AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In 2000, Epaye became the new director of the "La Fondation la Voix du Coeur" (The Voice of the Heart Foundation) organization. Lucienne Patassé, the wife of president Ange-Félix Patassé started the organization in 1994 to help street children. She started a home for the children in the city of Bangui, The children received food, education, medical care, and training, in a place that was safe and free from violence.
In 2003, General François Bozizé led a coup and became the new leader of the Central African Republic. He formed a transition council to help with the change in government. The council wrote the 2004 constitution. Epaye was in the transition council.
From 2003 to 2005, Epaye was president of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and was a member of the National Transitional Council. In 2005 she became the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises. She was in that position for five years. In 2008 she became the Minister of Trade and Industry. She was in that position through 2011.
In 2013 there was a new coup by a group called "Séléka". Michel Djotodia became president, but there was much violence. The United Nations, the African Union, and the French government sent soldiers to stop the fighting. New elections were scheduled for 2015, and Catherine Samba-Panza was elected leader of the country for the transition. Epaye was in the new council to help with the transition.
From 2003-2005, Epaye was a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Commission of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). Beginning in 2008, she was the leader of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI. She also was on the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU).
In 2010, the Council of Ministers of the Economic Union of Central Africa (CAEU), gave Epaye the Medal of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit from the CEMAC Community. In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave her the International Women of Courage Award.
Continental Europe
Marie Claire Tchecola
Marie Claire Tchecola is a nurse from Guinea. She got Ebola, but she lived. She is an activist who teaches about disease. In 2015, the U.S. State Department gave Tchecola the International Women of Courage Award.
Tchecola is from a small village in Guinea, near Senegal. She was the first woman in her family to get an education. She studied to be a nurse. She worked as a nurse at Donka Hospital in Conakry, Guinea. In July 2014, she worked with a very sick patient. She got Ebola from that patient. She went to a center for treatment. She got better.
After Tchecola got well, she went back to her job as a nurse at Donka Hospital. She had more problems. She lost her housing, because her landlord did not understand Ebola.
"Tainted Love" is a pop rock single. It was first sung by Gloria Jones. The lyrics are about leaving a relationship due to being abused.
The song was first released in May 1965. In 1981, Soft Cell covered the song. Their version hit #1 on some charts. In summer 1982, it reached #8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
There are many versions of the song. It has been covered by many musicians.
Gloria Jones
Gloria Jones (born October 19, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. She recorded the 1965 song "Tainted Love". She also had other songs.
On September 16, 1977, Jones was driving a car. Marc Bolan of the group T. Rex was a passenger. The car crashed and killed Bolan.
Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She later moved to Los Angeles, California.
Gainan Saidkhuzhin
Gainan Rakhmatovich Saidkhuzhin (; 30 June 1937 – 13 May 2015) was a Russian cyclist. He was a ten-time cycling champion of the Soviet Union. He competed in the road race at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics and finished in 34th and 41st places, respectively. He was born in Novosibirsk to a Tatar family.
Saidkhuzhin died from a heart attack on 13 May 2015 in Miami, Florida, United States. He was 77.
Luxeuil-les-Bains
Luxeuil-les-Bains is a spa town located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About people live there.
All-Russian Society of Philatelists
All-Russian Society of Philatelists was a national philatelic organisation in Soviet Russia established in 1923. Later on, it was subsequently renamed and reorganised into the All-Union Society of Philatelists and the All-Union Society of Collectors.
The idea of a new countrywide philatelic society was supported by the Russian Bureau of Philately at the RSFSR National Commissariat of Post and Telegraphs in 1922. On 15 March 1923, the charter of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists was approved. On 6 April 1923 its first meeting took place in Moscow. The society's branches worked in Yerevan, Tiflis, Tashkent, Ashgabat, Baku, and other cities. In 1924–1925, the First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition was held. The All-Russian Society of Philatelists published the "Soviet Philatelist" journal (1922–1932). It existed till the late 1930s.
Aix-les-Bains
First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
The First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition was held in Moscow in 1924–1925. Its full name was the First All-Union Philatelic, Scripophilic and Numismatic Exhibition. This was because it combined the objects of philately, scripophily (collecting stock and bond certificates), and numismatics (of coins, money).
The exhibition was organised from 15 December 1924 to 15 February 1925. This was done by the Presidium of the All-Union Philatelic Association and Board of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists. The combined exhibition was meant to prepare formation of the "All-Union Society of Collectors". The society was to be under the direction of Feodor Chuchin, the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily.
WOW air
WOW air was a budget airline from Iceland.
WOW air began in November 2011. Its first flight was on 1 June 2012. The airline flew 11 airplanes from the Airbus A320 family to destinations in Europe, North America and the Middle East.
