AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
White was born in Emporia, Kansas. White moved to El Dorado, Kansas with his parents, Allen and Mary Ann Hatten White. He spent most of his childhood in El Dorado. He loved animals, and he loved reading various books.
White became a leader of the Progressive movement in Kansas. He created the Kansas Republican League in 1912. He did this to oppose railroads. White helped Theodore Roosevelt form the Progressive (Bull-Moose) Party in 1912. He did this to oppose the conservatives helping Republican president William Howard Taft.
White married Sallie Lindsay in 1893. They had two children, William Lindsay, born in 1900, and Mary Katherine, born in 1904. Mary died in a 1921 horse-riding accident. This led to her father to writing a famous eulogy, "Mary White," on August 17, 1921.
Bonner Springs, Kansas
Bonner Springs is a city in Wyandotte, Leavenworth, and Johnson counties, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. In 2010, 7,314 people lived there. In 2016, the estimated amount of people was 7,665. Bonner Springs became a city on November 10, 1898.
Bonner Springs is at (39.0597260, −94.8835754), mostly north of the Kansas River. It is mainly in southwestern Wyandotte County. There are small parts of the city going west into Leavenworth County and south across the Kansas River into Johnson County. It is bordered to the north by Kansas City, Kansas, to the east by Edwardsville, and to the south across the Kansas River by Shawnee. Interstate 70, goes through the northern part of the city. I-70 goes east to Kansas City, Missouri, and west to Lawrence. US-73 goes north to Leavenworth, and K-7 goes south to Olathe. K-32 goes through the center of Bonner Springs close to the Kansas River. It goes east into Edwardsville and west to Linwood.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, are land and , or 2.26%, are water.
Bonner Springs has a humid continental climate. They have hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.
The 2010 census says that there were 7,314 people, 2,810 households, and 1,917 families living in Bonner Springs.
Valley Center, Kansas
Valley Center is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 6,822 people lived there.
Valley Center was incorporated on September 29, 1885. It was named for its place in the valley of the Arkansas River.
Valley Center is at (37.829719, -97.369341). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it land.
Valley Center is two miles west of combined Interstate 135, U.S. Route 81, and K-15.
Valley Center is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The 2010 census says that there were 6,822 people, 2,484 households, and 1,862 families living in Valley Center.
Pratt, Kansas
Pratt is a city in Pratt County, Kansas, United States. It is the county seat of Pratt County. In 2010, 6,835 people lived there. Pratt has the Pratt Community College.
Pratt was created in 1884. It was named after Caleb S. Pratt. He was a young Civil War officer from the Kansas Infantry. He was killed in the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield, Missouri. The first post office in Pratt was created in June 1884.
In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington to Pratt.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Pratt is about eighty miles west of Wichita.
The 2010 census says that there were 6,835 people, 2,837 households, and 1,713 families living in Pratt.
Pratt has the "Pratt Tribune".
Pratt is served by Unified School District 382 and Unified School District 438.
There are daily buses. They go east towards Wichita, Kansas and west towards Pueblo, Colorado. The buses are by BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines).
Bel Aire, Kansas
Bel Aire is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. In 2010, 6,769 people lived there.
Bel Aire was created in January 1955 when a group of local residents asked the county government to create it. They wanted this place to be an improvement district for water.
On November 26, 1980, Bel Aire officially incorporated as a city. This was after a two-year legal dispute with the Wichita city government. The dispute was about whether or not Pratt had the right to become its own city. The case went to the Kansas Supreme Court, and the Court ruled in Bel Aire's favor.
Bel Aire is at (37.763758, −97.266177). It has an elevation of 1,394 feet (425 m). It is on the north side of the East Fork of Chisholm Creek. It is about northeast of the Arkansas River in the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands region of the Great Plains. It is on the south side of K-254 in south-central Kansas. Bel Aire is within the Wichita metropolitan area, bordered by Wichita to the south and west and bordered by Kechi to the north.
The United States Census Bureau says the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water.
Bel Aire is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The 2010 census says that there were 6,769 people, 2,465 households, and 1,854 families living in Bel Aire.
Roeland Park, Kansas
Roeland Park is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2010, 6,731 people lived there.
Roeland Park is at (39.034705, −94.639211). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it land.
The 2010 census says that there were 6,731 people, 3,065 households, and 1,732 families living in Roeland Park.
The city is part of the Shawnee Mission School District.
