AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Hyundai Elantra sedan (Lantra in some markets), created as an alternative to available Japanese cars, was launched in 1990. Then Elantra had three restyling. The biggest one was held in 1993, the front and rear bumpers, front and rear lighting have been changed and the cabin was upgraded.
The second Lantra appeared in 1995. The body was now with a smooth design and had a two-side zincing.
In 1998, during the modernization, form of optics, bumpers and hood were changed.
In 2000, the production of the Lantra model was closed, and the Elantra model appeared. It was made at factories in Ulsan and Beijing until 2006.
Hyundai offers Hyundai I30 called Elantra Touring Universal in the United States and Canada. In other countries, the car is sold as HYUNDAI I30CW.
In 2012, a sedan base coupe called "Hyundai Elantra Coupe", which is sold exclusively in the United States, was introduced.
In September 2015, the sixth generation of Hyundai Elantra called "Avante" appeared in South Korea.
Sedan Hyundai Elantra (Avante in South Korea) debuted in Hollywood on March 18, 2020.
Alfredo &quot;Chocolate&quot; Armenteros
Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros (4 April 1928 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban trumpeter. He has played with artists such as Arsenio Rodríguez, Generoso Jiménez, Chico O'Farrill, Orchestra Harlow, Eddie Palmieri and Cachao. He was known for making Afro-Cuban jazz, Latin jazz and salsa more popular in the United States where he lived. He was sometimes called "Cuban Louis Armstrong".
Armenteros was born in Santa Clara, Las Villas. He was married eight times, and had nine children, one son and eight daughters.
Armenteros died from prostate cancer on 6 January 2016 in New York City. He was 87.
Kitty Kallen
Kitty Kallen (born Katherine Kalinsky; May 25, 1921 – January 7, 2016) was an American popular singer whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1960s—to include the Swing era of the Big Band years. She was best known for her 1954 solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot".
Kallen died on January 7, 2016 at her home in Cuernavaca, Mexico at the age of 94.
Florence King
Florence Virginia King (January 5, 1936 – January 6, 2016) was an American novelist, essayist and columnist. She was born in Washington, D.C.. She was known for writing about the American South and worked for the "National Review". She was a conservative columnist.
King died one day after her birthday on January 6, 2016 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 80.
Pat Harrington, Jr.
Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington, Jr. (August 13, 1929 – January 6, 2016) was an American voice, stage, and television actor. He was best known for his role as building Superintendent Schneider on the CBS sitcom "One Day at a Time". He won an Emmy Award for the role.
Harrington was born in New York City. His father, Pat Harrington, Sr., was also an actor. He was married twice. He had Alzheimer's disease.
Harrington fell in early November 2015. He had a small brain hemorrhage. He died on January 6, 2016 in Los Angeles, California, aged 86.
Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov
Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov (also Korolev, ; September 6, 1926 – January 5, 2016) was a Soviet-born Russian computer scientist. He was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of the first Soviet computers.
Korolyov was born in Podolsk, Russia. He studied at Moscow State University. Korolyov died at his home in Moscow, Russia at the age of 89.
Marc Alaimo
Marc Alaimo (born Michael Anthony Alaimo; May 5, 1942) is an American actor. He is known for his villainous roles. He is best known for his role as recurring villain Gul Dukat in the TV series "". He guest-starred in a "Family Guy" episode in which he played "The Dean".
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567. He is usually called Lord Darnley.
Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.
Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.
Klaas Bakker
Klaas Bakker (22 April 1926 – 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder and striker. He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951. He later played for Ajax until 1957. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.
Bakker died on 7 January 2016 in Amstelveen, aged 89.
Sol Polansky
Sol Polansky (November 7, 1926 – January 6, 2016) was an American diplomat. He served as the Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1987 until 1990. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1957. While in the Foreign Service, he was stationed in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, East Germany and Austria.
Polansky was born Newark, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University.
Polansky died after a long illness on January 6, 2016, aged 89.
Valerio Zanone
Valerio Zanone (22 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician. He was secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party. He was also a senator of the Democratic Party. He was mayor of Turin from 30 July 1990 until 31 December 1991. He was born in Turin, Piedmont.
Zanone died on 7 January 2016 in Rome, aged 79.
