AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Azerbaijan, formally the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. It is bordered by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhichevan is bordered by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and with Turkey to the northwest. The country's capital city is Baku. The majority-Armenian populated Nagorno-Karabakh region in the southwest of Azerbaijan declared itself independent from Azerbaijan in 1991, but it is not diplomatically recognized by any country and is "de jure" (in international law) part of Azerbaijan. Air transportation in Azerbaijan is organized and controlled by the Ministry of Transpotation of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Names shown in bold means the airport has scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines.
Mediacorp Channel 5
MediaCorp Channel 5 or Channel 5 (Chinese: 五频道, Before 1 January 2005: 第五波道) is a 24-hour free-to-air English television channel based in Singapore.
Programmes on Channel 5 normally include English language drama (both foreign imports and locally-made), movies, sports, reality show, variety show, news, current affairs and game show programmes. Local editions of overseas programmes like Singapore Idol, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Deal or No Deal have also been produced.
Bariatrics
Bariatrics is the part of medicine that deals with obesity. Bariatrics includes using dieting, exercise, changing people's habits, drugs, and surgery to help people lose weight.
More and more people are becoming overweight or obese. People with a high body mass index (BMI) are much more likely to have certain health problems. These include heart disease, diabetes, many types of cancer, asthma, sleep apnea, and problems with muscles and bones. Obese people are also more likely to die.
Diet, exercise, changing people's habits, and drugs are tried first to help people lose weight. People who have weight loss surgery usually lose more weight than those who try the other ways. The surgery also helps reduce diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes. With each patient, doctors might use some or all of the methods, depending on what they think would work best for that patient.
Ismaili
Ismaiili Shia (or Ismailiya; ) are a Shia Muslim sect. They are different from the usual Shia Islam because they do not agree on who the 7th Imam, or religiousleader is. Unlike other Shia Muslims, they believe that Ismail ibn Jafar was the 7th Imam. Most Shia Muslims believe that Musa ibn Jafar was the 7th Imam. Ismail died when his father, Jafar ibn Muhammad the 6th Imam was still alive. They believed that Ismail's son Muhammad was the next Imam and deserted the sixth Imam.
They are split into several sects. The biggest of these are the Nizaris. They are led by the 49th Imam Aga Khan, another title of the Ismaili Imams. The current Aga Khan is Karim Al Hussaini.
Zaidiyyah
The Zaidiyyah () are a Shia Muslim sect. They are different from the usual Shia Islam. This is because of the argument over the who the 5th Imam, or religious leader, is. They believe the 5th Imam was Zaid ibn Ali while usual Shia Muslims believe that his brother, Muhammad, was the 5th Imam.
Today, they make up 40% of the population of Yemen. The president of Yemen is also Zaidi.
Jin dynasty
The Jin dynasty (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, and as the Great Jin. It was one of the last dynasties before Mongol invasion (and eventual conquest) of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens. These were the ancestors of the Manchu, who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later. The Jin Dynasty was founded in northern Manchuria, The founder was Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打).
The name of this dynasty is sometimes written as "Jinn" to differentiate it from an earlier Jin dynasty (265-420) of China whose name is spelt identically in the Roman alphabet.
Jurchen people
The Jurchens were a Tungusic people who lived in Manchuria in present-day Northeast China. They were known as Jurchens until the 17th century when they became known as the "Manchu".
The Jurchens established the Jin Dynasty.
The Joseon Dynasty of Korea placed great value on a policy of "neighborly relations" ("gyorin" or "kyorin") with the Jurchen people.
Hans Motz
Hans Motz (1 October 1909 – 6 August 1987) was an Austrian physicist. He worked at Stanford University on undulators. His work led to the development of the free-electron laser.
He was born in Vienna, and died in Oxford, England.
Hans Motz was a Full Professor in the Department of Engineering at Oxford University and a Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford.
He wrote books, including "The Physics of Fusion", and a book on microwave theory. When he died, he left money to Oxford to establish a Motz Prize in Electrical Engineering to honor top students.
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that vary "smoothly", discrete mathematics studies objects such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic. These objects do not vary smoothly, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as calculus and analysis. Discrete objects can often be counted using integers. Mathematicians say that this is the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact, universally agreed, definition of the term "discrete mathematics." Many times, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions.
The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business.
Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits. Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. In turn, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems, such as in operations research.
Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from continuous mathematics are often employed as well.
