AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bundles was named after A'Lelia Walker (1885–1931). Walker was her great-grandmother. Walker was also the daughter of entrepreneur and philanthropist Madam C. J. Walker. She graduated in 1970 from North Central High School. In 1974 Bundles graduated magna cum laude from Radcliffe College. She was inducted into Harvard's Alpha Iota chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Bundles received a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1976.
During her senior year at Harvard, Bundles began working at as a news anchor for WTLC-FM. After completing her master's degree she went to work for NBC News as a producer. Bundles was assigned to the New York, Houston and Atlanta bureaus. Bundles produced The Today Show and NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw. She also was a producer in Washington, DC for two of NBC's magazine programs. They were co-anchored by Connie Chung and Roger Mudd during the 1980s. In 1989 Bundles went to work at ABC News. She was the bureau chief in Washington, DC. She was the producer of ABC's World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. Bundles was also the chair of a diversity council appointed to advise ABC News president David Westin.
An urban heat island, or UHI, is what happens when a city is warmer than the area around it. It happens because things in cities like concrete take longer to give off heat than things like trees, which are common outside of cities. The urban heat island effect is stronger at night and when there is not much wind. Cities can be 3°C warmer than nearby countryside.
In country areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy goes to evaporate water from vegetation and soil. But cities have less vegetation and soil. In cities, most of the sun’s energy is absorbed by urban building and asphalt paving. During warm daylight hours, there is less evaporative cooling in cities than in country areas. So, surface temperatures rise higher in cities than in country areas.
Also, vehicles, factories, and industrial and domestic heating and cooling units give off more heat in cities. This problem is growing. This effect causes the city to become 2 to 10 F (1 to 6 C) warmer than surrounding rural areas.
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri ( "‘Izzat Ibrāhīm ad-Dūrī"; 1 July 1942 – 26 October 2020) was an Iraqi general and a commander of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order. He was an Iraqi military commander and was vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council until the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. He was second in command of Iraq after Saddam's sons.
Between 1979 to 2003, he was the Vice President of Iraq during the Saddam Hussein regime.
Douri was born in Ad-Dawr, Saladin Province. He was a Sufi Muslim.
Douri was apparently killed in a car bombing on 17 April 2015 in Tikrit, aged 72 but DNA tests failed to confirm his death. A year later, he appeared in a video sent to the press.
Douri died on 26 October 2020 in Iraq from leukemia, aged 78.
Homo (disambiguation)
Homo is the taxonomic genus that includes modern humans ("Homo sapiens sapiens").
Homo may also refer to:
Nintendomagasinet
Nintendomagasinet (NM) was a Swedish video game magazine. It was published between the years of 1990 and 1994. The magazine contained news, reports and comics based on video games. It also had a subscriber-only "Power Player" supplement which consisted of game reviews. The comics were translations of the Nintendo Comics System comics. Later it changed to the Nintendo Power comics "Super Mario Adventures" and "The Legend of Zelda".
The first issue can be seen in the Swedish 1992 film "Jönssonligan & den svarta diamanten".
Zwartbles sheep
Zwartbles sheep are a large breed of domestic sheep. This breed first came from Holland in the north of the Netherlands. They were used to make sheep milk as well as lamb and mutton. They were often kept in the same fields as the dairy cattle.
They were brought over to Great Britain in the late 1900s. They are not very common and now live in the north of England. The sheep have reddish brown wool, black legs with four white socks, a white tip on the tail, and a black face with a white stripe. They do not have horns. The lambs look the same but have jet black wool. These are a tame and friendly sheep, but are difficult to look after.
They are bred for their meat and not for their wool, because it is very dark and cannot be dyed. The meat from Zwartbles sheep does not have much fat and tastes sweet.
The Zwartbles are large sheep: ewes (females) weigh an average of , and rams (males) .
Being so large, they often have three or four lambs. Having so many babies can cause problems for the mother in giving birth.
These sheep have become less popular in Holland. There are so few there that they are listed as being rare by the Dutch Rare Breed Survival trust in the mid-1970s.
The first Zwartbles were imported to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. A group for their farmers and owners, the Zwartbles Sheep Association, was formed in 1995.
Zwartbles are now mainly used for breeding lambs, and for their meat and wool. Already coming from the cold, wet, windy climate in the Netherlands, they can live in good health at various altitudes in Great Britain. Some Zwarbles are now shown in agricultural shows to be judged. The wool of these show animals is often trimmed to remove the brown wool tips. This leaves a tight black fleece showing as the primary colour.
Radcliffe College
Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the female college attached to Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges.
It shared, with Bryn Mawr College, the popular reputation of students being both intellectually and independently minded. Radcliffe gave Radcliffe College diplomas to undergraduates and graduate students for the first 70 or so years of its history.
In 1963 Radcliffe gave joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates. A formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977. Radcliffe was fully integrated with Harvard by 1999. Today, in Harvard University, Radcliffe's former campus is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. The former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle is now in the Harvard College housing system. Under the terms of the 1999 agreement, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle will always keep the "Radcliffe" name.
