AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
PCR has many uses in a biological or biochemical setting. Because DNA is unique for every living thing, experimenters can often extract only small amounts of the DNA they are interested in from a specimen. These amounts are usually too little to be useful, and so a scientist will use PCR to make enough copies to start experimenting with. For this reason, it is one of the most common techniques used in genetics labs around the world, making it useful in experiments on many things, including gene therapy, infectious diseases, and even forensics.
This process was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. He was not the first person to develop the PCR process, but he was the first to make the process usable. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the PCR process. It was a joint award, the other scientist being Michael Smith, who worked on a related project.
The method consists of repeated heating and cooling, causing "melting" (separation of the two strands) and replication of the original DNA, also called a template. Short DNA fragments consisting of DNA sequences complementary to the ends of the template, called primers, and a DNA polymerase are key materials for selective and repetitive steps.
The technique proceeds in three steps:
After the first cycle, there are 4 DNA strands. The process repeats with the 4 DNA strands, which will go on to make 8 strands, then repeat itself again to make 16 strands. In this way, PCR doubles the amount of DNA in a sample after each cycle, making it possible to obtain millions of copies of a DNA strand overnight.
Presidio of Ahu
Presidio of Ahú was a prison in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
It was the first prison in Curitiba, opened in 1905
. Closed in 2006, now is the site of recordings for film and television, such as:
Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera, the other being the Symphyta.
Included in the Apocrita are the ants, bees, wasps, braconids, ichneumons, chalcids, nearly all parasitic hymenopterans, and a few other forms. The suborder includes the most highly evolved members of the order. There are well over a hundred thousand species distributed worldwide.
Jejemon
A Jejemon (tl: ) is a type of person in the Philippines who makes the English language hard to read. The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" call them different but happy because of their language and clothes.
The word "Jejemon" came from people who like to write "hehehe" as "jejeje" because "jeje" is Spanish for hehe due to the sound J makes in Spanish. "-Mon" is added at the end. This is from the Japanese anime Pokémon. "-Mon" means "monster." They are "jeje-monsters."
Jejemons started to appear because of cellphones. Cellphones can only use 160 characters so people who use them write shorter words to save space. Jejemons don't want this so they made their words longer. Most Jejemons are poor.
People who are Jejemons are described based on levels. These are "mild," "moderate", "severe", or "terminal."
Jejemons speak Jejenese based on Taglish and Englog. Their alphabet, Jejebet, is based on Leet. Words are created by mixing letters in a word, mixed large and small letters, using the letters H, X or Z many times, and mixing of numbers in words. The spelling is the same as Leetspeak.
Facebook fan pages were made in support and against the group. Celebrities have condemned some attacks. "Jejebusters" were created to fight jejetyping and jejemons. The Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd) discourages students from using Jejemon spelling and grammar.
Swardspeak
Swardspeak (or Chuva) is a secret language that came from the mixed language with the names Taglish and Englog. It is used by gay people in the Philippines.
Swardspeak uses word from Tagalog, English, Spanish, Cebuano, Japanese, Sanskrit, and other languages. Names of Celebrities and trademark brands are also used.
Gay people use Swardpeak to make themselves feel special. The language changes a lot. People who use the language are called "Bekimons". This word is from the words "bakla" (gay) and "Jejemon".
The word "Swardspeak" came from the 1970's book called "Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study". "Sward" is slang for "gay male" in the Philippines.
Swardspeak is a form of slang.
It changes a lot and the meaning of words are hard to know. The rules are explained below.
Miyagi Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture used to be part of Mutsu Province. That province was in the northern part of Honshu. It was made from land taken from the indigenous Emishi. The province became the largest as it expanded to the north. The ancient capital was in modern Miyagi Prefecture.
During the Sengoku period, various clans ruled different parts of the province. Date Masamune was a close ally of the Tokugawa. He established Sendai, which is now the largest town of the Tōhoku region.
In the Meiji period, four new provinces were created from parts of Mutsu: Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwaki, and Iwashiro. In 1871, Sendai Prefecture was formed. It was renamed Miyagi prefecture the following year.
On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and major tsunami hit Miyagi Prefecture. It caused major damage to the area. The tsunami was about 10 meters high in parts of Miyagi Prefecture.
There are thirteen cities in Miyagi Prefecture:
National parks cover about 23% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:
Farming, fishing and sake brewing are all important in Miyagi. As of March 2011, the prefecture made 4.7% of Japan's rice, 23% of its oysters, and 15.9% of its saury fish. Manufacturing around Sendai is a larger part of the economy. The area produces electronics, appliances, and processed food.
Sendai was the castle town of the daimyo Date Masamune. The remains of Sendai Castle are on a hill above the city.
