AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Furthermore, after the war was created the "Free Territory of Trieste" in north-western Istria: in the years following the division of the territory between Italy and Yugoslavia, up to 40,000 Istrian Italians chose to leave the Yugoslav "B zone" and move to the "A zone" or Italy for various reasons - some were intimidated into leaving and some simply preferred not to live in Tito's Yugoslavia.
Since the end of WWII the irredentism has totally disappeared in Istria, even because of the Istrian exodus.
Actually Istria is populated mainly by Slavs, but nearly 50,000 Italians still live there (divided between the areas of Istria belonging to Croatia, Slovenia and Italy).
Capodistria (actual Koper) and Muggia were the centers of the irredentism in Istria. In these cities there was the main "Comitato istriano" (Istrian Committee for Union to Italy), the meeting place of the most famous istrian irredentists like Carlo Combi e Antonio Madonizza. From there sailed, in 1848, many Istrian Italians to fight for Venice against the Austrians with the Legione Istriano-dalmata.
After 1866 - when Venice and the Veneto region were united to Italy - in all Istria there was full support for the irredentism. The Italian hero Nazario Sauro was born in Capodistria.
Actually only Muggia remains Italian, as part of the Province of Trieste.
Perestroika, which means "restructuring" in the Russian language, was a series of changes to the economy of the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started it in 1986. This happened only a few years before the Soviet Union fell apart into 15 countries. Many historians argue that it was a major reason that the Soviet Union fell apart. It happened at about the same time as Gorbachev's "glasnost" reforms, which made what the government did not as much of a secret.
The Soviet Union was a communist country. The government controlled the economy. People did not own their own land or businesses. Under perestroika, some people could even start to own their own businesses. Gorbachev wanted perestroika to help out the Soviet economy, which had been having problems. However, in the end, it could not save the country's economy.
Henri Verneuil
Armen Dzhigarkhanyan
Armen Dzhigarkhanyan (Armenian: Արմեն Ջիգարխանյան, Russian: Арме́н Бори́сович Джигарханя́н; 3 October 1935 – 14 November 2020) was one of the most popular Soviet and Armenian actors. He was born on October 3, 1935, in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, USSR.
He has appeared in 254 movies, including his 1981 leading role as Nazi Max Richard in "Teheran 43". He acted in his first movie aged 25 in 1960.
Dzhigarkhanyan was given the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1985.
In April 2018 he again was hospitalized after a heart attack and fell into a coma.
Dzhigarkhanyan died in Moscow on November 14, 2020. The cause of death was cardiac arrest due to kidney failure.
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Gettysburg is a borough in and the county seat of Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. There were about 7,490 people at the 2000 United States census (counting of the people).
It is known mostly because it is near to where the Battle of Gettysburg was held. Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address at Gettysburg. It is seen as one of the most historic sites in American history. Dwight Eisenhower lived at Gettysburg in his later years.
However, it is also known for the Lutheran Theological Seminary, founded in 1826, Gettysburg College (originally Pennsylvania College), which began operating in 1832, and
Harrisburg Area Community College.
Many roads come from Gettysburg. It is at the junction of U.S. Route 15, U.S. Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway). Today it is a 2½ hour drive from Philadelphia. It is also a 3½ hour drive from Pittsburgh by the Pennsylvania Turnpike and U.S. Route 15. Gettysburg Regional Airport, a small general aviation airport, is west of Gettysburg. Gettysburg has weather that changes from around in the winter months to almost in the summer.
Gettysburg National Cemetery
Gettysburg National Cemetery is on Cemetery Hill in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. A short time after the Battle of Gettysburg the place was bought. The Union dead were moved from shallow (not deep) burial places on the battlefield to the cemetery. It was supported by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin. The local attorney David Wills was the person who mostly bought the land, managed the building of the cemetery, and planned its ceremony. However, the basic concept and early organizing efforts were led by rival lawyer David McConaughy. The landscape architect William Saunders designed the cemetery. It was called the "Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg" at first.
It was dedicated on November 19, 1863. Edward Everett spoke at the ceremony. Abraham Lincoln followed with the shorter but much more famous Gettysburg Address.
3,512 Union soldiers were buried in the cemetery. 979 are unknown.
Atsushi Ito
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Hibiki Kato
Hibiki Kato (born 14 November 1987) used to be a Japanese football player.
Tomoya Kumagai
Tomoya Kumagai (born 25 March 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.
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M&amp;Ms
M&Ms are round chocolates with an “m” printed on each one. They are available in many different colors. These colors are green, yellow, blue, red, brown, and orange. They also come in different flavors such as milk chocolate, dark chocolate, mint chocolate, peanuts, almonds, orange chocolate, coconut, and peanut butter. M&Ms have also been included in many other candy products.