Bethel
Shiloh (biblical city)
House of Rohan
The House of Rohan is a French noble family of viscounts, later dukes and princes. They come from the area called Rohan in Brittany. Their line descends from the viscounts of Porhoët. It is said to trace back to the legendary Conan Meriadoc. Through the Porhoët, the Rohan are related to the Dukes of Brittany. They also later developed ties with the French and English royal houses. They played an important role in French and European history.
In France there were generally considered to have been two individual lines, the Princes of Soubise and the Princes of Guéméné. Both had many other titles. Four Archbishops of Strasbourg were members of the family. The Princes of Rochefort descended from the Guéméné line.
The great wealth of the family allowed them to build several palaces and townhouses. They built them in cities and countries in and around Europe. Well known examples of these are:
Sarona (colony)
Sarona was a German Templer colony in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is now a neighborhood of the city. It was one of the earliest modern villages established in Palestine.
Sarona was built in 1871. It was located northeast of Jaffa. Now, the land the former colony is in the center of Tel Aviv. Many people in the Templar communities became Nazi sympathisers before and after World War II. By 1948 authorities of the British Mandate had expelled them.
Today, the place has been renovated and renewed as a "shopping village, subtracting and entertainment."
Evolve (video game)
Evolve is a first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Turtle Rock Studios and published by 2K Games. The game was released on February 10, 2015 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.
On July 1, the game won the Best of E3 2014 "Best of Show", and it was also the winner of the "Best Console Game", "Best Action Game" and "Best Online Multiplayer" awards. On August 15, the game was awarded the most awards at the 2014 Gamescom Awards.
IGN rated the game a 9.0 out of 10. Vince Ingenito of "IGN" said that the game was "Turtle Rock has created a smart, asymmetric, multiplayer monster-hunting game that plays unlike anything else. It's tactically deep, bursting with character, and it offers a level of nuance rarely found in multiplayer shooters."
GameSpot rated the game 8 out of 5. Kevin VanOrd of "GameSpot" said of the AI: "[it] is strong enough to make playing offline matches rewarding on its own terms".
Nontron () is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Dordogne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, southwestern France. It is the capital of the northernmost "arrondissement" of the Dordogne department.
The "Nontronite" is a mineral (a silicate mineral) rich in iron named after Nontron.
Nontron has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The "commune" is in the centre of the Regional Natural Park Périgord Limousin ().
Nontron is surrounded by the "communes" Le Bourdeix, Augignac, Savignac-de-Nontron, Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière, Sceau-Saint-Angel, Saint-Martial-de-Valette and Saint-Martin-le-Pin.
The inhabitants of Nontron are known, in French, as "Nontronnais" (women: "Nontronnaises").
With a population of 3,151 (2014), Nontron has a population density of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Nontron
Nontron forms, together with Saint-Martial-de-Valette, the urban area of Nontron with a population of 4,017 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Nontron, formed by 5 "communes" with a population of 4,653 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Nontron is a subprefecture of the Dordogne and the capital of the "arrondissement" of Nontron.
The "commune" is the administrative centre () of the "Périgord Vert Nontronnais" canton formed by 28 "communes".
It is part of the intercommunality "Périgord Vert Nontronnais" ().
A hardiness zone is an area where some plants can grow. The zones are categories based on the average coldest temperature in a given year. Plants in that category or one with a lower number can grown in that area.
A lane is a part of a highway that can be used by one line of vehicles. Most roads have two or more lanes, with at least one lane for traffic going each way. In Great Britain a narrow rural road is called a lane.
Some roads have a center lane to make it easier for cars and trucks to turn. There can also be turn lanes on the outer part of the road. If roads have more than one lane going in one direction, cars in the outer lanes usually go faster than cars in the inner lanes. Highways may also have express lanes that can only be used for certain types of vehicles, like those carrying two or more people. Lanes in most jurisdictions have rules for minimum and maximum lane widths. In the United States the Federal Highway Administration has recommended lane widths for US highways and interstates.
Traunsee
Traunsee is a lake in the Salzkammergut area in Austria. It is about long. The lake is wide and deep. This depth makes it the deepest lake in Austria. It also is the second largest lake in Upper Austria.
At the north end of the lake is Gmunden, the capital of the Gmunden district . At the south end of the lake is Ebensee. The other two towns around the lake are Altmünster and Traunkirchen. At the east side of the lake is the mountain Traunstein. It is high.
The first settlements around the lake go back to the fifth century. The Romans later called the Lake "Lacus Felix" (the happy lake). The first time the lake was mentioned in a document was in 909 AD. Then it was called "Trunseo".
The Traunsee is a popular destination for tourists. It is possible to swim in the traunsee. The water quality is very good. The average water temperature in August reaches . Other water sports are also possible: Sailing, Surfing and Diving.
On a small island in Gmunden is the "Schloss Ort". It is a small, medieval Castle built in 1080.
