AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Before that, people from El Seibo fought against the French army. The most important battle was the "Palo Hincado Battle" won by the Dominican people on 7 November 1808, in a savanna ("Palo Hincado Savanna") just to the east of Santa Cruz del Seibo. Soon the French had to leave the country, and the whole island; they had lost Haiti, too.
In (last national census), there were people living in the El Seibo province, and 45,103 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km², one of the lowest in the country.
Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 25th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
, the total estimated propulation of the province is 91,256 inhabitants.
The largest city of the province is Santa Cruz del Seibo, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in 2010) of 26,477 inhabitants.
El Seibo has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 11th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province of the country.
There are at least three geographic regions in the province. From north to south, they are:
The River Soco is the most important river of the province; it flows from the Cordillera Oriental to the Caribbean Sea.
The only main road in the province is the "Carretera Mella" (Mella National Road) that goes through the middle of the province; the road comes from Santo Domingo and goes through the cities of Hato Mayor and Santa Cruz del Seibo and ends in Higüey.
There are 2 municipalities and 5 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:
Cattle raising is the most important activity in the province. Sugar cane and cacao are the most important crops.
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
Al-Masjid an-Nabawī (; Prophet's Mosque) is a mosque established and originally built by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad. It is in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was the third mosque built in the history of Islam and is now one of the largest mosques in the world. It is the second-holiest site in Islam, after Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.
The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622 CE. He shared in the heavy work of building. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque due to its connections to the life of Muhammad.
After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south-east corner of the mosque, originally Aisha's house, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. In 1279, a wooden cupola was built over the tomb which was later rebuilt and renovated multiple times in late 15th century and once in 1817. The current dome was added in 1818 by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, and it was first painted green in 1837, hence becoming known as the "Green Dome".
The 7th Nizam of Hyderabad had built more than thirty grand buildings around Masjid al-Haraam in Makkah Mukarramah and Masjid un-Nabavii in Madinah Munawarrah, for the pilgrims visiting these sacred places for Hajj and Umrah.
Sarvestan palace
Sarvestan Palace is a monument of the Sassanid era (226-651). It was built during the reign of Bahram "Gur" (The Zebra-Hunter, 420-438 A.D.) as a leisure mansion. It's excavation revealed that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago, 4,500 years older than previous estimates.
Hypostyle
In architecture, a hypostyle hall has a flat ceiling supported by columns.
Sacred architecture
An iwan ( "eyvān") is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end open.
Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia. They then found their way into Islamic architecture.
Typically, iwans open on to a central courtyard, and have been used in both public and residential architecture.
The Hassan II Mosque () is in Casablanca. It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the third largest mosque in the world after (i) the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and (ii) the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina. It was designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau. It was built by Bouygues., it stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a really big glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can fit in the mosque's adjoining grounds. Its minaret is the world's tallest at .
Missa in angustiis
Victoria, Princess Royal
The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa; 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was the eldest child and daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was created Princess Royal of the United Kingdom in 1841. She became queen of Prussia and Empress of Germany in 1888 until her husband's Friedrich's death a few months later. Her son Wilhelm II became German Emperor then. Her daughter Sophia of Prussia became Queen Consort of the Hellenes.
Empress Victoria died of breast cancer in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany, in August 1901, a few months after her mother's death.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG, KT, KP, PC, GCMG, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GCB, GCStJ, (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third son and seventh child of Queen Victoria. Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874. He was the longest lived issue of Queen Victoria.He died in 1942.He lived to age 91. He was the father of the Crown Princess of Sweden.
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (Leopold George Duncan Albert; 7 April 1853 – 28 March 1884) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort. Leopold was later created the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow. He was diagnosed with haemophilia as a baby, which later led to his death as an adult after slipping on the floor.
Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (in Dutch: "Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest") is an orchestra in the Netherlands. The orchestra is based in Amsterdam. “Concertgebouw” (pronounced: “Con-SERT-ghe-bouw”) is the Dutch word for “concert hall”. For nearly a century the orchestra were just called “Concertgebouw Orchestra”, but in 1988 the Queen Beatrix gave them the "Royal" title.
The concert hall, called the Concertgebouw, was opened on 11 April 1888. The orchestra was formed later that year and gave its first performance on 3 November 1888 under Willem Kes, who was to be their conductor for seven years.
