AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The USS "Nitze" has done four deployments. The deployments were January 2007 (part of the USS "Bataan" strike group), September 2008 (part of the USS "Theodore Roosevelt" strike group), March 2012 (part of the USS "Enterprise" strike group), and November 2013 (deployed alone).
As of February 2016, the "Nitze"'s Commanding Officer was CDR Paul Kaylor, the Executive Officer was CDR Michael Cloud, and the Command Master Chief was Sean Brown.
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Created on December 15, 1791, the Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. It provides many protections and rights to those accused of a crime. Among the provisions are the right to a lawyer, the right to a speedy public trial and the right to an impartial jury. It gives defendants the right to know who his (or her) accusers are. It also give the defendant the right to know the charges and evidence against him.
One of the most important rights given is that to legal counsel. It is so important that another right is associated with it. All those who cannot afford to pay for legal assistance will have a lawyer appointed for them at government expense. The federal, state and local justice systems all have provisions to appoint legal counsel for indigent defendants. The appointed counsel assists the defendant in any interrogations by law enforcement. They assist the defendant through the trial phase, sentencing and the initial appeal if there is a conviction. Legal systems, including the U.S. legal system, are complex and not easily understood by the average person. Having an attorney is critical to guiding the defendant through the legal processes. An attorney advises his client, the defendant, as to his or her rights and explains all processes of the criminal proceedings. The attorney protects the defendant's Constitutional rights. An attorney also can negotiate with the prosecution and the court in cases of plea bargains.
The right to a speedy trail originated with the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. It says that justice must be provided to robbers, murders, and thieves "speedily enough." Those who wrote the Bill of Rights did not want defendants to be prisoners for a long time without the benefit of a trial. They did not want the accused to have their life disrupted, especially when the Fifth and Sixth Amendments both hold a presumption of innocence. Also, the longer a trial is delayed, the more likely that evidence may be lost and that witnesses may forget or cannot be found.
A right to a speedy trial does not begin until a person has been arrested or formally charged. The government may investigate a crime (within any applicable statute of limitations) for as long as they find it is necessary. They are under no obligation to bring an indictment within a certain period of time. The prosecution may drop any pending criminal charges and open the investigation again at a later time without penalty of the Sixth Amendment.
If a defendant brings a claim that their speedy trial rights have been violated the court may look at the reasons for the delay, any prejudice or injury to the defendant and how far the prosecution has gone into the criminal proceedings. If a defendant does not assert the right to a speedy trial early enough, they may lose their claim. Defendants who cause unnecessary delays also lose their rights to a speedy trial claim.
If the delay in bringing a defendant to trial exceeds one year following the arrest, this will trigger a presumption that the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial may have been violated. The government may counter if they have good or plausible reasons for the delay. Requests by the prosecution for additional time may be granted if plausible. But if none are offered or the court finds the reasons not plausible, they may dismiss the indictment, overturn a conviction or hear other remedies the defense might seek.
This right, to a public trial, has its roots in English common law. It reflects the hostility and suspicion felt at the time towards secret proceedings such as the Spanish Inquisition, the French "Lettre de cachet" or England's Star Chamber. The framers of the Bill of Rights believed that public trials would help prevent corruption in judges and prosecutors. It was also thought it might reduce witnesses committing perjury. The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to a public trial applies to federal, state, and local governments. The right is not absolute however. While the public and the press have a First Amendment interest in open proceedings, under some circumstances a defendant waive his rights to a public trial. In cases where undue publicity might hurt the defendant's case, public access to the trial can be restricted.
The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement. Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist. Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.
Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to “a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law. This includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted. Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.
When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury. The Sixth Amendment requires unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity.
The Sixth Amendment's confrontational clause grants the defendant the right to face their accusers. It allows the defense to dispute the testimony given by prosecution witnesses. It also allows the jury the opportunity to decide if a witness is being dishonest in any way. This applies to statements made in court and out of court statements. A court may prevent repeated questioning of witnesses on the same question or harassing a witness. But if a judge restricts the cross-examination of a witness too severely, it may cause a violation of the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses.
Admitting out of court statements, often called hearsay evidence, may also prevent a defendant from confronting his accusers. There are some exceptions. For example, if a witness is unavailable and testified against the defendant in previous judicial proceedings, and the defendant was able to cross-examine the witness, a transcript of the testimony may be used as evidence.
The compulsory clause also allows the accused to present witness testimony favorable to the defense.
