AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kainuu is a region in eastern Finland. As of January 2015, there were about 75 000 people living there. It is next to Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia and North Karelia.
Kainuu is a multi-cultural area.
Kainuu has 8 municipalities of which two are cities (marked bold). The population is displayed on the right side of the municipal names. In the early 2016 the municipality of Vaala became part of the region of Northern Ostrobothnia.
Changes in the regions municipalities
Josephine Elizabeth Butler ("née" Grey; 13 April 1828 – 30 December 1906) was an English feminist and social reformer in the Victorian era. She campaigned for women's suffrage, the right of women to better education, the end of coverture in British law, the abolition of child prostitution, and an end to human trafficking of young women and children into European prostitution.
She was a Christian. Josephine married George Butler in 1852.
Kuhmo
Ondřej Pavelec
Ondřej Pavelec (born August 31, 1987, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech professional ice hockey goaltender that played for the Winnipeg Jets (originally known as the Atlanta Thrashers) of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the New York Rangers.
Before playing the NHL, Pavelec played 2 seasons with the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with Cape Breton, Pavelec was able to win the Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy for having the lowest GAA in the league, the Raymond Lagacé Trophy for defensive rookie of the year and the RDS Cup for rookie of the year.
He was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers with the 41st overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He played 7 games with the Thrashers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate team, the Chicago Wolves. During that season with the Wolves, Pavelec helped them win a Calder Cup. He spent 5 seasons between both the Wolves and Thrashers.
On October 8, 2010, during a game against the Washington Capitals, Pavelec collapsed and lost consciousness. He was stretchered off the ice and was taken to the hospital. The doctors said that the cause of the collapse was neurocardiogenic syncope and that he had suffered a concussion when his head hit the ice earlier. He was released from the hospital on October 11, 2010.
Hyrynsalmi
Hyrynsalmi is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had almost 2,600 living there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Kuhmo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi and Suomussalmi.
Hyvinkää
Hyvinkää is a city in Finland. About 46,000 people lived there in 2013.
Steven Stamkos
Steven Christopher Stamkos (born February 7, 1990, in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their captain.
Before playing in the NHL, Stamkos played two seasons with the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). During his time with Sarnia, Stamkos was able to win the Jack Ferguson Award in 2006 for being the top draft pick in the Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection Draft and the Bobby Smith Trophy in 2007 for Scholastic Player of the Year.
He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning with the 1st overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2010 and 2012. Stamkos broke his tibia in a game against the Boston Bruins on November 11, 2013. His left skate hit the post of the Bruins' net before his right leg hit the post. He tried to stand up twice but fell down in pain. He was then stretchered out of the arena to applause from the crowd. He successfully had surgery on his right tibia in Boston on November 12, 2013. He was hoping to play for 2014 Canadian Olympic Hockey Team after being named to the team but was unable after a CT scan determined that he could not play.
Ronnie Masterson
Ronnie Masterson (4 April 1926 – 10 February 2014) was an Irish actress. She was born in Dublin. She started acting in 1965. She also co-founded Old Quay Productions.
Masterson died on 10 February 2014, aged 87. She was outlived by her four children with actor, Ray McAnally. McAnally died in 1989.
Doug Mohns
Douglas Allen "Diesel" Mohns (December 13, 1933 – February 7, 2014) was an Canadian-born American professional ice hockey player. He played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1953–54 until 1974–75.
Mohns twice won the most coveted prize in junior hockey, the Memorial Cup. He played on the 1951 and 1953 Barrie Flyers teams.
He died on February 7, 2014 at the age of 80.
Diesel generator
A diesel generator is a diesel-electric system, a diesel engine that powers a electrical generator to produce electricity. Diesel generators are located at places where there is no electricity supply from the electrical grid or for emergency supply if there is problem with the normal electricity supply.
Diesel generator is often referred as "generator set" or "genset" for short, which is a combination of diesel generator with its supporting equipment, such as base, canopy, control system, sound attenuation, circuit breaker, starting system, exhaust system, diesel fuel supply etc.
Division of South Sydney
The Division of South Sydney was a Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1901. It was abolished in 1934. It was named for Southern Sydney. It was located in the south of Sydney. The Division of Watson (1934–69) replaced it when it was abolished.
Alice Babs
Alice Babs (born Hildur Alice Nilsson; 26 January 1924 – 11 February 2014) was a Sweedish singer and actress from Kalmar, Sweden. While she worked in a wide number of genres – Swedish folklore, Elizabethan songs and opera. She was best known internationally as a jazz singer, and for being Swedens first entrant in Eurovision singing the song "Lilla stjärna" in the Eurovision Song Contest 1958.
Babs died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on 11 February 2014. She was 90.
Fernando González Pacheco
Fernando González Pacheco (September 13, 1932 – February 11, 2014), also known as Pacheco, was a Colombian television host, announcer, journalist. His career has lasted for over sixty years.