Louise Ellery
Louise Ellery (b. 1977) is an athlete from Australia who has a disability. She competes in a wheelchair. She competes in the shot put. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won a gold medal in F32–34/52/53 Shot put. She went to the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She did not win a medal. She is getting ready for the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Adrian Lowe
Adrian Lowe is an Australian athlete with a disability. He competes in a wheelchair. At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, He won two gold medals in the Men's 4 × 100 m Relay A2A4-7 and the Men's 4 × 400 m Relay A2A4-7 races, and three silver medals in the Men's 100 m A4A9, Men's 200 m A4A9, and the Men's 400 m A4A9 races.
Emperor Yōzei
Before he became the monarch, his personal name ("imina") was .
Yōzei was the oldest son of Emperor Seiwa. His mother was the Fujiwara no Takakiko. She was the sister of Fujiwara no Mototsune.
Yōzei was made emperor when he was a young boy.
Yōzei was succeeded by his father's uncle, who became known as Emperor Koko. During the reign of Kōkō's son, Emperor Uda, the former emperor became dangerous again.
Yōzei lived in retirement until the age of 81.
The actual site of Yōzei's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Yōzei's mausoleum. It is formally named "Kaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi".
The years of Yōzei's reign are more identified by more than one Japanese era.
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the "Gempeitōkitsu" (源平藤橘). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (源氏) are also known as Genji, and of these, the "Yōzei Genji" (陽成源氏) are descended from the 57th emperor Yōzei.
Yōzei fathered nine sons who were born after his abdication.
Rene Ahrens
Kieran Ault-Connell
Kieran Ault-Connell (born 30 July 1981) is an Australian athlete with cerebral palsy. He was born in Melbourne. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he won two gold medals in the men's 4 x 100m relay T38 and men's 4 x 400m relay T38 races. At the 2004 Summer Paralympics, he won a silver medal in the Men's Javelin F37 event.
Royal Rumble (2012)
Royal Rumble (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event that took place on January 29, 2012 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri. It was the 25th yearly Royal Rumble event.
As is the case every year since the event's beginning, the event's main event was the 30-man over-the-top-rope battle royal, also known as the Royal Rumble match. The match will start with two wrestlers and a new one will be added every 90 seconds. To eliminate an opposing wrestler you must throw him over the top rope and have "both" his two feet hit the floor, this will continue til there is only one man left, who is named the winner. The winner will receive either a WWE Championship match or a World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII.
Angie Ballard
Angie Ballard is an athlete with a disability from Australia. She competes in a wheelchair.
Ballard was born on 6 June 1982. in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. She has two cats, Monkee and Jaguar, and a dog named Angel.
Ballard started racing in 1994. In August 1998, Ballard raced at the International Paralympic Committee World Championships in Birmingham, England, where she was won a gold medal in the women's 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m relay race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics but she did not win a medal. She competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics competing in the T54 200m, T53 400m and T53 800m. She did not win any medals in those races. She won a bronze in the T53 100m race. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and did not win a medal in the T53 100m, 200m, 400m and 800m race. She won a medal silver medal in the T53/54 4 × 100 m relay race.
Paul Benz
Paul Benz is an athlete with a disability from Australia. He competes in a wheelchair. He won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in the Men's 4 × 100 m T35-38 race.
Robert Biancucci
Fabian Blattman
Fabian Blattman (born 28 December 1958) is a disabled athlete from Australia. He competes in a wheelchair. At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, he came fifth in the first heat of the Men's 200 m 1A - race. He won a silver medal in the 4×100 m race and a bronze medal in the 4×400 m race at the 1992 Summer Paralympics. At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the 1500 m race and a silver medal in the 800 m race. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he won a gold medal in the men's 400 m T51 race, a silver medal in the men's 1500 m T51 race, and a bronze medal in the men's 800 m T51 race.
Joanne Bradshaw
Damien Burroughs
Aaron Chatman
Aaron Chatman (born 11 May 1987) is an athlete from Australia. He is disabled. He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and won a silver medal in the men's High jump—F44/46 and a bronze medal in the men's 4 x 100 metre relay—T42-46 race. Irina Dvoskina was his coach.
Darren Collins
Darren Collins is a disabled athlete from Australia. He won a two bronze medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in the Men's 200 m B1 race and the Men's 400 m B1 race.
St. Joseph, Missouri
St. Joseph is a city in northwest Missouri. It is next to the Kansas state line north of Kansas City. It is where the famous outlaw Jesse James lived and where the Pony Express Started. There is much entertainment to be seen there. And many historical sites and things. There are many shops and restaurants with delicious food. St. Joseph is well known because of the pony express. It is one of the biggest cities in Missouri (the eighth biggest) and was established in 1843.