Wow air stopped operations on 28 March 2019. All flights were cancelled and thousands of stranded passengers were told to book with other airliners.
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Dzhokhar Anzorovich "Jahar" Tsarnaev (Cyrillic: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев ; born July 22, 1993) and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many 264 others. On May 15, 2015, a Boston U.S. federal court jury verdict resulted in a death-sentence verdict for Tsarnaev for his crimes.
He and his family immigrated to the United States as refugees in 2002. Tsarnaev was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He had become a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012.
During the bombings, on April 19, there was a shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers. MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev's escape in the SUV Tsarnaev was injured but escaped. On the evening of April 19, the heavily wounded Tsarnaev was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter. He was arrested and taken to a hospital. It was later reported that he was persuaded to surrender when the FBI negotiators mentioned a public plea from his former wrestling coach.
Tsarnaev was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with destruction of property resulting in death.
He was convicted on April 8, 2015, and was sentenced to death on May 15, 2015. Tsarnaev allegedly later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City. Tsarnaev reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching Anwar al-Awlaki lectures.
Catholic Christian Outreach
Catholic Christian Outreach Canada (CCO) is a group of Catholics who do missionary work at universities in Canada. They try to teach students three things:
André and Angèle Regnier started CCO in 1988 at the University of Saskatchewan. The Regniers were part of an Evangelical Protestant group called Campus Crusade for Christ. They saw that other people in this group were excited about being Christians. They wanted Catholics to be excited about their religion too. They found a group of Catholics called the Catholic Charismatic Renewal who were already trying to do this. This group showed them how to get Catholics to be excited about their religion. The Regniers and their parish priest started CCO so that they could teach university students at the University of Saskatchewan about their religion and how to teach others about it too.
CCO began with only four missionaries at the University of Saskatchewan. As of August 2013, it had more than 70 missionaries at eleven universities. CCO plans to start doing missionary work on 20 new universities between 2008 and 2028.
CCO runs a conference called "Rise Up" every year. It is one of the largest conferences for young Catholics in Canada. The largest Rise Up was in Ottawa in 2013. There were 850 people there.
The conference happens every year from December 28 to January 1. At Rise Up, there are presentations, workshops, songs, prayers in front of the Eucharist, confession, and a big dinner and dance on New Year's Eve.
CCO runs many missions. Some of them are in Canada and some of them are in other countries. CCO often sends students and missionaries to World Youth Day.
There is a mission that happens every year called IMPACT. Students from across Canada go to one city for a summer of missionary work. They live together and work in teams at various parishes, where they lead faith studies and run retreats and special events. IMPACT also has a weekly event called Cornerstone that involves skits, songs, testimonies, and Catholic teaching, a Courageous Catholic program that teaches people how to share their faith, and a monthly Summit event involving songs, prayers in front of the Eucharist, and confession.
Students involved with CCO lead and attend weekly faith studies at the university. These faith studies help students learn more about their religion and how they can live it out. The studies are based on the Bible, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and other Christian writings. They also use many analogies, a way of explaining things simply. There are five studies called "Discovery", "Source", "Growth", "Obedience", and "Commission".
CCO wrote a small book "The Ultimate Relationship" to teach people the basic parts of the Christian religion.
Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnaev (Тамерла́н Анзо́рович Царна́ев ; October 21, 1986 – April 19, 2013) and his brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many as 264 others.
Shortly after the Federal Bureau of Investigation declared them suspects in the bombings and released images of them, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT police officer, carjacked an SUV. They soon engaged in a shootout with the police in the Boston suburb of Watertown.
According to the police, during the shootout Tamerlan was captured, but died partly as a result of his brother driving over him. He was 26 years old.
Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily was established in Moscow in 1922 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) for matters concerned with philately and bonds. An old Bolshevik Feodor Chuchin headed this organisation.
To help finance the Central Famine Relief Committee (POMGOL), VTsIK decided to sell abroad postage stamps of Imperial Russia and the newly formed governments of the Civil War period. The idea was to obtain hard currency for them. Feodor Chuchin was named in 1921 the POMGOL commissioner for matters pertaining to stamp donations.
In March 1922, the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily was set up. Chuchin was appointed to supervise its activities in Soviet Russia and abroad. The sale of stamps and paper money was profitable:
The Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily existed till 1926 and was superseded by the Soviet Philatelic Association.
Spy (2015 movie)
Spy is a 2015 American action comedy spy movie directed by Paul Feig. This movie is about a CIA analyst, Susan Cooper. She goes undercover in the world of a deadly arms dealer to prevent a global disaster. Melissa McCarthy plays Susan Cooper. Allison Janney plays Elaine Crocker.
The movie was released on June 5, 2015 in the United States.