Forrest Mars is the founder of the Mars Company. He got the idea for M&M’s during the 1930 Spanish Civil War. He saw soldiers eating chocolate pellets with hard chocolate shells. He decided to make his own chocolate candies. He got the patent for these on March 3, 1941.
The name M&M comes from the founders name Forrest E. Mars Sr. The other M comes from the name of the president of the Hershey Company, William F. R. Murrie. The Mars Company started printing the white M on the candy in 1950.
In 1954 the world famous M&M characters made their first television appearance. In 1980 M&M’s were sold across the world.
M&M’s History. M&M’s. Mars Chocolate NA. 2010 (28 April 2010)
Kyohei Horikawa
Kyohei Horikawa (born 18 September 1986) is a former Japanese football player.
Mitsuki Ichihara
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Yusuke Kawabuchi
Yusuke Kawabuchi (born 21 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for NEC TOKIN.
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Kosuke Nakahara
Kosuke Nakahara (born 13 March 1987) is a Japanese football player.
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Taisuke Matsugae
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Ken Matsumoto
Ken Matsumoto (born 28 August 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Albirex Niigata Singapore.
Reiichi Ikegami
Reiichi Ikegami (born 12 July 1983) is a Japanese football player.
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Taishi Endo
Taishi Endo (born 31 March 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sony Sendai.
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Rychely
Rychely (born 6 August 1987) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Bahia.
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Yuki Uekusa
Yuki Uekusa (born 2 July 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.
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Tatsuya Suzuki (born in 1988)
Tatsuya Suzuki (born 29 February 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
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Koji Nishimura
Koji Nishimura (born 7 July 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus Eight.
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Takuya Honda
Honda was born in Sagamihara on April 17, 1985. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse in 2008. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. Shimizu won the 2nd place in the 2008 J.League Cup and 2010 Emperor's Cup. In 2011, he moved to Kashima Antlers. However he could not play many matches for injury. In July 2013, he returned to Shimizu S-Pulse. Although he played many matches, Shimizu was relegated to J2 League first time in the club history end of the 2015 seasons. In 2017, he moved to Montedio Yamagata and played in 4 seasons. In 2021, he moved to J3 League club FC Gifu.
In 2008, Honda was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. In January 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against Saudi Arabia on January 17. At this tournament, he played 2 matches and Japan won the champions.
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Wataru Inoue
Wataru Inoue (born 7 August 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
Art game
Yasuhiro Hiraoka
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Yohei Takeda
Yohei Takeda (born 30 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.
Josimar Rodrigues Souza Roberto
Josimar Rodrigues Souza Roberto (born 16 August 1987) is a Brazilian football player.
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Yuji Kimura
Yuji Kimura (born 5 October 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.
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Yuji Yabu
Yuji Yabu (born 24 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.
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Drift mining
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2009–10 New Jersey Devils season
The 2009–10 New Jersey Devils season is the team's 27th season in the National Hockey League since the franchise relocated to New Jersey.
With their win on March 27, 2010 against the Montreal Canadiens at Bell Centre, the Devils clinched a playoff berth and are participating in the Stanley Cup Playoffs for the 13th consecutive season and for the 20th time in 22 seasons.
2009–10 Calgary Flames season
Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are very high-energy radiation, mostly from outside the Solar System.
The term "ray" is a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation.
They are particles. Most are protons and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. Some are electrons (beta particles), gamma rays or photons and a tiny fraction are even heavier particles.
Their origin is not exactly known. There is evidence that many primary cosmic rays come from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays. Galactic cosmic rays are Particles trapped in the magnetic field of Earth, Particles sent flying into space during a solar flare, and High-energy protons and heavy ions that originate outside our solar system
Cosmic rays can have as much energy as 10 eV, far higher than the 10 to 10 eV that man-made particle accelerators can produce.
When cosmic ray particles enter the Earth's atmosphere they hit other particles, like molecules of oxygen and nitrogen. This causes a shower of lighter particles, a so-called 'air shower'.
The number of particles made in an air shower event can reach billions. All of the particles in the shower stay within about one degree of the first particle's path. In a shower are x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons.
Typical particles produced in such collisions are neutrons and charged mesons such as positive or negative pions and kaons. Some of these decay into muons. These are able to reach the surface of the Earth, and even penetrate for some distance into shallow mines. The muons can be easily detected by many types of particle detectors. The observation of a secondary shower of particles in different detectors at the same time shows that all of the particles came from that event.
Cosmic rays are responsible for the continuous production of certain unstable isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon-14, by the reaction:
Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s. This is an important fact used in radiocarbon dating used in archaeology.