Gmunden (district)
The Gmunden District (German: "Bezirk Gmunden") is a district of the state of Upper Austria in Austria. It is the largest district of Upper Austria with 1433 square kilometres (553 square miles). Gmunden has borders in the north with the districts of Vöcklabruck, Wels-Land and Kirchdorf an der Krems. In the south it has a border with the Styrian district Liezen. In the west it has borders with the following districts of the Salzburgerland: Sankt Johann im Pongau, Hallein and Salzburg-Umgebung.
The administrative center of Gmunden is in the town of Gmunden.
The district of Gmunden consists mostly of forests (54%). 17% of the area are used for agriculture. 3.8% of the area are bodies of water, like the Traunsee or the Hallstätter See.
The district was formed in 1896 from the juridical districts of Bad Ischl and Gmunden.
Gmunden is divided into 20 towns.
Ontario Highway 7
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Mitchell, Ontario
Mitchell is a community in Perth County, Ontario, Canada. It is 20 kilometers north of Stratford and 60 kilometers north of London. The Mitchell Hawks of the Southern Ontario Junior Hockey League is based in the town.
Mitchell was founded in 1836 by William Johnston and John Hicks. It was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became a town in 1874. In 1998, Mitchell amalgamated with the Townships of Logan, Fullarton, and Hibbert to form the Municipality of West Perth.
Orillia
Orillia is a city in Central Ontario, Canada. It is 135 kilometers (84 miles) north of Toronto. It is between two lakes, Lake Couchiching and Lake Simcoe. According to the Canada 2011 Census, 30,586 people lived in Orillia.
The Orillia City Council is in charge of governing the city and has eight councilors and a mayor. The Ontario Provincial Police has its headquarters in the city.
The Huron and the Iroquois lived in the area of Orillia for over 4,000 years. Nobody really knows how Orillia got its name. It might come from the Spanish word "orilla", which means the shore of a lake or river. Orillia was incorporated as a village in 1867. It became a city in 1967.
West Perth, Ontario
West Perth is a municipality in Ontario, Canada, located in Perth County. It was started in 1998, when the town of Mitchell and the townships of Logan, Hibbert, and Fullarton amalgamated. West Perth has an area of 589.42 square kilometers (223.72 square miles). According to the Canada 2011 Census, it has a population of 8,919.
Middlesex County is a rural county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 70,796. The county seat is in the city of London, even though London is politically independent of the county.
Middlesex County has eight incorporated municipalites: Adelaide Metcalfe, Lucan Biddulph, Middlesex Centre, Newbury, North Middlesex, Southwest Middlesex, Strathroy-Caradoc, and Thames Centre. There are also three reservations of the First Nations in the county: Chippewas of the Thames 42, Munsee-Delaware 1, and Onedia 41.
Stevie McCrorie
Stevie McCrorie (born 1985) is a Scottish singer, musician and firefighter. He is best known for winning the fourth series of "The Voice UK" in April 2015.
McCrorie's first song was called "Lost Stars". It was released on 5 April 2015. He used to be a singer from 2010 until 2012 and again has had a new career since January 2015.
Central Ontario
Central Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is between Georgian Bay and the eastern end of Lake Ontario. It covers . It has a population of 1,070,644 according to the Canada 2011 Census. Much of the subregion is rural. The southern part is more densely populated than the northern part. Some of the largest cities include Peterborough, Barrie, and Belleville.
There are five counties in the subregion:
Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
Mario Pirani
Mario Pirani Coen (August 3, 1925 – April 18, 2015) was an Italian journalist, economist, and writer. He was born in Rome. After the experiences with "", "Il Giorno" and "Il Globo", he participated, together with Eugenio Scalfari, to create "la Repubblica", a newspaper that became one of the first in Italy. He was also editor of L'Europeo from 1979 to 1980, succeeding Giovanni Valentini. In 1995 he won the Premiolino.
Pirani died in Rome, Italy, aged 89.
Tom McCabe
Thomas "Tom" McCabe (28 April 1954 – 19 April 2015) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was Minister for Finance in the Scottish Executive, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Hamilton South until May 2011.
He became an MSP in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, later holding the positions of Minister for Parliament (1999–2001), Minister for Health and Community Care (2003–2004), and Minister for Finance.
McCabe died in April 2015 after a short illness, aged 60.
State Archive of the Russian Federation
Israel State Archives
Bonded labour or debt bondage (or debt slavery) is a term used to refer to a situation where someone (a debtor) has to work for the person who lent him money. Generally, the conditions of this form of labour are close to slavery. Bonded labour is one of the most common forms of modern-day slavery-like conditions. Usually, the person working gets paid very little money in return for very hard work. Very often, the exact amount to be re-paid is not defined clearly. The person doing the bonded labour will never be able to pay off the debt through work. A regular work contract will also give rights to the person being employed, and the amount of work. In a normal working contract, difficult, dangrous or exhausting work will usually get paid better. This is not the case with debt bondage.
