AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Despite this, people always looked that he felt relatively at ease. He received new washed clothes twice a week, and could ask for any book he wanted. He was allowed to play the lute, and could see a doctor when there was the need to do so. Saint-Mars was given 12 livres a day, for food and drink of this prisoner. The cell that he occupied in Sainte Marguerite cost 5.000 livres to build. In Pinerolo, a special cell was built that had to be entered through three doors. This cell was soundproof, nothing could be heard outside the cell. Saint-Mars was personally responsible for the well-being of the man in the iron mask. There are testimonials that officers had to take off their hat in his presence, and that they were only allowed to put it back on when told to do so.
There are accounts that at the time of his death, the prisoner was about 60 years old. When he was transferred to Exilles in 1687, the prisoner had gray hair.
The man with the iron mask did not wear a mask all the time. It is likely, that he only wore it when he was transferred, so that people could not recognize him. If he had worn the mask all the time, this would have led to infections. In addition, as the prisoner was male, the hair growing in his face needed cutting from time to time. The need for wearing a mask is mentioned only twice: In the document which ordered his transfer to the Bastille, and for the transfer to the island near Cannes.
Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille, in 1717. According to him, this prisoner was an older brother of the King. In 1751, he published his work A century of Louis XIV, where he spends a section detailing the story of the man with the iron mask. According to Voltaire, the man was imprisoned in 1661, after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. It is possible that most of what is known today was an invention of Voltaire, who used this man to give an example of how bad an absolute ruler could be.
When he announced the arrival of the prisoner in the very first letter, Louvois gave his name as "Eustache Dauger". Historians have found out that there was a man by that name, who was alive at that time. The full name of this man was Eustache Dauger de Cavoye. According to the records, Eustache was born on 30 August 1637 and was the son of François Dauger, a guard in the service of Cardinal Richelieu. They also found out, that Eustache seems to have been involved in what became known as Affair of the Poisons. This "affair" lasted from 1675 to about 1680. Many noblemen were poisoned, or executed for witchcraft. Eustache fell into disgrace when it became known that he had participated in lavish parties that included black masses, and possibly homosexual sex. In the 1930s, it was revealed that the real Eustache Dauger died in the Prison Saint-Lazaire in Paris. In the 17th century, the prison was an asylum for mentally ill people, run by monks. Many noble families used it to get rid of the "black sheep" of the family. Records show that the man really named Dauger was kept in Saint-Lazaire in Paris at about the same time the false Dauger was kept in Pignerolo. According to Louis-Henri de Loménie de Brienne who was also imprisoned in Saint-Lazaire at the time, the real Eustache Dauger de Cavoye died as a result of heavy drinking in the late 1680s. Historians consider all this proof enough that he was not involved in any way with the man in the mask.
There are several theories, who this prisoner could have been. Some of the more likely ones are given below
Voltaire thought that this man was a twin brother of Louis XIV. According to Voltaire, this man had grown up in a different place than Louis XIV. He said that the man was imprisoned in 1661, a few months after the death of Jules Mazarin. Marcel Pagnol also has this hypothesis.
Another hypothesis is that the prisoner was a illegitimate child of the Queen, Anne of Austria. The father would either be Cardinal Mazarin, or George Villiers, 1. Duke of Buckingham or one of the musketeers. Cardinal Richelieu would have arranged this meeting. This theory is less likely, however, because the child would have had no right to the throne, and imprisoning him would therefore have been no use.
The prisoner might have been the father of Louis XIV. Richelieu would have had a liaison with queen Anne, and both Louis XIV and Louis XIII would have been there to prevent Gaston de Bourbon, duc d’Orléans from becoming king.
The autopsy of Louis XIII found that Louis XIII was unable to father children. Anyone knowing this would know about the origins of Louis XIV, and would be potentially dangerous to him. This theory is that the prisoner was in fact the doctor who had performed the autopsy.
Today, there is no convincing theory that could explain who this man really was. The last person to have known the identity of this prisoner was probably Michel Chamillart, one of the ministers of the government of Louis XIV. Chamillart died in 1723.
Those theories that see the prisoner as part of the family of Louis XIV neglect that there was a lot of social control back then. The birth of a child in the court of the king, or even among nobles was a public event. Several hundred people were present at the birth of Louis XIV. The "secret birth" of a twin brother of Louis is highly unlikely. The amount of social control made it almost impossible that Anne of Austria had an affair. Anne was pregnant several times, which means that her husband, Louis XIII was able to father children. Another fact that speaks against the theory that the prisoner was a relative of the king is that the prisoner had the post of a servant, at times. At the times of Louis XIV, people of noble birth would not become servants.
The theories that see the prisoner as a servant also have their weaknesses: Even though he was imprisoned, he had a comfortable life. A simple servant would have been killed, and no one would have cared about his comfort. Despite this, Louis XIV, the king himself took interest in the well-being of the prisoner.
There are several books and movies about this man. The best known of these are probably the story by Alexandre Dumas called "The Vicomte de Bragelonne" (which is the third volume of his work The Three Musketeers), the story The Twins, by Victor Hugo and The Iron Mask by Marcel Pagnol. Dumas also gives a summary of the theories about the prisoner, which were common at his time.