Cosmic rays are of great practical interest, because they can damage microelectronics and life outside the protection of the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field.
Eilat
Eilat, Hebrew: אילת , is a city in the most southern part of Israel. About 50,000 people were living in this city in 2015.
Eilat is at the southern end of the Negev Desert and the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba or Gulf of Eilat on the Red Sea. It is an important port for Israel. Ships bring many products to Israel from the Far East and other places here.
Eilat also hosts an airport, called Eilat Airport.
Many tourists from Israel and other countries visit Eilat to enjoy the desert views, beaches and all-year warm weather. The temperature can easily reach more than 40 °C (104 °F) in summer and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter. The sea water is between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Coral reefs grow in the sea near Eilat and people can see them by scuba diving or from an underwater observatory (Coral World Underwater Observatory). Kings City is an amusement park in Eilat.
Edwin H. Land
Edwin H. Land (1909 - 1991) was an American physicist and inventor.
In 1932, he discovered a cheap and easy way to polarize light. In 1937 he set up the Polaroid Corporation to make scientific instruments and anti-glare sunglasses. In 1947 he developed the Polaroid camera. It could print photographs without needing film.
San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile
Retarder
Janeite
The word Janeite has been used by people who love the works of Jane Austen. However, it can also be used to show disapproval. Claudia Johnson says that "Janeitism" is "the self-consciously idolatrous enthusiasm (love) for 'Jane' and every detail relative to her (about her)".
Janeitism did not begin until after J. E. Austen-Leigh published "A Memoir of Jane Austen" in 1870. When this was published, Jane Austen became much more popular. This worried the literary elite. They felt they had to separate their liking of Austen from the "masses". The word "Janeite" was first begun by the literary scholar George Saintsbury in his 1894 introduction to a new edition of "Pride and Prejudice". Austen scholar Deidre Lynch explains, "he meant to equip himself with a badge of honor he could jubilantly (triumphantly, happily) pin". In the early twentieth century, Janeitism was "principally (mostly) a male enthusiasm shared among publishers, professors, and literati". Rudyard Kipling even printed a short story called "Janeites" about a group of World War I soldiers who were fans of Austen's novels.
In the 1930s and 1940s,Austen's works were accepted at school, and the word began to change its meaning. It began to mean the people who liked Austen in the "wrong" way. The word, according to Lynch, is now " and against "other" people".
Sleep (operating system)
2008–09 Calgary Flames season
The 2008-09 Calgary Flames season is the team's 28th season in the National Hockey League since the franchise relocated to Calgary.
The Flames lost to the Chicago Blackhawks 2 games to 4 in the Conference Quarter-Finals.
2007–08 Calgary Flames season
Histone
Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, the active component of chromosomes.
Histones act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes.
Histones act as spools around which DNA winds. This packs in the large genomes of eukaryotes to fit inside cell nuclei. The compacted molecule is 40,000 times shorter than an unpacked molecule.
Histones undergo changes which alter their interaction with DNA and nuclear proteins. Long-term changes in histone/DNA interaction cause epigenetic effects. Combinations of modifications are thought to constitute a code, the so-called "histone code". Histone modifications act in diverse biological processes such as gene regulation, DNA repair and chromosome condensation (mitosis).
Examples of histone modifications in transcription regulation include:
Histones were discovered in 1884 by Albrecht Kossel. The word "histone" dates from the late 19th century and is from the German "Histon", of uncertain origin: perhaps from Greek "histanai" or from "histos". Until the early 1990s, histones were dismissed as merely packing material for nuclear DNA. During the early 1990s, the regulatory functions of histones were discovered.
The discovery of the H5 histone appears to date back to 1970's.
Histones are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and in certain Archaea, namely Euryarchaea, but not in bacteria. Histone proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes, which suggests they are vital to the biology of the nucleus. In contrast, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio.
Core histones are highly conserved proteins, that is, there are very few differences among the amino acid sequences of the histone proteins of different species. Linker histone usually has more than one form within a species and is also less conserved than the core histones.
Yūsuke Tanaka can refer to:
Satoshi Hida
Satoshi Hida (born 18 April 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Albirex Niigata Singapore.
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Masato Okubo
Masato Okubo (born 17 April 1986) is a former Japanese football player.
Mitsumasa Yoda
Mitsumasa Yoda (born 7 August 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
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Óscar López Hernández
Óscar López Hernández (born 11 May 1980) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Numancia Soria.
Heurelho Gomes
Heurelho Gomes (born 15 February 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.
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Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa
Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa (born 17 June 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Chelsea.
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Helton da Silva Arruda
Helton da Silva Arruda (born 18 May 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Porto.