Miyagi Prefecture has one of Japan's Three Great Views. Matsushima Bay is full of small islands with old pine trees on them. Many visitors come here every year and many artists have painted the islands.
The following are also noted as attractions:
"Shigogama jinja" is the main Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.
Marika Lagercrantz
Apricot (color)
Apricot is a color that is a representation of the color of the apricot fruit.
"Apricot" in has been in written use as a color name since 1851.
The word "apricot" comes from the Arabic "Al-birquq", in turn derived from Latin "armeniacus", i.e., "the fruit from Armenia". The ultimate origin of the apricot fruit was from China.
Kallima
Kallima, also known as the Oakleaf or Dead leaf butterflies, is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. They are found Asia.
Their common name is a reference to the under surface of their wings, which is various shades of brown. When the wings are held closed, this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf. There are dark dots or patches which look like the effects of fungi and lichen, which are so common on dead leaves.
The camouflage is perfected by the rear wings, which have a little 'tail', which looks like the stalk of a leaf. When at rest in closed position, the 'tail' touches the branch, completing the illusion.
There are two morphs of the common Indian species "Kallima inachus". Nothing seems to be known about why these morphs exist. There is also variation in the colour of the under surfaces.
Airfix
Airfix is a UK manufacturer of plastic scale model kits. Airfix was founded in 1939 by Nicholas Kove. Airfix is currently owned by Hornby.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the company grew much bigger as the kit modelling hobby became more popular. The range of models expanded at this time too.
Puerto Rico at the Olympics
Puerto Rico at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Puerto Rico is PUR.
A team from Puerto Rico was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. Puerto Rico has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984, but missed the Games of 2006 and 2010.
Puerto Rican athletes have won a total of eight medals. Most are in boxing.
The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was formed in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.
Vindex
Gaius Iulius Vindex was a Roman governor who is famous for rebelling in 67/68AD against the Emperor Nero.
Vindex was the governor of a province in Gaul (modern-day France). He rebelled against Nero's high taxes. In order to become more powerful, he allied with the governor of Hispania (modern-day Spain), Galba (who would become ruler during the "year of the four emperors").
Vindex was killed in battle by Rufus, the governor of Germania (modern-day Germany), however, when Nero killed himself and Galba became emperor (June 68AD), Galba made coins dedicated to Vindex.
Pakistan national field hockey team
Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympics
Saint Kitts and Nevis was first at the Olympic Games in 1996 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. St Kitts and Nevis has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.
Saint Kitts and Nevis has never won a medal. They have only been in the Track and Field events.
Saint Lucia at the Olympics
Saint Lucia was first at the Olympic Games in 1996. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Saint Lucia was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has been in six Summer Olympic Games. The country has been in the Winter Olympic Games. As of 2010, no athlete from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has ever won an Olympic medal.
The St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee was formed in 1982 and recognized by the IOC in 1987.
Suriname at the Olympics
Suriname was first at the Olympic Games in 1960. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation missed the 1964 Games, and also boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Suriname has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Suriname was formed in 1959 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago were first in the Summer Olympic Games in 1948, before independence from Great Britain. Trinidad and Tobago have been in fourteen Summer Olympics and three Winter Olympics.
(*)Participation only at Round 1.
United States at the Olympics
United States at the Olympics is a history which starts in the 1890s.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the United States is USA.
The United States has been to every Olympic Games, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.
Thomas Burke was the first athlete to represent the United States at the Olympics. He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. US athlete Michael Phelps has won the most medals of any Olympic athlete of any nation. He has 22 Olympic medals, including 18 golds.
American athletes have won a total of 2400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 253 at the Winter Olympic Games.
The United States has hosted the Games eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games:
Uruguay at the Olympics
Uruguay was first at the Olympic Games in 1924. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. Uruguay has been in one Winter Olympic Games in 1998.
The National Olympic Committee for Uruguay was formed in 1923, and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.
Venezuela at the Olympics
Venezuela was first at the Olympic Games in 1948 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. Venezuela has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998.
The National Olympic Committee for Venezuela was formed in 1935.
Virgin Islands at the Olympics
The United States Virgin Islands has been in 9 Summer Olympic Games. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games 7 times. Peter Holmberg took second place in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1967 and recognized by the IOC the same year.
British West Indies at the Olympics
Impression management
Impression management is an idea spoken about in the discipline of sociology. It is about the experience in everyday life where people control the way that they appear to others. People do this by selecting certain gestures, speech patterns, feminine or masculine expressions, as well as certain expressions of class and cultural interest. This so that people can give a particular image to others about who they want to be and how they want to be seen.