The story has been used for several movies.
Marcus Belgrave
Marcus Belgrave (June 12, 1936 – May 24, 2015) was an American jazz trumpet player. He was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, but raised in Detroit, Michigan. He recorded with a variety of famous musicians, bandleaders, and record labels since the 1950s.
Belgrave died on May 24, 2015, in Ann Arbor, Michigan of heart failure, aged 78.
John M. Murphy
John Michael Murphy (August 3, 1926 – May 25, 2015) was an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York serving from 1963 through 1981.
Murphy died the age of 88 on May 25, 2015, at a Staten Island hospital.
Les Johnson
Leslie Royston "Les" Johnson AM (2 November 1924 - 26 May 2015) was a former Australian politician and minister. He served as a member of the Australian Parliament representing Hughes serving from 1955 through 1966 and again from 1969 through 1983.
Johnson was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 1990.
Vicente Aranda
Vicente Aranda Ezquerra (; 9 November 1926 - 26 May 2015), was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was known for directing the 1990 movie "Amantes".
Aranda died at the age of 88 in Madrid.
Mallory Hagan
Mallory Hagan (born December 23, 1988) is an American beauty queen. She was crowned Miss America 2013. Since 1989, each contestant has to choose an issue she cares deeply about to promote. Hagan chose increasing awareness and prevention of child sexual abuse. Along with the crown she won a $50,000 college scholarship.
Hagen is originally from Opelika, Alabama. She came to New York from Alabama when she was 18 years old. She had been competing in beauty contests since age 13. Hagen entered the Miss New York contest in 2010 and 2011. She won in 2012. The last Miss America from New York was Vanessa Williams in 1984. Hagen is the first Miss America from Brooklyn.
With a concern for education, in her first 24 hours as Miss America, Hagan talked with United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan.
Tughrul Tower
Tuğrul Tower is a 12th-century tower in the city of Rey, Iran. The 20 meters tall brick tower is the tomb of Seljuk ruler Tuğrul Beg, who died in Rey in 1063. The tower is kept by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.
Cheshmeh-Ali (Rey, Iran)
Cheshmeh-Ali (meaning:Ali's spring) is a natural and swimming spring in Rey in Iran. The spring is located in south of Tehran. Cheshmeh-Ali is run from a big rock and flown to south-east. Cheshmeh-Ali dates back 8000 years ago and is placed under Rey Castle. Inscription of Fath Ali Shah is between Rey Castle and Cheshmeh-Ali from top to down.
Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight viruses in the herpes family. It is one of the most common viruses in humans.
EBV is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with some forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). EBV may be associated with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases. Some 200,000 cancer cases per year may be caused by (or associated with) EBV.
Infection with EBV occurs by the transfer by mouth (oral transfer) of saliva and genital secretions.
Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90 percent of adults have evidence of previous infection. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are just mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence, it causes glandular fever 35 to 50 percent of the time.
EBV infects B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. Once EBV's initial infection is brought under control, non-active EBV stays in the person's B cells for the rest of their life.
Populism is a name for a kind of political movement. Populists usually try to make a difference between common people and "elites" (meaning usually, top classes of people) . Populists may think of wealthy people or well-educated people as belonging to the class of elites. Populists may also call those who have been working in government for a long time "establishment" and count them as elites too. A theme of populism is that the common people lack certain privileges that the elites have, or that commoners cannot do certain things the elites can do. The populists see themselves on the side of the common people. They want to help the common people get some of the rights and privileges of the elites.
Right-wing populists take some of the values of right-wing parties:
Left-wing populists share some of the values of left-wing parties:
Left-wing populism is common in Central and South America.
A minesweeper is a small naval warship designed to sweep the water clear of mines. Minesweepers keep waterways clear for shipping. They are quieter and less magnetic than other ships, so the mines won't explode when being swept.
In Great Britain, naval leaders knew before World War I that sea mines were a threat to the nation's shipping. The real threat was not invasion, but blockade aided by mines. Fishing nets pulled behind boats gave an idea on how to clear mines. The Royal Navy used fishermen and their fishing trawlers to keep the English Channel clear of mines. They were supplied with mine gear, rifles, uniforms and pay as the first minesweepers.
The dedicated, purpose-built minesweeper first appeared during World War I. By the end of the war, naval mine technology had grown beyond the ability of minesweepers to detect and remove.
Minesweeping made big advances during World War 2. Fighting nations quickly adapted ships to the task of minesweeping. Both Allied and Axis countries made heavy use of minesweepers throughout the war. Underwater mines remained a problem even after the war ended, and minesweepers were still in use after Japan surrendered to the United States.
After World War 2, allied countries worked on new types of minesweepers. The United States Navy used special landing craft (shallow-water boats) to clear shallow harbors in and around North Korea. , the U.S. Navy had four minesweepers in the Persian Gulf.
Asian Championship
Ben Bishop
Benjamin Bishop III (born November 21, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Kings, Tampa Bay Lightning, and the Ottawa Senators. He is nicknamed "Big Ben" because of his height at 6' 7".
