AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Takeda was a member of the Japanese team in the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich and the 1976 Summer Olympics at Montreal.
He was a competitor in the All Japan Equestrian Championships in 1969, 1975, 1977, 1978 and 1982.
In 2001, he became president of the Japanese Olympic Committee. He is also an Executive Board member on the Olympic Council of Asia.
In July 2012, he was elected to be a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Yukio Kasaya
In the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Kasaya earned Japan's first Olympic Winter Games gold medal in the 70m ski jump.
Yuki Otsu
Otsu was born in Mito on March 24, 1990. After graduating from Seiritsu Gakuen High School, he joined J1 League club Kashiwa Reysol in 2008. He played many matches from first season. However Kashiwa was relegated to J2 League end of the 2009 season. In 2010, Kashiwa won the champions and was returned to J1 in a year. In July 2011, he moved to German Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach. However there were few opportunities to play. In 2012, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club VVV-Venlo. Although he played many matches, the club was relegated to Eerste Divisie end of the 2012/13 season. In January 2015, he returned to his first club Kashiwa Reysol. In 2018, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. Yokohama won the J1 League champions in 2019. In 2021, he moved to J2 club Júbilo Iwata.
In July 2012, Otsu was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. He played all 6 matches and scored 3 goals, Japan won the 4th place. On February 6, 2013, he debuted for the Japan national team against Latvia. He played 2 games for Japan in 2013.
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...Baby One More Time (song)
"...Baby One More Time" is the first single for Britney Spears released off her first album as its first single. It went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The video was memorable for Spears being dressed in a schoolgirl uniform.
The song was mostly written by Max Martin. It was originally pitched to the R&B group TLC but they turned it down.
"If U Seek Amy" is a song on Britney Spears' sixth album "Circus". It was the third single released off that album in early 2009. It hit the top 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Because of the in the song, radio stations played an edited version titled "If U See Amy".
"Everytime" is the third single released off of Britney Spears' fourth album "In the Zone". It was released in early 2004. It was co-written by Spears herself. It hit the top 40 of the "Billboard" Hot 100.
Oops!... I Did It Again (song)
"I'm a Slave 4 U" is a song from Britney Spears' third album, "Britney". It was the first single off that album. It was released in late 2001. It was the only song from the album to hit the top 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
The song created controversy. That was partly because of the words, which could be seen as sexual. It was also partly because of her performance of the song on the MTV Video Music Awards.
"Gimme More" is a song from Britney Spears' album "Blackout". The song was released in late 2007. It was her comeback single after a few years out of the music business because of her personal problems. It hit the top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It is a dance-pop and electropop song with elements of disco music. Its lyrics are apparently about dancing and having sex although they're actually about the media fascination for Spears' private life as noted in lyrics such as "Cameras are flashing my way darty dancin' they keep watching, feels like the crowd was saying: gimme more"
The song was first performed at the 2007 VMA awards; a performance heavily criticized by the media comparing it to Spears' standards in previous ceremonies. It was also performed during the Femme Fatale tour in an Egypt-style remix in 2011 as well as in Vegas Residency in 2013.
The song was an international success reaching the top 10 in more than 15 countries including the US, UK and Australia among others
Morrisons
Wm Morrison Supermarkets plc (Morrisons) () is the fourth biggest supermarket in the United Kingdom. Its main offices are in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The company is usually called Morrisons. In 2008, Sir Ken Morrison left the company.
Dalton Philips is the current head. The old CEO was Marc Bolland, who left to become CEO of Marks & Spencer.
As of September 2009, Morrisons has 455 shops in the United Kingdom.
On 15 March 2007, Morrisons said that it would stop its old branding and go for a more modern brand image. Their lower price brand, "Bettabuy", was also changed to a more modern brand called the "Morrisons Value". This brand was then changed again in 2012 as Morrisons started their low price option brand called "M Savers".
In 2005 Morrisons bought part of the old Rathbones Bakeries for £15.5 million which make Rathbones and Morrisons bread.
In 2011, Morrisons opened a new 767,500 square/foot centre in Bridgwater for a £11 million redevelopment project. This project also made 200 new jobs.
Dermal bone
Orange-thighed frog
The orange-thighed frog, northern orange-eyed frog or lime tree frog ("Litoria xanthomera") is a species of tree frogs. They live in tropical places in Queensland, Australia. They are green with orange eyes. They also look like the red-eyed tree frog. The orange-thighed frog is a medium-sized tree frog. They can reach up to 5.5 centimeters in length. It is a skinny frog with a thin body, flat head and large orange eyes.
This frog lives in rainforests where the trees are close together. It spends almost all its time high in the trees. It only comes down from the tree to look for mates and lay eggs. Male orange-thighed frogs gather in groups in ponds. They call for a mate from branches or on the edge of the water. Their call is a long "aaa-rk". They mate with females after a heavy rainfall. Their eggs are brown and the female can lay from 800 to 1600 eggs. The orange-thighed frog's tadpole are similar to the red-eyed tree frogs.
This frog was in danger because human beings would cut down its forests to take the wood to build things. Now, people visiting their forests for fun is a larger problem.
