AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
20% (one in five) of fungal species live in lichens. Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the "ascus". Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names. Algae may be sometimes the dominant partner in so-called 'jelly lichens', "Collema" and "Leptogium", but this is rare. More usually, the algae are the green alga "Trebouxia". Other species are the orange "Trentepohli", and the cyanobacterium "Nostoc".
The life habit of lichens is to stick closely onto surfaces.
Lichens can occur anywhere on land, and some can live in aquatic environments. The nearest rock, wall or roof probably has lichen on it. Often the lichen is mat-like, and clings to the surface. Some are like little bushes: see the photos. Lichens are famous for not needing a regular supply of water; their metabolism can go into suspension, and later revive. When growing on mineral surfaces, some lichens slowly break down the substrate, and extract tiny amounts of mineral nutrient. Fungi form the main part of the thallus (body), with the photobiont contributing 20% or less. The photobiont is usually on the inside of the thallus.
Lichen thalli may grow together and fuse, and this may happen between different species and genera. These are called 'mechanical hybrids'. They get noticed when the two forms are differently colored.
Lichen do survive extreme conditions. They are found in some of the most extreme places on Earth – the frozen north, hot deserts, rocky coasts. They are common as epiphytes on leaves and branches in rain forests and temperate woods. They can live on bare rock, walls and gravestones, and on exposed soil surfaces. There are about 200 different kinds of lichens in Antarctica. In the Horlick Mountains, at 86 degrees south, there are six different kinds of lichen. In the Himalayas, they grow at altitudes up to 18,000 feet (~5500m).
The European Space Agency discovered that lichen can survive unprotected in space. Two species of lichen were sealed in a capsule and launched on a Russian Soyuz rocket. Once in orbit the capsules were opened. Two species of lichen were exposed to the vacuum of space, to cosmic radiation and huge swings of temperature. After 15 days the lichens were retrieved and were found to be in full health: no damage was found.
There are a huge number of lichen species in rainforests, far outnumbering flowering plants. The lichen are mostly epiphytes, living on trees. A single site in Costa Rica yielded about 300 species of lichen on leaves, in the understory of the rain forest; a single fallen "Elaeocarpus" tree in New Guinea held 173 species; the evergreen laurel "Ocotea atirrensis" was found with 50–80 lichen species on a "single leaf".
When partnerships are very close, it is difficult to assign benefits to either partner. Their success is as a pair (or trio). Sometimes the partners can exist as separate organisms: certainly their close relatives can. Probably most of the algae and all of the cyanobacteria can survive on their own, though in more restricted habitats. The details vary according to the specific species or strains involved. The man who first realised the nature of lichen, Simon Schwedener, thought of the partnership as one of controlled parasitism. Obviously, the photobiont provides photosynthetic products: carbohydrates as sugar alcohols (green algae) or glucose (cyanobacteria). The bacteria also convert atmospheric nitrogen (N) to ammonium ions (NH) which the fungus can use in amino acids for proteins.
The alga certainly benefits from a supply of water (which the fungus is good at storing). There is also general mechanical protection. Algae get protection from ultraviolet light, which in some environments is quite significant. Probably, algae get access to the minute amounts of minerals, which the fungus gets from the substrate or from dust settling on the thallus. Algal cells are sometimes destroyed in the course of nutrient exchange, though the algal cells divide and replace them. Above all, the partnership is a resounding success, and gets to places where few plants can survive.
Many lichens reproduce without sex (asexual reproduction). They make small groups of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments. These "soridia" can be blown by wind. Some lichens just break up into fragments when they dry. Wind carries the pieces, which grow when moisture returns. Also, lichen fungi can reproduce sexually by forming fruiting bodies containing spores. These fruiting bodies are usually perennial, and may be long-lasting: some in the Swiss Alps have lived for over 50 years. After dispersal by wind, such fungal spores must meet with an algal partner to form a lichen.
The fossil record for lichen dates back 400 million year for certain, and the signs are that earlier forms existed 600 million years ago. They must have been one of the earliest life-forms on land. It is thought, from the number of fungal and algal species involved, that the symbiosis must have taken place many times between different species.
It has been suggested that some or all of the Ediacaran biota might be lichen. The proposal has been received with some skepticism.
Lichenometry is a method of dating exposed rock by using the growth of lichen. It uses an estimate of how long the lichen's radius or width grows over time.
Many lichen are sensitive to changes around them. For this reason, they are used by scientists to show changes in the environment, such as air pollution, ozone depletion, and metal contamination. Lichens have also been used to make dyes, perfumes, and herbal medicines.
Some lichen produce natural antibiotics that kill bacteria. Humans have used these compounds as natural antibiotics. Extracts from many "Usnea" species were used to treat wounds in Russia in the mid-twentieth century.
