the same algebraic field.
There a three cases when looking for solutions to a system of linear equations:
There are two categories of methods for solving a system of linear equations. Iterative methods use many steps to get a solution, direct methods only need one step:
Examples for iterative methods are:
There are examples such as geodesy where there many more measurements than unknowns. Such a system is almost always overdetermined and has no exact solution. Each measurement is usually inaccurate and includes some amount of error. Since the measurements are not exact, it is not possible to obtain an exact solution to the system of linear equations; methods such as Least squares can be used to compute a solution that best fits the overdetermined system. This least squares solution can often be used as a stand-in for an exact solution.
Solving a system of linear equations has a complexity of at most O (n). At least n operations are needed to solve a general system of n linear equations. The best algorithm known to date was developed by Don Coppersmith and Shmuel Winograd and dates from 1990. It has a complexity of n Unfortunately, it is of little practical use.
Using computers to solve systems of linear equations is used every day. For example, it is used in weather forecasting models. Hot dog factories use it to make small changes in the receipe as food ingredient prices change. College cafeterias use it to figure out how much food to cook based on past experience when the cafeteria gives students the choice between multiple entrees.
François Boucher
François Boucher (29 September 1703 in Paris - 30 May 1770) was a French painter, mostly known as one of the main artists of the French rococo movement. He painted several portraits of his patroness, Madame de Pompadour. He is also known for his open-minded voluptuous paintings.
Valdivia expedition
Spain at the Olympics
Spain first took part in the Olympic Games in 1900. It has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Spain has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since 1936.
Spain boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany. They also boycotted the 1956 Games in Melbourne because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary. The equestrian events in 1956 took place five months earlier in Stockholm, and Spain did compete in those events.
Spain hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Barcelona was the home city of the International Olympic Committee's president at the time, Juan Antonio Samaranch.
Spanish athletes have won a total of 132 medals. Sailing has given them their largest number of medals in one sport. Spain has only won two medals at the Winter Games.
The Spanish Olympic Committee ("Comité Olímpico Español") was created in 1924.
Croatia at the Olympics
Croatia took part in the Olympic Games for the first time as an its own nation in 1992. It has taken part in every Games since then. Before 1992, Croatian athletes competed for Yugoslavia at the Olympics.
The National Olympic Committee for Croatia is the Croatian Olympic Committee. It was created in 1991. The IOC accepted the committee in 1993.
Croatian athletes have won 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They won gold medals by the men's handball team in 1996 and 2004. At the Winter Olympic Games, Janica Kostelić won six medals (four gold) between 2002 and 2006. Her brother Ivica won several silver medals (in 2006 and 2010). Jakov Fak won a bronze in 2010.
Cyprus at the Olympics
Cyprus (CYP) has sent athletes to every Olympic Games held since 1980.
Cyprus earned its first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Pavlos Kontides earned a silver medal in the men's laser sailing event.
They almost won a medal in the 2008 Olympics when Antonis Nikolaidis lost the bronze medal shoot-off in men's skeet. The first athlete from Cyprus in the modern Olympics was Anastasios Andreou in 1896. He competed under the Greek flag. At this time, Cyprus was a British colony. The olympics does not recognise Northern Cyprus and Turkish Cypriots are unable to participate.
Czech Republic at the Olympics
The Czech Republic first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent country in 1994. It has competed in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Before 1993, Czech athletes took part in the Olympics from 1920 to 1992 as Czechoslovakia and from 1900 to 1912 as Bohemia.
Athletes from the Czech Republic have won a total of 43 medals at the Summer Games. Canoeing, shooting and athletics have been their best sports. They have also won 16 medals at the Winter Games. Most of their medals came from the Czech Republic national ice hockey team and cross-country skier Kateřina Neumannová.
The National Olympic Committee for the Czech Republic is the Czech Olympic Committee. It was founded in 1899 and accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Ten'ō
Scaphognathus
Scaphognathus was a rhamphorhyncoid pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone of the Upper Jurassic.
It had wings that was about one meter long and a long tail shaped like a leaf. The leaf-tail probably acted like a rudder, helping it steer through the air. It was probably a diurnal (daytime) flier, where "Rhamphorhynchus" was probably nocturnal.
Scaphognathus ate "Pholidophorus" fish.
Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
Czechoslovakia in the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 20 countries and 2,000+ athletes. Since 1920, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Czechoslovakia was CZS. Czechoslovakia was peacefully separated into two nations in 1993. The Czech Republic is now is CZE and Slovakia is now SVK.
Czechoslovakia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1920. Before this, it competed as Bohemia from 1900 to 1912. The nation sent athletes to compete almost every Summer Olympic Games since then. They did not take part in the 1984 Games as part of the Soviet boycott of those Games.
Czechoslovakia has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924.
In 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Each of these countries sent their own teams to the Olympics since 1994.
Czechoslovakian athletes have won a total of 143 medals at the Summer Games. Most of these medals were won in gymnastics. The nation also won 25 medals at the Winter Games. Ski jumping and ice hockey have been their best sports.
"This table of summer sports does not include the bronze medal won in ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics."
"This table includes the bronze medal won in Ice hockey in the 1920 Summer Olympics."
Denmark at the Olympics
Denmark at the Olympics is a history which includes 40 games in 22 countries and 1,800+ athletes. Since 1896, Denmark has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Denmark is DEN.
Teams from Denmark have taken part in the Olympic Games since the very first games in 1896.
The National Olympic Committee for Denmark (National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark or "Danmarks Idræts-Forbund Olympisk Komite") was created in 1905; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.
Denmark has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games except for the 1904 Games.
Denmark has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games several times since 1948. They have been at every Games since 1988.
Danish athletes have won a total of 171 medals. Sailing is their best medal winning sport.
Denmark has won only one medal at the Winter Games. This was in curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano
Drug cartel
The term drug cartel is used to describe a group who makes, distributes and sells illegal drugs on national level. Drug cartels are often doing so across multiple countries. Mostly, the cartels in areas like Mexico and South America bring drugs to North America.
Estonia at the Olympics
Neo-Keynesian economics
Neo-Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. This model, the IS/LM model, is nearly as influential as Keynes' original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables, that is, the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectations. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be understood in terms of general equilibrium theory. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis. It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.
In the 1970s a series of developments occurred that shook neo-Keynesian theory. The developed world suffered from slow economic growth and high inflation at the same time (stagflation). Also, the work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories. The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s. The next great wave of Keynesian thinking began with the attempt to give Keynesian macroeconomic reasoning a microeconomic basis. The new Keynesians helped create a "new neo-classical synthesis" that currently forms the mainstream of macroeconomic theory. Following the emergence of the new Keynesian school, neo-Keynesians have sometimes been referred to as Old-Keynesians.
Pinetop Smith
Clarence Smith, better known as Pinetop Smith or Pine Top Smith (June 11, 1904 – March 15, 1929) was an American boogie-woogie style blues pianist. His hit tune, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie," featured rhythmic "breaks" that were an essential ingredient of ragtime music.
In 1991, he was added to the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
Sea wall
Unity Broadcasting Network
The Unity Broadcasting Network is an over-the-air religious television network. The office of the company is in Booneville, Mississippi, and individual transmitter stations are located in Mississippi and Tennessee.
UBN's website says that their Booneville Channel 34 programs are carried on Comcast Cable channel 8 in Corinth, MS, and their MySpace account says they are on Comcast Cable channel 56.
Jewish Life Television
Jewish Life Television (JLTV) is a TV network. It shows Jewish-themed programs.  It started in 2007. JLTV has news, sports, lifestyle and entertainment programming. It shows movies, documentaries, music, reviews, interviews and special events.  It has broadcast studios in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto. JLTV has bureaus in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Washington DC, Miami, London and Moscow. Members can access live and on-demand programming and watch local, national and international news stories. In the U.S., JLTV can be seen by 33 million households across all 50 states through DIRECTV, Time Warner Cable, Comcast and independent broadcast systems.
On January 26, 2011, Jewish Life Television was officially added to the CRTC's approved list of foreign services, allowing the channel to expand into Canada. Ethnic Channels Group sponsored the application to get JLTV on the approved list. That company is the official Canadian distributor of the channel.
Rolla, Missouri
Rolla is a city in Phelps County, Missouri, United States, midway between the larger cities of St. Louis and Springfield along Interstate 44. Its population in the 2010 United States Census was 19,559.