Debt bondage is banned by the Convention of United Nation about slavery in 1956.
Brive
Brive-la-Gaillarde, commonly called Brive, is the subprefecture of the Corrèze departement. Until 1919, the name of the city was Brive; since then it has been known as Brive-la-Gaillarde. About 50.000 people live in the city, and close to 100.000 in its urban area. The city goes back to antiquity; its name simply means bridge. In this case, the Corrèze was easy to cross at this place. Gundoald was elected king of Aquitaine in Brive, in the year 584.
When a person is addicted to alcohol, it can be difficult for them to quit drinking on their own, or they may find themselves relapsing after various attempts to remain sober. Because of this, an addiction hotline can be useful in connecting individuals with a trusted advisor to answer any questions they may have about substance abuse, most often 24-hours-a-day.
A drug abuse hotline or helpline is a toll-free number that has been established for the specific purpose of providing confidential and anonymous information related to addiction and treatment. Those addicted to alcohol or illegal or prescription drugs can call the telephone number and receive information on substance use, treatment facilities, and other drug-related topics.
Parents or loved ones can call and find out more about addiction, as well as inpatient rehabilitation and other care options. Drug use hotlines are generally available 24 hours a day and are staffed with caring and knowledgeable individuals who want to help.
Erwin Waldner
Erwin Waldner (24 January 1933 – 18 April 2015) was a German footballer. He played for five teams between 1952 and 1967, including VfB Stuttgart.
Walder was born in Nürtingen, Baden-Württemberg. He died there on 18 April 2015, aged 82.
Uche Chukwumerije
Uche Chukwumerije (November 1939 – 19 April 2015) was a Nigerian politician for the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He represented the Abia North Senatorial District from 29 May 2003 until his death.
Chukwumerije was born in Abia State to a Christian family. One of his sons is Chika Chukwumerije (born 1983), a taekwondo artist and Olympic medalist.
Chukwumerije died from lung cancer on 19 April 2015 in Abuja. He was 75.
Elio Toaff
Elio Toaff (30 April 1915 – 19 April 2015) was an Italian rabbi. He was the Chief Rabbi of Rome from 1951 to 2002. From 1947, he served as a rabbi in Venice. He had a friendship with Pope John Paul II, and attended his funeral in April 2005.
Toaff was born in Livorno. One of his children is Israeli-Italian professor Ariel Toaff (born 1942 in Ancona).
Toaff died on 19 April 2015 in Rome, aged 99.
Natalie Bennett
Heino Kleiminger
Heino Kleiminger (3 February 1939 – 16 April 2015) was a German footballer. He played for FC Anker Wismar, F.C. Hansa Rostock, and the East Germany national football team between 1956 and 1973.
Kleiminger was born in Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. His son Ralf Kleiminger (born 1963) was also a footballer. He survived a massive heart attack in 1997, and had a bypass operation in 1998.
Kleiminger died from cancer on 16 April 2015 in Rostock. He was 76.
Aharon Lichtenstein
Aharon Lichtenstein (23 May 1933 – 20 April 2015) was a French-born American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi, rosh yeshiva and writer. He was an authority of Jewish law ("Halacha"). He won the Israel Prize in 2014.
Lichtenstein was born in Paris and grew up in New York, United States. He studied at Yeshiva University and Harvard University. He married in 1960 and had six children.
Lichtenstein died on 20 April 2015 in Jerusalem, aged 81.
Claudius Aelianus
Claudius Aelianus was a teacher from Latium. He was born around the year 170. He died after 220. Even though he was from Rome, he wrote in Greek. In English, he is often referred to as Aelian.
Bernoulli distribution
The Bernoulli distribution is a probability distribution. It takes a value of 1 with probability "p" and a value of 0 with probability 1-"p". It is sometimes written as formula_1. It is used in probability theory and statistics. It is named after a Swiss scientist Jacob Bernoulli.
A Bernoulli distribution is useful because it can be used to approximate the outcomes of an experiment (such as tossing a coin) as a range of percentages. It represents a "yes or no" type experiment. If the experiment succeeds, then it is given the value 1. If the experiment does not succeed, it is given value 0. This can be used, for example, in tossing a coin, where "1" means it lands on "heads", and "0" means it lands on "tails" (or the other way around).
This distribution has only one parameter, the probability of a success ("p"). In fact, Bernoulli distribution is the binomial distribution with "n"=1, and "n" independent and identically distributed Bernoulli distributions also give rise to binomial distribution.
Fennoscandia
Fennoscandia or Fenno-Scandinavia is the region including the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland, Karelia, and the Kola Peninsula. The term usually covers the countries Finland, Norway, and Sweden in their entireties. It also includes a part of Russia. Its name comes from the Latin words Fennia (which means Finland) and Scandia (which means Scandinavia).
