AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Allgaier fought in the Napoleonic wars between Austria and France. In 1809, he worked in an army hospital, where he became ill with asthma. When the hospital was moved to Prague he became its accountant. He returned to Vienna in 1816 where the Emperor gave him a small pension. To make extra money, he played chess in the cafés. His games were said to be brilliant and focused on attacking. When he played, people would come to watch. One man, Santo Vito, wrote down some of these games which were included in Allgaier's book. He would play anyone for the price of one gulden. The price also included a short lesson after the game. Allgaier was always looking for ways to make money. This is probably why he worked with Mälzel to operate the Turk. Allgaier played hidden inside the chess machine in 1809. He is believed to be the player controlling the Turk when it won a game against Napoleon at Schönbrunn Palace.
In December 1822, he was sent to the military hospital in Vienna and died a few days later of dropsy.
In 1795 and 1796  he published his book "Neue Theoretische-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel." This was said to be the best chess book of the time. It was reprinted several times, the seventh and final edition was in 1843.
Rob Hiaasen
Rob Hiaasen (c. 1959 – June 28, 2018) was an American journalist and editor. He worked at "The Capital". Hiaasen was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He also taught at the University of Maryland's Philip Merrill College of Journalism.
Hiaasen began his career at "The Palm Beach Post" before joining "The Baltimore Sun" as a feature writer and later wrote a regular column for the paper. He worked at "The Capital" as a columnist and assistant editor until his death in the Capital Gazette shooting.
On June 28, 2018, Hiaasen, age 59, was shot and killed during the Capital Gazette shooting in Annapolis, Maryland.
Benjamin Jealous
Benjamin Todd Jealous (born January 18, 1973) is an American civic leader. He is the Democratic nominee for Governor of Maryland in the 2018 gubernatorial election, facing incumbent Larry Hogan. Jealous is also former president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Jealous was selected at age 35 as the youngest-ever national leader of the NAACP.
Jealous is a progressive Democrat. He endorsed Bernie Sanders in his 2016 campaign for President.
In the June 2018 primary, Jealous defeated Prince George's County Executive, Rushern Baker, and seven other candidates to become the Democratic nominee in the general election.
Jacky Rosen
Jacklyn Sheryl Rosen (born August 2, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Rosen is the junior United States Senator from Nevada.
Rosen was the U.S. Representative from Nevada's 3rd congressional district from 2017 to 2019.
Rosen ran as the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate in the 2018 election. She defeated Republican incumbent Dean Heller in the general election in November 2018.
Jared Polis
Jared Schutz Polis (; born May 12, 1975) is an American politician, businessman, and philanthropist. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Colorado.
Polis served as the U.S. Representative for from 2009 to 2019. He is a Democrat. He was among the richest members of Congress. His personal net worth is estimated at nearly $400 million.
In June 2017 Polis announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado in the 2018 election. He won the general election in November 2018 defeating Walker Stapleton.
Polis was one of the few people to be openly gay when first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the first gay parent in Congress.
Kalevi Sorsa
Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (21 December 1930 – 16 January 2004) was a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland three times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987. At the time of his death he still held the record for most days of incumbency as prime minister. He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.
Kalevi Sorsa went to school in Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta.
At the age of 18 Sorsa's involvement with SDP politics started in Lappeenranta. In 1969, he was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio, former Finnish prime minister, to assume the influential post of party secretary, despite not having much previous experience of national politics.
A 2008 book by historian Jukka Seppinen suggested that Sorsa was at this date already receiving support from Soviet backers in the KGB. Prior to his political career, Sorsa worked in Paris for UNESCO from 1959 to 1965, and was Secretary-General of the Finnish UNESCO board from 1965 to 1969. In the late 1960s he also was an official in the Ministry of Education.
Sorsa was a leading political figure during the presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto. He was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and was Prime Minister of Finland in four cabinets for a total of ten years (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987). He remains Finland's longest-serving prime minister.
After his premiership he was the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament from 1989 to 1991. During his career he also served twice as Deputy Prime Minister, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1987 to 1989. From 1987 to 1996, Sorsa served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland.
Sorsa is regarded as one of Finland's most influential prime ministers, making major contributions to schools and health care, and increasing social security for families with children and pensioners. His governments strengthened the welfare state in Finland, by enacting many reforms—child care laws, longer maternity leave, the annual vacation benefit act, as well as the public health act.
In domestic politics, Sorsa had a particularly difficult relationship with Paavo Väyrynen, the strong-willed head of the Center Party. Another notable conflict was his rivalry with young rising politician Paavo Lipponen.
