AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Trial in absentia (literally "in absence" in the Latin language) means a person is held responsible for a crime and tried although he or she is not present during the proceedings. It may be because the person is at an unknown location or has escaped justice, for example after paying bail and then refused to return to the court on the date set anyway, or because the person may not be even alive (a famous case is Martin Bormann, who most likely died in May 1945 and was sentenced to death in November 1946, as part of the Nuremberg Trials). It is controversial, especially if a person is convicted and sentenced to a hard punishment, because the basic premise of a trial is thus violated, and everyone has a right to defend oneself. Others point out, however, that this right is waived when one doesn't show up without a good reason and that the court must make its best, through appointing a defender for instance, to determine guilt or innocence even if the person is not present. Most defendants make their case through a defender anyway, especially when the crime is serious.
Another case is when a court or committee must determine whether a person, such as a suspected terrorist, is going to be surveilled or wire-tapped, and whether there is enough suspicion of criminal activity or intent to do so. In that case, the person himself can of course not be asked to appear, as the idea is to hold the surveillance secret. In that case, a defender is appointed to make the case that the suspected person does not want to and does not deserve to be subjected to surveillance and that it should not be permitted, although he/she doesn't know of the proceedings. Most of such hearings, however, are not a trial in the technical sense of the term, though they may involve a judge and lawyer and so on.
Letter bomb
A letter bomb is a bomb concealed within a letter or package, which is then sent or left for the recipient to find, typically with his or her name and address on, to be opened and then exploded, or exploded within a certain time.
The first known case of a "modern" letter bomb was the Swedish bombmaker Martin Ekenberg in August 1904. He built a bomb and sent it to a factory owner in Stockholm called Karl Fredrik Lundin. The bomb exploded but nobody was seriously injured. He sent a total of four bombs until 1907 before he was discovered.
There had been many injuries caused by letter bombs. A very famous letter bombmaker is Ted Kaczynski, the so-called "Unabomber", who sent a series of letter bombs between 1978 and 1995, killing three people (all men) and injuring 23. One package, however, exploded onboard an airplane, which could have killed all the passengers and personnel, but it only caused an emergency landing. He stopped sending bombs after the New York Times accepted to publish a text he had written called "Industrial Society and its Future".
Unfortunately for him, his brother recognised the writing style and alerted the police, which ultimately captured Kaczynski and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The bombs were very well made and had no evidence from the sender, but typically of letter bombs, they are too small to case significant damage, and in most cases did not even kill the person who opened the package (this was also the case with Ekenberg, who failed to kill a single person). For this reason, and because most important government departments X-rays packages, the method is not very efficient.
Several government agencies have used letter bombs to target persons outside their jurisdiction. One victim of a letter bomb was German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who was sent a letter bomb by the so-called Stern gang and Israeli politician (and later Prime Minister) Menachem Begin in the 1950s.
Begin's reasons, as he explained, was that Adenauer and all Germans were responsible for the deaths of millions of Jews during the Holocaust, although Adenauer had been imprisoned by the Nazi regime which committed these crimes. The same group also sent several bombs to US President Harry S. Truman. The South African apartheid regime used letter bombs, including to activist Ruth First, who died when opening one in 1982.
Drancy internment camp
Drancy internment camp was a concentration camp in France during its occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was organised in 1941 to collect French Jews and particularly foreign Jews who had escaped to France before the invasion by the Germans. After that, they were put on railroad carts and sent east, to concentration camps, from which most did not return alive. Nearly 70,000 people were rounded up, including resistance fighters, Roma people, and others considered "undesirable". Until 1943, the camp was administered by French police under German supervision. After this, the French were removed and replaced by German SS men led by Alois Brunner, which increased the efficiency of the deportations.
When the camp was liberated in 1944, about 1,500 people remained. Brunner was later tried (in absence) and sentenced to death, but remained at large until his death in 2010.
History of the Jews in Europe
Jews have lived in Europe for thousands of years, and their dispersal and relations with governing authorities and peoples have changed greatly. Originally, in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, there was a Jewish minority which had varying rights and relations with the Romans. After the Roman-Jewish wars in the first and second centuries and the destruction of the Temple, Jews were expelled from Palestine, which greatly increased their numbers in Europe (and North Africa and Asia). In the Middle Ages, with the spread of Christianity and Christian anti-Semitism, conditions were generally bad, and Jews were forbidden from integrating (mingling) with Christians, working most jobs and were often secluded to particular parts of cities, called ghettos. They were allowed to do certain jobs that Christians were not allowed to, such as lending money to people for interest, which was a necessary part of modern economies but considered foul or bad for Christians. This made several Jews wealthy but also increased resistance and persecutions.
Jews were eventually welcomed in Poland, whose king declared the Statute of Kalisz to protect them. For example, Christians could not testify against Jews for committing crimes, which commonly had led to unjust accusations and punishments. For many Christians, however, this protection increased their resistance. Many Jews, so-called "Ashkenazim", gathered in Eastern Europe because of this, however. In Spainand Portugal under Muslim rule, the so-called Al Andalus period, Jews were generally accepted although they could not take part in the government. After Christian rule was re-established on the Iberian peninsula, Jews were rejected and persecuted if they stayed. Some sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire, which was then relatively tolerant to Jews and Christians and allowed them to have their own courts and laws, as long as they payed taxes and did not resist Ottoman rule.
After the Renaissance and the Early Modern Period, Jews were integrated increasingly and permitted to live openly as Jews in more and more countries. After the French Revolution, France and other European countries affected by French rule through Napoleon I introduced secular laws aimed at abolishing religion in the public sphere and assimilating Jews, i.e. treating them more openly as citizens and members of the public, who could believe whatever they wanted privately and still be members of the community. Other Jews began to discard their religion too, or integrated willingly into the larger community, such as by becoming Christians, like British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's father, Isaac d'Israeli. Many European countries had restrictions on Jews until the 19th and 20th centuries, however, such as banning them from certain professions or holding public offices. Many Jews became prominent scientists or public intellectuals, however, such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein. Only one hundred years before, this would have been impossible.
With the modern time and the gradual establishment of republics and constitutional monarchies across Europe, conditions were considered much better for Jews. Some preferred to emigrate to the United States and other American countries, however, including Argentina, which to this day has a large Jewish community. Eventually, the United States gathered the largest Jewish population outside of the Russian Empire. After Poland became an independent country again after the Treaty of Versailles, it had the largest Jewish population in Europe, of about 3,000,000 Jews. The Soviet Union, which came about in 1922, had nearly as many. With Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, there was again increased emigration, to the Western European countries and to the United States, supported by the Germans who did not want Jews in German-governed territory. More Jews emigrated to Palestine, which had been taken from the Ottoman Turks by the United Kingdom in 1917, to establish a Jewish homeland for Jews. Hitler temporarily supported this migration, but the British were sceptic, as the greater number of Jews meant conflicts with the local Arabs, who resisted Jewish immigration, and several bloody rebellions were fought between them and the British troops in the region. With World War II, the Nazi-controlled German armies occupied most of Europe and started to deport Jews east, eventually adopting a policy of mass murder known as the Holocaust. After 1942, all Jews under German control (with very few exceptions) would be sent to Eastern Europe and killed or worked to death. In the end, before Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, this killed about two thirds of the Jewish population in Europe. Only the Jewish communities of Albania, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Britain and Ireland were untouched, and those of Italy, Yugoslavia and Romania much less affected. Many remaining Jews migrated to the United States and Palestine, where Israel was created in 1948 as a Jewish-majority state, which resulted in Europe losing most of its Jewish population and the United States becoming the most Jewish country. Also, later persecution in Communist Poland and other countries led to more refugees. Of the 3,000,000 Jews in Poland, less than 3,000 remain today. In France, the United Kingdom and Russia, however, there are significant communities left comparable to before the war.
Manatuto Municipality
Manatuto is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of East Timor. The capital of the municipality is also named Manatuto.
To the north is the Strait of Wetar, to the south is the Timor Sea.
The administrative posts are divided into 31 sucos ("villages") in total.
Manufahi Municipality
Manufahi is one of the municipalities of East Timor. The capital of the municipality is Same.
Manufahi's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Bolívar Province, Ecuador
Bolívar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Guaranda.
The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population as of the 2010 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.
Shibuya
Shibuya is famous for its scramble crossing, which is called Shibuya Crossing.
Cañar Province
Cañar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Azogues.
Hédi Jouini
Hédi Jouini (Arabic:هادي الجويني)( November 1909 – 30 November 1990) was a Tunisian singer, oud player, and composer. In his long career, Jouini composed close to 1,070 songs and 56 operettas. His songs are inspired by the Andalusian art of flamenco, and found great popularity in Tunisia and the countries of the Mashriq.
Carchi Province
Carchi is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador.
The province is divided into 6 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.
Leïla Sfez
Leïla Sfez (Arabic: ليلى سفاز), (born 1874 –1944 Tunisia), was a Jewish Tunisian singer and composer She is also the aunt of the famous Habiba Msika to whom she will pass on her musical education. Sh became a celebrated café-concert performer in Tunis in the 1920s. She sang music in both the "ma'luf" and "charqui" genres.
Feuchtwangen
Feuchtwangen is a city in the Middle Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. It can be found in the district of Ansbach.
Feuchtwangen has about 12,000 inhabitants.
Central Province, Zambia
Central Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Kabwe.
Eastern Province, Zambia
Eastern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Chipata.
Luapula Province
Lusaka Province
Lusaka Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km². It is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km² as of 2010.
The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park. Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (in Chongwe District) and Lusaka City Airport (in Lusaka) are the two airports in the province.
Northern Province, Zambia
Northern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Kasama.
North-Western Province, Zambia
Southern Province, Zambia
Muchinga Province
TD Place Stadium
TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is a stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is the home to the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and Atlético Ottawa of the Canadian Premier League (CPL). It has a capacity for 24,000 people.
Dominique Dunne
Dominique Ellen Dunne (November 23, 1959 – November 3, 1982) was an American actress. She was born in Santa Monica, California. Her parents were Dominick Dunne and Ellen Griffin Dunne. She was best known for her role as Dana Freeling in the 1982 horror movie "Poltergeist".
On October 30, 1982, Dunne was strangled by her ex-boyfriend, John Thomas Sweeney, in the driveway of her Los Angeles home. She went into a coma and died five days later, aged 22. Sweeney was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in Dunne's death and went to prison for three and a half years.
Bad Hersfeld
Bad Hersfeld is the capital of the district Hersfeld-Rotenburg, in the state of Hesse in Germany. It is a well-known festival and spa town. Every summer, the "Bad Hersfelder Festspiele" (festival) are held here in 1951 at the monastery ruins. It is the largest Romanesque church ruin in Europe.
Helmut Krauss
Jane Carr
Jane Carr (born August 13, 1950) is a voice actor.
Teefa in Trouble
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II.
On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document. It talked about the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan. These terms were first talked about during the Potsdam Conference.
The declaration said if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."
M. C. Gainey
Rob McElhenney
Robert McElhenney III (born April 14, 1977) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known for his role as Mac on the FX/FXX comedy series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia".
List of prime ministers of Togo
This is a list of prime ministers of Togo since the creation of the job of Prime Minister in 1960, to the present day.
A total of twelve people have been Prime Minister of Togo.
Eugene Koffi Adoboli
Eugene Koffi Adoboli (born 3 October 1934) is a Togolese politician. He was Prime Minister of Togo from 21 May 1999 to 31 August 2000.
In 2011 he was sentenced to five years in jail in absentia for corruption.
Chairperson of the African Union Commission
The Chairperson of the African Union Commission is the head of the African Union Commission. On January 30, 2017, it was announced that Chad's Moussa Faki would become the further Chairperson.
Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent. It is made up of many countries.
These countries are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).
Moussa Faki
Moussa Faki Mahamat ( "", born 21 June 1960) is a Chadian politician and diplomat. He has been Chairperson of the African Union Commission since 14 March 2017. He was Prime Minister of Chad from 24 June 2003 to 4 February 2005 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from April 2008 to January 2017.
On 30 January 2017, he was elected as Chairperson of the African Union Commission.
Jean Ping (; born 24 November 1942) is a Gabonese diplomat and politician.
He was the Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and Francophonie of the Gabonese Republic from 1999 to 2008, and was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 2004 to 2005 and Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union from 2008 to 2012.
Ping was a candidate in the 2016 Gabonese presidential election against the outgoing president Ali Bongo.
Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma (born 27 January 1949), sometimes known by her initials NDZ, is a South African politician and anti-apartheid activist. She has been the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs since May 2019 during the Cyril Ramaphosa presidency. She also had cabinet jobs during the presidencies of Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki, Kgalema Motlanthe and Jacob Zuma (her ex-husband).
From 1982 to 1998, she was married to Jacob Zuma.
Edem Kodjo
Édouard Kodjovi Kodjo, better known as Edem Kodjo (May 23, 1938 – April 11, 2020), was a Togolese politician and diplomat. He was Secretary-General of the Organisation of African Unity from 1978 to 1983; later. He was Prime Minister from 1994 to 1996 and again from 2005 to 2006.
Kodjo was President of the Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP).
Kodjo died on April 11, 2020, in Paris at the age of 81.
List of presidents of Togo
Emmanuel Bodjollé
Emmanuel Bodjollé (born 1928) is a Togolese politician. He was Chairman of the nine-member Insurrection Committee that overthrew the government of Togolese President Sylvanus Olympio on 13 January 1963. For two days in January 1963, he was the interim President of Togo.
Christian Poncelet
Christian Poncelet (24 March 1928 – 11 September 2020) was a conservative French politician. He was a member of President Nicolas Sarkozy's Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He was President of the Senate from 1998 to 2008. He was Mayor of Remiremont (Vosges) and has been the President of the General Council of Vosges. From 1979 to 1980, he was a member of the European Parliament.
Poncelet died on 11 September 2020 in Remiremont, France at the age of 92.
Senate (France)
French Parliament
The French Parliament () is the bicameral legislature of the French Republic. It is made up of the Senate () and the National Assembly (). Each assembly has legislative meetings at different places in Paris: the for the Senate and the for the National Assembly.
The National Assembly has more power than the Senate.
Silversmith
Johannes van Knobelsdorff
Johannes van Knobelsdorff (19 September 1917 – 2 April 2020) was a Dutch politician. He was born in The Hague. He was mayor of Goedereede and Stellendam from 1947 to 1961. He was also Mayor of Sassenheim from 1961 to 1974. He was also Dijkgraaf.
Knobelsdorff died on 2 April 2020 at the age of 102.
Miguel Ángel Tábet
Miguel Ángel Tabet Balady (December 24, 1941 – April 7, 2020) was a Venezuelan theologian, Catholic priest, author, and exegete. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. Tábet lived and worked in Rome, Italy. He was a professor of biblical hermeneutics, the study of the principles of the Bible, at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome.
Tabet died from COVID-19 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in Rome, Italy, on April 7, 2020, at the age of 78.
Paul Gilissen
Paulus Petrus Maria “Paul” Gilissen (28 August 1934 – 9 April 2020) was a Dutch KVP and later CDA politician. Gilissen was born in Amsterdam. He was mayor of Valkenburg-Houthem from 1976 to 1982 and Valkenburg aan de Geul from 1982 to 1990 and again in 1991.
Gilissen died in Maastricht on 9 April 2020, aged 85.
Bert van de Kamp
Bert van de Kamp (8 March 1947 – 9 April 2020) was a Dutch music journalist. He was known for his interviews with pop stars in the Dutch Muziekkrant OOR. He was born in Rotterdam. In 1972 van de Kamp won the prize: "Wordt Popjournalist en Vlieg naar Londen!".
From 1973 to 1977 he was writer of Muziekkrant OOR. He wrote about many music styles; of hardrock to singer-songwriters. From 1977 to 1980 he was correspondent in London for Muziekkrant OOR and the KRO radio and television magazine Studio. In 1995 he won the first .
Kamp died in Utrecht on 9 April 2020, aged 73.
Iris M. Zavala
Iris M. Zavala (27 December 1936 – 10 April 2020) was a Puerto Rican author, scholar, and poet. She had written over 50 works. Her best known work was ""Nocturna, mas no funesta"", build on and express this belief.
She was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. In Spain she was a UNESCO fellow at the University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, and a Ramón LLul fellow at the University of Mallorca. She also taught at the University of Minnesota.
Zavala died from COVID-19 in Madrid during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, at the age of 83.
Gus Rodríguez
Gustavo Rodríguez (May 27, 1960 – April 11, 2020) was an actor, screenwriter, producer, director, gamer, and video game journalist. He was born in Mexico City. He was a known person in video game journalism in Latin America.
In December 1991, he founded one of the most important video game magazines in the region, "Club Nintendo". The magazine made more than 200 issues, publishing monthly until February 2019.
He dubbed roles in "Wreck It Ralph", "Shrek 2", "Ghostbusters", "Pixels" and "".
In 2019, Rodríguez was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on April 11, 2020 of the disease in Mexico City, aged 59.
Tsvetan Teofanov
Tsvetan Teophanov (Bulgarian: Цветан Теофанов; born July 12, 1952), is a Bulgarian figure who has noted for the very first known and famous Bulgarian translation of the Quran, numerous Bulgarian Islamic religious books, and an Arabist. His rise causes his translation of the Quran the most used in the Balkans that was then known throughout the world.
He has a degree in Arabic Philology from the , and a specialization at the . He defended his doctoral (PhD) thesis at the Moscow Institute.
He lectures on Arabic literature, Quran and the Hadith (the science of the Prophet's tradition) as well on the phenomenology of prophecy. Doctor of Philology. He was the Dean of the Faculty of Classical and Modern Philology of Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, as well as the Deputy Dean, Director of the Centre of Oral Languages and Cultures and Head of the Department of Arabic and Semitology.
The rise of his Quran translation makes his translation the most used in the Balkans and the only translation of the Quran from the Balkans that was known throughout the world. His translation is also famous and authentic in built-up structure of certain verses. The country has much praised him for the Quran translation, and is more famous and authentic in built-up structure of certain verses.
Gregory W. Carman
Gregory Wright Carman (January 31, 1937 – April 5, 2020) was an American judge and politician. He was a United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade from 1983 to 2014. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1981 to 1983.
Carman was born in Farmingdale, New York. He died on April 5, 2020 in Melville, New York, aged 83.
Farmingdale, New York
Farmingdale is an incorporated village on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 8,189 at the 2010 Census.
Melville, New York
Melville is an affluent hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Huntington in Suffolk County on Long Island, New York, in the United States. The population was 18,985 at the 2010 census.
Carole Baskin
Carole Baskin ("née" Stairs Jones; born June 6, 1961) is an American animal rights activist. She is the owner of Big Cat Rescue.
Baskin became well known when she was featured in the 2020 Netflix documentary series "" about Oklahoma-based private zoo operator Joe Exotic. Following the series' release, Baskin has been targeted by Internet memes related to the disappearance of Don Lewis, her second husband.
Disappearance of Don Lewis
Jack Donald Lewis (April 30, 1938 – August 19, 2002) is an American missing person who disappeared on August 18, 1997, after leaving his home in Tampa, Florida. The investigation into his disappearance has led from Lewis's Wildlife on Easy Street sanctuary in Tampa, co-owned by his second wife Carole Baskin, to land owned by Lewis in Costa Rica.
No evidence of Lewis being killed has been found, but investigators believe it is unlikely that he disappeared on his own. Lewis left behind over $5 million. He was declared legally dead in 2002.
As of 2020, the case is still open. Lewis's disappearance was covered in 2020 crime documentary series "", which focused on a fight between Baskin and Joe Exotic.
The Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office has used the popularity of "Tiger King" to help investigate the disappearance. A theory is that his ex-wife Carole fed him to tigers.
Muskingum County, Ohio
Muskingum County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 86,074. Its county seat is Zanesville.
Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron
Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron (‎; 1941 – April 12, 2020) was an Israeli rabbi. He was "Rishon LeZion" (Chief Rabbi of Israel) from 1993 to 2003. He was Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Bat Yam from 1972 and Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Haifa from 1972 to 1990. He was born in Jerusalem.
Bakshi-Doron died on April 12, 2020 of COVID-19 in Jerusalem.
Glenn Beckert
Glenn Alfred Beckert (October 12, 1940 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs for nine seasons from 1965 to 1973. He ended his career with the San Diego Padres in 1975. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Beckert died on April 12, 2020 in Florida at the age of 79.
Tim Brooke-Taylor
Timothy Julian Brooke-Taylor OBE (17 July 194012 April 2020) was an English comedian and actor. He was born in Buxton, Derbyshire, England.
Brooke-Taylor became known for his work on BBC Radio with "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again". He later moved into television with "At Last the 1948 Show". He was best known as a member of The Goodies, starring in the television series throughout the 1970s. He was a panellist on "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" for almost 50 years.
Brooke-Taylor died of problems from COVID-19 on 12 April 2020, aged 79.
Louis van Dijk
Louis van Dijk, also spelled Louis van Dyke (27 November 1941 – 12 April 2020), was a Dutch pianist. He was born in Amsterdam. He played with Pim Jacobs and Pieter van Vollenhoven under the name "De Gevleugelde Vrienden" ("The Winged Friends").
In September 2005, he played at a charity concert at the Concertgebouw to raise funds for New Orleans after the city was hit by Hurricane Katrina. He was awarded the honorary title of Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion.
Dijk died in Laren on 12 April 2020 of cancer, aged 78.
Alexandria Bay, New York
Alexandria Bay is a village in Jefferson County, New York, United States, within the town of Alexandria. It is in the Thousand Islands region of northern New York. The population of the village was 1,078 at the 2010 United States Census.
Ted Evans (public servant)
Edward Alfred Evans (4 March 1941 – 12 April 2020) was an Australian senior public servant and economist. He was born in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. He was a Secretary of the Department of the Treasury from 24 May 1993 through 26 April 2001.
As secretary of the Treasury, he was "ex officio" member of the boards of several financial institutions. He was a director of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia between 1993 and 1996, and a member of the board of the Reserve Bank of Australia from 10 May 1993 to 26 April 2001.
Evans died on 12 April 2020, aged 79.
Doug Sanders
George Douglas Sanders (July 24, 1933 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional golfer. He won 20 events on the PGA Tour and had four runner-up finishes at major championships. He was born in Cedartown, Georgia. He was a member of the U.S. Ryder Cup team in 1967, which won in Houston.
Sanders died in Houston on April 12, 2020 from dementia-related problems, at the age of 86.
Cedartown, Georgia
Cedartown is a city in Polk County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 9,750. The city is the county seat of Polk County.
Polk County, Georgia
Polk County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,475. The county seat is Cedartown. The county was created on December 20, 1851.
Wynn Handman
Wynn Handman (May 19, 1922 – April 11, 2020) was an American educator, producer, director and artist. He was the Artistic Director of The American Place Theatre, which he co-founded with Sidney Lanier and Michael Tolan in 1963. He was born in New York City.
He was a teacher for over 50 years, in his professional acting classes, Handman has trained many actors including: Alec Baldwin, James Caan, Chris Cooper, Michael Douglas, Sandy Duncan, Mia Farrow, Richard Gere, Joel Grey, Allison Janney, Raul Julia, Frank Langella, John Leguizamo, Susan Lucci, Donna Mills, Burt Reynolds, Mira Sorvino, Christopher Walken, Denzel Washington, Lauren Graham and Joanne Woodward.
Handman died on April 11, 2020 in New York City of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 at the age of 97.
Everett Lee
Everett Lee (born August 31, 1916) is an American conductor and violinist. He was the first African-American to conduct a Broadway musical. He was also the first African-American to conduct a performance by a major US opera company. In September 1945, he became the main conductor of the musical "On the Town". He later conducted at Tanglewood. He served as director of Columbia University's opera department in the early 1950s.
Lee was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. In 1927, he moved with his parents to Cleveland, Ohio. He married Sylvia Olden Lee in 1944. The couple later divorced. He later married his second wife. He lives in Sweden. He turned 100 in 2016.
Camillo Ballin
Camillo Ballin (June 24, 1944 – April 12, 2020) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop, writer, missionary, and educator. He was the Roman Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia from 2001 until his death. He was born in Padua, Italy.
Ballin died on April 12, 2020 at the age of 75.
M. V. Rajasekharan
Shri M.V. Rajasekharan (12 September 1928 – 13 April 2020) an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party. He was a member of the Legislative Council Karnataka in the upper house of the Government of Karnataka. He also was a member of the Rajya Sabha.
Rajasekharan died on 13 April 2020 at a hospital in Bangalore at the age of 91.
Marion Hartzog Smoak
Marion Hartzog Smoak (July 8, 1916 – May 4, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Republican. He was Chief of Protocol of the United States under President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974. He was a member of the presidential campaign staff and transition team for Ronald Reagan in 1980. He also served as member of the South Carolina Senate from 1967 to 1968.
Smoak was born in Aiken, South Carolina. His wife Mary Frances Meister died in 2015. The couple had three children. He turned 100 in 2016. Smoak died on May 4, 2020, in Palm Beach, Florida. He was 103.
George Shapiro
George Shapiro (born May 18, 1931) is an American talent manager and television producer. He is the most successful managers in show business. He is best known for representing Jerry Seinfeld, Carl Reiner and Andy Kaufman. He was a producer for the sitcom "Seinfeld". He was born in New York City.
Charles Miossec
Charles Miossec (25 December 1938 – 12 April 2020) was a French politician. He served as a Deputy from 1978 to 2002. He was born in Lanhouarneau, Finistère.
Miossec died on 12 April 2020 at the age of 81.
Cloth facemask
A cloth facemask is a face covering which is used to cover the mouth and nose. As the name suggests, these masks are made of textiles. Cotton is commonly used. Starting with the 19th century, such masks have been used by healthcare professionals. They are also used to protect against air pollution, although they may not be very effective in protecting against air pollution.
Depending on the design, they can be effective stopping the transmission of disease spread by droplets of liquid. Today, healthcare professionals often use surgical masks or respirators, which offer better protection. A study done in 2010 found that 40 to 90 percent of particles pass through a cloth facemask.
Cloth face masks are commonly used during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially when surgical and other medical face coverings are not available.
George Bass
George Bass (30 January 1771 – after 5 February 1803) was a British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia.
Bass was born on 30 January 1771 at Aswarby, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire. His father, George, was a tenant farmer, George Bass, and his mother a local beauty named Sarah (née Newman). His father died in 1777. He went to Boston Grammar School and later studied medicine at the hospital in Boston, Lincolnshire. At the age of 18, he was accepted in London as a member of the Company of Surgeons, and in 1794 he joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon.
He arrived in Sydney in New South Wales on HMS "Reliance" on 7 September 1795.
Also on the voyage were Matthew Flinders, John Hunter, Bennelong, and his surgeon's assistant William Martin.
Bass brought a small boat to Australia. It had an keel and beam, which he called the Tom Thumb on account of its size. In October 1795 Bass and Flinders, accompanied by William Martin sailed to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River. Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks' Town.
In March 1796 they went on a second voyage in a larger small boat, which they called the Tom Thumb II. They travelled down the coast to Lake Illawarra, which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon. They explored Port Hacking.
Later in 1796 Bass discovered good farming land near Prospect Hill, found cattle which had been lost since 1788, and tried to cross the Blue Mountains.
In 1797 Bass and six crew sailed an open whaleboat to Cape Howe, the farthest point of south-eastern Australia. From here they kept going went west as far as Western Port. He believed that Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was not joined to mainland Australia. Watching the tides and the long south-western swell at Wilson's Promontory convinced him that his idea was right.
Bass visited the Kiama area on the south coast of New South Wales. He made notes on the many plants and the amazing natural phenomenon, the Kiama Blowhole.
In 1798, Bass and Flinders, sailed the "Norfolk", around Van Diemen's Land, proving that it was an island. They visited the estuary of the Derwent River, found and named by Captain John Hayes in 1793. Bass made a report which led to it being chosen for the future city of Hobart in 1803. When they got back to Sydney, Flinders recommended to Governor John Hunter that the passage between Van Diemen's Land and the mainland be called Bass Strait.
"This was no more than a just tribute to my worthy friend and companion," Flinders wrote, "for the extreme dangers and fatigues he had undergone, in first entering it in a whaleboat, and to the correct judgement he had formed, from various indications, of the existence of a wide opening between Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales."
Bass sent some of his botanical discoveries to Sir Joseph Banks in London. "In this voyage of fourteen weeks I collected those few plants upon Van Diemen's Land which had not been familiar to me in New South Wales," he wrote to Banks, "and have done myself the honour of submitting them to your inspection." He was made an honorary member of the Society for Promoting Natural History, which later became the Linnean Society. Some of his reports were published in the second volume of David Collins's "An Account of the English colony in New South Wales." He was one of the first to describe the Australian marsupial, the wombat.
On 8 October 1800, George married Elizabeth Waterhouse at St James's Church, Westminster. She was the sister of Henry Waterhouse, Bass's former shipmate, and captain of the "Reliance". In January 1801 Bass set sail again for Australia, leaving Elizabeth behind. The couple wrote to each other, they did not meet again, as Bass never returned from this journey.
Bass and a group of friends had invested some £10,000 in the copper-sheathed brig , and a cargo of general goods to sell in Port Jackson.
On the voyage, the ship passed through Bass Strait. He recorded it simply as Bass Strait, like any other geographical feature. His modesty meant he felt no need to say "discovered by me" or "named after me".
On arrival Bass that others had brought out goods as well, and he was unable to sell his cargo. Governor King was trying to save money and would buy the cargo, even at a 50% discount. King did ask Bass to get salt pork from Tahiti. Food was scarce in Sydney at that time and prices were high, yet there were plenty of pigs in the Society Islands. King said he would pay Bass six pence a pound, half the current price in Sydney. This deal suited both men. With his partner Charles Bishop, Bass sailed from Sydney in the "Venus" for Dusky Sound in New Zealand. They spent 14 days taking iron from the wreck of Captain Brampton's old ship the "Endeavour". This was made into axes which were used to trade for the pork in Tahiti. They returned to Sydney in November 1802.
In January 1803 Bass asked King for the rights to all the fish along the South Island of New Zealand, from Dusky Sound to Otago Harbour – now the site of the city of Dunedin. He also wanted to include all the lands and seas to the south, notably the Antipodes Islands. His brother-in-law, Waterhouse, had discovered the islands, and probably told him about the excellent prospects for fishing.
Bass set sail on his last voyage in the "Venus" on 5 February 1803, but he and his crew were never seen again. His plan was to go to Tahiti and perhaps on to the Spanish colonies on the coast of Chile to buy provisions and bring them back to Sydney.
Bass may also have planned to smuggle goods into Chile. Spain would only allow Spanish ships and merchants to bring goods into the country. But the colonists in Chile needed more than they could supply and shortages and heavy taxation caused high prices. This made smuggling profitable. Port Jackson was described by some 19th-century historians as a base for such smuggling Britain's strained relationship with Spain at that time meant British authorities were unconcerned.
Bass still had much of the general cargo he had brought to Sydney in 1801 and he may well have been tempted to try and sell it in Chile. Two of his last letters have hints at a venture which he could not name. He set off in 1803, with a diplomatic letter from Governor King attesting his bona-fides and that his sole purpose if he were on the West coast of South America would be in procuring provisions.
He was never heard from again, and Governor King and Bass's friends in Sydney were forced to accept that he had met some misfortune. In England in January 1806 Bass was listed by the Admiralty as lost at sea. His wife Elizabeth was given money from the widows' fund, back dated to when Bass's half-pay had ended in June 1803. Bass had made the usual contributions to the fund from his salary.
There are many ideas about what may have happened to Bass. One story, by William Campbell of the brig "Harrington", said that Bass was captured by the Spanish in Chile and sent to the silver mines. The "Harrington" was also involved in smuggling and returned to Sydney some three months after Bass's departure. But this story dates from 1811 in a report by William Fitzmaurice. Campbell did not mention Bass in either 1803, or in 1805 when he captured a Spanish ship. Three months is too short for Bass to have reached Chile and then the "Harrington" to get back to Sydney.
Also all British prisoners held by the Spanish in Chile and Peru were freed in 1808 and returned to Europe. If the crew of the "Venus" had been captured then none of the 25 survived.
Adventurer Jorgen Jorgenson wrote about Bass in 1835. He said Bass had attempted forced trade at gunpoint in Chile, and was captured when he let his guard down. Jorgenson probably met Bass, but this story is almost certainly not true. Jorgenson's writing, though entertaining, was often far from factual.
A search of Spanish archives in 1903 by scholar Pascual de Gayangos and a search of Peruvian archives in 2003 by historian Jorge Ortiz-Sotelo found no mention of Bass. His ultimate fate remains a mystery.
In 1963 Bass was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post, and again in 1998 with Matthew Flinders.
A re-enactment of the whaleboat voyage was made on the 200th anniversary of Bass's voyage. It arrived at Western Port on 5 January 1998, using a "Elizabeth" skippered by Bern Cuthbertson.
The following places were named after Bass:
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