Fennoscandia is different to both Scandinavia and the Nordic countries. Denmark is not in the Scandinavian Peninsula and Karelia and the Kola Peninsula are not a part of the Nordic countries. They are a part of Russia. The geography of Fennoscandia is very mountainous and rough. It is also very beautiful with sights such as fjords, which take up a lot of space in Norway. Socially Fennoscandia shows the historically close relationship between the Finnish, Norwegian, Russian, Sami and Swedish people.
Jonathan Crombie
Jonathan Crombie (October 12, 1966 – April 15, 2015) was a Canadian actor. He was best known for playing Gilbert Blythe in CBC Television's 1985 television "Anne of Green Gables" and its two sequels.
Crombie died in New York City, New York from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 48.
Ben Powers
Alton "Ben" Powers (July 5, 1950 – April 6, 2015) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Thelma Evans' husband, Keith Anderson, during the sixth and final season of the 1970s TV show "Good Times" (1978–1979). During the 1970s, he was a cast member of the TV comedy series, "Laugh-In".
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (; 9 September 1918 – 29 January 2012) was an Italian politician. He was the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and later a senator for life.
Norm Crosby
Norman Lawrence "Norm" Crosby (September 15, 1927 – November 7, 2020) was an American comedian. He was known for co-hosting the Canadian television series "Everything Goes". His nickname was The Master of Malaprop.
On November 7, 2020, Crosby died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 93.
Frederic Morton
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Arvada, Colorado
The City of Arvada is a city in Jefferson County Colorado, USA. It is a suburb of Denver. The United States Census Bureau estimated the city population at 111,707 residents in 2013. Arvada is the seventh largest city in Colorado. The Olde Town Arvada historic district is located northwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. In 1850 gold was discovered in Arvada. It was the first gold discovery in Colorado. News of the discovery set off a gold rush.
Richard Anthony, also known as Ricardo Anthony Btesh (13 January 1938 – 19 April 2015), was a French singer from Cairo, Egypt. He was known for singing the soundtrack of "A Good Year" and for his small acting roles in "Dallas" and "".
Anthony died in Pégomas, France, aged 77.
Raymond Carr
Sir Raymond Albert Maillard Carr FBA FRHS FRSL (11 April 1919 – 19 April 2015), known as Raymond Carr, was an English historian. His works were mostly about the history of Spain, Latin America, and Sweden. He was also Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1968 to 1987.
Bob St. Clair
Robert Bruce "Bob" St. Clair (February 18, 1931 – April 20, 2015), nicknamed "The Geek", was an American football player and politician. He played for the NFL team San Francisco 49ers from 1953 to 1963. He also served as mayor of Daly City, California from 1958 to 1961.
St. Clair was born in San Francisco, California. He was of Yaqui Native American ancestry.
St. Clair died after a short illness on April 20, 2015 in Santa Rosa, California. He was 74.
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik (; 3 January 1927 – 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Assam from 27 November 2009 to 11 December 2014. He was Chief Minister of Odisha from 9 June 1980 to 7 December 1989 and again from 15 March 1995 to 17 February 1999. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress
Patnaik was born in Rameshwar, Puri district, Odisha to a Hindu family. He married to Jayanti Patnaik from 1953 until his death. They had a son and two daughters.
Patnaik died from a heart attack on 21 April 2015 in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. He was 88.
Viktor Korshunov
Viktor Ivanovich Korshunov (; 24 November 1929 – 17 April 2015) was a Russian movie and stage actor. His career started in the 1950s. He was awarded the People's Artist of the USSR.
Korshunov was born in Moscow. He married actress Yekaterina Yelanskaya in 1953. She died in July 2013. They had one son, actor Aleksandr Korshunov (born 1954).
Korshunov died after a long illness on 17 April 2015 in Moscow, aged 85.
Adams–Onís Treaty
The Adams-Onís Treaty (also called the Florida treaty) was a treaty between Spain and the United States of America in 1819. This treaty gave the state of Florida to the United States. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries. It established the U.S- Mexican border.
The treaty was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came at a time of increasing difficulties related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America. This was with both the United States and Great Britain following the American Revolution. There were also tensions during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a problem for Spain. It could not afford to send settlers or garrisons.
The treaty was signed in Washington, DC on February 22, 1819. It was ratified in Madrid, Spain on October 24, 1820. The treaty actually went into effect on February 22, 1821. Madrid decided to cede the territory of Florida to the United States. This was in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory. It recognized the claims of the United States through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean. In exchange the U.S. paid residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000. The United States also gave up its claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the agreements in the Louisiana Purchase. Adams-Onis was a key event in determining the U.S.-Mexico border.
1860 United States presidential election
The United States presidential election of 1860 was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860. The election of President Abraham Lincoln served as a trigger for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into three factions. Each group felt they could best defeat the Republican Party candidate.
In April 1860 Democrats met in Charleston, South Carolina to select a candidate for the upcoming presidential election. The convention was in complete chaos. Northern democrats wanted to nominate Stephen A. Douglas. Southern democrats would not support him because he supported new states having the popular sovereignty right to choose whether they would allow slavery. The convention could not agree on a candidate. Later, in a separate convention, the northern democrats met again and chose Douglas. The southern democrats chose John C. Breckinridge. He was the Vice President of the United States under President James Buchanan.
