AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Baltix can run directly from its live-usb, without installation to a computer's permanent storage (hard disk, solid state drive, etc.), but also can be installed into a computer's Linux or Windows partition(s).
The Times of India
The Times of India is an English language newspaper published in India. On November 3, 1838 the newspaper was founded as "The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce", and, in 1861, it was renamed "The Times of India". The newspaper has a conservative outlook.
With about 2.6 million copies sold each weekday, "The Times of India" is the bestselling newspaper in the world. The second bestselling newspaper in the world, "USA Today", sells about 2.25 million copies each weekday.
Hindustan Times
Hindustan Times is a English language newspaper published in India. It has simultaneous editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Patna, Ranchi and Kolkata. The newspaper has a centrist outlook.
The Statesman
The Statesman is a English language newspaper published in India. It is published simultaneously from Kolkata, New Delhi, Siliguri and Bhubaneshwar.
A Live CD, Live DVD, or Live Distro is a special way of creating a computer operating system so that it is able to run without installing anything on the computer first. This special operating system is used when the computer is booting up, and runs all its programs off the object it is put on. The name of the operating system usually has something to do with the object, such as ""Live CD"" for CDs, ""Live DVD"" for DVDs, or ""Live USB"" for USB flash drives.
""Distro"" is short for Distribution, and is used because different types of Linux operating systems are called Linux Distributions, and Linux Distros were the first operating systems to be made into Live CDs. A ""Live Distro"" is used to refer to all different kinds of these special operating systems, instead of just the ones on a certain object.
The word ""live"" is used to describe the special way that the operating system is set up so that it can run on a computer without needing to install anything first.
The first Linux-based Live CD was Yggdrasil Linux (it stopped being made in 1995), but it did not work well because back then CD drives could not read CDs fast enough. in 2003, a Live CD based on Debian called Knoppix was released. Many people liked to use Knoppix, both as an operating system, and as a way of fixing a computer. Many more people have started using Live CDs since then, because of programs like Linux Live scripts and remastersys which make it very easy to make your own personalized Live CD.
Some Live Distros are made to demonstrate how an operating system would work on a computer, without making you install it first.
Other Live Distros come with a variety of software which help fix different problems that can happen with a computer, such as if they get a computer virus, or if a person forgets their password.
People also create Live Distros to demonstrate new ways of making operating systems, or proving that an operating system can run on a new type of computer.
Here are some images/screenshots of live CDs:
Deccan Herald
BeatrIX
BeatrIX is a GNU/Linux,live CD-based Linux distribution started by Steven Watsky, it was designed to look very simple, in order to be as easy to use as possible to new users. A new BeatrIX desktop has just four icons (e-mail, instant messaging, word processing and web browser). Hence, anyone who has some computer experience will be able to use BeatrIX.
BeatrIX is a small operating system, taking up only 200MB. The liveCD fits into 80 mm discs that can store up to 184 MB of data.
BeatrIX uses Linux 2.6.7 and GNOME 2.8 as its GUI desktop. It has productivity tools such as OpenOffice.org 1.1.2, Mozilla Firefox (version 1.0) web browser, Gaim (version 1.0), etc.
BeatrIX has been discontinued since 2005 due to Steven Watsky's lapse in health. Another distro called BeaFanatIX is using the code of BeatrIX and continuing development.
DeMuDi
DeMuDi ("Debian Multimedia Distribution") was a Linux distribution based on Debian with improvements for music, sound and video production.
DeMuDi was developed by the AGNULA Project, a European Union funded project to improve access to multimedia software, and was also known as A/DeMuDi, with A standing for Agnula.
When funding stopped volunteers continued to work on the project for a short time, but now it is part of the Debian Multimedia Project.
Dreamlinux
Dreamlinux was a Linux distribution, a collection of computer programs that is designed for the use of the Linux operating system on a computer. The Dreamlinux distribution was made in Brazil, and is based on Debian, another commonly-used Linux distribution. Dreamlinux can be used in Portuguese.
There are several ways to use Dreamlinux to run the Linux operating system on a computer.
Most operating systems have a graphical user interface, or GUI, which allows the user to interact with the programs using a graphical display. The GUI which Dreamlinux uses looks similar to the one used by Apple's Mac OS X operating system, with a toolbar in the center. The user can also download the "Engage" theme, which gives the toolbar some animated aspects.