In 1895, Willem Mengelberg became chief conductor. He was to be their conductor for fifty years. He made them into a world-class orchestra. He is particularly remembered for his conducting of the music of Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss whose music was new in those days.
As well as their chief conductor, the orchestra had assistant conductor positions called “first conductor” and “second conductor”. During Mengelberg’s time the “first conductors” included Karl Muck (1921-1925), Pierre Monteux (1924-1934), Bruno Walter (1934-1939), and Eugen Jochum (1941-1943), and the second conductors included the composer Cornelis Dopper, Evert Cornelis and Eduard van Beinum.
In 1945, after World War II had ended, Mengelberg was not allowed to conduct the orchestra because he had played to the Nazis. He was banned for six years from conducting them, but he died in 1951 just before the six years came to an end.
From 1945 to 1959, the orchestra's main conductor was Eduard van Beinum, who had sometimes conducted the orchestra since 1929. He was especially fond of the symphonies of Anton Bruckner, and he made recordings of Bruckner's Eighth and Ninth Symphonies for the Philips Records. Van Beinum conducted the orchestra until April 1959 when he suddenly had a heart attack and died during a rehearsal.
Bernard Haitink first conducted the Concertgebouw Orchestra on 7 November 1956. After van Beinum's death, Haitink became the orchestra's first conductor in September 1959. From 1961 to 1963, Haitink and Eugen Jochum shared the post of chief conductor of the orchestra. Haitink became the only chief conductor in 1963, and continued in this post until 1988. He had “assistant conductors”, including Edo de Waart and Hans Vonk.
Haitink made many recordings with the orchestra. In the early 1980s, the Dutch government was going to reduce the amount of money that the orchestra would get. This would mean that 23 musicians would have to lose their job. Haitink said he would resign if they did that. Fortunately the government changed their mind.
Riccardo Chailly became chief conductor of the orchestra in 1985. He recorded many symphonies with them including symphonies by Mahler, Bruckner and Shostakovich. When he left in 2004 Mariss Jansons became chief conductor.
In the December 2008 issue of Gramophone Magazine the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra was ranked as the best symphony orchestra in the world.
GNU GRUB
GNU GRUB ("GRUB" for short) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the main example of the Multiboot Specification, which allows a user to have more than one operating systems on their computer at once, and to choose which one to run when the computer starts. GRUB can be used to select from different kernel images available on a particular operating system's partitions, as well as to pass boot-time parameters to such kernels.
When a computer is turned on, the computer's BIOS finds the primary bootable device (usually the computer's hard disk) and loads the initial bootstrap program from the master boot record (MBR), the first 512 bytes of the hard disk, and then transfers control to this code.
The MBR contains GRUB stage 1. Because of the small size of the MBR, Stage 1 just loads the next stage of GRUB (which may be physically elsewhere on the disk). Stage 1 can either load Stage 2 directly, or it can load stage 1.5: GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 kilobytes of hard disk immediately following the MBR. Stage 1.5 loads Stage 2.
When GRUB Stage 2 receives control, it presents an interface to the user in order to select which operating system to boot. This normally takes the form of a graphical menu, although if this is not available or the user wishes further control, GRUB has its own command prompt, where the user can manually specify the boot parameters. GRUB can also be set to automatically load a particular kernel after a timeout period.
Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control on to the kernel, which then continues to start itself. At this stage GRUB can also pass control of the boot process to another loader, using "chain loading", for operating systems such as Windows that do not support the Multiboot standard. In this case, copies of the other system's boot programs have been saved by GRUB; instead of a kernel, the other system is loaded as though it had been started from the MBR. This may be yet another boot manager, such as the Microsoft boot menu, allowing further selection of non-Multiboot operating systems. (This behavior is often automatic when modern Linux distributions are installed "on top of" existing Windows systems, allowing the user to retain the original operating system without changes, including systems that contain multiple versions of Windows.)
Grub can refer to:
Tripe is part of an animal's stomach often served as food.
Fruiterer
A jig is a lively dance.
Flemish
Flemish might mean:
Ischaemia
In medicine, ischaemia is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted. This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body. It may also be spelled ischemia or ischæmia. It comes from the Greek words, "isch-" to "restrict" and "hema" or "haema" meaning "blood".
Angina pectoris
Wahhabi
Wahhabi (الوهابية) or Wahhabism is the conservative form of Sunni Islam practised in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. People think Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century scholar, started this belief. He wanted to see a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history.