When gesturing a person might use reserved and minimal movements in a professional setting, whilst they may smile widely and wave about when with friends. A person might also change their speech pattern in a professional setting in order to sound more educated or refined, and may speak more casually or use swear words when in a casual setting.
Males and females also often control how they are perceived in terms of masculinity or femininity. Boys and men might sometimes make their voices sound deeper or speak in short sentences to reflect an old stereotype that males are unfeeling and unconcerned with self-expression. Females on the other hand might feel the need to speak in line with the speech patterns of their peers, and this may include tacking on culturally specific phrases like "or whatever" and "that's hot/cute" to indicate they identify with the female gender and traditional interests. These of course are very simple ideas about what it means to be a man or woman. In contemporary life the border between male and female is sometimes becoming less strict. In Western societies psychologists support that people who show alternative gender expression are still medically normal.
People also talk about what kind of music they are interested in, what kind of movies they like to watch, and what kind of places they like to visit in order to give people an idea of where they stand in relation to class and culture. A common distinction in contemporary youth culture is the listening to so called "indie" alternative or independent music as opposed to pop or popular music. Similarly someone might say they like watching highbrow French films or award winning films, as opposed to something more mass culture, like a Disney movie.
The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising that occurred within China in the years 1900 and 1901 (from on 2 November 1900 to 7 September 1901). It was led by the Boxers, a group of Chinese citizens who disliked the vast amount of foreign influence that existed in China.
It happened during a time when many foreign countries were dominating China. These countries were Japan, Britain, Germany, and Russia. China had lost many battles to these countries and were being humiliated by them.
The Boxers were Chinese citizens who were angry about the growing power of foreigners in China, who wanted to fight and drive out all foreigners and even some Chinese people. The Boxers got a lot of people to help them and drove their fight to Peking (Beijing).
Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made an alliance to keep the Boxers out of their part of the city. While they did that, the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on all of them and sent the Chinese Army to help the Boxers. They fought for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through and defeated the Chinese. Afterwards there was a celebration, and foreign soldiers ran around stealing from the people and raping Chinese women. Their commander heard about it and was angry, but they kept doing it anyway.
The foreigners were very angry with the Chinese. They said that China had to pay them even more money and give them more land. They also said China had to execute every Boxer. China had to agree, and the foreigners got what they wanted. A few years later in 1911, the Qing Empire collapsed and China had a new government, but the foreigners still influenced China, especially Japan.
Killed in action
Killed in Action (KIA) is a military term. It is used to describe a member of the military who was killed during a battle. On Wikipedia articles about battles, leaders who were killed in action have this symbol (†) next to their name.
José María Antón
José María "Chema" Antón Samper (born 19 March 1989 in Casas del Señor, Valencian Community, Spain) is a Spanish footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as defender. (The name is following the Spanish naming customs. Antón is the family name of his fathers side. Samper is that of his mothers side.)
Antón came to Real Madrid's youth system in 2003, when he was 14 years old. In 2007, he made his professional debut playing with Real Madrid B in the Segunda División B (3rd level of Spain's league system). Without playing in the team, he sat on the bench in Bernd Schusters last match as coach of Real Madrid and the first of Juande Ramos. He also played 8 international matches for Spain's Under-19 team in the U19 European cup.
2010 he signed with Real Betis Sevilla playing one season in the second team in the Segunda División B. 2011 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.
Leonardo Santiago
Leonardo Vitor Santiago (born 9 March 1983) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a striker for FC Red Bull Salzburg on loan from NAC Breda. He is known as Leonardo.
He started at the Nova Safra football school in Rio de Janeiro. His talent was discovered when he was 11 years old and he went to Europe and played in Feyenoord Rotterdams youth squads at Varkenoord He made his debut on August 19, 2000 in a 2–0 victory over AZ Almaar at the age of 17. This was a problem for Feyenoord and Leonardo because a non EU player is not allowed to play under 18 years. So he had to wait until he was 18. He scored his first goal for the first team versus SC Heerenveen. In his first two seasons at Feyenoord he played 44 matches and scored four goals, but mainly he gave assists for his team mates to score. He was part of the Feyenoord team that won the 2001–02 UEFA Cup.
After this he suffered sever injuries, so he had only 11 matches in three seasons. After problems with the coaches he decided to left Feyenoord. 2006 he joined NAC Breda. After arguments with the coach he left Breda, after nine goals in 14 matches, to go to Ajax Amsterdam. 2009 he went back to Breda. 2011 he was transferred to Red Bull Salzburg on loan.
List of characters in the Camp Half-Blood series
This is a list of characters in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus series.