Before playing in the NHL, Bishop played parts of 1 season with the Texas Tornado of the North American Hockey League (NAHL) and 3 years of college hockey with the University of Maine Black Bears. With the Tornado, Bishop led them to their second National Championship and Gold Cup and he was named to the first team of the NAHL All-Rookie Team. With the Black Bears, Bishop was named the Rookie of the Month in the months of October 2005 and February 2006. He was also named the Goaltender of the Month by the NCAA's Hockey East conference. He led Maine to the Frozen Four twice. In 2006, they lost in the semi-finals to the University of Wisconsin–Madison and in 2007, they lost to Michigan State University in the semi-finals.
He was drafted 85th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. On March 11, 2008, Bishop signed a two-year entry-level contract with the Bruins. He began playing for their AHL-affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen.
The Blues called Bishop up on October 19, 2008. On October 24, 2008, Bishop played in his first NHL game, coming off the bench to replace an injured Manny Legace to start the second period. He gave up two goals in a 4–0 loss to the Los Angeles Kings. On February 25, 2011, Bishop recorded his first NHL shutout, stopping 39 shots in a 5–0 win against the Edmonton Oilers.
On February 26, 2012, the Blues traded Bishop to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for a second-round draft pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On March 6, 2012, Bishop made his Senators debut in a 7–3 win over the Tampa Bay Lightning. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Bishop played for the Senators AHL-affiliate, the Binghamton Senators. He was called back up to serve as Craig Anderson's backup after the lockout was over.
On April 3, 2013, the Senators traded Bishop to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Cory Conacher and a fourth-round draft pick. Bishop signed a two-year, $4.6 million extension with the Lightning on April 15.
On January 19, 2014, Bishop set both a career high and a Tampa Bay franchise record after he made 48 saves in a 7–3 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes.
The Lightning named Bishop the starting goaltender over Anders Lindbäck for the 2013–14 NHL season. Over the season, Bishop recorded a record of 37–14–7 over the 63 games played that season. He recorded a .924 save percentage, a 2.23 goals against average, was ranked fourth in games played, as well as seventh in save percentage and goals against. He posted five shutouts, the second-most in Lightning history, and he set single season records for wins, save percentage and GAA. He recorded the second-most saves in Lightning history, with 1,625. He was nominated for Vezina Trophy and finished third in voting. On April 4, 2015, Bishop recorded his 38th win of the season in a 4–0 shutout win against the Florida Panthers. This beat the Tampa Bay franchise record he set the previous season and was a new personal best.
On April 18, 2015, Bishop made his Stanley Cup Playoffs debut. He earned his recorded his first career playoff win with a 5–1 win over the Detroit Red Wings.
Primitive root modulo n
In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n, if every number m from 1..(n-1) can be expressed in the form of formula_1. As an example, 3 is a primitive root modulo 7:
All the elements formula_8 of the group modulo 7 can be expressed that way. The number 2 is no primitive root modulo 7, because
Alice and Bob are placeholder names which are commonly used to talk about problems. It is used in cryptography, game theory and physics. Instead of “A sends B a message” people say “Alice sends Bob a message”. Ron Rivest seems to have used these names first, in publications about the RSA algorithm. This was 1977 and 1978.
Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter
The Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter (Latin: "Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri"; for short: "F.S.S.P.") is a group of Catholic priests and seminarians who want to say the Mass and other sacraments the way they were said before the Second Vatican Council.
According to the laws of the Catholic Church, the F.S.S.P. is a "Clerical Society of Apostolic Life of Pontifical Right". This means that members have to follow the same rules as diocesan clergy and also swear an oath as members of the Society. The Fraternity was established by the Pope, and local bishops are not allowed to tell the Fraternity what to do. Instead, the Pope is in charge of them, through an organization called "Ecclesia Dei". A local bishop is still in charge of the Fraternity's work within his own diocese.
The members of the F.S.S.P. are priests and seminarians who want to express their faith in a specific way. This way is to offer the Mass and other sacraments using the Roman Rite, the way it was before it was changed after the Second Vatican Council. Because of this, the Fraternity uses books of worship from the year 1964, including the Roman Missal, the Roman Breviary, the Pontifical ("Pontificale Romanum"), and the Roman Ritual.
The Fraternity has two purposes: make their priests become holy people, and to send these priests to parishes. They celebrate the sacraments, teach people about Catholicism, give retreats, organize pilgrimages, and provide a full sacramental and cultural life for Catholics who also want to use the liturgy of the 1962 missal. The Fraternity has built its own seminaries to train their own priests to do these things.
The F.S.S.P started with members of the traditional Catholic group, the Society of St. Pius X (S.S.P.X.). In 1988, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre wanted to make four priests from the S.S.P.X. into bishops. Pope John Paul II did not let him do it, but he did it anyway. The Pope and the Congregation of Bishops said that this was a schismatic act, which meant that the S.S.P.X. was not part of the Catholic Church any more. Twelve priests and several seminarians, led by Father Josef Bisig, did not agree with the decision of Archbishop Lefebvre, and started the F.S.S.P as their own group on July 18, 1988. Father Josef Bisig became the Fraternity's first superior general.