Richard Colman
Richard Colman OAM (born 28 November 1984) is a disabled athlete from Australia. He raced in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and he won a gold medal in the men's 800 metres—T53 race, and a silver medal in the men's 4 x 100 metre relay—T53-54 race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and he won a silver medal in the men's 200 metres—T53 race, and a bronze medal in the men's 400 metres—T53 race.
2004 Summer Paralympics
Block (Internet)
A block is action taken to stop certain people having access to information. If a website activates a block based on the internet protocol address (IP address) of a user, that block can effect other users that share the address. Some blocked users try to get around the block by making a different account or using a proxy server.
FC Liefering
FC Liefering is a football club from Liefering, a quarter of the Austrian city Salzburg. The club is playing in the Heute für Morgen Erste Liga, the second level of Austrian football.
Before 2012, the club was called Red Bull Juniors.
The former Red Bull Juniors are now playing together with USK Anif in the Regionalliga West, the highest amateur class in Austria. The licence of USK Anif was transferred to Liefering. In their first year Liefering played in the Regionalliga West and won the league. Their first year in the 2nd league was also successful, they finished 3rd.
Platform may mean:
Ocala, Florida
Ocala is a city in Marion County, Florida. In 2010, the number of people recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 56,315. It is the county seat of Marion County, and the principal city of the Ocala, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in the 2010 census had a population of 331,298.
Ocala is found near the old site of Ocale or Ocali, a major Timucua village and chiefdom during the 16th century. The city of Ocala today borrowed the name from the village. The name is believed to mean "Big Hammock" in the Timucua language. Hernando de Soto passed through Ocale during his famous journey through what is today the southeastern United States in 1539. Ocale is not mentioned in any later accounts; it seems to have been abandoned in the wake of de Soto's attack.
In 1827 the U.S. army outpost of Fort King was built near the current site of Ocala as a buffer between Seminoles and white settlers. The fort saw service during the Second Seminole War and was later used as the first courthouse for Marion County in 1844. Fort King was the beginning of the current city of Ocala, which was established in 1846. Greater Ocala is known as the "Kingdom of the Sun". Rail service reached Ocala in June 1881, encouraging economic development. Two years later, much of the Ocala downtown area was destroyed by a fire on Thanksgiving Day, 1883. Buildings were rebuilt with brick, granite and steel rather than lumber. By 1888, Ocala was known state-wide as "The Brick City".
In December 1890, the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, an early version of the Populist Party held its national meeting in Ocala. At the meeting, the Alliance adopted a platform that would become known as the "Ocala Demands". This platform included removal of national banks, low interest government loans, free and limitless coinage of silver, reclamation of excess railroad lands taken by the government, a graduated income tax, and direct election of United States senators. Most of the "Ocala Demands" were to become part of the Populist Party platform.
Ocala was an important center of citrus production until the Great Freeze of 1894-1895.
In the twentieth century, Ocala increased in fame as a center for tourism in Florida. Important attractions included the Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, Wild Waters water park, and the now-defunct Western-themed Six Gun Territory, all in nearby Silver Springs, Florida. (See Six Gun Territory Gallery.) Silver Springs is a nature theme park that surrounds the headwaters of the Silver River, the largest artesian spring formation in the world.
The first thoroughbred horse farm in Florida was created by Carl G. Rose in 1943. Earlier, in 1916, Rose had come to Florida from Indiana to oversee the first asphalt road ever constructed in the state. When he ran into problems with the asphalt, he tried to work with one of Florida's abundant resources: limestone. He also realized that the limestone would be a good source of nutrition for raising strong horses, so he took a gamble in 1943 and bought acreage along State Highway 200 at $10 per acre, which became Rosemere Farm. The next year one of his horses, Gornil, won at Miami's Tropical Park, making him the first Florida-raised thoroughbred to win a Florida race. Close on Rose's heels, the entrepreneur Bonnie Heath soon set up his own thoroughbred horse farm and produced the state's first Kentucky Derby winner. Both of these men have major highways named after them in Ocala. Bonnie Heath Farm is now owned and operated by his son Bonnie Heath, III, and his wife Kim. Rosemere Farm was sold long ago, and Ocala's Paddock Mall and Central Florida College were built on the site.