Roesland Elementary School, St. Agnes Elementary School and Bishop Miege High School are in Roeland Park.
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site
The Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site is an excavation in Siberia. It has ancient human remains and artifacts. These remains are 31,000 years old. Human teeth from the site have been used to analyze DNA. The results show that the people were "Homo sapiens" . These people were different from already known people. The archaeologists have named them Ancient North Siberians. They are more like modern Europeans than like modern Asians.
Siberia was very cold when these people lived. They hunted large animals like woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and bison.
Laramie County, Wyoming
Laramie County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 United States Census, 91,738 people lived there. The county seat is Cheyenne, the state capital. The county lies west of the Nebraska state line and north of the Colorado state line.
The city of Laramie, Wyoming, is in neighboring Albany County.
Laramie County was created on January 9, 1867.
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.06%) is water.
Lincoln County, Wyoming
Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 18,106 people lived there. Its county seat is Kemmerer.
Its western border abuts the east border of the state of Utah.
Lincoln County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States.
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.5%) is water.
Kemmerer, Wyoming
Kemmerer is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Lincoln County. The population was 2,656 at the 2010 census.
Alpine is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 828 at the 2010 census.
Karnes City, Texas
Kaufman, Texas
Kaufman is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Kaufman County.
Franklin, Texas
Bremond, Texas
Bremond is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Battle of Aqaba
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt were Arab tribes who fought against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Since the British Empire was also fighting against the Ottomans, they gave the Arabs military support. Many of the Arab Revolt wanted to create a unified country for Arabs. However, this did not come true and the Arab world would be instead be made into many different countries.
Pahumara
The Pahumara River is a river in the Barpeta district of Assam in India. It is located at latitude 26° 17'0" and longitude 26°17'0". It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River.
It flows through the areas of Puthimari, Medhikuchi, Pathsala, Dhumarkur, Bhawanipur, Kayakuchi and the Barpeta district.
Frequent rains in monsoon season often make the Pahumara river flood in many places, such as paddy fields (underwater fields for growing rice) and roads in the Bahari sub-divison of the Barpeta district. During this time the river is quite dangerous. Sometimes the river floods when the Kurichhu hydroelectric plant in Bhutan opens its dam.
According to local people, a type of boat race on the Pahumara river has been a tradition of the area for more than 100 years.
Allied Powers of World War I
The Allied Powers of World War I were the countries who fought against the Central Powers in World War I. Major countries included the British Empire, France, the Russian Empire, the United States, Italy, and Japan. Most of these countries would fight alongside each other again in World War II, except that Italy and Japan would fight alongside Germany instead.
The Allied Powers in Europe were already allies before the war began. Serbia was an ally of Russia, and Russia was an ally of Britain and France. The war started because the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia in 1914, which led to a chain reaction of countries declaring war on each other.
At first, the United States was neutral, it was not part of either side. However, after several acts made by Germany against the US, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and would fight for the Allied Powers.
Russia's campaign against the Central Powers went very poorly. Many Russian soldiers were poorly equipped and trained, many Russians were killed, and poverty and starvation became worse problems than before. Many Russians blamed Czar Nicholas II's poor leadership for Russia's problems, so he was overthrown and sent to exile. The Russian Provisional Government who replaced him also made many Russians upset because they promised that Russia would continue fighting the war. After the March Revolution that overthrew the Czar, communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin made a deal with Germany. The deal was that he would stop the fighting between Russia and Germany if they sent him to Russia to overthrow the government. Lenin's slogan for his communist government was "peace, land, and bread". This meant that the communist government promised no more fighting in the war, land redistribution so that everyone in Russia could have an equal amount of property, and that food would be plentiful. After the Communist Party took over Russia in the October Revolution, they fulfilled their promise to Germany and ended Russia's fighting in the war.
In World War II, Italy would join Germany in the Axis Powers because its leader, Benito Mussolini, had a similar ideology to Nazism. Japan was disappointed with the end of World War I because it did not gain as much as it wanted. Japan would also join the Axis Powers because it thought it would help the Japanese Empire grow faster than if it did with the Allies.
Calvert, Texas
Calvert is a city in Texas.
Hearne, Texas
Hearne is a city of Robertson County in the state of Texas in the United States.
Hondo, Texas
Hondo is a city in and the county seat of Medina County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,803.