In 2011, the Fraternity had 392 people in it: 228 priests, 10 deacons, and 154 seminarians in 117 dioceses around the world. There are people in the Fraternity from 35 countries. There is also a group of lay members called the Confraternity of Saint Peter with 3,487 people in it.
The person in charge of the F.S.S.P. is called the superior general. The Very Reverend Andrzej Komorowski is the superior general right now. He is helped by the Vicar General and Assistant, the Very Reverend Patrick du Faÿ.
The Fraternity has people all over the world, so people in different parts of the world are split into three districts and two regions:
The Fraternity has two seminaries:
The Fraternity runs a boarding school called St. Gregory's Academy in Elmhurst, Pennsylvania, USA. It also runs Ezekiel House, a house for seminarians who have studied for less than one year, in Sydney, Australia.
Twelve Penny Black
Twelve Penny Black is a rare Canada stamp. It was issued in 1851. The 12-pence stamp showed the portrait of Queen Victoria.
In 1851, the Province of Canada issued the stamps of Queen Victoria. For the stamp image, the Queen's portrait by Alfred Edward Chalon (1780–1860) was used. This design is called the "Chalon head". The stamps were printed in New York.
In fine and unused condition, these stamps are very priced. In February 2006, a Twelve Penny Black was sold £116,000.
K.A.A. Gent
Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent, also referred to as just AA Gent is a football club from Ghent, Belgium. It was founded in 1900 and is one of the top clubs in Belgium. Its home ground is the Ghelamco Arena, which has a capacity of 20,000.
Maurice Hayes
Maurice Hayes (8 July 1927 – 23 December 2017) was an Irish politician. He was an independent member of the 21st and 22nd Seanads, nominated as a senator by the Taoiseach.
Hayes was born in County Down in Northern Ireland. He died at a hospital in Belfast on 23 December 2017 from frontotemporal dementia at the age of 90.
Kenneth Bloomfield
Sir Kenneth Percy Bloomfield (born 15 April 1931) is an Irish politician. He was the former head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service.
He was later a member of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains and for a time Northern Ireland Victims Commissioner. In addition to this, he has held a variety of public sector posts in Northern Ireland and elsewhere.
Bloomfield was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Mary Ellen Mark (March 20, 1940 – May 25, 2015) was an American photographer. She was known for her photojournalism, portraiture, and advertising photography.
She photographed people who were "away from mainstream society and toward its more interesting, often troubled fringes".
Mark died of myelodysplastic syndrome in Manhattan, on May 25, 2015, aged 75.
Erik Carlsson
Erik Carlsson, aka ""Carlsson på taket"" ("Carlsson on the roof"), (5 March 1929 – 27 May 2015) was a Swedish rally driver for Saab.
Carlsson was born in Trollhättan. Erik Carlsson married Pat Moss on 3 March 1963 in London. Carlsson died on 27 May 2015, aged 86.
John Gardner (British writer)
John Edmund Gardner (20 November 1926 – 3 August 2007) was an English spy and thriller novelist. He was best known for his James Bond novels, but also for his series of Boysie Oakes books and three continuation novels containing Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional villain, Professor Moriarty.
Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction, including fourteen original James Bond novels, and the novel versions of two Bond movie. He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007.
John Gardner (American writer)
John Champlin Gardner Jr. (July 21, 1933 – September 14, 1982) was an American novelist, essayist, literary critic and university professor. He was known for his novel "Grendel", a retelling of the Beowulf myth from the monster's point of view.
Gardner was killed in a motorcycle accident in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, aged 49.
John Gardner
John Gardner may refer to:
John L. Gardner
John W. Gardner
John William Gardner, (October 8, 1912 – February 16, 2002) was an American politician. He served as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Lyndon Johnson. He was the founder of Common Cause.
Dayton Waller
Dayton Hollis Waller, Jr. (April 2, 1925 – May 26, 2015) was an American farmer and businessman from Shreveport, Louisiana. He was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He served a single term with six other at-large members from 1968 until 1972.
Rocky Frisco
Aminah Robinson
Aminah Brenda Lynn Robinson (February 18, 1940 – May 22, 2015) was an American artist. Robinson received her formal art training at the Columbus Art School (now the Columbus College of Art and Design). She was known for creating sculptures in Columbus neighborhoods.
Robinson died on May 22, 2015 from heart failure, aged 75.
Tanith Lee
Tanith Lee (19 September 1947 – 24 May 2015) was a British writer of science fiction, horror, and fantasy. She was the author of over 90 novels and 300 short stories, a children's picture book ("Animal Castle"), and many poems.
She also wrote two episodes of the BBC science fiction series "Blake's 7". She was the first woman to win the British Fantasy Award best novel award (also known as the August Derleth Award), for her book "Death's Master" (1980).
Lee died peacefully in her sleep after a long illness on 24 May 2015.
Odo Marquard
Odo Marquard (26 February 1928 - 9 May 2015) was a German philosopher.
Marquard was born in Stolp, Farther Pomerania. In 1984 he was awarded the Sigmund Freud Prize by the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung. Marquard died at the age of 87.