In 1956, the Ocala area Thoroughbred market received a raise when Needles became the first Florida-bred to win the Kentucky Derby. In 1978, Marion County-bred and -raised Affirmed won the Triple Crown. Today, Marion County is one of the major thoroughbred centers of the world, with over 1,200 horse farms in total and about 900 thoroughbred farms totaling some . Ocala is well known as the horse capital of the world, one of only five cities (four in the USA and one in France) allowed under Chamber of Commerce guidelines to use this title based on yearly money produced by the horse industry. There are some 44,000 jobs created by the breeding, training and related support brought about by the horse industry that generates over $2.2 billion in yearly money. Ocala and "Postime Farms" also support one of the biggest horse shows in the country. H.I.T.S or "Horses in the Sun" is a Dressage/Jumper event lasting about two months and brings with it some 6 to 7 million dollars to the local Marion county economy each year. There are over 100 different breeds aside from thoroughbreds including the Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, Morgans, SaddleBreds, Drafts, and the American Quarter Horse. Other horse events in the area include cowboy mounted shooting by the Florida Outlaws, as well as endurance rides, barrel races, "extreme" cowboy events, jumper shows, trick shows, parades, draft pulls, and more.
Ocala began undergoing rapid growth in the 1970s with the development of the Interstate 75 and the founding of Disney World, located some southeast.
In the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area experienced one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size. The population of Marion County in 2000 was over 250,000, up from under 100,000 in 1975. Much of the county's growth is attributable to the area's growing popularity as a retirement destination, primarily in two areas southwest and south of the city: the SR 200 corridor and The Villages, respectively.
Many historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large housing Historic District, established in 1984. A focus of this district is East Fort King Street, featuring many excellent examples of Victorian architecture. Ocala structures on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca Cola Building, the E. C. Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A.M.E. Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station.
The original Fort King site itself was called a National Historic Landmark in 2004.
Ocala is governed by a five member board of councilors and a mayor, all of which are chosen without caring about their party. Its charter was written in the council-manager form, leaving the mayor with few powers other than refusing legislation passed by the council and tending to some duties involving the police department. The city manager handles most leadership and money issues. Although a small majority of the city's voters are Democrats, Ocala's politics match those of the rest of Marion County in that all of its elected legislators - with one exception - are registered Republicans. In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain carried both the city and the county, the second one by a landslide, even though they lost Florida as a whole to Barack Obama by a narrow margin.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass. Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, Florida, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida.
The long Ocklawaha River flows north from Central Florida until it joins the St. Johns River near Palatka, Florida.
Marion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state. The Florida Trail, also known as the Florida National Scenic Trail, cuts through Ocala National Forest.
Silver River State Park was established in the early 1990s to preserve the areas around the Silver River to the east of Ocala near Silver Springs.
Ocala has two main seasons: the dry season (October–May) and the wet season (June–September). During the dry season, there is almost endless sunshine with very little rain. In January, the morning low temperatures are often in the 30s and 40s, but the cloudless sunny weather typically warms the dry air up to near 70 by the afternoon. During the wet season, afternoon thunderstorms are a daily thing. These storms are often severe (unofficially, Ocala is known to have more cloud-to-ground lightning per square mile than any other city in the world). The typical morning low temperatures during the wet season are in the 70's and typical daytime high temperatures are in the 90s. Due to the city being relatively far away from the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, Ocala's summertime temperatures are often the highest in the state while winter temperatures are often the lowest compared to other cities on the peninsula. Also, Ocala's distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico means the city has more days of sunshine than Florida's coastal cities. This is, in part, why the Ocala/Marion County area is called "the kingdom of the sun." The last snowfall of any significance fell on December 24, 1989, when the city was struck by an ice and snow storm. However, the morning of January 9, 2010, there was a dusting of snow on the ground in city center. A plume of record cold air mixed with moisture caused wintry precipitation to erupt across northern and central Florida.
As of the census of 2010, there were 56,315 people, 23,103 households, and 13,456 families residing in the city. There were 26,764 housing units, of which 23,103 were occupied (86.3%). The racial makeup of the city was 70.7% White, 20.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 2.9% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.7% of the population.
The median income for a household in the city was $30,888, and the median income for a family was $38,190. Males had a median income of $29,739 versus $24,367 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,021. About 13.2% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.6% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
Ocala is the headquarters of Emergency One, a worldwide designer and manufacturer of fire rescue vehicles.
Ocala is home to the College of Central Florida. It also has one of 21 campuses of Rasmussen College, an Higher Learning Commission regionally accredited post secondary institution.
Ocala is home to Trinity Catholic High School, which holds the record for the longest high school football championship game in Florida history, going into triple overtime.
on January 6, 2011, the mayor declared January 6 as Trinity Catholic Celtics Day, in honor of this feat.
Ocala, Florida was home Belleview Bulldogs in the FCSL before it folded in 2008. It is also home to one of the largest youth football leagues in the state in the MCYFL. Ocala is hosting the regional events for the Junior League in the Little League World Series in August 2010.