Discoglossidae
Discoglossidae is a family of frogs. They are commonly known as the Disc-Tongued Frogs. They live in Europe but some species have been found in Northeastern Africa. An extinct species of the Discoglossidae family used to live in Israel.
The family has two genus. They include the "Alytes" and "Discoglossus". The "Discoglossus" frogs looks very alike to toads and can be found on land. The "Alytes" are more smoother and look more like frogs. They are seen in the water. All of the species of the Discoglossidae will lay their eggs in ponds and will turn into tadpoles.
The genus "Bombina" and "Barbourula" also used to be under this family but have now been moved to the Bombinatoridae family,
Family Discoglossidae
Enneabatrachus hechti
Enneabatrachus hechti is an extinct species of an extinct genus of prehistoric frogs. They lived during the late Jurassic period. There has been many fossils found of them. There was one found in Como Bluff, Wyoming. They are part of the family Discoglossidae. The specimen found in Wyoming was only a few millimeters long.
Bufonidae
Bufonidae is a family of the "true toads". The family has 35 genus. The Bufonidae toads are found almost everywhere and are well known. True toads can be found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They can be found in rain forest. They lay their eggs in strings. They will hatch and become tadpoles. However, the genus "Nectophrynoides", their young will not develop from a tadpole stage.
True toads do not have any tooth. Their skin looks like warts. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands has alkaloid poison. They get this type of poison from stress. They have also other toxins such as Bufotoxin. Male toads has a Bidder's organ. The organ will become an active ovary if conditions are right. They will then become a female.
Bufonidae has about 500 species among 37 genus.
Sirenidae
Sirenidae or sirens is a family of aquatic salamanders. They have very small front legs and do not have back legs. They have gills for breathing. Sirens are found only in the southeastern United States and northern Mexico.
The siren family (Sirenidae) is subdivided into two genera, with two species each:
Family SIRENIDAE
Lumbriculus variegatus
Fathead minnow
Ed, Edd n Eddy
Ed, Edd n Eddy is a Canadian-American children's animated television series created by Danny Antonucci. It was produced by the studio a.k.a Cartoon and Cartoon Network Studios. It started on. The show is about three boys called "the Eds" who live in a cul-de-sac. They also create scams (tricks) in their neighborhood. These tricks could be items that the other kids might want to buy. They do this so the other kids will give them money to buy jawbreakers. Most of the times, their plans end in a bad way.
Before Cartoon Network started writing the show, Antonucci tried to sell it to Nickelodeon. However, the channel wanted to control what he does with the show. Antonucci did not agree to that and went with Cartoon Network. Four specials, and two books were made. The characters of the show were also in many comic books and video games. The series ended with the TV movie "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show" on November 8, 2009.
The show got mostly good reviews and many awards and nominations. Kids and adults from 31 million households in 30 different countries watched the show. The show became Cartoon Network's longest-airing show.
Alex Borstein
Alexandrea "Alex" Borstein (born February 15, 1973) is an American actress, voice actress, writer, and comedian. Borstein is known for her long running role as Lois Griffin in the animated television series "Family Guy", and a cast member on the sketch comedy series "MADtv".
Born in Highland Park, Illinois and studied San Francisco State University. Borstein was trained in comedy at the ACME Comedy Theatre, near Hollywood, California, and was selected to join MADtv after being searched by talent agents who noticed her comedy work at the theatre. Borstein was a writer and voice actress for several shows like; "Casper, Pinky and the Brain" and "Power Rangers: Zeo", "Powerpuff Girls", before joining the cast of "MADtv" as a featured player, and as a theatre player in 1997.
Borstein is married to Jackson Douglas since 1999 and have a child Barnaby Douglas, and Henrietta Douglas.
Michael Robert "Mike" Henry (born November 7, 1965 in Pontiac, Michigan) is an American voice actor, writer, producer, singer, and comedian. He is best known for his work on "Family Guy" where he is a writer, producer, and voice actor.
He does the voice for many characters, such as Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, and Greased Up Deaf Guy, and Consuela. Starting with the show's fifth season, Henry had received billing as a main cast member. In 2009, Henry, Seth MacFarlane, and Richard Appel created a spin-off of "Family Guy" called "The Cleveland Show" to focus on Cleveland and his new family.
Henry is currently married to Sara Henry and have two children.
Connie Sellecca
Connie Sellecca (born May 25 1955 in Bronx, New York) is an American actress and former model who has starred in many television programs and many movies. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series Drama in 1987.
He was the first Japanese Olympic gold medalist. He was the first Asian Olympic champion in an individual event.
Oda's main event was triple jump, but he also competed in long jump and high jump.
He participated in all three events in the 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1932 Summer Olympics.
In 1928 games in Amsterdam, he won the gold medal in the triple jump event.
Oda later also set the world record in the sport, when he jumped for 15.58 m while studying in Waseda University during 1931.
He became a member of the Japanese Olympic Committee.
During the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, the Olympic flag was raised to a height of exactly 15.21 meters, to pay respect to Oda's achievement 36 years earlier.