The map lichen "Rhizocarpon geographicum" grows extremely slowly, and can reach an age of over 1000 years. It may be used for dating: the diameter of the largest lichen of a species on a rock surface shows the time that the rock has been exposed.
Lichen are the main winter food for reindeer. The deer can get at shrubby lichen under the snow. In summer they have much more choice of food. Some lichen are eaten by humans. A kind of lichen, which is called "Iwatake" in Japanese and "Seogi" in Korean language, is collected from cliffs, and used in various Korean and Japanese foods. Lichen have a high level of acid. Care must be taken, as there are at least two kinds of lichen that are toxic.
The bacterial or algal partners produce pigments that absorb sunlight in photosynthesis. There are reports dating back almost 2000 years of purple and red colours being extracted from lichens. Lichens of the family Roccellaceae are commonly called 'orchella weed' . They have been important in history, because they could supply orcein, a dye. "Rocella tinctoria" is the source of the pH indicator litmus. Orcein is got by boiling the lichen, and litmus is produced by adding ammonia and air. Orcein is also used as a food dye, with the E number E121.
Today, dyes based on lichens have largely been replaced by synthetic ones.
History of the Earth
The history of the Earth describes the most important events and fundamental stages in the development of the planet Earth from its formation to the present day.
The age of the Earth is about 4.56 billion years. Nearly all branches of science have helped us understand the main events of the Earth's past. The Earth is about one third the age of the universe.
The formation of Earth occurred as part of the formation of the Solar System. It started as a large rotating cloud of dust and gas. This cloud, the solar nebula, was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang, as well as heavier elements produced in supernovas. Then, about 4.68 billion years ago, the solar nebula began to contract, rotate and gain angular momentum. This may have been triggered by a star in the region exploding as a supernova, and sending a shock wave through the solar nebula.
As the cloud rotated, it became a flat disc perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Most of the mass concentrated in the middle and began to heat up. Meanwhile, the rest of the disc began to break up into rings, with gravity causing matter to condense around dust particles. Small fragments collided to become larger fragments, including one collection about from the center: this would become the Earth. As the Sun condensed and heated, nuclear fusion started, and the solar wind cleared out most of the material in the disc, which had not yet condensed, into larger bodies.
The Earth's relatively large natural satellite, the Moon, is unique. During the Apollo program, rocks from the Moon's surface were brought to Earth. Radiometric dating of these rocks has shown the Moon to be 4527 ± 10 million years old, about 30 to 55 million years younger than other bodies in the solar system. New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later, 4.48±0.02 Ga, or 70–110 Ma after the start of the Solar System. Another notable feature is the relatively low density of the Moon, which must mean it does not have a large metallic core, like all other terrestrial bodies in the solar system. The Moon has a bulk composition closely resembling the Earth's mantle and crust together, without the Earth's core. This has led to the giant impact hypothesis: the idea that the Moon was formed during a giant impact of the proto-Earth with another protoplanet.
The impactor, sometimes named Theia, is thought to have been a little smaller than the current planet Mars. Theia finally collided with Earth about 4.533 Ga.
Models reveal that when an impactor this size struck the proto-Earth at a low angle and relatively low speed (), much material from the mantles (and proto-crusts) of the proto-Earth and the impactor was ejected into space, where much of it stayed in orbit around the Earth. This material would eventually form the Moon. However, the metallic cores of the impactor would have sunk through the Earth's mantle to fuse with the Earth's core, depleting the Moon of metallic material. The giant impact hypothesis thus explains the Moon's abnormal composition. The ejecta in orbit around the Earth could have condensed into a single body within a couple of weeks. Under the influence of its own gravity, the ejected material became a more spherical body: the Moon.
The radiometric ages show the Earth existed already for at least 10 million years before the impact, enough time to allow for differentiation of the Earth's primitive mantle and core. Then, when the impact occurred, only material from the mantle was ejected, leaving the Earth's core of heavy elements untouched.
The impact had some important consequences for the young Earth. It released an enormous amount of energy, causing both the Earth and Moon to be completely molten. Immediately after the impact, the Earth's mantle was vigorously convecting, the surface was a large magma ocean. The planet's first atmosphere must have been completely blown away by the enormous amount of energy released. The impact is also thought to have changed Earth’s axis to produce the large 23.5° axial tilt that is responsible for Earth’s seasons (a simple, ideal model of the planets’ origins would have axial tilts of 0° with no recognizable seasons). It may also have sped up Earth’s rotation.
At the beginning of the Archean, the Earth's heat flow was nearly three times higher than it is today, and was still twice the current level by the beginning of the Proterozoic. Thus, plates and volcanic activity were considerably more active than they are today; the Earth's crust was not only thinner than is today, but probably broken up into many more tectonic plates, with numerous hot spots, rift valleys, and transform faults. The existence of plate tectonics in this eon is disputed: it is an active area of modern research.