In June 1984, Sorsa gave a speech on "infocracy" (i.e. the power of the mass media) at the Social Democratic party convention. Infocracy challenges parliamentary democracy, is unintelligent and avoids discussing social problems, he said: it takes more interest in individual politicians than political issues and is never critical of its own actions.
Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt
Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt (1765? – March 23, 1840) was one of the leading chess players in France in the years between 1820 and 1840.
Not much is known about his life. The date of his birth, 1765, is based on a comment by an English chess player, George Walker, that in 1839 Boncourt was about 70 years old.
Boncourt learned how to play chess from students of the great Philidor, including Carlier, Bernard and Leger who often played at the Café de la Régence.
He was a civil servant, and chess was mostly a hobby for him. He got his best results after he was 60 years old, when after retiring from work, he could spend all his time playing to chess.
In 1818, for a brief period, he was one of the players hidden inside the chess machine, the Turk. At one time he was sick, and he did not play very well. While he was hiding inside the Turk, he could not stop coughing and he could be heard by people watching. After this, the owner of the Turk, Mälzel, added some noisy gears. This was simply to cover any noise coming from the person inside.
Aaron Alexandre
Aaron (Albert) Alexandre (, around 1765/68 in Hohenfeld, Franconia – 16 November 1850 in London, England) was a Jewish German–French–English chess player and writer.
Aaron Alexandre trained as a rabbi. He arrived in France in 1793. He taught German and was a mechanical inventor. He later became a full-time chess player. He wrote a book of all the known chess openings, the "Encyclopédie des échecs" ("Encyclopedia of Chess", Paris, 1837). In the book, he used the algebraic notation and the castling symbols 0–0 and 0–0–0.
His next book was about the endgame and a collection of about 2000 chess problems, which he published in 1846 as "Collection des plus beaux Problèmes d'Echecs", Paris. English and German translations: "Beauties of Chess", London, and "Praktische Sammlung bester Schachspiel-Probleme", Leipzig.
Both books became standard reference books, demonstrating Alexandre’s great technical knowledge. Alexandre was also one of the chess players who worked inside the chess playing machine, the Turk.
Stacey Yvonne Abrams (born December 9, 1973) is an American politician, lawyer, romance novelist, and businesswoman. She was the house minority leader for the Georgia General Assembly and state representative for the 89th House District. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Abrams was the Democratic nominee in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, the first black female major party gubernatorial nominee in the United States. She narrowly lost the general election to Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp, who, as Secretary of State was in charge of the election and is widely thought to have manipulated the election in his favor by disenfranchising African-American voters.
In June 2018 Stacey Abrams joined the 9th annual Augusta Pride festival and talked about her campaign.
Abrams received a single vote from Rep. Kathleen Rice for the 2019 election for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
In early February 2019, Abrams became the first African-American woman to deliver a State of the Union response to President Trump's earlier delivery.
Maryland Gazette
The Gazette, founded in 1727 as The Maryland Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America. Its based of "The Capital,". It was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014. Before, it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group, which published "The Capital", "Bowie Blade-News", "Crofton-West County Gazette", and "Capital Style" Magazine.
The Capital
The Capital is a daily newspaper published in Annapolis since 1884. Its sister newspaper, "The Gazette", is one of the oldest newspapers in America.
"The Capital" serves the city of Annapolis, much of Anne Arundel County, and neighboring Kent Island in Queen Anne's County. "The Capital" was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014.
William Lewis (chess player)
William Lewis (1787–1870) was an English chess player and author. He is best known for the Lewis Countergambit and for being the first player ever to be described as a Grandmaster of the game.
Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved to London where he worked for a merchant. He became a student of chess player Jacob Sarratt. In later years he showed himself to be very unkind to his old teacher. He said Sarratt's "Treatise on the Game of Chess" (1808) was a "poorly written book". But in 1822 three years after Sarrat died, Lewis published a second edition of it. This was in competition with a much better revision by Sarrat published in 1821 by Sarratt's poverty-stricken widow. In 1843, many players gave money to help the old widow, but Lewis' name is not on the list.
Around 1819 Lewis was the hidden player inside the Turk, a fake chess playing machine. He told Johann Maelzel that Peter Unger Williams, also a student of Sarratt, should be the next person to operate inside the machine. Maezel took his advice and Williams replaced Lewis.
Lewis began writing books including translations of the works of Greco and Carrera, published in 1819 and 1822.