Autism spectrum
The autism spectrum or autistic spectrum is a range of disorders called pervasive developmental disorders. These disorders include autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome and more.
Jodie Sweetin
Jodie Lee Ann Sweetin (born January 19, 1982 near Los Angeles) is an American actress and television personality. She is well known for her role as Stephanie Tanner in the sitcom "Full House" from 1987 to 1995. She has also performed in other television programs.
Peter Wyngarde
Peter Paul Wyngarde (Cyril Goldbert; 23 August 1927 – 15 January 2018) was an English singer, television and movie actor best known for his role as Jason King, a bestselling novelist turned sleuth, in two British television series in the late 1960s and early 1970s: "Department S" (1969 - 1970), and "Jason King" (1971 - 1972).
Wyngarde was born in Marseille, France to a French mother and English father. Wyngarde was married to Dorinda Stevens from 1951 until 1956 and they had no children. Wyngarde died on 15 January 2018 at a London hospital at the age of 90.
Wyngarde recorded songs for RCA Victor during the 1970s, songs like;
Freddy West Tjakamarra
Freddy West Tjakamarra (previously Tjukurti Tjakamarra; born around 1932 – died 1994) was an Australian Aboriginal artist. He was a leader of the Pintupi people during their return to traditional lands in the 1980s. He was one of the founders of the Kiwirrkurra settlement in 1983. As a painter, West was part of the Western Desert movement, and was one of the very first painters of the Papunya Tula school.
Freddy West was born in the Great Sandy Desert sometime in the early 1930s. He was born in the Pollock Hills, north of where Kiwirrkura is today, and lived a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle for the first half of his life. He and his family were mostly based along the western shore of Lake Mackay. They often travelled with another group, led by a man named Waku Tjungurrayi. These families became some of the last nomadic groups left in the desert – most other families having been settled in government stations since the 1950s. In 1962, West decided that he would go and join his relatives, who were living at Papunya. This is traditionally Luritja land, but the Pintupi had become displaced here because of weapons tests being done at Woomera. He met some officers of the Territory's welfare department in the area of Dovers Hills, and arranged for them to take him and his family to Papunya in a year's time. In August 1963, West and his family began to walk to Papunya and met the welfare officers on the way. West had two wives: Parara and Payu, who were sisters of the Napaltjarri skin grouping.
At Papunya, West started to paint with Geoffrey Bardon. He became one of the first members of the Papunya Tula school, and a shareholder in the company. In the late 1970s, West campaigned strongly within the Pintupi community for them to leave Papunya and return to their traditional country in the west. He moved back west with other Pintupi in 1981 and set up the community of Kintore. He was later an important person in the establishment of Kiwirrkurra, in 1983. He lived there for most of the rest of his life. He married a third wife in October 1984, Takariya Napaltjarri. She was the daughter of Waku Tjungurrayi, and had only come out of the desert a few days before they were married. They soon separated, and Takariya remarried. With his two other wives, West had 15 children. He died in 1994.
West did not paint much compared with many other early Papunya artists. His early works depicted abstract scenes of men's ceremonies, and were very decorated. His later works depicted stories from the Pintupi dreamtime ("Tingari"), using a motif of circles and lines. He has works in the Australian Museum in Sydney, the National Museum of Australia in Canberra, the Art Gallery of Western Australia in Perth, and the Art Gallery of South Australia in Adelaide.
Pinta Pinta Tjapanangka
Pinta Pinta Tjapanangka (late 1920s – 1999) was an Australian Aboriginal artist. He was one of the very first members of the Papunya Tula art movement. He is a well-known painter of Western Desert art. He belonged to the Pintupi community, and painted stories from the Pintupi Dreaming ("Tingari"). He painted mythological events that happened around his homeland, including around Winparrku, Lake MacDonald and Lake Mackay.
Pinta Pinta was from Western Australia. He was born at Yumari, a place in the Great Sandy Desert. He was probably born sometime in the late 1920s (around 1927 or 1928). Before contact with White society, he lived a nomadic way of life in the desert. In the 1950s, he walked with his family to stay at Haasts Bluff, a government rations outpost. This was his first contact with modern Australian civilisation. His was one of the last groups in the country to come out of the desert.
Pinta Pinta began painting in the mid-1970s, at Papunya. He moved to Kintore after it was founded in 1981. In 1984, Pinta Pinta and his family set up an outstation at Winparrku (Mount Webb), between Kintore and Kiwirrkurra. The family moved here shortly after. In 1988, he had a small part in the move "Evil Angels".
His paintings mostly stick to black, white and ochre in colour. The most obvious motif seen in them is the circles and lines, which depict dreaming tracks. Some of his works are in the Australian Museum, the National Gallery of Victoria and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.
He had two sons, Matthew (born early 1960s) and Nyilyari (born about 1965). Nyilyari also became a famous artist.
House centipede
The house centipede ("Scutigera coleoptrata") is a yellowish grey centipede having up to 15 pairs of legs.