González Pacheco also started a TV production company of his own called Coestrellas along with actor Carlos Benjumea, which lasted from 1981 to 2003.
Pacheco died on February 11, 2014 in Bogota, Colombia from heart and respiratory failure. He was 81 years old.
Deaerator
Boiler feedwater
Blackheath, London
Blackheath is a heathland area of South East London. Formerly in Kent, it is now shared between the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich.
Blackheath has one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London.
The name is recorded in 1166 as "Blachehedfeld" and means the "dark coloured heathland". It is formed from the Old English 'blæc' and 'hǣth' and refers to the open space that was the meeting place of the ancient hundred of Blackheath. The name was later applied to the Victorian suburb that developed in the 19th century and was extended to the areas known as Blackheath Park and Blackheath Vale.
The Roman road that later became known as Watling Street crosses the northern edge of Blackheath (almost in line with the A2).
Blackheath was a rallying point for Wat Tyler's Peasants' Revolt of 1381, and for Jack Cade's Kentish rebellion in 1450. Wat Tyler is remembered by Wat Tyler Road on the heath. After pitching camp on Blackheath, Cornish rebels were defeated in the Battle of Deptford Bridge (sometimes called the Battle of Blackheath), just to the west, on 17 June 1497.
With Watling Street carrying stagecoaches across the heath, en route to north Kent and the Channel ports, it was also a notorious haunt of highwaymen during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The sizeable estate of Blackheath Park was created on lands of Wricklemarsh Manor, and built over in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has fine examples of substantial Georgian and Victorian houses – most notably Michael Searles' crescent of semi-detached terrace houses linked by colonnades, The Paragon (c 1793-1807).
The Pagoda is a notable example of a beautiful property situated in Blackheath, built in 1760 by Sir William Chambers in the style of a traditional Chinese pagoda. It was later leased to the Prince Regent, who would become King George IV, and used as a summer home by his wife Caroline, Princess of Wales.
In 1608, according to tradition, Blackheath was the place where golf was introduced to England – the Royal Blackheath Golf Club. The club was one of the first golf associations established (1766) outside Scotland. Since 1923 it has been in nearby Eltham. Blackheath also gave its name to the first hockey club, established during the mid 19th century.
The Blackheath Rugby Club was founded in 1858, the oldest rugby club in England. The Blackheath club organised the world's first rugby international (between England and Scotland in Edinburgh on 27 March 1871), and hosted the first international between England and Wales ten years later. Blackheath Rugby Club was one of the 12 founding members of the Football Association in 1863.
Miaoli County
Miaoli County () is a county in Taiwan. The capital of the county is Miaoli City.
Combustor
Ana Kasparian
Anahit Misak Kasparian (born July 7, 1986) is an American host, producer and political pundit. She began working as a fill-in producer for the Internet talk radio show "The Young Turks" in 2007. She is the main host and a producer of the online "The Young Turks". She also appeared on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV and later Al Jazeera America. She formerly hosted "The Point" on the TYT Network.
Kasparian was born in Los Angeles, California on July 7, 1986. Her parents were Armenian immigrants. She was raised in the Reseda neighborhood. She graduated from the Valley Alternative School, Van Nuys in 2004. She graduated from California State University, Northridge in 2007 with a Bachelor of Arts, Journalism (BAJ). She completed her Master of Political Science (MPS) in 2010. She is an agnostic.
Cenk Uygur
Cenk Kadir Uygur (born March 21, 1970) is a Turkish-American political activist, politician and commentator and Internet personality. He is the main host and co-founder of the Internet talk radio show "The Young Turks" ("TYT"). He also was the main host on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV and later Al Jazeera America.
Uygur was born in Istanbul, Turkey. He immigrated to East Brunswick, New Jersey when he was 8 years.
On November 14, 2019, Uygur announced his candidacy for the 2020 special election in California's 25th congressional district to replace Katie Hill.
Ugyur is also a uncle of Twitch streamer HasanAbi.
Common land
Common land (a common) is land where local people have certain rights. For example, to allow their sheep to graze, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.
Originally in mediaeval England the common was part of the manor. Although it was part of the estate owned by the lord of the manor, tenants had certain rights.
By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to. Today the term "common" is mainly used for the land over which the rights are exercised. A person who has a right to common land is a commoner.
Today commons still exist in Great Britain and the United States, although their extent is much reduced from the millions of acres that existed in the 17th century.
Commoner
A commoner is someone who is ordinary, that is not royalty, nobility or clergy.
Stephen Merchant
Stephen James Merchant (born 24 November 1974) is a British writer, director, television presenter, comedian and actor. He is best known for his works with Ricky Gervais and Karl Pilkington. With Gervais, he created the popular BBC sitcoms "The Office" and "Extras". He has appeared in movies such as "Run, Fat Boy, Run", "Hot Fuzz" (both 2007), "Movie 43" (2013) and "Logan" (2017). He also voiced Wheatley in the video game "Portal 2" (2011).