Some definitions or uses of the term Wahhabi Islam include:
Muawiyah I
Muawiyah I (602-680) was a deeply controversial figure in Islam. He was the nephew of Uthman, and founded the Umayyad dynasty. He was also the rival of Ali.
Bell tower
A bell tower (also belfry or campanile) is a tower which contains one or more bells, or which is designed to hold bells, even if it has none. They are usually built at a height that allows the sound to be heard at some distance.
There are different ways to make the bells in a bell tower ring. In many cases, the bell is rung by pulling on a rope that is joined to the bell, making it swing on a hinge and the clapper hit the bell. Another way is to use a keyboard called a carillon. Sometimes, the bells are controlled by a clock mechanism or a computer. This lets them ring at certain times without the need for a human to do it.
There are no examples of bell towers in antiquity. The first to use a bell tower in a church was Paulinus of Nola, about the start of the 5th century. Bell towers in Italy have almost always been plain vertical towers not attached to a building (). From the beginning, bell towers in northern Europe have been attached to churches. They were known of in England at least by the time of Bede. When Hilda, Abbess of Whitby died (680 AD), a nun reported hearing the sound of a bell. Bell towers are repeatedly mentioned during the 8th century. One was the campanile of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was Pope Urban XIII's choice to design and build twin bell towers on the front of St. Peter's. His first tower shifted and large cracks appeared. Work on the second tower stopped. Bernini was blamed and called incompetent. When Pope Urban died in 1644 it was not decided what to do about the tower disaster. It was a major setback for Bernini's career and for the future of church bell towers. It was later discovered the ground under the towers was not stable. The towers were torn down. Bernini went on to have an otherwise brilliant career.
Muezzin
A muezzin is a man who calls muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque.
He leads the call ("adhan") to Friday service and the five daily prayers (also known as the salat) from one of the mosque's minarets. Blind people often got the position; this is so that they could not see the places where women gathered. Today, many mosques have electronic amplification, and the muezzin no longer needs to be on the minaret.
In the city of Abu Dhabi, the call to prayer is coordinated, all mosques transmit the call of the muezzin of Sheikh Zayed Mosque. The idea for a similar system in Cairo failed in 2004.
Iqama
Aleppo
Aleppo ( ['ħalab], , ) is a city in northern Syria. From 2012 to 2016 it was a battlefield in the Syrian civil war.
In 2010 it had an official population of 4.6 million. Then, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city. After 2010, however, Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously lived in (lived in all the time) cities in the world. People may have arrived in the 6th millennium BC.
There was a large earthquake near Aleppo in 1138.
Mihrab
Culver City, California
Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County, California.
Majority rule
Majority rule is a way of making decisions in government or in voting. A decision is made if it gets more than half of the votes. Majority rule is often used in referendums, which is when voters decide if they want to make a law by voting yes or no.
Majority rule is not the same as a plurality vote. In Plurality voting, which is often used in elections, whoever gets the most votes wins. With a plurality vote, the winner can have fewer than half of the votes if there are more than two choices. Elections for the house of Commons and many similar parliamentary bodies are done by plurality.
The U.S uses a plurality rule in their presidential elections.
Some people have criticized majority rule because it can lead to the tyranny of the majority which is not true democracy, where people who are the majority might vote for something that helps them but hurts the people in the minority or may even cause the negation of universal human rights, like Enabling Act. To prevent them, limit of constitutionalism and rule of law are established by German Constitution, as well as Council of Europe and European Union. This was also used in Greek voting.
Jama Masjid
The Masjid-i Jahān-Numā (, the 'World-reflecting Mosque'), commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi, is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India.
2006 Jama Masjid explosions
Babri Mosque
The Babri Mosque (, ), or Mosque of Babur was a mosque in Ayodhya, India. It was constructed by order of the first Mughal emperor of India, Babur, in Ayodhya in the 16th century.
Statues of Hindu deities were kept in the mosque overnight and claimed by hindus as the birth place of lord Rama.
Later, the site was declared disputed by the court. The mosque i destroyed in 1992 when a Rally of Hindus entered to the Ayodhya.
After the demolition of the Babri Mosque there was violence between Muslims and Hindus. On 27 September 2010 an Indian High Court (Allahabad High Court) decided that the Mosque was built on the Shri Ramlala Temple which was destroyed by Babar. Allahabad High Court decided to split the site into three parts.
