AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In 1955, Metropolitan Cammell produced its first lightweight Diesel multiple units, the prototypes of what were to become British Rail's most successful and longest-lived "First Generation" DMU type, the Class 101.
British Rail Railbuses
GWR railcars
LMS railcars
Pacer trains are railbuses built by British Rail between 1080 and 1987. There are several classes of them: 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144. They are diesel multiple unit trains, meaning each carriage has its own diesel engine. Pacers were built as a stopgap because British Rail did not have enough normal trains at the time and could not get new ones quickly enough. They were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years, but it actually took nearly 35 years to replace them.
Most Pacer trains were put out of use in 2020. Two things finally made this happen. The first is that it is difficult for people with disabilities to climb onto Pacer trains. The Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations require that all public passenger trains must be made easy to use for disabled people by 2020 - but they made an exception for the Pacer trains until the end of 2020. Only one Pacer (the modernised 144e) follows this rule right now. The second is that the Transport Secretary made a decision in 2015 to retire the Pacers by 2020 for the then-new Northern service, arguing that it would be bad for the economy in the north to keep using "these uncomfortable and low-quality vehicles".
At the start of 2020, 138 Pacer units were still being used or stored by three National Rail operators: Northern Trains, Great Western Railway and Transport for Wales. Northern Trains retired its last Pacer unit on 27 November 2020, and so did Great Western Railway in December 2020. Transport for Wales will still use their Class 143s into the first part of 2021.
The Pacer series were made to keep building and running costs low, so all of the Pacer units use:
At the beginning of the 1980s British Rail (BR) needed to make new trains to replace its old first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs) which had been built between the mid-1950s and early-1960s. These old trains had helped replace steam and were popular with the public at the time. But BR did not get much money from the government, so could not get new trains that were just as good as the old ones. BR created two kinds of new second generation trains: the Sprinter series, for use on city and longer-distance services, and the Pacer series as cheap DMUs built using bus parts for short-distance countryside and branch line services. The Pacers were intended as a cheap stopgap solution to the shortage of trains, and were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years. BR set a challenge to several companies to design a cheap, lightweight train similar to railbuses. Since then, 165 Pacer trains (with 340 carriages in total) have been built. By 2015, some of these were over 30 years old.
They also tried to sell Pacers by showing them in the USA, Northern Ireland, Belgium, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, but no one bought any there. However, Iran bought leftover Class 141 units, for use on suburban lines around Tehran until 2005.
The Pacer series was the outcome of an idea to try using bus parts to create a diesel multiple unit. The first prototype, known as LEV 1, was made by British Rail Research Division and Leyland Motors working together. It used a bus body that was mounted on a modified freight train underframe (HSFV1). In 1980 they also built a two-car prototype class 140 at British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL)'s Derby Litchurch Lane Works.
Then they built 20 more two-car units, forming the Class 141 fleet that was used mostly for suburban services in Yorkshire. They could carry 94 passengers in each set of two cars. Their two Leyland TL11 engines gave a total of , making for a top speed of .
The 141s were built with Leyland National bus bodies that were so narrow that they could only be fitted with standard bus seats. The later Pacers had widened body panels to allow better seating.
The entire class got a technical upgrade in 1988 at the Hunslet-Barclay works in Kilmarnock.
The units were withdrawn from British Rail in 1997. Many were sold to Islamic Republic of Iran Railways but have been withdrawn and are left in disused sidings in Iran. A few are preserved at museum sites.
The next and largest Pacer class was the Class 142. This again was built by Leyland and BREL, in 1985. The body was based on a Leyland National bus, built at Workington in Cumbria. Many fixtures and fittings of the Leyland National could be found on the units. The new class could carry more passengers: 120 passengers per two-car set. The same engines were used.
The first sets were used on Devon and Cornwall branch lines and on commuter services in the north west. The units from Cornwall were eventually moved to Liverpool and the north east, so the Class 142s were often seen on services across the north of England.
In the early 1990s, the 142s got more powerful Cummins engines, which gave a total power output of per two-car set. Several units were then changed for use on the Merseyside PTE City Line on Merseyrail in the Liverpool region, giving them dot-matrix route signs, better seating and Merseyrail PTE paintwork.
When privatisation happened, the class 142s were taken over by Arriva Trains Northern and First North Western, and then by Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North, Northern Trains, Arriva Trains Wales and Transport for Wales. Eight Northern Rail units were withdrawn from service for a while and replaced by a series of British Rail Class 158s. First Great Western received 12 units on loan from Northern Rail from December 2007 to November 2011 (five units were returned to Northern in December 2008). This allowed most of its Class 158 fleet to be rebuilt as three-car sets.