There were no large continents until late in the Archean; small protocontinents were the norm, prevented from coalescing into larger units by the high rate of geologic activity. These felsic protocontinents probably formed at hot spots rather than subduction zones, from a variety of sources: mafic magma melting more felsic rocks, partial melting of mafic rock, and from the metamorphic alteration of felsic sedimentary rocks.
The Archean atmosphere apparently lacked free oxygen. Temperatures appear to have been near modern levels, although astronomers think that the sun was about one-third dimmer. This is thought to reflect larger amounts of greenhouse gases than later in Earth history.
The oldest rock formations exposed on the surface of the Earth are Archean or slightly older. Archean rocks are known from Greenland, the Canadian Shield, western Australia, and southern Africa. Although the first continents formed during this eon, rock this age makes up only 7% of the world's current cratons; even allowing for erosion and destruction of past formations, evidence suggests that only 5-40% of the present continental crust formed during the Archean.
In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as greywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments, and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations: they are made of alternating high and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks come from volcanic island arcs, and the low-grade metamorphic rocks come from deep-sea sediments. These sediments eroded from the island arcs and ended in a forearc basin. In short, "greenstone belts show where protocontinents were stuck together".
Fossils of cyanobacterial mats (stromatolites) are found throughout the Archean—becoming especially common late in the eon—while a few other probable bacterial fossils are known from chert beds. In addition to bacteria, microfossils of the extremophilic archaea have also been identified.
There are no known eukaryote fossils. No fossil evidence yet exists for viruses.
The geologic record of the Proterozoic is much better than that for the preceding Archaean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive, shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are in fact unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and mountain-building (orogeny) activity.
The first known glaciations occurred during the Proterozoic. One ice age began shortly after the beginning of the eon. There were at least four during the Neoproterozoic, climaxing with the "Snowball Earth" of the Varangian glaciation.
The Great Oxygenation Event was one of the most important events of the Proterozoic. Though oxygen was undoubtedly released by photosynthesis well back in Archean times, it could not build up to any significant degree until chemical sinks--unoxidized sulfur and iron—had been filled; until roughly 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen was probably only 1 to 2% of its current level.(Stanley, 323) Banded iron formations, which provide most of the world's iron ore, were also a prominent chemical sink; most accumulation ceased after 1.9 billion years ago, either due to an increase in oxygen or a more thorough mixing of the oceanic water column.
Red beds, which are coloured by haematite, indicate an increase in atmospheric oxygen after 2 billion years ago; they are not found in older rocks.(Stanley, 324) The oxygen build-up was probably due to two factors: a filling of the chemical sinks, and an increase in carbon burial, which stored organic compounds which would have otherwise been oxidized by the atmosphere.
The first advanced single-celled and multi-cellular life roughly coincides with the oxygen accumulation; this may have been due to an increase in the oxidized nitrates that eukaryotes use, as opposed to cyanobacteria.(Stanley, 325) It was also during the Proterozoic that the first symbiotic relationship between mitochondria (for animals and protists) and chloroplasts (for plants) and their hosts evolved.
Eukaryotes such as acritarchs blossomed, as did cyanobacteria; in fact, stromatolites reached their greatest abundance and diversity during the Proterozoic, peaking roughly 1.2 billion years ago.
Classically, the boundary between the Proterozoic and the Paleozoic was set at the base of the Cambrian period when the first fossils of animals known as trilobites appeared. In the second half of the 20th century, a number of fossil forms have been found in Proterozoic rocks, but the boundary of the Proterozoic has remained fixed at the base of the Cambrian—currently placed at 542 Ma.
The Paleozoic covers the time from the first appearance of abundant, hard-shelled fossils to the time when the continents were beginning to be dominated by large, relatively sophisticated reptiles and relatively modern plants.
The upper (youngest) boundary is set at a major extinction event 250 million years later, known as the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Modern practice sets the older boundary at the first appearance of a distinctive trace fossil called "Phycodes pedum".
Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Rodinia and at the end of a global ice age (Snowball Earth). Throughout the early Palaeozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era, the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.
At the start of the era, life was confined to bacteria, algae, sponges and a variety of somewhat enigmatic forms known collectively as the Ediacaran fauna. A large number of body plans appeared nearly simultaneously at the start of the era—a phenomenon known as the Cambrian Explosion.
There is some evidence that simple life may already have invaded the land at the start of the Palaeozoic, but substantial plants and animals did not take to the land until the Silurian and did not thrive until the Devonian. Although primitive vertebrates are known near the start of the Palaeozoic, animal forms were dominated by invertebrates until the mid-Palaeozoic. Fish populations exploded in the Devonian. During the late Palaeozoic, great forests of primitive plants thrived on land forming the great coal beds of Europe and eastern North America. By the end of the era, the first large, sophisticated reptiles and the first modern plants (conifers) had developed.