Yves Vincent
Yves Fred Vincent (5 August 1921 – 6 January 2016) was a French movie and television actor. He appeared in "Sins of Rome" (1953), "Babette Goes to War" (1959), "Muriel" (1963), "Le gendarme se marie" (1968) and "Hibernatus" (1969).
Vincent was born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie. He spent much time growing up in Algiers, Algeria. He was married twice and had three children.
Vincent died on 6 January 2016 at the age of 94.
Sian Blake
Sian Samantha Blake (13 September 1972 – 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as Syan Blake, was a British actress. She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show "EastEnders", appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997. She also appeared "Casualty", "The Bill" and "Skins". She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game "".
Blake was born in Walthamstow, London. She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent. She had motor neurone disease.
Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons. Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London. They all died from head and neck injuries. In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.
White-bellied sea eagle
The white-bellied sea eagle ("Haliaeetus leucogaster"), is also known as the white-breasted sea eagle. It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands.
It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail. The upper parts are grey. The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts. The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all "Haliaeetus" species. Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh . Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years. Its call is a loud goose-like honking.
The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways. It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet.
Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals. Although rated of "Least Concern" globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia. It is ranked as "Threatened" in Victoria and "Vulnerable" in South Australia and Tasmania. Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat. The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.
Off-road vehicle
An off-road vehicle is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with off-highway vehicles. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.
Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.
Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks). In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain. Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.
Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series. A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long. Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.
In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”. This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.
RAM Rebel truck
The Ram Rebel is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.
The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights. It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights. The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel.
The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM. The Rebel is not intended to be a competitor to the Ford Raptor or the RAM Power Wagon although it is often compared to them.
The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.
Oswald Avery
Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. FRS (October 21, 1877 – February 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher. Most of his career was spent at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City.
Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and one of the first people to study immunochemistry.
He is best known for the experiment (published in 1944 with his co-workers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty) which proved that DNA is the material from which genes are made.
The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist to not receive the Nobel Prize for his work, even though he was nominated for the award several times during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.
Oswald Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father was a Baptist minister. In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church. Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University. He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York. As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936.
For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein. Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.
In this early experiment dead "Streptococcus pneumoniae" of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".
Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally".
The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive. Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their "Profiles in Science" series.
Princess Ashraf of Iran
Princess Ashraf Pahlavi (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi Dynasty. She was born in Tehran. She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights.
Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017. Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.
Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in New York City, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken on her country's politics.
Pahlavi died in Monte Carlo, Monaco at the age of 96.
Judith Kaye
Judith Ann Kaye (née Smith; August 4, 1938 – January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist. He was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008. She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.
Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, New York from cancer, aged 77.
Mahmoud Shaltout
Mahmoud Shaltout or Mahmud Shaltut (1893–1963) () was an Egyptian Islamic jurist and scholar. He was a reformer of al-Azhar, a center of Islamic learning in Cairo. He was the highest religious authority in Egypt during the 1960s. He was received his elementary religious education in Alexandria, Egypt. He then spent many years at al-Azhar University in Cairo. There he rose to become rector of the university. Shaltut was a very active writer on the sharia and on tafsir (explaining texts). Some consider him to be the best example of the intellectual and scholarly project of Imam Muhammad Abduh.
He was born in a farming village in Lower Egypt. Shaltut distinguished himself as a student at the religious institute of Alexandria and later at al-Azhar. He became an instructor of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) at al-Azhar in 1927. The following year, the reform-minded Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi was appointed shaykh al-Azhar (rector). Shaltut was one of his best supporters. When al-Maraghi was forced out of office the following year, Shaltut continued pressing for reforms.
Shaltut himself took many progressive stands. He wanted translating of the Quran. He was in favor of re-establishing relations with Shia Muslims. He suggested sending Azhari students to Europe for graduate studies. He wanted to admit women. He also wanted to add scientific and technical studies to al-Azhar. Yet he survived as a reformer within al-Azhar. This was unlike such former Azhari modernists as Taha Hussein, Ali Abd al-Raziq, and Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, who ended up on the outside. Out of favor with King Faruq, Shaltut helped deliver Azhari support to Nasser against the Muslim Brothers.