Michelle (song)
"Michelle" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was first released on the band's 1965 album "Rubber Soul". It was mainly written by Paul McCartney, with some parts written by John Lennon. It is a love ballad and some of the words are in French.
According to Walter Everett:
Pat Hitchcock
Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell (born 7 July 1928) — known as Pat Hitchcock — is an English actress and producer. She has appeared in small roles in some of her fathers well known works most notable as Carolina in "Psycho" (1960). Her father was legendary director Alfred Hitchcock.
Wood County
Wood County is the name of four counties in the United States:
Wood County, Texas
Wood County is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2010, 41,964 people lived there. The county seat is Quitman. The county was named for George T. Wood, governor of Texas from 1847 to 1849.
Hinge teeth
Hinge teeth are part of the inner surface of the shell of a bivalve mollusc. Bivalves by definition have two valves (parts of the shell). They are joined together by a strong and flexible ligament on the hinge line at the dorsal (top) edge of the shell.
In life, the shell needs to be able to open slightly to allow the foot and siphons to protrude, and then close again, "without the valves moving out of alignment with one another". To make this possible, the two valves usually have hinge teeth (the "dentition"). Like the ligament, the hinge teeth are along the hinge line of the shell.
In most families, the two valves of the shell are almost perfectly symmetrical with one another along the hinge line, though the placement and shape of the teeth may differ slightly in the left valve and right valve so the two valves fit together properly.
Each group of bivalves tends to have distinctive hinge teeth. Because of this, examining the arrangement of the hinge teeth in a bivalve shell is often essential for identification and classification.
The other great shelled phylum, the brachiopods, also has a group with hinge teeth. In the traditional classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves. In the Inarticulata the two parts of the shell are held together only by muscles.
Stotting (or pronking) is a behaviour of some bovines, particularly gazelles. They spring into the air, and lift all four feet off the ground simultaneously. Usually, the legs are held in a relatively stiff position and the back may be arched with the head pointing downward. Many explanations of stotting have been proposed. At least in some cases it is an honest signal to predators that the stotting animal is not worth pursuing.
Stotting makes a prey animal more visible and uses up energy and time that could be spent escaping. Therefore, it is assumed that it must bring some benefit to the stotting animal. A number of possible explanations have been proposed. Stotting may be:
The English evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith concludes that "the natural explanation is that stotting is an index of condition and of escape capability", used as a signal especially to coursing predators. He also observes that "it is hard to see how it could be a handicap", unless perhaps it is a signal to other gazelles of the same species.
Green economy
The green economy is defined as an economy that results in reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognising global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."
Karl Burkart defines a green economy as based on six main sectors:
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as “an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development”.
In 2012, the ICC published the "Green Economy Roadmap". It states that a shift towards a green economy requires the following:
A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy'. The research organisation ETC Group argues that the corporate emphasis on a biobased economy "will spur even greater convergence of corporate power and unleash the most massive resource grab in more than 500 years." Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, "Towards a Green Economy", while well-intentioned "ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to (regulate and restrict)... is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations." Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and "green growth" in particular, "based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate change". He added it "may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can
bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Chevrolet Spark
Héricourt (Haute-Saône)
Héricourt is a commune located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About people live there.
Gray (Haute-Saône)
Gray is a commune located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About people live there.
It was, since the Middle Ages, an important river port, an important trading center in Franche-Comté.
Gray is believed to have got its name from an old landed estate in its area owned by a family with Gallo-Roman origins having the name "Gradus", cognate with the Celtic "Grady" meaning "illustrious" or "noble".
Gray is situated on the banks of the river Saône. It is the last major town in Haute-Saône before the Saône flows into Côte-d'Or.
The Dodge Charger is an American car. They are marketed through the Dodge division of Chrysler. Several different vehicles built on at least three different chassis have had the Charger name.
Notable years in Charger history are:
The Dodge Charger first premiered with the 1966 models. Dodge added a fastback roof on their Coronet (B-body). Inside there were four bucket seats with a full length console. Engines included the 318 cid (cubic inch displacement), the 361 cid, 383 cid and a 426 Hemi. Transmissions included a three-speed manual, four-speed manual and Torqueflite automatic. In 1968 the Charger was restyled to improve sales. But as the muscle car era was nearly over, sales went down.
Dodge introduced the Charger SE in 1975. It was a clone of the Chrysler Cordoba. Like the Cordoba it was a luxury car. The base engine was the 360 cid. The 318 cid and the 400 cid engines were optional. A new new Charger Daytona model was available with larger tires. It had no resemblance to the NASCAR Daytona Charger. In 1975 Dodge chargers won 14 NASCAR Grand National races. But they did it in 1974 Chargers. The 1975 Chargers were just too heavy. In 1978 Chrysler was facing financial troubles. Lee Iacocca turned Chrysler around and by 1983 the company was making money again.