Merchant was born in Hanham, Bristol, England. He is a graduate of the University of Warwick. He stands at 6 ft 7 in (201 cm).
Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi
Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi was a Shia Muslim scholar, speaker, author, historian and poet.
Rizvi was born at Gopalpur, district Siwan, Bihar, India in 1948. His father was Syed Mazhar Hussain Rizvi.
He had six sons and one daughter. His second eldest son Hujjat-ul-Islam wal Muslameen Maulana Syed Shahid Jamal Rizvi lives in Qom, Iran. His son-in-law's name is Syed Irfan Abbas Rizvi a famous poet writer and nauhakhawn.
Rizvi was awarded many popular titles, like Adeeb-E-Asr, Sha'oor, Mutarajjim Al-Ghadir, Allama etc. The title "Adeeb-E-Asr" was awarded by Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi in Iran. Rizvi’s poetic title was "Sha'oor Gopalpuri".
Rizvi died on 10 February, 2002 at Gopalpur district Siwan, Bihar, India.
Rizvi wrote many books, He also translated many books from Arabic to Urdu and Persian to Urdu. Some of his literary works are below.
Al-Ghadir Rizvi, on the request of Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi, translated the book Al-Ghadir. The first volume was published in 1991. In 2010, the complete set of volumes were published by the Qur'an o itrat foundation.
His articles were greatly influenced by Islamic literature. They are mainly about Qur'an, wilayat, the tragedy of Karbala, and usool-e-deen. Some of his articles are listed below.
Beside Islamic article, he had also written articles on Urdu Literature. This type of articles were related to different aspect of life and way of living it. The articles also describe the way of spreading Love, affection and generosity among mankind.
Rizvi wrote as many as Nauhe, Qaseede and Gazals. They are compiled into three different books:
Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a scheduled domestic flight from Tokyo's Haneda Airport (also known as Tokyo International Airport) to Osaka International Airport (Also known as Osaka Itami Airport). On August 12, 1985, the Boeing 747-146SR developed mechanical problems 12 minutes after taking off. The plane then crashed into Mount Takamagahara in Gunma Prefecture 32 minutes later, after the pilots tried to control the plane, but failed. 520 people died, and only 4 survived. The crash was caused by incorrect repair after a tailstrike incident, which caused metal fatigue and eventually an in-flight structural failure, in which the whole tail of the plane separated from the plane.
The crash was the worst plane crash involving only one plane by number of fatalities.
The plane that crashed was a Boeing 747-146SR (SR stands for short range), with tail number JA8119. The plane was used to fly short, domestic routes within Japan. The plane first flew on January 28, 1974. It had 4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines. Before it crashed, it had flown for 25030 hours, and took off and landed 18835 times.
On June 2, 1978, JA8119 was involved in a tailstrike accident at Osaka International Airport. When landing, the plane's tail struck the runway. The aft pressure bulkhead was damaged in the accident, as well as the rear of the plane. Later, during June 17 and July 11, repairman from Boeing repaired the plane, by replacing the lower part of the rear and a part of the bulkhead. The plane later returned to service.
While investigating the accident, the investigators realised that the repair done 7 years before the accident by Boeing was incorrect. While two rows of rivets were required for a splice plate in the bulkhead to be installed, the repairman only used one row. This increased the chance of metal fatigue by 70% and also caused the subsequent accident.
On that day, the plane was flown by three crew. The 49-year-old captain, Masami Takahama, was a very experienced pilot. He has flown for 12423 hours, with 4842 hours on 747s. The 39-year-old co-pilot, Yutaka Sasaki, was training to be a captain. On that flight, he was seated on the left-seat (which is usually for captains). He has flown 3963 hours, with 2665 hours on 747s. The last crew, 46-years-old flight engineer, Hiroshi Fukuda, has flown 9831 hours, with 3846 hours on 747s. There were also 12 cabin crew.
The countries which the passengers and crew came from are listed below.
On the afternoon of the accident day, JA8119 has already completed two round trip flights, JL503/504 to and from Sapporo, and JL363/366 to and from Fukuoka. At 5.17pm, the plane has just completed flight JL366, and was parked at Spot 18 at Tokyo International Airport, getting ready for its flight to Osaka, JL123.
At 6.04pm, the plane started taxiing towards the runway. Takeoff was at 6.12pm, and the plane climbed to its cruising height of 24000ft (about 7300 metres). Till then, everything was fine.