The species are found all across the world and live in human apartments or houses. The house centipede is an insectivore; it kills and eats arachnids and insects. They were first discovered around 1758. These centipedes are harmless to humans, although humans may be startled by them. It is a nocturnal animal.
House centipedes live from three to seven years, depending on the environment. They can start breeding in their third year.
They are among the fastest artropods: they can reach speeds of up to 420mm/s, which is about 1.5km/h.
Dom DeLuise
Dominick "Dom" DeLuise (August 1, 1933 May 4, 2009) was an American actor, voice actor, comedian, movie director, television producer, chef and author.
He was the husband of actress Carol Arthur from 1965 until his death in 2009. He was the father of actor, director, pianist, and writer Peter DeLuise, actor David DeLuise, and actor Michael DeLuise. He starred in several movies directed by Mel Brooks. He was in a series of movies with career-long best friends Burt Reynolds. He was a voice actor in most of the animated movies by Don Bluth. DeLuise appeared in "The Dean Martin Show". He appeared in more than 100 movies.
DeLuise was born on August 1, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York City. His parents were Italian Americans Vincenza "Jennie" (née DeStefano), a homemaker, and John DeLuise, a garbage collector. He was raised a Roman Catholic. He attended The High School of Performing Arts and Tufts University.
In 1964, he married actress Carol Arthur; together they have three sons: Peter DeLuise (born 1966), David DeLuise (born 1971), and Michael DeLuise (born 1969).
DeLuise lived in Santa Monica, California until his death there on May 4, 2009 He had renal failure due to diabetes and also had cancer. He died from kidney failure and complications of cancer. He was 75 years old. DeLuise is buried next to his parents in New York City.
Water viper
Agkistrodon piscivorus, also known as the cottonmouth snake, water moccasin, or water viper, is a species of highly venomous pit viper (a type of snake) found throughout southeastern United States. Commonly called cottonmouths because of their all-white mouth, they are often confused with Northern water snakes, which are harmless, but the cottonmouth is much the opposite.
Cottonmouths live throughout southeastern United States, often found in water sources, such as marshes, bogs, lakes, rivers, ponds and almost every body of water you could imagine.
The cottonmouth's diet consists of birds, frogs, toads, lizards, smaller cottonmouths, small alligators and turtles, and a few other things. A lot of snakes eat whatever they can find.
Cottonmouths are one of the most dangerous snakes in the world. Remember the rhyme: if it's white, stay away! If it's not, you'll live to see another day.
Dick Van Patten
Richard Vincent "Dick" Van Patten (December 9, 1928 – June 23, 2015) was an American actor, businessman, and animal welfare advocate. He was best known for his role as Tom Bradford on the television sitcom "Eight is Enough".
Van Patten was born in Queens, New York.
He began working as a child actor. He was successful on the New York stage, appearing in more than a dozen plays as a teenager. He later starred in many television roles including the long running CBS television series, "I Remember Mama" and "Young Dr. Malone". Later he would star or co-star in many feature movies including Mel Brooks' "Robin Hood: Men in Tights", Charlton Heston's "Soylent Green" and the Academy Award winning "Charly".
Van Patten is the founder of Natural Balance Pet Foods and National Guide Dog Month. Van Patten has been married to Patricia Poole since 1954. They have three children; Vincent Van Patten, Nels Van Patten, and Jimmy Van Patten.
Van Patten died at the age of 86 from diabetic complications in Santa Monica, California.
Daphne Zuniga
Daphne Zuniga (born October 28, 1962) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Jo Reynolds in the television series "Melrose Place" and as Victoria Davis on The CW teen drama "One Tree Hill".
Zuniga supports Equality Now. Equality Now works to make legal changes in countries to better lives of females. Also, she is working to restore the river in Los Angeles. She is a member of the board of directors for a group working to restore the river area.
Yun Chi-wang
General Yun Chi-wang (February 17 1895 – December 21 1982) was a South Korean politicians, solder and gynecologist. He was the half brother of Yun Chi-ho, uncle of Yun Poson, 4th president of South Korea.
Gretchen Carlson
Greta Van Susteren
Greta Van Susteren (born June 11, 1954 near Appleton, Wisconsin) is an American news commentator and television personality on Fox News Network . She is the host of On the Record on Fox News Network. She is also a former criminal defense and civil trial lawyer. She co-hosted Burden of Proof along with Roger Cossack on Cable News Network(CNN) prior to switching to Fox. She received the American Bar Association’s Presidential Award for “Excellence in Journalism” in 2001.
She married lawyer John P. Coale in 1988. They are members of the Church of Scientology.
Tucker Carlson
Tucker Swanson McNear Carlson (born May 16, 1969) is an American paleoconservative television host and political commentator who has hosted "Tucker Carlson Tonight" on Fox News since 2016. He is a contributing editor for "The Weekly Standard". He started his television career as a political analyst for the Cable News Network (CNN) and also a host on that network, co-hosting The Spin Room and Crossfire. He left CNN in 2004. He then started hosting a show on MSNBC. Carlson co-founded "The Daily Caller", funded by Foster Friess. He currently co-hosts a weekend morning talk show on Fox News Channel.