Floydada, Texas
Dodd City, Texas
Dodd City is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Ottawa Dragon Boat festival
The Ottawa Dragon Boat festival is held every year in Ottawa, the National capital of Canada. The festival was founded in 1993. In 2019 the festival had 200 teams competing. The festival lasts for four days and offers free admission to concerts, amusement attractions, sports demonstrations, artisans, exhibitors, culinary treats, children’s area and non-stop dragon boat racing.
The Festival is made possible through Celebrate Ontario and the City of Ottawa "Partnership Program".
The Tower of Babel (, "Migdal Bavel") story in Genesis 11:1–9 is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages.
According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating westward, comes to the land of Shinar (). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, felt and insulted and confused the humans so that they can no longer understand each other. He then scatters them around the world.
Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk in Babylon. A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta".
Standard German
Standard German phonology
The phonology of Standard German is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof as well as the geographical variants and the influence of German dialects.
German has 25 phonemes, which is average among other languages. One of its more unique sounds is the unusual affricate .
" is the voiceless palatal fricative (found in the word 'I'), and is the voiceless velar fricative (as in the interjection 'oh', 'alas'). is the German word for 'sound, phone'.
In German, these two sounds are allophones occurring in complementary distribution. The allophone occurs after back vowels and (for instance in 'book'), the allophone after front vowels (for instance in 'me/myself') and consonants (for instance in 'fear', 'sometimes'). (This happens most regularly: if the in is pronounced as a consonant, represents ; however if, as often happens, it is vocalized as , resembling the vowel , then may represent , yielding .)
Abyssinia Crisis
The Abyssinia Crisis happened in 1935. It started with the Walwal incident, a conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia"). The League of Nations said Italy could not intervene and voted to punish Italy's economy. But the League did not follow through, and Italy quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and invaded Abyssinia. The crisis made the League look bad, and made Fascist Italy closer friends with Nazi Germany.
Both Italy and Ethiopia did not like each other. The League of Nations said:At places where there is not a single Italian national, a consul establishes himself in an area known as consular territory with a guard of about ninety men, for whom he claims jurisdictional immunity. This is an obvious abuse of consular privileges. The abuse is all the greater that the consul's duties, apart from the supplying of information of a military character, take the form of assembling stocks of arms, which constitute a threat to the peace of the country, whether from the internal or the international point of view.
Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for the State of Judah), or simply Yehud, was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was within the satrapy of Eber-Nari.
It was roughly like the older kingdom of Judah but had less land. The area of Yehud Medinata is roughly the same as the previous Babylonian province of Yehud, which was created after the kingdom of Judah was invaded by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c. 597).
Yehud Medinata continued to exist for two centuries, until Alexander the Great conquered it and made it part of his empire.
Exact times for Babylonian and Persian rule do not have complete agreement. Other dates are plausible.
Culper spy ring
During the American Revolution, a man by the name of Abraham Woodhull ran a ring of civilian spies on behalf of General George Washington against the British using the pseudonym Samuel Culper. It was known as the Culper spy ring.
Upper Canada
Upper Canada is an old British name for the Canadian province of Ontario.
Constitutional Act of 1791
Lower Canada
Evergy
David Peck
David Peck is an American business executive, consultant, writer and public speaker, who is active at the intersection of cannabis and E-commerce sectors.
He attained a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology from Brown University, Rhode Island in 2003. He is the co-founder of Ivy Film Festival, hosted annually on the campus of Brown University.
He went on to help start the Ask a Ninja YouTube show.
In 2013, he founded Sock Panda, a company which donates socks to those in need with every purchase. As of December 2017 the company has donated nearly 100,000 socks to homeless shelters, low income senior centers, hospitals, and under-privileged classrooms throughout the United States.
He attained the Master of Business Administration from USC Marshall School of Business, California in 2014.
On April 2017, he joined High Times to serve as Vice President of Business Development
Jimi system
The Jimi system () is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered.
It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s. It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the "Tusi system" (). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system.
The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of "Shiji" quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse.
Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns". It was an indirect way to rule over people.
It is also known as Jimi fuzhou () or the loose-control administrative units, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou () or the regular administrative units.
China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians").
China tells one of the barbarians they conquered to rule over the land for them. That ruler would have to follow orders from China, pay money, and help with China's military. This is Jimi.
The jimi ruler would received instructions from the central authorities in China. They would pass their power to their first sons.
Each year they would pay money to China (tribute). They helped with China's military.
There were three levels: the command (, like the central government), prefecture (, like a state) and county (). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou.