Around the same time that the Class 142 was developed, another class of Pacer railbus was designed by Kilmarnock-based Hunslet-Barclay. These used a Walter Alexander bus body. They were given the number Class 143 and started being used in 1985. Its two 205 bhp engines gave a total output of and a top speed of . This class of Pacer originally had a capacity of 122 passengers. They were used in the North East before being transferred to Wales and the South West, and were moved over to Valley Lines and Wales & West control during privatisation. They then passed on to Arriva Trains Wales, Wessex Trains, First Great Western and Transport for Wales. The interiors were completely changed in 2000, when the Valley Lines service was introduced, with full back, coach-type seating installed throughout, along with improved fittings. This reduced seating capacity to 106 seats per set.
Then came a similar Class 144 unit, a Walter Alexander body on BREL underframe, which was introduced in 1987. A unit was formed of either a two-car set with 122 seats or a three-car set with a total capacity of 195 passengers and , but its top speed was still . The units were used in the North East, passing to Northern Spirit at privatisation, then to Arriva Trains Northern, Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North and now Northern Trains.
It has often been said that the Pacers are of poor quality. Instead of the usual bogies, Pacers use a basic four-wheel two-axle underframe. This often makes for a ride that is noisier and less comfortable than other trains, especially over points, and a loud squealing noise is heard around tight curves. Not having bogies also makes for a worse suspension and a bumpier ride; Pacers have been nicknamed "nodding donkeys" because of the trains' up-and-down motion on uneven track. The basic bench seating can also be uncomfortable. The early units, especially the s, were also very unreliable.
Pacers have only been used in certain areas of the north and south west of England and the south of Wales, but not in the richer London or south east England areas. This has also created bad feelings.
Safety worries were raised after the 1999 Winsford crash. A Virgin Trains Class 87 express train ran into an empty First North Western Class 142 Pacer, after the Pacer had fouled the main line at Winsford, Cheshire on the West Coast Main Line. The wire straps that held the body of the Pacer to its frame broke, separating the body from the frame and causing severe damage. The unit was written off. Twenty-seven passengers and crew were wounded, four badly. But all passenger injuries were on the other train, as the Class 142 was running empty at the time.
On the other hand, the Pacers were seen as a practical solution at a time when there was not a lot of money. They probably saved services on some rural lines that might not have been serviced by any trains at all if only more expensive trains had been available. They have also proved cheap to run, achieving a fuel economy of 10 miles to the gallon.
As of 2020, the oldest Pacers on the national network were nearly 35 years old. All were planned to be withdrawn and scrapped by December 2019 as they do not comply with Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations.
In July 2019, rollout of Northern's Class 195 CAF "Civity" units had begun on some routes. Because of this, refurbished Sprinters that no longer needed on those routes can be used to replace Pacers instead.
These units are built out of upcycled London Underground D78 Stock, built between 1978 and 1981, which were in service on the District line until 2017. To convert the old stock for mainline railway use, it will be necessary to re-use the aluminium bodyshells, traction motors and bogies from the D78 units and fit them out with new diesel engines and interiors. The D-Train units underwent acceptance testing in 2015 and Vivarail pitched them to train operating companies (TOCs), especially those bidding for the Northern franchise. While no orders were received from Northern, Transport for Wales will replace its Pacers with a combination of five D-Trains and trains taken over from other train operators, and other TOCs have ordered D-trains to replace other outdated trains: South Western Railway for the Isle of Wight's Island Line, and West Midlands Trains for the Marston Vale line
Porterbrook, which owns the Class 143 and Class 144 fleets, refurbished 144012 in 2014 to comply with the new legislation, dubbed the "144e Evolution" unit. However, no other units have been refurbished to this standard.
Several "Pacers" have been preserved for further use on heritage railways. The National Railway Museum has preserved 142001.
In May 2019, the government asked the public how to re-use the trains after withdrawal from service. One of the suggestions was re-using them as public spaces, such as village halls or cafes.
Sprinter (train)
Turbostar
Coradia (train)
Coradia is the name given to the range of multiple-unit inter-city and regional trains manufactured by Alstom. There are a number of variants of this series, used in several countries.
Bombardier Voyager family
The Voyager series is a group of high speed diesel electric multiple unit trains built by Bombardier Transportation in service on the UK railway network. The trains are among the most modern currently in operation, and are in service on many intercity routes around Great Britain. There are currently three types in service with 4 TOCs (First Hull Trains, East Midlands Trains, Virgin Trains and CrossCountry).
Diesel multiple unit
A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country.