The Dodge Charger was re-introduced in 2006. The new Charger is a four-door sedan. It rides on the new rear-wheel drive LX platform sharing similarities with the Chrysler 300. In 2011 the next generation was launched. The styling of the 2011 was like the late 1960s muscle car Chargers. The Pentastar 3.6 liter V6 was the base engine. The 292 hp V6 engine got 21 mpg city and 31 mpg on the highway using an 8-speed automatic transmission. The combination could move the Charger from 0-60 mph in 6.6 seconds. It was available in rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive.
Sayaka Osakabe
Sayaka Osakabe (; born 1978) is a Japanese magazine editor and women's rights activist. She went to court because of Japan's Equal Opportunities law. The government decided that discrimination against women because of pregnancy is illegal. In 2015, the U.S State Department gave Osakabe the International Women of Courage Award.
Sayaka Osakabe was born in Japan in 1978. She had a job as a magazine editor. She became pregnant, so she asked her boss for shorter work hours. Osakabe's boss wanted her to quit her job. Osakabe was pregnant twice and she lost the baby twice. Then Osakabe asked for a leave of absence so she could leave her job to become pregnant, then return to the job. Her boss refused. Osakabe quit her job, but she took her case to a labor tribunal. In June, 2014, Osakabe won her case.
Osakabe started a support group called "Matahara Net". The word comes from the English words "maternity and harassment". The word "matahara" is now a legal term.
Arbana Xharra
Arbana Xharra is a journalist from Kosovo. In 2015 she won the International Women of Courage Award from the US State Department.
Arbana Xharra became a journalist in 2001. She worked for "Koha Ditore", Kosovo's first independent newspaper, in 2006 and 2007. She wrote for "Balkan Insight" and is now editor-in-chief of "Zëri".
Xharra writes about many public issues. In 2006 she investigated government expense reports and problems with financial management. In 2007, she wrote about inflation and food shortages. In 2010 she wrote a report about the finances of the state-run Telecom of Kosovo.
In 2012, Xharra had legal problems. She wrote a report about government corruption and about politicians' connections with local business. The court decided that Xharra acted correctly. They said she followed the Code of Ethics for print media of Kosovo.
In 2012, Xharra investigated the increase of religious activity in the former Yugoslavia. She wrote about religious extremism and its effect on society. When she investigated Islamic extremists in Kosovo, she found connections with terrorist organizations. Xharra's report helped the government with the problem. After the report, she received death threats.
Xharra won the UNDP Prize three times--in 2006, 2007, and 2008--for her articles on corruption in Kosovo. In 2012 she won a Balkan Fellowship for Journalistic Excellence and studied the changing attitudes towards Islam in Kosovo. In 2013 she won the "Rexhai Surroi Award" from the KOHA Group for an article on extremism. She also won the "Stirring Up Debate Award" from INPO Ferizaj for starting public discussion on religious extremism. In 2015 she won the US Secretary of State's International Women of Courage Award.
Life Ball
The Life Ball is a charity event, held each year in Vienna. It is an event to help raise funds to combat HIV. It is one of the biggest such events in the world. Gery Keszler and Torgom Petrosian started the foundation in 1993. Torgom Petrosian, a doctor who was affected, has since died of AIDS.
Many people notable from public life take part in the opening ceremony. The event is known for its extravagant style.
Garo Yepremian
Garabed Sarkis "Garo" Yepremian (June 2, 1944 – May 15, 2015) was an American football placekicker. He played in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1966 to 1981.
Yepremian was born in Larnaca, southern Cyprus to Armenian parents. He died from brain cancer on May 15, 2015 in Media, Pennsylvania, aged 70.
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport (also called Keflavik Airport) is the largest and busiest airport in Iceland. It is the country's main hub for international flights. The airport is west of the Icelandic capital, Reykjavík. The airport has three runways. Most international flights to or from Iceland pass through this airport.
The main airlines at Keflavík are Icelandair and WOW Air. Both make the airport their main hub. The airport handles almost all international flights. Most domestic flights are flown from Reykjavík Airport. It is only from Reykjavík. Keflavík Airport is operated by Isavia, a government enterprise.
Until World War II Iceland had very little contact with the United States. Because of the strategic importance of Iceland to the war in Europe The US and Iceland signed a treaty in June 1941. The Americans built military bases on land provided by Iceland. Construction on the airport began on 2 July 1942. It was occupied by US troops on 24 March 1943 and named Meeks field. After the war the US wanted to keep their bases but the Icelandic government said no. Ownership of Keflavik airport was returned to Iceland while the American military turned over their facilities to an American company to run for them. When Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, they sided firmly with the Americans in the Cold War. In 1951 a new treaty was signed and the American military returned to Iceland. During the cold war the Icelandic bases were used for surveillance in the North Atlantic. In the 1990s, with the end of the cold war, the US scaled back its operations in Iceland. In 2006 it closed down its base at Keflavik.