It is the county seat of Phelps County. The Rolla Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Phelps County.
Rolla is an important center for education and research in science and technology. It is the home of the Missouri University of Science and Technology. In addition, the US Geological Survey operates a large regional facility. This office includes: the National Geospatial Technical Operations Center III, the Missouri Water Science Center, the Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Office Liaisons, and the Rolla Science Information and Library Services office. The main office of the Mark Twain National Forest is also located in Rolla.
Although private businesses are more limited, Royal Canin, a major manufacturer of dog and cat food, operates in Rolla. Small-engine manufacturer Briggs & Stratton operated a major plant in Rolla from 1996 to 2007.
The Rolla area is part of the Ozark Highlands American Viticultural Area, with vineyards established first by Italian immigrants to the area.
See also Notable Missouri S&T Alumni
Gerald Jatzek
Polar night
Succession to the Japanese throne
The line of succession to the Japanese throne is the list of people who may become Emperor of Japan.
In 2019, the current order of succession is clear.
Emperor Naruhito has one daughter, Princess Aiko. Prince Akishino currently has two daughters (Princess Mako and Princess Kako) and one son (Prince Hisahito).
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art
The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art ("The Johnson Museum") is an art museum in Ithaca, New York. It is in the Arts Quad on the main campus of Cornell University. It is best known for its unusual concrete facade. The museum has more than 32,000 pieces of art. Each year, over 80,000 people go to the museum. It shows over 20 special exhibitions each year.
Cornell president Deane Waldo Malott started the University Art Museum in 1953. The A. D. White House was changed to hold Cornell's art collections. The current museum was built in 1973. It is named after Herbert Fisk Johnson, Jr.. Johnson was head of S.C. Johnson & Sons of Racine, Wisconsin ("Johnson Wax"). He was a former member of the university's Board of Trustees. He graduated in 1922. His son also served as a trustee.
The Johnson Museum of Art was designed by architect I.M. Pei. Many people say it looks like a sewing machine from the side. Its fifth floor bridges over the open aired sculpture garden. It was made so that it would not block the view of Cayuga Lake. It has a very good view of the lake from its north and west sides. It also has a room for meetings on the sixth floor. This room was used for many years by Cornell's Board of Trustees.
The location of the museum caused many architectural problems. There was a limited amount of space to build. Also, the building could not have a large affect on the view of the lake or the Arts Quad. It is also located on the knoll where tradition said Ezra Cornell chose the site for his university, at the north end of the Stone Row of Morrill, McGraw, and White Halls. The design wanted to visually anchor the north end of Library Slope. The final design was a narrow tower and a bridge. Critics have said it looks like a giant sewing machine.
One part of the design, which was never built, was an underground Asian art gallery. It would have included windows that opened into the Southern face of Fall Creek Gorge.
The building was awarded the American Institute of Architects Honor Award in 1975. The building's design was used on the cover of "Scientific American" as an early example of computer graphics.
In 2011, a new wing opened to help hold the museum's increasing collection. The new part mirrored the plans drawn up by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. The architect in charge was John L. Sullivan III. He graduated Cornell in 1962. The project cost $22 million. This included some changes to the main building. The money for the project came from large grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Kresge Foundation. The Asian art storage area was moved from the center of the fifth floor to the lower level of the section. This allows them to make the public gallery space on the fifth floor larger. Galleries in the new wing will be used to show contemporary art. The upper level of the new section includes an outdoor Japanese garden. The plans wanted a tunnel under Campus Road to be added. It would have gone through the wall of the Fall Creek gorge. This was not done because of environmental issues.
The permanent collection has more than 32,000 works of art. Most notable is the George and Mary Rockwell Asian Art collection. There are also a large number of works by American artists. These artist include Stuart Davis and Robert Rauschenberg. There is also many works by members of the Hudson River School and the American Impressionists to contemporary art. The Collection of Prints, Drawings, and Photographs has more than 15,000 works. These include works by Berenice Abbott, Robert Frank, Alfred Stieglitz, and Garry Winogrand. The fifth floor observation level holds the museum's large Asian collection. The permanent collection also includes works from Africa, pre-Columbian America, and Oceania. It range from ancient to contemporary societies. Its collection has two windows from Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin D. Martin House.