The Tang conquered the Gokturks and made two jimi governments ("duhufu" 都護府) in 658. They were around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash. Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China.
Arab Winter
During the Arab Winter there was a resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and Islamic extremism.
The Arab Winter started in 2014 and happened four years after after the Arab Spring. It includes civil wars, mounting regional instability, economic and demographic decline of Arab countries, and ethno-religious wars.
By the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees. Perhaps the most significant event was the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from 2014 to the present.
Chinese professor Zhang Weiwei first predicted an "Arab Winter" in his June 2011 debate with Francis Fukuyama. "My understanding of the Middle East leads me to conclude that the west should not be too happy. It will bring enormous problems to American interest. It is called "Arab Spring" for now, and I guess it will soon turn to be the winter for the Middle East."
In early 2016, "The Economist" said the Winter was ongoing and "worse than ever".
According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, as of January 2014, the Arab Winter cost the Arab League $800 billion USD. In 2014, sixteen million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were expected to need help.
According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of the summer of 2014, a quarter of a million died, and millions are refugees.
Political columnist and commentator George Will said that as of early 2017, over 30,000 died in Libya, 220,000–320,000 were killed in Syria, and 4 million refugees had fled the Syrian Civil War alone.
There is chaos and violence. So many people fled the Middle East and North Africa to Europe, it has resulted in the European migrant crisis. As a result, "boat-people", which was once commonly referred to Vietnamese boat people, became frequently used. These include refugees from Libya or Tunisia, escaping to the European Union across the Mediterranean Sea. Some European politicians fear the migrants might "flood" their shores. So many Europeans are working on laws to help manage the arrivals along their nations' borders.
In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a) is a unit to measure time. It has exactly 365 days of 86,400 seconds each. That is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar used in Western societies in previous centuries, and for which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because a Julian year measures duration rather than designates date, the Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year (for which, "see Year").
There are mainly two ways for the character(s) to go to a different world.
One is . In some stories, the character goes to the different world keeping their memory. But there are also stories that the character remembers their previous life after being grown up.
The other is . The way of moving to a different world is different between stories. For example, the character may suddenly move to a different world, or be made to move to a different world by somebody like god.
Anime that are regarded as Isekai include "", "That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Overlord, No Game No Life, Log Horizon," etc.
There is some debate as to whether some anime such as "Sword Art Online." In this anime, the protagonist goes into a virtual world and eventually get out.
Greek government-debt crisis
The Greek government-debt crisis happened after the financial crisis of 2007–08. In Greece it is known as The Crisis (Greek: Η Κρίση). It started with sudden reforms and austerity measures. But this made people poor and lose money and land.
The Greek economy is in the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date. It is even longer than the US Great Depression. Many well-educated Greeks left the country.
A trade deficit means that a country is buying more than it produces, so it has to borrow from others. Both the Greek trade deficit and budget deficit rose from below 5% of GDP in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 2008–2009 periods. Greece was perceived as a higher credit risk alone than it was as a member of the Eurozone. Thus investors felt the EU would help out Greece.
Reports in 2009 of Greek government disorganization increased borrowing costs. Greece could no longer borrow to finance its trade and budget deficits at an affordable cost.
The Greek crisis was triggered by the Great Recession, which led the budget deficits of several Western nations to reach or exceed 10% of GDP. Greece had high budget deficit (10.2% and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009, respectively). But at the same time it had high public debt to GDP ratio. Greece appeared to lose control of this ratio, which already reached 127% of GDP in 2009. Being a member of the Eurozone, the country had essentially no autonomous monetary policy flexibility.
In January 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance published the "Stability and Growth Program 2010". The report listed five main causes: poor GDP growth, government debt and deficits, budget compliance and data credibility. Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, tax avoidance and tax evasion.
Austerity measures (political-economics) are government actions that try to reduce government budget deficits. They do this by spending less, increasing tax, both, or some other clever ways.
Austerity measures are used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts. The measures are meant to reduce the budget deficit by bringing government revenue closer to spending.
In most macroeconomic models, austerity policies generally increase unemployment as government spending falls. Decreased government spending reduces public and maybe private employment. Also, tax increases can reduce consumption by cutting household disposable income. Some say that reducing spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio because government expenditure itself is a part of GDP.
For example, after the Great Recession, austerity measures in many European countries were followed by increasing unemployment and debt-to-GDP ratios despite smaller budget deficits. When an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise. This results in a reduction in private investment. This then reduces economic growth. Where there is excess capacity, the stimulus can result in an increase in employment and output.