In an effort bring together Sunnis and Shiites worldwide, Shaltut issued a fatwa (religious injunction). It recognized (Twelver) Shiite law as a fifth school alongside the four Sunni schools. He recognized the Ja'fari school of law (called Ithna Ashariyya, or the Twelvers, the largest group in Shia Islam) as one of the five mainstream schools of thought in Islam. This was an important achievement in attempting to unite Muslims around the world.
The term "Ja'fari" relates to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765). Ja'fari became increasingly used during the twentieth century in the efforts to add Shi'ism as a fifth school of law (madhhab) along with the four established Sunni schools. This led to an interview (and later a fatwa) given by the Shaikh al-Azhar Mahmud Shaltut in 1959. Shaltut went as far as declaring that Muslims are free to attach themselves to any of the five schools.
The fatwa of Mahmud Shaltut was published (in 1959) under the title "Islam: the religion of unity." It was introduced by two arguments. The historical argument about mutual respect and tolerance between different legal schools of Sunnis as well as the Shi'i school. The other was an argument about the harmful effects of prejudice between Muslim schools of fiqh. It was argued that the spirit of ijtihad had turned into antagonism and they were no longer having discussions. Shaltut feels that all schools of fiqh should be ready to accept from one another. They should accept any idea which follows Islamic principles and that ensures the welfare of family and society. As a first step the Ja'fari school of fiqh was included in the curriculum of al-'Azhar.
Shaltut is of the opinion that disbelief in Islam (kufr) is itself not a cause for killing the disbeliever. The apostate should not be killed, since the punishment for apostasy is hellfire and the apostate has no penalty in this world. Mahmud Shaltut believes this based on relevant Qur'anic evidence and concludes that apostasy carries no worldly penalty because it speaks only of punishment in the afterlife.
Troy Shondell
Troy Shondell (born Gary Wayne Schelton; May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016) was an American singer. His career began in 1957 and he was most famous during the 1960s. He was best known for his 1961 rock and roll single "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)". The song made the record charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
Shondell was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was married to Trina Shondell.
Shondell had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. He died from problems caused by the diseases on January 7, 2016 in Picayune, Mississippi. He was 76.
Jenean Hampton
Automotive lighting
The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver. The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions. It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.
Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called "horseless-carriages" were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915. Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936. By 1940 turn signals were used. Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised. Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams). As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side). In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.
Qui-Gon Jinn
Boba Fett is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" series. In "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi", he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie "Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope" when the movie was digitally remastered.
In "", it tells his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a cult following for the character.
BB-8
BB-8 is a robot character in the "Star Wars" franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie "". It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. It's owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.
Rey (Star Wars)
Rey Palpatine is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy.
She first appeared as one of the lead characters in "". Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.
Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,
saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.
Finn (Star Wars)
Finn (originally called FN-2187) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie "". In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. He is played by English actor John Boyega.
Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron. He becomes romantically attached to Rey.
Poe Dameron
Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie "". He was played by Oscar Isaac.
Poe is an X-wing pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order. He is the master of the loving android BB-8.
He is featured in "The Force Awakens" media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, "". Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original "Star Wars" movie trilogy.
Brad Fittler
Bradley Scott Fittler (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "Freddy", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.
Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.
Red Simpson
Red Simpson (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966.
Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.
In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska (3 December 1922 – 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress. She began her career in 1946. She appeared in movies such as "Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka" (2006) and "Aftermath" (2012). Her television credits included "Plebania" and "Ojciec Mateusz". She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979. She was born in Garbów.
Garbowska-Kierczyńska died on 2 January 2016 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, aged 93.
Achim Mentzel
Achim Mentzel (15 July 1946 – 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting his show "Achims Hitparade" from 1989 to 2006. He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010. He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen. He appeared in the films "The Legend of Paul and Paula" (1973) and "Der Wixxer" (2004). He also appeared in the television shows "Das Amt" and "SOKO Leipzig".
Mentzel was born in Berlin. He was married four times and had eight children.
Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69. It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.
Distributive property
Distribution is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers.
For example, in arithmetic:
In the left-hand side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 "distributes" over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers "distributes" over addition of real numbers.
Given a set and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:
∗ is "left-distributive" over + if, given any elements , and of ,
∗ is "right-distributive" over + if, given any elements , and of ,
∗ is "distributive" over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.