Classes for credit are taught by Cornell's academic departments, not by the museum. The museum does work with the teachers. It has gallery sessions for some classes. It also has gallery tours and course-related exhibitions that are run by the faculty. The museum also hosts thematic tours for local school student field trips. Over 7,000 schoolchildren go to the museum each year. The Johnson Museum Club is a Cornell student group that promotes student awareness of the Johnson Museum's collections, exhibitions, and resources. It hosts concerts, scavenger hunts and other events.
Line of succession to the Danish throne
The line of succession to the Danish throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Denmark.
Since 2009, Danish law identifies the eldest child of a Danish monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.
In 2018, the current order of succession is clear.
Order of succession
The order of succession is a sequence of people and events in a specific order. It may mean the passing of royal or other powers, for example in a dynasty.
The "order of succession" may be used in a historical way, such as a list of former leaders. Also, the phrase may mean the pre-planned process through which a leader takes over from another because of death, resignation, or removal
Succession becomes a chronology which has developed during time which has passed—like a list of popes or list of Emperors of Japan.
Succession histories are unique, but not always obvious. For example, Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611) was only the third Swedish king named Charles.
Pope Francis is the 266th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Saint Peter is listed as the first of 266 popes.
Across the span of centuries, there have been problems with the list and order of succession after St. Peter. For example: During the Western schism in the 14th century, there was more than one pope at the same time. Each had notable international support. Only some are included on the chronology of today's list.
At that time, European leaders had to choose to support one pope or the other.
Akihito is the 125th Emperor of Japan. Emperor Jimmu is listed as the first of 125 emperors.
Across time, there have been difficulties with the list and order of succession after Jimmu. For example: During the Nanboku-chō period in the 14th century, there was more than one emperor at the same time. Each had notable support. Only some are included in today's list
For 500 years, the Imperial chronology included Emperor Kōgon, Emperor Kōmyō, Emperor Sukō, Emperor Go-Kōgon and Emperor Go-En'yū. In the 19th century, these men were removed from the list. At the same time, Emperor Go-Murakami, Emperor Chōkei and Emperor Go-Kameyama were added.
The "order of succession" or "line of succession" is a formal plan which determines who inherits a future role or a position in a hierarchy after death or other cause creates a vacancy or an opportunity for succession.
Many countries have developed formal succession planning. In contrast, Kim Jong-il of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea selected his youngest son as the "Dear Successor" or "Great Successor". The process which led to this choice is not known.
In some countries including Sweden since 1980, the Netherlands since 1983, Norway since 1990, Belgium since 1991, Denmark since 2009, and the United Kingdom since 2015, the eldest child of a monarch is expected to become the next monarch. This is known as "full" or "equal" as primogeniture.
In many countries including Spain and Japan, special preference is given to male children. This is known as "male primogeniture."
In the United States, the line of succession is explained in the "Presidential Succession Act of 1947". If the president cannot fullfil his duties, the Vice President is expected to take his place; and then the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is next.
Synchrotron light source
A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron. The radiation can be artificially produced for scientific and technical purposes by specialized particle accelerators, typically by accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free-electron lasers.
These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert the high-energy electron energy into light or some other form of electronmagnetic radiation.
Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance in particle physics experiments, or on purpose for many laboratory uses.
Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that can be in the GeV range. In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), proton bunches also produce the radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate in the vacuum field, making photoelectrons. The photoelectrons then make secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x10. Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. So, both electron synchrotrons and proton synchrotrons can be a light source.
The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. Many experiments using synchrotron light probe the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level. This is important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding (LIGA) process.
Line of succession to the Swedish throne
The line of succession to the Swedish throne is the list of people who may become Queen or King of Sweden.
Since 1980, Swedish law identifies the eldest child of a Swedish monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.
The current order of succession is
Line of succession to the Dutch throne
The line of succession to the Dutch throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of the Netherlands.
Since 1983, Dutch law identifies the eldest child of a Dutch monarch as the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.
Hawker
A hawker is a person who sells things that can be easily moved from place to place. They are also known as peddlers, costermongers, or street vendors. Hawkers often sell food. They attract attention by calling out, singing chants, and interacting loudly with customers. While hawkers can be found in markets, they often move their products from place to place in small carts. In 19th century Australia, the hawkers travelled around to distant towns and remote farms, carrying a large range of items to sell in horse drawn wagons.