Later, a third group, The newly formed Constitutional Union Party chose John Bell as their candidate. The party included a few southern democrats who were against slavery. It also included members of the Whig Party and the Know Nothing party. The Constitutional Union Party was against secession and neutral on the issue of slavery. Bell himself was an ex-democrat.
The Republican party saw an opportunity when the democrats were split. They met in Chicago on May 16–18. William H. Seward was the favorite among many. Abraham Lincoln had become known as a result of his debates with Stephen A. Douglas. He had the advantage the convention was held in Chicago, the center of his support. After two ballots, there was no clear choice. On the third ballot the republicans chose Lincoln.
Lincoln's position on the issue of slavery was known from his senatorial debates with Stephen Douglas in 1858. In one debate he said, "I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." One of his most memorable quotes he stated, "A house divided against itself cannot stand." Even so, he was considered a moderate on the issue of slavery. He knew he could not end slavery in the south in one step. Instead he only spoke out against slavery in new American territories.
Lincoln won the election with 1,866,452 votes. Douglas received 1,376,957 votes. John Breckinridge and John Bell shared the remaining 1,438,660 votes cast. Lincoln won the majority of the electoral college giving him the presidency. But he won without carrying a single Southern state. Before Lincoln's inauguration as president, seven Southern states declared their secession. In his inaugural address, Lincoln spoke to the Southern states. He said, "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war". He went on to say, "The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to 'preserve, protect, and defend' it." Lincoln called them friends and told them we are not enemies. Unfortunately by this time Jefferson Davis was already the president of the Confederacy. They were later joined by Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Two states, Kentucky and Missouri, attempted to remain neutral.
On April 12, 1861, the first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
Cătălina Ponor
Cătălina Ponor (; born 20 August 1987) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She has won five medals at the Summer Olympics, three of them were gold medals.
Gregory Pardlo
Gregory Pardlo (born 1968) is an American poet, writer, and professor. His book "Digest" won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.x In 2007, Pardlo's first book "Totem" received the American Poetry Review/ Honickman Prize.
Parldo was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1968. He grew up in Willingboro, New Jersey. Gregory Pardlo received his B.A. in English from Rutgers University. In 2001, he earned his M.F.A. from New York University. He was the New York Times Fellow in Poetry. He has received other fellowships. He is a fellow at the New York Foundation for the Arts, the Cave Canem Foundation, the MacDowell Artist's Colony, the Seaside Institute. Also, the Lotos Club Foundation, and City University of New York. He received a translation grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. He is a Teaching Fellow at Columbia University.
Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi
Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi (‎; 1938 – 21 April 2015) was an Egyptian poet. Before his death, he worked on children's books. His best known work is "Death on the Asphalt". He was one of a generation of poets who wrote their work in the Egyptian dialect rather than in normal Arabic, the normal literary language.
Abnudi was born in Qena Governorate. He was married to director Attiyat El Abnoudy. He later married Nehal Kamal. He had two children, Nour and Aya.
Abnudi died from problems caused by brain surgery on 21 April 2015, aged 76.
Steve Byrnes
Steven Patrick "Steve" Byrnes (April 14, 1959 – April 21, 2015) was an American television announcer and producer. In 1985, he began his working on auto racing reporting, mostly NASCAR. In 2001, he began working with "NASCAR on Fox" as a pit reporter, and later became the host of Fox Sports 1's studio show "NASCAR Race Hub".
Byrnes was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in New Carrolton, Maryland. He was married to Karen Goines from 1993 until his death. They had a son, Bryson.
Byrnes died from head and neck cancer on April 21, 2015 in Fort Mill, South Carolina. He was 56.
Midge
Midge is a common term for many types of small fly. They are all in a suborder, the Nematocera.
They are found on practically every land area except permanently dry deserts and the frozen zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae (sand fly) and Simuliidae (black fly), are vectors of various diseases. Others are prey items for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows.
The highland midge of Scotland ("Culicoides impunctatus") is present in huge numbers. It is a significant blood-sucking pest. It is found in upland and lowland areas (fens, bogs and marshes) especially in the north west of Scotland from late spring to late summer.
The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family midges commonly have similar ecological roles. Examples of families which include midges are:
Ibrahim Yusri
Ibrahim Yusri (20 April 1950 – 20 April 2015) was an Egyptian actor. He worked on movies, stage, and television. His best known movie was "The Terrorist" (1994).
Yusri was born in Giza. He graduated from the Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts in 1975.
Yusri died from kidney failure on his 65th birthday (20 April 2015) in Cairo.