Cluniac Reforms
The Cluniac (Clunian) Reform was a series of changes within medieval monasticism. The reforms focused on restoring the traditional life in the monasteries. Monasteries should encourage the production of artworks. They should also care for the poor.
The reform is named after the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy. It started in the Benedictine order there. The reform was largely carried out by Saint Odo. It spread through France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), England and much of Italy and Spain.
The reform was stated, because there was corruption in the Benedictine order. People thought this corruption came because people that were not priests and that came from outside the monasteries interfered with them. A Benetictine monastery needed land. This land was given by a Feudal lord. By giving the land, the lord would become the patron of the monastery. However, he would often demand the right to interfere in the business of the monastery. The Cluny reform was an attempt to change this practice. A more independent abbot would have better success at enforcing the Rule of the order, it was thought. William of Aquitaine formed the first Cluny monastery in 910 with the novel stipulation that the monastery would report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. This meant essentially that the monastery would be independent, since the pope's authority was largely theoretical at that distance.
During its height (about 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. Among the most notable reform supporters were Pope Urban II, Lambert of Hersfeld and Abbot Richard of Saint Vannes at Verdun. The Cluniacs were supporters of the Peace of God concept, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Lands.
Southern, R.W., "Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages", London: Penguin Books, 1970.
Elive
Elive is a Linux distribution based on Debian 10 Buster both for legacy (old) and new hardware. Elive uses the desktop environment Enlightenment. Elive is a Linux Distribution with a Live CD and Persistent USB Image that allows the user to try Elive before installing it on the system and not lose any work.
Elive was born in Belgium prior to 2005 as a private experiment by its founder to customize a Knoppix Live CD running the Enlightenment and with the designs based in the Evil Entity distro, it was called Tezcatlipotix, since the result was better than expected the desire to create a public version started.
Two months later the first public version with the name of Elive appeared publicly, appearing directly in Slashdot.
Elive has access to online repositories of Debian (Buster for beta, Wheezy for old stable) and uses its own repositories with more than 2500 packages that includes own specific software for Elive, extra software, or packages that replaces the default ones provided by Debian, improving the overall system and integrity. Elive comes with a complete set of included software to fit any needs for example free programs as: LibreOffice, Chromium, Firefox, Thunderbird, VLC media player, GIMP, Inkscape, Blender, Skype, Virtual box, Shotwell...
Elive old stable has 3D effects without need of an accelerated graphic card (though is suggested), thanks tot he integration between E17 and Compiz (Ecomorph). The Beta version supports the newest linux kernel and is available both for i686 and amd64 architectures, though it drops the support to E17 (not compatible with the latest Debian Stable release) in favor of E16, which, despite being older, is way more stable and well supported by modern distributions. It is fairly easy to upgrade to E23, which is considered the future Desktop Environment of this OS.
At the moment 3 supported releases are available:
All the old releases are available on the official website and shared through Torrent.
The "minimum hardware requirements" for running Elive (32 bit) are:
The "minimum recommended hardware requirements" are:
The basic setup to get a daily usable device could be a Pentium 4 HT (or equivalent), 2gb ram, 30gb 7200 rpm sata hard disk and a graphic acceleration capable graphics card; the previous recommended requirements would still give a snappy system, but they would not meet modern web browsing requirements (so the experience with Firefox or Chromium may not be the best), which is out of the os control: for that reason Elive also ships some low resources browsers like Netsurf and Links2, though they are unable to visualize every website correctly.
Thomas & Friends (originally known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends or simply Thomas the Tank Engine; later called Thomas & Friends: Big World! Big Adventures!) is a British children's television series. It was first broadcast on CITV in October 1984. It is based on "The Railway Series" books by the Rev. W. Awdry and his son, Christopher. The main character is Thomas the Tank Engine, a tank engine that is painted blue. The show takes place on the made-up island of Sodor. There are two main railways there. One of them is run by Sir Topham Hatt. The other one is a different size. Thomas runs on the main one (the one that is run by Sir Topham Hatt).