Swadeshi movement
Lawrence University
Lawrence University is a four-year college in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1847. It is a private school not affiliated with any church. In addition to the men's and women's liberal arts colleges, Lawrence has a Conservatory of Music. In 2018 there were 1,472 students in the university. Of these, 13% were foreign students from over 45 countries. There were 405 faculty members (76% were full time).
Lawrence University grants two four-year degrees: B.A. and B.Mus. It also grants a five-year combined B.A./B.Mus. degree.
The university is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM), which has off-campus programs in the United States and many other countries. Students from Lawrence and the other member schools may take part in these programs.
Lawrence has been a member of the Midwest Conference sports league since it began in 1921.
One year's tuition and fees are $47,475. Room and board are $10,341.
The University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Conservatory of Music is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music.
Botfly
Extraterrestrial sky
In astronomy, an extraterrestrial sky is a view of outer space from the surface of a planet (or related body in space) other than Earth.
The only extraterrestrial sky that has been directly observed and photographed by astronauts is that of the Moon. The skies of Venus, Mars and Titan have been observed by space probes designed to land on the surface and send images back to Earth.
Extraterrestrial skies seem to vary because of a number of reasons. An extraterrestrial atmosphere, if present, has a large bearing on visible characteristics. The atmosphere's density and chemical composition can contribute to differences in color, opacity (including haze) and the presence of clouds. Astronomical objects may also be visible and can include natural satellites, rings, star systems and nebulas and other planetary system bodies.
For skies that have not been directly or indirectly observed, their appearance can be simulated based on known factors, such as the position of astronomical objects relative to the surface and atmospheric composition.
Because Mercury has little or no atmosphere, a view of the planet's skies would be no different from viewing space from orbit. Mercury has a southern pole star, Alpha Pictoris. It is fainter than Earth's Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor.
On average, the visible diameter of the Sun on Mercury is 2.5 times as large as it appears from Earth, and its total brightness is more than 6 times as great. Because of the planet's orbit, the Sun's apparent diameter in the sky would vary from 2.2 times that from Earth to 3.2 times. The sun would be over ten-times brighter.
Due to its slow rotation, a day on Mercury lasts around 176 Earth days.
After the Sun, the second-brightest object in the Mercurian sky is Venus, which is much brighter there than for observers on Earth.
The Earth and the Moon are also very prominent in the sky of Mercury. and −1.2, respectively. All other planets are visible just as they are on Earth, but somewhat less bright at opposition.
The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the Sun cannot be easily seen in the daytime sky, and the stars are not visible at night. Color images taken by the space probes suggest that the sky on Venus is orange. If the Sun could be seen from Venus's surface, the time from one sunrise to the next would be about 117 Earth days. Because of the rotation of Venus, the Sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.
An observer above the clouds of Venus would circle the planet in about four Earth days, and see a sky in which the Earth and the Moon shine brightly. Mercury would also be easy to spot, because it is closer and brighter, and because its maximum elongation from the Sun is considerably larger than when observed from Earth.
The Moon's atmosphere is very thin so its sky is always black, as in the case of Mercury. However, the Sun is so bright that it is impossible to see stars during the daytime, unless the observer is well shielded from sunlight.
The Sun looks the same from the Moon as it does from Earth's orbit, somewhat brighter than it does from the Earth's surface, and colored pure white, due to the lack of scattering and absorption in its very thin atmosphere.
Due to the position and orbit of the moon, the Sun nearly always takes the same path through the Moon's sky over the course of a year. As a result, there are craters and valleys near the Moon's poles that never receive direct sunlight, and there may exist mountains and hilltops that are never in shadow.
Among the most prominent features of the Moon's sky is Earth. Earth shows phases, just like the Moon does for observers on Earth. The phases, however, are opposite; when the observer on Earth sees the full Moon, the lunar observer sees a "new Earth", and vice versa. The full Earth glows over 50 times brighter than the full Moon at its brightest for the observer on Earth. Earth light reflected on the Moon's darker half is bright enough to be visible from Earth, and is known as known as earthshine.
As a result of the Moon's rotation, one side of the Moon (the "near side") is permanently turned towards Earth, and the other side, the "far side", mostly cannot be seen from Earth. This means, conversely, that Earth can be seen only from the near side of the Moon and would always be invisible from the far side.
Earth and the Sun sometimes meet in the lunar sky, causing an eclipse. On Earth, one would see a lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow; meanwhile on the Moon, one would see a solar eclipse, when the Sun goes behind the Earth. Since the apparent diameter of the Earth is four times as large as that of the Sun, the Sun would be hidden behind the Earth for hours. Earth's atmosphere would be visible as a reddish ring.
In summary, whenever an eclipse of some sort is occurring on Earth, an eclipse of another sort is occurring on the Moon. Eclipses occur for observers on both Earth and the Moon whenever the two bodies and the Sun align in a straight line.
Mars has only a thin atmosphere; however, it is extremely dusty, and there is much light that is scattered about. The sky is thus rather bright during the daytime and stars are not visible.
Capturing accurate color images from Mars's surface is difficult. For many years, the sky on Mars was thought to be more pinkish than it is now believed to be.
It is now known that during the Martian day, the sky is a butterscotch color. Around sunset and sunrise, the sky is rose in color, but in the vicinity of the setting Sun it is blue. This is the opposite of the situation on Earth. Twilight lasts a long time after the Sun has set and before it rises because of the dust high up in the atmosphere of Mars.
On Mars, the red color of the sky is caused by the presence of iron(III) oxide in the airborne dust particles. These particles are larger in size than gas molecules, so most of the light is scattered. Dust absorbs blue light and scatters longer wavelengths (red, orange, yellow).
The Sun as seen from Mars is about as large as seen from Earth, and shines 40% of the light, approximately the brightness of a slightly cloudy afternoon on Earth.
Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. From the Martian surface, Phobos is one-third to one-half the size of the Sun, while Deimos is barely more than a dot.
Due to its orbit, Phobos rises in the west and sets in the east. Deimos rises in the east and sets in the west, like a "normal" moon, although its appearance to the naked eye would be star-like. Phobos and Deimos can both eclipse the Sun as seen from Mars, although neither can completely cover its disk and so the event is in fact a transit, rather than an eclipse.
The Earth is visible from Mars as a double star; the Moon would be visible alongside it as a fainter companion.
Venus as seen from Mars would have an apparent magnitude of about −3.2.
Compared with their view from Earth, the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) would appear slightly brighter during opposition, but slightly dimmer during conjunction.
From Phobos, Mars appears 6,400 times larger and 2,500 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth. From Deimos, Mars appears 1,000 times larger and 400 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth.
The asteroid belt is sparsely populated and most asteroids are very small, so that an observer situated on one asteroid would be unlikely to be able to see another without the aid of a telescope. Some asteroids that cross the orbits of planets may occasionally get close enough to a planet or asteroid so that an observer from that asteroid can make out the disc of the nearby object without the aid of binoculars or a telescope.
Although no images from within Jupiter's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky is blue, though dimmer than Earth's, because the sunlight there is on average 27 times fainter, at least in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The planet's narrow rings might be faintly visible from latitudes above the equator. Further down into the atmosphere, the Sun would be obscured by clouds and haze of various colors, most commonly blue, brown, and red. Although theories abound on the cause of the colors, there is currently no clear answer.
From Jupiter, the Sun appears to be less than a quarter of its size as seen from Earth.
Aside from the Sun, the most prominent objects in Jupiter's sky are the four Galilean moons. Io, the nearest to the planet, would be slightly larger than the full moon in Earth's sky, though less bright, and would be the largest moon in the Solar System as seen from Jupiter. The higher brightness of Europa would not overcome its greater distance from Jupiter, so it would not outshine Io. Ganymede, the largest moon and third from Jupiter, is almost as bright as Io and Europa, but appears only half the size of Io. Callisto, further out, would appear only a quarter the size of Io.
None of the surface features on Jupiter's moons would appear as prominent as the lunar maria do when the Moon is viewed from Earth. Dark and light patches would be visible on Io's surface due to the coloration of sulfur that covers Io, and the largest volcanoes would be designated by dark points, but the lack of large, contrasting features results in a poor view of it. Europa, however, would appear as a completely featureless white disc. Even when viewed from nearby, most spacecraft images use contrast enhancements to clearly show the cracks in the Europan ice. Vague dark and light patches would be visible on Ganymede, whereas Callisto is much too distant for any features to be made out.
All four Galilean moons stand out because of the swiftness of their motion, compared to the Moon. They are all also large enough to fully eclipse the Sun.