He was the leading English player in a game played by letters sent between London and Edinburgh in 1824, won by the Scots. He wrote a book on the match with analysis of the games. In 1834–36 he was on the Committee of the Westminster Chess Club. They lost games played by letter with the Paris Chess Club. The other players were his students McDonnell and Walker, while the French team included Boncourt, Alexandre, St. Amant and Chamouillet. When De La Bourdonnais visited England in 1825, Lewis played about 70 games with the French master.
Lewis was known as a famous chess player in his time. The weekly magazine "Bell's Life" in 1838 called him "our past grandmaster", the first known use of the term in chess. In 1825 he began a chess club where he taught people to play the game. He wrote two books on how to play chess, the Series of Progressive Lessons (1831) and Second Series of Progressive Lessons (1832).
Lewis's books, and those of his teacher Sarratt, were based on reworking Philidor's ideas to those of the Modenese school of Del Rio, Lolli and Ponziani. Lewis gradually stopped playing competition chess.
After his retirement he wrote other chess books, but he was no longer up to date with new ideas. The Oxford Chess Companion said his last book, "A Treatise on Chess" (1844), was already "out of date when published".
Mod (video games)
A video game mod is a change made to a video game. The word "mod" is short for "modification." A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else. They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game. Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.
Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be. They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game. Large mods like that are sometimes called "total conversions". Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor.
Mods can help a game become more famous and successful. Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original. Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods. Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang AB, and Bethesda Softworks.
Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular. When this happens, the word "vanilla" is often used to talk about the original game without mods.
Land's End is a headland in western Cornwall, England. It is the westernmost point of mainland Cornwall and England. Land's End is at the end of the Penwith peninsula. It is about west-south-west of Penzance at the western end of the A30 main road. A modern holiday complex has been built nearby.
Land's End is from John o' Groats in Scotland by road.
Kenneth Matengu
Kenneth Kamwi Matengu (born 1978, Katima Mulilo) is a Namibian professor. He was Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation and Resources Mobilization at the University of Namibia from 2016 to 2018. On 29 June 2018, Matengu was appointed as the third Vice Chancellor of the University of Namibia becoming the youngest person to assume the position.
Matengu did his high school at Caprivi Senior Secondary. He holds a
Certificate in International Relations from the University of Tampere, Bachelor's degree in Geography and Sociology from the University of Namibia, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D (exemia cum laudar) in Innovation Diffusion and Development from the University of Eastern Finland. He has published 50 peer review articles, books and book chapters, as well as international conference papers.
Guizhou
Guizhou is a province of the People's Republic of China in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Guiyang.
Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically undeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Demographically it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups such as the Miao / Hmong and Yao make up more than 37% of the population. In 1957-58, an influenza virus spread to most of the world and killed between 1-4 million people.
Ruwen Filus
Ruwen Filus (February 14, 1988 in Bückeburg) is a German table tennis player.
Ruwen played first international in 2002. He's a modern defender, so he uses long pips and an attacking rubber on the forehand. At the European Championships for youth he reached the first place together with the team. In 2003 he won even gold in the singles and with the team, so he climbs from place 90 in the world rankings for adults to place 70. Since 2005 he played different tournaments, for example the World Junior Circuit, where Filus reached the Quarterfinal. At the World Championships he came under the best eight players in the doubles. His first tournament at the Pro Tour end with the reaching of the last 64. 2006 Filus won bronze at the European Championships for youth, with the team he won gold. Since 2007 he played in the adult area, too, where he reached the Round of tha last 16 at the Korea Open. 2008 he played some Pro Tour tournaments, since 2009 he played different events, for example the European Championships, where Ruwen came under the top eight, he lost to Timo Boll. 2010 he played only two events, so he fell back to place 60 in the world rankings. 2011 Ruwen played at the World Cup, there he won bronze together with the team. At the WTTC he came under the last 64 in the singles. At the European Championships he won gold with the team. 2012 he came under the last 16 at the ETTC, on the Pro Tour he won the Czech Open. 2013 he won bronze at the Czech Open and came to the Quarterfinal at the ETTC. 2014 he had very strong injuries, but in 2015 he reached the Quarterfinal at the ETTC again, with the team he won silver. 2016 the German team lost in the group qualification. 2017 he won gold with the German team at the ETTC, 2018 was it silver at the WTTC.
Ruwen has a daughter who's severely disabled.
Data Center Cooling
Data cooling is one of the most fundamental IT environment processes especially when it concerns a data center. As the new computer hardware becomes more compact while using the same amount or at times more electricity than the one that has been replaced, more heat is being produced inside the data centers. For collecting and transferring the remaining heat energy to the external atmosphere, accurate air conditioning and heat removal equipment is needed. The main goal is to transfer and transport unutilized heat energy from the IT environment to the external atmosphere.