Disc-detainer lock
A disc-detainer lock, also called a disc-tumbler, Abloy lock, or simply disc lock is a high-security keyed lock that uses a set of discs similar to those used in a combination lock. The difference is that the discs are rotated by a key instead of a dial.
When the key is put into the lock, it rotates a set of discs with notches on them to different positions depending on the depth of the cuts in the key. The right key will line up a set of notches in a straight line, allowing a bar to fall into the notches, opening the lock. The wrong key will not put the notches in a straight line, and the bar will not fall, preventing the lock from opening. On high-end disc-detainer locks (such as Abloy), there are usually "false" notches on the disc as well. These feel like the real notch to someone trying to pick the lock, but do not allow the bar to fall. This makes it nearly impossible to pick the lock. It is possible to pick some lower-end disc-detainer locks. The disc-detainer mechanism usually does not contain any springs. This reduces the amount of wear on the cylinder.
A YouTube video of the mechanism
Ecological succession
Ecological succession, is the process by which a specific ecology has more or less orderly and predictably changed after a disturbance like a fire. In long-term studies, there is a species succession process in the way forests develop.
Several scientists are prominent in the history of this process theory:
Succession may mean:
Wizard (disambiguation)
Wizard(s) may mean:
Burrel, Albania
Burrel is a small town in Albania. It is 91 km from Tirana. Its population is about 18,000. It is about 320 metres above sea level, and surrounded by mountains.
The area was settled about the 8th century BC by the Illyrians. There have been 54 Illyrian burial mounds found around Burrel. The town of Burrel began in 1922 as the centre of the Mat District.
Black powder rocket motor
A black powder rocket motor pushes a model rocket using black powder. Black powder in the rockets is made of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate. The amount of each part can be changed to change how fast the black powder burns. The black powder burns very fast. The hot gases move fast as they leave the back of the rocket. This pushes the rocket forward.
Black powder rocket motors were made in a simple form by the Chinese. They were first written about in the early 13th century. The rocket motors have gotten better over the years. They have several uses. Some can be used as weapons. Some have cameras to take pictures from a height to get information. Some are also used just for fun.
Black powder rocket motors are only made in small sizes. If they are bigger there is a bigger chance of exploding. They also do not perform as well if they are bigger. They are made in different sizes called classes. The classes are 1/4 A through E. If the motor needs to be bigger than this, a different type of fuel is used. This is called a composite fuel. Some examples of composite fuels are ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate.
Black powder is the oldest type of mixed rocket fuel. It was used in rockets even before it was used in guns. The three main parts of black powder are charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre (or potassium nitrate). The Chinese were making black powder as early as 1045, which is about 1000 years ago. In the early thirteenth century (about 800 years ago) the Chinese turned black powder into a way to power weapons. Before that it was only used for fun. The first recorded use of rockets as military weapons was in 1232. The Chinese ‘arrows of fire’ were fired from a sort of catapult. The black powder was packed in a closed tube that had a hole in one end for escaping hot gases. The tube was mounted on a long stick so it was more balanced.
Black powder had a very low specific impulse. The way rockets were made got more advanced, but only on paper. People had not really built a much better rocket yet. They only had ideas and sketches of better models. In 1591 a Belgian, Jean Beavie, wrote about and drew the important idea of rockets that had more than one stage. This is called Multistaging. This means that the fuel is burned through in more than one step. This is the answer to escaping earth’s gravity and going into space.
By 1600, rockets were being used in some parts of Europe. They were used against cavalry, which is a group of fighting soldiers on horseback. By 1688, rockets weighing over 120 pounds had been built and fired in Germany. These German rockets could carry 16-pound warheads.
During the late 1700s, a London lawyer, Sir William Congreve, wanted to try to make rockets better. He did many experiments with different fuels and cases. His experiments were careful and orderly. He improved how far rockets could go, how stable they were, and how accurate they were. The British army used Congreve's new rockets to help them in the Napoleonic wars.
In 1939 researchers at the California Institute of Technology were trying to make a motor to help launch aircraft. They mixed black powder with common road asphalt to make the first composite motor. This was the beginning of the composite motor. It also ended the use of black powder for big rockets.