During the 1950s two airlines served Iceland. Loftleidir Icelandic flew between Luxembourg and New York stopping in Iceland. The other carrier was Flugfelag Islands. They flew to Europe from Reykjavik. Sometime after the start of the jet age both moved to Keflavik. The two companies later joined together as “Icelandair”. In April 1987, the airport got the "Leifur Eiriksson International Air Terminal". It was remodeled and extended in 2001. When the US military left in 2006, the government owned company ISAVIA took over control. The company operates all airports and navigational aids in Iceland.
According to an article in USA Today, Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal was ranked second best in the world. According to Frommers.com "Iceland's cozy, little international airport looks like it arrived in a flat pack from Ikea". The airport has beautiful views of the rugged Islandic landscape. The Leifur Eiríksson Terminal is well lit, clean and easy to navigate for travelers. It is open 24 hours a day. The tax-free and duty-free shops are available both for arriving and departing passengers.
Pontiac G6
Pontiac G6 was a mid-sized automobile sold by the Pontiac division of General Motors. It was available as a coupe, sedan or convertible. The G6 was introduced in 2005 to replace the Grand Am. The last model year for the G6 was 2010. It was unchanged from the 2009 model. General Motors declared bankruptcy in 2009 and Pontiac division was discontinued. The 2010 G6 was the very last U.S. built Pontiac.
Iceland Express was a low-cost airline from Iceland. It began in 2002. Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport used to be their main hub. WOW Air bought the airline in 2012.
Braniff International Airways
Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt began when Lower and Upper Egypt were joined together as one country in about 3100 BC. This was called the "Two Lands". The First and Second Dynasties ruled during this time. It ended in about 2686 BC, at the beginning of the Old Kingdom.
The capital city of the "Two Lands" was moved from Thinis to Memphis. The united Egypt was ruled by an Egyptian god-king. The main features of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture and religion, took shape during this time.
Before the Early Dynastic Period, Egypt was settled with small, separate villages. The rulers were able to set up a government system across the whole country, run by local royal governors. Government buildings were usually open-air temples made of wood or sandstone. Writing, in hieroglyphs began to be used just before this period. Little is known about the spoken language.
By about 3600 BC, neolithic Egyptian societies on the River Nile were growing crops and farming with animals. Shortly after 3600 BC Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly. They made pottery in a new style and began using copper. The Egyptians began using sun-dried bricks for building. They also started using the arch, and recessed walls for decorative effect.
The societies and towns on the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt began to join together. This was also happening in the Nile Delta, or Lower Egypt. There were often wars between Upper and Lower Egypt. During his rule in Upper Egypt, King Narmer defeated his enemies on the Delta. He joined the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt together under his rule. Narmer is shown in pictures wearing the double crown, called the Pschent, with the lotus flower of Upper Egypt and the papyrus reed of Lower Egypt. These symbols of a united Egypt were used by all future rulers. In mythology, the falcon-god, Horus of Lower Egypt, won a battle over the god Seth, of Upper Egypt. This helped start the idea that Egyptian kings were gods and divine, which lasted for 3,000 years. It was the basis of Egypt's government. The unification of societies of the Nile has also been linked to the drying of the Sahara.
Rich people began to have more complex funeral practices. The Egyptians began building mastabas which became models for later buildings, such as the Old Kingdom's Step pyramid. The growing of cereal crops and the use of central control to organize farm workers helped the success of the state for the next 800 years.
It seems certain that Egypt was unified culturally and economically long before its first king ruled from the city of Memphis. Political unification was a slow process, taking place over a century or so. Local areas started trading networks and governments were able to organize farm workers on a large scale. Divine kingship gained importance as the cults of gods like Horus, Seth and Neith spread across the country.
The Egyptian writing system was further developed. At first Egyptian writing was a few symbols showing amounts of various items. By the end of the third dynasty it had been grown to more than 200 symbols, both phonograms and ideograms.
Manetho, an Egyptian historian, said almost three thousand years later that Menes was the first king of the "Two Lands". Menes is probably Narmer, the earliest recorded king of the First Dynasty Narmer's name is on the king lists of Den and Qa'a. The first dynasty kings saw Narmer as an important founding figure. Narmer is also the earliest king linked to the symbols of power over the two lands. The Narmer palette, a special cosmetic palette designed for ritual use, shows him wearing the Pschent, the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Another theory is that Narmer was the last king of the Protodynastic Period and that Menes was Hor-Aha.