The show is mainly about the machines and people who populate the fictional Island of Sodor. Since 2004, the show has had eight main characters:
Feather Linux
Feather Linux, created by Robert Sullivan, is a Knoppix-based Linux distribution which fits in under 128 MB (while older versions were made to fit within 64 MB). It boots from either a CD or a USB Flash Drive, into a Fluxbox desktop environment. It has a wide range of desktop and rescue software, and can load entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive. Feather Linux contains many GTK+ applications, such as AbiWord and Pidgin. Feather linux has tried to include software that people would frequently be using on their desktop.
With its most recent release being on 2005-07-04, Feather Linux is now not under development. This distribution is partly inspired by Damn Small Linux.
Rose window
Ageing or aging is the many changes that happen in an individual over time. In living things, ageing includes most physical and psychological changes which happen after adulthood.
Senescence is the biological process which leads to ageing. There have been many attempts to answer the question: why do animals (especially humans) age?
In one way, ageing begins at birth, because cell division and growth is fastest then, and gradually slows down as time goes on.
In another way, ageing starts when the likelihood of death increases. Actuarial tables show the likelihood of death at each stage of life. These tables are used by insurance companies to assess the rates of insurance on life policies and pensions. It turns out that we are least likely to die when we are young adults. For girls this is as early as 14. The reason suggested by biologists (such as Peter Medawar and George C. Williams) is that this is the time most significant for reproduction, or was in mankind's past. The assumption is that the peak age of reproduction in mankind's history was lower than today. A gene can be expressed at various stages of life. Any allele of a gene which interfered with reproduction would have less chance of passing on to the next generation. The number of such genes in the population would automatically be reduced. Thus natural selection would virtually eliminate any inherited effect which reduced fertility.
However, later in life, inherited defects would have little or no effect on the population as a whole. In fact, during life our cells collect damage to their DNA which is random, but causes us to become gradually less fit as we age. And we have some cell types which never, or rarely, divide during adult life. Muscle cells and most neurons never divide in adult life. Obviously, they collect damage, and not just to the DNA. Also, we inherit various genetic conditions which have effect later in life, like Huntington's chorea. The twin effects of delayed heredity and buildup of damage is what makes us age. Protists do not age: they divide, and the next generation is just as good as the last. Why do even our dividing cells collect damage? The answer to that question is not known, but may be connected to a a cell division phenomenon.
Physical attractiveness
Physical attractiveness means the different characteristics of someone's physical appearance that different people consider to be beautiful in other humans. Physical attractiveness can also include sexual attractiveness, ideas about beauty, proportions, muscular development, and appearance.
Physical attractiveness means different things to different people and to different human cultures. There is no single definition of physical attractiveness.
In men, physical attractiveness may include slim waist and height. Female physical attractiveness might include youth, waist-hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference, body mass proportion and facial symmetry.
A souvenir (from French, for "memory"), memento or keepsake is an object a traveler brings home for the memories created during a trip. It can be a postcard, statue, magnet or little things that represent the place. Often bought as a gift for family or friends to share the memory with them.
Online gift shops are websites which sell products online that will be given to other people.
Panel could mean:
Jammu
Jammu is a city in Jammu and Kashmir. It is on the banks of the Tawi River which is a tributary of the Chenab River. The Dogri language is spoken here among Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Jammu is called ‘city of temples’ because the Hindu temples are in huge numbers there.
There is an archeological site called Manda in Jammu.
St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau
St. Stephan's Cathedral is a baroque Cathedral. It was finished in 1688 in Passau, Germany. It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion uses an expression to make a series. It uses a bracket expression like formula_1. There are three binomial expansions.
There are basically three binomial expansion formulas:
We can explain why there are such 3 formulas with a simple expansion of the product:
If formula_5 is an integer (formula_6), we use Pascal's triangle.
To expand formula_7:
So formula_14
So as a rule:
where formula_17 is the number at row formula_5 and position formula_19 in Pascal's triangle.
Pashto language
Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. The small difference between these two dialects is in the use of sounds.
Shina language
Boudry Department
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Boudry. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 82,690.
Kogho Department
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Kogho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 15,524.
Méguet Department
Méguet is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According to 1996 estimates, it has a population of 34,668.
Mogtédo Department
Mogtédo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 44,668.
Salogo Department
Leh
Leh is a city in the Leh District of Ladakh. It was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh. Leh is at an altitude of , at a distance from the right bank of the Indus River.