The distributive property can also be applied to:
Antônio Pompêo
Antônio Pompêo (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows "Balacobaco", "Rebelde", "A Casa das Sete Mulheres", "O Rei do Gado", "Mulheres de Areia" and "Pedra sobre Pedra". He also appeared in the movies "Xica" (1976), "A Samba for Sherlock" (2001) and "Que sera, sera" (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.
Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.
Ioannis Petridis
Ioannis Petridis (; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.
Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.
Anton Srholec
Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 – 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.
Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.
William Astbury
William Thomas Astbury FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.
Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.
In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure. Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.
In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids". He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".
Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data. However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect. Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London. Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.
Karan Brar
Karan Brar "(born January 18, 1999)" is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Shirag Gupta" in the movie series "Diary of a Wimpy Kid". He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series "Jessie" and its spinoff series "Bunk'd".
Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign
Former Governor Gary Johnson of New Mexico declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party (LP) nomination for President of the United States on January 6, 2016.
Johnson ran as the Libertarian presidential nominee in the 2012 election. In that race, he finished with the third highest popular vote total, nearly 1.3 million votes, and garnered nearly 1% of the popular vote.
Johnson formally announced his candidacy for the 2016 Libertarian presidential nomination in an interview with Neil Cavuto on the Fox Business Network program "Coast to Coast" on January 6, 2016.
Otis Clay
Otis Clay (February 11, 1942 – January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.
In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.
Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.
Maria Teresa de Filippis
Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points.
Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.
De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.
Ed Stewart
Ed "Stewpot" Stewart (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016) was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning "Junior Choice") and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for "Top of the Pops" and "Crackerjack" on BBC Television.
Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.
Theodor Morell
Theodor Gilbert Morell (22 July 1886 – 26 May 1948) was Adolf Hitler's personal doctor. For years, Morell treated Hitler with many different drugs. He helped Hitler with almost everything Hitler did. Morell escaped from Hitler's bunker just a few hours before Hitler killed himself there.
Morell was born in a small village called Trais-Münzenberg, in Upper Hesse, Germany. His family was half Jewish. Morell studied medicine in France. Then he trained in obstetrics and gynecology in Munich, Germany. He became a doctor on 23 May 1913.
Morell worked as a ship's doctor for a year. Then, in 1914, when Germany was fighting World War I, he volunteered to be a doctor for the German army. He worked as a doctor in a German army battalion until 1917. By 1918, Morell had opened his own doctor's office in Berlin. He became popular for treating his patients' illnesses in unusual ways. Both the Shah of Persia and the King of Romania asked Morell to be their personal doctors, but Morell refused.
In 1920, Morell married Hannelore Moller, a rich actress.
Morell joined the Nazi Party when Hitler became the Chancellor (leader) of Germany in 1933. In 1935, Morell treated Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann. Hoffmann told Hitler that Morell had saved his life. In 1936, Hitler met Morell for the first time. Hitler was having very bad stomach pain, and also had a rash on his leg. Morell was able to cure both problems with medicines. After this, Hitler asked Morell to be his personal doctor. Soon, Hitler decided Morell was a medical genius. Morell became one of Hitler's closest friends. Morell began to treat Hitler with a drug he called "Vitamultin" when Hitler felt tired in the morning. Right after he got a shot of Vitamultin, Hitler would feel awake and have a lot of energy. Ernst-Günther Schenck, a doctor in the SS, had some Vitamultin tested. It had methamphetamine in it.
In 1938, Hitler demanded control of part of Czechoslovakia. While Hitler was meeting with the Czechoslovak president, Emil Hacha, Hitler began yelling at Hacha. Hacha became so scared of Hitler that he fainted. Morell injected stimulant drugs into Hacha to wake him up. Morell said these drugs were only vitamins, but they may have included methamphetamine. Soon after Morell gave him the drugs, Hacha agreed to do what Hitler wanted.
Morell began treating Hitler with more and more drugs. Most were medicines sold in stores, but some were Morell's own mixes. Many of the things Morell gave Hitler are toxic (poisonous). Because of this, some historians think Morell accidentally made Hitler's bad health even worse.