Archimedean solid
In geometry, an Archimedean solid is a convex shape which is composed of polygons. It is a polyhedron, with the following properties:
Depending on the way there are counted, there are thirteen or fifteen such shapes. Of two of these shapes, there are two versions, which cannot be made congruent using rotation. The Archimedean solids are named after the Ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, who probably discovered them in the 3rd century BC. The writings of Archimedes have been lost, but Pappus of Alexandria summarized them in the 4th century. During the Renaissance, artists and mathematicians valued "pure forms" and rediscovered all of these forms. Johannes Kepler probably completed this search around 1620.
Constructing an Archimedean solid takes at least two different polygons.
Platonic solids can be turned into Archimedean solids by following a series of rules for their construction.
The following is a listing of all Archimedean solids
Gigablast
Gigablast is a small web search engine based in New Mexico. It was started by Matt Wells in 2000 and was part of Infoseek.
In July 2013, the website's source code was released under the Apache License.
Soviet Philatelic Association
Soviet Philatelic Association (SFA) was a business run by the Soviet Union authorities in the field of philately.
Two early philatelic public entities existed in the Soviet Union. These were All-Russian Society of Philatelists (created in 1922) and Philatelic International (or Filintern organised in 1924). In July 1924, an ""All-Union Philatelic Association of Socialist Soviet Republics"" was formed. It was called the "State Philatelic Organization". This association was entrusted to Feodor Chuchin. He also supervised another state body, Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. The All-Union Philatelic Association ceased to exist soon after. It lacked a published decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and RSFSR Sovnarkom.
On 25 October 1926, a new association was established in Moscow by VTsIK and Sovnarkom decree. It replaced the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. SFA sold Soviet stamps to foreign dealers, Soviet philatelists, and schoolboys. These latter glued their stamps into school notebooks because of a lack of stamp albums.
The SFA organ was the journal "Sovetskii Filatelist" ("Soviet Philatelist").
In 1938, the Soviet Philatelic Association was replaced with the Chief Philatelic Bureau.
Hexacorallia
Hexacorallia is a large subclass of Anthozoa in the aquatic phylum Cnidaria.
It has about 4,300 species, all polyps, generally with 6-fold symmetry. It includes all the stony corals, most of which are colonial and reef-forming. It also contains the sea anemones, tube anemones, and zoanthids, in six living orders.
The Hexacorallia are distinguished from the other subclass of Anthozoa, the Octocorallia, because they have six or less axes of symmetry in their body structure and only single rows of tentacles. They are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a mobile planktonic phase and a later sessile phase.
Hexacorallia also include the extinct orders of the rugose corals and tabulate corals. They built the coral reefs of the Palaeozoic era. In fact, there are a total of eight extinct orders of the Hexacorallia, which shows it has always been an important group of marine organisms.
In geometry an antiprism is a polyhedron. It is made of two copies of a regular polygon. These polygons are connected using an alternating band of triangles. To connect an n-sided polygon, 2n triangles are needed. Antiprisms are similar to prisms, but prisms use parallelograms for the bands at the side.
A right antiprism uses a right angle to connect the base polygons to the band of triangles. A uniform antiprism uses equilateral triangles as base surfaces.
Chinx
Lionel Pickens (December 4, 1983 – May 17, 2015), better known by his stage name Chinx (formerly Chinx Drugz), was an American rapper from Queens, New York. He was a member of French Montana's Coke Boys group and record label. Other members are Cheeze, Flip, and Lil Durk. He was best known for his raps on the "Coke Boys" mixtapes and the "Cocaine Riot" mixtape series. He died from a fatal gunshot wound after a drive-by shooting in Jamaica, Queens on May 17, 2015.
On how he got started rapping, Chinx said: "I started rapping at the table in junior high school for fun with the homies and then by 9th grade is when I started taking music seriously. At that point is when I started investing my street money into my studio time and trying to find my sound."
On May 17, 2015, New York police officers (NYPD) went, after a 911 call, to Briarwood, Queens at about 4:00 a.m. There, they found Chinx and another victim in a car at Queens Boulevard and 84th Drive. Chinx was rushed to Jamaica Medical Center in Jamaica, Queens with gunshot wounds. There he was pronounced dead, at age 31.
Philatelic International
Philatelic International (Filintern) was an international philatelic society of collector-workers in the 1920s to 1940s.
The creation of the Filintern was set up at a conference in Moscow in 22 to 30 June 1924. Its formation was greeted by all branches of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists and at the same time by the Soviet Esperantists. At the conference opening, Feodor Chuchin, Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily, declared:
A program for the Filintern's central organ was developed that included:
Filintern facilitates the goals of philatelists, scripophilists and Esperantists. Within Filintern, they could:
Using philately, scripophily and Esperanto, the Soviet authorities also hoped for promoting communist propaganda among the foreign proletariat.
The Philatelic International's organ was the journal . Its Editor was a prominent Russian philatelist L. K. Eichfuss. The first issue of the journal appeared in January 1925.