Dirndl
A dirndl [ˈdɪʁndl̩] is a type of dress worn by women in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria and South Tyrol. It is made to look like the traditional clothing that peasants from the Alps used to wear. Originally the term "Dirndl" meant girl in Bavarian. Now it can mean either the dress or a girl. It was also called a "Dirndlgewand". In the 1800s servant girls wore a very similar dress. They were very plain. A heavy, often dark colored dress was worn in winter. It had a long sleeve dirndl blouse and thick apron to go with it. In summer a light version was worn. Summer dresses were worn with a short puffed-sleeve dirndl blouse. Different styles were worn in different regions. The bow on the apron is tied on the left (she is single) or the right side (she is not single).
Sandra Izbașa
Sandra Raluca Izbaşa () (born June 18, 1990) is a Romanian gymnast. She has won two Olympic gold medals, at the floor event at the 2008 Olympics and at the vault event at the 2012 Olympics.
Tatiana Volosozhar
Honoré III, Prince of Monaco
Honoré III, Prince of Monaco (Honoré Camille Léonor; 10 November 1720 – 21 March 1795) was a reigning prince of the small state of Monaco. He succeeded his mother Louise Hippolyte and is to this day still one of the longest reigning European rulers.
The eldest surviving son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques
In May 1732 he moved to Paris to be with his father till he was officially proclaimed the prince of Monaco. Antoine Grimaldi, the "Chevalier de Grimaldi", acted as regent for the prince between 1732 and 1784, when Honoré chose to live in Paris. This situation remained the same for half a century until Antoine's death in 1784,
On 5 June 1757 he married Maria Caterina Brignole a member of one of the most powerful and wealthy familys in the Republic of Genoa. The had two sons before divorcing in 1770.
Misako Uno
, known as Akane (茜) (born July 16, 1986) is a Japanese actress, product designer and talent agent. She is also a singer and dancer in the band "". She was born in Endokawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Uno grew up in there. Her father is a copywriter. She has been active since the 1994.
In 2006 Uno appeared in her first movie, Hollywood's "The Grudge 2" as a japanese student.
In 2008 she played Keiko Endo (遠藤 恵子) in "Hitomi" (瞳) of the NHK television fiction show.
In 2010 Uno appeared in her second film "Rendez-vous (ランデブー！)" as the leading character.
In 2011 her early life was into the english textbooks of japan's Ministry of science.
In 2012 she played Akane Yabuki (矢吹 茜) in "Ume-chan Sensei" (梅ちゃん先生) of the NHK television fiction show.
In 2013 she played Hoshino Tsukiyama (月山 星乃) in "Tokyo toy box (東京トイボックス)" of the TV Tokyo. Tsukiyama is the heroine.
Jean de La Fontaine (; 8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was the first of the French fabulist. He was one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known for his fables. These provided a model for later fabulists across Europe. They were also an example for numerous alternative versions in France and in French regional languages.
According to Flaubert, he was the only French poet to understand and master the subtleties of the French language before Victor Hugo. A set of postage stamps La Fontaine and the "Fables" was issued by France in 1995.
Dordogne (river)
The Dordogne () is a river in south-central and southwest France. The Dordogne river and its drainage basin was named as a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO on 11 July 2012.
The Dordogne has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 274 cubic metres per second at Bergerac.
Average monthly discharge (m/s) at Bergerac (1958-2011)
The Dordogne starts on the sides of the Puy de Sancy, Massif Central, in the "commune" of Mont-Dore, Puy-de-Dôme department, at an elevation of about .
It flows generally west through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Dordogne department before flowing into the Gironde where it joins, in the north of the city of Bordeaux, the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary, at about of altitude.
The Dordogne flows through 4 regions, 6 departments and 173 "communes". The main "communes" are:
The main tributaries (more than 50 km long) of the Dordogne river are:
Isle (river)
The Isle () is a river of south-western France that flows through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is a right tributary of the Dordogne river.
The Isle has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 61.7 cubic metres per second at Coutras.
The Isle starts on the "Monts du Limousin", part of the Massif Central, in the "commune" of Janailhac, Haute-Vienne department, at an elevation of about .
It flows generally southwest through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments before flowing into the Dordogne river in Libourne at about of altitude.
The Isle flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 66 "communes". The main "communes" are:
The main tributaries (more than 50 km long) of the Isle river are:
National Museum of History of Azerbaijan
National Museum of History of Azerbaijan () is the national museum of history of Azerbaijan. It is the largest museum of Azerbaijan. It is in Baku, in the former mansion of Azerbaijani oil magnate and philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. It was founded in 1920.
Rose Greenhow
Rose O'Neal Greenhow (1813/1814– October 1, 1864) was a famous Confederate spy during the American Civil War. She was a socialite in Washington, D.C. before the war. Greenhow was friends with presidents, generals, senators, and high-ranking military officers. She used these friendships to pass along key military information to the Confederacy at the start of the war. In early 1861 she was put in control of a group of Confederate spies in Washington, DC. This was by Thomas Jordan, then a captain in the Confederate Army. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate president, gave her credit for helping the South's victory at the First Battle of Bull Run in late July 1861.