The Mesozoic covers the time when life was dominated by large sophisticated reptiles. The lower (oldest) boundary is set by the P/Tr extinction event. The upper (youngest) boundary is set at the K/T extinction event.
Geologically, the Mesozoic starts with almost all the Earth's land collected into a supercontinent called Pangaea. During the era, Pangaea split into the northern continent Laurasia and the southern continent Gondwana. Laurasia then split into North America and Eurasia. Gondwana broke up progressively into continents: South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Australia and Antarctica.
The Mesozoic is known as the Age of Dinosaurs. It also saw the development of early birds and mammals and, later, flowering plants (angiosperms). At the end of the Mesozoic, all the major body plans of modern life were in place, though in some cases notably the mammals the forms that existed at the end of the Cretaceous were relatively primitive.
The Cenozoic is the age of mammals. During the Cenozoic, mammals diverged from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals. Flowering plants and birds also evolved substantially in the Cenozoic .
Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when continents moved into their current positions. Africa and Australasia split from Gondwana to drift north, and India collided with Southeast Asia; Antarctica moved into its current position over the South Pole; the Atlantic Ocean widened and, late in the era, South America became attached to North America.
Tomo Sugawara
Tomo Sugawara (born 3 June 1976) is a retired Japanese football player.
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Shin Kanazawa
Shin Kanazawa (born 9 September 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.
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Donizete Francisco de Oliveira
Donizete Francisco de Oliveira (born 21 February 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
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Harrow School
Harrow School, often called simply "Harrow", is a secondary school for boys in Harrow in London, England. Harrow has educated boys since 1243 but was officially founded by John Lyon under a Royal Charter of Elizabeth I in 1572. Harrow is located in Harrow on the Hill, now in the London Borough of Harrow. The school has about 800 students. They live across twelve boarding houses, and all of them board full time.
Harrow is an independent fee-paying school, of the type known in Britain as "public schools". The equivalent term in the US would probably be "private schools" (see discussion at public school). The annual fees at Harrow are at present £41,775 per year, which includes board, tuition and textbooks.
The Harrow Foundation also runs an independent Grammar School in Harrow, called the John Lyon School, and several international schools. The John Lyon School is also fee-paying and academically selective.
In 2013 66% of pupils got 5 A*-C GCSE grades including English and Maths. 14.1% of students go to Cambridge or Oxford.
In 2013 a TV series called Harrow: a Very British School started. It follows boys and staff of West Acre of the West Acre boarding house for a year
Famous men who went to Harrow include Benedict Cumberbatch, eight prime ministers (seven UK and the first Prime Minister of India), Lord Byron, James Blunt, C. W. Alcock, and John Amery.
Harrow can mean:
Roger Wicker
The Return of Jafar
The Return of Jafar is a 1994 direct-to-video animated movie, released on VHS by Buena Vista Pictures, and the sequel to the 1992 Disney animated movie "Aladdin". The movie is about Jafar attempting to get revenge on Aladdin.
Aladdin and the King of Thieves
Aladdin and the King of Thieves is a 1996 Disney animated movie, and the second sequel to the 1992 Disney animated movie "Aladdin". The story is about Aladdin attempting to save his father. Robin Williams returned to voice the Genie after he turned down the first sequel.
Ja, vi elsker dette landet
"Ja, vi elsker dette landet" ( [ˈjɑː ʋiə̯ ˈɛ̝̀ls̪kə ˈɖɛ̝̀tːə ˈl̪ɑ̀nːə] ; 'Yes, we love this country') is the Norwegian title and incipit of a 19th-century patriotic song written in 1859 by Nobel Prize laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, and composed by his cousin Rikard Nordraak in 1863. This song has officially served as the national anthem of Norway since December 2019, though it has been considered a "de facto" anthem of Norway for roughly a century and a half alongst "Sønner av Norge" and "Norges Skaal".
This song has eight verses in total. However, only the first, seventh and eighth verses are used for the national anthem.
Mass number
The mass number (symbol: A) of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The mass number is different for each isotope of a chemical element.
We write a mass number after an element's name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. We write it as carbon-12 or C.
Mass number is not the same as:
The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons ("N") in a given nucleus: "N "= "A "− "Z".
The mass number is not shown on the periodic table. For each element, what is shown is the "standard atomic weight" and the "atomic number".
J. Caleb Boggs
James Caleb Boggs (May 15, 1909 – March 26, 1993) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Delaware from 1961 to 1973. He was Governor from 1953 to 1960 and a Congressman from 1947 to 1953. He was defeated in 1972 by future President of the United States, Joe Biden. He was born in Cheswold, Delaware.
Boggs died on March 26, 1993 in Wilmington, Delaware at the age of 83.