General Motors C/K Trucks
The C/K was Chevrolet and GMC's full-size pickup truck. The series was produced from 1960 until 1999 in the United States. In Canada it was produced from 1965 to 1999. South American trucks were made from 1964 through 2001 in Brazil and from 1975 to 1982 in Chile.
The first Chevrolet pickup truck appeared in 1918. The buyer provided the all-wood cab or got it after an aftermarket supplier added it to the chassis. The same was true for the steel cargo bed.. "C" indicated two-wheel drive and "K" indicated four-wheel drive. The aging C/K light-duty pickup truck was replaced with the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra names in 1999 in the US and Canada. In 2001 in Brazil they were called the Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD heavy-duty pickup trucks. Until this time the names Silverado and Sierra were used to identify the trim level of the C/K trucks.
Australopithecus deyiremeda
Australopithecus deyiremeda is an extinct hominin which lived about 3.4 million years ago in northern Ethiopia. This was around the same time and place as several previously discovered specimens of "Australopithecus afarensis" were found. They include the well known Lucy.
The discovery was in the Afar Region of Ethiopia about (520 kilometers) northeast of the capital Addis Ababa and north of Hadar, Ethiopia (“Lucy’s” site).
Teeth in the fossil jaw suggest that the species had a different diet from "A. afarensis".
Yohannes Haile-Selassie, the curator of physical anthropology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History has said that "The Woranso-Mille study area has thus far yielded more than 120 early hominin fossil specimens dated to between 3.4 and 3.8 million years ago".
Haile-Selassie told the BBC: "We had to look at the detailed anatomy and morphology of the teeth and the upper and lower jaws, and we found major differences. This new species has very robust jaws. In addition, we see this new species had smaller teeth. The canine is really small – smaller than all known hominins we have found in the past".
This was perhaps one of four different species of early humans that were all alive at the same time.
Cactus Flower is a 1969 American comedy movie. Ingrid Bergman plays Stephanie Dickinson. Goldie Hawn plays Toni Simmons. Walter Matthau plays Julian Winston.
The movie received an Oscar for Goldie Hawn for her performance. It also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. It was liked both by the general public and critics.
1001 Nights (TV series)
John Elders
John Elders (18 December 1930 – 3 May 2015) was an English rugby union player. He played with Leicester Tigers between 1953 and 1958, scoring the third most tries in the 1950s for the club with a total of 38. He also captained the club for a number of seasons. From 1972 until 1974, he coached England national rugby union team.
Elders was born in Middlesbrough. In 1981, he moved to Australia but moved back to England in 1981.
Elders died after a long illness on 3 May 2015, aged 84.
Ramelteon
Ramelteon is a medication that can help people sleep. It is used for patients that have trouble falling asleep.
Bharat Raj Upreti
Bharat Raj Upreti (; 8 July 1950 – 24 May 2015) was a Nepalese judge. He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Nepal from 22 January 2009 until his resignation in 2013.
Upreti was born in Sindhupalchowk to a Hindu family. He studied at universities in Nepal and India.
Upreti died on 24 May 2015 in Gyaneshwor, Kathmandu, aged 64. He committed suicide (killed himself) by hanging.
Vézère Valley
The Vézère Valley is known for its prehistoric cave systems, containing numerous cave paintings and hominid remains. They are found in the valley of the Vézère river between the "communes" of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil and Montignac in the Dordogne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
UNESCO designated the systems as a World Heritage Site in 1979. Among the archaeological sites with remarkable caves is Lascaux.
UNESCO description is:
Little Big Man is a 1970 Western-comedy movie. It is about Native Americans and American pioneers in the 19th century. Also in 19th century, a white male child is raised by the Cheyenne nation. Dustin Hoffman plays Jack Crabb. Faye Dunaway plays Louise Pendrake.
The movie got very positive reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie four stars. It was rated PG-13 by the MPAA.
Cat Chaser is a 1989 thriller movie. The movie is about a former American paratrooper who runs a beachfront hotel in Miami. He searches for a woman who saved his life in 1965. Kelly McGillis plays Mary. Charles Durning plays Jiggs.
"Cat Chaser" got mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes rates the movie 40%. "Variety" said: "Despite a fine cast and atmospheric direction by Abel Ferrara, the pic doesn't quite make the grade, though it is certainly worth a look."
Chances Are is a 1989 American romantic comedy fantasy movie. This movie is about happenings in 1964 and 1987. It is also about reincarnation. Cybill Shepherd plays Corinne Jeffries. Mary Stuart Masterson plays Miranda Jeffries.
Several scenes were filmed in Georgetown, along the mall and other parts of Washington, D.C..
"Chances Are" received positive reviews from movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie a 64% rating. The movie got back over $16 million.
Cyborg (movie)
Cyborg is a 1989 martial arts and science fiction movie. The movie is about post-apocalyptic times.