Morell kept a medical diary of the drugs, vitamins and other chemicals he gave Hitler. The diary lists 74 different drugs, in 28 different mixtures. These drugs include psychoactive drugs like heroin, and things sold as poisons. Some of the other drugs Morell gave Hitler were:
Many of Hitler's other close friends did not like Morell. For example, Herman Göring, the Vice-Chancellor of Germany, called Morell "Der Reichsspritzenmeister" ("Injection Master of the German Reich") and "The Master of the Imperial Needle." Both nicknames meant the same thing: that Morell used injections (shots of medicine) to fix every problem.
Morell often argued with Dr. Karl Brandt, who had been Hitler's personal doctor since 1933. Eva Braun, Hitler's girlfriend, called Morell's office a "pig sty" and refused to see him.
On 20 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, Hitler was hiding in his bunker in Berlin with Morell and some of his other personal workers. Hitler told Morell and some other workers to fly from Berlin to the Obersalzberg (Hitler's home in the mountains). Morell flew out of Berlin on 23 April.
Morell was soon caught by the Americans. He was interrogated on 18 May 1945. He was kept in jail in an American prison camp, in the same place that the Nazi concentration camp called Buchenwald used to be. However, he was never charged with a crime.
Morell died on 26 May 1948, in a hospital in Bavaria, Germany. He was very obese and had many health problems when he died.
Triple Nine Society
The Triple Nine Society (or just TNS) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now over 1,600 members in 50 countries.
TNS publishes a journal named "Vidya." Members write articles and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society. TNS members communicate with one another online through email lists, a Facebook group two Yahoo! Groups, a LinkedIn group and a scheduled weekly IRC chat. European members have established a group in XING and a French language Members-only Yahoo! Group. TNS has meetings in the US every Fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every Spring ("egg999").
The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.
Lyudvig Chibirov
Merab Chigoev
Merab Ilyich Chigoev (; 15 February 1950 – 9 January 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the former Prime Minister serving from August 1998 until June 2001. He was also Minister of Justice in Yury Morozov's cabinet. He was born in Leningor district, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.
Chigoev was killed in a car crash in Tskhinvali, South Ossetia on 9 January 2016 at the age of 65.
Bob Oatley
Robert Ian "Bob" Oatley (11 June 1928 – 10 January 2016) was an Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman. He was perhaps best known for owning the Sydney to Hobart-winning yacht "Wild Oats XI". He bought Hamilton Island, Queensland in 2003 for $200 million. He was also responsible for the Rosemount winery, which he founded in 1969.
Oatley was born in Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales. He was married with three children. His granddaughter is equestrian Lyndal Oatley.
Oatley died after an illness on 10 January 2016 in Sydney, aged 87.
Angus Scrimm
Lawrence Rory Guy (August 19, 1926 – January 9, 2016), better known as Angus Scrimm, was an American actor and writer. He best known for playing the Tall Man in the horror movie "Phantasm" (1979) and its sequels, "Phantasm II" (1988), "" (1994), "" (1998), and his final movie "" (2016). He also appeared in the television series "Alias". He wrote liner notes for musician such as Frank Sinatra to The Beatles. He won a Grammy Award for his liner notes.
Scrimm was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.
Scrimm died on January 9, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 89.
Jim Ross (ice hockey)
James "Jim" Ross (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.
Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.
Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.
José María Rivas (12 May 1958 – 9 January 2016) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for Independiente, Atlético Marte, San Pedro, Huracán and Cojutepeque. He played for his national team 22 times. He was born in San Salvador.
Rivas died from leukemia on 9 January 2016, aged 57.
École de l'Air
The École de l'Air is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force. It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.
Peter Powell (kite)
Peter Trevor Powell (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.
Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.
Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.
Royal Parker
Royal Pollokoff (April 8, 1929 – January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name Royal Parker, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens.
Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.
After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.
Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.
Dermot Mulroney
Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician and director. He has been acting since the 1980s. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia.
He is known for his roles in the movies "Young Guns", "Where the Day Takes You", "My Best Friend's Wedding", "The Last Outlaw", "About Schmidt", and "". Mulroney played the main villain of NBC's "Crisis", Francis Gibson.
Sam Rockwell
Sam Rockwell (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2018.
He is known for his leading roles in "Lawn Dogs" (1997), "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind" (2002), "Matchstick Men" (2003), "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (2005), "Choke" (2008), "Moon" (2009) and "Seven Psychopaths" (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in "The Green Mile" (1999), "Galaxy Quest" (1999), "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford" (2007), "Frost/Nixon" (2008), "Conviction" (2010), "Iron Man 2" (2010), "Cowboys & Aliens" (2011), "The Way, Way Back" (2013) and "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" (2017).
Rockwell was born in San Mateo, California.
Ka-Bar
Ka-Bar (trademarked as KA-BAR, capitalized) is a combat knife first obtained by the United States Marine Corps in November 1942. It was then designated as the 1219C2 combat knife. Later it was called the USMC Mark 2 combat knife. When the United States Navy obtained the knife they called it the U.S. Navy utility knife, Mark 2. KA-BAR is the trademark and namesake of a related knife manufacturing company, KA-BAR Knives., Inc. (formerly Union Cutlery Co.) of Olean, New York. KA-BAR Knives is a subsidiary of the Cutco Corporation.
At the start of World War II, the US Marine Corps was still using the World War I issue Trench knife. Called the knuckle knife, it was a dagger with a studded steel hand guard. The trench knife was suited for trench warfare but it did not meet the needs of the Marines in the Pacific war. The Marine Corps purchased different designs from different knife manufacturers. The Ka-Bar, however, quickly became the marine's favorite. They were made by the Union Cutlery Company (later changed to KA-BAR Cutlery Inc.). Soon other companies were under contract to produce the Ka-Bar. The main use for the Ka-Bar combat knife was hand-to-hand combat with an enemy. However, the number of enemy soldiers killed with a Ka-Bar is thought to be very small. The knife, weighing just over , had a solid pommel (the butt end of the knife) which could be used as a hammer.The knife was used to open food cans in c-rations or k-rations. It was used for cutting wires, opening crates of ammunition and other non-combat uses.
Although KA-BAR Knives, Inc. currently makes a wide variety of knives and cutlery, it is best known for the Ka-Bar Fighting/Utility knife. It has traditionally used a 7 inch (178 mm) long blade. It is made of 1095 carbon steel with a clip point blade and a stacked leather-washer handle. Other, more modern versions of this knife feature single or dual-edge blades. Many have synthetic handles made of Kraton (a non-slip rubber substitute). For modern outdoor survival use the Ka-Bar knives are still a proven design.
Jeanne Cordova
Jeanne Cordova (July 18, 1948 – January 10, 2016) was an American lesbian and gay rights activist and writer. She was a founder of the West Coast LGBTQ movement. She was a columnist for "Lesbian Tide", "Los Angeles Free Press" and "The Advocate". Her memoir, "When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution", won a Lammy.
Cordova was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She grew up in California. She was of Irish and Mexican ancestry.
Cordova died from brain cancer on January 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 67.
Ralph Hauenstein
Ralph Hauenstein (March 20, 1912 – January 10, 2016) was an American philanthropist and businessman. His leadership has made the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University, the Hauenstein Parkinson's and Neuroscience Centers at Saint Mary's Hospital and the Grace Hauenstein Library at Aquinas College. He was also a colonel in the U.S. Army.
Hauenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He fought for his country during World War II. He turned 100 in March 2012. His wife of 75 years, Grace Byrnes, died in 2007.
Hauenstein died from natural causes on January 10, 2016 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was 103.
Hernán Gamboa
Hernán Gamboa (18 June 1946 – 10 January 2016) was a Venezuelan musician, composer and singer. He began his career in 1956. He was a member of Serenata Guayanesa from 1971 to 1984. He was born in San Tomé, Anzoátegui.
Gamboa died from cancer on 10 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was 69.
D. A. Pennebaker
Donn Alan "D. A." Pennebaker (, July 15, 1925 – August 1, 2019) was an American documentary filmmaker. He was one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Performing arts and politics are his subjects. His subjects cover events of the 1960s.
In 2012, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award or "lifetime Oscar".
Pennebaker died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York on August 1, 2019, aged 94.
María Lorenza Barreneche Iriarte (3 July 1926 – 5 January 2015) was an Argentine public figure. She was the wife of the late President Raúl Alfonsín from 1949 until his death in 2009. She was First Lady of Argentina from 1983 to 1989.
Barreneche was born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires. She was of Basque ancestry. She had six children with Alfonsín.
Barreneche died after years of poor health on 5 January 2016 in Buenos Aires. She was 89.
Pat Harrington, Sr.