Trier of fact
In a criminal trial the trier of fact, also called the finder of fact, is the person or persons responsible for deciding the factual issues. This is also called a finding of fact. In a jury trial the trier of fact is the jury. If there is no jury, the trier of fact is the judge. In many types of hearings the trier of fact may be an administrative law judge, a board, commission, or referee. Trier of fact is now considered an older term. The term "finder of fact" has come into use more recently. Once the trier of fact determines what is assumed to be the truth of a matter, then legal rules are applied to those facts. A judge instructs a jury about the legal rules applying to the case. These instructions include what the findings may be. For example the jury may find for the plantiff or the jury may find for the defendant.
Joel Vincent Anthony (born August 9, 1982) is a Canadian professional basketball player. He is a former center of the Detroit Pistons and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also plays for the Canadian national basketball team.
Anthony attended Pensacola State College in Pensacola, Florida and transferred to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas after two years. He played college basketball with the Runnin' Rebels from 2004 until 2007.
He went undrafted. He signed a one-year contract with the Miami Heat on July 3, 2007. Anthony re-signed with the Heat on July 20, 2009. On July 16, 2010, Anthony signed a five-year, $18 million contract to stay with Miami. Anthony won his first NBA championship with the Heat after the defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 4 games to 1 in the 2012 NBA Finals. He won his second championship with the Heat the next when they defeated the San Antonio Spurs 4 games to 3 in the 2013 NBA Finals.
On January 15, 2014, a three-team trade happened involving the Heat, Boston Celtics, and Golden State Warriors. The Heat traded Anthony and a future draft pick, and a 2016 second-round draft pick to the Celtics. The Heat received Toney Douglas from the Warriors and the Warriors received Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Celtics. Anthony played a total of 21 regular season games with the Celtics.
On October 17, 2014, the Celtics traded Anthony to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Will Bynum.
Dalian
Magdalena River
The Magdalena River is the most important river in the western part of Colombia. It has a length of . Its course is from south to north. About 80 percent of the population of Colombia live on the banks of the river or one of its tributaries. Barranquilla, Colombia's biggest city, lies on the banks of the river.
The river is navigable up to the city of Honda, about upstream. At Honda, there are rapids. After these rapids, the river is navigable for another .
Trey Lyles
Trey Anthony Lyles (born November 5, 1995) is a Canadian-American professional basketball player. He is a power forward/small forward for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Lyles played college basketball with the University of Kentucky Wildcats from 2014 until 2015. Lyles had originally committed to play for Indiana but he decommitted in August 2012. He did not play in Kentucky's six-game exhibition series in Nassau, Bahamas because of a leg injury.
Lyles was drafted by the Utah Jazz in the first round with the 12th overall pick in the 2015 NBA Draft. The Jazz signed him to rookie scale contract on July 7, 2015. On January 14, 2016, Lyles was able to score a season-high 19 points in a 103-101 loss to the Sacramento Kings.
Sturla Gunnarsson
Sturla Gunnarsson (born August 30, 1951) is a Canadian movie director and producer.
Gunnarsson was born in Reykjavík, Iceland in 1951. He moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, with his parents when he was seven years old. His movie "After the Axe", received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature. He has since won a number of awards including Emmy Award, Genie Award and Gemini Awards.
Exposure (toxicology)
Toxic exposure means that a toxin (poison) touched or got into a person's body. That person has been exposed to the toxin.
After a person is exposed to a toxin, many different things about that person, the toxin, and the exposure affect "toxicity". Toxicity is how the person reacts to the toxin, including what symptoms they may have.
A person can get exposed to a toxin accidentally or on purpose. People can also use toxins as weapons to try to kill other people (for example, during chemical or biological warfare).
Anything can be a toxin if enough of it gets into a person's body. For example, even water can be toxic. If a person drinks enough water (usually more than 6 gallons in one day), they can get water toxicity (also called "water poisoning" or "water intoxication"). This causes the body's cells to swell up with extra water. Swelling in the brain's cells can cause brain damage or death. Water, in normal amounts, helps keep us alive; but if a person is exposed to enough of it, it becomes a toxin, and it can kill the person.
There are two major types of exposure: acute and chronic.
An acute exposure happens only one time. Chronic exposure happens many times, over a long period of time.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines these types of exposure this way:
Toxins can get into the body in four different ways. These are called "routes of exposure." The route of exposure is one of the many things that affects toxicity.
Toxins can get into the body through inhalation (the person breathes in the toxin). If a toxin is a gas, inhalation is usually the way it gets into the body.
When a toxin is inhaled, it may injure the airways and the lungs. Also, some toxins can go from the lungs into the bloodstream. The bloodstream then delivers blood - with the toxin in it - to all of the organs in the body. The toxin can then damage those organs.
Inhalation is one of the easiest and fastest ways for toxins to get into the body. The lining of the respiratory tract absorbs toxins into the bloodstream very quickly.
An example of a commonly inhaled toxin is cigarette smoke. There are over 100 toxins in cigarette smoke, including formaldehyde, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. Smoking is also an example of "chronic" toxic exposure. The exposure is chronic because the smoker is breathing in toxins many times, over a long period of time.
Another inhaled toxin that causes "acute" exposure is smoke from house fires. There are many toxins in this kind of smoke, including carbon monoxide and cyanide. Firefighters or people who were trapped in fires can get cyanide poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning from breathing in these toxins. This is an example of an acute exposure, because the smoke was not breathed in for more than 24 hours.
If a toxin gets in a person's eyes or on their skin, it can get taken up into the bloodstream. This is called absorption. Absorption through the skin is the most common route of toxic exposure.
The skin is able to keep some toxins from getting into the body. However, if a person has a cut or wound on their skin, any toxin will be able to get into the body through that wound. Also, the toxin will be taken up into the bloodstream more quickly, because it does not have to get absorbed through the skin.
Exposure by absorption often happens in workplaces where people work with toxins. For example, if a person who works at a gas station spills gasoline on himself, the body will quickly absorb the gasoline into the bloodstream. Some chemical weapons like sarin, a nerve gas, can also be absorbed through the skin and the eyes, along with being inhaled.
Ingestion means that a person swallowed the toxin. Some chemicals cannot get into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract. However, others are absorbed through the lining of the intestinal tract into the bloodstream.
Ingestion of toxins is very common in developing countries, where many people do not have safe drinking water. There are many different toxins that can be carried in water. They can be chemicals, like lead. They can also be biological toxins, like the bacteria that causes cholera, and the viruses that cause Hepatitis A and polio. People ingest these toxins by drinking the contaminated water, or eating food made with the water. The World Health Organization says that about 502,000 people die every year because of toxins in water and the diseases they cause.
Food poisoning is also caused by ingestion of toxins, like "E. coli" bacteria, which can live in foods like meat and poultry.
An injected toxin gets into the body when something carrying the toxin breaks the skin. Injections can go into a vein, a muscle, or just under the skin. Toxins that are injected into a vein have the fastest effects, because the toxin is being put right into the bloodstream.
Some snakes, scorpions, and spiders carry venom. If they bite or sting a person, they are injecting that toxin into the person's body.
An example of a toxin which is often injected on purpose is Botulinum. This is a very deadly toxin that causes botulism, but it is also sold under the name "Botox." Many people choose to get Botulinum toxin injected into their faces to get rid of wrinkles. The toxin paralyzes some of the muscles in the face, usually for three to 12 months, and makes the face look smoother.
Some toxins can get into the body through more than one route of exposure. For example, if water is polluted, a person can get exposed to the toxins in the water by drinking it (ingestion) and by showering or swimming in it (absorption).
Once a person has been exposed to a toxin, there are many things that affect toxicity. This article talks about only a few.
Many things about a person's exposure affect toxicity. Three of the most important things are:
The route of exposure also affects toxicity. For example, if it is injected, snake venom can be life-threatening. However, if it is ingested, snake venom is usually not harmful. The effects of this toxin are very different depending on the route of exposure.
Toxins sometimes affect different people in different ways. This is partly caused by differences in people's bodies. A person's age, gender, genes, hormones, nutrition, and the strength of their immune system all affect toxicity. For example, infants, young children, and the elderly are more likely to get sick from lower concentrations of toxins, which might not make a healthy adult sick.
Some health problems can affect toxicity. For example, inhaling toxins is especially dangerous for people who already have lung diseases, like emphysema. If the lungs are already damaged, breathing in toxins is likely to cause even more damage, and puts the person at risk for respiratory failure.
Also, once a toxin gets into the bloodstream, the body immediately starts trying to get rid of it through excretion. The main organs involved with excretion are the kidneys, liver, and lungs. If a person has damage to any of these organs (like kidney failure or cirrhosis of the liver), they will be unable to get rid of the toxin as fast as a healthy person will. The chemical will stay in their body longer, and have more toxic effects.
Many things about the type of toxin a person was exposed to affect toxicity. Two examples are solubility and pH.
A toxin's solubility is its ability to mix into a liquid. If a toxin is not water-soluble (it cannot dissolve in water), it cannot absorb into the bloodstream. (Plasma, the liquid part of blood, is made mostly of water.) If a person ingests a toxin that cannot dissolve into the watery plasma, the toxin will not absorb into the bloodstream through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. It will pass out of the body through the gastrointestinal tract.
However, many toxins are water-soluble and will get absorbed into the bloodstream. For example, the "Vibrio cholerae" bacteria is water-soluble. If a person ingests water or food that has this toxin in it, they can get cholera.