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Carlo Mazzone
Yuji Goto
Yuji Goto (born 20 August 1985) is a former Japanese football player.
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Yūsuke Tanaka (born in April 1986)
Yūsuke Tanaka (born 14 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.
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Jonathan de Guzmán
Jonathan de Guzmán (born 12 September 1987) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Feyenoord Rotterdam.
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Jiro Kamata (born 28 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.
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Kengo Ishii
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Taku Akahoshi
Taku Akahoshi (born 21 April 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.
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Substrate (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, a substrate is the molecule acted on by an enzyme to produce a product.
An example: Sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose. The sucrase bends the sucrose, and strains the bond between the glucose and fructose. Water molecules join in and make the cleavage in a fraction of a second.
Maciej Rataj
Maciej Rataj (born 19 February 1884 - died 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician of peasants movement. He was Speaker of the Parliament (Sejm). He was Acting President of Poland twice.
Rataj was an independence and peasant activist before Poland regained an independence in 1918. He became Member of Sejm in 1918. He was elected Speaker in the first regular term and held that post from 1922 to 1928. Previously, he was Minister for Religious Affairs in Wincenty Witos cabinet.
He was Acting President twice: from 16 December to 22 December 1922 and from 15 May to June 4 1926. For the first time he served between assassination of Poland's first President Gabriel Narutowicz and election of his successor Stanisław Wojciechowski. For the second, between Wojciechowski resignation after a May coup and election of Ignacy Mościcki.
After outbreak of the World War II, Rataj remained in occupied Poland and was murdered, along other prominent citizens, by Nazis in Palmiry.
Fatty acid
A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (-C(=O)OH), with a long unbranched hydrocarbon tail. It is studied in organic chemistry and biochemistry.
Fatty acids are important sources of body fuel. When metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose. In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids.
Fatty acids may be either saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated compounds have reactive double bonds; saturated ones do not.
Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from, or contained in, an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of four to 28 carbon atoms (usually unbranched and even numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. This would include acetic acid, although this is not usually considered a fatty acid (not a lipid).
The blend of fatty acids in mammalian skin, together with lactic acid and pyruvic acid, are distinctive. They allow animals with a keen sense of smell to identify individuals.
Repetitive strain injury
Repetitive strain injury (RSI), also known as occupational overuse syndrome, is a medical condition. It causes pain in the muscles, nerves, or tendons after a person uses the same part of the body over and over again, or without taking breaks. It is usually caused by doing the same thing repeatedly or without breaks. Using a computer or mobile for long periods of time is a common cause of this problem.
Repetitive strain injury is described as a sudden, intense pain in affected parts of the body, often the wrists, neck, back or hands, that keeps coming back. It is different from more specific diagnoses, because there are many possible causes for RSI. The pain is often spread across different muscle groups and inspection of the affected area usually cannot show any differences from that of a healthy person. Because of this, treatment for RSI is usually limited to rest and exercises, and sometimes wearing a brace.
Debt consolidation
Debt consolidation involves taking out a loan to pay off multiple loans. This is usually done to secure a lower interest rate and for the convenience of paying only one loan.
Debt consolidation usually entails taking a secured loan against an asset, such as a house, and using this to pay off higher-interest unsecured loans and credit card debts. However this puts the individuals assets at risk if they do not keep up payment.
Sometimes, debt consolidation companies will discount the amount of the loan. When the debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, the debt consolidator will buy the loan at a discount. A prudent debtor can shop around for consolidators who will pass along some of the savings. Consolidation can affect the ability of the debtor to discharge debts in bankruptcy, so the decision to consolidate must be weighed carefully.
Prognosis refers to the expected course/outcome of a disease.
Nephrectomy
Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney. It is commonly performed in patients with Renal cell carcinoma or other forms of Kidney cancer.
Prostatectomy
Prostatectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate. It is often used in the treatment of inability to urinate or of prostate cancer. Patients who are having a prostatectomy can expect to stay in the hospital for two to four days. A tube called a "catheter" is usually left in the patient's bladder for two or three weeks, which can result in the patient having problems controlling his bladder for awhile.
Interleukin-2
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. There are many types of lymphoma, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, the B-cell lymphoma, and the hepatosplenic lymphoma.
Chemotherapy is often used for both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Radiotherapy may also be used.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma
Kya Dark Lineage
Kya Dark Lineage is an action adventure game for the PlayStation 2.
"Kya Dark Lineage" is about a girl named Kya. Kya gets thrown into another world with her brother Frank. Kya ends up helping creatures called Nativs. Nativs are little cat people. The Nativs are being attacked by Brazul, Kya's father who has powerful magic and turns Nativs into creatures called Wolfun. Wolfun are bad, Kya can fight Wolfun and defeat them. She can also turn them back into Nativs.