LazyTown
LazyTown is a television programme for children. The series is educational and teaches children to be healthy and exercise. The program was created by people from Iceland. The series has won multiple awards the American television.
The show has been very successful and has aired in many countries around the world.
The show features live-action actors and puppet characters set in a colorful town called LazyTown. At the start of the series, the town's citizens are very lazy, but the mayor's niece (Stephanie) arrives to change that. She is aided by an athletic superhero named Sportacus, who teaches the children of the town to eat healthy food and exercise each day. However, their fun is often stopped by the town's laziest man, Robbie Rotten, who spends large amounts of time attempting to make the children lazy again and trying to remove Sportacus and Stephanie from the town, usually by dressing up in disguises to fool the children. Robbie's plans often fail. The show's episodes often involve an educational or important message for viewers, and songs or dance numbers performed by the characters, usually Stephanie being the lead singer or dancer.
Blockland
Blockland is a multiplayer computer game made on the Torque Game Engine, where people make things using blocks. Blockland has around 35,500 players. People could build up to 128,000 bricks on every server to keep the game running best.
In 2009, Lego were talking to Eric "Badspot" Hartman about selling Blockland. It has been talked about by "The Screen Savers" and Shack News. In 2005, when "Blockland" was in beta, "Blockland" was on an article on "Globe and Mail" in which Eric says 20,000 people downloaded "Blockland" in the ten days since it "became big". Right now, the full game costs $20.
Tarzan II
Tarzan II is a direct-to-video midquel to the 1999 Disney animated movie "Tarzan", released on June 14, 2005. The movie tells the story of a young Tarzan's adventure to discover who he really is. It features two new songs from Phil Collins and takes place during the song "Son of Man" from the first movie. It is the last film in the chronology of Walt Disney's version of Tarzan.
Tactical victory
A tactical victory happens when the winning side in a battle loses fewer troops than the other side.
Terminal velocity
Terminal velocity is the speed when an object falling through a fluid (usually air) is no longer getting faster.
Terminal velocity happens at the moment in time that the force of gravity, called weight, is the same as the opposite force of air resistance or friction. In other words, terminal velocity is the point at which the velocity (speed of moving of the falling object) is no longer getting greater. The gravitational force minus the force of drag (or air resistance) equals zero.
An object continues to fall steadily until air resistance becomes so great that it equals the pull of gravity and the object can fall no faster. Besides weight, terminal velocity depends on other factors such as shape and cross sectional area.
The terminal velocity of a skydiver in a belly-to-earth (i.e., face down) position is about 195 km/h (122 mph or 54 m/s). This velocity is the limit of the acceleration process. The forces on the body balance each other more and more closely as the terminal velocity is approached. In this example, a speed of 50% of terminal velocity is reached after only about 3 seconds, while it takes 8 seconds to reach 90%, 15 seconds to reach 99% and so on.
Higher speeds are achieved if the skydiver pulls in his or her limbs (see also freeflying). In this case, the terminal velocity increases to about 320 km/h (200 mph or 90 m/s), which is almost the terminal velocity of the Peregrine Falcon diving down on its prey.
Babe (movie)
Babe is an Australian-American movie which was made in 1995. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards including the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1996. It won the Academy Award for Visual Effects. It tells the story of a pig who learns how to look after sheep and becomes Australia's champion sheep dog. The movie stars Magda Szubanski, James Cromwell, and Zoe Burton. Some of the voices used by the animal characters were by Christine Cavanaugh and Hugo Weaving.
"Babe" was made by Kennedy Miller Productions, the producer was George Miller and the director was Chris Noonan. Noonan and Miller also wrote the story. "Babe" was released by Universal Pictures. Babe was filmed at Robertson, New South Wales.
A second movie about Babe the sheep pig was made called "".
Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire was, between 1611 and 1718, one of the great powers of Europe. In modern historiography this period is known as the Swedish Empire, or "stormaktstiden" ("the era of great power").
Mountain View is a city in California in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is north of San Jose and south of San Francisco. It is the fourth largest city in Santa Clara County behind San Jose, Sunnyvale, and Santa Clara.
Mountain View is located south of the San Francisco Bay and west of the Santa Cruz Mountains.It is bordered by Palo Alto to the northwest, Los Altos to the south and southwest, and Sunnyvale to the east.
The major highways in Mountain View are California State Route 85, California State Route 82, California State Route 237, and U.S. Route 101. California State Route 85 terminates at U.S. 101 and California State Route 237 terminates at California State Route 82. California 82 is known as the El Camino Real and follows the historic route of U.S. 101 through the San Francisco Bay Area. From Mountain View, tourists can take U.S. 101 North to get to San Francisco, U.S. 101 South to get to San Jose and Los Angeles, California 85 South to get to Los Gatos and Gilroy, California 237 East to get to Milpitas, California 82 North to get to Los Altos and Palo Alto, and California 82 South to get to Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, and San Jose.