Other toxins are "lipid-soluble" (they dissolve in fats). Instead of getting absorbed into the bloodstream, these toxins get stored in the body's fat. When the person's body burns fat to make energy, these toxins are let out and can poison the person. Examples of fat-soluble toxins include lead, DDT, and mercury.
The toxin's pH is also important. For example, if a toxin is a strong acid or a strong base, it can cause severe chemical burns to the eyes and skin. Toxins that have a more neutral pH can still hurt the body by being absorbed into the bloodstream, but they will not burn the eyes and skin. For example, if a person swims or bathes in water contaminated with cholera toxin, the toxin can still get absorbed through his eyes or skin. However, the water will not burn the eyes or skin.
Combatant
A combatant is a person who fights in an armed conflict. Combatants are protected by parts of the Geneva Convention as long as they obey the rules of war.
Stromule
A stromule is a microscopic structure found in plant cells. Stromules (stroma-filled tubules) are highly dynamic structures extending from the surface of all plastids, including chloroplasts.
Protrusions from and interconnections between plastids were seen in 1888 and 1908, and have been described from time to time in the literature since then.
Stromules were recently rediscovered in 1997. They exist in a number of angiosperm species including "Arabidopsis thaliana", wheat, rice and tomato, but their role is not yet fully understood.
Coffin ship
Coffin ships transported Irish immigrants to America and other colonies during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852). They were the cheapest way to cross the Atlantic but it was a miserable and dangerous journey. The conditions on board were horrible because the ships were so crowded. Also, there was little food and water. There were often diseases on board.
One third (30%) of the passengers died before the arrival in Canada or the USA. Legend says sharks liked to follow coffin ships because the crew threw the dead bodies overboard.
Marcos Milinkovic
Marcos Antonio Milinković (born December 22, 1971 in Villa Ballester, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine volleyball player. Milinković is 203 cm and weighs 100 kg. He competed in the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.
Lauren Collins
Lauren Felice Collins (born August 29, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She acts in both movies and television. She started acting in 1998. Between 2001 and 2008, she played Paige Michalchuk on "". She played a Host in "1 Girl 5 Gays". In 2002, she won a Young Artist Award for her performance in "Degrassi: The Next Generation".
Collins was born in the Thornhill area of the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario.
Roger Willemsen
Roger Willemsen (15 August 1955 – 7 February 2016) was a German author, essayist and television presenter. He was born in Bonn, North-Rhine Westphalia. He began his career in 1991. In 1994, he starred in his own show "Willemsens Woche". He interviewed many famous people such as Madonna, Jesse Jackson, Audrey Hepburn and Yasser Arafat. He retired in 2006.
Willemsen died of pancreatic cancer on 7 February 2016 in Wentorf bei Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein. He was aged 60.
Bill Birchfield
William O. Birchfield (December 19, 1935 – February 5, 2016) was an American politician, lawyer, and civic leader in the state of Florida. He called himself as the "Duke of Mayo". He was born in Mayo, Florida. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for the 21st district from 1971 until his resignation in 1974.
Birchfield died in Jacksonville, Florida on February 5, 2016. He died from a heart attack. He was aged 80.
Nida Fazli
Muqtida Hasan Nida Fazli, known as Nida Fazli (‎; 12 October 1938 – 8 February 2016), was an Indian Hindi and Urdu poet. He was born in Gwalior, British Raj. He wrote essays critical of poets of the 1960s in his book "Mulaqatein". This book made many poets angry, including Sahir Ludhianvi, Ali Sardar Jafri and Kaifi Azmi. As a result, he was boycotted in some poetic sessions. He recently wrote columns for the BBC Hindi website on various contemporary issues and literature.
Fazli died of a heart attack in Mumbai on 8 February 2016. He was aged 77.
Sushil Koirala
Sushil Koirala (; 12 August 1939 – 9 February 2016) was a Nepalese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 11 February 2014 to 10 October 2015. He was also President of the Nepali Congress party beginning in 2010.
Koirala was elected as Prime Minister of Nepal by the parliament on 10 February 2014. Koirala joined the Nepali Congress in 1952 and served in various roles before becoming its president in 2010.
Koirala was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2006 and lung cancer in July 2014. He died on 9 February 2016 of pneumonia in Kathmandu. He was aged 76.
Roy Rogers (basketball)
Roy Lee Rogers, Jr. (born August 19, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played a total of 137 games in the NBA from 1996 until 2000. He played for the Vancouver Grizzlies, Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors, and the Denver Nuggets. After retiring, Rogers became an assistant coach. He currently serves as an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards of the NBA.
Rogers played college basketball for the University of Alabama. He played college basketball with the Crimson Tide from 1992 until 1996.
Rogers was drafted by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the first round with the 22nd overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft. He played a total of 82 games and started 50 games with the Grizzlies. He scored a total of 543 points during his time in Vancouver. On October 28, 1997, the Grizzlies traded Rogers to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Tony Massenburg and a 2nd-round pick in the 1999 NBA draft.
He only played nine games with the Celtics. He scored seven points with them. On February 18, 1998, the Celtics traded Roger along with Chauncey Billups, Dee Brown and John Thomas to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kenny Anderson, Popeye Jones and Žan Tabak.
With the Raptors, Rogers played in six games and scored a total of 13 points. On June 9, 1998, the Raptors traded Rogers along with a two 1st-round picks in the 1998 NBA draft to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Kevin Willis.
Rogers did not play for the Rockets and played most of the 1998 season in Italy. On January 22, 1999, the Rockets traded Rogers along with a 2nd-round pick in the 2000 NBA draft to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Scottie Pippen. Rogers never played a game for the Bulls and they waived him on February 1, 1999.
On October 1, 1999, he signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets. He played 40 games with them. He retired from playing professional basketball in 2004.
After retiring, Rogers joined the Brooklyn Nets as an assistant coach in 2013. He left the next year and joined the Washington Wizards as their assistant coach.
Suba language
Suba is a language spoken by the Suba people of east Africa. It is almost extinct. It is a Bantu language believed to have developed from the interactions between the Luo and the Bantu speakers of Lusoga. These Lusoga migrated from the Baganda kingdom because of a conflict between tribes.
Robin Chandler Duke
Robin Chandler Duke (born Grace Esther Tippett; October 13, 1923 – February 6, 2016) was an American socialite, journalist, women's rights advocate and diplomat. She served as the United States Ambassador to Norway from September 12, 2000 until March 1, 2001.
Duke was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was married to actor Jeffrey Lynn and later diplomat Angier Biddle Duke until his death in 1995. She had three children.
Duke died on February 6, 2016 in Charleston, South Carolina. She was aged 92.
Problem solving is a mental activity related to intelligence and thinking. It consists of finding solutions to problems. A problem is a situation that needs to be changed. It suggests that the solution is not totally obvious, for then it would not be a problem. A great deal of human life is spent solving problems. Social life is based on the notion that together we might solve problems which we could not as individuals.
The word "problem" comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way). If someone has a problem, they have to find a way of solving the problem. The way to solve it is called a solution. Some problem-solving techniques have been developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, and mathematics. Some are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology. and chess.
Problems can be classified as ill-defined or well-defined. Ill-defined problems are those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution. An example is how to face threats which might perhaps be made in the future. Well-defined problems have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems.
Being able to solve problems involves the ability to understand what the goal of the problem is and what rules could be applied to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking and coming up with a creative solution.
Internet safety
Internet safety is the topic of teaching people how to be safe when using the internet. It is particularly important when using social media, through which personal information is shared.
Internet safety is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools and focuses on making sure children know that:
Choose a strong password with different characters and numbers.
There are more another ways to secure your devices when surfing through Internet ,You can use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) they are usually more secure then simple , also they help to unlock many websites which are blocked by your service provider , It is usually recommended to use a Paid service rather than using free service. And an Anti-virus must have to be in your device if you want a secure surfing.
Onan
Onan (, Modern Onan, Tiberian ʼÔnān ; "Strong") is a person in the Bible. He is in the Book of Genesis, chapter 38. He was the second son of Judah. Like his older brother, Er, Onan was killed by Yahweh. Onan's death was because he was "evil in the sight of the Lord" for being unwilling to father a child by his widowed sister-in-law.
Bad Aibling rail accident
The Bad Aibling rail accident was an accident that happened on the railway line in Bad Aibling in Bavaria, Germany, on 9 February 2016. Twelve people were killed and many more injured when two trains collided head-on, along a single-track line.
The accident happened on the line between Holzkirchen and Rosenheim, in Bavaria. The whole line only has a single track. Trains usually cross at stations. The line is equipped with a security system that functioned normally at the time of the accident. In addition, it has been equipped with GSM-R, in 2007. In some places on the line, autonomous block signals are used to secure the track. The line is controlled by different human controllers. The control statiion responsible for the section where the accident happened is in Bad Aibling. The whole infrastructure had been checked a week before the accident, and was found to be without fault.
One pf the trains left Kolbermoor on schedule, and headed towards Holzkirchen, and entered the single track section. The other train was 4 minutes late. The accident happened because of human error. The person responsible gave the orders to pass by a signal, because he said the signal in question was broken. That meant that both trains were circulating on the same track, and headed towards each other. This was not apparent to the train drivers, because there is a long bend in the track, at that position. The person in charge in Bad Aibling recognised that he had made an error, and issued orders for emergency braking using GSM-R. The first of these was given 36 seconds before the collision. Because he didn't use the correct keys, these orders didn't reach the train drivers, but other personnel responsible for securing the line. The accident happened at nearly 6:47 local time. Emergency braking was effective only one second before the collision. The trains were running at 52 and 87 km per hour.
Both train drivers were killed in the accident. In total, twelve people were killed, and 87 injured.
800 people were involved in the rescue. The rescue was very difficult, because the section of track were the accident happened is badly accessible by road. There is a steep hill, on one side, and a canal, with no road access on the other side.
The site of the accident is only 800m from the site where another similar accident had happened in 1945.
Bren light machine gun
The Bren is a light machine gun (LMG) that was used by the British military during World War II. The gun was based on a Czechoslovak gun, the ZB z/26. The name is a shortening of "Brno-Enfield". Brno was the city where the earlier z/26 was made, and Enfield was the company that made the Bren.
It was a simple but well-made LMG. It was well-known for using a curved, top-loading magazine, a carrying handle, and being light enough for one man to carry and use. It was so popular that even the Japanese made their own LMG based on the Bren, the Type-99 light machine gun.
It was so popular among British soldiers that it was used by the British Armed Forces from 1938 to the 1990s.
Big Kap
Big Kap (1970–2016) was a DJ. He was born in New York City. He is well known for his album "The Tunnel" with DJ Funkmaster Flex, which was released in 1999. He died due to a heart attack on February 3, 2016 in New York. He was aged 45 at the time of his death.
Black Mountain (Kentucky)
Black Mountain is a mountain in Kentucky. It is the highest mountain peak in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, USA. The height of the summit is . It is near the Virginia border. Black bears live on the mountain.
Spring Awakening (festival)
The Spring Awakening Music Festival is an elecronic music festival that has been held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois since 2012. Its music is, mostly, within the genres of Progressive house, Electro house, Techno, and Dubstep. The Main Stage of the Festival is located on the heart of the sports field itself. Two smaller stages are around the outside of the stadium. This setup makes for very loud sound that is heard all around the festival. The festival usually takes place in June. In 2015, the festival had an age limit (18+) for theifirst time.
Chicago is city that is well-known for its culture of House Music. Spring Awakening Music Festival was started in 2012 by the Chicago promotion company React Presents. With main artists like Skrillex and Afrojack the first year of the Festival received a very large crowd and has been held every year since. Spring Awakening Music Festival has included DJ sets from famous DJs such as Calvin Harris, Tiesto, Datsik, Excision, Diplo, Dillon Francis, and Hardwell as well as up-and-coming producers such as Bro Safari, Adventure Club, Figure, Zeds Dead, and Borgore. Over the years, the Festival has grown more and more popular because of the large fan base of Electronic Dance Music in the Chicago-land area. With people now coming from around the world to attend the Festival, there has been talk that the planners of the Festival might also hold other events outside Chicago.
John Holt (educator)
John Caldwell Holt was an American educator and author. He supported homeschooling and unschooling.
Holt became disappointed with the United States school system after several years of working in it. He became convinced that improving the school system was not possible, and began to support homeschooling. Holt believed that children did not need to be pressured into learning. They would learn naturally if they had a variety of resources, and could follow their own interests.
Holt's "Growing Without Schooling", founded in 1977, was the nation's first home education newsletter.
Holt, in his 1964 best-seller "How Children Fail" (2nd ed 1982), said schooling does more harm than good to a child's desire to truly learn. The book was followed by "How Children Learn", which explained his positive ideas (1967, 2nd ed 1983.
Holt's sole book on homeschooling, "Teach Your Own", was published in 1981. It was revised by his colleague Patrick Farenga and republished in 2003.
In his 1974 book, "Escape from Childhood: the needs and rights of children", Holt said that children should have the same independence as adults. These included the right to work for money, sign contracts and be allowed to vote in elections.
Fahmy Foundation
The Fahmy Foundation for free press is a non-profit organization based in Canada. It works for freedom of the press and tries to help journalists who are in prison.
Journalist Mohamed Fahmy started the group with his fiancee Marwa Omara in 2015. Their first case was Mahmoud Abou Zeid, known as "Shawkan", a photojournalist who is in prison in Egypt. the Fahmi Foundation also tried to help American journalist Jason Rezaian in Iran, Ahmed Ziada in Egypt, and Mohamed Al-Ajami, a Qatari poet. Jason Rezaian was free in January 2016.