Kya goes on a mission to save her brother Frank who was captured by Brazul, fight Wolfun and turn them back into Nativs, beat up Brazul and find a way back home.
In America, Wolfun is Wolfen.
2008–09 Nashville Predators season
2007–08 Nashville Predators season
The 2007–08 season is the Nashville Predators' ninth season in the National Hockey League.
The Predators lost to the Detroit Red Wings in the Conference Quarter-Finals. 2 games to 4.
Darci Sprotte Neto
Darci Sprotte Neto (born 25 March 1987) is a Brazilian football player.
Daisuke Aono
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Kosei Nakamura
Kosei Nakamura (born 5 April 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
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Akihiro Kurihara
Akihiro Kurihara (born 2 May 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagano Parceiro.
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Yudai Suwa
Yudai Suwa (born 5 May 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagano Parceiro.
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Yuki Sakai (footballer, born 1985)
Yuki Sakai (born 28 June 1985) is a retired Japanese football player.
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Shunichiro Zaitsu
Shunichiro Zaitsu (born 23 January 1987) is a Japanese football player.
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Olivier Dacourt
Olivier Dacourt (born 25 September 1974) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.
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Andranik Eskandarian
Andranik Eskandarian (born 31 December 1951) is a former Iranian football player. He has played for Iran national team.
Hironobu Haga
Hironobu Haga (born 21 December 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Consadole Sapporo.
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Shinji Tsujio
Shinji Tsujio (born 23 December 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.
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Yuya Hikichi
Yuya Hikichi (born 2 May 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
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Yusuke Inuzuka
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Kazunori Yoshimoto
Kazunori Yoshimoto (born 24 April 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gifu.
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Farnborough, Hampshire
Farnborough is a town in northeast Hampshire, England. The town is best known for the Farnborough Airshow which takes place every two years.
List of chemistry topics
This is a list of some of the articles related to chemistry.
Acid - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - alcohol - alkali - alkali metal - alkaline earth metal - allotrope - Alpha helix - amino acid - antibiotic - antibody - apoptosis - archaea - atom - atomic mass - atomic mass unit - atomic nucleus - atomic number - atomic orbital - atomic weight - Avogadro constant -
Base (chemistry) - base pair - biochemistry - boiling point - buffer solution -
Carbohydrate - catabolism - catalyst - cell - cell membrane - cellular respiration - cellulose - Chemical bond - Chemical compound - chemical element - Chemical formula - chloroplast - Chromatography - chromosome - Colorimeter - Concentration - covalent bond - cytoplasm - Cytosine - cytosol -
Deoxyribose - Deuterium - Disaccharide - DNA -
Electron - electron shell - Electronegativity - electrolysis - electrophysiology - electroplating - element - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - energy level - enkephalin - entomology - Entropy - Enzyme - Epinephrine - erythropoietin -
Fat - freezing point
Gel electrophoresis - Glycolysis - glycoprotein - gradient -
Half-life (element) - halogen - hemoglobin - heterotroph - hydrocarbon - Hydrogen bond - hydrolysis -
Immunoglobulin - insulin - intermolecular force - ion channel - ionic bond - isomer - isotope - IUPAC - IUPAC nomenclature
kinetic energy -
Le Chatelier's principle - Lipid - Liquid -
Macromolecule - malleability - marine biology - melting point - membrane protein - metabolism - metal - metallic bond - microbe - mixture - mole (unit) - molecular biology - molecule - monosaccharide -
NADPH - neurotransmitter - neutron - Nobel Prize in Chemistry - nonmetal - nucleic acid - nucleotide -
Organic chemistry - organic compound - organic matter - osmosis - oxidation - oxygen - ozone
Peptide - pesticide - pH - pharmacist - pharmacology - physiology - polymer - polysaccharide - post-transition metal - potential energy - prion - prokaryote - protein - protein biosynthesis - proton -
Redox - reducing agent - reduction - relative atomic mass - respiration (physiology) - ribose - ribosome - RNA -
Semimetal - SI - signal transduction - solution - solvation - solvent - spectroscopy - starch - sugar - synapse
Toxin - transition metal - tritium
Vitamin -
Water -
Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) or lunar cataclysm, is a period of time about 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago. During this time, a large number of impact craters formed on the Moon. By inference the same thing happened on Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars as well.
The evidence for this event comes from the dating of lunar samples, which indicates that most impact melt rocks formed at that time. Many hypotheses have been suggested to explain how asteroidal or cometary material got into the inner solar system, but no consensus yet exists. One popular theory is that the gas giant planets migrated in orbit at this time, causing objects in the asteroid belt and/or Kuiper belt to be forced into orbits which reached the terrestrial planets.