Monitoring our service in real-life situations can be proved most of the times also equally important. With specific environmental sensors we can regulate,monitor and control data center’s temperature, airflow and hotspots and in general be aware of the quality of the “internal” environment and temperature in the data center.
A computer room air conditioning (CRAC) unit is an apparatus that controls and maintains environmental features in the data center like temperature and humidity. While CRAC units makes use of mechanical refrigeration, a computer room air handler (CRAH) uses fans, cooling coils and a water-chiller system to remove heat.
The aim of cooling is to transfer heat from the data center (indoor environment) to the outside environment. There are two basic approaches for removing the remaining heat, either using air or liquid (typically water).
Air cooling has some important advantages as it’s practically easy to move and it doesn’t provoke any damage to the IT apparatus. Since heat flows from the warmer objects to the cooler ones and warm air is increasing with respect to cold air this means that can make us distinguish them in some level. In fact many manufacturers of air-based cooling designs consider this particular property while constructing IT equipment.
Room based cooling, as an air cooling system, uses the most classical type of refrigerating technique: the basic idea is that coolers push cold air in the environment, extracting warm air to the outside. Conditioners not only refresh, but also mix the air to avoid hot spots. This idea results to be efficient if the power load used for mixing the air is a small fraction of the total load of the datacenter. Simulations show that this approach is valid for relatively low power load densities (320-750 formula_1). Sometimes, when warm and hot air are being mixed the previous distinction is not plausible and this is where issues arise.
Hot/cold aisle is a format for racks of servers and generally IT apparatus inside a data center where the rack fronts face the rack fronts of the adjacent row. When cold aisle containment approach is used, row doors, aisle ceilings or overhead vertical walls are installed to contain the cold air coming from the cooling systems into the cold aisles. As the opposite, in hot aisle containment the hot air is contained so that the CRAC units just receive hot air.
The aim of this configuration is to decrease the amount of produced energy and reduce the costs regarding the cooling process by controlling the air flow.
If racks have empty space that it is not used then extra heat is being released into data center’s airflow in order to “fill in” this unused space.The use of blanking panels can prevent the hot air from being transmitted in the data center’s airflow.
The top of the rack is considered to be the location which produces the greatest amount of heat. So, the specific placement of the racks can reduce the heat circulation from racks hot spots. The way that we can regulate this issue is by ordering rack components in a way that the more loaded equipment is placed on the lower racks and in such way we can ensure an optimal cooling. Since heavier equipment flow the most air, a lower rack placement will ensure that less heat is spreaded at the top of the rack.
The free cooling method is composed of two main systems: the air-side economization and the water-side economization. The first one basically uses the air that comes from the outer environment in order to control and adjust the desired temperature in the IT apparatus. This technique is quite productive with respect to its cost (since we just take advantage of air from the external environment) but on the other hand has some disadvantages since it is likely to provoke humidity and moisture in the data center.
In a similar way, water-side economization works with air from the outdoors and is commonly used with evaporation processes.
Liquid cooling can improve the efficiency of a data center as it provides an optimal and more targeted cooling. For example chilled water can be transferred directly to a rack of servers which is quite helpful as we want to provide cooling to specific places. Instead of trying to “balance” a desirable temperature throughout an entire room, it initializes the cooling process in the exact point that is needed; at a particular rack or cabinet. On the other hand, the use of liquid-based systems inside a data center could have some cons. Possible leaks are definitely a huge threat for the entire IT apparatus, transport of liquid may cause condensation and since the chilled liquid must be contained somewhere it requires more technological equipment and a suitable framework inside the data center; so in this case we need more resources. For the above reasons, although liquid-based systems are proved to be more reliable and effective, they appear to be quite expensive with respect to air cooling techniques and slightly more difficult to implement.
Using the setup of a liquid-based system, here the IT apparatus can be cooled by using water, or alternative cooling liquids to be pumped at server or rack level: cold plates are located as close as possible to the heat generating components. This technology makes use of the higher heat transfer capacity of the liquids, leading to greater savings in terms of energy requirement, in fact, single phase cooling systems can reduce, and sometimes eliminate needing for CRAC units.
One of the most important disadvantages is that they require high pumping power. Other side effects are microbe formation, electrical conductivity of the liquids and erosive nature due to high fluid velocities.
As the surface to be cooled increases, it is more difficult to achieve isothermality.
The main advantage, following an on-chip cooling approach is that, since direct discharge liquid stream is used, the energy capture is easier, permitting the waste heat recovery.