Sara al-Drees
Sara al-Drees () or Sara Abd al-Wehab al-Drees () is a Kuwaiti teacher. She is Kuwait's first political detainee.
Sara al-Drees got a BA in Sociology and Administration from Kuwait University. She is a writer for "Al-Ra'i" newspaper in Kuwait. She is in the Kuwaiti Journalists' Association. She was the leader of the literary cultural club of Kuwait University from 2010 to 2011. She wrote three books. In 2011 she was chosen for a special "nadwa", or workshop for young writers.
The Kuwaiti government arrested her because she made political comments on Twitter. Al-Drees also worked with the Civil Democratic Movement, a group of political parties against the Muslim Brotherhood.
In 2013, al-Drees got a prison sentence of 20 months for her political comments on Twitter. In November 2015 she got another arrest warrant for criticizing one of the wives of the Prophet Mohammed on Twitter. She was in London, but she said she would go back to Kuwait.
Custer County
Custer County is the name of six counties in the United States:
William Katt
William Theodore Katt (born February 16, 1951) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for playing Ralph Hinkley in "The Greatest American Hero".
Katt was born to Bill Williams and Barbara Hale in Los Angeles.
The Greatest American Hero
The Greatest American Hero is an American comedy-drama television series. It was shown for three seasons from 1981 to 1983 on ABC. It was created by producer Stephen J. Cannell. It premiered as a two-hour television pilot on March 18, 1981. The series features William Katt as teacher Ralph Hinkley. It also starred Robert Culp as FBI agent Bill Maxwell, and Connie Sellecca as lawyer Pam Davidson.
The series chronicles Ralph's adventures after a group of aliens gives him a red suit that gives him superhuman abilities. Unfortunately for Ralph he loses the instruction booklet, and thus has to learn how to use its powers by trial and error.
Jason Green (better known as Planet Asia; born October 24, 1976) is an American rapper. He is known for being part of the hip hop duo Cali Agents. He is also well known for producing many mixtapes. He was with Interscope Records. However, he was not promoted like more popular Interscope rappers 50 Cent and Eminem.
He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002 for the song "W" by Mystic.
He was born Jason Green in Fresno, California.
List of massacres of Azerbaijanis
The following is a list of massacres of Azerbaijanis that have occurred throughout history.
A codex (plural "codices") is a book-like object with writing on it. On a codex there are separate pages, whereas a scroll is one continuous long document. The term is used for book-type objects written by hand, and includes books written on vellum or parchment.
The codex transformed the shape of the book itself. As an objects, books can last for centuries, and many codices are in the great modern libraries. The codex was first described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised it. The codex was as common as scrolls by about AD 300. It had completely replaced scrolls in the Greco-Roman world by the 6th century.
Chester-le-Street
Chester-le-Street is an ancient town in the northeast of England. It is in County Durham. Where it stands was a Roman fort called Concangis. This is the 'Chester' (from the Latin "castra") of the town's name. 'Street' refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town. It is now called Front Street (shown at right).
Chester-le-Street is south of Newcastle upon Tyne and west of Sunderland. It is on the River Wear.
The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert lay for 112 years. Then it was taken to Durham Cathedral. The church is the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English. There Aldred wrote the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels.
This place is a market town. Markets are held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Until 2009 the town had its own local government district. The status of the town has been changed several times by local government regulations. The changes were controversial at the time.
Cumberland Mountains
The Cumberland Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern part of the Appalachian Mountains. They run from northern Tennessee to West Virginia. They include parts of western Virginia and eastern Kentucky. Their highest peak, with an elevation of above sea level, is High Knob near Norton, Virginia. According to the United States Geological Survey, the Cumberland Mountain range is long and wide. It is bounded by the Russell Fork on the northeast, the Pound River and Powell River on the southeast, Cove Creek on the southwest, and Tackett Creek, the Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest. It forms the part of the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. The Cumberland Mountains were named for England's Duke of Cumberland. There are a large number of limestone caves on the Virginia side.
The Cumberland Gap is a narrow pass through the Cumberland Mountains. It is a part of the Appalachian Mountains. It is near the junction of the U.S. states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. First used by Native Americans, it was famous during American colonial history as an important path through the lower Appalachians. In 1775 the trail was started by Daniel Boone. Over the next 35 years, over 300,000 Settlers used it to get to the western borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. It was an important part of the Wilderness Road. It is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.
Vertical transmission
Vertical transmission (also called mother-to-child transmission, or MTCT) means that an infection is spread from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. Vertically transmitted infections are usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
If the baby still has the infection after he or she is born, the infection may be called a congenital infection.