Wudu
Wudu ( al-wuū', "ābdast", , wazū') is the Islamic act of washing parts of the body using water. It is necessary to do this before one prays.
7 July 2005 London bombings
The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called 7/7) were suicide bomb attacks on London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. They were carried out by British Muslim extremists.
At 08:50, three bombs exploded within fifty seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth exploded an hour later at 09:47 on a bus in Tavistock Square. The explosions were caused by home-made bombs. The bombs were packed into rucksacks and set off by the bombers themselves.
There were many memorials across the United Kingdom and the world remembering the victims of the attacks, including a memorial in Hyde Park. There were 52 victims in total, and over 700 people hurt in the attack.
After this attack there was a police reform in the UK. Many police in London are authorised to carry firearms. London is always on high alert for terrorism. The police are supported by the Serious Organised Crime Agency and MI6.
At 8:49am, on Thursday 7 July 2005, three bombs were set off on board London Underground trains within 50 seconds of each other:
Early on, there had been confusion around what happened in the explosions Police changed what they thought the timings of the tube blasts as they learnt more: the earliest reports had suggested that they happened during a period of almost half an hour. This was due to early confusion at London Underground (LU), where the explosions were originally believed to have been caused by power surges. An early report, made in the first few minutes after the explosions, involved a person under a train, while another described a derailment (both of which did happen, but only as a result of the explosions). A code amber alert was declared by LU at 9:19am, and LU began to stop the network's operations, ordering trains to continue only to the next station and stopping all services.
The effects of the explosions were different in some explosions due to the differing designs of the tunnels in which each happened:
Almost one hour after the attacks on the London Underground, a fourth bomb exploded on the deck of a number 30 double-decker bus, a Dennis Trident 2 was run by Stagecoach London and travelling its route from Marble Arch to Hackney Wick.
Earlier, the bus had went through the King's Cross area as it travelled from Hackney Wick to Marble Arch. At its final destination, the bus turned around and started the return route to Hackney Wick. The bus left Marble Arch at 9:00am and arrived at Euston bus station, the destination, at 9:35am, where crowds of people had been evacuated from the tube and went on buses as a different way of transport.
The explosion at 9:47am in Tavistock Square ripped off the roof and destroyed the back part of the bus. The blast in the explosion took place near BMA House, the headquarters of the British Medical Association, on Upper Woburn Place. A number of doctors and medical staff in or near that building were able to provide immediate emergency help.
People who saw the explosion happen reported seeing "papers and half a bus flying through the air". BBC Radio 5 Live and "The Sun" later reported that two injured bus passengers said that they saw a man exploding the bomb in the bus.
The location of the bomb inside the bus meant the front of the bus remained mostly undamaged from the explosion. Most of the passengers at the front of the top deck remained in the same condition as before, as did those near the front of the lower deck, including the driver, but those at the back of the bus had more serious injuries, with a few people being blown from the bus. The level of the damage caused to the victims' bodies resulted in a longer delay in announcing the death amount from the bombing while the police looked at how many bodies were there and whether the bomber was one of them. A few people nearby the bus were also hurt by the explosion and the surrounding buildings were damaged by debris.
The bombed bus was then covered with tarpaulin and removed so that they could look at the forensics at a secure Ministry of Defence site. The vehicle was later returned to Stagecoach and scrapped on 15 October 2009. A replacement bus, a new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 (fleet number 18500, which has been changed since to 19000, registration LX55HGC), was named "Spirit of London". In October 2012, the "Spirit of London" bus was set on fire in an arson attack. It was repaired at a cost of £60,000 and went back into serving people in April 2013. Two 14-year-old girls were charged for the attack.
The 52 victims were of diverse backgrounds; among them were several foreigners. All the victims were UK residents, including exchange students. Because of train delays before the attacks and transport problems after attacks caused by them, a few victims died aboard trains and buses they would not normally have taken. The victims differed a lot in age, with the youngest being 20 and the oldest being 60 years old, with an average age of 34.
Thirty two victims were British, while one victim each came from Afghanistan, France, Ghana, Grenada, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Mauritius, New Zealand, Nigeria, Romania, Sri Lanka, and Turkey. Three victims were Polish nationals, while one victim was a an Australian born in Vietnam and one held both American-Vietnamese citizenship.
Seven of the victims were killed at Aldgate, six at Edgware Road, 26 at King's Cross and 13 at Tavistock Square.
The four suicide bombers were later found out to be:
All 4 of them were later found out to be connected to Al Qaeda.