Some think that the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling.
2008–09 Boston Bruins season
The 2008–09 Boston Bruins season is the Bruins' 84th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The Bruins beat the Montreal Canadiens in the Conference Quarter-Finals 4 games to none, but lost to the Carolina Hurricanes in the Conference Semi-Finals 3 games to 4.
2007–08 Boston Bruins season
The 2007–08 Boston Bruins season is the Bruins' 83th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The Bruins lost to the Montreal Canadiens in the Conference Quarter-Finals 3 games to 4.
The Rover 75 is a car produced by Rover from 1999 to 2005. The 75 replaced both the 600 and the 800 Series.
It shares many components with the E46 BMW 3 Series, and were available with a 4-cylinder 1.8 litre petrol engine, 6-cylinder 2.0 and 2.5 litre petrol engines, a 8-cylinder 4.6 litre petrol engine and 4-cylinder 2.0 litre turbodiesel engines.
The 75 was available in both 4-door saloon and 5-door station wagon bodystyles, the latter was added in 2001 alongside sporty MG models. It had a facelift in early 2004.
Brain tumor
A brain tumor is any tumor in the brain. Tumors may be benign or malignant.
The treatment varies based on the type of tumor. For meningiomas, surgical removal of the tumor alone is often sufficient. Malignant tumors like anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme require more aggressive therapy. For glioblastoma multiforme, surgical removal of the tumor followed by radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, is used. Temozolomide (also known as Temodar) is also used for gliomas (including Glioblastoma multiforme).
"The Black Cat" is a short story by Edgar Allen Poe. It was first published in August 1843 in "The Saturday Evening Post". In the story, a murderer tries to hide his crime. In the end, his guilt makes him admit the crime. Peter Lorre starred in a Roger Corman movie based on the story.
On the eve of his death, an unnamed narrator opens the story by proclaiming that he is sane, despite the wild narrative he is about to convey. This narrative begins years before, when the narrator’s honorable character is well known and celebrated. He confesses a great love for cats and dogs, both of which, he says, respect the fidelity of friendship, unlike fellow men. The narrator marries at a young age and introduces his wife to the domestic joys of owning pets. Among birds, goldfish, a dog, rabbits, and a monkey, the narrator singles out a large and beautiful black cat, named Pluto, as his favorite.
Though he loves Pluto, the narrator begins to suffer from violent mood swings, predominantly due to the influence of alcohol. He takes to mistreating not only the other animals but also his wife. During this uncontrollable rage, he spares only Pluto. After returning home quite drunk one night, the narrator lashes out at Pluto. Believing the cat has avoided him, he vengefully grasps the cat, only to be bitten on the hand. In demonic retaliation, the narrator pulls a penknife from his pocket and cuts out one of the cat’s eyes. Though the narrator wakes the next morning with a partial feeling of remorse, he is unable to reverse the newly ominous course of his black soul. Ignored for certain now by the wounded cat, the narrator soon seeks further retaliation. He is overwhelmed by a spirit of PERVERSENESS, and sets out to commit wrong for the sake of wrong. He hangs Pluto from the limb of a tree one morning.
On the night of Pluto’s hanging, the narrator’s family’s house burns down, but he dismisses the possibility of a connection between the two events. The day after the fire, which destroys all the narrator’s possessions, he witnesses a group of neighbors collected around a wall that remains standing. Investigating their shouts of amazement, the narrator discovers the impression of a gigantic cat—with a rope around its neck—on the surface of the wall. The narrator attempts to explain rationally the existence of the impression, but he finds himself haunted by this phantasm over the course of many months. One night, while out drunk, the narrator discovers a black object poised upon a large barrel of alcohol. A new black cat has appeared, resembling Pluto but with a splash of white on his fur.
As with Pluto, the narrator experiences a great fondness for the mysterious cat, which no one has seen before. The cat becomes part of the household, much adored by his wife as well. However, following the earlier pattern, the narrator soon cannot resist feelings of hatred for the cat. These murderous sentiments intensify when the narrator discovers that the cat’s splash of white fur has mysteriously taken on the shape of the gallows, the structure on which a hanging takes place. The white fur reveals the mode of execution that claimed Pluto, and the narrator pledges revenge.
One day, descending into the cellar of the building with his wife, the narrator almost trips over the cat. Enraged, the narrator grabs an axe to attack the cat, but his wife defends the animal. Further angered by this interference, the narrator turns his rage at his wife and buries the axe in her head. Faced with the evidence of his crime, the narrator considers many options for the body’s disposal, including dismemberment and burial. The narrator eventually decides to take advantage of the damp walls in the basement and entomb the body behind their plaster. Without any difficulty, the narrator creates a tomb in n the plaster wall, thereby hiding the body and all traces of his murder. When he finally turns to the cat, it is missing, and he concludes that it has been frightened away by his anger.