In 1995, Ocala was named an All-America City Award winner.
Ocala has two sister cities:
Several major highways pass through Ocala, including Interstate 75, U.S. Highway 27, U.S. Route 301, and U.S. Highway 441. Ocala was on the western leg of the historic Dixie Highway.
Ocala International Airport provides general aviation services to the community. Ocala Suntran provides bus service throughout select parts of the city. One of the major hubs for Suntran is the former Ocala Union Station, which served Amtrak trains until November 2004.
Ocala is the home for the Ocala Symphony Orchestra. The Ocala Symphony Orchestra, Inc., a non-profit organization, began in 1975, when a group of musicians and citizens set out to create a symphonic orchestra for the area. In the fall of 1976 a four-concert subscription season was initiated - a format that continues to this day. The Ocala Symphony Orchestra was later incorporated in the State of Florida and recognized by the IRS as a 501c3 non-profit corporation.
Also, the Ocala Civic Theatre is located in Ocala, and it presents professional-quality, live productions at an affordable price. Ocala Civic Theatre produces more than twelve fully staged productions each season, in addition to hosting touring companies. The Theatre offers a year-round education program that reaches over 1000 students each year. Both skills classes and performance classes are offered to students ages 4–18. This volunteer-based organization is one of the largest community theaters in the state and serves more than 50,000 Marion, Citrus and Lake County residents each season.
Islet
Russia at the Olympics
Russia has been at the modern Olympic Games many times. They have been called different nations. As the Russian Empire, they were first at the 1900 Games. They returned again in 1908 and 1912. After the Russian revolution in 1917, and the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, they were not at the Olympics again until the 1952 Summer Olympics. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia competed as part of the Unified Team in 1992. They returned once again as "Russia" at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
The Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Russia will host the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Since 2012, Russian athletes have won a total of 404 medals (399 since 1994) at the Summer Olympic Games. They have another 91 at the Winter Olympic Games. Over the most recent ten Games (since 1994), Russia's 495 total medals, including 170 gold medals, are second only to the United States (with 631 and 237, respectively).
The Russian Olympic Committee was formed in 1991 and recognized in 1993.
Neil Lennon
Neil Francis Lennon (born 25 June 1971) is a football manager and former player from Northern Ireland. He is the manager and former captain of Celtic.
During his playing career he represented English clubs Manchester City, Crewe Alexandra and Leicester City before moving to Scottish club Celtic where he made over 200 appearances as a midfielder. Before retiring as a player, he returned to England to represent Nottingham Forest and Wycombe Wanderers.
Lennon made 40 appearances for Northern Ireland in nine years, scoring two goals.
Advanced Light Source
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California is a synchrotron light source. It was built from 1987 to 1993. 210 scientists and staff currently work there.
The ALS is a national user facility. The ALS makes intense light for scientific and technological research. It is one of the world's brightest sources of ultraviolet and soft x-ray beams. Each year over 2000 researchers go to the ALS from universities, industries, and government laboratories around the world. ALS is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
The ALS has over forty beamlines. They do a wide range of science at the same time as each other. Any qualified scientist can ask to use the ALS beamlines. Proposals are reviewed by others. The proposals which most people agree on are allowed to use the ALS. The ALS does not charge money to use if the user's research is made public.
The Advanced Light Source's current director is Roger Falcone.
Physicists in Berkeley California began working on accelerating subatomic particles in the 1920s. In 1929, Ernest O. Lawrence built the first cyclotron to accelerate subatomic particles. During World War II, a laboratory there was a part of the Manhattan Project. They were given money from the military. In 1942, Lawrence hired Arthur Brown, Jr. (designer of the Coit Tower in San Francisco) to design a new round building to hold Lawrence's new 4.67 m (184 in) cyclotron. That building, with expansions, is the one which the ALS is in today. The laboratory was a part of the United States Atomic Energy Commission until 1977 when it was moved to the U.S. Department of Energy.
Physicists kept on improving particle accelerators by increasing their energy. The designers wanted higher energy to study smaller building blocks of matter. From the start, physicists realized that as charged particles spun around, they gave off electromagnetic radiation. In the early 1950s, other scientists started to use this radiation for experiments unrelated to the "atom smashing" collisions that were the primary goal of the machines. Particle accelerators shifted from cyclotrons to synchrotrons where the particles traveled in a circle rather than in a spiral path. Construction costs increased as synchrotrons got bigger to the point that many nations joined to build just one very big synchrotron in Europe (CERN) to conduct atom smashing experiments. Other synchrotron labs, such as the Lawrence Berkeley Lab did not have enough energy to discover new particles. So, they switched to using their machines as a source of electromagnetic radiation. Instead of tuning the machine to make particles travel faster, they learned how to wiggle the particle beam to give off particular frequencies of light. In the 1980s and 1990s, scientists wanted to redesign synchrotrons to generate brighter light (more intense electromagnetic radiation) than ever before. These designs were called "third generation synchrotrons." The ALS was the first third generation synchrontron put into operation.