The diesel engine drives the train through a transmission system. The transmission system may be:
British Rail Janus
British Rail HS4000
British Rail GT3
British Rail DP2
British Rail DP1
British Rail DHP1
British Rail D0260
D0260, named "Lion", was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, in association with Sulzer and Associated Electrical Industries, at their Smethwick works in Birmingham to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. The locomotive’s number was derived from its works number, DEL260.
British Railways D0226
British Rail 18100
British Rail 18100 was a prototype main line gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1951. It was built by Metropolitan Vickers, Manchester. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in the 1940s, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.
It was rebuilt as an electric locomotive in 1958 and became British Rail Class 80. It was scrapped in 1973.
British Rail 18000
British Rail 18000 was a prototype mainline gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1949. It was built by Brown, Boveri & Cie. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in 1940, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.
The locomotive is preserved at Didcot Railway Centre.
LNER Class Y11
LNER Class Y11 was a class of petrol powered 0-4-0 locomotives built by Motor Rail & Tram Car Company Limited under their "Simplex" brand and introduced in the years 1919–1925 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Their British Railways numbers were 15097–15099.
British Rail Class 97
British Rail Class 97/6
The British Rail Class 97/6 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston & Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654). There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.
British Rail Eastern Region departmental locomotives
SR departmental locomotives
British Rail departmental locomotives
British Rail Class ES1
British Rail Class ES1 was a class of two electric locomotives commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1902. They were of steeplecab design.
British Rail Class EF1
The British Rail Class EF1 ("Electric Freight 1") was a class of electrically powered locomotives used by British Rail in England. They were used during the pre-TOPS period. They were also classified as British Rail Class EB1 for a short period of time, although only a single locomotive was completely modified to "EB1" condition.
British Rail Class EE1
British Rail Class EE1 was an electric locomotive commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1922. Ownership passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and to British Railways in 1948.
British Rail Class EB1
The British Rail Class EB1 ("Electric Banking 1") was an electrically powered locomotive used by British Rail in England. It was used during the pre-TOPS period. The other NER electric locos built at the same time were classified as EB1 but were never modified, they later became British Rail Class EF1.
SNCF Class BB 22200
The BB 22200 is a class of electric locomotives in service with the French railways SNCF, built by Alsthom between 1976-1986. They are a polycurrent version (1500 CV direct current and 25 kV 50 Hz AC) of the BB 7200 and BB 15000 classes, with which it shares the exterior appearance. Thanks to this characteristic they can run in all French electrified lines.
Vossloh G1206
British Rail Class 41 (HST)
British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)
British Rail Class 43 (HST)
North Midland Railway
Glasgow Corporation Tramways
Southampton Corporation Tramways 45
Southampton Corporation Tramways No. 45, or Southampton 45, is an open-top tramcar. It was built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson. At first it had a three window saloon, before being rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with a four window one. The tram looks out of proportion as it had to pass through the very low Bathgate Arch in the centre of Southampton. A normal sized tram would not have been able to have passed underneath the arch.
The tramcar operated from 1903 until the Southampton system closed in 1949. At an enthusiasts' tour of the system, the Museum Committee of the Light Railway Transport League bought the tram for £10. This price included a refurbished truck and a full repaint. This act began the entire preservation movement of British tramways.
After it had been purchased the tram travelled the country as there was not yet a museum set up that could store the tram. By 1955 the tram was being stored at Marton depot in Blackpool. It was soon given to the Tramway Museum Society (TMS) and moved to the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, Hampshire. It was placed next to Newcastle 102, another preserved tramcar. Both of the trams were in an open-air display.
The tram moved to Crich Tramway Village in October 1960, and has been there ever since. It is in regular use during the summer months and is the museum's only operational open-top tramcar.
The Acanthocephala (Greek "akanthos", thorn + "kephale", head) are a group of parasitic worms. They may be called known as "acanthocephales", "thorny-headed worms", or "spiny-headed worms". They have an evertable proboscis, armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the gut wall of the host. Acanthocephalans have no gut and absorb nutrients directly from the host’s gut.
Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, with various hosts, including invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The juveniles are parasitic in crustaceans and insects. Adults live in the digestive tract of vertebrates, especially fish. About 1150 species have been described.
The Acanthocephala were thought to be a separate phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are closely related to rotifers. Since all parasites are derived from free-living forms, the Acanthocephalans are modified rotifers. This is an example of molecular phylogenetics. In due course, spiny-headed worms will probably be placed in a taxonomic rank below phylum, such as sub-phylum or class.
Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic was name of Polish state from 1918 (end of WWI) through 1939 (start of WWII). When its borders were fixed in 1922 after several wars, it had borders with Czechoslovakia, Weimar Republic, Free City of Danzig, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Soviet Union. Józef Piłsudski was the leader during most of the state's existence.
Ze (Cyrillic)
Zeh (З, з) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a "3" and can be mixed up with Э.
It came from the Greek letter zeta and corresponds to the Roman letter Z.
I (Cyrillic)
Ee (И, и) is the ninth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [i] or [ee].
It looks like a backwards N. The lowercase и's italic looks like a "и". Its old name was "izhe".
It came from the Greek eta and stands for the Roman I.
There is another letter, the decimal I ("І", "і"), that sounds the same as И. Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only И; and Church Slavonic and Ukrainian uses both И and і. To tell the letters apart, И is sometimes called "octal I" because was eighth in the Cyrillic numeral system.
Kirkby Lonsdale
Windermere is the largest natural lake in England.
Hippolytushoef
Storm drain
Jet stream
Hiroki Ito
Hiroki Ito (born 27 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.
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Noritada Saneyoshi
Noritada Saneyoshi (born 19 October 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.
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Nobuyuki Furo
Nobuyuki Furo (born 1 January 1980) is a Japanese football Goalkeeper coach. He coaches for Cerezo Osaka.
Hitoshi Sogahata
Sogahata was born in Kashima on August 2, 1979. He joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers based in his local from youth team in 1998. He debuted against Avispa Fukuoka on May 8, 1999 and played several matches until 2000. Although he could not play many matches behind Japan national team player Daijiro Takakuwa until 2000, Sogahata played in semifinals and final at 2000 J.League Cup and Antlers won the champions. He was also selected "New Hero Awards". In 2001, he became a regular goalkeeper instead Takakuwa and Sogahata played as regular goalkeeper for long time. Antlers won the champions in 2001 J1 League for 2 years in a row. In 2002 season, he was selected Best Eleven award. Antlers also won the champions in 2002 J.League Cup. In 2007, Antlers won the champions in J1 League for the first time in 6 years. Antlers also won the champions in 2007 Emperor's Cup. Antlers won the champions in J1 League for 3 years in a row (2007-2009). From 2010 season, Antlers won the champions 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011 and 2012 J.League Cup. He also played all matches from 2008 season to 2014 season. He played for 244 consecutive matches until last match in 2014 season which is J1 League record. In 2015, although he could not play all matches in J1 League, Antlers won the champions in J.League Cup. In 2016, Antlers won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions. At Club World Cup, he played all 4 matches and won the 2nd place. In 2017, Antlers gained new goalkeeper Kwoun Sun-tae and Sogahata battles for the position with Kwoun Sun-tae. However Sogahata could not play many matches behind Kwoun Sun-tae from 2017. In 2018 AFC Champions League, he played 4 matches and Antlers won the champions first Asian title in the club history. He retired end of the 2020 season.
On November 7, 2001, Sogahata debuted for the Japan national team against Italy. However he could not play many matches behind Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi and Seigo Narazaki. Sogahata was a member of Japan for 2002 World Cup. He played 3 games for Japan until 2003. In August 2004, Sogahata was selected the Japan U-23 national team as over aged player for 2004 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played full time in all 3 matches.
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Justice Christopher (born 24 December 1981) is a former Nigerian football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.
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Haruna Babangida (born 1 October 1982) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Kuban Krasnodar.
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Guus Hiddink
Guus Hiddink (born 8 November 1946) is a Dutch football player turned manager.
Hiddink is better known as a trainer. He is a very successful trainer. He trained the Russia national team, and Zenit St. Petersburg club. He also coached the Netherlands national team (Oranje, Orange) and won several tournaments. He is generally considered one of the greatest football trainers of all time.
After he made the Russian National team almost World Champion (even defeating the renowned Dutch team) he became a national Russian hero.
He got a statue in Moscow and several newborn boys in Russia were given "Guus" as a first name to honour him.
Hiddink has coached the Korea Republic national team in the early 2000s. He managed to get the team in the semi-finals for the first time in South Korean football history. For this, the South Koreans built a stadium in his honour. It was build in the cityn of Gwangju and was named ""Guus Hiddink Stadium"".
Hiddink coached the British club Chelsea in 2009. He succeeded their former coach Luiz Felipe Scolari. He did a much better job and thanks to Hiddink Chelsea made many victories. Commentators said that Hiddink: ""had rejuvenated Chelsea following Scolari's departure"". Hiddink won the FA Cup with Chelsea that year, beating Everton 2-1 in the final.