Companies in Mountain View include Google and Mozilla.
Estonians
Menlo Park, California
Menlo Park is a city in California in the San Francisco Bay area. Menlo Park is on the peninsula between San Jose and San Francisco. To the south are Stanford and Palo Alto. To the north is Atherton.
Menlo Park has various school districts. It has the schools La Entrada, Hillview, Oak Knoll, and Las Lomitas.
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, or Estonian SSR or ESSR, was a republic of the Soviet Union. It was administered by and subordinated to the Government of the Soviet Union.
The ESSR replaced the Republic of Estonia on 21 July 1940, after the invasion of Soviet troops on 17 June 1940. A puppet government backed by the Soviet Union, declared Estonia to be a Soviet state. The Estonian SSR was taken into the USSR on 9 August 1940. The independence of the Republic of Estonia was reestablished on 20 August 1991.
National Film and Sound Archive
The National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA) is Australia’s audiovisual archive. This is where all Australia's old movies and sound recordings are kept. The NFSA is responsible for developing, saving, looking after, promoting and providing access to a national collection of movie and sound materials. The collection has works made in the late 19th century when the recorded sound and movie industries were just beginning to those made in the present day.
The NFSA started in 1935 as the National Historical Film and Speaking Record Library which was then part of the Commonwealth National Library. It became an independent statutory authority as the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia in 2008.
It is located in Canberra, Australia's capital city.
O'Shea Jackson Sr. (born June 15, 1969), better known by his stage name Ice Cube, is an American rapper, actor, screenwriter and producer. He was a member of the well-known rap group N.W.A., and is best known for popularizing the gangsta rap genre with "Straight Outta Compton" (1988). After leaving N.W.A., he began his solo work.
West Coast hip hop
West Coast hip hop is a style of hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s. It has since grown into a major force in hip hop and has developed several creative centers. West Coast hip hop musicians include 2pac, Snoop Dogg, and Xzibit.
Gangsta rap
Gangsta rap (also called Gangster rap, Gansta rap, G rap Gangsta hip hop) is a subgenre of hip hop that reflects the violent lifestyles of some inner-city youths. "Gangsta" is a non-rhotic pronunciation of the word "gangster". The genre was pioneered in the mid 1980s by rappers such as Afroman and Ice Cube, and was popularized in the later part of the 1980s by groups like N.W.A. After the national attention that Ice-T and N.W.A created in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip hop.
Political hip hop
Political hip hop (also called political rap, conscious hip hop or conscious rap) is a form of hip hop music that focuses on social issues and politics. It developed during the 1980s, being inspired by 1970s political preachers such as The Last Poets and Gil Scott-Heron. Public Enemy were the first political hip hop group. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five released the first well-known sociopolitical rap song in 1982 called "The Message", which inspired numerous rappers to address social and political subjects.
Conscious hip hop also called Socially Conscious hip hop or Conscious rap is sub-genre of Hip hop that focuses on social issues. It was created by music critics and fans rather that the artists themselves.
"Waltzing Matilda" is one of Australia's best known songs. The bush ballad, a country folk song, has been called "the unofficial national anthem of Australia".
The title, Waltzing Matilda, is Australian slang for walking through the country looking for work, with one's goods in a "Matilda" (bag) carried over one's back.
The song tells the story of a traveling farm worker making a drink of tea at a bush camp and capturing a sheep to eat. When the sheep's owner arrives with three policemen to arrest the worker for taking the sheep (a crime punishable by hanging), the worker drowns himself in a small watering hole. The worker's ghost stays to haunt the site.
The words to the song were written in 1895 by a poet and nationalist Banjo Paterson. It was first printed as sheet music in 1903. There are many stories about the song and how it was written. The song has its own museum, the Waltzing Matilda Centre in Winton, Queensland.
The music, based on a folk song, was written by Christina Macpherson. Paterson wrote the words while staying at the Dagworth Homestead, farm in Queensland. While he was there the owners played him an old Celtic folk tune called "The Craigeelee". Paterson decided that it would be a good tune to write words for and completed during his stay at the farm.
The tune is probably the Scottish song "Thou Bonnie Wood Of Craigielea", which Macpherson heard played by a band at the Warrnambool steeplechase. Robert Tannahill wrote the words in 1805 and James Barr wrote the music in 1818. In 1893 it was arranged for brass band by Thomas Bulch. The tune may have been based on the melody of "Go to the Devil and Shake Yourself", written by John Field (1782–1837) sometime before 1812. It is sometimes also called: "When Sick Is It Tea You Want?" (London 1798) or "The Penniless Traveller" (O'Neill's 1850 collection).
There is also an idea that tune may be similar to "The Bold Fusilier" (also called "Marching through Rochester"), a song sung to the same tune and dated by some back to the eighteenth century but first printed in 1900.