Three of the bombers were United Kingdom born sons of Pakistani immigrants; Lindsay was a convert born in Jamaica.
Charles Clarke, Home Secretary when the attacks happened, described the bombers as "cleanskins", a word describing them as previously unknown to the government before their role in the attacks. On the day of the attacks, all four had travelled to Luton, Bedfordshire, by car, then to London by train. They were recorded on CCTV arriving at King's Cross station at about 8:30am.
Two of the bombers made recordings describing their reasons for becoming what they called "soldiers". In a taped broadcast by Al Jazeera on 1 September 2005, Mohammad Sidique Khan, described his motivation. The tape had been edited and mentioned al-Qaeda members Osama Bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, calling themm "today's heroes". Khan's tape said:
The tape continued:
On 6 July 2006, a recorded statement by Shehzad Tanweer was broadcast by Al-Jazeera. In the video, which may have been edited to include statements and thoughts by al-Zawahiri, Tanweer said:
Tanweer argued that the non-Muslims of Britain deserved to be attacked because they voted for a government which "continues to oppress our mothers, children, brothers and sisters in Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq and Chechnya."
Early reports suggested that a power surge on the Underground power grid had caused explosions in power circuits, but this was later found out to not be true. Some people suggested that the explanation had been made because of bomb damage to power lines along the tracks that caused power surges. A couple of hours after the bombings, Home Secretary Charles Clarke confirmed the incidents were terrorist attacks.
Although there were safety and police alerts at many areas across the United Kingdom, no terrorist attacks took place outside central London. Suspicious packages were found and removed in areas around the United Kingdom.
"The Times" reported on 17 July 2005 that police sniper units were following many al-Qaeda suspects in Britain. The armed teams were ordered to shoot to kill if there was evidence that suggested that a terror suspect was carrying a bomb and he refused to surrender when asked by police. A person part of the Metropolitan Police's Specialist Firearms Command said that they had been used more often to look at people who might be terrorists.
Vodafone reported that its telephone network reached the most it could at about 10am on the day of the bombings, and it was forced to start emergency plans to put emergency calls first. Other phone networks also said they had problems. The BBC thought that the telephone system may have been shut down by security services to prevent the possibility of mobile phones being used to trigger bombs. This opinion was considered, but it was later found out it was due to a higher amount of texts and calls being made by people. ACCOLC was activated only in a area around Aldgate Tube Station because key emergency personnel did not have mobile phones with ACCOLC. The failures of communication when the emergency was happening caused discussion about how to make London's emergency communications system better.
For most of the day, central London's public transport system was largely out of service following the complete closure of the Underground, the closure of the Zone 1 bus network. The day after the attacks, most London Underground lines would open again, as would most of the Zone 1 buses. In August 2005, it was reported that when public transport opened again it lost 30% of passengers that were travelling before, with more people walking to where they want to go instead of using public transport. Most of the Underground, apart from the stations that were damagedby the bombs, opened again the next morning.
On 2 August, the Hammersmith & City line was reopened but the Circle line was still closed, though all Circle line stations are also served by other lines. The Piccadilly line started serving customers again on 4 August. On 4 August, the Circle line was reopened again.
The first reports about the explosions would come at 9:16am by Sky News, about half an hour after the first explosion. Sky News would also report the final explosion on the bus a few minutes after it happened, with the reporter saying that he believed a bomb had gone off.
BBC News received 1billion total attempts to access the website during the course of the day (including all images, text and HTML). At top times during the day there were 40,000-page requests per second for the BBC News website.
On 12 July, the British National Party made leaflets showing images of the 'No. 30 bus' after it was destroyed in the attacks. The slogan, "Maybe now it's time to start listening to the BNP" was printed next to the image. Home Secretary Charles Clarke described it as an attempt by the BNP to use the attacks to improve how well they did in politics.
Some news outside the UK complained that many British governments had treated radical Islamist militants too well, as long as they weren't involved in attacking the UK.
Most United Kingdom newspapers and many worldwide newspapers would have stories and photos of the attacks on their front page. "The Independent" would use statements from people who saw the attack happened or were on the transport when it happened.
There were limited reactions to the attack in the world economy as measured by financial market and exchange rate activity. The value of the British pound to the U.S. dollar went down. The FTSE 100 Index fell by about 200 points during the two hours after the first attack, being the largest decrease since the invasion of Iraq. After the market closed, it had recovered to only 71.3 points (1.36%) down on the previous day's high.