Perseus "Percy" Jackson is a son of Poseidon and is the protagonist and narrator of the series. Being a child of one of the "Big Three" (Zeus, Hades, Poseidon), Percy is the hero referred to within the prophecy of the Oracle, which foretells that the next half-blood child of the "Big Three" to reach the age of sixteen would have to make a decision that would mean the destruction or saving of Olympus. He also is called “Seaweed brain”, especially by Annabeth.
Annabeth Chase is a daughter of Athena. So, she is very intelligent. She is fascinated with architecture. In battle, she is a skilled enough fighter to fight along with Percy. She is very good in strategy. She ran away from home when she was seven and met Luke and Thalia, who took her with them to get to Camp Half-Blood. She aids Percy in four of his five quests and is captured in one of them.
She is also Percy's girlfriend.
Grover Underwood is a satyr and Percy Jackson's best friend. He has found the four most powerful Greek demigods of the century: Percy Jackson (son of Poseidon), Thalia Grace (daughter of Zeus), and Nico and Bianca di Angelo (children of Hades). Before his death, Pan (the god of nature) says Grover is the bravest satyr ever to be. He names Grover as his successor to carry on his word to protect the wilderness. The Council of Cloven Elders is angered by this choice. He is the boyfriend of the tree nymph Juniper. But in "The Last Olympian" he is chosen as a replacement for Leneus (another Satyr who died in battle) on The Council of Cloven Elders after.
Tyson is a Cyclops, the son of Poseidon and his mother is unknown. Technically he is not a demigod, but at camp he lives in Percy's cabin, and is considered to be Percy's brother. He first appears in "The Sea of Monsters" as a homeless boy. He is afraid of Grover while Grover is also afraid of him. Also in "The Sea of Monsters" he was Percy's best friend and was always picked on. At the end of the book, he gets to go to work for his father, Poseidon, in the Underwater Armory.
Nico di Angelo is a son of Hades, Bianca's younger brother and Hazel Levesque half-brother and Percy Jackson and Thalia and Jason Grace's cousin. At first Percy assumed Hades broke the oath not to have children after World War II, but Nico and his sister Bianca had been placed in the Lotus Casino, where 'time stands still' since before the oath was made. At the time, he took great interest in a game called Mythomagic. Nico has the power to raise skeletal warriors, shadow travel, and create great fissures in the ground that swallow up anyone or anything unfortunate enough to be standing on it at the time. For a time, he was Percy's enemy, blaming him for the fact that he had failed to protect Bianca as he had promised, but they became friends eventually. Nico tried multiple times to contact his sister and had difficulty contacting her, even using his dreams. Nico refused to stay at Camp Half-Blood in the fourth book after noting that he was not welcomed at Camp Half-Blood; he compares this to the fact that his father is not welcomed at Olympus. Several months later, he informed Percy of a plan that could lead to defeating Kronos. In the final book of the first series, he convinced Percy to bathe in the River Styx, making him invincible barring the small of his back. In the end of the final book Percy makes all the gods and goddess to 'claim' all their children and make sure they have cabin's in Camp Half-blood. Nico goes back to the camp and makes a cabin for himself and all the other minor gods and goddess. Later in the Heroes of Olympus series,he became captured by to giants [in mark of Athena] though he survived. Through out house of Hades and at the end of blood of Olympus,it is said that Nico has a crush on Percy,though he gives up that dream and goes to Will Solace,the son of Apollo,and in trials of Apollo they are seen as a couple.
Thalia Grace is a daughter of Zeus. She is Jason's older sister and the cousin of Percy Jackson and Hazel Levesque and Bianca and Nico di Angelo. Grover Underwood was assigned to watch over her when she ran away from home at ten years old. On her journey, she met Luke Castellan and Annabeth Chase. They also had brief encounters with the Hunters of Artemis and she was enticed to join by Zoë Nightshade. When she was twelve, they were all soon attacked by a herd of monsters and caught by a Cyclops in New York. She was captured, but thanks to Annabeth, was freed. They meet the satyr Grover Underwood on the way. They escaped, but found that the monsters they had briefly escaped caught up to them. As they reached Half-Blood Hill, Thalia sent Luke, Grover, and Annabeth over the boundary line while she faced the monsters. She sacrificed her life for her friends, and her father, Zeus, took pity on her and transformed her to a pine tree. She is later brought back to life by the Golden Fleece and joins the quest in the third book where she ultimately joins the Hunters, taking the place of Zoë Nightshade. She has a younger brother, Jason Grace who was separated from her when she was 10. This became the reason she ran away from home.She wears a lot of dark makeup and punk style clothing. She has electric blue eyes and spiky black hair. She is so like Percy that according to Annabeth, they either could be best friends... or worst enemies.