Cannon Films had planned to make a sequel to the 1987 He-Man movie "Masters of the Universe" and a live action version of 'Spider Man'. Both projects were planned to shoot at the same time by Albert Pyun. Cannon, however, was in financial trouble. They had to cancel deals with both Mattel and Marvel Entertainment. Cannon had already spent $2 million on costumes and sets for both movies. They decided to write a new project to recoup the money spent on them. Then Pyun wrote the storyline for "Cyborg" in one weekend. The movie was shot for less than $500,000 and filmed in 23 days. It was shot entirely in Wilmington, North Carolina.
Jackson "Rock" Pinckney, who played one of Fender's pirates, lost his eye during filming when Jean-Claude Van Damme struck his eye with a prop knife. Pinckney sued Van Damme in a North Carolina court and was awarded $485,000.
Violent scenes were removed from the movie to achieve an R rating rather than an X rating. That included a throat slitting and some blood and gore in the village massacre. Also removed was the death of a man Van Damme was fighting.
The movie got negative reviews from movie critics. However, the movie was successful in the box office. It got back over $10 million total.
Sneakers (movie)
Sneakers is a 1992 American crime fiction comedy movie. It stars Robert Redford, Dan Aykroyd, Ben Kingsley, Mary McDonnell, River Phoenix, Sidney Poitier, and David Strathairn. This was the second time Phoenix and Poitier starred together in a movie. The first was "Little Nikita" in 1988.
In 1969, students Martin Brice and Cosmo are hacking into computer networks. They are called "sneakers". They are at college. They are switching money illegally. The police burst in and arrest Cosmo while Martin is out getting pizza. Martin runs away and is a fugitive.
After a number of years, Martin, now called Martin Bishop, is heading a group of security specialists in San Francisco. They are: Donald Crease, a former CIA officer and family man; Darren "Mother" Roskow, who believes in conspiracy theory; Carl Arbogast, a young genius; and Irwin "Whistler" Emery, a blind phone expert.
The National Security Agency knows who Martin really is. They offer to clean his record, but he has to steal a "black box" from a mathematician, Dr. Gunter Janek. Janek made the box for the Russian government. Martin agrees to help. With help from his former girlfriend, Liz, Martin and his team get the box, which is disguised as an answering machine. Whistler, Mother, and Carl discover that the box can break the encryption code of nearly every computer system. Martin says no one can leave the building until they can deliver the box the next day.
Martin gives the box to the NSA officers, but quickly leaves after Crease discovers that Janek was killed the night before. He finds out from a friend named Gregor in the Russian consulate, that the officers were not real agents, and that Janek was working for the NSA.
Fake FBI agents kill Gregor and kidnap Martin. While kidnapped, he again meets Cosmo, who Martin thought had died in prison. While in prison, Cosmo got involved with organized crime, who helped him escape and get wealthy. He wants to use Janek's box to ruin the world economy. He asks Martin to join him. Martin says no, and so Cosmo uses the box to break into the FBI's files to add “Martin Brice” as a known alias to Martin’s record. Martin is knocked out and taken back to the city.
Martin calls his team for help. NSA agent Abbott, who wants the box, says Martin has to get it before he can help. By trickery, the team breaks into the building to recover the box. But Cosmo has been tipped off about a possible break-in. Cosmo locks down the building and holds Martin at gunpoint. Again he asks Martin to join him, but Martin refuses and the team escapes.
Back at their offices, Martin's team is met by NSA agents ready to arrest the group. But Martin convinces the NSA how important the secrecy of the box is to their agency. Abbott agrees to clear Martin's record and grant the requests of the rest of his team. After Abbott and the agents leave with the box, Martin shows his team he has ruined it by taking out the main processor.
Lasker and Parkes got the idea for "Sneakers" in 1981, while working on "WarGames". Once Robert Redford agreed to be in the movie, people who wanted to work with him then joined the cast and crew. This included the director, Robinson, who had little interest in the movie before.
"I can't remember having so much fun on a movie," Tobolowsky said in a 2012 anniversary article for the website for "Slate". He first laughed at the script just because of its title. After his agent talked him into reading it, he changed his mind. He then said to his agent, "Now I know what a hundred million dollars at the box office reads like." The rest of the cast and crew also liked working on the movie. Near the end of the shoot Robinson said the only way it could have been better would have been if the lab lost the film, so they would have had to do it all over again.
The movie got mixed reviews when it was released. Writing for the "Los Angeles Times", Kenneth Turan said "Sneakers" is "[a] caper movie with a most pleasant sense of humor," a "twisting plot," and a "witty, hang-loose tone." He also praised the director, who is "surprisingly adept at creating tension at appropriate moments" and "makes good use of the script's air of clever cheerfulness".
Roger Ebert gave the movie two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying it is "a sometimes entertaining movie, but thin."
Vincent Canby, in a negative review for "The New York Times", said the movie looked like it had "just surfaced after being buried alive for 20 years". He said that Redford and Poitier looked and acted too old. He said the plot was "feeble," and that the movie was "jokey without being funny, breathless without creating suspense". He calls the ensemble an "all star gang," but says the "performances are generally quite bad." It currently holds an 81% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 6.8/10.
The movie was a box office success, making over $105.2 million worldwide.
A cyborg (short for "cybernetic organism") is a theoretical or fictional being with both organic and manufactured parts.