Jupiter's small inner moons appear only as star-like points except Amalthea, which can occasionally appear as large as Callisto. However, they would all be brighter than any star. The outer moons would be invisible except for Himalia, which would appear as a dim, star-like point to the naked eye only under favorable circumstances.
None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so. For an observer on one of the moons, the most prominent feature of the sky by far would be Jupiter.
Because the inner moons of Jupiter are in synchronous rotation around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of the Galilean satellites facing away from the planet would never see Jupiter, for instance.
From the moons of Jupiter, solar eclipses caused by the Galilean satellites would be spectacular, because an observer would see the circular shadow of the eclipsing moon travel across Jupiter's face.
The sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it may be yellowish further down. The rings of Saturn are almost certainly visible from the upper reaches of its atmosphere. The rings are so thin that from a position on Saturn's equator, they would be almost invisible. However, from anywhere else on the planet, they could be seen as a spectacular arc stretching across half the celestial hemisphere.
Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet. Even Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, appears only half the size of Earth's moon. In fact, Titan is the dimmest of Saturn's large moons due to its great distance and dimness; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea are all brighter. Most of the inner moons would appear as bright, star-like points (with the exception of Janus, although most would shine brighter than any star. None of the outer moons would be visible except Phoebe which would be very dim.
Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in synchronous rotation, the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of those satellites facing away from the planet would never see Saturn. In the skies of Saturn's inner moons, Saturn is an enormous object.
Saturn's rings would not be prominent from most of the moons. This is because the rings, though wide, are not very thick. The rings are edge-on and practically invisible from the inner moons. From the outer moons, starting with Iapetus, a more oblique view of the rings would be available, although the greater distance would make Saturn appear smaller in the sky; from Phoebe, the largest of Saturn's irregular moons, Saturn would appear only as big as the full Moon does from Earth. The best view of the rings may be from the inner moon Mimas, which is fairly near the rings. The co-orbitals Epimetheus and Janus would also get a good view. Tethys gets the next best view; Iapetus gets a good view of the rings and is more than any of the outer moons can claim.
Titan is the only moon in the Solar System to have a thick atmosphere. The Titanean sky is a light tangerine color. However, an astronaut standing on the surface of Titan would see a hazy brownish/dark orange color. As a consequence of its greater distance from the Sun and the thickness of its atmosphere, the surface of Titan receives only about of the sunlight Earth does – daytime on Titan is thus only as bright as twilight on the Earth. It seems likely that Saturn is permanently invisible behind orange smog, and even the Sun would be only a lighter patch in the haze, barely illuminating the surface of ice and methane lakes. However, in the upper atmosphere, the sky would have a blue color and Saturn would be visible. With its thick atmosphere and methane rain, Titan is the only celestial body other than Earth upon which rainbows on the surface could form. However, given the extreme thickness of the atmosphere in visible light, the vast majority of the rainbow would be in the infrared.
Seen from Enceladus, Saturn would have a visible diameter sixty times more than the Moon visible from Earth. Moreover, since Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period and therefore keeps one face pointed toward Saturn, the planet never moves in the sky of Enceladus and cannot be seen from the far side of the satellite.
Saturn's rings would be almost invisible, but their shadow on Saturn's disk would be clearly distinguishable. Like our own Moon from Earth, Saturn itself would show regular phases. From Enceladus, the Sun would have a diameter of only one-ninth that of the Moon as seen from Earth.
An observer located on Enceladus could also observe Mimas (the biggest satellite located inside Enceladus's orbit) transit in front of Saturn every 72 hours, on average. Its apparent size would be about the same size as the Moon seen from Earth. Pallene and Methone would appear nearly star-like. Tethys, visible from Enceladus's anti-Saturnian side, would reach a maximum apparent size, about twice that of the Moon as seen from the Earth.
Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is probably a light blue. It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.
None of Uranus's moons would appear as large as a full moon on Earth from the surface of Uranus, but the large number of them would present an interesting sight for observers hovering above the cloud tops. Unlike on Jupiter and Saturn, many of the inner moons can be seen as disks rather than star-like points; the moons Portia and Juliet can appear around the size of Miranda at times, and a number of other inner moons appear larger than Oberon. The outer irregular moons would not be visible to the naked eye.
The low light levels at such a great distance from the sun ensure that the moons appear very dim; the brightest, Ariel, would shine more than 100 times dimmer than the moon as seen from Earth. Meanwhile, the outer large moon Oberon would be only as bright as Venus despite its proximity.
Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is probably an azure or sky blue, similar to Uranus'. As in the case of Uranus, it is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.
Aside from the Sun, the most notable object in Neptune's sky is its large moon Triton, which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth. It moves more swiftly than our Moon. The smaller moon Proteus would show a disk about half the size of the full Moon. An alignment of the inner moons would likely produce a spectacular sight. Neptune's large outer satellite, Nereid, is not large enough to appear as a disk from Neptune, and is not noticeable in the sky. The other irregular outer moons would not be visible to the naked eye.
As with Uranus, the low light levels cause the major moons to appear very dim.
Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has an atmosphere, but it is so thin that its sky is still black, possibly with some pale haze at the horizon. Because Triton orbits with synchronous rotation, Neptune always appears in the same position in its sky. As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun for 82 years at a stretch, resulting in radical seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.
Neptune itself with a maximum brightness would be about that of the full moon on Earth. Due to its eccentric orbit, Nereid would vary considerably in brightness; its disk would be far too small to see with the naked eye. Proteus would also be difficult to resolve but, at its closest, would rival Canopus.
A trans-Neptunian object is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune.
Pluto, accompanied by its largest moon Charon, orbits the Sun at a distance usually outside the orbit of Neptune except for a twenty-year period in each orbit.
From Pluto, the Sun is point-like to human eyes, but still very bright, giving roughly 150 to 450 times the light of the full Moon from Earth. Nonetheless, human observers on Pluto would notice a large decrease in available light.
Pluto's atmosphere consists of a thin envelope of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide gases, all of which are derived from the ices of these substances on its surface. When Pluto is close to the Sun, the temperature of Pluto's solid surface increases, causing these ices to sublimate into gasses. This atmosphere also produces a noticeable blue haze that is visible at sunset and possibly other times of the Plutonian day.
Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other. This means that Charon always presents the same face to Pluto, and Pluto also always presents the same face to Charon. Observers on the far side of Charon from Pluto would never see the dwarf planet; observers on the far side of Pluto from Charon would never see the moon. Charon, as seen from Pluto's surface would be a very large object in the night sky.
The sky of a comet changes dramatically as it nears the Sun. During closest distance, a comet's ices begin to sublime from its surface, forming tails of gas and dust, and a coma. An observer on a comet nearing the Sun might see the stars slightly obscured by a milky haze, which could create halo effects around the Sun and other bright objects.
For observers on extrasolar planets, the constellations would differ depending on the distances involved. A consequence of observing the universe from other stars is that stars that may appear bright in our own sky may appear dimmer in other skies and vice versa.
A planet around either α Centauri A or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary.
From a planet orbiting Aldebaran, 65 light years away, our Sun would be seen as an insignificant star between Ophiuchus and Scorpius. Constellations made of bright, distant stars would look somewhat similar (such as Orion and Scorpius) but much of the night sky would seem unfamiliar to someone from Earth. Even Orion would appear somewhat different; viewed from this position, Alnilam and Mintaka would appear to be on top of each other, thus reducing the belt to two stars. Also, Bellatrix would be much closer to the belt, making the "chest" of Orion somewhat smaller.
If the Sun were to be observed from the Alpha Centauri system, the nearest star system to ours, it would appear to be as a star in the constellation Cassiopeia. Due to the proximity of the Alpha Centauri system, the constellations would, for the most part, appear similar.
From further away, the Sun would be an average looking star in the constellation Serpens Caput. At this distance, most of the stars nearest to us would be in different locations to those in our sky, including Alpha Centauri, Sirius, and Procyon.
Warble fly
Ford County, Kansas
Ford County (county code FO) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 33,848 people lived there. Its county seat is Dodge City. Dodge City is also the biggest city in Ford County. The county is named after Colonel James Hobart Ford.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.07%) is water.
The 2010 census says that there were 33,848 people, 10,852 households, and 7,856 families living in Ford County. 75.3% of the people were White, 2.1% were Black or African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 17.8% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 51.2% of the population.
Ford County has been strongly Republican for most of its history, especially in recent elections. Only eight Democratic presidential candidates from 1888 to the present day have won the county. The most recent winner being Jimmy Carter in 1976.
Ford County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was changed in 1986. The changed allowed liquor to be sold.
Riley County, Kansas
Riley County (standard abbreviation: RL) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 71,115 people lived there. The biggest city is Manhattan. Manhattan is also the county seat.
Two of Kansas' biggest employers are in Riley County: Fort Riley and Kansas State University.