Luke Castellan is one of Hermes's children and a major antagonist of the series. Though initially the counselor of Cabin 11 and an ally to Percy, he revealed his true nature as a high-ranking member of Kronos's army by attempting to kill Percy at the end of "The Lightning Thief", and on several occasions afterward. He is shown to harbor a great bitterness towards the gods (particularly his father, Hermes) for what he regards as abandonment. His mother had been driven crazy upon attempting to become the Oracle, leading to a stressful childhood. After reforming, Kronos does not need Luke's assistance. However, in his duel with Percy on Mount Olympus, striking Annabeth reminds him of his promise to protect her. This temporarily frees him from Kronos's influence. Percy makes his choice to give Luke Annabeth's knife, and Luke, cursed by the broken promise, kills himself by stabbing his own Achilles heel to destroy Kronos. This fulfills the prophecy, with Luke being the foretold hero. In the film, Luke is portrayed by Jake Abel.
Percy refers to Luke as a hero.
Some of the known characters of Greek Mythology have made an appearance in this series:
Percy is one of the few demigods whose last name does not reflect his godly parent, though his first name does. Many of the campers at Camp Half-Blood have last names that consist of a traditional role or trait of their parent. Other last names are often commonplace: Rodriguez, Nakamura.
Valeria Kudryavtseva
Valeria Lvovna Kudryavtseva (born on 19 May 1961) is a Russian television presenter, actress, singer and dancer.
Valeria was married to musician Sergei Linyuk since 1990 until 1992. They has one child, son Zhan Linyuk (b.1990).
She was married to Matvei Morozov since 2004 until 2007.
She in relationship with musician Sergei Lazarev since 2008. She was pregnant from Sergei, but she had a miscarriage in July 2011.
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
Brenda and Wendi Turnbaugh
Brenda Turnbaugh and Wendi Turnbaugh (b. August 13, 1977, in Los Angeles, California) are former American actresses. They are identical twins. During the 1970s, they both played the character, Grace Ingalls on the television series "Little House on the Prairie".
Michele and Jennifer Steffin
Michele Steffin and Jennifer Steffin were born on March 23, 1981 in West Covina, California. They are twins. When they were children, they were actresses. On the television series "Little House on the Prairie" they both played Rose Wilder. It happened in the early 1980s. In 1986 they played Hope Hazard on "North and South" television miniseries.
Aemilianus
Aemilianus or Aemilian (–253) was Roman emperor for eighty-eight days in 253 AD.
Aemilianus was born around 207 or around 214. The "Epitome de Caesaribus" (a Latin history) and Zonaras (a Greek historian) say that Aemilianus was born at this time and at Djerba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Africa, part of the Roman Empire.
Aemilianus was not from the nobility, and may have been from among the Moorish people.
Aemilianus was a senator and was a Roman consul, either in 252 or 253. He was also governor () for the Roman province of Moesia Superior.
The Roman army made Aemilianus emperor in Moesia in July or August 253. The Roman Senate agreed that Aemilianus was emperor after the emperor Trebonianus Gallus died in August 253.
After defeating the Goths (a barbarian tribe) in modern-day Bulgaria, his soldiers proclaimed him as an emperor instead of Trebonianus Gallus, the emperor at the time. After defeating Gallus in battle at Interamna (Northern Italy), he captured the capital city of the empire, Rome.
When the governor of Roman Germany, Valerianus, arrived in Italy bringing troops to help Trebonianus Gallus, Aemilianus's own troops killed Aemilianus. They did not want a civil war and Valerian had a bigger army than Aemilianus.
Soldiers in Aemilianus's army killed Aemilianus at Spoletum in the Italian Peninsula (Spoleto, Italy).
Aemilianus's wife was Cornelia Supera. She became "augusta" (empress) in around August 253. Cornelia Supera may have died in September or October 253, at which time the soldiers killed Aemilianus.
Afghanistan at the Olympics
Afghanistan at the Olympics is a history which includes 13 games in 12 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1936, Afghanistan has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Afghanistan is AFG.
The Afghanistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1935. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.
Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
In 1999, Afghanistan was banned from the Olympics due to its discrimination against women under Taliban rule.
In the 2004 Summer Olympics two women, Robina Muqim Yaar and Friba Razayee, were the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics. Mehboba Ahdyar, a woman in the 2008 Summer Olympics had death threats because of her plan to be in the Games.
Hypodermic needle
A hypodermic needle is a hollow steel tube that is sharpened into a needle so it can be jabbed (inserted) into somebody's body. After it is in, medicine is pushed through the steel needle. The name "hypodermic" comes from two Greek words meaning "below skin".
Operant conditioning is a form of learning. In it, an individual changes its behaviour because of the consequences (results) of the behaviour.
