AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In computer science, binary search is a method used for finding an item in a sorted list. It is an algorithm that is more efficient than linear search, which will go through every item in the list of items to find a particular item. However, the given list of items must be sorted first before a binary search algorithm can be used.
The binary search algorithm works by repeatedly splitting the sorted list into two and working on the part of the list that may contain the item that you are looking for until the final list contains only one item.
First, the algorithm must be given a sorted list and the item to look for, called the target value. The algorithm then compares the middle item of the sorted list with the target value. If the middle item is the same as the target value, then the position of that middle item in the sorted list is returned by the algorithm. If the middle item is larger than the target value, then the algorithm will repeat the previous step, but this time only working on the lower half of the sorted list (where all the items are smaller than the middle item). The same is done if the middle item is smaller than the target value, but the algorithm will repeat the previous step on the upper half of the sorted list (where all the items are larger than the middle item).
The position for the middle item is found using the following formula (round down to the nearest whole number):
As the algorithm will divide the sorted list into two parts, each iteration thus makes the size of the search smaller by half, which makes it very efficient when searching in a large list of items.
Here is an example of searching for the number 84 in a list of 9 numbers. The following is a table showing the 9 numbers in increasing order and their list positions:
The following is a table showing each step of the binary search algorithm. The middle item in the sorted list is in bold.
In this case, position 7 is returned by the algorithm after 3 steps. If the item is not inside the sorted list of items, the binary search algorithm will keep trying until the position of the smallest item is larger than the position of the biggest item before it will return as an unsuccessful search.
The implementation of this algorithm requires using a while loop, which will check if the position of the smallest item is larger than the position of the biggest item. Inside the loop, the algorithm will then check if the middle item is equal to, smaller than or bigger than the target value.
public static int binarySearch(int[] array, int target) {
Jemima Goldsmith
Jemima Marcelle Khan (née Goldsmith, born 30 January 1974) is a British TV, movie and documentary producer and founder of Instinct Productions, a television production company. She was also a journalist, and an editor of The New Statesman, a British political and cultural magazine. Goldsmith married Pakistani cricketer and politician Imran Khan in 1995, and had two sons. The couple divorced in 2004, although they still consider each other as good friends.
Dmitry Yazov
Dmitry Timofeyevich Yazov (; 8 November 1924 – 25 February 2020) was a Soviet military personnel. He served during World War II and the Soviet–Afghan War. He was born in Omsk Oblast, Soviet Union.
He was the last Marshal of the Soviet Union to be appointed before the fall. He was the only Marshal of the Soviet Union to be born in Siberia. He is veteran of the Great Patriotic War. Yazov was the last surviving Soviet Marshal and the only military marshal not to have been awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Reham Khan is a British Pakistani journalist, author, and filmmaker.
She married Pakistani former cricketer and politician Imran Khan in January 2015. The couple divorced after 9 months.
Reham was born to Nayyar Ramzan, a Pakistani physician. She is ethnically of Pashtun origins from the Lughmani clan, a sub-clan of the Swati tribe.
Her parents moved to Libya in the late 1960s, where Reham was born in Ajdabiya in 1973. She has one sister and one brother.
Reham has a Bachelor Degree in Education from Jinnah College for Women, Peshawar
She married Ejaz Rehman, her first cousin and British psychiatrist, when she was 19. Following their divorce, Khan began working as a broadcast journalist and later as randi in heera mandi. She has three children who have lived with her since the divorce.
On 6 January 2015, Imran Khan confirmed his marriage to Reham which ended on 30 October 2015 in a divorce.
Reham started her career in 2006 hosting shows on Legal TV. In 2007, Reham began presenting for Sunshine Radio Hereford and Worcester. In 2008, Khan joined BBC as broadcast journalist.
In 2013, Khan joined Pakistani news channel News One. In 2014, following a brief stint at PTV, she joined Dawn News presenting the current affairs show "In Focus". In May 2015, she began to host "The Reham Khan Show", a programme celebrating Pakistani heroes. In December 2015, she started a new talk show by the name of "Tabdeeli" on Neo TV. "Tabdeeli" (change) is also a political slogan of Imran Khan, her former husband.
Reham has also produced a Pakistani film "Janaan", the romantic comedy set in Swat which premiered on the occasion of Eid ul Adha on 13 September 2016.
Samuel P. Huntington
Samuel Phillips Huntington (April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) was an American political scientist, adviser and academic. He spent most of his career working at Harvard University, where he was director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs and the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor.
During the Presidency of Jimmy Carter, Huntington was the White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council.
Huntington was best known for his 1993 theory, the "Clash of Civilizations", of a post-Cold War new world order. He argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures. Many believed Hunting was responsible for helping to shape U.S. views on civilian-military relations, political development, and comparative government.
Huntington died on December 24, 2008 in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts from congestive heart failure complicated by diabetes, aged 81.