The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh. The palace resembles a mini version of the Potala Palace in Tibet. Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist culture and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture.
The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, Sultan Sadruddin was a Ladakhi. His real name was Gialpo, (Prince) Renchan. He came down to Kashmir Valley in the reign of Raja Sahdev and acquired a place in the courtiers of the army Chief Ram Chandra. By and by he succeeded in rising to the throne in 1324. He married Ram Chandra's daughter Kotarani who later on proved to be a courageous and enterprising lady. King Renchan embraced Islam at the hands of a Muslim saint and preacher Abdur Rehman, Bulbul Shah and adopted the name of Sultan Saruddin for himself. He died in 1327 after ruling the country far a short period of 3 years.
A Mughal chieftain Haider Douglat attempted to invade Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715, two Italian priests Epo Lito and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Rome via Srinagar. There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between India and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian countries from here through the Karakoram Pass.
Zam Department
Zam is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zam. According to 1996 estimates, it has a population of 39,259.
Zorgho Department
Zorgho is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zorgho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 49,648.
Srinagar
Srinagar (, ) is a city in Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Indian occupied Kashmir region. It is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Zoungou Department
Zoungou is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zoungou. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 29,753.
Ganzourgou Province
Anantnag
Anantnag (Kashmiri: اننتناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), is a city and a municipality located in the Anantnag District in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. About 180,000 people live in Anantnag.
Anantnag is the third largest city of the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by population and largest according to area. It is also regarded as the commercial and financial capital of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the largest business and trading center of the valley.
Religions of Pakistan
Pakistan's official national religion is Islam, and about 97% of the people in Pakistan follow Islam. But there are people of many other religions living in Pakistan.
Christians are the largest minority group in Pakistan. They live all over the country. Pakistani Christians belong to many ethnic groups and speak many languages. There are many different churches, and many different types of churches, in most cities in Pakistan.
Although Pakistani Christians do not only do one type of job, they have often done a lot of work in areas like health care, education, railways and the police force. They are also starting to do a lot of work in the civil and defence services.
Hindus are the second biggest minority in Pakistan.
These are people (and children of people) who followed the Hindu religion during the days when Pakistan and India were together. In those days, they were part of the lowest caste. They were called "untouchable," and had to do work that no one else would do.
In a "caste system," there are different groups of people who are thought of as more or less important than each other. People would become a member of their caste when they were born, because their parents were part of that group. The lowest caste was thought of as the least important of all.
In Pakistan today, the law says that people are not allowed to treat this group badly. But people still do treat them badly, and make them do jobs that do not pay much money. Now some of these low-caste people are going to school and getting better jobs.
The Hindus of Pakistan are mostly found in Sindh, where they do a lot of farming. In the larger cities (like the city of Karachi), Hindus do a lot of buying and selling. They celebrate the Hindu holy days with all their traditional colour.
The Ahmadis follow the things Mirza Ghulam Ahmad taught at the end of the 1800s. Their doctrine (religious beliefs) is very close to Islam on most points. However, the Ahmadis do not believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet.
The Ahmadis do not call themselves non-Muslim. Only in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan written by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto after the secession of East Pakistan they were declared non-Muslim.
Ahmadis are mainly of Punjabi origin (from the Punjab area of India and Pakistan). They do all kinds of Humanitarian work not only in Pakistan, but all over the world.
The Parsis or (Zoroastrians) are a very small minority who live mostly in Pakistan's larger cities. Almost all of them work in business. Some of Pakistan's most successful shipping businessmen are Parsis. The richer members of this community are well-known for their philanthropic activities (giving money to people or organizations, with the goal of helping them or doing good).
There are very few Buddhists in Pakistan. However, their ancestors' culture made a difference in Pakistan. Many ancient Buddhist temples, schools, and cities have been found by archaeologists in Pakistan.
Creston, Iowa
Creston is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,597 at the 2000 census.
Fate (opera)
Fate (in Czech: "Osud"), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček.
Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera "Jenůfa" which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.
The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in "Jenůfa", so the people in the story of "Fate" belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.
The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.
Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.
The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it.
In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.
Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.
Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished.
Dwarf Allosaur
Dwarf Allosaur is a bone from a theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia about 106 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It may be related to "Allosaurus" but is smaller and lived 30 million years after all other allosaurs had gone extinct. As it is known only from a single bone nothing more can be said.