Hara was born in Nasushiobara on October 19, 1958. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors (later "Urawa Reds") in 1981. The club won 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He played as a regular player from first season and played in all matches in the league until 1987/88 season. After that, club performance was not good and also played in Division 2. He retired in 1992. He played 192 games and scored 65 goals in the league.
On November 19, 1978, when Hara was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Soviet Union. He also played at 1978 Asian Games and 1982 World Cup qualification in 1980. From 1983, he played in Japan's all matches until 1987. He played 75 games and scored 37 goals for Japan until 1987.
After the retirement, Hara started coaching career at Urawa Reds in 1992. He served as an assistant coach until 1997. In 1998, he was promoted to a manager. However he was sacked for poor performance in summer 1999. In 2002, he signed with FC Tokyo. He led the club to win the 2004 J.League Cup which was first major title in the club history. He resigned end of 2005 season. In 2007, he managed FC Tokyo in one season again. In February 2009, He was appointed by Japan Football Association as its new technical director. After 2010 World Cup, he managed Japan national team as caretaker in 2 matches until Alberto Zaccheroni became a new manager.
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Naohiro Ishikawa
Ishikawa was born in Yokosuka on May 12, 1981. He joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos from youth team in 2000. However he could not play many matches in the club. He moved to FC Tokyo in April 2002. He got many opportunities to play soon. In 2000s, the club won the champions 2004 and 2009 J.League Cup. In 2009, he also scored 15 goals and was selected Best Eleven. In 2010s, the club was relegated to J2 League end of the 2010 season. In 2011, the club won the champions J2 League and Emperor's Cup. From 2012, the club played in J1 League. However he could not played many matches for injury from 2014. He retired end of 2017 season.
In June 2001, Ishikawa was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. He wore the number 10 shirt and played full time in all 3 matches. In December 2003, he was selected the Japan national team for 2003 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, on December 7, he debuted against Hong Kong. He also played Japan for in 2004. In August, he was also selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. In August 2009, he was selected Japan for the first time in 5 years. He played 6 games for Japan until 2012.
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Yukihiko Sato
Yukihiko Sato (born 11 May 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki. In 2009 there was a story in the newspapers saying that Australia's Newcastle United Jets were interested in getting the midfielder to play for them.
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Eisuke Nakanishi
Nakanishi was born in Suzuka on June 23, 1973. After graduating from Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School, he joined J1 League club JEF United Ichihara in 1992. Although he mainly played as defender, he played many position including midfielder and forward in mid 1990s. The club won the 2nd place at 1998 J.League Cup and 3rd place at 2001 and 2003 J1 League. He moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 2004. The club won the champions at 2004 J1 League. He retired end of 2006 season.
In September 1997, Nakanishi was selected the Japan national team for 1998 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on September 7, he debuted against Uzbekistan. At 1998 World Cup, he played in the first two games as left back of three defense with Masami Ihara and Yutaka Akita. However he received a yellow card in both games, he was suspended in the third game. He played 14 games for Japan until 2002.
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Yutaro Abe
Yutaro Abe (born 5 October 1984) was a Japanese football player.
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Tatsuya Enomoto
Tatsuya Enomoto (born 16 March 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
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Nasu was born in Minamisatsuma on October 10, 1981. When he was a Komazawa University student, he joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos in 2002. Although he is originally a center back, he became a regular player as defensive midfielder under new manager Takeshi Okada from 2003. He was also selected "Rookie of the Year award" in 2003. Marinos won the champions for 2 years in a row (2003-2004). However his opportunity to play decreased from 2006. In 2008, he moved to Tokyo Verdy. He played as regular player as his originally position, center back. However Verdy finished at the 17th place and was relegated to J2 League. In 2009, he moved to Júbilo Iwata. He played as regular player as center back in 2009 and as defensive midfielder in 2010. Júbilo also won the champions in 2010 J.League Cup. He also played as left side back from summer 2011. In 2012, he moved to Kashiwa Reysol. Although his opportunity to play decreased, he played many matches side back and center back. Reysol also won the champions in the 2012 Emperor's Cup. In 2013, he moved to Urawa Reds. He became a regular center back and scored 9 goals in 2013 season. He was also selected Best Eleven award in 2013. From 2016, his opportunity to play decreased behind new player Wataru Endo. In 2018, he moved to Vissel Kobe. Nasu retired at the end of the 2019 season.
In June 2001, Nasu was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. But he did not play in the match. In August 2004, he was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics and he named a captain. He played 2 matches.
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H.N.K. Hajduk Split
H.N.K. Hajduk Split is a football club which plays in Croatia.