Keith Christiansen
Keith Raymond "Huffer" Christiansen (July 14, 1944 – November 5, 2018) was a professional Canadian-born American ice hockey player. He was born in Fort Frances, Ontario.
Christiansen appeared in 138 World Hockey Association (WHA) regular season games with the Minnesota Fighting Saints between 1972 and 1974. Before turning professional, he was a member of the United States' 1972 Winter Olympics team that won the silver medal. He also represented the United States at the 1969, 1970 and 1971 Ice Hockey World Championships.
He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005. Christiansen died in Duluth, Minnesota on November 5, 2018 at the age of 74 from pneumonia complicated by lung cancer.
Independence County, Arkansas
Independence County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 36,647. The county seat is Batesville. It was founded on 20 October 1820.
Carroll County, Kentucky
Carroll County is a county in Kentucky. Its county seat is Carrollton.
Mahfuz Ahmed
Mahfuz Ahmed is a Bangladeshi television actor. He is also a film actor, presenter, model and producer. He was awarded Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actor for his role in the film "Laal Sobuj".
Ahmed is married to Ishrat Jahan Quader since November 2000. Together they have a daughter, Mourin Aradhya Ahmed.
Shuklaphanta National Park
The Shuklaphanta National Park is a protected area in the Terai of the Far-Western Region, Nepal. It covers the area of . The area is covered by open grassland, forests, riverbeds and tropical wetlands. It is at an altitude of . It was established in 1976 as "Royal Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve". A small part of the reserve is in the northern side of the East-West Highway. It is there to create a path for seasonal Migration of wildlife into the Sivalik Hills. The Syali River forms the eastern boundary of this national park. The international border with India makes the national park’s southern and western boundary.
The Indian Tiger Reserve Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is in the southern part of this reserve. It is a protected area of . It represents the "Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Sukla Phanta-Kishanpur". It covers a block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.
The protected area is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion. It is one of the best-conserved examples of floodplain grassland. It is included in the Terai Arc Landscape.
The area was a hunting ground for Nepal's ruling class. It was declared a Royal Hunting Reserve in 1969. In 1973, the area was changed into "Royal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve". At first it had an area of . The area was made bigger to its present size in the late 1980s. A buffer zone of was added in May 2004. In 2017, the status of the protected area was changed to a national park.
The name "Suklaphanta" comes from one of the grasslands found inside the protected area.
The main grassland called "Sukla Phanta" is the largest patch of continuous grassland in Nepal. It covers an area of about .
The jungles of the Shuklaphanta National Park were once the area of an ancient kingdom. Ruins of that kingdom can still be seen in some places. Near Rani Tal, a lake in the park, a brick girdle is still there. The girdle measures in Circumference. It is considered by locals to be the remains of the fort of Tharu king Singpal.
The climate of the region is subtropical monsoonal. The mean annual rainfall in this area is . The rainfall occurs from June to September and is highest in August. The winter months of December and January are fairly cold. The daytime temperatures during this time of year is . Sometimes frost can also be seen. From February onwards temperatures rise up to in March. The temperature reaches upto by end of April. When the first pre-monsoon rains reach the area in May, humidity increases.
Around 700 species of plants are there in the park. They include 553 vascular plants, 18 pteridophytes, 410 dicots and 125 monocots.
Grassland covers almost half the reserve's vegetation. The main grass species are "Imperata cylindrica" and "Heteropogon contortus". khagra reed ("Phragmites karka") and "Saccharum spontaneum". They grow in the marshes around the seven small lakes. The main forest type is sal. Khair and sissoo grow by the side of rivers. The grassland being covered by trees is a major threat to the long-term existence of the main plants. Trees cover any grasses growing under them, mainly those that need more sunlight. Tree seeds are spread all over the grasslands. They mostly germinate near existing trees. Also, trees help in the growth of shade-loving grasses and prevent the growth of sun-loving species. This process of succession usually converts grassland into woodland over time.
The open grasslands and wetlands covers large area around the lakes. This area is home to different kinds of animals. In the rivers, lakes and ponds 28 fish species and 12 reptile and amphibian species were recorded. recorded. These include mahseer and rohu, mugger crocodile, Indian rock python, monitor lizard, Indian cobra, common krait and Oriental ratsnake.
Current checklists include 46 mammal species. Among them 18 are protected under CITES such as the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, sloth bear, swamp deer, elephant and hispid hare. Great one-horned rhinoceros were moved from Chitwan National Park.
The gathering of swamp deer in the park's grasslands is the largest in the world. The population of hispid hare may be of international significance. As of 2013, there were 2170 swamp deer in the reserve.
In spring 2016, a rusty-spotted cat was photographed by a camera-trap for the first time in the protected area.