When the Advanced Light Source was first proposed in the early 1980s by former Lawrence Berkeley Lab director David Shirley, skeptics dubbed it "Shirley's Temple" and doubted the use of a synchrotron tuned to make soft x-rays and ultraviolet light. According to former ALS director Daniel Chemla, "The scientific case for a third-generation soft x-ray facility such as the ALS had always been fundamentally sound. However, getting the larger scientific community to believe it was an uphill battle"
In the 1987 Reagan administration budget, President Ronald Reagan allocated $1.5 million for the construction of the Advanced Light Source.
Undulator
An undulator is an insertion device from high-energy physics and usually part of a larger
installation, a synchrotron storage ring. It consists of a periodic structure of dipole magnets. A static magnetic field is alternating along the length of the undulator with a wavelength formula_1. Electrons traversing the periodic magnet structure are forced to undergo oscillations. So the electrons give off energy as electronmagnetic radiation. The radiation produced in an undulator is very intense and concentrated in narrow energy bands in the spectrum. The light beam is also collimated on the orbit plane of the electrons. This radiation is guided through beamlines for experiments in various scientific areas.
The important dimensionless parameter
where "e" is the particle charge, "B" is the magnetic field, "formula_3", "formula_4" is the electron rest
mass and "c" is the speed of light, characterizes the nature of the electron motion. For
formula_5 the oscillation amplitude of the motion is small and the radiation displays interference patterns which lead to narrow energy bands. If formula_6 the oscillation amplitude is bigger and the radiation contributions from each field period sum up independently, leading to a broad energy spectrum. When K is much bigger than 1, the device is no longer called an "undulator"; it is called a wiggler.
Physicist think about undulators both using classical physics and relativity. This means that though the precision calculation is tedious the undulator can be seen as a black box. An electron enters this box and an electromagnetic pulse exits through a small exit slit. The slit should be small enough so that only the main cone passes, so that the side lobes may be ignored.
Undulators can provide hundreds of time more magnetic flux than a simple bending magnet and as such are in high demand at synchrotron radiation facilities. For an undulator that repeat N times (N periods), the brightness can be up to formula_7 more than a bending magnet. The intensity is enhanced up to a factor of N at harmonic wavelengths due to the constructive interference of the fields emitted during the N radiation periods. The usual pulse is a sine wave with some envelope. The second factor of N comes from the reduction of the emission angle associated with these harmonics, which is reduced in proportion to 1/N. When the electrons come with half the period, they interfere destructively. So, the undulator stays dark. The same is true if the electrons come as a bead chain. Because the bunch of electron spreads out the more times that they travel around the synchrotron, physicists want to design new machines that throw out the electron bunches before they have a chance to spread out. This change will produced more useful synchrotron radiation.
The polarization of the emitted radiation can be controlled by using permanent magnets to induce different periodic electron trajectories through the undulator. If the oscillations are confined to a plane the radiation will be linearly polarized. If the oscillation trajectory is helical, the radiation will be circularly polarized, with the handedness determined by the helix.
If the electrons follow the Poisson distribution, a partial interference leads to a linear increase in intensity.
In the free-electron laser the intensity increases exponentially with the number of electrons.
Physicists measure an undulator's effectiveness in terms of spectral radiance.
The first undulator was built by Hans Motz and his coworkers at Stanford in 1953. One of their undulators produced the first ever coherent infrared radiation. Their total frequency range was from visible light down to millimeter waves. The Russian physicist V.L. Ginzburg showed that undulators could be made in principle in a 1947 paper.
D. T. Attwood's page at Berkeley: Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation . His lecture and viewgraphs are available online.
"Storytime" is a song by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. The song was written by keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen, who also created the band. It became the lead single from the band's seventh studio album "Imaginaerum" (2011). "Storytime" features vocals by the vocalist of Nightwish, Anette Olzon. The single was released on November 9, 2011 from Nuclear Blast with mostly positive reviews from music journalist.
The song is about human expressions through folklore tales such as Peter Pan and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It also talks about Gaia, a mythical Greek Earth goddess, in the song. A music video was released to promote "Storytime" in November 2011, it features the entire band playing their instruments in a "fantasy" world. After the single's release on radios, it peaked at number-one on the Finnish Singles Chart and peaked within the top 5 in Spain, Hungary, and the United Kingdom.