At 6.24pm, there was suddenly a loud noise heard, which was actually caused by the pressure bulkhead's failure. This caused an explosive decompression. Air rushed out of the plane and blew off the tail of the plane. As all four hydraulic lines, which control the plane, are located in the tail, the plane became uncontrollable. 46 seconds later the pilots squawked 7700 (meaning that they are in an emergency) and requested to return to Tokyo International Airport. However, although the air traffic controller approved the plane to turn towards Tokyo, the plane strangely started heading towards the north-west direction. At 6.28pm, the Tokyo Air Traffic Controller asked the pilots to turn left, but received the message from the pilots, "now uncontrollable." By then, the plane was moving in a way called the phugoid motion, climbing until losing speed and stalling, then the nose goes down and gaining speed until the plane is able to climb again. The phugoid motion repeated itself until the end of the flight.
At 6.31pm, the air traffic controller asked the plane if it can land at Nagoya Airport, which was 72 miles (about 133 km) from the plane. However, the pilots wanted to return to Tokyo. Between 6.35pm and 6.56pm, the pilots struggled to control the plane without the tail. This failed, as the plane flew uncontrollably towards the mountains.
At 6.56pm, the plane's right wing hit a ridge. The plane then flew on, crashed into a second ridge, and exploded. 520 died, while 4 survives.
The time taken for the plane to crash after the bulkhead failure is 32 minutes. The accident was the worst in aviation history involving explosive decompression.
Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. Or, equally good, an oncogene is a gene which brings about uncontrolled cell division.
Oncogenes in tumor cells are often mutated or expressed at high levels.
Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of death (apoptosis). Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead. Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors, such as viral infection, to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many cancer drugs target the proteins coded by oncogenes.
In 1976 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco showed that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes, found in many organisms including humans. For this discovery Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989.
The work of Bishop and Varmus corrected a long-standing error. The Nobel citation includes this explanation:
In fact, the reverse transcription of the virus RNA into DNA had the effect that the oncogenes become integrated into the chromosomal DNA in the cells. It was then found that oncogene-like material could be detected in different species throughout the animal kingdom, in fact even in simple organisms with only a few cells. Furthermore, it was shown that the gene had a fixed position in the chromosomes of a certain species, and that the gene, when it constituted part of the cellular genetic material, was divided into fragments.
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. The resultant protein can be called an oncoprotein. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon "activation", a proto-oncogene (or its product) becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.
The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma. This starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence close to the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr-Abl gene found on the 'Philadelphia Chromosome'. This is a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is active, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Roger Neilson
Roger Paul Neilson, CM (June 16, 1934 – June 21, 2003) was a National Hockey League coach, and was responsible for many victories in the game. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the builder category.
Neilson was born in Toronto, Ontario. After attending North Toronto Collegiate Institute, his coaching career began as a student at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and continued upon graduation with a degree in Physical Education in both hockey and baseball.
Neilson died on June 21, 2003 from bone and skin cancer in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 69.
Are All Men Pedophiles? is a 2012 documentary movie about pedophilia and hebephilia. It was directed and written by Jan-Willem Breure.
"Are All Men Pedophiles?" was premiered (shown for the first time) at the Queens World Film Festival in New York City on March 2, 2012.
Anthony Daniels
Anthony Daniels (born 21 February 1946) is an English actor. He plays the droid C-3PO in the "Star Wars" series and he is the only person to appear in all 11 Star Wars films.
Daniels was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England on 21 February 1946.
Kenny Baker
Kenneth George "Kenny" Baker (24 August 1934 – 13 August 2016) was an English actor and musician. He played R2-D2 in the "Star Wars" movie series.
Baker was born on 24 August 1934 in Birmingham, West Midlands. He died on 13 August 2016.
Will Forte
Orville Willis "Will" Forte IV (born June 17, 1970), is an American actor, comedian, writer and producer. He is one of the cast members for "Saturday Night Live" (2002–2010).
He then starred on its spin-off movie "MacGruber". He is also known as Paul L'Astnamé in "30 Rock" and David Grant in "Nebraska".
Phil Lord and Chris Miller
South African Air Force
The South African Air Force (SAAF) is the air force of the South African National Defence Force.
The South African Air Force goes back to 1912, when the Union Defence Force (UDF) was created. The UDF had included the South African Aviation Corps (SAAC), which was part of the Active Citizen Force (ACF). On 1 February 1920, the South African Air Force was created. The SAAF fought in several battles during World War II, the Korean War, and the South African Border War.
The South African Air Force has about 226 aircraft and 11,245 active military personnel. The aircraft are mostly European-made. However some, such as the Denel Rooivalk and the Atlas Oryx were designed and built in South Africa. The Swedish Saab JAS 39 Gripen is the standard aircraft of the Air Force.
South African Military Health Service
The South African Military Health Service (SAMHS) is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all medical personnel within the military. This is unusual, because most national militaries have their medical structures integrated into their existing service branches. The SAHMS plays a large part to control HIV/AIDS in the SANDF.
The SAHMS was called the South African Medical Service (SAMS) before 1998.