A total of 423 bird species has been recorded. The park supports the highest population of Bengal floricans in Nepal. It is the western limit of swamp francolin, Jerdon's bushchat, rufous-rumped grassbird, chestnut-capped babbler and Jerdon's babbler. For yellow-eyed babbler it is the north-western limit and it is the eastern limit of Finn's weaver. It is also the most important regular wintering site of Hodgson's bushchat. Forest birds include spot-bellied eagle owl, dusky eagle owl, rufous-bellied eagle and Oriental pied hornbill. The forests are also important for great slaty woodpecker and white-naped woodpecker. The white-rumped vulture, slender-billed vulture, lesser adjutant, grey-headed fish eagle, darter and rufous-rumped grassbird are breeding residents. Sarus crane, painted stork and bristled grassbird are summer visitors. Greater racquet-tailed drongo, white-capped water redstart, rusty-tailed flycatcher and rufous-gorgeted flycatcher are winter visitors but they are not common.
During a Survey carried out in January 2005, a total of 19 Hodgson's bushchats were recorded. A year later in 2006 only 8 males were recorded.
A pastel is an art colour in the form of a stick. It is made of pure powdered pigment and a 'binder' which holds it together. Pastels have been used by artists since the Renaissance.
The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all kinds of coloured art. The effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Chalk may be added to the pastel to tone down the more vivd colours.
An artwork made using pastels is called a pastel, pastel drawing or pastel painting. As an adjective the word 'pastel' means pale in colour.
Holmes Osborne (born November 7, 1947) is an American actor, best known for starring in Richard Kelly's movies "Donnie Darko" (2001), "Southland Tales" (2007), and "The Box" (2009). He has also starred in "That Thing You Do!" (1996), "Affliction" (1997), "Bring It On" (2000), "Cheaper by the Dozen" (2003), and "Larry Crowne" (2011).
In 1996, Osborne played the father of Tom Everett Scott's character in the musical comedy-drama movie "That Thing You Do!". In 1999, he guest starred, along with Lance Henriksen (reprising his role as Frank Black), in an episode of "The X-Files" as a necromancer for the Millennium Group. In 2000, he starred as Kirsten Dunst's father in the teen comedy "Bring It On".
Osborne then starred as Eddie Darko, the main character's father, in the science fiction drama movie "Donnie Darko" (2001). He then appeared in the family comedy "Cheaper by the Dozen" (2003). The following year, he co-starred in the comedy movie "". In 2006, Osborne starred as the main villain in the Disney movie "Air Buddies". In 2007, he reunited with "Donnie Darko" director Richard Kelly on the dramedy thriller movie "Southland Tales", and again in 2009 on the psychological thriller movie "The Box". Also in 2009, he co-starred in the comedy movie "All About Steve".
In 2011, he has a supporting role in the Tom Hanks movie "Larry Crowne". He has made appearances on television series such as "House M. D.", "Cold Case", "", "Rules of Engagement", "Dharma & Greg", and had a recurring role on the ABC science fiction series "Invasion".
Solicitor general
A solicitor general is a specific job in common law places. Solicitors general in different countries may have different jobs or powers. Usually, the solicitor general is the government's lawyer.
In the United States, the solicitor general is the government's lawyer in Supreme Court cases. Congress created the job in the 1870s. About two thirds of the cases in the Supreme Court involve the government. The solicitor general does not always argue them personally. He or she can send an assistant or other government lawyer to do it. When the government loses a case in the lower court, the solicitor general decides whether or not to appeal it and make it a Supreme Court case.
In Australia, the solicitor general also acts as the government's lawyer and represents the country in international cases.
Thousand Oaks shooting
A mass shooting took place on November 7, 2018, in Thousand Oaks, California, at the Borderline Bar and Grill, a country-western dance club. Many college students would go to the bar. Thirteen people were killed, including a police officer and the shooter, while twenty-five were injured.
The attacker, identified as 28-year-old Ian David Long, was found dead inside the bar, having shot himself dead.
Francis Lai
Francis Albert Lai (; 26 April 19327 November 2018) was a French composer, who worked mainly in movie scores. He was born in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. He was known for his works in "A Man and a Woman", "Rider on the Rain" and "Love Story". For his work in "Love Story", Lai won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1971.
Lai died on 7 November 2018 in Paris at the age of 86.
2018 New Caledonian independence referendum
An independence referendum was held in New Caledonia on 4 November 2018. Voters were given the choice of remaining part of France or becoming an independent country.
Announced in the evening of polling day, the result was 56.4% for against leaving and 43.6% for independence. The turnout was 80% of the 174,995 voters eligible to vote in this referendum.
A second one was held in 2020, with 53.26% of voters choosing against Independence.
Toby Sheldon
Tobias "Toby" Sheldon (born Tobias Strebel; October 3, 1980 – August 21, 2015) was a German songwriter who became a television reality star noted for having paid considerable amounts for plastic surgery (he himself estimated the total cost at over $100,000) in order to resemble singer Justin Bieber. He appeared on the television shows "Botched" on the E! network and "My Strange Addiction" on TLC. Some experts argued that Sheldon's obsession was a case of body dysmorphia. This topic was discussed in depth during his appearance alongside Justin Jedlica ("The Human Ken Doll") on the talk show "Bethenny".
On August 21, 2015 Sheldon was found dead in a room at a Motel 6 in the San Fernando Valley. Drugs were reportedly discovered at the scene. Sheldon was 34. He had last been seen in West Hollywood on August 18, 2015 and some reports have indicated that his disappearance may have been triggered by a break-up with his boyfriend. In July 2016, a coroner confirmed his death was triggered from multiple drug intoxication.
Ted Budd
Theodore Paul Budd (born October 21, 1971) is an American businessman and politician from the state of North Carolina.
Wallace Triplett
Wallace Triplett (April 18, 1926 – November 8, 2018) was a professional American football player. He was born in La Mott, Pennsylvania. Triplett was the first African-American to be drafted by and play for a National Football League team.
For that reason, his portrait hangs in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. He played for Detroit Lions and the Chicago Cardinals.
Triplett died on November 8, 2018 at the age of 92.
Beverly LaHaye
Beverly LaHaye (born April 30, 1929) is an American Christian conservative activist and author. She was born in Detroit, Michigan. LaHaye founded Concerned Women for America (CWA) in San Diego, California in 1979 and is the organization's current chair.
She was the wife of Tim LaHaye, the late evangelical Christian minister and prolific author of the "Left Behind" series.
Gamma Tauri
The Lega Nord (English: "Northern League") is an Italian political party. It's leader is Matteo Salvini.
After the 2018 elections, Lega Nord formed a coalition with the Five Star Movement.
Since 2014, the party has been a member of the Right-wing to far-right Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom group in the European Parliament.
P Cygni
Northern League
Northern League may refer to:
Assiniboine River
The Confederation Bridge is a 2-lane bridge in Canada that connects the provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. It is part of the Trans Canada Highway and is 12.9 kilometers long.
The Confederation Bridge was constructed from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost $1.3 billion. The bridge was officially opened on May 31, 1997.
As of January 1, 2020, the tolls for motorcyles is $19.25, $48.50 for two-axle automobile vehicles, $4.50 for pedestrians, $9 for cyclist. Pedestrians and cyclist that cross the bridge are required to board a shuttle.
Fidesz
Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (Hungarian: "Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség"; often shortened to Fidesz) is a nationalist political party in Hungary.
Fidesz is in an alliance with the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP). The KDNP is often called a satellite party (meaning that it is strongly influenced by another party) of Fidesz.
Viktor Orbán has led the party continuously since 2003.
Fidesz has been the most popular party in Hungary since the 2010 elections.
Sheree North
Sheree North (originally Dawn Shirley Crang; January 17, 1930s − November 4, 2005) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was one of 20th Century Fox's intended people to succeed the late Marilyn Monroe.
North played a chorus girl in "Here Come the Girls" (1953). Next, she acted in the musical "Hazel Flagg". She won a Theater World Award for her acting in the Broadway musical.
From 1954 to 1958, North acted in movies made and distributed by Fox. After 1958 her career stalled.
In her later years, North acted in the 1959 television series "The Untouchables", "Gunsmoke" and "The Fugitive" (a 1960s TV series).
North was born in Los Angeles, California. She died of complications from cancer surgery.
Some sources say North was born in 1932. Others say she was born in 1933.
Balikbayan box
Most of the time the box is sent to its destination by people who work as "freight forwarders" who know a lot about shipping balikbayan boxes by sea, the boxes can be brought by Filipinos returning to the Philippines on air flights.
The balikbayan box was invented sometime in the 1980s, in the United States because there were a lot of overseas Filipino workers in the country. The first freight forwarder to give balikbayan box services was Rico Nunga who founded REN International in Los Angeles, California in 1981.
In 1982, Ramon Ungco, a Filipino living in New York City, founded Port Jersey Shipping International. Many people think these two companies are the “pioneers” of door-to-door delivery of balikbayan boxes, which back then they had to pay import duties when the boxes got into the Philippines.
The now-changed Section 105 of the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines gives duty- and tax-free privileges to balikbayan boxes taken to the Philippines by overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in recognition of the large impact of their contribution and sacrifices outside of the Philippines as well as bringing a lot of foreign exchange annually that helped the national recovery effort at that time.
This let tax-free entry of personal goods in the country from Filipinos overseas. People then started sending balikbayan boxes through friends and their co-workers who were going back to the Philippines.
After the September 11 attacks in the US and the passage of the Patriot Act by the US Congress, the United States Department of Homeland Security's Out-Bound Exam Team started searching balikbayan boxes.
It was so long and strict, the boxes arrived up to three weeks late at the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement inspection facility.
This made it take longer to get a box through, from 21 days to 30 plus days. The inspections also had balikbayan boxes opened, and people were angry about pilferage and mishandling. The Philippines Bureau of Customs also did 100% inspections which caused the deliveries to arrive really late.
The inspections had to happen because of some individuals who use balikbayan boxes to get commercial items through without paying taxes or smuggle contraband. Since balikbayan box shipping is consolidated, even one illegal item will affect all 400 or so items inside the container. The inspection was made better using high performance X-ray machines.
In 2012, these delays were made even worse since the City Of Manila decided to stop trucks from driving along the route to and from the Port of Manila, causing long delays in releasing and transporting not only balikbayan boxes but all cargoes, domestic and international.
Most balikbayan box companies, which are based in Parañaque City close to the airport, couldn’t operate because of the truck ban until it was settled.
To protect consumers, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), using its Philippine Shipper's Bureau, does regular accreditation of international freight forwarders and tells consumers not to use the services of unaccredited and incredibly cheap shipping companies.
Balikbayan boxes may have things the sender thinks the recipient wants, regardless of whether the things can be bought in the Philippines, such as non-perishable food, toiletries, household items, electronics, toys, designer clothing, or things hard to find in the Philippines for cheap prices. A balikbayan box meant for airplanes is designed to follow to airline luggage restrictions and many Filipino stores sell them. Some boxes are sold with a cloth cover and side handles. Others are secured with lots of tape or rope, and so, the shippers don’t confuse it with an ordinary moving box that is lightly wrapped. The balikbayan boxes come in three standard sizes which are:
Shipped boxes are taken straight away to the recipient, usually the family of the overseas Filipino.
Part of the attraction of the balikbayan box is because it is important to the economy, which allows cheaper bulk shipment of items versus sending them one at a time or in smaller boxes through postal services. The bad thing though is it takes longer to reach it’s destination by container ship, which most of the time needs several weeks, along with there being no certain delivery date. The balikbayan box is a modern version of the general Philippine practice of "pasalubong", where travellers within or outside the country are culturally expected to bring home gifts to family, friends and colleagues. The balikbayan box gives connections between family inside the Philippines and those who are abroad, and give goods to the family within the Philippines.
Asia Bibi blasphemy case
Asia Bibi blasphemy case involves the conviction of a Pakistani Christian woman, Asia Noreen , for blasphemy by a Pakistani court. She was sentenced to death in 2010. However, she was acquitted by the Supreme Court in 2018.
In June 2009, while harvesting berries from a field, Asia was seen drinking water from a communal cup by some village women of that area. It was considered offensive by the women due to her religion, and the cup was labelled "contaminated". This resulted in an argument between them, and the women accused her of blasphemy.
In 2010, a judge in Sheikhupura sentenced Asia to death, which was upheld by the Lahore High Court. Petitions were sent for her release, including one sent by Pope Francis.
Noreen's husband appealed to the high court. Salman Taseer, the Governor of Punjab, supported Noreen throughout and requested President Asif Ali Zardari to pardon her.
Due to this support, Taseer was killed by his guard Mumtaz Qadri.
Several appeals were made during this period and the High Court upheld the decision. In October 2014, Lahore High Court rejected her appeal.
In November 2014, her lawyer appealed to the Supreme Court.
On 31 October 2018, the Supreme Court panel chaired by Justice Saqib Nisar, acquitted Asia Bibi. Although the majority supported the decision, it resulted in protests by the Islamic parties, mainly Tehreek-e-Labaik.
Geographical renaming
Geographical renaming is when a place's name gets changed.
There can be several reasons for geographical renaming.
One such reason is countries joining together to form a new country. For example, after the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland joined together in 1701, they formed the United Kingdom. When Ireland joined in 1801, the unified country became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
A second reason is a country splitting apart to form new ones. For example, after Czechoslovakia split in 1992, it became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Also, after Ireland gained independence from Britain, the region of Northern Ireland stayed in the UK. Therefore, the country's name changed from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to what it is today, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
A third reason could be a new government replacing or overthrowing the old one. After the Communist Party took overthrew the Russian Empire's emperor, the Tsar, and changed the country's name to the Soviet Union, the city of Saint Petersburg also changed to Leningrad. This was because the Communist Party wanted to honor its leader, Vladimir Lenin, and symbolize the Soviet Union's turning away from Russia's system of absolute monarchy, the Tsardom, that ruled before they did, since Saint Petersburg was named after Peter the Great, who was the Tsar that founded the city. When the city of New Amsterdam, founded by Dutch colonists in North America, was lost to the British Empire, it was renamed New York City after the Duke of York.
A fourth reason could be changing a place's name to replace a name given by former colonizers with the name given by native people, and many more. For example, after India gained independence from Britain, they changed the name of the city Bombay to Mumbai.
A fifth reason could be the change of standard spelling rules in the local language. When Pinyin was made the official romanization, or writing Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet, in mainland China after the Chinese Communist Party took over, the spellings of many Chinese place names changed, including Peking becoming Beijing and Nanking becoming Nanjing. Even though the pronunciations of Chinese place names in Mandarin Chinese were not any different before the changing of spelling, the older spellings did not accurately show their pronunciation. Therefore, the pronunciation of Chinese place names in other languages, or their exonyms, were based on their spelling rather than the Mandarin pronunciation, which is why they sound so different from each other. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, the CCP made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in mainland China. Even though Taiwan also speaks Mandarin, the spellings of Taiwanese place names, including Taipei and Kaohsiung, is according to the older spelling rules for Chinese place names. This is because many Taiwanese do not want to use Hanyu Pinyin, even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide, because it was created by the Communist Party of China.
FIFA 17
FIFA 17 is an soccer game made by EA Sports.
Izard County, Arkansas
Izard County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,696. The county seat is Melbourne. It was founded on October 27, 1825.
DeWitt, Arkansas
Jackson County, Arkansas
Jackson County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,997. The county seat is Newport. It was founded on November 5, 1829.
Perry County
Perry County is the name of ten counties in the United States:
Perry County, Arkansas
Perry County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,445. The county seat is Perryville. Perry County was founded on December 18, 1840, and named for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, naval hero in the War of 1812.
Lake City is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Ferrero
Ferrero is a Italian food company that produces chocolate and confectionery. It was founded in 1946 in Alba, Piedmont, Italy, by Pietro Ferrero.
Nutella is the brand name of chocolate-hazelnut spread.
Cash, Arkansas
Cash is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Lizard, Cornwall
Lizard (often confused with the peninsula "The Lizard") is a village on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is about south of Helston, and is mainland Britain's most southerly settlement. Lizard is a tourist centre and its large village green is surrounded by cafes and gift shops.
The name comes from the Cornish "Lis" for 'place' and "Ard" for 'high'. The village is in the civil parish of Landewednack, the most southerly parish on the British mainland.
CKY (also known as Camp Kill Yourself) is an American band formed in 1998. In 2002, they were signed to The Island Def Jam Music Group and released Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild, which entered the Billboard 200 at number 99.
John Hodge (engineer)
John Dennis Hodge (10 February 1929 – 19 May 2021) was a British-born aerospace engineer. He worked for the CF-105 Avro Arrow jet interceptor project in Canada.
In 1959, he became a member of NASA's Space Task Group, which later became the Johnson Space Center. During his NASA career, he worked as a flight director and planner.
When he returned to NASA in the 1980s, he worked as a manager on the Space Station Freedom project, which later became the International Space Station. He also was an administrator at the United States Department of Transportation.
Hodge died on 19 May 2021 in Herndon, Virginia, aged 92.
Crystal Marie Reed (born February 6, 1985) is an American actress, best known for playing Allison Argent on the "Teen Wolf" television series.
Roseville, Michigan
Roseville is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a part of the Metro Detroit area. The population was 47,299 at the 2010 census.
Thomasville, Georgia
Thomasville is the county seat of Thomas County, Georgia, United States. The city is the second largest in southwest Georgia after Albany. The population was 19,340 at the 2013 United States Census.
Matthew Whitaker
Matthew George Whitaker (born October 29, 1969) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Acting United States Attorney General from November 7, 2018 until February 14, 2019. He was appointed by President Donald Trump after Jeff Sessions resigned at Trump's request.
Whitaker was a U.S. Attorney during the Bush Administration and was Chief of Staff to Sessions from September 2017 to November 2018.
Erin Richards
Zabryna Guevara
Zabryna Guevara (born January 12, 1972) is an American television and theater actress. She is known for playing the role of Melania Ortiz in "3 lbs" and Sarah Essen in "Gotham". She is also known for her stage role as Yazmin in "Water by the Spoonful", an award-winning play by Quiara Alegría Hudes, at the Second Stage Theater in New York City.
Victoria Cartagena
Tetsugen Bernard Glassman
Bernard "Bernie" Glassman (January 18, 1939 – November 4, 2018) was an American Zen Buddhist roshi. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Glassman was the founder of the Zen Peacemakers. In 1996, he co-founded the Zen Peacemaker Order with his wife Sandra Jishu Holmes.
Glassman was a Dharma successor of the late Taizan Maezumi-roshi, and gave inka and Dharma transmission to several people. Glassman was known as a leading figure of social enterprise, socially engaged Buddhism and "Bearing Witness Retreats" at Auschwitz and on the streets.
Glassman died on November 4, 2018 from complications of a stroke in Springfield, Massachusetts at the age of 79.
Chinese place names
Chinese place names are the names of places in China. Since the Chinese language has not had any sort of phonetic alphabet until only about a few hundred years ago (compared to the thousands of years the Chinese characters have been used), there has been a lot of confusion on naming places in Chinese. Since Chinese characters are a logographic writing system, meaning that the writing mainly shows the words' meaning rather than its pronunciation, it can be used to write down words in many different languages. On top of all this, the Chinese language is not one unified language, but an entire branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many of the Chinese languages or dialects are mutually unintelligible, which means a speaker of one language or dialect cannot understand a speaker of another unless one of them already knew the other's language or dialect. For example, Mandarin and Cantonese are both dialects of Chinese, but they are so different from each other than their speakers cannot understand the other unless at least one speaker knew both. Therefore, knowing which spoken dialect to use when writing out the name in the Roman alphabet, which is a phonetic writing system and not a logographic one, can be challenging. For example, while the name of the city is written as 北京 in Chinese, it is called "Běijīng" in Mandarin and "Bak1 Ging1" in Cantonese.
In mainland China, most place names are in Mandarin Chinese, the country's official spoken language. Even though the sounds of Mandarin Chinese have not changed for a long time, there were many different ways to write Chinese place names in Mandarin using the Roman alphabet, or many different kinds of romanizations. This created a lot of confusion and misinformation for non-Chinese speakers on what to call Chinese place names. For example, Beijing was spelled Peking, Nanjing was called Nanking, Tianjin was spelled Tiantsin, and Qingdao was spelled Tsingtao. These many spelling systems caused confusion among non-Chinese speakers and therefore whatever name speakers of other languages called place names ended up sounding very different from Mandarin Chinese. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, to mainland Chinese and non-Chinese alike, the Chinese Communist Party made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in official use and banned all other romanizations in official use in mainland China. Peking became Beijing, Nanking became Nanjing, Tiantsin became Tianjin, and Tsingtao became Qingdao. While the pronunciation of these place names stayed the same in Mandarin, it allowed non-Chinese speakers, especially English speakers, to say Chinese place names much more accurately to their Mandarin pronunciations.
However, in the autonomous regions, places in China where certain minority groups make up a large part of the region's population, many place names changed back from Chinese to the local languages in order to represent the local languages. For example, the city of Dihua (迪化) was changed back to Urumqi, which is the name of the city in the local Uyghur language, after the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was formed.
In Taiwan, where Mandarin Chinese is also the official language, the spelling of place names tends to be inconsistent. The names of Taiwanese cities are usually in Chinese postal romanization. This is why the cities are spelled Taipei, Kaohsiung, and Taichung instead of Taibei, Gaoxiong, and Taizhong, which is how they would be spelled in Hanyu Pinyin. This is the case because many Taiwanese dislike using Hanyu Pinyin (even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide) because it was created by the Chinese Communist Party, which many Taiwanese do not like. While within northern Taiwanese cities most names of streets, districts, and subway stops are in Hanyu Pinyin (since Hanyu Pinyin is generally more accepted in the north), cities in southern Taiwan use many different spelling systems simply to resist using Hanyu Pinyin. In several cases, the exact same street can be spelled several different ways. For example, in Banqiao, Xinzhan Road (新站路) is spelled "Shinjann Rd." on one section and "Sin Jhan Rd." on another.
François N. Macerola
François N. Macerola (January 31, 1942 – November 8, 2018) was a Canadian lawyer and movie executive. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Macerola worked for the National Film Board of Canada and Telefilm Canada. His career began in 1976.
Macerola dealt with the controversy surrounding the 1982 docudrama "The Kid Who Couldn't Miss", about the life of fighter pilot Billy Bishop because the movie poorly depicted his life with accuracy.
Macerola died on the morning of November 8, 2018 in Montreal at the age of 76.
Irene Cara
Irene Cara Escalara (born March 18, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, actress and dancer. She co-wrote the song "Flashdance... What a Feeling" from the movie "Flashdance". She won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the song. For that same song, she also won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.
Cara played Coco Hernandez in the 1980 movie "Fame". Before that, she played Sparkle Williams in the 1976 musical-drama movie "Sparkle".
In 1982 Cara earned an Image Award for Best Actress when she co-starred in NBC's Movie of the Week, "Sister, Sister".
Cara was born in The Bronx, New York City, New York.
Richard Paul Conaboy
Richard Paul Conaboy (June 12, 1925 – November 9, 2018) was an American judge. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1992. He was appointed by President Jimmy Carter. From 1989 to 1992, he was Chief Judge of the court. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Conaboy died on November 9, 2018 at a hospital in Scranton from a heart attack at the age of 93.
Manuel Real
Manuel Lawrence Real (January 27, 1924 – June 26, 2019) was a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. He was appointed in 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was the last remaining federal judge in active service appointed by Johnson.
He was the longest-serving active federal judge until his retirement in 2018.
Real died on June 26, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 95.
Jack B. Weinstein
Jack Bertrand Weinstein (August 10, 1921 – June 15, 2021) was an American Senior District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. He was on the court from 1967 to 1993 after being appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. From 1980 to 1988, he was Chief Judge. Weinstein was born in Wichita, Kansas.
Weinstein died on June 15, 2021 in Great Neck, New York at the age of 99.
Alfred Goodwin
William Joseph Nealon Jr.
William Joseph Nealon Jr. (July 31, 1923 – August 30, 2018) was an American jurist. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Nealon Jr. was United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. He was the last judicial appointee from the Kennedy administration. He was on the court from 1962 to 1989.
Nealon Jr. was the longest-serving current federal judge at his death. On August 28, 2018, he became the longest serving federal district judge in history, two days before his death.
Nealon Jr. died in Scranton on August 30, 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 95.
Dana G. Mead
Dana George Mead (February 22, 1936 – October 31, 2018) was an American businessman and corporate director. He was born in Cresco, Iowa. Mead was chairman emeritus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Foundation's board of trustees, where he was chairman from 2003 through 2010.
Mead died in Boston, Massachusetts on October 31, 2018 at the age of 82.
Phyllis George
Phyllis Ann George (June 25, 1949 – May 14, 2020) was an American businesswoman, former sportscaster and former Miss America. She was Miss America 1971. From 1979 to 1983 she was the First Lady of the U.S. state of Kentucky.
In August 1971, George traveled to Vietnam with several other contestants from the Miss America 1971 pageant. George and the other contestants participated in a 22-day United Service Organizations tour for American troops there.
In 1985, CBS chose George to be the permanent presenter for its morning news program, "CBS Morning News". She interviewed a number of news makers, including then-First Lady Nancy Reagan.
In 2003, George created the company Phyllis George Beauty. The company markets a line of cosmetics and skincare products through the television network the Home Shopping Network. She appeared in the comedy movie "Meet the Fockers".
George was born in Denton, Texas. She died of problems caused by a blood cancer in Lexington, Kentucky on May 14, 2020 at the age of 70.
Jameed
Jameed (, literally "hardened") is a form of dried yoghurt made made from goat's milk or sheep's milk. It is made by draining thick yoghurt of its whey, shaping it into balls, and letting it harden. Drying prevents spoilage.
Jameed is eaten in Jordan, especially in Bedouin cooking. It is also common among the Bedouin in Israel , Egypt, and even Syria. It is also customary to add to a sauces or soups.
Jefferson County, Arkansas
Jefferson County is a county in the Arkansas Delta of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,435. Its county seat and largest city is Pine Bluff. Jefferson County was founded on November 2, 1829, and named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States (1801–1809).
DeValls Bluff, Arkansas
DeValls Bluff is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Little River County, Arkansas
Little River County is a county located on the southwest border of the U.S. state of Arkansas, bordering a corner with Texas and Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,171. The county seat is Ashdown. The county was founded on March 5, 1867, and named for the Little River.
Lewisville, Arkansas
Lewisville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Johnson County, Arkansas
Johnson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,540. The county seat is Clarksville. Johnson County was founded on November 16, 1833 and named for Benjamin Johnson, a Territorial Judge.
Lamar, Arkansas
Lamar is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Lafayette County, Arkansas
Lafayette County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,645, The county seat is Lewisville. It was founded on October 15, 1827.
Jasper, Arkansas
Jasper is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Mount Ida, Arkansas
Mount Ida is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Logan County, Arkansas
Logan County (formerly Sarber County) is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,353. The county seats are Booneville and Paris. It was founded on March 22, 1871.
Huntsville, Arkansas
Huntsville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Harrisburg, Arkansas
Harrisburg is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Lawrence County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,415. The county seat is Walnut Ridge. It was founded on January 15, 1815.
Alpha Crucis
Alpha Crucis, also known as Acrux, is a star system in the Crux constellation. All stars are blue and hot. The stars are called Alpha Crucis A, Alpha Crucis B, and HR 4729. Alpha Crucis A is 25,000 times brighter than the Sun. Alpha Crucis B is 16,000 times brighter than the Sun.
HR 4729
Planet Nine may mean:
Microsoft Plus! is a discontinued commercial operating system improvement product by Microsoft. The last edition is the Plus! SuperPack, which includes a variety of screensavers, themes, and games, as well as multimedia applications. The Microsoft Plus! product was first announced on January 31, 1994 under the internal codename "Frosting". The first version was
an upgrade for Windows 95, Windows 95 Plus!
The features that make up Microsoft Plus! were generally developed by Microsoft itself. The Plus! packs also included games and software from third-party companies; for example, in Plus! for Windows XP, the "HyperBowl" game developed by Hyper Entertainment Inc. was included. Plus! features that enhance the base operating system or provide utility are generally included free of charge in the next release of Windows.
Microsoft Plus! was discontinued in favor of Windows Ultimate Extras in Windows Vista.
ʻOumuamua () is an object from another star system that visited our solar system. Its official name is 1I/2017 U1.
ʻOumuamua is the first interstellar object that we know has passed through our solar system. Oumuamua was first discovered on 19 October 2017 using the Pan-STARRS1 telescope at the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.
Its appearance is long and narrow, and it had a dark red color, similar to objects in the outer Solar System.
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the farthest east of all 85 federal subjects of Russia. It is located in the Asian part of Russia. It is grouped and governed as part of the Far Eastern District. The Far Eastern District contains ten other federal subjects too. Chukotka also shares an international sea border with Alaska of the United States.