The person or animal learns its behaviour has a consequence. That consequence may be
There are four different contexts in operant conditioning. Here, the terms 'positive' and 'negative' are not used in their basic sense; "positive" means that something is added, and negative means something is taken away:
The idea of operant conditioning was first discovered by Edward Thorndike, and analyzed by B.F. Skinner.
Operant conditioning is different from Pavlov's classical conditioning. Operant conditioning deals with the voluntary modification of behaviour; classical conditioning with training a reflex.
Operant conditioning, sometimes called "instrumental learning", was first studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949). He observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. When first put in the boxes, cats took a long time to escape. With experience, successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the cats to escape in less time. In his law of effect, Thorndike theorized that behaviours followed by satisfying consequences tend to be repeated, and those that produce unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. In short, some consequences "strengthened" behavior and some consequences "weakened" behavior. Thorndike produced the first known learning curves by this procedure.
B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) worked out a more detailed analysis of operant conditioning. Skinner invented the "operant conditioning chamber" which let him measure rate of response as a key dependent variable. He used a record of lever presses or key pecks.
Principles of operant conditioning:
Atrax
Atrax is a genus of spiders. They have very strong venom. These spiders aggressively defend their territory and chase off attackers who may scare them by making a threat display. Next they will bite. The fastest death occurred in 1927 when a young boy died within fifteen minutes of being bitten. Thirteen deaths were recorded in the fifty years before antivenom was invented for this spider's bite. In English they are sometimes called Sydney Funnel Web spiders because they come from around that part of Australia.
Under the heading "spiders" (Aranae) there are three main groups. One is so very old that only a few species still live on earth. Another is the group that includes the spiders that can be seen making webs or chasing prey almost everywhere in the world. The third group includes the tarantulas and a few other kinds of spiders. The Atrax spiders belong to this third group.
There are also species called "funnel-web spiders" that belong to the second group mentioned above. So they are not close relatives of Atrax, and they are not dangerous. They just have a similar way of making a funnel-shaped web that leads down to some kind of shelter where the spider hides in wait for some insect to eat. Atrax is a very large and very aggressive spider, and these other spiders are from small to medium size and are extremely timid.
Bahrain at the Olympics
Bahrain has been in 6 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
Bahrain won their first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Maryam Yusuf Jamal won a bronze in the women's 1500m run.
Rashid Ramzi won the gold medal in the men's 1,500 meters. Because he used drugs, the IOC took the medal away.
Bangladesh at the Olympics
Bangladesh has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
No Bangladeshi competitor has qualified for the Olympics; the country sends representatives to the Games thanks to the wildcard process. Bangladesh is the most populous country in the world to have never won an Olympic medal. They have had 27 participants in 3 sports.
Bangladesh Olympic Association head Wali Ullah says that Bangledesh's weak economy is the reason for its poor results in sports.
Hot wings
Hot wings are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked in sauce. Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy. They are sometimes called buffalo wings because they came from Buffalo, New York.
Threat display
A threat display is anything that an animal does to scare away other animals. A dog will bare its teeth and growl. A cat will hiss. A snake will coil up, raise its head, and move back and forth to point itself at any big animal that approaches it.
Many animals have threat displays that make them look bigger. A lion's mane will stand up, making it look much larger and more powerful. Humans may raise both hands, spread wide, above their heads. Bears will stand on their hind legs, raise their front legs, and show their teeth while growling.
Bhutan at the Olympics
Bhutan has been in the Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. Bhutan has only been in Archery, which is the national sport of Bhutan. They have never won an Olympic Medal.
The Bhutan Olympic Committee was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC the same year.
Brunei at the Olympics
Brunei, as "Brunei Darussalam", was first at the Olympic Games in 1988, with a single official but no athletes. The nation was in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004. Each time it was represented by a single athlete. Brunei has never been in the Winter Olympic Games. They have never won an Olympic medal.
As of 2010 Brunei, along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, was one of only three countries to have never sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 announced it would "press" these countries to allow women's participation.
The National Olympic Committee for Brunei was formed in 1984 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.
Cambodia at the Olympics
Cambodia at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 8 countries and 40+ athletes. Since 1983, athletes of Cambodia have been part of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cambodia is CAM. In 1964, it was CAB.
The National Olympic Committee of Cambodia was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC in 1994.
No competitor from Cambodia has won an Olympic Medal.
Antivenom
An antivenom is a medicine used to protect against a specific venom. (A venom is a poison released by a snake or insect.) Frequently the venom of some creature such as a cobra will be harvested and a little will be injected using a hypodermic needle into a horse every day for a long time. The horse's body will develop an immunity to the venom, so more and more venom from the snake can be injected every day. After the horse is immune, its blood can be drawn little by little to get the part of the blood that makes the horse immune. That part can then be injected into humans who have been bitten by cobras.