Chinchorro mummies
The Chinchorro mummies are mummified remains of people from the South American Chinchorro culture, found in what is now northern Chile and southern Peru. They are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains. The oldest are 7,000 years old. The mummies continued to be made until about 1800 B.C.
They were first studied by the Andean archaeologist Max Uhle in 1914. Today, over 280 mummies have been found. About 120 of them are kept at the University of Tarapaca museum. Recently, scientist saw that some of the mummies are melting. This is because the increased humidity due to climate change has let microbes attack the skin.
Shell mounds and bone chemistry suggest that 90% of the diet of these people was seafood.
Uhle categorized the types of mummification he saw into three categories: simple treatment, complex treatment, and mud-coated mummies. Since then, other archaeologists refined his classification and now mostly use the following classification of Chinchorro mummification: natural, black, red, mud-coated and bandage mummies. The two most common techniques used in Chinchorro mummification were the black mummies and the red mummies.
Roger Mudd
Roger Harrison Mudd (February 9, 1928 – March 9, 2021) was an American broadcast journalist. He worked as the primary anchor for The History Channel.
Mudd was the weekend and weekday substitute anchor for the "CBS Evening News", the co-anchor of the weekday "NBC Nightly News", and the host of the NBC-TV "Meet the Press," and "American Almanac" TV programs.
Mudd was the winner of the Peabody Award, the Joan Shorenstein Award for Distinguished Washington Reporting, and five Emmy Awards.
Mudd died on March 9, 2021 in McLean, Virginia from problems caused by kidney failure, aged 93.
Harry Martin (judge)
Harry Corpening Martin (January 13, 1920 – May 3, 2015) was an American judge. He served as the Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1992. He was born in Lenoir, North Carolina.
Marin died on May 3, 2015 in Asheville, North Carolina, aged 95.
Moshe Levinger
Moshe Levinger () (born 1935 in Jerusalem - May 16, 2015 in Hebron) was an Israeli Religious Zionist and an Orthodox Rabbi.
Since 1967, he has been a leading figure in the movement to settle Jews in the territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. He was especially known for leading Jewish settlement in Hebron in 1968 and for being one of the principals of the now defunct settler movement Gush Emunim founded in 1974.
Yeung Kwong
Yeung Kwong, GBM (1926 – 16 May 2015) was a Hong Kong Communist trade unionist and activist. He was leader of the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots against the British rule in Hong Kong.
Yeung died at a hospital in Yan Tin, Hong King from heart failure, aged 89.
Rosemarie DeWitt
Rosemarie DeWitt (born October 26, 1971) is an American actress. She played Emily Lehman in the Fox television series "Standoff". She played Amy Bowen in the 2015 remake movie "Poltergeist".
She was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. DeWitt married Ron Livingston in 2009. They have two children.
Poltergeist (2015 movie)
Poltergeist is a 2015 American horror, fantasy and thriller movie. It is a remake of Steven Spielberg's 1982 movie with the same name. This new version is produced by Sam Raimi. It stars Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris, and Jane Adams.
The movie was released on May 22, 2015 in North America. It will be screened in 3D.
This movie is about a family whose suburban home has an invasion of angry spirits. These frightening ghosts attack the family who live in a quiet wealthy neighborhood. They kidnap the youngest daughter. The family has to make a plan to rescue her.
The first trailer for the new movie was released on February 5, 2015. A "Slate Magazine" writer said that the trailer made the movie look too much like the first one. James Hibberd of "Entertainment Weekly" said that the trailer "retains and amplifies several elements from the original". He also gave praise that "the modernizing doesn’t result in, say, the family’s daughter being kidnapped by ghosts in Snapchat". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting said that "while every fiber of my being wants to reject it, [the film] actually looks pretty insane", and praised the trailer's last scene. A "Polygon" writer said that the trailer looked similar to the first movie, but that it "looks great, as a horror movie".
"Poltergeist" has not received good reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the movie got only a 34%, with 77 reviews. The audience rating was 34% who say they liked it. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 47 out of 100, given by 25 critics. This means it has lower than average reviews. Roger Ebert said "Nothing about 'Poltergeist' feels fresh or new". He gave it one and a half stars. Ebert also said "See it in 2D if you choose to see it at all."
Get Hard
Get Hard is an American comedy movie. Alison Brie plays Alissa. Kevin Hart plays Darnell.
On December 7, 2012, it was announced that Warner Bros. was in talks to acquire the "Get Hard" comedy movie script. On September 17, 2013, Etan Cohen was set to direct. On February 24, 2014, Warner Bros. set the release date for 27 March 2015.
The movie was released on 27 March 2015 in the United States.
It got negative reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie 29%. Metacritic rates the movie 34 out of 100, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews".