Navajo people
The Navajo people (Navajo: Diné or Naabeehó) are a tribe of Native Americans from the southwestern part of the United States. The Navajo tribe has about 300,000 members. The capital is in Window Rock, Arizona. It is the second largest tribe in the United States. The Navajo Nation is an independent government that runs a large Native American reservation in parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. Many Navajo live there, but not all of them. Most Navajo speak English. Some speak the Navajo language. The Navajo have many things in common with the Apache tribe and the two groups may share a common ancestry.
The Navajo Nation works to maintain an economy for a population of 250,000 plus members. The discovery of oil on Navajo lands in the 1920s started the tribe towards building a systematic form of government. A tribal government was established in 1923 to deal with oil exploration. The Navajo Nation is currently the largest and most sophisticated form of Native American government. The Navajo Nation has become a wealthy nation in its own right.
The Navajo language is called Diné. It is a tonal language, meaning that a word may mean something different if said with a different pitch. About 150,000 people speak Diné. Diné is very difficult to learn because the speaker has to understand the relationships between different things.
Much of the Navajo culture, religion and other beliefs say everything in the world is connected and everything has a spirit.
The Navajo culture involves many different ceremonies. Some are short. The longest can take nine days. There are ceremonies to make sick people well and solve other problems. When a Navajo person becomes sick, he or she might go to a modern doctor or hospital, might pay a medicine man to sing a healing ceremony, or might do both.
Many Navajo people are more comfortable with not talking than most Americans and would rather just touch hands than do a full handshake. In a Navajo conversation, it is all right to take a long time to answer a question and it is important not to interrupt the other person. Some Navajo do not like to make eye contact.
Navajo culture has clans. Sons and daughters are in the same clan their mother is in. When meeting a new person, a Navajo will usually say their own clan and their father's clan. Navajo culture does not allow people to marry other people from the same clan. Navajo people usually think of anyone from the same clan as a brother, sister or cousin. Originally, there were four Navajo clans, but there are more now.
The number four is in many parts of Navajo culture: Four seasons, four clans at first, four directions, and four holy mountains.
Most Navajo wear modern American clothing most of the time but put on traditional clothes for special occasions. For women, traditional clothes are a "tl'aakal" skirt with a long-sleeve "deiji'éé"' shirt and shawl with moccasins. For men, traditional clothes are a white pants and silver or turquoise "dootl’izhii" jewelry with a headband and shirt, and moccasins. Both men and women tie their hair into a bun on the back of the head.
The Navajo Nation Fair is in Window Rock, Arizona every year in September. It is the largest Native American fair in the United States. It has a rodeo, a parade, Navajo music and dance contests and the Miss Navajo Nation beauty pageant.
In 1959, the Navajo Tribal Council started a newsletter. It grew into the "Navajo Times" newspaper. In the 21st century alone, the "Navajo Times" has won awards from the Arizona Press Club, Arizona Newspaper Association, and Native American Journalists Association. This included awards for writing, its website and photography.
The Navajo got sheep and goats after the Spanish brought them to North America. This might be why their culture changed from Apache culture. They became very good at raising sheep and goats and making cloth from sheep's wool. In Navajo culture, the official owner of the sheep was usually a woman and not a man. The Navajo also had horses and cows.
During the Great Depression, the United States government saw that Navajo and Hopi land was overgrazed and decided to "reduce" the number of sheep and goats. They did not ask the Navajo what they thought. They took sheep and goats away from the Navajo. Some of the animals were sold, but for less than half what they were worth. Some of the animals were killed and their meat processed and returned to the owners. Some of the animals were set on fire in front of their owners.
In his book about his own life, "Code Talker", Chester Nez wrote that the Great Livestock Massacre hurt the work ethic of the Navajo people because it meant no matter how hard you worked to build your family's herd, the government could take it away.
According to Navajo traditional beliefs, the Navajo came into the world, which they call "the glittering world," after passing through three other worlds. According to historians and anthropologists, the Navajo were not the first humans to live in the Four Corners area, but they were already there in 1492. The Spanish made contact with the Navajo in 1581.
Like many other Native American tribes, the Navajo suffered after white colonists came to the area. After the Spanish-American War in the 1840s, the United States took over the land where the Navajo lived. Many Navajo died during the Long Walk, or Hwé​eldi Baa Hane', in 1864. The Long Walk was when the United States government made many Navajo leave their homes and go to Bosque Redondo Reservation. It was not a real reservation; it was a camp with soldiers to keep people from leaving. Although they were allowed to go back years later, many died during the journey and during their time away.
The Navajo Nation government, called the Navajo Tribal Council, was established in 1923. One of the reasons for this was that oil had been discovered on Navajo land. The first election was in 1938. In 1989, the government was changed to have three branches, judicial, legislative, and executive. It is now the largest Native American government in the world.
During the 20th century, many Navajo families lost much of their wealth in the Great Livestock Massacre.