One day there was a really ugly thing called Lennie yeah and like he liked doin it doggy style yeah and like yeah
Anette Olzon
Romania at the Olympics
Romania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Romania was RUM. It is now ROU.
A team from Romania was first at the Olympic Games in 1900. They had only one participant. The National Olympic Committee for Romania is the "Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee". It was formed and recognized in 1914. The nation first sent a team to the Games in 1924. They have been to each of the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then except for two times. Notably, Romania was the lone Eastern Bloc nation to participate at the 1984 Summer Olympics, which the other nations boycotted. That was also Romania's most successful Olympic Games: they won 20 gold medals and 53 medals total.
Romanian athletes have won a total of 293 medals, with gymnastics as the top medal-producing sport.
Serbia at the Olympics
Serbia was first at the Olympic Games in 1912. After 96 years, Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. From 1920 to the 1992 Winter Olympics Serbian athletes were part of the Yugoslavian team. At the 1992 Summer Olympics they took part as Independent Olympic Participants. This was because the United Nations was threatening to punish Serbia. Because of this, no Serbians were at the 1994 Winter Olympics. The threats stopped in 1995. From the 1996 Summer Olympics to the 2006 Winter Olympics they were part of the Serbia and Montenegro team.
Slovakia at the Olympics
Slovakia was first at the Olympic Games in 1994. They have been in every Games since then. Before Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, Slovak athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.
Slovak athletes have won twenty medals altogether at the Summer Olympic Games. These were mostly for canoeing. The nation has also won four medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Slovakia was made in 1992 and recognized in 1993.
Slovenia at the Olympics
Slovenia was first an independent nation at the Olympic Games in 1992. They have been in every Games since then. Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Slovenian athletes were part of Yugoslavia at the Olympics.
The National Olympic Committee for Slovenia was formed in 1991 and recognized in 1993. Slovenian athletes have won a total of fifteen medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another seven at the Winter Olympic Games.
Sweden at the Olympics
Sweden was first at the Olympic Games at the inaugural 1896 Games. They have been in every Games since then with one exception for the 1904 Summer Olympics. Sweden has earned medals at all Olympic games except for two, the 1896 Games and the 1904 Games.
Sweden hosted the Games on one occasion, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. The equestrian events of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne were held in Stockholm, due to quarantine reasons.
Swedish athletes have a total of 475 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 118 at the Winter Olympic Games.
The International Olympic Committee had Swedish officer and sports instructor Viktor Balck as one of its original members. The Swedish Olympic Committee was formed and recognized in 1913.
2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Games bids were declared non-finished applications by the Swedish Olympic Committee, due lack of political support from the Swedish government. The reason has been that the bidding is financially insecure for the Swedish society as a nation. 2018 Winter Olympic Games bids were promised support by the former government, but when the new government was elected, the bid was withdrawn. Östersund and Åre were the only applicant cities.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Total medal counts include six medals – three gold, two silver, and one bronze – awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events. These medals are included in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals. This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.
Scarlet fever
RTI Colombia
RTI Colombia (Radio Televisión Interamericana - in Spanish; Inter-American Radio and Television) is a Colombian television production company. Many of its series are co-produced with Telemundo, their strategic partner from the United States whose owner is NBC.
Irish House of Lords
Irish House of Lords was the upper chamber of the Irish Parliament from its creation in the thirteenth century to its abolition in 1800-1801. It was made up of the barons and clergy of the island. After the reformation the clergy in the Lords came from the Church of Ireland.
Henry Grattan (3 July 1746 – 6 June 1820) was an Irish politician. He was a member of the Irish House of Commons. He wanted changes such as Catholic Emancipation and more self government for the kingdom. He did not believe that Ireland and Great Britain should become a single country. He was one of the people who were most important in creating the constitution of 1782. This gave Ireland self-government. He was also important in ending Poynings law of 1494 and the Declaratory Act of 1720.
Turkey at the Olympics
Turkey sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1908. It has sent athletes to of the Summer Olympic Games since then. Turkey has been a part of most Winter Olympic Games since their first in 1936. Turkish athletes have won a total of 82 medals. They have won 37 golds, 23 silvers and 22 bronzes. Turkey won the most medals in wrestling.
The National Olympic Committee for Turkey was created in 1908. It was accepted by the IOC in 1911. Istanbul wants to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Ukraine at the Olympics
Ukraine sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.