"Get Hard" made over $105 million overall.
Woman in Gold (movie)
Woman in Gold is a 2015 British drama movie. The movie is based on the true story of Maria Altmann, who now lives in Los Angeles.
Altmann fought the government of Austria for almost ten years to get back Gustav Klimt's iconic painting of her aunt, "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I". Altmann took her legal battle to the Supreme Court of the United States. It ruled in her favor in "Republic of Austria v. Altmann" (2004).
The movie was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.
On May 15, 2014, Tatiana Maslany was cast in a principal role as the younger version of Helen Mirren's character, appearing in the WWII flashbacks. On May 29, Katie Holmes also joined the cast. Elizabeth McGovern, Charles Dance and Max Irons also joined. On July 9, 2014, Frances Fisher joined to play the mother of Ryan Reynolds' character.
This movie was released in April 2015. It got mixed reviews. It grossed over $35 million in the box office. Rotten Tomatoes rates the movie 52%. Metacritic gives the movie a 51% rating That means "mixed or average" reviews. The Roger Ebert website, RogerEbert.com, gave the movie two and a half stars. Rex Reed of "New York Observer" called "Woman in Gold" "an extraordinary love story turned into an exemplary motion picture about one German Jew".
The Longest Ride is a 2015 romantic-drama movie. It is about Luke Collins, a bull rider who is seriously injured one night while riding. One year later, he meets Sophia. Lolita Davidovich plays Linda Collins. Gloria Reuben plays Adrienne.
In April 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures set a movie adaptation to be released on April 10, 2015.
Principal photography began on June 16, 2014 in Wilmington and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On July 28, filming began in Jacksonville.
The movie was released on April 10, 2015.
Critics gave negative reviews to the movie. Rotten Tomatoes has given a rating of 29% to "The Longest Ride". RogerEbert.com gave the movie one and a half stars in its reviews. Variety magazine gave mixed reviews for this movie. Metacritic rates the movie 29%, meaning "generally unfavorable" reviews.
It took in more than $51 million. The movie is rated PG-13.
Châtellerault
Châtellerault is a "commune" in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Vienne department. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of the same name.
Châtellerault is in the centre of the Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city. Several tributaries of the Vienne river join the river in Châtellerault or near it: Clain, Ozon and Envigne.
Châtellerault is at about from Bordeaux, from Paris, from Marseille and from Toulouse.
The "commune" of Châtellerault is surrounded by the "communes":
The climate of Châtellerault, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
The inhabitants of Châtellerault are known, in French, as "Châtelleraudais" (women: "Châtelleraudaises").
With a population of 31,722, Châtellerault has a population density of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Châtellerault
Châtellerault forms, with three other "communes", the urban area of Châtellerault with a population of 40,124 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Châtellerault, formed by 32 "communes", with a population of 69,645 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Châtellerault is a subprefecture of the Vienne department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Châtellerault and the administrative centre () of three cantons
It is part of the intercommunality "Le Pays Châtelleraudais" ().
Châtellerault is twinned with:
This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Châtellerault :
"Uptown Funk!" is a song by British DJ/producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars. This song was heavily influenced by Minneapolis sound from the early 1980s. The song was released on November 10, 2014. It reached #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was Mars' sixth #1 song on that chart. The song also hit #1 on other charts.
The song samples "Bye Bye" by Chimbala featuring Liro Shaq and Mozart La Para and "I Don't Believe You Want to Get Up and Dance (Oops!)" by The Gap Band. It was written by Mars, Ronson, Jeff Bhasker, Philip Lawrence, Devon Gallaspy, Lonnie Simmons, Rudolph Taylor, and Robert, Ronnie, and Charlie Wilson. Mars, Ronson, and Bhasker produced the song.
The song finished as the #1 song of the 2010s decade on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
Romorantin-Lanthenay
Romorantin-Lanthenay is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department. About 17,000 people live there. Every year during the last weekend in October, a cuisine festival is held; First held in 1978, "Les Journées Gastronomiques de Sologne" now attracts around 13,000 visitors.
Parthenay is a "commune", an ancient fortified town, in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Parthenay.
Parthenay is considered the capital of the "Gâtine poitevine" (or "Gâtine de Parthenay"), a region with bocages that is found in the central third of the department of Deux-Sèvres. It is at to the southeast of Bressuire, the other subprefecture of the department.
The city is at about from Bordeaux, from Paris, from Marseille and from Toulouse.
The "commune" of Parthenay is surrounded by the "communes":
The Thouet river, a left tributary of the Loire river, flows through the city.
The climate of Parthenay, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
The inhabitants of Parthenay are known, in French, as " Parthenaisiens" (women: "Parthenaisiennes").
With a population of 10,367, Parthenay has a population density of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Parthenay