Navajo code talkers were bilingual Navajo speakers who were recruited during World War II by the U.S. Marines. They served in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. The Navajo code was created by the first 29 Navajo recruits in May of 1942. About 400 Navajos were trained as code talkers. Their training was intense and all 17 pages of the code had to be memorized. From 1942 to 1945 Navajo Code Talkers took part in every Marine assault in the Pacific Theatre. Navajos served in all six Marine divisions plus parachute units and the Marine Raider battalions. The Navajo Code worked much faster than Morse Code, minutes instead of hours. They transmitted messages on the battlefield including orders, troop movements and logistics. While the Japanese were able to break codes used by the United States Army and the United States Army Air Corps, they were never able to break the Marine codes. Even a Navajo soldier captured during the Battle of Bataan could not figure out the code for the Japanese. Major Howard Connor, a 5th Marine Division signal officer at Iwo Jima stated: "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."
The United States Military used the Navajo code in the Korean War and in the beginning of the Vietnam War, so they kept the code a secret. During the late 1960s, the United States stopped using the code, and declassified it in 1968, meaning it was no longer a secret. The code talkers were then allowed to talk about what they had done.
On September 17, 1992, the Navajo code talkers of World War II were honored for their contributions at the Pentagon in Washington, DC. The long delay was due to the Navajo code being Classified information.
Division of St George
The Division of St George was a Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1993. It was named for the suburb of St George. It was located in the suburbs of Hurstville, Rockdale and Arncliffe. The Division of Watson replaced it when it was abolished.
Balu Mahendra
Balanathan Benjamin "Balu" Mahendran (20 May 1939 – 13 February 2014) was a Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, editor and cinematographer. He was born and raised in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. He began his career in 1971, and made his break in 1977. He produced over twenty films in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil.
Mahendra died from a heart attack on 13 February 2014 in Chennai, India. He was 74.
Robert H. Schuller
Robert Harold Schuller (September 16, 1926 – April 2, 2015) was an American televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, and author. He is best known for the weekly "Hour of Power" television program which he began in 1970. He was also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the "Hour of Power" program used to broadcast.
Schuller was born on September 16, 1926 in Alton, Iowa. He was of Dutch ancestry, and belonged to the Reformed Church in America. He married Arvella de Haan in 1950. They had five children together. She died on February 11, 2014.
Schuller died from complications of esophageal cancer in Artesia, California, aged 88.
Payback (2013)
Maxine Kumin
Maxine Kumin (June 6, 1925 – February 6, 2014) was an American poet and author. She became Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1981–1982.
Kumin died on February 6, 2014 in Warner, New Hampshire. She was 88. Her death came after a year of bad health. She had a husband, Victor, and three children.
J. Michael Bishop
John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist. He shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize. He currently serves as an active faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco.
Bishop is best known for his Nobel-winning work on retroviral oncogenes. Working with Varmus in the 1980s, he discovered the first human oncogene, c-Src.
Their findings showed how malignant tumors are formed from changes to the normal genes of a cell. These changes can be produced by viruses, by radiation, or by exposure to some chemicals.
Harold Varmus
Harold Eliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American scientist. He won a Nobel Prize. He is the 14th and current Director of the National Cancer Institute. He was appointed to that post he was appointed to by President Barack Obama.
Varmus was a co-recipient, with J. Michael Bishop, of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the origin of retroviral oncogenes. Varmus described the work in his Nobel lecture.
He also serves as one of three co-Chairs of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
Ostrobothnia (region)
Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, there were about 180,000 people living there. In 2010, about 51% of people living in Ostrobothnia spoke Swedish as their first language.
15 municipalities, 6 of those are cities (marked bold).
Central Ostrobothnia
Central Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, almost 70,000 people lived there. Neighbouring regions are Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia.
Central Ostrobothnia has 8 municipalities, two of those are cities (marked bold).
Southwest Finland
Southwest Finland is a region in Finland. As of November 2013, there were about 471,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Kanta-Häme, Pirkanmaa, Satakunta, Uusimaa and the Åland Islands.
Southwest Finland has 28 municipalities, 11 of those are cities, listed below.
Three municipalities:
Southern Ostrobothnia
Southern Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. As of 2013, about 194,000 people lived there. The City of Seinäjoki is the center of the Southern Ostrobothnia.
Neighbouring regions are Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Pirkanmaa and Satakunta.
Southern Ostrobothnia has 18 municipalities, 8 of those are cities, listed below.
Prince Escalus
Prince Escalus is a character in William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet". He is the Prince of Verona. He holds authority over the Montague and Capulet families who are . He first punishes Capulet and Montague for the quarrel between Tybalt, Benvolio, and a handful of servants. In his next appearance he is too late to stop the fatal fight between Romeo and Tybalt. After Romeo kills Tybalt, Prince Escalus banishes him from Verona. Prince Escalus returns in the final scene after the suicides of Romeo and Juliet, and at last orders the lords of the feuding families to make peace. The two make peace. Then Montague promises to make a golden statue of Juliet. Capulet promises to place a golden statue of Romeo next to the statue of their daughter.
Margaret Battye
Margaret Battye (9 August 1909 – 16 November 1949) was an Australian lawyer. She became influential in politics, business, and the legal advancement of women. Battye was the first woman to represent a client and begin a legal practice in Western Australia.
Battye died of thyrotoxicosis in 1949.
Mirkka Rekola
Mirkka Elina Rekola (26 June 1931 – 5 February 2014) was a Finnish writer from Tampere. She published poems, aphorisms and essays. Her poetry was called "difficult". Many people read her work as late as in the 1990s. She was awarded many times.
Rekola died on 5 February 2014 in Helsinki. She was 82.
Bridge Creek, Oklahoma
Bridge Creek is a small town in Grady County in the US state of Oklahoma. As of the 2006 US census, about 340 people lived there.
Bridge Creek was made a town in 2000. It is part of an area of northern McClain and Grady Counties sometimes called the "Tri-City Area" with Newcastle, Tuttle and Blanchard.
Montgomery Gentry
Montgomery Gentry was an American country music band. It was started in 1998. The band is made up of vocalists Eddie Montgomery and Troy Gentry. Both are from Kentucky. The duo is known for its Southern rock influences. They have collaborated with Charlie Daniels, Toby Keith, Five for Fighting, and members of the Allman Brothers Band. In 1999, they were awarded Favorite New Artist—Country at the American Music Awards. Both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association named them Duo of the Year in 2000. They have been been nominated for this award by both associations in every year until 2016.
In 2009, they were inducted into the Grand Ole Opry.
Troy Gentry died in a helicopter crash on September 8, 2017, aged 50.
Coronon, Davao del Sur
Coronon, Davao del Sur is a barangay of Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur, Philippines. It is on the coast of Mindanao. Coronon's barangay captain is Proceso Gido II (Jun Gido). Coronon is next to the Mt. Apo Natrual Park Area.
Coronon contains the Coronon River I, Coronon River II and the Coronon River III.
Coronon has a favorable climate all year round. It has wet and dry seasons. It is inside the typhoon belt. Generally the months of November to April are dry periods. Wet season occurs from May to October. This type of climate is in the plain and coastal areas. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Most often in Coronon, heavy downpour occurs every afternoon while in the morning the sun shines.
Population census of Coronon
Source: National Statistics Office (2014)
The languages spoken in Coronon are Tagalog, Cebuano, Mansakan and English.
"Agriculture"... Among agriculture crops, coconut leads in production followed by banana and sugarcane. Other major crops are corn, coffee and vegetables. The barangay also produces high value fruits like mango, lanzones and durian. Cattle leads in livestock production.
"Fisheries"... The 24-kilometer long coastline of Coronon which forms part of the Davao Gulf provides a rich fishing grounds and is suitable for aquaculture.
"Mineral"... Deposits of sulfur ore, rock phosphate, guano, limestone and cement raw materials were also traced but still have to be tapped for commercial and industrial uses.
"Forestry"... Tropical evergreen and other timber cover the vast timberland and forest area. Rattan, bamboo and other vines are also in abundance.
Banana, Coconut and Seaweed cultivation.
John Tower
John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was an American politician. He was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since Reconstruction.
He served from 1961 until his retirement on January 3, 1985, after which time he was appointed as the chairman of the Reagan-appointed Tower Commission that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. He was George Herbert Walker Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense in 1989 but was rejected by the Senate, 53–47.
On April 5, 1991, Tower and his middle daughter, Marian, and the astronaut Sonny Carter were killed along with twenty other people in the crash of Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311.
Al Jaffee
Abraham Jaffee (born March 13, 1921), known as Al Jaffee, is an American cartoonist. He is known for his work in the satirical magazine "Mad", including his trademark feature, the Mad Fold-in. As of 2013, Jaffee remains a regular in the magazine after 58 years and is its longest-running contributor. Only one issue of "Mad" has been published since 1964 without containing new material by Jaffee.
Jaffee was born March 13, 1921 in Savannah, Georgia.
Ralph Waite (June 22, 1928 – February 13, 2014) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as John Walton, Sr., on the 1970s CBS TV series "The Waltons". He played the slave ship third mate Slater in the mini-series "Roots".
Waite died on February 13, 2014, aged 85, from natural causes
Georgy Martyniuk
Georgy Yakovlevich Martyniuk (Russian: Гео́ргий Я́ковлевич Мартыню́к; 3 March 1940 – 13 February 2014) was a Russian movie and theater actor.
He was born in Orenburg on 3 March 1930. Martyniuk graduated from the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in 1962. In 2003, he received the People's Artist of Russia honor.
He was married to actress Valentina Martyniuk (Russian: Валентина Мартынюк). He died on 13 February 2014 in Moscow, after a long illness in Moscow, Russia.