There are antivenoms for the very large and very dangerous funnel-web spiders found in Australia, and for the widow spiders (such as the black widow) found all around the world.
China at the Olympics
The People's Republic of China (PRC) was first at the 1952 Summer Olympics. That year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) let both the PRC and the Republic of China (which recently moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War) compete. The Republic of China withdrew in protest. Because of the political status of China, the PRC was not in the Olympics again until 1980.
The Chinese Olympic Committee was formed in 1910 and recognized in 1979. Before the Chinese Civil War, athletes competed as the Republic of China (ROC) at the Olympics. In 1979, the International Olympic Committee passed a resolution for the ROC team to be called "Chinese Taipei", and this opened the door for the PRC to finally join the Olympic movement.
Hong Kong has had a distinct National Olympic Committee since 1950 and has been at the Games since 1952. After the territory returned to the PRC this has continued, with Hong Kong separate from the rest of the nation under the name "Hong Kong, China".
The People's Republic of China hosted the Games one time: the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
As of 2012, China has a total of 473 medals in the Summer Games.
As of 2012, China has a total of 44 medals in the Winter Games.
Mutagen
Hong Kong at the Olympics
Hong Kong at the Olympics is a history which began in 1952.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hong Kong was HOK. It is now HKG.
Hong Kong was first at the Olympic Games in 1952, then as a British colony. Hong Kong has been at every Summer Olympic Games since then except for the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.
The National Olympic Committee (NOC) for Hong Kong was formed in 1950 as the "Amateur Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong", and is now known as the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China.
After the sovereignty of Hong Kong was passed to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the NOC has been named Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong is separate at the Olympics by its own choice.
In 2008, Hong Kong was the site of the equestrian venues for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Competitors from Hong Kong have twice won Olympic medals:
India at the Olympics
India at the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 19 countries and 800+ athletes. Since 1900, India has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for India is IND.
The Indian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1927. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1927.
India's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.
For a period of time, India's men's field hockey team was strong in Olympic competition. The team won eleven medals in twelve Olympiads between 1928 and 1980.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, India won two silver medals and four bronze medals.
Indonesia at the Olympics
Indonesia first competed in the Olympic Games in 1952.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Indonesia is INA.
Indonesia was first at the Olympic Games in 1952. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964 and 1980. Indonesia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was formed in 1946 and recognized in 1952.
Iran at the Olympics
Iran was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1980 and 1984. Iran has also been in some Winter Olympic Games since 1956.
The National Olympic Committee for Iran is the "National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran". It was formed in 1947.
Ciudad del Motor de Aragón
The Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, also known as Motorland Aragón, is a race circuit located near Alcañiz, Spain.
The circuit was designed by the German architect Hermann Tilke. He worked with the British architectural firm Foster + Partners. Formula One driver Pedro de la Rosa helped with the project. He provided technical and sporting information.
The facility includes a technology park, a sports area, and a leisure and culture area. The technology park will be based around the motor industry. The sports area will include the racing circuit, a karting track, and various gravel circuits. The leisure and culture section will feature a hotel, business and shopping areas.
It was announced on May 26, 2008 that the circuit will host a round of the World Series by Renault.
On 18 March 2010, Motorland Aragón was announced as a replacement for the Balatonring on the 2010 MotoGP schedule. On 19 May 2010, it was announced that the circuit will hold a round of the Superbike World Championship.
Luiz Razia
Luiz Tadeu Razia Filho (born April 4, 1989 in Barreiras) is a Brazilian racing driver.
Razia began his single seater career in 2005 in the South American Formula 3 championship. He finished sixth in the championship. He also took part in the Brazilian Formula Renault 2.0 series, finishing the year tenth in the standings.
For 2006, Razia remained in South American Formula 3 and won the title. He also became a rookie driver for A1 Team Brazil in the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season.
The next year, Razia moved to Europe to race in the Euroseries 3000 championship. He finish third in the Euroseries standings and fourth in the Italian championship. Razia also ran four races in the 2007 World Series by Renault.
In 2008, he remained in Euroseries 3000, partnering Frenchman Nicolas Prost, the son of four-time Formula One World Champion Alain Prost. In the Italian Formula 3000 standings he finished the season in fourth place. He won his first race win at Misano.
On October 2, 2008, it was announced that Razia will race for Team Arden in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. In the final race of the season in Bahrain, Razia claimed his first win.
He signed for Fisichella Motor Sport to compete in the main GP2 Series in 2009 season. At the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Razia led from pole to take his first GP2 win.
Razia joined the Barwa Addax Team for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season. He was replaced before the second round, but returned for the final round in Bahrain.