Black powder rocket propellant is a lot like old fashioned gunpowder. It has one different part called a binder. The binder is usually a substance called Dextrin. One common model rocket engine company is Estes Industries. Their motors are made with black powder propellant. Black powder propellant must be pressed very tightly to work well. If it is not packed tightly, it will burn too fast and might explode. A simple way of combining the parts to make black powder rocket propellant is: 75% potassium nitrate, 10% sulphur, and 15% charcoal. This is the most common way of making it. Dextrin may be added as a binder (usually between 0 and 5%). Extra (coarse) charcoal or metal powders (5 - 10%) may be added to make a spark trail. Adding these extras might change how fast the fuel burns.
Thrust is how hard of a push the rocket produces. Burn time is how long the fuel in the motor takes to burn while pushing gases out of the back of the rocket. The impulse of a rocket motor is the area under the thrust-time curve. This means the impulse is a number for how much force the rocket makes and for how long. The impulse of a black powder motor is used to tell what size class it is in. Motors are divided into classes from 1/4A to E. These classes hold rockets with impulses from 0 to 40 Ns (Newtons*seconds). Other kinds of model rocket motors can be named up to an ‘H’, which is up to 320 Ns.
Figures from tests of Estes rocket motors are used in the following examples of rocket motor performance.
For miniature black powder rocket motors (13 mm diameter), the maximum thrust is between 5 and 12 N, the total impulse is between .5 and 2.2 Ns, and the burn time is between .25 and 1 second. For Estes ‘regular size’ rocket motors (18 mm diameter), there are three classes: A, B, and C. The A class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 9.5 and 9.75 N, a total impulse between 2.1 and 2.3 Ns, and a burn time between .5 and .75 seconds. The B class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 12.15 and 12.75 N, a total impulse between 4.2 and 4.35 Ns, and a burn time between .85 and 1 second. The C class 18mm motors have a maximum thrust from 14 – 14.15 N, a total impulse between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between 1.85 and 2 seconds.
There are also 3 classes included in Estes large (24 mm diameter) rocket motors: C, D, and E. The C class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 21.6 and 21.75 N, a total impulse of between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between .8 and .85 seconds. The D class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 29.7 and 29.8 N, a total impulse between 16.7 and 16.85 Ns, and a burn time between 1.6 and 1.7 seconds. The E class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 19.4 and 19.5 N, a total impulse between 28.45 and 28.6 Ns, and a burn time between 3 and 3.1 seconds.
Line of succession to the Belgian throne
The line of succession to the Belgian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Belgium.
The death of King Baudouin in 1993 caused a short period of uncertainty about the succession. Prince Philippe was the expected to be the next king; but Baudouin's brother Albert became the new monarch.
Since 2009, Belgian law identifies the eldest child of a Belgian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.
In 2013, Albert abdicated for health reasons and his son, Philippe became the King.
Line of succession to the Norwegian throne
The line of succession to the Norwegian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Norway.
Since 1990, Norwegian law identifies the eldest child of a Norwegian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.
In 2011, the current order of succession is clear.
Bogan River
The Bogan River is an inland river of New South Wales, Australia. It begins at Goonumbla, near Parkes. It flows in a north west direction for about before it joins the Darling River near Bourke. The towns of Tottenham, Peak Hill and Nyngan are built on the banks of the Bogan River.
The first Europen to see the Bogan River was Charles Sturt in 1828-9. He named it New Year Creek. However the Indigenous Australian name, Bogan, which means birthplace of a king, was the name that was used. The explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell created a painting in 1836 of an Aboriginal man, Combo, from the Bogan River.
Castlereagh River
The Castlereagh River is an inland river in New South Wales, Australia. It begins in the Warrumbungles, a mountain range, and flows east towards Coonabarabran. It turns to the south, and then flows north west through Gilgandra and Coonamble, before joining the Macquarie River. The length of the river is about .