Before 1994, Ukrainian athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. After the Soviet Union ended, Ukraine was part of the Unified Team in 1992.
Ukraine has won a total of 116 medals at the Summer Games and five at the Winter Games. Gymnastics has been the nation's best sport.
The National Olympic Committee of Ukraine was created in 1990. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics
The former state union of Serbia and Montenegro sent athletes to the Olympic Games seven times between 1992 and 2006. After that, Montenegro and Serbia became separate countries.
Yugoslavia had sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games from 1920–1988. They sent athletes to all but two Winter Olympic Games between 1924–1988. Because of the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, their part in the Olympics changed. Croatia and Slovenia sent their own athletes to the 1992 Winter Olympics. The team from Yugoslavia was made up of athletes from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. This was the last Games for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was created in April 1992. It included the Republic of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia. In May of 1992, the United Nations Security Council said that all nations should not let the FR of Yugoslavia take part in any international sports. The International Olympic Committee said that athletes from Serbia and Montenegro (and also Macedonia) could still take part in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The athletes had to be Independent Olympic Participants (IOP), wear plan white clothing and use the Olympic Anthem and Olympic flag during the events. They could not be a part of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games.
A team of 52 athletes took part in events. They won three medals in shooting. The athletes could only take part in the game as individuals. No teams were allowed. This meant that the men's water polo team, the women's basketball team, and the men's and women's handball teams could not compete.
No athletes were allowed to take part in any way in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. The country was allowed to send athletes to the next Olympiad.
At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the team of 68 athletes took part in 13 sports and won four medals. In Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics, the "Yugoslavia" team had 111 athletes in 14 sports and won three medals.
In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The nation was named "Serbia and Montenegro" (SCG) for the first time at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The team of 87 athletes competed in 14 sports and won two silver medals.
In 2006, the state union ended. Each nation became independent. The NOC for Serbia and Montenegro became the Olympic Committee of Serbia in June 2006. The Montenegrin Olympic Committee was accepted by the IOC in July 2007.
Montenegro and Serbia participated independently for the first time at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux is what generates the field around a magnetic material. It consists of photons, however, unlike the light we receive from the Sun, it is at a much lower frequency. (1) This is why magnetic field lines are not visible to the naked eye.
It is the alignment of "electrons" in the atomic shells of Ferromagnets and, separately, the “"spinning” electrons" in Electromagnets, that provides a material with it’s Magnetism. (2)
The number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface (such as a loop of wire). The magnetic flux through a closed surface (such as a ball) is always zero.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds).
The CGS unit is the Maxwell.
Magnetic flux is sometimes used by electrical engineers designing systems with electromagnets or designing dynamos. Physicists designing particle accelerators also calculate magnetic flux.
1 - <nowiki>https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationStorage/faraday/magnetism_a.html</nowiki>
2 -<nowiki>https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414</nowiki>
Emperor Tenji
, also known as Emperor Tenchi, was the 38th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 661 and ended in 671.
He was the son of Emperor Jomei.
Prince Naka no Ōe was made heir apparent and Crown Prince in 661.
Prince Ōtomo (Ōtomo"-shinnō") was the favorite son of Emperor Tenji; and he was also the first to be accorded the title of "Daijō-daijin."
Tenji improved the military forces which had been established during the Taika reforms.
The actual site of Tenji's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Yamashina-ku, Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenji's mausoleum. It is formally named "Yamashina no misasagi".
Fess Parker
Fess Elisha Parker, Jr. (August 16, 1924 - March 18, 2010), was an American actor.
His first movie was "Harvey" (1950) with James Stewart. Over the years, he worked on movies with many well known actors. These include Gary Cooper, Bob Hope, Jeff Chandler and Steve McQueen.
Fess Parker work for Disney on two movies about Davy Crockett In 1964, NBC hired him to do a television series about Daniel Boone. The series was about the Boone and his fights against the Indians and the redcoats in the American Revolution. The cast of the series included of Patricia Blair as Rebecca Boone, Albert Salmi as Yadkin, Ed Ames as Mingo, Roosevelt Grier as Gabe Cooper and Darby Hinton is Israel Boone. 159 episodes were made between 1964-1970.
Soviet Union at the Olympics
The Soviet Union sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1952. They sent teams to the Games 18 simes since then. At seven of its nine times at the Summer Olympic Games, the team ranked first in the total number of medals won. It was ranked second at the other two Games. The team was ranked first in the medal count seven times and second twice in nine times they sent teams to the Winter Olympic Games.
"The Olympic Committee of the USSR" was created on April 21, 1951. It was accepted by the IOC on May 7, 1951.