N.K. Dinamo Zagreb
N.K. Dinamo Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.
N.K. Zagreb
N.K. Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.
Michael I of Romania
Michael, King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (25 October 1921 – 5 December 2017), reigned as King of the Romanians for two periods. He was king from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940, until forced to abdicate by the Communist Party of Romania. The communists were backed up by orders of Stalin to the Soviet armies of occupation on 30 December 1947.
He was great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. He was one of the last surviving heads of state from World War II, the other one is Simeon II of Bulgaria.
He died 5 December 2017 of complications from leukemia in Aubonne, Switzerland at 96 years old.
Joe Hart
Charles Joseph "Joe" Hart (born 19 April 1987) is an English footballer. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. He currently plays for Burnley, having signed a two-year deal with the club on 7 August 2018.
Jonathan Woodgate
Jonathan Woodgate (born 22 January 1980) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.
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Jermaine Jenas
Jermaine Jenas (born 18 February 1983) is an English footballer. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team.
Between 2003–2009, Jenas is said to have 21 England caps.
In January 2016, Jenas officially confirmed about his retirement from football.
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Tom Huddlestone
Tom Huddlestone (born 28 December 1986) is an English footballer. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team.
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Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union) negotiated the details of treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland.
The treaties allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to reassume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.
Eastern Romance languages
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceauşescu (; 26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was the President of Romania from 1965 until 1989. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 he was deposed, tried and publicly executed along with his wife Elena Ceaușescu. He had been the only Communist dictator of Eastern Europe who had been charged for crimes against humanity and genocide during the revolutions of 1989. As of 2021, his execution was the last one on Romanian soil.
Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1953, and became a member of the Central Committee in 1965, serving in various positions until Nicolae Ceauşescu was overthrown in 1989. Iliescu was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms), from 1990 to 1992, 1992 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004.
Traian Băsescu
Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer. He was the President of Romania from 20 December 2004 until 21 December 2014. He won the office in the 2004 presidential election. Prior to becoming President, he was the Mayor of Bucharest from June 2000 until December 2004.
President of Romania
The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004, after the Constitution was modified in 2003). He or she can serve two terms. During his term in office, the President must not be a member of any political party.
The title is "President of Romania" (). Article 84 of the Romanian Constitution forbids the President to be member of any political party during his (or her) term (only).
Galaţi
Galaţi (, ; ; ) is a city in the eastern part of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is the capital city of Galaţi County.
It lies on the west bank of the Danube River, near Moldova and Ukraine.
As of 2016, about 304,000 people were living in Galaţi.
Historische Zeitschrift
Bran Castle
Bran Castle (; ) is a castle near Bran in the area of Braşov, Romania. It is a national monument and landmark in Romania. The fortress lies on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on Highway 73. It is mostly known as "Dracula's Castle".
The castle was used as the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's "Dracula".
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.
The mission of UNDP is to help global sustainable development against poverty and to promote democratic society. UNDP also publishes Human Development Index every year and have directed United Nations Development Fund for Women until 2010.
Tower Center International
Tower Center International is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of 25.000 sqm. It is located near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of 106.3 meters, it is also the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.
Jordanes
Jordanes, Jordanis, or Iornandes), was a 6th-century Roman clerk who became a historian later in life.
Eutropius
Eutropius was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.
Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called "Historiae romanae breviarium" between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.
Constantine VII
Constantine VII "Porphyrogennetos" or "Porphyrogenitus", "the Purple-born" (), (September 2, 905 – November 9, 959) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander. He wrote two descriptive books, "De Administrando Imperio" and "De Ceremoniis".
Silent Alarm is an album by Bloc Party. It was released on 14 February 2005 in the UK. In the USA, it was released on 22 March.
The albums tracks were written by lead singer Kele Okereke and guitarist Russell Lissack. The album was produced by Paul Epworth who also produced "A Certain Trigger" by Maximo Park and "Made Of Bricks" by Kate Nash.
Timişoara
Timişoara is a city in the Banat area. It is found in the western part of Romania. It is the capital of Timiş County. About 332,000 people live in Timişoara.
The following are the sister cities of Timişoara:
CBeebies
CBeebies is a British free children's television channel. It is aimed at children under seven. It started on 11 February 2002 and is owned by the BBC. The channel broadcast from 6:00 am to 7:00 pm. It shares time with BBC Four, which is on between 7:00 pm and 4:00 am. The sister channel is CBBC for older children.
"Get Set Go" is the first block of the day. It starts at 6:00 am and ends at 9:00 am. It is presented by Andy Day. Sidney Sloane used to co-present with Day on weekends, until he left in 2013.