US market values went up a bit, partly because the dollar index went up sharply against the pound and the euro. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 31.61 to 10,302.29. The NASDAQ Composite Index went up from 7.01 to 2,075.66. The S&P 500 went up 2.93 points to 1,197.87 after going down as much as 1%. Every benchmark value gained 0.3%.
On 9 July, the Bank of England, HM Treasury and the Financial Services Authority revealed that they had made plans to help stop the economy becoming extremely damaged, immediately after the attacks to make sure that the UK financial markets could continue trading.
Maliki
The Maliki (Arabic مالكي) madhhab is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam. It is the third-largest of the four schools. It is followed by about 15% of Muslims. Most of them are in North Africa and West Africa.
Madh'hab
Madhhab or in Urdu Mazhab (Arabic مذهب [mæðhæb] pl. مذاهب [mæðæːhıb]) is an Islamic school of law, or "fiqh" (religious jurisprudence). Sunni Islam has four of them.
Masjid al-Haram
Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( "The Sacred Mosque"), is the largest mosque in the world. It is in the city of Mecca. It surrounds the Kaaba (the place which Muslims face while offering daily prayers). It is considered the holiest place on Earth by Muslims. The mosque is also known as the Grand Mosque. This mosque has nine minarets. Like Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, it also has undergone many renovations and expansions. The latest expansion was during King Fahd's reign. Further expansion was planned by the former ruler, King Abdullah.
Islamic calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy, also known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of artistic handwriting, and by extension, of bookmaking. It is both an art, and a practical way of writing.
Arabic calligraphy may be found on tiles and other ornaments. The text usually comes from the Koran (Qur'an).
The different styles of Arabic writing mostly derive from early versions of the Koran. There are geometric styles such as Kufic, and cursive (flowing) styles like Naskh, Thuluth, and Muhaqqaq.
Carsten Niebuhr
Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr (March 17, 1733 – April 26, 1815) was a German mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and explorer.
Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer. He was self-educated. He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India. He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria. He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s. Later editions were published around 1825.
Niebuhr’s maps of the region including "Sinus Persicus", made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.
Madrasa
Madrasa (, "madrasa" pl. , "madāris") is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion). It is variously transliterated as madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, madarsa, madrasseh, etc.
Umar
Umar (c. 581-83 CE– 7 November, 644), also known as Umar Al-Farooq was a Senior Companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad from the Banu Adi clan.and the second Caliph of Islam.
Prophet Muhammad Said IF there was anyone who deserved prophethood after Him, it was Umar.
He is called the "52nd most influential person in history."Hazrat Umar farooq accepted Islam at the age of 39.
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (German "Friedrich Josias von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld") (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) , was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.
Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.
Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759. After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. Soon after that, he became a Field General.
During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck, a regular person. On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son. The son's name was Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24. He then said that he was the father of Frederick. Frederick was by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808. On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him "Freiherr von Rohmann", named after the place of his birth. But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
In 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks. This poor positioning was caused by disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces. His army than suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).
After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands. Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway. Upset by both this and the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal. The Count of Clerfayt took over the position. Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.
2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
"This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006. For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari mosque bombing"
The 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing occurred at the al-Askari mosque in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on February 22, 2006, at about 6:55 a.m. local time.
Jumu'ah
Hanafi
The Hanafi (Arabic الحنفي) school is the oldest of the four schools of law "(Madhhabs)" or jurisprudence (Fiqh) within Sunni Islam.
Baitul Mukarram
Baitul Mukarram (; The holy house) is the national mosque of Bangladesh.
Musalla
al-Musallā, Arabic: ("al-musallā") is the name for an open space outside a mosque that is mainly used for praying. The words is derived from the verb ("sallā") which means to pray.
Shafi`i
The Syafi'i (Arabic: الشافعي) or Shafi'i is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, third largest by population, and it was founded by Imam Syafi'i.
It is practiced in this Asian and African parts:
South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most of South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh comes with Maharashtra, along with the largest city Mumbai.
Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Philippines and Thailand.
Western Asia: Eastern part of Turkey, large parts of Hadramawt, and Levant.
Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.