One of the pioneers of this technology has been , with the Aquasar supercomputer, in 2009.
Two-phase cooling means using devices that can transform at least part of the cooling fluids into vapour when in contact with warm IT components. The phase transition permits a much more efficient heat exchange, in terms of cooling medium mass: in other words: to exchange a fixed amount of heat, two-phase cooling uses less refrigerating liquid in comparison with the quantity which is necessary in single-phase cooling.
It was shown how, using multiphase systems, 4 times less mass-flow rates, 10 times less pumping power and 2 times less facility size.
The core of the evaporator is composed by a mini or heat-sink by which the plate surface is maximized; minichannels have a pitch of 2 to 8 mm, while microchannels have a pitch of less than 1 mm. Microchannels are more capable in transferring the heat thanks to their higher surface, but they are more easily clogged, corroded and eroded.
There are many options available to services or IT experts when it comes to specifying cooling solutions. These options may differ according to the size or the particular type of the solution needed.
Referring to the airflow process, large floor-mounted systems flow air in a downward direction (leading towards a lower flow level) or an upward direction (leading towards a higher flow level) and some can even flow horizontally (leading towards a horizontal flow level).
These devices are best used in combination with IT monitoring and building management systems for quicker notification. They also provide early warning or automatic shut off during undesirable events.
As a device that increases humidity, humidifiers can play an important role in the cooling process by preventing any unexpected overheating which may occur due to static electrical discharge.They are usually placed inside precision cooling devices in order to replace water vapor lost during the cooling process. Reassuring that the room has no current high or low humidity-related issues, the use of humidifiers can be in all computer room air conditioners and air handlers.
When performing the particular technique, rooms should not have vapor barriers and also room temperatures should suggest humid climates. These systems in order to let the whole system provide increased dehumidification of the "internal" air, they add heat to conditioned cold air coming out of a precision cooling device.
The advantage of using this approach is that it provides a surprisingly operating cost reduction when used.In this approach, (ethylene glycol) is used to cool the IT environment in a way which is similar to a chilled water system.
Data centers technology is quite complex and advanced and this has as a result to require huge amounts of energy. Therefore, data centers need to be as efficient as possible and data environmental control has a significant role to this issue.
The recommended temperature for a data center is estimated between 21°C and 24°C. In addition to,some studies regarding the desired temperature in a data center shown that maybe it is not so optimal (money-wise) for firms to keep the temperature below 21°C. Furthermore, typical data center limit temperatures have been estimated to be 85°C for processors and DIMMs, while disk drives can usually work in stricter conditions, at a maximum of 45°C.
It is also remarkable that, while the conventional heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) for similar size rooms deal with heat fluxes in the order of 40-90 formula_1, cooling systems in data centers work with extremely higher heat loads: modern data center infrastructures can need to refresh apparatus that produces 6-10 formula_3 as power density. In the next few years, it is estimated that the power density consumption will still raise up to 15 formula_3.
Google for instance mentions the significance of taking serious action to reinforce energy efficiency in case of either running a small data center or a huge service. According to Google, many manufactures construct the suitable equipment to be used at temperatures higher than the standard 21°C we aforementioned. This may lead to next generation servers having the ability of performing at higher temperatures, fact that can make data center using less equipment and therefore save money. So for an effective management and control data centers should be able to perform accurate temperature analysis by measuring the amount of energy spent for processes that concern cooling.Nevertheless, the best solution may be consulting the corresponding equipment manufacturer so with his expertise can point out the suitable approach.
Many opinions of experts about this subject point out that data centers could have better performance if they could adopt a mixture of cooling methods. Another important factor that could drastically contribute to an optimal performance is the location where data centers are placed. Constructing data centers either in places with cooler climates or near to sources of cold water not only could increase energy efficiency in a high level but also could reduce costs by deploying the external environment.
Halewood
Halewood is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies near the city of Liverpool's southeastern boundary. It is bordered by the suburbs of Netherley, Hunt's Cross and Woolton. Halewood was historically a part of Lancashire.
At the 2001 Census, the population of the civil parish was 20,309. It was similar at the 2011 Census. The combined population of Halewood's four local government wards was 29,217.
Halewood railway station opened in 1988. An earlier station, a few hundred metres further east, closed in 1951.
Sefton, Merseyside
Julian of Norwich, or Juliana of Norwich (c.1342–c.1416) was an anchoress (a woman who locks herself away to be closer to God). She wrote "Revelations of Divine Love". It is the first known English book written by a woman.
Versoix is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.