Here are some examples of infections that can be "vertically transmitted."
Many (but not all) sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be vertically transmitted. STIs that can be spread from mother to fetus include:
Almost every type of hepatitis can be vertically transmitted. Hepatitis C, D, and E can be spread during pregnancy or childbirth.
Hepatitis B cannot be spread during pregnancy. However, it can be spread during childbirth if the infant touches its mother's blood or other body fluids.
In developed countries, Group B streptococcal infection is the most common cause of bacterial infections in newborns. It can cause infections that are very dangerous to newborns, like meningitis, septicaemia, and pneumonia. These infections can kill a newborn or cause serious long-term health problems.
There are two main ways that infections can be spread during pregnancy or childbirth.
The placenta surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy. It keeps the mother's blood from mixing with the fetus's. However, some infections can cross the placenta and infect the fetus. This is called "perinatal infection."
These infections are especially dangerous because they affect the fetus while it is still developing. This is why many vertically transmitted infections are most dangerous to the fetus early on in a pregnancy. All of the fetus's important organs start to grow by the time the fetus is nine weeks old, and they grow the most early on in the pregnancy. If the fetus gets an infection while important parts of its body are developing, the infection can cause problems in the way those parts of the body grow.
These infections are also dangerous because a fetus does not have an immune system of its own. It depends on its mother's immune system. If the mother has an infection that has not been treated, and her immune system cannot fight off the infection, the fetus will not be able to fight off the infection either.
During pregnancy, the placenta protects the fetus from its mother's blood. However, during childbirth, the placenta stays in the womb while the baby travels through the birth canal. While it is being born, the mother's blood and other body fluids get on the baby, and the baby also touches its mother's genitals. Because of this, infections that are carried in the blood, in body fluids, or in sores on the mother's genitals can infect the baby.
Infections are usually more dangerous for newborns and infants than for adults. This is because it takes about six months for an infant's immune system to develop completely. Until the infant's immune system is fully grown, it will not be able to fight off infections as well as an adult could.
Sometimes, medical treatment, like antibiotics, can prevent a baby from getting infections that spread during childbirth.
Some vertically transmitted infections can be prevented if the mother gets vaccines before getting pregnant. These infections include HPV, chickenpox, measles, and rubella. However, while these vaccines are common in developed countries, many people in developing countries do not have good medical care and cannot get vaccines.
Other vertically transmitted infections, like syphilis, can be cured with antibiotics before the mother gets pregnant.
Sexually transmitted infections can often be prevented by having safer sex.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests these ways of preventing vertically transmitted infections:
The World Health Organization says that mothers with HIV can lower their baby's risk of getting vertically transmitted HIV to 2% if:
List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan
VX is a type of chemical weapon called a nerve agent. It is a very toxic chemical. Because it is so toxic, it cannot be used as anything other than a chemical weapon. The United Nations classifies VX as a weapon of mass destruction.
VX is the most toxic nerve agent ever created. The Council on Foreign Relations says: "A fraction of a drop of VX, absorbed through the skin, can fatally disrupt the nervous system."
The Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, an international law, made it illegal for countries to use chemical weapons like VX. It also made it illegal to make or keep more than 100 grams of VX. It allows some scientists to make and use amounts under 100 grams only if they are trying to create an antidote, or doing medical research.
VX is one of the "V-series nerve agents" which were made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom's military researchers. Nobody agrees on why these nerve agents are called "V-series." Different people say the "V" stands for "Victory" or "Venomous" (poisonous), or "Viscous" (thick liquid).
VX is a liquid that cannot be smelled or tasted. It is a thick liquid with the texture of motor oil. As a weapon, it can be used as a liquid or an aerosol. It could be spread by air, through water, or through food.
Making VX is difficult and very dangerous. Many toxic and dangerous chemicals are used in the process.
VX works the same way other nerve agents do. It blocks nerve signals from getting from the brain to the body. Normally, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) called acetylcholine tells the body's muscles to tighten up when they need to. When it is time for the muscles to relax, an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine, so the muscles stop getting the signal to relax.
VX blocks acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholine builds up, because it is not getting destroyed by acetylcholinesterase. The muscles get tighter and tighter, because the extra acetylcholine keeps telling them to. The extra acetylcholine also signals the parasympathetic nervous system to work extra hard. These changes in the body cause the signs and symptoms of VX poisoning.
The earliest symptoms of VX poisoning depend on how a person was exposed to VX. If VX got on a person's skin, their first symptoms might be sweating or twitching muscles near where the VX was. If the person breathed in VX, their first symptoms might be a runny nose and trouble breathing, caused by the bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) getting narrower.