<poem>A bold fusilier came marching back through Rochester
Off from the wars in the north country,
And he sang as he marched
Through the crowded streets of Rochester,
Who'll be a soldier for Marlboro and me?</poem>
There are no "official" words to "Waltzing Matilda", and slight differences can be found in the sources. This version uses the famous "You'll never catch me alive said he" variation introduced by the Billy Tea company. Paterson's original words use 'drowning', which the tea company felt was too negative.
Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong
Under the shade of a coolibah tree,
And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me"
Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda
And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".
Down came a jumbuck to drink at that billabong,
Up jumped the swagman and grabbed him with glee,
And he sang as he shoved that jumbuck in his tucker bag,
Up rode the squatter, mounted on his thoroughbred,
Down came the troopers, one, two, three,
"Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag?"
"Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag?",
Up jumped the swagman and sprang into the billabong,
"You'll never catch me alive", said he,
And his ghost may be heard as you pass by that billabong,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me."
"Oh, You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me."
Wolfgang Paul
Wolfgang Paul (born in Lorenzkirch, Germany 1913 - Bonn 1993) was a German professor awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989.
Paul was born on August 10 of 1913 in the German city of Lorenzkirch, Saxony. When he was young, his family moved to Munich, where his father taught pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Munich. In 1932, he began his studies of physics at the Superior School in Munich, and soon moved to the 1934 at the headquarters of Berlin, getting his doctorate in 1939.
In 1944, he began his teaching at the University of Göttingen and 1952 was hired at the University of Bonn as director of its Institute of Experimental Physics, a position he kept until his death.
Wolfgang Paul died December 7 of 1993 at his residence in Bonn.
During WWII he investigated the separation of isotopes, which is necessary to produce material to make nuclear fission for use in nuclear weapons.
He started his research into ions, developing the so-called ion trap.
For this discovery, in 1989 he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Hans G. Dehmelt.
Between 1965 and 1967, he was appointed Director of the Division of Nuclear Physics at CERN.
Babe: Pig in the City
Babe: Pig in the City is a 1998 sequel to the 1995 movie "Babe". It takes place in the fictional city of Metropolis. Because of the unexpected darker and more grown up subject matter (the movie includes a scene in which a dog almost drowns while hanging from a bridge), the movie was not received as well critically as the first "Babe" movie was, and reviews were generally mixed. However, it was also praised by some, and gained a cult following.
Voice Cast
Live-Action Cast
The score is again by Nigel Westlake, it also includes sound clips taken from the movie. There is also a big band classic "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller, and "That's Amore" by Dean Martin. More tracks including "That'll Do", the Academy Award-nominated theme song, and a song at the end sung by Babe's voice actress.
Rod Barajas
Norway, Maine
Norway is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. It is home to Lake Pennesseewassee, a recreation area.
Norway was once called the "Snowshoe Capital of the World" because of the many snowshoes made here.
Westbrook, Maine
Westbrook is a small town in the U.S. state of Maine.
Professional wrestler Scott Garland better known by his ring name, "Scotty 2 Hotty" was born in Westbrook.
John Rocker
Belkin
Belkin is a company that makes computer routers.
Dell Curry
Wardell Stephen "Dell" Curry (born June 25, 1964) is a retired American professional basketball player. He played at the shooting guard and the small forward positions. He went to school at Virginia Tech. He then played in the National Basketball Association from 1986 until 2002.
Curry was selected 15th overall by the Utah Jazz in the 1986 NBA Draft. He also played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Milwaukee Bucks, Charlotte Hornets, and Toronto Raptors.
In 2004, he was added into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.
Franklin (disambiguation)
Adriano Gerlin da Silva
Adriano Gerlin da Silva (born 20 September 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
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Andrzej Kubica (born 7 July 1972) is a former Polish football player.
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Fernando Picun
Fernando Picun (born 14 February 1972) is a former Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.
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Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B is a football league which is second division in Brazil.
Bangu Atlético Clube
Bangu A.C. is a football club which plays in Brazil.
Esporte Clube Vitória
Esporte Clube Vitória, usually known simply as Vitória, is a Brazilian football team from Salvador in Bahia, founded on May 13, 1899. The team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and the Campeonato Baiano.
The club was founded on May 13, 1899, by the brothers Artur and Artêmio Valente, along with seventeen other young fellows. On the start, the Vitória was a cricket club, named Club de Cricket Victoria, because all of them lived at the Vitória neighborhood, in Salvador.
In 1902, Victory started to have football as a sport, as well as athletics, swimming and rowing. Still in that year, the club changed its name to Sport Club Victória, as cricket was no longer the only sport practiced, and changed its colors to red and black at the suggestion of Mr. Cesar Godinho Spínola, who came from Rio de Janeiro, who proposed creation of the nautical section in the club.