Versoix sits on the northwest side of Lake Geneva northeast of the city of Geneva.
It has of the villages of Richelien, Creuson, Sauverny, Petit-Saint-Loup, Ecogia, Versoix-la-Ville, Pont-Céard, Port-Choiseul, Versoix-Bourg, Versoix - lac and Crève-Cœur.
Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese businessman and politician. He has been President of Benin since 6 April 2016.
November 1989 tornado outbreak
The November 1989 tornado outbreak was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.
During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.
At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.
A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.
At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.
The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an F4 on the Fujita Scale.
A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a F1 tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.
Heysham
Big Bill Bissonnette
Big Bill Bissonnette (February 5, 1937 – June 26, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist, drummer, and music producer. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the 1960s, he led his own group, the Easy Riders Jazz Band, formed his own label, Jazz Crusade, and organized northern tours for Kid Thomas Valentine, George Lewis, and Jim Robinson.
Bissonnette came in first place as "New Young Artist" in the 1965 Jazzology Jazz Poll. Over 30 years later he placed No. 5 among all jazz trombonists in the same poll.
Bissonnette died in New Orleans on June 26, 2018 at the age of 81.
Steven Hilliard Stern
Steven Hilliard Stern (November 1, 1937 – June 27, 2018) was a Canadian-born American television and movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Timmins, Ontario. Stern was known for his works with Michael Douglas, Christopher Reeve and Christopher Plummer. His best known movies are "The Devil and Max Devlin", "Mazes and Monsters", and "Money". Stern was also known for directing the miniseries "Black Fox".
Stern died on June 27, 2018 of stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.
Kwesi Amissah-Arthur
Paa Kwesi Bekoe Amissah-Arthur (29 April 1951 – 29 June 2018) was a Ghanaian economist, academic and politician. He was the fifth Vice-President of Ghana's 4th Republic, in office from 6 August 2012 until 7 January 2017, under President John Dramani Mahama. Before, he was Governor of the Bank of Ghana from 2009 to 2012. He was born in Cape Coast.
Amissah-Arthur died of a heart attack in Accra on 29 June 2018, aged 67.
Nana Akufo-Addo
Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born William Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo; 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician. He is the President of Ghana, in office since January 2017. He served as Attorney General from 2001 to 2003 and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.
In 2020, Akufo-Addo was re-elected beating former President John Mahama.
John Kufuor
Video chat is a way of communicating online using the
Internet where the parties concerned use a camera–microphone combination installed in either their computers or in their smart phones. For streaming video a speed of at least 2 Mbps is needed, to alleviate a choppy signal and disconnects. For sound transmission, much less speed is required, so often during times of heavy network congestion video is often turned off, to maintain connection continuity.
Video chat is an extremely popular form of communication in the 21st century and is often utilized for many reasons;
Napier Deltic
The Napier Deltic is an unusual type of diesel engine. It was used in boats and railway locomotives. The cylinders are arranged in a triangular form with two pistons in each cylinder. There are three crankshafts which are geared together at one end of the engine. These engines usually had nine cylinders (three banks of three) or eighteen cylinders (six banks of three). These engines were built by D. Napier & Son.
Walker Stapleton
Walker Stapleton (born April 15, 1974) is an American Republican politician. He is the State Treasurer of Colorado, having taken office on January 11, 2011.
Stapleton is a Bush family relative. He graduated from Williams College and received a M.A. from London School of Economics. He earned his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
In September 2017, Stapleton announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado. He lost the election to Jared Polis in the general election in November 2018.
Liliane Montevecchi
Liliane Montevecchi (October 13, 1932 – June 29, 2018) was a French-Italian actress, dancer, and singer. She was born in Paris. In 1982 she drew the attention of critics and audiences for her performance in "Nine", with Raúl Juliá, for which she won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.
Montevecchi died on June 29, 2018 in New York City from colorectal cancer at the age of 85.
Matt Cappotelli
Matthew Lee Cappotelli (November 12, 1979 – June 29, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Caledonia, New York. He won the "Tough Enough III" with John Hennigan. He worked in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), the primary developmental territory for WWE.
In July 2017, Cappotelli was diagnosed with glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. He stopped his cancer treatment in May 2018. He died on June 29, 2018 in Louisville, Kentucky, aged 38.
Caledonia, New York
Caledonia is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 4,255 at the 2010 census. The Town of Caledonia has the village of Caledonia. The town is in the northwest part of the county and is southwest of Rochester, New York.