"Get Set Go" is followed by "Discover & Do". It is broadcast from 9:00 am until 3:00 pm. The same three-hour loop of programmes are shown between 9:00 am - 12:00 pm and 12:00 pm - 3:00 pm.
"Discover & Do" is followed by "Big Fun Time". It begins at 3:00 pm and finishes at 6:00 pm. Recently changed in 2019 to start at 5:45 pm with Moon & Me.
"Bedtime Hour" is broadcast from 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm. In, 2019, it started earlier at 5:45 pm. It includes calm-natured programmes such as: In the Night Garden..., The Adventures of Abney and Teal, Clangers, Charlie & Lola and Moon & Me in order to enable children to wind down for the day.
This section of CBeebies starts with the song called "Goodbye Sun, Hello Moon". At the end of the section, a lullaby called "The Time Has Come to Say Goodnight", written by Chris Jarvis and originally performed by him, along with Pui Fan Lee is played. After the song, the station closes down for the night.
In the UK, currently presenting CBeebies are:
The following people used to present CBeebies:
Ploieşti
Ploieşti is the county seat. of Prahova County. It can be found in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. About 232,500 people were living in Ploieşti as of the year 2002.
These are the sister cities of Ploieşti:
Brăila
Brăila is a city of Muntenia, in the eastern part of Romania. It is the capital of Brăila County. As of the year 2002, about 216,300 people were living in Brăila. It is Romania's tenth largest city and has a port on the Danube river.
Earth-crosser asteroid
An Earth-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses Earth's orbit.
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
Bergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. An estimated 50,000 prisoners died there, as well as 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war (POWs). Up to 35,000 of them died of typhus just before and after the camp was liberated (freed).
The camp was liberated on 15 April 1945 by British soldiers. Inside the camp, the British soldiers found 60,000 people, and 13,000 dead bodies lying on the ground, unburied. The scenes were horrific. They were described by the BBC's Richard Dimbleby, who was with the British soldiers:
Bumblebee bat
The bumblebee bat ("Craseonycteris thonglongyai"), also known as Kitti's hog-nosed bat, is an endangered species of bat. It is the only member of the family Craseonycteridae. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma. It usually lives in limestone caves along rivers.
This is the smallest species of bat and one of the world's smallest mammals. It has a reddish-brown or grey coat, with a distinctive pig-like snout. Colonies vary in size, with an average of 100 individuals per cave. The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn, foraging around nearby forest areas for insects. Female bat have only one offspring each year.
The bumblebee bat is about 29–33 millimetres (1.14–1.30 in) in length and 2 grams (0.07 oz) in mass). This is the reason for its common name "bumblebee bat". It is the smallest species of bat. The Etruscan shrew is lighter (1.2–2.7 g) (0.042-0.095 oz).
The bat has a distinctive swollen, pig-like snout with thin, vertical nostrils. Its ears are relatively large, while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur. Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat.
The wings are relatively large and darker in colour, with long tips that allow the bat to hover. Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat has no visible tail. There is a large web of skin between the hind legs which may help in flying and catching insects, although there are no tail bones to help control it in flight.
In Thailand, the bat is in a small region of Kanchanaburi Province, in the drainage basin of the Khwae Noi River.
Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Burma, at least nine separate sites have been identified. The Thai and Burmese populations are morphologically identical, but their echolocation calls are distinct. It is not known whether the two populations are reproductively isolated.
The bumblebee bat roosts in the caves of limestone hills, along rivers, within dry evergreen or deciduous forests. While many caves contain only 10 to 15 individuals, the average group size is 100, with a maximum of about 500. Individuals roost high on walls or roof domes, far apart from each other. Bats also undertake seasonal migration between caves.
The bat has a brief activity period, leaving its roost for only 30 minutes in the evening and 20 minutes at dawn. These short flights are easily interrupted by heavy rain or cold temperatures. During this period, the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees, within one kilometre of the roosting site. The wings seem to be shaped for hovering flight, and the gut contents of specimens do include spiders and insects that are presumably gleaned off foliage. Nevertheless, most prey is probably caught in flight. Main staples of the bat's diet include small flies.
Late in the dry season (around April) of each year, females give birth to a single offspring. During feeding periods, the young either stays in the roost or remains attached to the mother at one of her two vestigial pubic nipples.
The bumblebee bat was discovered in 1974. It is the only living species in the family Craseonycteridae.
As of the species' most recent review in 1996, the bat is listed by the IUCN as endangered, with a downward population trend.
Currently, the most significant and long-term threat to the Thai population could be the annual burning of forest areas, which is most prevalent during the bat's breeding season. In addition, the proposed construction of a pipeline from Burma to Thailand may have a negative impact. Threats to the Burmese population are not well known.
In 2007, the bat was identified by the EDGE project (evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered) as one of its top 10 "focal species".
Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway
The Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway was an electric tramway network linking the township of Grimsby and the then village of Immingham in Lincolnshire.
It is probably best described by the American term "Inter-Urban" as it links the places in its title by a reserved way rather than through the streets.
Chesterfield tramway
Douglas Southern Electric Tramway
Etruscan shrew
The Etruscan shrew ("Suncus etruscus") is also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew or the white-toothed pygmy shrew. It is the smallest known mammal by mass. The Bumblebee bat has a smaller skull.
The smallest adults of this shrew weigh about 1.3 grams and are 36 mm (1.42 inches) long. This small mammal is 60 mm from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail; the tail is about 40 mm long.
The shrew has a lifespan of 15 months. The Etruscan shrew lives in forests and brush areas between southern Asia and southern Europe. The shrew mostly eats insects.
Derby Tramways
Derby Tramway was tram system that serverd the city of Derby (then a town), England. It opened on 27 July 1904. It was closed nearly 30 years later, on the 29 June 1934.
Tramcar n°1 is the only Derby tramcar preserved and is located at the National Tramway Museum in Crich, Derbyshire. This tram was used for crew training prior to the opening of the system.
Ballan, Victoria
Ballan is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is a part of the Shire of Moorabool. Ballan is north west of Melbourne, on the Werribee River. In 2006 there were 1808 people living in Ballan. The Western Freeway goes past the town.
The first people to live in the Ballan area were the Aborigines, the Wautharong people. The area was rich in animals with kangaroos, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two sorts of native cat. Many of these animals had gone by the end of the 1800s, with Europen settlement.
The first European settlers came from Tasmania, landing near Geelong, Victoria, and working their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert Von Steiglitz first came to the area in 1838. He named it after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Covvie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.
There were fights between the Wautharong people and white farmers during settlement. Robert Von Steiglitz said stated in his diary:
... it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither ...
Gold was found in the area in 1851. A lot of people came to look for gold. This was part of the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold rush period in 1851. The town was an important staging point for coaches going to the Ballarat goldfields. The Post Office opened in September 1853 although there were two earlier offices in the area named Ballan.
Ballan’s first primary school started on 8 January 1855.
The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861. The current Mechanics' Institute built on land bought in 1881. The facade (front) of the building was taken down and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town town and a hall.
St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church in Ballan was opened in July 1866.
On 15 November 2003 a Sprinter train going to Ballarat was derailed (came off the tracks) between Ballan and Gordon hurting 61 people when it crashed into a car on a country railway crossing.
The town has an Australian Rules Football team playing in the Central Highlands Football League.
It also has two senior and three junior cricket teams in the Ballarat Cricket Association.
George Stephenson (9 June 1781 12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. He is known as the "Father of Railways". George was born in Wylam, which is in Northumberland.
Stephenson's rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called the "Stephenson gauge", is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. He also invented a miner's safety lamp, which was widely used in the north of England.
British Rail Class D3/3
British Rail Class D3/5
British Rail Class D3/5 was a shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Darlington Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period and the class was numbered 13152–13166 (later renumbered D3152-D3166).
British Rail Class D3/6
Class D3/6 were diesel shunters built in 1935 by English Electric for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. They were the first of a new design of diesel shunters based on the English Electric 6K of 350 hp diesel engine. One demonstrator and ten production locomotives were built, numbered 7079 and 7069-7078 by the LMS. Three of these later became British Rail numbers 12000–12002 (previously 7074/76/79 respectively). The remainder were sold to the British War Department in 1940 and were shipped to France during World War II. Of these the first production locomotive, no. 7069, survived the war and was used in industrial service in France. It was later repatriated for preservation and is now based at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.
British Rail Class D3/7
British Railways Class D3/7 were diesel shunters built from May 1939 through to July 1942 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. Like the earlier British Rail Class D3/6, they had the English Electric 6K diesel engine of . But a big change was having a "Jackshaft" type of connection between engine and wheels (like a diesel mechanical shunter). These were given LMS numbers 7080–7119. Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941, and sold to the WD the following year. All ten survived the war; six were then sold to Egyptian Railways and four to Italian State Railways (Ferrovie dello Stato—FS).
British Rail Class D3/9
British Rail Class D3/10
British Rail Class D3/11
British Rail Class D3/12