Tucker was born in San Francisco and grew up in Carlsbad, California.
In 2006, he was a contestant on "Dancing with the Stars". He was the first person eliminated from the competition.
Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Rules of Engagement is an American sitcom set in New York City. It was shown from February 5, 2007 to May 20, 2013 on CBS. It has five main characters. Patrick Warburton and Megyn Price play married couple Jeff and Audrey. Oliver Hudson and Bianca Kajlich play engaged couple Adam and Jen. David Spade plays womanizing narcissistic single man Russell. Adhir Kalyan plays Timmy, Russell's office assistant.
Geraldo Rivera
Government of the United Kingdom
The Government of the United Kingdom, formally referred to as Her Majesty's Government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is also commonly referred to as simply the British Government or the UK Government.
The Government is led by the Prime Minister, who chooses the other Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most powerful Ministers belong to a group known as the Cabinet, who are the most important decision makers in the Government. These ministers are all members of Parliament (MPs). Laws are made by MPs voting in Parliament, which is called 'legislative authority'. These laws make what is called primary legislation.
The Prime Minister now is Boris Johnson, the present leader of the Conservative Party. Theresa May, then the leader, had been Prime Minister from 2016 until her resignation in 2019.
The government is chosen by the people indirectly. The people of the United Kingdom vote in a general election, appointing representatives to the Parliament, at least once every five years. The monarch must select as Prime Minister the person who is likely to have the support of Parliament. By convention, that is normally the leader of the party that has the most MPs in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister leads the government and exercises executive power on behalf of the monarch, in accordance with the laws set by Parliament, including appointing Ministers to the executive branches of government.
Under the British constitution, laws are made or unmade by Parliament, the power to "give assent" to the laws belongs to the monarch. The policy and administration of the laws is done by the direction of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. This is called executive authority. The monarch is obliged to follow the advice of the government and has not refused to do so since the 17th century. The Cabinet members advise the monarch as part of a group called Privy Council. They also use their power directly as leaders of the Government departments.
The British kind of government is sometimes called parliamentary government.
There are separate governments in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, each responsible to their own local parliament. These parliaments have certain limits decided by the main parliament in Westminster. There is no separate English Parliament.
Margaux Hemingway
Margot Louise Hemingway (February 16, 1954-July 1, 1996 ), later called Margaux Hemingway, was an American actress and fashion model. She was born in Portland, Oregon. She was the sister of Mariel Hemingway. On July 1, 1996, the day before the anniversary of her grandfather Ernest Hemingway's own suicide, Margaux killed herself: she overdosed with a drug called phenobarbital. She was found dead inside her apartment in Santa Monica, California.
Styx (moon)
Styx (formerly known as S/2012 (134340) 1 and informally as P5) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It was discovered on June 26, 2012, using the Hubble Space Telescope. It is the fifth moon of Pluto discovered so far. The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Kerberos, discovered in 2011.
The moon was discovered using nine sets of images taken between 26 June and 9 July 2012 by Wide Field Camera 3 of the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA announced the discovery on 11 July 2012. The images were taken as part of a Hubble survey searching for potential hazards for the New Horizons mission. The New Horizons space probe is going to Pluto at the moment and will arrive in July 2015. The discovery of the moon has made scientists worried about the mission. Pluto may have more bodies, such as dust or rings, orbiting it which cannot be found. These bodies could damage the New Horizons probe. The current plan for New Horizons is that it will pass just inside the orbit of Charon. But this could change if scientists think that the space probe will be damaged.
The moon is 10 to 25 km across. Because of its small size, it is likely to be irregular in shape. The moon is very faint, about one one-hundred-thousandth as bright as Pluto. The moon is likely to be made of water ice.
Styx orbits the centre of mass of Pluto and Charon at a distance of around 42,000 km. This is in between the orbits of Charon and Nix. The orbital path of the moon is very nearly circular, like the other moons of Pluto. The moon orbits in the same orbital plane as the other moons. The moon takes around 20 days to orbit Pluto.
The moon system around Pluto may exist because of a collision of Pluto with a large Kuiper belt body a very long time ago. Pluto’s moons may have formed from the scattered pieces of rock left behind after the collision.
The Doon School
The Doon School (informally "Doon School" or "Doon") is a boys-only private boarding school in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The school was founded by Satish Ranjan Das, a Calcutta lawyer. Doon's first headmaster was Arthur E. Foot, a former science master at Eton College. The present headmaster is Peter McLaughlin, who has occupied the post since 2009 and is the ninth headmaster of the school.
The school houses roughly 500 pupils aged 13 to 18. Every year in January and April, the school admits pupils aged 13 in Grade 7 (known as D-form) and aged 14 in Grade 8 (C-form) respectively. Doon pupils take the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education in tenth grade and are thereafter offered two strands for the final two years: International Baccalaureate (IB) or Indian School Certificate (ISC). The school began offering the IB curriculum only in 2006, before which all pupils had to sit the ISC examinations in twelfth grade.
Doon has consistently been ranked among the best residential schools of India by media such as "The Times of India" and "Outlook". Doon remains a boys-only school despite continued pressure from political leaders, including President Pratibha Patil, to become coeducational. Former students of the school are commonly known as "Doscos". Although the total number of Doscos is relatively small (estimated at 5,000 since the school's founding), they include some of India's most prominent politicians, government officials and business leaders. The best known alumnus is former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
Gavin Newsom
Gavin Christopher Newsom (born October 10, 1967) is an American politician. He is the 40th and current Governor of the U.S. state of California, serving since 2019. Before becoming governor, he was the 49th Lieutenant Governor of California from 2011 to 2019. He was also the 42nd Mayor of San Francisco from 2004 to 2011. Newsom is a Democrat. His father was judge William Newsom.
In February 2015, Newsom announced his candidacy for Governor of California in 2018. On June 5, 2018, he finished in the top two of the nonpartisan blanket primary, and faced off against Republican John H. Cox in November. He won the general election in November 2018.
Prytaneion
Elizabeth Arden
Florence Nightingale Graham (31 December 1884–18 October 1966), better known as Elizabeth Arden, was a Canadian–American business woman who founded what is now known as Elizabeth Arden, Incorporated. She built a cosmetics network in the United States. At the peak of her career, she became one of the richest women in the world. She was born near to Woodbridge in the Province of Ontario.
Pintupi Nine
The Pintupi Nine were a group of Aboriginal Australians. They are said to have been the last Aborigines in Australia to come into contact with modern civilisation. The group lived a nomadic, hunter-gatherer way of life in the Great Sandy Desert, before they met with their relatives near Kiwirrkurra in October 1984. Most other groups from this region had left the desert over 20 years before. They had been settled in towns to the east and west, but this group had stayed behind.
The group belonged to the Pintupi community. They lived on the western side of Lake Mackay, north of where Kiwirrkurra is today. It was made up of a single family. The father of the group had recently died, leaving two widows and seven children, most of whom were young adults. The family was moving south, hoping to find some of their relatives. They came across another family setting up an outstation, but ran away after a misunderstanding. Their relatives from Kiwirrkurra went to find them and then brought them into modern society.
Most Pintupi families had been settled in rural communities well over 20 years before. Starting from the 1930s, the Pintupi were forced to leave their homeland because of weapons tests being done at Woomera. Most were taken to Papunya, very far to the east, which is historically Luritja land. Others were moved northwest to Balgo, in Kukatja country. After this time, the Pintupi were said to have given up looking for any of their relatives living in the desert after they lost contact with the general community. They believed such people had died.
By the 1960s, there were only a few families still living as nomads in the desert. Most of them had heard about White people and places like Papunya. But they had not come into contact with them. They chose to keep living in the way they had always lived. This was a problem, because they were all closely related. Pintupi follow a strict system of kinship (called skin groupings) that says who they can marry. It makes sure they avoid inbreeding. As not many families were left in the big desert, there were almost no eligible partners for the younger men and women.
Much later, the Aboriginal Land Rights Act would be passed by the Northern Territory in 1976. Many Pintupi started to return to their land to set up permanent communities. They established the town of Kintore in 1981. Further west, Kiwirrkurra was founded in 1983 near Lake Mackay. This salt plain is the heart of the Pintupi homeland, and is where this particular family mostly lived.
The family was originally led by a man named Waku Tjungurrayi. He had four wives: Papalya, Nanu, Watjunka and another woman (whose name is not known to outsiders). These wives were all sisters belonging to the Nangala skin group. Papalya was Waku's main wife. They had three children: Topsy, Warlimpirrnga and Takariya. Waku also had another child, Piyiti, with the fourth (unnamed) sister. In the early years, this family sometimes travelled and hunted with another group. It was led by a man named Tjukurti Tjakamarra (later known as Freddy West). In 1962, West and his family decided they would go to live at Papunya. Waku did not want to leave, so they left Waku's family and went east.
About a year later, the eldest daughter, Topsy, left the group. She married a man named Tommy Tjakamarra, who had come across the family while on his way northeast to Mikantji. Topsy had nobody to marry in her own group and Tommy had the right skin name. So they left to settle at Mikantji. Around this time, Piyiti's mother died.
Waku died in about 1964. Soon after, a man named Lanti (or "Joshua") joined the group and married the three widows. He had lived at Balgo, but left there after getting into trouble with the Catholic missionaries. He came across the group while walking south across the desert. He took Waku's place as leader of the group. Nanu was his main wife. They had three children: Tamayinya, Yalti and Yukultji. Lanti also had another child, Walala, with Watjunka. Watjunka died sometime during the 1970s. When Lanti died around 1980, there were nine left in the group.
The group was made up of two women and their seven children. All were born in the desert, so their exact ages are not known.
The family lived travelling between temporary waterholes around Lake Mackay. They followed the clouds, as the presence of water dictated where they would go. They wore only small belts made out of hair. They carried wooden spears, spear-throwers and boomerangs for hunting. They also had an axe-head that Lanti had brought from Balgo. The group mostly ate lizards, witchetty grubs and bush plants. They also hunted rabbit, kangaroo, emu, goanna and snake.
The family knew of places like Papunya, Balgo and Mikantji. They knew their relatives lived there. But Lanti had always kept the group away from those places. They had also heard stories about "kartiya" (whites), but did not understand who they were. The few encounters they had with modern objects (cars, planes) were associated with the supernatural. In an interview, Warlimpirrnga remembered, "Joshua had told us about white men and motor cars. We knew there were non-Aboriginal people closing in around us. We didn't know what was happening."
To add to this, there were people who knew this family were still living in the desert. These included Topsy and Freddy West. They and their families all moved to Kiwirrkurra in 1983. Other locals would sometimes see campfires in the distance at night and footprints in the sand and knew they belonged to a group wandering the desert. The territory's welfare department were also said to have known about this particular group as early as 1962, and anthropologists working with the Pintupi during this time would often hear about these people.
The father, Lanti (or "Joshua"), died sometime around 1980. He died at Kuwarla, at the northern end of Lake Mackay. As is customary, the family moved away from the area in mourning. They travelled south, hoping to find some relatives.
The encounter that led to the group leaving the desert happened on 13 October 1984. Warlimpirrnga and Piyiti were out hunting. They were at Lake Mackay, about two days walk from where their family was camped. They saw smoke coming from a campfire to the south. It was at Winparku, a waterhole between Kiwirrkurra and Kintore. A man named Pinta Pinta and his two sons were setting up an outstation there. After dark, Warlimpirrnga came close to the group. They were clothed and sitting next to a four-wheel drive. They drew water for Warlimpirrnga from a pump.
Warlimpirrnga was scared. He was also angry, because these strangers were sitting on the land of his ancestors. They were in fact related, but didn't know each other. Warlimpirrnga knew only about his relatives from what his mothers had told him of them. They had an argument, and Pinta Pinta became frightened. Each thought the other was a featherfoot (sorcerer). When the man's son fired a shot from a rifle, Warlimpirrnga ran off. He took his family north, deep into the desert for safety. This was their first encounter with other people in 20 years.
Meanwhile, Pinta Pinta and his family drove west through the night to Kiwirrkurra. He told everyone they had seen a featherfoot man. But when he described the man to them, Freddy West said he thought it was Warlimpirrnga. The next day, the elders met and decided to find the group and bring them in. On 15 October, a team of seven Pintupi and Charlie McMahon, the community co-ordinator, went out to Winparku. Together they followed the group's tracks across the desert in two four-wheel drives. On the second night, they could see the family's campfire in the distance. The next day, McMahon had to go back. His friend, Geoff Toll, drove up to continue the search with the others. They found the family the next morning, on 18 October. They had tracked them north for to Maruwa, a waterhole near Lake Mackay.
On first seeing Toll, a white man, Warlimpirrnga remembers, "I couldn't believe it. I thought he was a devil, a bad spirit. He was the colour of clouds at sunrise." Yalti thought the white man was a spirit sent to punish her for something she had done wrong. The family were very scared. They tried to run and hide from the trackers. Warlimpirrnga tried to attack them, but Freddy West was able to calm him by showing him how they were related. The trackers gave the family jam from a tin and pieces of chocolate to eat. They convinced the family to come with them to Kiwirrkurra. They told them that there was lots of food and that water came out of pipes. Yalti said that this concept was unbelievable to them.
When they got to Kiwirrkurra, the family saw their relatives again for the first time in over 20 years. They were angry at them for leaving them behind and not coming to find them. When they saw Topsy, her brother and sister were so angry that they hit her. After a few days, Takariya was married off to Freddy West. It was a gesture between the two groups.
The meaning of the event was understood in many different ways. Agencies serving Aboriginals thought the group's discovery would help them in the debate about indigenous land rights. Fred Myers, an anthropologist who was invited to Kiwirrkurra to study the new group, argues that the event became a part of the Pintupi's struggle to get back their autonomy, which they had lost when they first came out of the desert to settle at Papunya. He argues that their main goal was to maintain the new people's ability to govern their own lives.
Before news of the group's discovery spread, the leaders of Kiwirrkurra worked to protect the privacy of the family members. They also wanted to protect them from the same kind of shame or teasing they had experienced themselves coming out of the desert many years before.
One of the first people to be told about the event was the Aboriginal Affairs minister, Clyde Holding. His department wanted to use the group's story in the campaign for Aboriginal land rights. Holding gave the story to "The Herald", a newspaper from Melbourne. In exchange, the newspaper agreed not to tell anyone where the group was. The story was first reported on the newspaper's front page on 24 October, with the headline claiming it had "found the lost tribe". The news caused a sensation, and instantly made headlines across the country. They became popularly known as the "Pintupi Nine" or the "Last Nomads". The family themselves, however, would not tell their own story until much later in life.
This publicity became a problem for Holding. The leaders at Kiwirrkurra were angry with him for giving the story to the press. The newspaper had published photographs of the family members without their permission. It had caused other reporters to try to enter their community to get information. They also did not agree with how the media was defining the event. The little information the press had been given had led to romanticised reports of a "first contact" or a "discovery". But from the Pintupi point of view, the family were relatives whom they knew and had a history with. As they saw it, the group had not been "discovered", but were just coming back together after being separated.
When they had first arrived, a doctor from Kintore had examined the family and decided they were strong, fit, and very healthly. But in a few days time, they all got sick. They did not have any natural immunity to diseases. Holding wanted a government team of medical specialists to treat them. But Kiwirrkurra's leaders would not let any other doctors look at the family. The only people who were allowed to treat them were the local "ngangkari" (medicine man) and the doctor at Kintore.
At this time, the Pintupi still blamed government doctors for the deaths of many of their people who had come in from the desert during the 1960s. These people had died from infection and disease, and Holding was trying to avoid this happening again. By early November, serious concerns about the survival of the family were being raised. The secretary of the department of Aboriginal Affairs, Charles Perkins, strongly criticised the Kiwirrkurra leaders for violating the family's civil rights. He said that if they did not get the proper medical care, all nine of them would die within two months.
The doctor at Kintore thought that it was the Pintupi's responsibility to decide what was best for their own. They trusted him, and let him treat the family. All nine of the family members had caught coughs and a bacterial infection called treponema. The doctor treated them and gave them several immunisations. They eventually became healthy again.
The eldest brother, Piyiti, returned to the desert in 1986. He left in secret and covered his tracks so nobody could follow him. It is not clear why he left, or whether anyone knows why. One local claimed it was because he had heard stories about Pintupi people dying from diseases, and was afraid it would happen to him. McMahon thinks it was because he found it hard to adapt (adjust) to things—particularly conflict, since he had lived all his life with his family. There are different theories about what happened to Piyiti. Some people think he is still living in the desert. Warlimpirrnga, in an interview in 2004, claimed to have seen Piyiti in Alice Springs, and said he now calls himself "Yari Yari".
The others stayed at Kiwirrkura for many years. In 1998, Papalya died from kidney failure. She was probably almost 70 when she died, and was buried in Kiwirrkura. Nanu died in March 2001, also close to 70 years old. Because of a major flood at Kiwirrkura at the time, she was buried in Kintore.
The six remaining members became painters of the Papunya Tula school. The three brothers—Warlimpirrnga, Tamayinya (now known as Thomas) and Walala—now live mostly in Alice Springs. Their paintings have often sold for several thousands of dollars. Warlimpirrnga, particularly, is one of the most well-known artists of the Western Desert style. He has paintings in several national art galleries across the country. He and Yalti have three children. Except for Thomas, they are all married with children. Takariya separated from Freddy West and remarried. Yalti, Yukultji and Takariya still live in Kiwirrkurra. All six of them still speak only Pintupi.
The family became the last group of people living a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle in Australia. They were the last Aboriginal people to make contact with modern civilisation.
Walala Tjapaltjarri
Walala Tjapaltjarri (born Walala Tjapangati) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He is one of the most well-known artists of the Western Desert style.
Walala was born in the late 1960s or early 1970s. He was born at Marua, near Lake Mackay. He grew up living a nomadic, traditional way of life in the desert. His family had never come into contact with modern, Euro-Australian society. He had never seen a white person, and his family always thought the aeroplanes they saw flying overhead were ghosts or spirits. Before Walala was born, his father Lanti had lived for a short time at the mission in Balgo. But he had run away after getting into trouble for stealing food. It was his decision to stay in the desert, and kept his family far away from the towns. Walala's mother was named Watjunka, and he was Watjunka's only child. He also had two other mothers, Papunya and Nanu, who were his father's secondary wives (and his mother's sisters). His father and Watjunka both died when he was young. The family finally came into contact with outsiders in October 1984, and were settled at Kiwirrkurra. He and his family became known as the last Aborigines living a traditional nomadic way of life in Australia.
He is now married with two children, and lives between Kiwirrkura, Alice Springs, and Yuendumu, where his wife is from. He paints at Hoppy's Camp, outside Alice Springs.
Walala began painting in December 1987, a few years after settling at Kiwirrkurra. He was introduced to painting by his cousin Warlimpirrnga. He taught Walala about using paints and canvas. Walala joined the Papunya Tula artists, and he, Thomas and Warlimpirrnga eventually gained fame internationally as the Tjapaltjarri Brothers. Although he normally paints using "Tjapaltjarri" as a surname, Walala's skin name is "Tjapangati".
His paintings depict scenes from the Tingari cycle (sacred and secret songs about the ancestors of the Pintupi). He uses only four colours at most, sticking to earthy, ochre colours to reflect the desert landscape. The places he depicts in his paintings are part of his traditional country, including Marruwa, Mintarnpi, Wanapatangu, Mina Mina, Naami, Yarrawangu and Wilkinkarra (Lake Mackay). These were places where the ancestors stopped for ceremonies when travelling across the country.
Walala uses acrylic paintings on canvas. His early work was in the flowing "dot" style of painting typical of the Papunya Tula artists. His style became different during the late 1990s, and began to paint rigid rectangles, replacing dotted lines with thick, solid lines.