He remained with Rapax for the 2010 season. He finishing eleventh in the drivers' championship. His team-mate, Pastor Maldonado, became the series champion. Razia helped Rapax to claim the teams' title.
As part of his Formula One testing deal with the Lotus team, Razia signed to drive for the new AirAsia team in 2011. He scored no points in the 2011 Asia series.
On December 15, 2009, it was officially announced that Razia would join the new Virgin Racing team as a test driver. In March 2011, Razia was confirmed as reserve and test driver for Team Lotus for the 2011 season. At the Chinese Grand Prix, Luiz Razia drove in Free Practice Session 1 for Team Lotus, replacing Jarno Trulli.
Vespoidea
Voyeurism
Voyeurism is when a person gets sexual pleasure from the fact that they can see other people doing things that are normally private, such as getting undressed, or being naked, or having sex. The people being watched are usually not aware of the voyeur (watcher). Voyerurism is an important concept in movie. Some movies can be voyeuristic, even if they do not have sex or nudity in them.
URL shortening is a technique on the World Wide Web in which a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be made substantially shorter in length and still direct to the required page. This is achieved by using an HTTP Redirect on a domain name that is short, which links to the web page that has a long URL. For example, the URL <nowiki>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening</nowiki> can be shortened to <nowiki>http://wrapr.co/GvR7j</nowiki>, <nowiki>http://evg.in/az41</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://evg.in/urlwiki</nowiki>. This is especially convenient for messaging technologies such as Twitter and Identi.ca, which severely limit the number of characters that may be used in a message. Short URLs allow otherwise long web addresses to be referred to in a tweet. In November 2009, the shortened links on one URL shortening service were accessed 2.1 billion times.Andreas Heraf
Andreas Heraf (born 10 September 1967 in Vienna) is an Austrian football manager and former football midfielder.
He started his career with SK Rapid Wien but played later for different clubs in Austria (Vienna, Austria Salzburg, Vorwärts Stteyr, FC Kärnten) and Germany (Hannover 96). He was member of Rapids team playing in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.
His first international match was in April 1996 a friendly match against Hungary. He was member of the 1998 FIFA World Cup team but did not play. His last international was an October 1998 World Cup qualification match against San Marino.
From 2001 till 2008 he was manager of different teams in Germany and Austria. Since 2008 he is coach of Austrias U20 national team, which qualified for the FIFA World Cup 2011 in Columbia.
Abraham Washington
Brian Jossie (born July 4, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Jossie is currently wrestling in its developmental territory company, Florida Championship Wrestling under the stage name, Abraham Washington. He made his WWE debut on June 30, 2009 on the now-defunct ECW where he had an in-ring interview segment called the "Abraham Washington Show" under his ring name, Abraham Washington. The shows set-up took place one the stage with Tony Atlas acting as a sidekick and announcer.
Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10, 1995 on Trauma Records. It got No Doubt nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. It reached No.1 in the United States and stayed there for eight weeks. It was also No.1 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, New Zealand, and Belgium. It was the second best-selling album of the year in the US, and the 22nd best-selling album of the 1990s.
Seven songs from it were released as singles: "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", "Don't Speak", "Excuse Me Mr.", Happy Now?", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You!". "Hey You" was only released in the Netherlands, but a vide was made for it. "Just a Girl" was the first single released from the album. It was released in the UK in 1996 and reached number 38. "Don't Speak" reached No.1 there in February 1997. Then "Just a Girl" was re-released and reached number 3.
Return of Saturn
University of São Paulo
University of São Paulo ("Universidade de São Paulo", short USP) is a public university of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Established in 1934, it is the largest Brazilian university as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.
Brazilian wandering spider
Phoneutria is a genus of spiders which are dangerous to human beings. Their venom is more powerful, drop for drop, than other venoms. They are called "armed spiders" in Portuguese because their venom is a powerful weapon. Their body length goes from 17 to 48 mm (0.7–1.9 in).
These spiders live in Central America and South America. They hide in the daytime and walk around looking for food at night. So in English they are called 'wandering spiders'. There are several species, and only "Phoneutria fera" can kill healthy adult humans. People who get bitten by Phoneutria spiders can be given an antivenom. In any event, their degree of toxicity has been challenged. The spiders may be able to control the amount of venom they inject.
There are about eight "species" in this genus.
Many tabloid newspapers use a photo of a topless or a naked girl to improve their sales. Very often, this photo is placed on page three of the newspaper; that is where the name of this feature is from. For this reason, the feature is referred to as Page Three or Page 3. The newspaper The Sun, who introduced this in 1970, holds a copyright on the name. The Sun showed a picture of a topless girl on page three. Other newspapers, such as the "Daily Star" and "Daily Mirror" had pictures of naked women; The Mirror changed for models in swimsuits after a few years.