Besides its poor fossil record, it is famous for appearing in the BBC television series Walking with Dinosaurs.
Social network service
A social network is a website or service where people talk to, connect with another people. Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends. Most Social Networks will let you create a profile page with your pictures and information about yourself.
Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web.
The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks.
A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections. Social networks are also used to share things with other people.
Many Social Networks are available on phones and smartphones. Some companies are blocking access to such websites due to concerns over employees spending too much time on them.
A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service.
Spa town
A spa town, or simply spa, is a town that many people go to for health reasons. There is usually a spring there, or several springs. The water that comes from these springs is good for curing many illnesses. When people go to a spa town to get better we say that they go to "take the waters".
The word "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa. In continental Europe a spa was called a "ville d'eau" (town of water). The term "spa" is used for towns or resorts which offer hydrotherapy (making people better with water). This can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot spring baths.
List of Major League Baseball players
This is a list of Major League Baseball players by last name.
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.
Ain
Ain is a department in the east of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is named after the river Ain. Its prefecture is Bourg-en-Bresse.
Ain is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Bourg-en-Bresse as is capital. It was formed with four former provinces: Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Pays de Gex and part of the province of Franc-Lyonnais.
It was divided in nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes.
The department was called "départment of Bresse" but in 1791 was changed to its present name: "départment de l'Ain".
In 1798, Gex was separated from Ain for the creation of the old department of Léman.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the nine districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux.
The department of Léman was eliminated in 1814 and Gex was again part of the department of Ain. In 1815, some "communes" of Gex are passed to Switzerland and the "arrondissement" of Gex is created.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated but in 1933 Gex was made again an "arrondissement".
Ain is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of .
The department borders with Switzerland and 6 other departments in 2 regions:
The territory of the Ain department is formed by five regions:
The lowest point of the department is on the Rhône river, high.
Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Rhône, the Ain and the Saône. The largest natural lake is the Nantua lake, with an area of .
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Château-Gaillard (Ain) is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Château-Gaillard is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Château-Gaillard is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Ain is managed by the "Departmental Council of Ain" in Bourg-en-Bresse. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
There are 4 "arrondissements" (districts), 23 "cantons" and 410 "communes" (municipalities) in Ain.
The following is a list of the 23 cantons of the Ain department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
There is not an official demonym for the inhabitants of the Ain department; people are named after the regions:
Ain had a population, in 2014, of 626,127, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Bourg-en-Bresse, with 354,177 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
The "communes" in the department with more than 8,000 inhabitants are:
Aisne
Aisne is a department in the north of France, in the Hauts-de-France region. It is named after the Aisne river, a tributary of the Oise. Its prefecture is Laon.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Laon as is capital. It was formed from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France (Laon, Soissons, Noyon,and Valois), Picardy (Thiérache Vermandois), and Champagne (Brie and Omois).
It was divided in six districts: Château-Thierry, Chauny, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Château-Thierry, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Château-Thierry was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an "arrondissement".
Aisne is part of the Hauts-de-France region. It has an area of .
The department borders with Belgium and 6 other departments in 3 regions:
The territory of the Aisne department is formed by low plateaus and small hills. The highest point in the department, and in the Hauts-de-France region, is "Le Chêne Nain" () in the Ardennes forest on the border with the Ardennes department and near the border with Belgium; it is high.
The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as "la Brie poilleuse", a more dry plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Scheldt/Escaut, the Aisne, the Marne, the Ourcq, the Vesle, the Somme, the Oise, and the Serre.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Laon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Laon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is March with an average of .
In Laon, there is an average of of snow. The month with the most snow is February, with of snow.
The average temperature for the year in Laon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Aisne is managed by the "Departmental Council of Aisne" in Laon. The department is part of the Hauts-de-France region.
There are 5 "arrondissements" (districts), 21 "cantons" and 804 "communes" (municipalities) in Aisne.
The following is a list of the 21 cantons of the Aisne department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of Aisne are known, in French, as "Axonais" (women: "Axonaises"), from the Celtic name of the Aisne river, "Axona".