Greenhow was captured in August. She was placed under house arrest. But she continued her spying activities. In 1862 after an espionage hearing, she was imprisoned for nearly five months in Washington, DC. Then she was deported to the Confederate States. Greenhow traveled to Richmond, Virginia and continued to work for the confederacy. She sailed to Europe to represent the Confederacy in a diplomatic mission to France and England. She also wrote and published her memoir in London. The book was popular in England. She wanted to return to America. She took with her $2,000 in Gold. On her voyage back, her ship ran aground off Wilmington, North Carolina. A Union gunboat had chased them up the Cape Fear River. Greenhow and one other passenger tried to escape in a rowboat. Weighed down with gold she drowned when her rowboat overturned. She was honored with a Confederate military funeral.
In 1993 the women's auxiliary of the Sons of Confederate Veterans changed its name to the Order of the Confederate Rose. This followed a television movie the previous year. A new biography of her was published in 2005.
Dick Balharry
Richard "Dick" Balharry (24 May 1937 – 22 April 2015) was a Scottish conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer. He was known for improving and protecting Scotland's natural landscapes. Just days before his death, he was given an award by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS).
Balharry was born near Dundee. He died from cancer on 22 April 2015, aged 77.
Roy Mason
Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley, PC (18 April 1924 – 20 April 2015), was a British Labour politician and former Cabinet minister. He was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in the late 1970s.
Jeremiah J. Rodell
Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov
Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov () (May 29, 1965 – April 21, 2015) was a Russian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was known for his comedy movie "Luna Papa" (1999). He won a Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival for his movie "Kosh ba kosh" (1993).
Khudojnazarov died from a short illness in Berlin, Germany, aged 49.
Samuel Wilson (September 13, 1766 – July 31, 1854) was a meat-packer from Troy, New York whose name is likely the source of the personification of the United States known as "Uncle Sam".
Theodosia Okoh
Theodosia Salome Okoh (13 June 1922 — 19 April 2015) was a Ghanaian stateswoman, teacher and artist. She was known for designing Ghana's flag in 1957. She also played a leading role in the development of hockey in Ghana.
Santa Rosa, California
Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. The Census Bureau estimated its 2012 population at 170,685. In the beginning of October, 2017, a firestorm burnt 5% of the homes in the city, killing atleast 19 people.
Shiaphobia
Anti-Shi'ism (pronounced: Anti, She, ism) or Shiaphobia is the prejudice against or hatred of Shia Muslims. Shia Muslims make up somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of Muslims worldwide. Sunni Islam and Shia Islam split because the two groups have different beliefs about the type of person that could become a caliph, a top leader of Muslim peoples. Shias believed the leader should be related to the Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis believed the leader should be chosen for his ability to lead the community ( it's not because the leader should be related but because the prophet Mohammed said in the ghadeer that Ali will be the leader after him which they didn't follow.
The two groups have lived together peacefully for centuries. Shia and Sunni have not only lived together they have intermarried in many cases. But modern politics and recent events have sparked new fighting between the two groups. Modern Anti-Shi'ism violence is just a part of the overall conflict. It is one result of the collapse of authoritarian rule in the region.
Controlled burn
A controlled burn (sometimes also called a prescribed fire) is a fire that is started on purpose, and kept under control. It is done by people who are trained in controlling a fire, with the right equipment and the right weather conditions. It is done to help the environment or to make an area safer for people.
This is not the same as a practice fire, where a firefighter crew might start a fire in a house or other building that is going to be destroyed. They use it for practice, to learn how to enter a burning house safely and how to put out a house fire. Controlled burns, on the other hand, are done outdoors in forests or prairies.
There are several reasons why a controlled burn may take place. In some areas, there may be too much dry wood and dead plants. If a fire started there that was not controlled (like arson, an accident, or a lightning strike), that fire could become dangerous. So by having trained people there, and burning it carefully, then the fire won't be as hot and won't get out of control.
Another reason is to help nature. Some plants need fire so their seeds can start to grow, some animals prefer to live in places that have been recently burned, and sometimes it helps to get rid of weeds. Also, the ash on the ground is a quick fertilizer and helps return nutrients to the soil.
Sometimes it is done to help people. It can clear an area of brush and make it easier to see and move around. Hunter-gatherer people would do this to chase game into an area where they can kill the animal for food. This is becoming rare.
From the fire triangle, it is known that a fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat. To control a fire, removing one of these three things will cause the fire to go out. To keep the fire in the area it is supposed to be in, the fire can be smothered, removing oxygen. Or it can be sprayed with water, removing the heat. And the fire finishes when there is no more fuel.
Generally, the "back fire" is started first. This is the fire that burns into the wind, and moves slowly. This is a smaller, safer fire, and is easier to control. It can be started next to a trail or stream or other "fire break" that keeps the fire from moving downwind.
After the back fire is in place, then the "head fire" is started. It will burn downwind (travels with the wind). This will burn faster and hotter. When it reaches the back fire, there is no more fuel for the fire, and it dies out.
The list can depend on the group doing the burn, but often includes:
Gennadi Vengerov