Rubén Olivera
Rubén Olivera (born 4 May 1983) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for the Uruguayan national team.
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Mike Havenaar
Havenaar was born in Hiroshima on May 20, 1987. He joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos in 2006. He also played for Avispa Fukuoka (2008), Sagan Tosu (2009) and Ventforet Kofu (2010-2011). At Kofu, he became a top scorer with 20 goals in 2010 J2 League and was selected Best Eleven in 2011 J1 League. In January 2012, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse. He played 78 matches and scored 26 goals in 3 seasons. From summer 2014, he played for Córdoba (2014), HJK Helsinki (2015) and Den Haag (2015-2017). In July 2017, he returned to Japan and joined Vissel Kobe. However he could not play many matches and moved to Vegalta Sendai in July 2018. In 2019, he moved to Thai League 1 club Bangkok United. In 2020, he returned to Japan and joined Ventforet Kofu and played 1 season.
In 2007, Havenaar was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. In 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2014 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against North Korea on September 2. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup. He played 18 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 2016.
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Red Bull Bragantino
C.A. Bragantino is a football club which plays in Brazil.
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos is a football club which plays in Brazil.
Associação Desportiva São Caetano
A.D. São Caetano is a football club which plays in Brazil.
Jorge Pereira da Silva
Jorge Pereira da Silva (born 4 December 1985) is a Brazilian football player.
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Ryosuke Kijima
Ryosuke Kijima (born 29 May 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Roasso Kumamoto.
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Željko Milinovič
Željko Milinovič (born 12 October 1969) is a former Slovenian football player. He has played for Slovenia national team.
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Robber
A robber is a person who steals or takes something belonging to someone else. Robbers use force or threats to take what they want. A bank robber is someone who steals money from a bank. When the robber takes something, this is called a robbery. One famous robbery was the Great Train Robbery in England. Armed robbery means that the robber used a weapon such as a gun in the robbery. Many robbers have become infamous, such as Jesse James in America and Ben Hall in Australia. Australian robbers used to be called bushrangers.
The word "rob" comes from a Latin word, "deraubare". This word came from a German word "raub" which means clothes. Before clothes were made in factories and became cheap, robbers often took a person's clothes.
1965 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season was the first hurricane season to have the bounds from June 1, 1965 to November 30, 1965. The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season did not have very many storms. A famous hurricane from this season would be Hurricane Betsy. Hurricane Betsy was the first hurricane to cause a billion dollors or more in damage, without being changed to the value of the dollar today.
This is a list of all the names set aside for use in the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season. The names not used are in .
After the season Betsy and Carol were retired. Carol was retired not because of the 1965 storm but because of the 1954 storm. Blanche and Camille were used instead of Betsy and Carol in 1969.
1964 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1964 Atlantic hurricane season was the last hurricane season to last from June 15, 1964 to November 15, 1964. A tropical storm did form before June 15, however. This season was just short of normal. All hurricanes of the 1964 Atlantic hurricane season became major hurricanes (category 3+). Famous hurricanes from this season were: Hurricane Cleo, Dora, and Hilda.
The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1964. A storm was named Isbell for the first time in 1964. Names that were not assigned are marked in .
After the season the names Cleo, Dora, and Hilda were retired. Candy, Dolly, and Hannah were used in 1968 instead of Cleo, Dora, and Hilda.
Carnegie Hall Tower
Carnegie Hall Tower is a 60-story skyscraper on 57th Street in New York City. The tower is 231 meters (757 ft) tall and was completed in 1991.
Josep Samitier
Josep Samitier (2 February 1902 – 4 May 1972) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.
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László Kubala
László Kubala (10 June 1927 – 17 May 2002) was a Slovak-Hungarian-Spanish football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team, Hungary national team and Spain national team.
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Ricardo Zamora
Ricardo Zamora (21 January 1901 – 15 September 1978) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.
Morgan De Sanctis
Morgan De Sanctis (born 26 March 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Napoli.
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Hips Don't Lie
Hips Don't Lie is a 2006 Latin pop hit song by Colombian singer Shakira and Wyclef Jean. It came out in her album "Oral Fixation Vol. 2". The song has Latin style drums and Wyclef's rap. The song became Number 1 in many countries.
She Wolf (song)
Federation of Australia
The federation of Australia was the way that the six separate British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia joined together to become one country. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.
People had been trying to get the colonies to join together in a federation of Australia during the 1850s and 1860s. In the 1890s, a number of big meetings, called conventions, were held to write a constitution for Australia. Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, was the main person supporting this idea. Fiji and New Zealand were going to be part of the federation but decided not to join the federation.
As soon as the Federation happened, Sir Edmund Barton was put in charge as Prime Minister of Australia until the first Australian elections were held. Barton won the election and continued to be the Prime Minister.