Aisne had a population, in 2014, of 539,783, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Laon, with 165,489 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in Aisne
The 10 "communes" in the department with more inhabitants are:
Allier
Allier is a department in the centre of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is named after the river Allier, a tributary of the Loire. Its prefecture is Moulins.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Moulins as its capital. It was formed from most of all the former province of "Bourbonnais" (the Duchy of Bourbonnais); Saint-Amand-Montrond, in the Cher department, was the only part of the old province that was not made part of Allier.
It was divided in seven districts: Cérilly, Moulins, Le Donjon, Cusset, Gannat, Montmarault and Montluçon.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montluçon.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Gannat was eliminated and in 1941 Vichy became the capital of one "arrondissement" of the department instead of Lapalisse.
In 1940, during World War II, the city of Vichy was the capital of Vichy France.
Allier is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of .
It is long from east to west and wide from north to south.
The department borders with 6 other departments in 4 regions:
There are four main geographical zones in the department:
The main rivers in the department are:
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Nevers is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".
There are two periods of maximum precipitation in June and October and a minimum in January and February with average of Montluçon (altitude: 207 m), in Moulins (245 m) in Vichy (251 m); and in Lapalisse (285 m).
Allier is managed by the "Departmental Council of Allier" in Moulins. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
There are 3 "arrondissements" (districts), 19 "cantons" and 317 "communes" (municipalities) in Allier.
The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Allier department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
There is not a traditional demonym to name the inhabitants of the Allier department. Some names used are "Alliérins", "Bourbonnais", "Elavérins", or simply "habitants de l'Allier" ("inhabitants of Allier").
Of these names, the most used is "Bourbonnais" followed by "habitants de l'Allier".
Allier had a population, in 2014, of 343,062, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Vichy, with 122,267 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence () is a department in the south of France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its prefecture is Digne-les-Bains.
Until 1970, the department was named as "Basses-Alpes".
The department of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, with the name of "Nord-de-Provence" was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 but soon its name was changed to "Haute-Provence" and then to "Basses-Alpes".
It was divided in five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron. with Digne as its capital.
On 12 August 1793, the department of Vaucluse was created from parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes. Basses-Alpes lost the canton of Sault of Vaucluse. Seventeen years later, in 1810, the canton of Barcillonnette was transferred over to Hautes-Alpes.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the five districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated and in 1942 Castellane was made again an arrondissement of the department.
During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy.
The name of the capital, Digne, was changed to Digne-les-Bains in 1988 and on 13 April 1970 the department of Basses-Alpes was renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of .
The department is surrounded by Italy and five departments in two regions:
The highest point is "Aiguille de Chambeyron" (), in the "commune" of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye, to the northeast of the Ubaye valley; it is . Other high mountains in the department are "Brec de Chambeyron" (), "Pics de la Font Sancte" (), "Grand Bérard", () and "Tête de Siguret" ().
The main river in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is the Durance, a tributary of the Rhône river and that flows through the west of the department. Its main tributaries are the Bléone and Verdon.
The Var river flows through the eastern part of the department.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at the Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban airport is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is managed by the "Departamental Council of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" in Digne-les-Bains. The department is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
There are 4 "arrondissements" (districts), 15 "cantons" and 198 "communes" (municipalities) in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.
The following is a list of the 15 cantons of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are known, in French, as "Bas-Alpins" (women: "Bas-Alpines"), referring to the department of "Basses-Alpes" which was the former name of the department until 13 April 1970.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence had a population, in 2014, of 161,588, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Forcalquier, with 88,333 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is named after the Alps mountain range and its prefecture (capital) is Gap.
The department of the Hautes-Alpes was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with the southeastern part of the old province of the Dauphiné.
It was divided in four districts: Briançon, Embrun, Gap and Serres, with Chorges as its capital but during that same year the capital was moved to Gap.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the four districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Gap, Briançon and Embrun.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Embrun was eliminated.
After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the department was occupied by troops from Austria and of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Hautes-Alpes is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of .
The department is surrounded by the Piedmont region (Italy) and four departments in two regions:
Hautes-Alpes is in the Alps mountain range. The average elevation is over . The third highest commune in all of Europe is the village of Saint-Véran. Gap and Briançon are the highest prefecture and subprefecture in France.
The highest point is "Barre des Écrins" (), in the "commune" of Pelvoux; it is high. The lowest point is in the valley of the Buëch river, with an altitude of .
The main rivers in Hautes-Alpes are the Durance, a tributary of the Rhône river, Buëch and Drac.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Embrun is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfc".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Embrun is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Embrun is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Hautes-Alpes is managed by the "Departmental Council of Hautes-Alpes" in Gap. The department is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
There are 2 "arrondissements" (districts), 15 "cantons" and 167 "communes" (municipalities) in Hautes-Alpes.
The following is a list of the 15 cantons of the Hautes-Alpes department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of Hautes-Alpes are known, in French, as "Haut-Alpins" (women: "Haut-Alpines").
Hautes-Alpes had a population, in 2013, of 139,883, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Gap, with 104,131 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in Hautes-Alpes
Ardennes (department)
Ardennes is a department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France named after the Ardennes forest. Its prefecture is the city of Charleville-Mézières.
Ardennes is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Mézières as is capital. It was formed with the former province of Champagne, the principalities of Sedan and Argonne and other territories.
It was divided in six districts: Charleville, Grandpré, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Mézières, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Rocroi and Sedan were eliminated but in 1942 Sedan was made again an "arrondissement".
The "communes" of Charleville and Mézières are joined to form the new "commune" of Charleville-Mézières; it was named the capital of the department.
Ardennes is part of the Grand Est region. It has an area of .
The department borders with Belgium (Namur and Luxembourg provinces) and 3 other departments in 2 regions:
The highest point of the department is "Croix-Scaille" () with an altitude of high.; it is found between the French "commune" of Hautes-Rivières and the Belgian "commune" of Gedinne.
The lowest point is on the Aisne river in Brienne-sur-Aisne, high.
Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Meuse, in the north, and the Aisne, in the south.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Charleville-Mézières is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Charleville-Mézières is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is June with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Charleville-Mézières is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Ardennes is managed by the "Departmental Council of Ardennes" in Charleville-Mézières. The department is part of the Grand Est region.
There are 4 "arrondissements" (districts), 19 "cantons" and 452 "communes" (municipalities) in Ardennes.
The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Ardennes department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of the Ardennes department are known, in French, as "Ardennais" (women: "Ardennaises"),
Ardennes had a population, in 2014, of 279,715, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Charleville-Mézières, with 160,939 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in the Ardennes
The main "communes" in the department are:
Gap or The Gap may refer to: Heath has a gap that is as big as a cave. You can walk in and explore.
Ariège (department)
Ariège (; ) is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France; it is named after the Ariège river that flows through the department.
Its capital is the city of Foix but the city with the largest population is Pamiers.
The department was inhabited in prehistoric times, as evidenced by the presence of caves with cave paintings and dolmens. In historical times it was inhabited by Basque people; they settled on the northern side of the Pyrenees and in the valleys below. In 415 it became part of the kingdom of the Visigoths, until their defeat at the hands of the king of the Franks in 507.
Ariège was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Ariège was created combining the counties of Foix (Languedoc) and Couserans (Gascogne).
Ariège is part of the Occitanie region and has an area of .
The department is surrounded by the French departments of Haute-Garonne to the west and north, Aude to the east, and Pyrénées-Orientales in the southeast, as well as Spain (Lleida) and Andorra in the south.
There are three main natural regions in the department:
The highest mountain in the department is the "Pica d'Estats" () that is high and is on the Spain-France border. Other high mountains are the "peak of Montcalm" (3,077 m) and the "Pic de Sotllo" (3,072 m).
The main river is the Ariège river, a tributary of the Garonne river. Another important river is the Lèze, a tributary of the Ariège.
Two main types of climate are found in Ariège:
Temperatures are mild in the foothills, e.g. at the city of Foix (400 metres) the average is 5 °C in January and 19 °C in July. However, they decline rapidly with elevation, e.g. at l'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre (1,430 m) it is 0 °C in January and 14 °C in July.
The department is managed by the "Departamental Council of the Ariège" in Foix. Ariège is part of the region of Occitanie.
There are 3 "arrondissements" (districts), 13 "cantons" and 332 "communes" (municipalities) in Ariège.
The following is a list of the 13 cantons of the Ariège department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of Ariège are known, in French, as "ariègeois" (women: "ariègeoises").