Jerry Rawlings
Jerry John Rawlings (22 June 1947 – 12 November 2020) was a Ghanaian politician and military official. He served as the 1st President of the Fourth Republic Ghana serving from 1993 to 2001.
Rawlings died at a hospital in Accra on 12 November 2020 from COVID-19, aged 73.
President of Ghana
The President of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo.
According to Chapter 8, Article 62 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, a person shall not be qualified for election as the President of Ghana unless:
Daytime television
Daytime television is a daypart that runs from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. It is after a breakfast/morning show program and before the early fringe of primetime.
This programming block features game shows like "Let's Make a Deal" and "The Price is Right", soap operas like "The Young and the Restless", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "General Hospital", and "Days of Our Lives", and talk shows like "The Talk", "The Doctors" and "Dr. Phil". Some local affiliates air their local newscasts at noon Eastern Time and 11:00 a.m. Central Time.
Ultimate Custom Night
Ultimate Custom Night is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the second official spin-off of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" game series, the first one being "FNaF World". The game was released on June 27, 2018 for free on Steam and Game Jolt.
The game allows the player to choose from 50 characters from all six main "Five Nights at Freddy's" games, as well from a spin-off, "FNaF World", and set their difficulty levels for the night from a minimum of '0' to a maximum of '20'.
It received good reviews.
Sara Amelia Bernard
Sara Amelia Bernard (born 18 August 1992) is a Malaysian model and actress. She is the season 2 winner of TV3’s reality game show "Clever Girl Malaysia".
Sara was born in Ipoh, Perak. Her mother is of British-Malay descent and her father is Iban-German. She is the eldest of three siblings. She attended high school at SMK Convent Ipoh and completed her A-Level’s in Mathematics, Psychology and Economics at Taylor’s College Sri Hartamas.
Sara, representing Perak, beat 13 other contestants to win season 2 of "Clever Girl Malaysia". She won the prize of RM100,000. The reality game show aired on TV3 for 10 weeks.
In 2013, Sara was disqualified from competing in the Miss Malaysia World pageant. Her disqualification followed a religious ban prohibiting Muslim girls from participating in beauty pageants. This controversy led to her dreams of obtaining the crown shattered.
Council of Foreign Ministers
Council of Foreign Ministers was an organisation agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 and announced in the Potsdam Agreement.
The Potsdam Agreement specified that the Council would be composed of the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, China, France, and the United States. It would normally meet in London (at Lancaster House) and the first meeting was to take place no later than 1 September 1945. As the immediate important task, the Council was authorised to draw up treaties of peace with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland, and to propose settlements of territorial questions outstanding on the termination of the war in Europe. Also the Council should prepare a peace settlement for Germany to be accepted when a "government adequate for the purpose is established".
Metal rectifier
A metal rectifier is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide or selenium. They were used to convert alternating current to direct current. They were often used in devices such as radios and battery chargers. Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s.
In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices. In other countries the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to selenium-iron types.
Mercury-arc rectifier
A Mercury-arc rectifier is a type of rectifier used for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The cathode is made from a pool of liquid mercury. Mercury-arc rectifiers were rugged and durable. They could carry higher currents than most other types of rectifier.
The mercury-arc rectifier was invented in 1902 by Peter Cooper Hewitt. They were used to provide power for industrial electric motors, electric railways, trams, and electric locomotives. Other uses included radio transmitters and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. They were the primary method of high power rectification before the advent of solid-state electronics in the 1970s. The solid-state rectifier has since replaced the mercury-arc rectifier.
Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. The simplest form has three main parts:
The diagram shows a single-shaft gas turbine. One turbine drives both the compressor and the load, such as an electric generator. There are also two-shaft gas turbines, with separate turbines to drive the compressor and the load. Two-shaft turbines are better for driving road and rail vehicles because they can give more torque at low speed.
Theorema egregium
Gauss's Theorema Egregium (Latin for "Remarkable Theorem") is a major result of differential geometry proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The theorem is about the curvature of surfaces. The theorem states that curvature can be determined by measuring angles, distances and their rates on a surface alone. There is no need to talk about the particular manner in which the surface is embedded in the surrounding three-dimensional Euclidean space. In other words, the Gaussian curvature of a surface does not change if one bends the surface without stretching it.
Gauss presented the theorem in this manner (translated from Latin):
The theorem is "remarkable" because the starting "definition" of Gaussian curvature makes direct use of the position of the surface in space. So it is quite surprising that the result does "not" depend on its embedding in spite of all bending and twisting deformations undergone.
Borgo Maggiore
Borgo Maggiore is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 6,631 live there (October 2013). It the second largest town of San Marino, after Dogana.