On the fourth day after the murder, the police arrive unexpectedly at the narrator’s apartment. Cool and collected, the narrator leads them through the premises, even into the basement. Though facing the scene of the crime, the police do not demonstrate any curiosity and prepare to leave the residence. The narrator, however, keeps trying to allay their suspicion. Commenting upon the solid craftsmanship of the house, he taps on the wall—behind which is his wife’s body—with a cane. In response to the tapping, a long, loud cry emanates from behind the wall. The police storm the wall and dismantle it, discovering the hidden corpse. Upon its head sits the missing cat.
Much like “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Black Cat” follows the narrator’s descent into madness after he proclaims his sanity in the tale’s opening paragraph. Even the narrator acknowledges the “wild” nature of the tale, attempting thereby to separate his mental condition from the events of the plot. The nature of the narrator’s madness differs from that of the narrator of “The Tell-Tale Heart.” “The Black Cat” does not concern itself only with the self-contained nature of the narrator’s mind. Rather, the narrator confesses an alcoholism that interferes with his grasp on reality and produces mood swings. Alcohol is, like the cat, an external agent that intrudes on the dynamics of the plot. The introduction of alcohol as a plot device is also significant because Edgar Allan Poe was an reputedly uncontrollable drunk throughout his lifetime. For many years, his biographers asserted that he died of alcohol poisoning in a gutter in Baltimore. More recent biographies insist that the exact cause of Poe’s death cannot be determined. Regardless, it is certain that Poe suffered from the deleterious effects of alcohol consumption throughout his life.
The influential literary critic Tzvetan Todorov introduced a concept of the “fantastic” in the early 1970s to discuss literature of horror, and the idea can be applied usefully to “The Black Cat.” The fantastic, he asserts, explores the indefinite boundary between the real and the supernatural. The fantastic is a literary category that contains elements of both the rational and the irrational. One of the fantastic elements in “The Black Cat” is the existence of the second cat—with the changing shape of its white fur and its appearance on the corpse behind the wall. These plot twists challenge reality, but they do not completely substitute a supernatural explanation for a logical one. It is possible that the plot twists derive only from the insanity of the narrator. As a result, the plot twists, like the fantastic, hover between the real and the supernatural. The resolution of the story is both rationally possible and tremendously unlikely; the cat could inhabit the basement walls, but it is difficult to believe that it would remain silently in the wall for a long time or go unnoticed by the overly meticulous narrator.
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines are organic chemical substances, made of two carbon rings. Certain benzodiazepines can be used as drugs that increase the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA. The resulting drug has sedative effects. Depending on the drug, the effect may be stronger or weaker. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by the medicine company Hoffmann–La Roche.
In general taking benzodiazepines is safe and effective in the short term. Longer term use is controversial: In the long term, the drug may become less effective and problems of dependency may show.
Benzodiazepines may not be safe to be taken during pregnancy. They are not teratogens, which cause birth defects, but they may cause cleft palate in a small number of babies. Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. However, they are much less toxic than the drugs they replaced, the barbiturates. Death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken. When combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and opiates, the potential for toxicity increases. Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse.
Benzodiazepines are used to treat:
Panic Attacks: Benzodiazepines contain certain chemicals that produce a calming effect in the body. They keep the brain in a sedated state and hence help people overcome anxiety-related problems, they are also used to treat the people suffering from panic disorders.
Seizures: Benzodiazepines are extremely powerful anticonvulsants, they are very effective in preventing epileptic seizures.
Alcohol withdrawal: Benzodiazepines like diazepam are also used to help people fight alcohol dependence. These medicines eliminate toxins from the body and help people deal with alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Benzodiazepines are also used to treat people suffering from GAD.
Insomnia: Benzodiazepines are an effective treatment for severe insomnia. These drugs calm down the nerves in the brain and induce sleep.
Benzodiazepines affect the central nervous system, increasing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter known as GABA. This results in a person experiencing a sensation of calmness and sedation, resulting in feeling more relaxed, less anxious, and increased drowsiness. When people use benzodiazepines, even under a doctor’s care, they can develop a tolerance, which means that they will require increasingly larger doses to achieve the desired effects. With escalating use and at higher doses, a person may find that they require the drug to feel and function normally. This indicates the development of dependence which, once established, may result in a person experiencing symptoms of withdrawal.