The Stasi was the official state security service of East Germany, the German Democratic Republic or GDR. The Stasi motto was ""Schild und Schwert der Partei"" (Shield and Sword of the Party). "The Party" was the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany. The main job of the Stasi was to prevent opposition to the Party.
It was one of the most effective and ruthless secret police agencies in the world. The Stasi headquarter was in East Berlin, with a group of buildings in Lichtenberg and several other buildings in Berlin.
One of its main tasks was spying on the people, through a vast network of citizens who were informants ("snitches"). Informants were paid, or given favours for this.
The Stasi also worked as an intelligence agency abroad, using espionage and covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf it got a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. After German reunification in 1990, many Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes. The files that the Stasi had kept on millions of East Germans were laid open. Now citizens can see their personal files on request; these files are kept by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives.
International Institute of Hotel Management
IIHM or International Institute of Hotel Management is a chain of hospitality and hotel management schools. It was founded in 1994 at Kolkata, India. IIHM has campus sites at Kolkata, Bangalore, Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Ahmedabad and in Bangkok, Thailand. The school offers a Bachelor's degree in International Hospitality Management. A large number of student study at these campuses. Students also may complete their degree at Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh or the University of West London, in London.
Langar
The langar (, ) is a common kitchen where food is served at a Sikh temple ("gurdwara"). One is attached to every temple, and the food is served to all the visitors for free. At the langar, only vegetarian food is served. It is usually bread (poori), yogurt and lentils. Samosas and spring rolls are served on special occasions. Kheer may be served as a dessert.
The langar is open to both Sikhs and people who are not Sikhs. After a person eats at the langar they are not supposed to eat meat for the rest of the day.
Siilinjärvi
Siilinjärvi is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 21,600 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuopio, Lapinlahti and Maaninka.
Siilinjärvi was established 1925.
Aappola, Hakkarala, Hamula, Heinämäki, Jälä, Jännevirta, Kaaraslahti, Kasurila, Kehvo, Koivumäki, Koivusaari, Kolmisoppi, Kumpunen, Kuuslahti, Lehdonkylä, Pajujärvi, Pöljä, Rissala, Räimä, Siimes and Väänälänranta.
Pope Telesphorus
Pope Telesphorus was the seventh Pope of the Catholic Church, the official title is Bishop of Rome from approximately 125-136 C.E.
This Pope was born in Calabria to Greek parents and there is a parish church dedicated to him today.
Earlier in his life he worked with the hermits of Mount Carmel in Palestine and is still remembered in the Carmelite Order of Monks. He is credited with the custom of the Midnight Mass, celebrated at Christmas and for the period of reflection during the season of Lent but this is disputed. He celebrated Easter on Sundays whereas many early Catholics were observing the Jewish custom and celebrating it on Passover.
His martydom under the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius can be confirmed. He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church. His feast days are celebrated on January 5, February 3 and 22.
Maaninka
Maaninka is a former municipality in the middle of Northern Savonia, Finland. It had over 3,750 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Iisalmi, Kuopio, Lapinlahti, Pielavesi, Siilinjärvi and Tervo.
Maaninka was established in 1872. It was merged with the city of Kuopio on 1 January 2015.
Pope Hyginus
Pope Hyginus was the eighth Pope of the Catholic Church (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He served around 138142 AD. Hyginus was a Greek born in Athens.
He served as Pope during the heretical teachings of the Gnostics. Heresy is a belief or opinion that does not agree with the official belief or opinion of a particular religion. The Gnostics taught that Yahweh, (the Old Testament name for God) and Jesus Christ were two different Gods. This was against the Catholic Church teachings. Hyginus declared these men, Valentinus and Cerdo, to be heretics.
Pope Hyginus died a martyr. He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on January 11.
Savassi
Savassi is a neighborhood in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It is in the central-south zone of the city. It has many bars, nightclubs, and restaurants. It has a busy and well developed shopping district and several shopping malls. Savassi is one of the most prestigious areas in Belo Horizonte. It used to be a region inside the traditional and wealthy Funcionários neighborhood. In 2006, it was changed by the Town House before the meeting of the Inter-American Development Bank, which happened the same year.
Pallastunturi
Pallastunturi is the southestern part of a 50 kilometre-long mountain chain in Lapland, Finland. It is a group of seven fells located in Muonio and Enontekiö municipalities.
Muonio
Muonio is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of January 2014, about 2,385 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Enontekiö, Kittilä and Kolari. On the western side of it is Sweden. Distance to Tornio is about 260 km and to Kilpisjärvi, 200 km. There are a lot of lakes in the area of Muonio.
Keminmaa
Tervola
Division of Phillip
The Division of Phillip was a Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1993. It was named after Captain Arthur Phillip, the captain of the Firth Fleet and the first Governor of New South Wales. It was located in the suburbs of Bondi, Coogee, Kensington, and Randwick.
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are synapses that use chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to transmit signals. They are found all over the body. Especially in the central nervous system and the brain.