The first Europen to see the Castlereagh River was George William Evans in 1818 during John Oxley's expedition. It was later explored by Charles Sturt in 1829. The river is named after Lord Castlereagh, a British politician who was the Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Switzerland at the Olympics
Switzerland has sent athletes to every Olympic Games since the first Games in 1896. Switzerland boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne but the equestrian events for those Games were held in Stockholm, Sweden earlier that year. The Swiss dressage team won a bronze medal. Switzerland has hosted the Games twice. They hosted the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Both were in St. Moritz. Swiss athletes have won a total of 181 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 127 at the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Switzerland was created in 1912
Legionary
Digital pet
A digital pet (also known as a virtual pet or an artificial pet) are pets that exist only in computers. A good example of a game with digital pets is Nintendogs. People may keep virtual pets as a replacement for real pets.
Emperor Go-Toba
This 12th century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba and means "later". He is sometimes called the later Emperor Toba. In some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Toba the Second" or as "Toba II".
Before he became the monarch, his personal name ("imina") was , or Takanari"-shinnō"
He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura.
Go-Toba was placed on the throne at the age of three.
Go-Toba was buried on Dōgo Island in the Oki Islands group. Later a part of his body was re-buried in Kyoto.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Go-Toba is in Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at "Ōhara no Misasagi".
The years of Go-Toba's reign are marked by more than one era name:.
Toys &quot;R&quot; Us
Toys Я Us (founded in 1948) is a toy store. It had its headquarters in Wayne, New Jersey, United States. The company had around 875 Toys “R” Us and Babies “R” Us stores in the United States, more than 600 international stores, and over 140 licensed stores in 35 countries and jurisdictions. It controls the FAO Schwarz brand. It has its flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Toys "R" Us also has many e-commerce sites. Some of these are Toysrus.com, Babiesrus.com, eToys.com and FAO.com. Kids "R" Us is a former clothing store just for kids established in Manchester, NH in 1983 and disestablished in 2003. In the 1999 website commercial, there was a probably 7 year old raincheck boy who dresses like Linus from Peanuts and is friends with his raincheck. Toys "R" us has toys for different ages.
On March 14, 2018, it was revealed that all Toys "R" Us stores in the United Kingdom would close. The next day, it was announced that Toys "R" Us is officially going out of business and selling all 800 of its U.S. stores. In addition, all Toys "R" Us stores worldwide would be sold off. At the time, toy maker MGA Entertainment has made a bid to take over the company's stores in Canada, but it failed.
On March 22, 2018, its founder Charles Lazarus died aged 94 years.
The remaining Toys "R" Us stores closed on June 29, 2018 after 70 years. In October 2018, Toys "R" Us announced that it would return, and the company did so by opening 2 new stores in the United States a year later.
Succession to the Spanish throne
The line of succession to the Spanish throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Spain.
Spanish royal succession follows a system of male-preference primogeniture.
In 2020, the current order of succession is clear.
Lake Blanche
Lake Blanche is a large salt lake in the north east corner of South Australia. It is normally dry, but can be filled by local flooding or when the Strzelecki Creek flows into it. It covers an area of about . When Lake Blanche was first seen by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1840, he believed it was part of a large horse shoe shaped lake at the end of the Flinders Ranges. This lake stopped the explorers from being able to travel any further to the north. When Charles Sturt visited the lake shore in 1845 he also thought it was part of a larger lake. In 1858 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory was the first European to find a path between Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonna. Lake Blanche was named after the wife of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell. The area near the lake had been called Blanchewater Plains by explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage in 1856. In August 1857, Captain Freeling attempted to explore the flooded lake by boat. The water was not deep enough to float the boat, and even after walking more than into the lake it was still only ankle deep.
The area around Lake Blanche is now being explored for development of a uranium mine.
Finland at the Olympics
Finland was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Finland is FIN.
Teams from Finland have been in every Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. Finland was also the host nation for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.
Finnish athletes have won a total of 299 medals at the Summer Games, mostly in athletics and wrestling. Finland has also won 151 medals at the Winter Games, mostly in Nordic skiing events.
The National Olympic Committee for Finland is the Finnish Olympic Committee. It was formed and recognized in 1907, when Finland was a part of the Russian Empire.
"This table of summer sports does not include the gold medal won in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics."
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Total medal counts include a gold medal in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics. This medal is in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals. This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.
Georgia at the Olympics
Georgia was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.
Previously, Georgian athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.
The Georgian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1989 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Greece at the Olympics is a history which began in ancient times. Greece was home of the Ancient Olympic Games.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Greece is GRE.