Long-term, compulsive, or otherwise problematic use of benzodiazepines can lead to significant physical dependence and a higher risk of experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms, which may include seizures and hallucinations. Supervised medical treatment is usually recommended for people who are undergoing benzodiazepine withdrawal after a period of consistent use.
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is meningitis caused by bacteria. It is almost always fatal without antibiotics.
Treatment for bacterial meningitis consists of IV antibiotics.
Viral meningitis
Edward Everett
Edward Everett (April 11, 1794– January 15, 1865) was an American politician, religious leader and educator from Massachusetts. He was a Whig. He served as U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain, and United States Secretary of State. He also taught at Harvard University and was as president of Harvard. He was the Vice-Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party in 1860. He gave a long speech at Gettysburg right before Abraham Lincoln.
When Abraham Lincoln became president, the Civil War broke out. Everett had been calmer about slavery, but he was a strong Unionist. He worked hard to raise support for the Union through speaking in public. In November 1863, when the military cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was dedicated, Everett was the main speaker. His two-hour speech was before the much shorter, but now more famous Gettysburg Address by President Lincoln. Everett was moved by the short speech and wrote to Lincoln, "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes."
NBA draft
The NBA draft happens every year in June. It is where teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA) choose players who have never played in the NBA before. If a team chooses a player, that player cannot sign a contract to play for any teams other than that team.
Players must be at least 19 years old at some point during the year of the draft. If the player's 19th birthday will be the next year, they are too young. If a player is from the United States, it must be at least one year after the graduation of his high school class. Some players who are star players go to college and play college basketball for just one year (because they cannot enter the draft right out of high school), then enter the NBA draft. These players are called "one and dones". Other players enter the draft after two or three years in college, and other players are drafted after playing in college for all four years that they can.
If a player has not played in college for four years, they must enter the NBA draft by declaring themselves eligible.
Teams take turns choosing players. When a team chooses a player, it is called a "pick". For example, if a player is chosen second, people will say that he was taken with the second pick in the draft. There are two rounds in the draft. Both rounds have 30 picks, so there are 60 picks in the whole draft. Each team gets one pick per round, but sometimes, a team will pick more than once in a round or not at all. This is because teams can trade draft picks for players, for money, or for other draft picks.
The NBA allows teams who had worse records (which means that they won fewer games) the previous season get to pick before better teams. This lets bad teams draft good players and become better. The first fourteen teams to pick are the fourteen teams that did not make the playoffs the previous season. (There are thirty teams in the NBA, and sixteen teams qualify for the playoffs every year, so fourteen teams do not.) The teams that do make the playoffs and who get picks 15 through 30 in the first round pick in reverse order of how good their records were (so the best team gets the 30th pick, the second best team gets the 29th pick, and so on). However, the first fourteen picks are given out differently so that teams will not lose games on purpose to get higher picks. These picks are given to teams in a process called the "draft lottery".
Since 1985, all teams that have missed the playoffs have participated in a lottery system to see who gets the first pick. The lottery system has changed a few times since then, but the system that the NBA uses right now uses ping pong balls that have numbers written on them. A machine picks four balls at a time, and every possible combination of numbers is assigned to a team. Teams with worse records get more combinations of numbers, which means that they have a better chance to win. The machine picks three teams, and these teams get the first three picks in the draft. The other eleven teams will pick in order of how bad their records are, so the worst team that was not selected will pick fourth, and so on.
Many star NBA players who helped their teams a lot were selected early in the NBA Draft. For example, with the first pick in the 1997 NBA draft, the San Antonio Spurs chose Tim Duncan. Duncan would help the San Antonio Spurs win several NBA Championships. Other star players who were chosen with the first pick are Shaquille O'Neal (chosen by the Orlando Magic in 1992), Dwight Howard (chosen by the Magic in 2004), and LeBron James (chosen by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003). However, not all players who have been chosen with the first pick have gone on to become star players. Some players have not had as much success as the teams who drafted them expected, and have been called "draft busts". A few players chosen with the first pick who have been called "draft busts" include Joe Smith (chosen by the Los Angeles Clippers in 1995), Michael Olowokandi (chosen by the Clippers in 1998), and Kwame Brown (chosen by the Washington Wizards in 2001.) On the other hand, some very successful players have been chosen very late in the draft, and have been called "draft steals". One such player is Manu Ginóbili, Duncan's longtime teammate with the Spurs, who was chosen with the next-to-last pick in the 1999 draft.
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a way to find out how old something is. The method compares the amount of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, in samples. The method uses known decay rates. It is the most used method of geochronology, the main way to learn the age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself.
It is used to date many kinds of natural and man-made materials. Fossils may be dated by taking samples of rocks from above and below the fossil's original position. Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.
Radiometric dating methods are used to establish the geological time scale. Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating.