AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Then people at the “Bell Telephone” group made even better telephones that can catch waves that traveled about 800 miles. When they put the first long triode wave throwers in the (Atlantic) ocean (transcontinental telephone line) people were very happy 3 years after on January 25, 1915.
Other people put the wave throwers in their creations, making very good things (television, public address systems, electric phonographs, and talking motion pictures)
Then people started putting more wires inside, to 4 wires (tetrode, by Walter Schottky in 1916) to 5 wires (pentode, by Gilles Holst and Bernandus Dominicus Hubertus Tellegen in 1926).
The triode was used in other devices (radios, televisions, and audio systems) until it was beaten by the super wave thrower (transistor), made in 1947, ending the time of the triode.
Today triodes are used in wave throwing and hot making. Triodes are also starting to be used in good electric audio machines and music machines. They are also used in glow makers (vacuum florescent displays, (VFDs), and there are different types of glow makers, but all use triodes.
Radios and telephones are also wave takers, so it is used in them. But it is too big, so from 1960 to 1969, the transistor has mostly replaced it. It is an ancestor of the transistor. It is still used in vacuum tube amplifiers.
Today, the triode is still used in iPods and radios and heaters to heat and to take waves.
List of Prime Ministers of Thailand
Thailand has had 26 Prime Ministers since it changed from a monarchy to a democratic regime.
Praya Manopakorn Nititada (15 July 1884 - 1 October 1948) was the first prime minister of Thailand. He served 3 terms as Prime Minister, from 28 June 1932 until 20 June 1933. Nititada was called called "Korn Hutasing". He was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya Province. His parents were Mr Huad and Mrs Kaew Hutasing. He married Lady Manopakorn Nititada.(Nit Samsan) Praya Manopakorn Nititada began to study at Wat Ratchaburana. After that, he studied at Suankuhlab college, Assamchan college and a law school. He got a scholarship to study in London.
As prime minister, he developed the democratic regime by creating a constitution.
After leaving politics, Praya Manopakorn Nititada lived in Penang, Malaysia.
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana (22 March 1887 - 14 February, 1947) was the second prime minister of Thailand. He served for 5 terms from 21 June 1933 until 11 September 1938. Pahonponpayuhasana was called "Poj Pahonyotin". He was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Mr Tin and Lady Jab Pahonyotin. He married Lady Boonhlong. Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana began to study at Wat Jakawatratchawat and after that got into military academy to study as a soldier. He always got very good grades so the government sent him to study in Germany for 3 years and Denmark for a year.
He was in charge of the army in World War II.
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana died due to stroke.
Field Marshal Plaek Pibunsongkhram (14 July, 1897 - 11 June 1964) was the third prime minister of Thailand. He served two times. The first time he served two terms from 16 December 1938 to 1 August 1944. His second time in office lasted for 5 terms, from 8 April 1948 until 26 February 1957. Plaek Piboonsongkram was called Plaek Kheettasangka. He was born in Nontaburi province. His parents were Mr Kheet and Mrs Sam-ang Kheettasangka. He married Lady La-Aead Pankrawee. Plaek Piboonsongkram began to study at Kalahom U-thit school. After that he studied at a military academy. After finishing school, he served in the army in Phitsanulok province. He taught Thai people to love Thailand and supported Thai education. He organized universities such as Mahidol University and Kasetsart University.
Pibun finally left politics and he moved to Japan. He died from heart attack in Zakamiono, Tokyo.
Khuang Aphaiwongse (17 May 1902 - 15 March 1968) was the fourth prime minister of Thailand. He served from 1 August 1944 until 31 August 1945, from 21 January 1946 until 18 March 1946, from 10 November 1947 until 6 February 1948 and from 21 February 1948 until 8 April 1948. Kuang Apaiwong was born in Pratabong, Cambodia. His parents were Mr Chum and Lady Rod Apaiwong. He married Lady Lakha Apaiwong. Kuang Apaiwong began to study with his uncle at Apaipittayakan School. He later studied at Teapsirin School and Assamchan college. Then he went to study engineering in France.
After leaving office, Kuang Apaiwong created a democrat party in a Parliament.
Tawee Boonyaket (10 November 1904 - 3 November 1972) was the fifth prime minister of Thailand from 31 August 1945 - 17 September 1945 Tawee Boonyaket was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Praya Ronnachaichanyut (Tanom) and Lady Ronnachaichanyut (Tabtim). He married Lady Aumpasri Boonyakat. Mr Tawee Boonyakat began to study at Benjamarachoothit school in Chantaburi province. After that he went to study in Bangkok at Suankuhlab college and Ratchawittayalai school. He went to study agriculture in France at Kings College.
Mom Rajawong Seni Pramoj (26 May 1941 - 28 July 1997) was the sixth prime minister of Thailand, 17 September 1945 - 15 October 1945. He was born in Nakhonsawan province. His parents were His Royal Highness Prince Kamrob and Mom Dang. He married Lady Ausana Pramoch. Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch studied at Rachinee school, Assamchan college, Teapsirin school and Suankuhlab college. He got an honours degree in law from Oxford University.
Mom Rajawong Seni Pramoj was a popular politician who helped Thailand's people recover from the war.
Mom Rajawong Seni Pramoj died at Bangkok Hospital.
Pridi Banomyong (11 May 1900 - 2 May 1983) was the seventh prime minister of Thailand. He served two terms from 24 March 1947 until 21 August 1947. He was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Mr Saeng and Mrs ookchan Panomyong. He married Lady Poolsuk Panomyong. Pridi Panomyong studied at Ruak school, Benjamaboophit school and Suangkuhlab collage. After that he studied law in London.
Pridi Banomyong died of a heart attack in France.
Rear Admiral Thawan Thamrongnawasawat (21 November 1901 - 3 December 1988) was the eighth prime minister of Thailand. He served two terms from 23 August 1946 - 30 May 1947 until 8 November 1947. Tawan Tamrongnawasawat was born Tawan Tareesawat at Huaroo sub-district in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Mr Au and Mrs Ngern Tareesawat. He began to study at Mattayom Wat Teapsirin. After that he studied to become a junior officer in the navy and studied about the law.
Rear Admiral Thawan Thamrongnawasawat died at Pramongkutkao Hospital.
Pote Sarasin (25 March 1905 - 28 September 2000) was the nighth prime minister of Thailand, 21 September 1957 - 26 December 1957. He was born in Bangkok. His parents were Praya Sarasinsawamipak and Lady Sun Sarasin. He married Lady Siri Sarasin. Sarasin studied in the United States and studied law in Thailand.
Pote Sarasin died at Bamrungrat Hospital in Bangkok.
Field Marshal Tanom Kittikachon (11 August 11th 1911 - ) was the tenth prime minister of Thailand. He served 3 terms, from 1 January 1958 - 20 October 1958, from 9 December 1963 until 17 November 1971 and from 18 November 1972 until 14 October 1973. Tanom Kittikajon was born in Tak province. His parents were Khun Sophitbannarak (Apan) and Mrs Linji Kittikajon. He married Lady Jongkon Kittikajon. He began to study in primary at Prachaban Chokpoo, Tak and after that he studied at a junior officer's school that was later called Prajunlajomkao school.
On 14 October 1973, about 500,000 college students protested against Kittikajon's government. They said his government was a dictatorship. Thai people wanted to change the constitution. A parade started at Thammasat University, police fought with college students. About 77 people died and around 857 were hurt. The situation calmed down on October 15th 1973. 14 October of every year is Democracy Day.
Field Marshal Sarit Tanarat (16 June 1908 - 8 December 1963) was the eleventh prime minister of Thailand, 9 February 1959 - 8 December 1963. He was born in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parent were Major Hluangruangdatanan (Tongdee) and Mrs Chanthp Tanarat. He married with Lady Nuanchan Tanarat. He began to study in primary in Mookdahan province, after that he got into study at Mahanparam school in Bangkok and then he went to study in a school of soldier.
Tanarat started to give more power to the provinces. He also passed laws against the use of marijuana and the growing of opium poppies. He had also planned to developed the economy of the country.
Field Marshal Sarit Tanarat died in office at Pra mongkutkao Hospital.
Sanya Dhammasakti (15 April 1907 - 6 January 2002) was the twelfth prime minister of Thailand. He served two terms from 14 October 1973 until 14 February 1975.
Sanya was born at Bangkokyai, Tonburi. His parents were councillor Praya Tammasatvejwisatpak and Lady Chuen Tammasak. He married Lady Panga Tammasak. He began to study at Assamchanbangrak school, Bangkok. After that he got into study in a school of law. He got a scholarship from the Rapee Foundation to went to study law in London.
Sanya's government was a stable government. After leaving office he was appointed to be a Privy Councillor on 5 December 1975. He was also a chairman of "Bhudtasatsaniksampanlok" or the "World of Buddhism" in 1984.
Mom Rajawong Kukrit Pramoj (20 April 1911 - 9 October 1995) was the thirteenth prime minister of Thailand, 14 March 1975 - 12 January 1976. He was born on at Aumpher Inburi, Singburi province. His parents were His Royal Highness Prince Kamrob and Mom Dang (Boonnak). He got this name from Her Majesty Queen Patcharintra. He married Mom Rajawong Pakpink Pramoch. He played the prime minister in the 1963 movie "The Ugly American". He began to study at Wattana Wittayalai school, Suankuhlab collage in Bangkok and after that he went to study at Trent college and studied about philosophy of political economy at The Queen's College.
He build a public utility that was important to people. After leaving office.
Tanin Kaiwichian (5 April 1927 - ) was the fourteenth prime minister of Thailand, 8 October 1976 - 20 October 1977. he was born in Bangkok. His parents were Mr Hae and Mrs Pa-aob Kaiwichian. He married Lady Karen Kaiwichian (Anderson). He began to study in high school at Suankuhlab collage and after that he went to study law at Tammasat University and then he went to study in London.
While in office he built Yuppharat Hospital.
General Kiangsak Chamanan (17 December 1917 - 23 December 2003) was fifteenth prime minister of Thailand. He served twice, from 11 November 1977 until 21 December 1978 and from 12 May 1979 until 3 March 1980. His parents were Mr Jam and Mrs Jua Chamanan. He married Lady Wirat Chamanan. His old name was "Somchit" and after that changed to Kiangsak to followed Field Marshal Peak Piboonsongkram's law that the man had to have a name that showed hardenness. He began to study in Primary at Samudsakorn Wittayalai school in Samudsakorn province, Patomkongka school in Bangkok. After that he got into study in a military academy.
He built the Sukhothaitammatirat University, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, and The Petroleum Agency of Thailand. He was also a very good chef. His most famous recipe is Chicken Curry in brandy.
General Prem Tinnasoolanon (26 August 1920 - 26 May 2019) was sixteenth prime minister of Thailand. He served three times, from 3 March 1980 until 19 March 1983 , from 30 April 1983 until 1 May 1986 and from 5 August 1986 until 29 April 1988. He was born at Tambom Booyang Aumpher Muang, Songkla province. His parents were councillor Hluang Winijtantakam and Lady Aod Tinnasoolanon. He began to study in primary at Booyang school and after that he went to study in a junior high school at Wachirawut school in Songkla province. He went to high school in Bangkok at Suankuhlab collage, and a school of cavalryman in the United States.
During his term as prime minister, he strengthened Thailand's neutrality, promoted employment, and dealt with the problems of bad economy. After leaving office, King Bhumipol appointed him to be a Privy Councillor.
General Chatchay Choonhavan (5 April 1920 - 6 May 1998) was the seventeenth prime minister of Thailand. He served 2 terms from 4 August 1988 until 23 February 1992. He was born "Chatchay Somboon" at Tambon Plabplachai Aumpher Sampantawong, Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Field Marshal Pin Chunhawan and Lady Wiboonlak Chunhawan. He began to study at Benjamarachoothit school, Teapsirin school, a military academy and he went to study in a higher education at a school of cavalryman in Kentucky (US).
He improved relations with Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Vietnam and Malaysia, especially about trade. He also built many bridges
Suvarnabhumi Airport (; IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS), also unofficially known as Bangkok Airport, is the main international airport of Bangkok, Thailand. It is located in Bangchoung, Rachatawa, Noungprue and Bangphli district Samutprakarn province. The area of the airport is about . It is six times bigger than Don Mueang International Airport, the other international airport serving Greater Bangkok.
The Thai government gave a budget of about 150,000 million baht (US$4.9 billion or 3.7 billion euro) to build this international airport. This included investment of Government service and State Enterprises of 137,000 million baht ($4.46 billion), and private company about 13,000 million baht ($423 million). The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people. It was designed by Helmut Jahn.
International airlines included of 102 airways and 142 cities. There are:
Most domestic airlines fly from Don Mueang Airport, but the following airlines fly from Suvarnabhumi:
Sanam Luang
Sanam Luang is a big field in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand. Sanam Luang has another name, Tung Pra Me'ru (meaning cremation field). It was used for cremation of the King and his royal relatives. In 1855, King Rama IV changed the field's name to Sanam luang, announcing that the old name was thought unlucky.
King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies. Then in King Rama V's era, Sanam Luang was extended and the buildings around it were destroyed. The people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice.
In King Rama VI's era, Sanam Luang was used for horse racing and part of the field was turned into a golf couse.
At present, the Thai people still use Sanam Luang to officiate royal ceremonies for the King, princes and princesses. Sanam Luang is an important national site.
Baltistan
Baltistan (), also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain. It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Shi'a Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism before the 16th century.
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century. In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India.
The elections on 12 November 2009 brought about a major change and upheaval in the Baltistan region, which had been once an area ruled by a feudal Raja and then an area under Pakistani military control. It is believed that democracy in the region will also help to bring about more economic development and public empowerment.
Balti language
Balti (بلتی) is a language spoken in Baltistan, in the Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan and adjoining parts of the disputed territory of Indian-administered Kashmir. Before 1948 Baltistan was part of Ladakh province. The language is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi and an archaic dialect of the Tibetan language, but many of the consonants that are silent in most modern Tibetan dialects are pronounced in Balti.
All people of different races, living in Baltistan are called Balti. Greeks used the word Byaltae instead of Bal-ti, which in Tibetan means water gorge. The historian Ptolemy who was also a general in the army of Alexander the Great had named the region (Byaltae) in his book. Baltistan is the Persian translation of "Baltiyul", “The Homeland of Balti”. The people belonging to Balti nationality are settled on both banks of the river Indus from Kargil (in the east) to Haramosh (in the west) and from Karakoram range (in the north) to Deosai plains (in the south). In this nationality the majority comes from Tibetan origin. However people migrated to this area in different periods of ancient times, on account of different reasons and after merging in the prevailing Tibetan society, gave birth to a new civilisation. All these multi-racial groups speak Balti language, which is a branch of the ancient Tibetan language. However, in some rural areas, the Sheen people still speak Shina language.
The Balti are a very forbearing, cheerful,brave and hospitable people. But during the Rmakpon reign (from 12th century to 1840 A.D.) they invaded Ladakh and Tibet many times.
There are several Balti communities in Pakistan's urban areas farther south, that is in Lahore, Islamabad, in Karachi and other places.But they are living as non Pakistani in Pakistan because Gilgit Baltistan is considered as disputed region.
The Balti language has kept many words like all the Tibetan dialects and many other languages. Below are a few examples:
Raja
A Raja ( (rājā), also spelled Rajah) is a monarch, or princely ruler of the Kshatriya varna.
The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda. It can also be used as a name for non-royal Indians.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as titles. "Raja" is also used as a name by Hindus and Sikhs.
Raja (disambiguation)
A Raja is a type of monarch. This is sometimes spelled "Rajah".
Raja may also refer to:
Rajais the given name or surname of:
Rajah (disambiguation)
Rajah may refer to:
Pushim
PUSHIM is a Japanese reggae singer. Her real name is Paku Pushin. She was born in Osaka on November 16, 1975, and started to sing in 1995. She released her first single in 1999. She has strong and deep voice. Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.
She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995. In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover. After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on June 19, 1999. It receive a lot of critical acclaim. In September of 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman". It was also a success and she sold many copies. The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released. Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!". It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.
A headset is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset. It works by radio waves. A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size. This can be used for soundproofing.
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people. The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.
Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.
Endoscopy means to "look inside". This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an endoscope.
An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.
The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is going on. If necessary, various actions can be taken.
An endoscope has at least some of these parts:
Endoscopy can involve
A supercomputer is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation. They are usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time. Supercomputers can do arithmetic jobs very fast, so they are used for weather forecasting, code-breaking, genetic analysis and other jobs that need many calculations. When new computers of all classes become more powerful, new ordinary computers are made with powers that only supercomputers had in the past, while new supercomputers continue to outclass them.
Electrical engineers make supercomputers that link many thousands of microprocessors.
Supercomputer types include: shared memory, distributed memory and array. Supercomputers with shared memory are developed by using a parallel computing and pipelining concept. Supercomputers with distributed memory consist of many (about 100~10000) nodes. CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS are shared memory types. nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 are distributed memory types.
An array type computer named ILIAC started working in 1972. Later, the CF-11, CM-2, and the Mas Par MP-2 (which is also an array type) were developed. Supercomputers that use a physically separated memory as one shared memory include the T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.
"Organizations"
"Centers"
Hydrogen car
A hydrogen car is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its fuel for motive power. A Hydrogen car does not have to be a car, it can be any transportation vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar way, like an aircraft.
Hydrogen is the simplest and the most abundant element in the universe. Even though it's simple and there's so much of it, hydrogen does not occur naturally as a gas on the earth: it's always combined with other things. Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution.
In principle, fuel cells are electrochemical devices like batteries that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing away with combustion. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat. Layers of materials with distinct electrochemical properties are sandwiched together to form a single galvanic cell. At the heart lies a membrane that can only be crossed by charged molecules. Gas-permeable electrodes coated with a catalyst adhere to this membrane, adding a layer on either side. The electrodes are in turn connected to a device that can utilize electricity. Hydrogen gas flows into channels on one face of the cell and migrates through that electrode, while the same occurs with oxygen gas along the opposite electrode. Spurred by a catalyst, favorable chemistry causes the hydrogen to oxidize into hydrogen protons and give up its electrons to the neighboring electrode, which thereby becomes the anode. This buildup of negative charge then follows the path of least resistance via the external circuit to the other electrode. It is this flow of electrons through a circuit that creates electricity.
Most important problem involved in the practical use of hydrogen car is hydrogen storage materials. If it uses a fuel cell that generates electricity through reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, it does not matter. However, if method is that hydrogen is sprayed to internal-combustion engine, it does matter. Now hydrogen storage tank with highest possibility is method using metal hydride. Metal hydride is that reversible reaction between metal and hydrogen make new form of compound. Now Hydrogen storing technology using Hydrogen storage compound metal comes to practical use step in the side of technical, however, hydrogen storing capacity per weight is no match for demand of user, so this technology is not widely used yet. Therefore, that problem should be solved.
Standard-definition television
Standard-Definition Television is a kind of television system that provides lower resolution than HDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does.
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or litle bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.
According to an ATSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 704x480.
Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480
Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480.
The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst.
The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD.
As mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV.
Because it is a kind of digital broadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV programs but also HDTV program (Of course there exists a difference in resolution).
SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV. But SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise. And it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are
impossible at analog TV. Compared to HDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, HDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.
Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and HDTV.Price : AnalogTV < SDTV < HDTVQuality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV < HDTVAnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and HDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.
Thermocouple
A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.
Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.
Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.
It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.
Control engineering
Control engineering is the engineering field that focuses on mathematical modeling of dynamical systems, and uses control theory to create controllers that cause the systems to behave in some desired manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering. As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted.
In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example, in an automobile with sail control, the machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power on the fly. Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology. In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control. Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering.
Many control systems rely on feedback. However, there are also control systems that work without feedback. Such a system is known as an open-loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system. An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine on the fly.
Lanett, Alabama
Lanett is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,897. Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery. One of the major industries is cotton milling. The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.
La Fayette, Alabama
LaFayette is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. It is 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat of Chambers County. In 1900, 1,629 people lived here, and in 1910, 1,632 people lived here. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 3,234.
The Chambers County School District provides public education for LaFayette. Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School).
Chambers Academy (grades pre-K through 12) is a private school in LaFayette.
Leeds, Alabama
Leeds is a city in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2000 census, 10,455 people lived there.
Charles Barkley
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is an American retired professional basketball player and politician. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" for his aggressive and outspoken behavior and "The Round Mound of Rebound," for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's most dominating power forwards.