The term was coined in 1960. D.S. Halacy's "Cyborg: evolution of the superman" in 1965 spoke of a "new frontier" that was "not merely space, but more profoundly the relationship between 'inner space' to 'outer space' – a bridge...between mind and matter".
The term cyborg is not the same thing as bionic. It is often applied to an organism that has restored or enhanced abilities, done by some artificial part, by or technology that relies on some sort of feedback.
While cyborgs are commonly thought of as mammals, they might also conceivably be any kind of organism and the term "cybernetic organism" has been applied loosely to all sorts of things. The term can also apply to micro-organisms which are modified to perform at higher levels than their unmodified counterparts. It is thought that cyborg technology may form a part of humanity's future.
Consenting Adults (movie)
Consenting Adults is a 1992 American mystery crime-thriller movie. This movie is about a composer and his wife living an ordinary suburban life until some new neighbors come along.
Composer Richard Parker and his wife Priscilla live an ordinary suburban life. That is, until they meet their new neighbors, Eddy and Kay Otis. The two couples become friends. Kay's talent for blues singing gets the attention of Richard. Eddy is attracted to Priscilla. However, it becomes clear that Eddy is a scam artist who fakes a neck injury after an auto accident.
The plot takes a nasty turn when Richard sleeps with Kay. Kay turns up bludgeoned to death with a baseball bat the following morning. It is then revealed that Eddy spent the night elsewhere, to establish an airtight alibi. Richard's fingerprints are on the bat. His semen is found in her body. He is then charged with the crime. Making matters worse, Priscilla disowns and divorces Richard due to his infidelity. Eddy soon becomes Priscilla's lover and a substitute father to Richard's child.
Richard finds a ray of hope when he discovers that Kay is alive. Eddy, expecting what Richard intends to do next, murders Kay and slips away.
Priscilla discovers a forgotten plane ticket that Eddy used on the night of the second murder. She realizes Eddy's guilt and worries over what to do about it. Richard raids Eddy's house. Eddy, however, expects this move as well. Priscilla and Richard eventually kill Eddy with the baseball bat.
"Consenting Adults" received negative reviews from movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie 27% overall.
Carlito's Way is a 1993 crime drama movie set in New York City in 1975. It was directed by Brian De Palma and produced by Martin Bregman. The movie is about Carlito Brigante. He is released from prison and wants to go straight. However, he cannot escape from his past, and gets dragged back into criminal activity. Al Pacino plays Carlito. Penelope Ann Miller plays Carlito's girlfriend Gail. Sean Penn plays Carlito's lawyer Dave Kleinfeld.
This movie was released on November 3, 1993. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics. Its box office intake was over $63 million. The movie was criticized for re-treading old ground, mainly Brian De Palma's earlier works, such as "Scarface" and "The Untouchables". On the "Siskel and Ebert" show, Ebert gave the movie a thumbs up. Siskel gave the movie a thumbs down. Ebert stated in his review the movie was one of De Palma's finest. The movie has a Fresh 79% rating from Rotten Tomatoes.
Tzatziki
Tzatziki or Cacık (Greek: Τζατζίκι) is a type of Greek dip or meze served widely in the Mediterranean and Middle East. It is basically a cold yogurt dish with chopped-up cucumber or other vegetables. It is excellent to go with the spiced meat dishes of the Mediterranean cuisine.
A common recipe is strained yogurt (usually from sheep or goat milk) mixed with cucumbers, garlic, salt, olive oil, sometimes lemon juice, and dill, mint, or parsley. Tzatziki is almost always served cold.
American occupation zone
The American Zone of Occupation was part of Allied Occupied Germany.
Germany was occupied by the Soviets, the French, the Americans, and the British. This took place shortly after World War II. The American Zone of Occupation's first military governor was Dwight Eisenhower, later the President of the United States of America.
Kate Quilton
Kate Quilton is a television presenter best known for her work on food shows like "Food Unwrapped".
Quilton began working in television while still a student. She had jobs with ITV and the BBC. She made programmes for Channel 4 from 2010 until 2014 including the short lived documentary series "Seven Days". She resigned from Channel 4 in 2014 to work full time on "Food Unwrapped". In 2014 Quilton appeared with "Food Unwrapped" co-presenter Jimmy Doherty in "The World's Best Diet", a one-off show.
Grumpy Old Men is a 1993 romantic comedy movie. It is about two old men who lead boring, ordinary lives in Wabasha, Minnesota. This was the sixth movie starring both Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. It was also their first movie together since 1981's "Buddy Buddy". Lemon and Matthau are one of the screen's great comedy teams.
It was followed by a sequel, "Grumpier Old Men".
Lemon and Matthau play neighbors who have been feuding since their childhood. The rivalry started over a high school sweetheart. The two lead similar boring and lonely single lives. They both love the Minnesota winter pastime of ice fishing. They also love competing, arguing, insulting, and pulling cruel practical jokes on each other whenever possible. Then an eccentric artist moves into the neighborhood. She is played by Ann-Margaret. Both men try to capture her attention.
"Grumpy Old Men" was one of the biggest surprise hits of the year at the time of its release. The movie opened on December 25, 1993. It had a weekend gross of $3,874,911. However, its numbers gradually became stronger. It earned a domestic total of $70 million. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics. Roger Ebert said "Matthau and Lemmon are fun to see together." The movie is rated PG-13 for adult themes.
Grumpier Old Men
Grumpier Old Men is a 1995 romance-comedy movie. The movie is about a feud between two old men that has cooled. The movie is the sequel to "Grumpy Old Men".
This movie was released on December 22, 1995. It got negative reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie two out of four stars. Kevin Thomas from "Los Angeles Times" said the movie was contrived and getting by on the star power of its cast It took in $71 million at the box office, more than its predecessor, "Grumpy Old Men". Grumpier Old Men won the 1996 People's Choice Award for "Favorite Comedy Motion Picture". Like the first movie, "Grumpier Old Men" was rated PG-13.
Armagnac (brandy)
Armagnac (; ) is a kind of brandy produced in the Armagnac region of France. The region lies between the Adour and Garonne rivers in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The area contains of grape-producing vines. It was given an AOC in 1936.
Column stills rather than pot stills are used in the production of Armagnac. It is then aged in oak barrels. Armagnac is the oldest brandy distilled in France. In the past was consumed for its therapeutic benefits. In the 14th century, Prior Vital Du Four, a Cardinal, claimed it had 40 virtues:
Two-wheel drive
Two-wheel drive (2WD) describes vehicles in which, in theory, two wheels receive power from the engine at the same time. Usually the two wheels are on the same axle in the drivetrain. Most vehicles with two-wheel drive are mainly for use on roads and highways. Two-wheel drive cars and trucks are either front- (FWD) or Rear-wheel drive (RWD). This means either the front or the rear axle is the "drive axle" that moves the vehicle forward. When the vehicle begins to accelerate, some of the weight of the vehicle is shifted to the rear giving a rear-wheel drive car or better balance and traction. Two-wheel drive systems are simple and rugged. This is why rear-wheel drive is so popular in police cars and other service vehicles.
Traditional two-wheel drive systems have a differential in the rear axle. This is used for turning the vehicle. If both drive wheels rotated at exactly the same rate, the vehicle would have difficulty going around a corner. In a turn, the outside wheel has to go faster to keep up with the inside wheel (which turns slower). A differential allows one wheel to turn faster under these conditions. This means only one of the two wheels actually has power at any given time. A differential also prevents excessive tire wear.
Of the two drive types, RWD has more disadvantages. In wet or slippery conditions, having effectively only one drive wheel, the tires are going to slip and lose traction. A FWD (not to be confused with 4WD) vehicle will have better traction, but in snow and icy conditions will not equal a four-wheel drive car or truck.
Inuinnaqtun
Inuinnaqtun is an Inuit language spoken in northern Canada. It is one of the official languages of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. These are two of the three territories in Canada.
Inuinnaqtun is closely related to Inuktitut, but Inuinnaqtun is only written in Latin script (unlike Inuktitut). The number of native speakers is 410.
Cabin (truck)
The cabin or cab of a truck is the inside space in a truck where the driver is seated. Modern long-haul (long distance) trucks cabs usually feature air conditioning, a good sound system, and seats (often air-suspended). Pickup truck cabs have options that can make them as comfortable to drive as a car.
There are usually three types of cabs in pickup trucks:
There are a few possible cab configurations:
1989 (Taylor Swift album)
1989 is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The album was released on October 27, 2014 in the United States. The album debuted at number one in many countries around the world. "1989" was noted to be Swift's first "pop-sounding" album. The album was named after the year Swift was born and contains elements of music from that year.
As of January 2016, six singles have been released. The first four were "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", "Style", and "Bad Blood". The first, second, and fourth singles all reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, while the third single reached number six. The fourth single, "Bad Blood", was also released as a remix featuring American rapper Kendrick Lamar.
The fifth single, "Wildest Dreams", reached number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and, like the previous singles from the album, topped "Billboard"'s Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) airplay chart. The music video for the sixth single, "Out of the Woods", premiered on New Year's Eve 2015 on the annual new-year countdown show, "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest", which was shown on ABC in the United States. This song has so far reached the top twenty on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The last single is "New Romantics", a song from the deluxe edition of "1989". The song was released on February 23, 2016.
The album generally received positive reviews from music critics, and it sold over 1.2 million copies in the United States in its first week. This is the largest first-week sales of any album since 2002. This record was beaten by English singer-songwriter Adele with her 2015 album, "25", which sold over 3 million copies in its first week in November 2015.
Style (Taylor Swift song)
Anne Braden
Anne Braden (July 28, 1924 – March 6, 2006) was an American civil rights activist and newspaper journalist. She worked for newspapers in Louisville, Kentucky, Anniston, Alabama and Birmingham, Alabama. She also worked for the civil rights movement.
In 1948, she married Carl Braden. He was a journalist too. They were interested in Henry Wallace's campaign to be President of the United States. Not long after Wallace lost, they left mainstream journalism. After World War II, the labor movement grew less aggressive. It began to break apart into smaller groups. At the same time, civil rights causes heated up.