It is next to the San Marino municipalities Serravalle, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, San Marino, and Acquaviva and the Italian municipality Verucchio. It is at the foot of Monte Titano.
Domagnano
Domagnano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 3,319 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.62 km².
It is next to the San Marino municipalities Faetano, Borgo Maggiore, Serravalle and the Italian municipality Coriano.
Fiorentino
Fiorentino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 2,526 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.57 km².
It is next to the San Marino municipalities Chiesanuova, San Marino, Borgo Maggiore, Faetano, and Montegiardino and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.
Faetano
Faetano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,164 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 7,75 km².
It is next to on the San Marino municipalities Montegiardino, Fiorentino, Borgo Maggiore, and Domagnano and the Italian municipalities Coriano, Montescudo and Sassofeltrio.
Faetano joined San Marino in 1463. It was the last part added to San Mariono.
Faetano has four parishes ("curazie"):
Chiesanuova
Chiesanuova is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,097 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 5.46 km².
It is next to the San Marino municipalities San Marino and Fiorentino and the Italian municipalities Sassofeltrio, Verucchio and San Leo.
Montegiardino
Montegiardino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 910 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 3.31 km². It is the smallest municipality of the country by population.
It is next to the San Marino municipalities Fiorentino and Faetano and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.
It is home to the University of the Republic of San Marino, the country's only university.
Two-stroke engine
The two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine. The two strokes are:
Unlike a four-stroke engine, there are no intake and exhaust strokes. When the piston is at bottom dead centre, fuel-air mixture is blown in under slight pressure. The incoming mixture forces out the exhaust gas at the same time. The animation shows an engine with crankcase compression to force in the fuel-air mixture. Some engines use a rotary blower instead.
An anchorite (female: anchoress) from "one who has retired from the world", is someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-filled, ascetic life. Anchorites are often considered to be a type of religious hermit, unlike hermits, anchorites had to make a promise to God to stay in one place, which was a very small room, either attached to, or within the wall of, a local church.
The anchoritic life is one of the earliest forms of being a Christian monk. From the 12th to the 16th centuries, female anchorites consistently outnumbered their male equivalents, sometimes by as many as four to one (in the 13th century), dropping eventually to two to one (in the 15th century). The sex of a high number of anchorites, however, is not recorded for these periods.
North Downs Line
Jennings, Louisiana
Eastleigh
Eastleigh is a town in Hampshire, England, between Southampton and Winchester. It was originally developed as a railway town by the London and South Western Railway.
The town lies on the River Itchen, one of England's premier chalk streams for fly fishing, and a designated site of Special Scientific Interest.
Dan Dawson
Nissan Stadium (Nashville)
Deaths in July 2018
The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in July 2018. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.
James M. Keck
James Moulton Keck (September 4, 1921 – June 25, 2018) was an American Air Force lieutenant general. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Keck's last assignment was vice commander in chief, Strategic Air Command, headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He served this position from October 1, 1973 and served until June 30, 1977. He served as commander of 2nd Air Force.
Keck died on June 25, 2018 in San Antonio, Texas from complications of a broken hip at the age of 96.
Irena Szewińska
Irena Szewińska, née Kirszenstein ( ; 24 May 1946 – 29 June 2018) was a Soviet-born Polish sprinter. She was born in Leningrad. She was Jewish. She was the only athlete in history, male or female, to have held the world record in the 100m, the 200m and the 400m. She won three gold medals at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, 1968 Olympics in Mexico City and at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. She also won two Olympic silver medals in 1964 and two Olympic bronze medals in 1968 and 1972.
Szewińska died at a military hospital in Warsaw on 29 June 2018 from endometrial cancer at the age of 72.
José Antonio Zaldúa
José Antonio Zaldúa Urdanavia, known as Zaldúa, (15 December 1941 – 30 June 2018), was a Spanish footballer. He played as a forward. He was born in Elizondo, Spain. Zaldúa played for Spanish clubs Real Valladolid, FC Barcelona, CA Osasuna and CE Sabadell FC. At international level, he represented the Spain national football team.
Zaldúa died on 30 June 2018 in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Spain at the age of 76.
Jed Allan
Jed Allan (born Jed Allan Brown; March 1, 1935 – March 9, 2019) was an American actor and game show host. He was born in New York City. Allan was known for his roles on soap operas. He was best known for his role as Don Craig in "Days of Our Lives", which he played from 1971 to 1985.
Allan died one week after his 84th birthday on March 9, 2019 in Palm Desert, California.
Fallon, Nevada