For a power forward, Barkley had an extremely versatile offensive game. He was not considered a great player at the defensive end. He is referred to as Chuck Barkley by many of his friends.
Barkley had many nicknames over the course of his college and pro career, making him one of the basketball players, and persons, with the most nicknames. Some of the other nicknames include The Chuckster, The Chuck Wagon, The Prince of Pizza and Wide Load from Leeds. Barkley is regarded as one of the best rebounders in the history of the game.
Many people view him as the greatest player who did not win an NBA championship during his career, although others argue for players such as Karl Malone, John Stockton and Patrick Ewing. Often considered the best power forward in the league (NBA), people did not agree with his totalitarian views. He is an analyst on the television show "Inside the NBA". The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal.
William C. Oates
William Calvin Oates (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War.
In between he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872, a member of the United States House of Representatives for Alabama from 1881 to 1894, and Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896.
William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery.
Walter Jones (American football)
Walter Junior Jones (born January 19, 1974) is an American football offensive tackle for the Seattle Seahawks team in the National Football League. He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team. On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring.
George T. Anderson
George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.
After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector. He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.
William Clark Falkner
William Clark Falkner (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi. He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.
Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi. He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.
Islamic terrorism
Islamic terrorism is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motivation.
Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Islamic terrorist groups include Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. However, there are hundreds of and many more terrorist attacks . However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous."
Electric vehicle
An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses electricity to move. Its wheels are driven by electric motors.
Electric vehicles were one of the first kinds that did not use horse or human power. Electric trains and cars were built in the 1830's, and in the early 1900's there were more electric cars than gasoline-powered cars. But cars powered by gasoline or diesel fuel become the most common kind of car for most of the last 100 years.
Electric vehicles have long been used in some special cases, such as forklifts used inside a building, golf carts, trolley bus or certain vehicles used around airplanes at an airport. Early in the 21st century people are using more electric and hybrid vehicles again as a way to reduce pollution and use less gasoline.
It is unclear who the first inventor was, but Ányos Jedlik of Hungary built a small model of a working electric car in 1828. In the 1830's Robert Anderson of Scotland, Professor Stratingh of Holland and Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Vermont all built electric vehicles. Davenport is said to be the inventor of the DC electric motor. In 1865, Gaston Plante of France made a better battery. In 1886, the inventor Frank Sprague of Connecticut made important changes to the electric motor.
Great Britain and France were early leaders in making better electric cars. Interest in the electric car in the United States grew after 1891 when A. L. Ryker built a three-wheeled electric car, and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon.
The years 1899 and 1900 were the best years for electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars (steam, gasoline and diesel). One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. (At that time, there were few good roads between towns, so most driving was for short distances). Electric cars could go as far as steam-powered cars and did not take 30 to 40 minutes to get started. Gasoline engines were smelly and noisy.
But then the internal combustion engine (that used gasoline and diesel) were greatly improved, and cars that used those engines could go much farther and faster than other cars.
Some people would make electric cars in their garages by taking out the engine and putting in an electric motor and batteries, but for a long time, no big car company made an electric car. Only in the late 1990's did big car companies start making electric cars again. The most famous was the GM's EV-1. Now interest in alternative fuel vehicles is growing.
These types of cars do not have any kind of internal combustion engine, but are driven entirely using electric motors, which gets its power in different ways other than an engine.
A hybrid is a combination of two things. In this case, it is an electric motor, and another type of power, such as an engine. Because of this, hybrid vehicles are not true electric vehicles.
There are many other types of electric vehicles. A trolley bus (also called a trackless trolley) uses overhead electric lines to power it. Many trains use a railway electrification system to supply power. A few high-speed rail lines use powered magnets in the track to move the train, in a system called 'mag-lev' (magnetic levitation). There are electric bicycles and motorcycles and some tricycles (trikes) like the Corbin Motors Sparrow, which was also seen in the Austin Powers movie Goldmember.
Most freight trains are diesel-electric. The locomotive has a diesel engine which provides electricity, and an electric motor which makes the wheels turn. In recent years, however, there are buses and trains that store their power in a battery or use some other source like fuel cells. These kinds of vehicles do not need wires.
Advantages: These vehicles use an electric motor, so they are very quiet, no smell and no pollution from exhaust gases. They can even be used indoors, in tunnels and mines. Oil for gasoline and diesel is a limited resource - it will not last forever and is becoming more expensive. If the electricity for a battery-electric vehicle comes from a renewable energy source, like a windmill, solar cells, geothermal or hydroelectric, then it will not produce as many global warming gases.
Disadvantages: Batteries do not store a lot of energy, and they are large and heavy, so the vehicles usually cannot go very far. It takes a long time to recharge a battery, sometimes many hours. Good batteries can be very expensive, and all batteries need to be replaced after a while. Most electricity in the United States comes from coal or natural gas, so an electric vehicle that is powered by electricity from one of these plants will still add to global warming gases.
Daniel Weisiger Adams
Lynchburg, Virginia
Lynchburg is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River. Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" and "The Hill City". It is sometimes called "A City Unto Itself" because of the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements.
At the 2010 census, 75,568 people lived in Lynchburg.
Electronic engineering
Electronic engineering is an engineering discipline that investigates the use of electricity and magnetism. Electronic engineers are concerned with such processes as; the use of radio waves, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems, and the development of control systems such as aircraft autopilots and other embedded systems.
The term electronic engineering started to emerge increasingly in the late 1950s. Before World War II, electronic engineering was most commonly known as a 'radio engineering'. At that time, studying radio engineering at a university was part of a physics degree. Later, as other electronic devices were developed, the field broadened to include radar, television, audio systems, Hi-Fi and later computers and microprocessors. In the mid to late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way to the name 'electronic engineering', which then became a stand-alone university degree subject.
Engineers must study the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to understand systems and make them better. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided technologies when designing electronics systems. Some electronic engineers work in robotics.
George Armstrong Custer
Irvine, North Ayrshire
Irvine (Gaelic: "Irbhinn") is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.
Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame.
The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots, was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town.
Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.
North Ayrshire
North Ayrshire (Gaelic: "Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath", ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively.
The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.
Charles Kennedy
Charles Peter Kennedy (25 November 1959 – 1 June 2015) was a British politician.
From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom.
In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty & Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader.
He took the party through two General Elections. However, he faced criticism for his laid-back leadership style, and there was considerable speculation regarding his alcohol consumption. From December 2005, some within the party were questioning his leadership and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that ITN would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. Kennedy decided to pre-empt the broadcast and admit his drinking problem openly. He called a leadership election at the same time, stating that he intended to stand. The admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing within the parliamentary party. As support for him amongst this key group ebbed away, Kennedy resigned as leader on 7 January, saying that he would not be standing in the leadership election. Deputy leader Sir Menzies Campbell took over as interim leader and was elected as leader on 2 March 2006.
Kennedy was born in Inverness, Scotland. He was married to Sarah Gurling from 2002 until they divorced in 2010 and has a son.
Kennedy died on 1 June 2015 at his home in Fort William from haemorrhage due to his alcoholism, aged 55.
East Ayrshire
East Ayrshire () is one of 32 council area of Scotland. It borders North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the county of Ayrshire.
The area was formed in 1996, from the former Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley districts.
Kilmarnock is the largest town. Other towns are New Cumnock and Cumnock.
The HQ for East Ayrshire Council is on London Road Kilmarnock
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
Digital multimedia broadcasting, or DMB, is a technology that allows to send digital signals to mobile devices, such as mobile phones. This makes it possible to listen to radio or watch television on such devices.
This technology was developed to replace earthly analog radio broadcasting. But, the technology can include more data in limited electric waves. It can transmit not only sound data that original object, but also DVD level movie data.
DMB is based on Eureka 147 DAB standard which is the European standard, and similar competing technologies is the mobile TV standard, DVB-H. The earthly DMB is decided to the ETSI standard (TS 102 427 and TS 102 428). Now, Republic of Korea can exercise for source of the DMB technology, the satellite DMB broadcast first began in Japan than in the Republic of Korea. In the March 13, 2004, TU Media playing a leading role in business and satellite DMB insert the world's first satellite for with Japan's partner, MBCo DMB 'hanbyeol'. However, In Republic of Korea, selection process for operators was long and put off service, the MBCo in Japan became first DMB country to start the full service all 40 of the channel from 19 October 2004.