Hanbali
A minbar (also called mimbar sometimes, ) is a special place in a mosque. It is used by the Imam to speak to the congregation, to deliver sermons. Usually, minbars are raised (to be higher than the crowd, much like pulpits); These sermons are usually called "khutbah" ( خطبه ). In a minbar, the speaker is standing while he is giving the lecture. An alternative to this is to have a Hussainia where the speaker can sit down while giving the lecture.
Very often, the minbar is shaped like a small tower. The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, the niche that indicates the direction of prayer (i.e. towards Mecca).
Iman (concept)
Iman () is an Islamic term usually translated as "belief or faith". It is often used to refer to the strength of conviction in a Muslim.
Maghrib
Maghrib () is the fourth daily salat in Islam, offered at sunset.
A petition is a request to change some thing. They are often made to a government official or public entity. Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer.
"Petition" can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case. The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a "complaint". An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of "mandamus" or "habeas corpus", custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a "petition". A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.
Texaco Cup
The Texaco Cup was an association football competition in England.
Finals played over two legs except 1973-74, aggregate score given.
Rous Cup
Taça de Portugal
The Taça de Portugal (Translation: Cup of Portugal) is an association football competition. It is the cup competition for teams from Portugal. S.L. Benfica is the most successful team in this cup. They have won 26 Taça de Portugals, with their most recent win happening in 2017.
Finsbury Park Mosque
North London Central Mosque in Finsbury Park, London, was built in the 1990s to serve the large Muslim population in the area.
Primeira Liga
Primeira Liga is a football league which is top division in Portugal.
Peaceful coexistence
Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War that said that capitalist states could 'accept' each other. The idea of peaceful coexistence came from before the Communist leader Stalin’s death, as Georgy Malenkov called for it in 1952 but it was more clear after Stalin’s death in 1953 where destalinization (removing the personality and politics of Stalin) began.
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was an association football club competition which took place every year between winners of all European domestic cup competitions. The first competition was held in the 1960–61 season, and the last in 1998–99. The competition was then abolished to make way for a further expansion to the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners now gaining entry into the UEFA Cup.
Bourke, New South Wales
Shiraz
Shiraz is an important city in Southern Iran. About 1.4 million people live there.Shiraz is the fifth popular city in Iran and the capital of Fars provine.
Shiraz (disambiguation)
Shiraz may refer to:
English Football Hall of Fame
The English Football Hall of Fame is in the National Football Museum in Preston, England.
On the Internet, a header is extra information about a group of data. When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address). You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.
Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too. Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image. When this happens, other headers also come along with it.
Esfahān
Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as "Ispahan" or "Hispahan", Old Persian: "Aspadana", Middle Persian: "Spahān", "Esfahān") is the capital of Esfahan Province in Iran. It is about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609. It is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad.
Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world. It was strong from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty. During this time it was the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city keeps much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets.
The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world. It is an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city also has a many historic monuments.
Residentie Orchestra
The Residentie Orchestra (Dutch: Residentie Orkest) is an orchestra from The Hague in the Netherlands. Outside the Netherlands it is often known as The Hague Philharmonic. The name “Residentie” (“Residence”) shows that it comes from The Hague, which is where the Dutch parliament meets. The Hague is the “residence of the Queen’s parliament”, although it is not the capital city of the Netherlands. The orchestra are internationally famous.
The orchestra started to form in 1903 when a group of musicians who called themselves the “Residentie Orkest” gave a concert in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Building for Arts and Sciences) in the centre of the Hague. By the end of the following year they had formed to give regular concerts. Their concert on 20 November 1904 is taken to be the official beginning of the orchestra.
The first conductor of the orchestra was Henri Viotta, who soon made it a very good orchestra. Famous composers came to conduct their own works with the orchestra. These included Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Max Reger and Maurice Ravel. The orchestra was sometimes conducted by the Dutch composer Peter van Anrooy, as well as their guest conductor George Szell.
The orchestra continued to be internationally known, and some very famous conductors came to conduct the orchestra, including Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter, Leonard Bernstein and Hans Knappertsbusch.
During the years after World War II, from 1949 to 1973, Willem van Otterloo was the chief conductor. They gave regular concerts in the Hague and in Amsterdam and made recordings for Philips Gramophone. Van Otterloo introduced them to many different styles of music. As in its earlier days, the orchestra often played modern music conducted by the composers: Bruno Maderna, Mauricio Kagel, John Cage and Pierre Boulez conducted their works. Recordings were made with other conductors including Gennady Rozhdestvensky and Evgenii Svetlanov who included music by less well-known Russian composers.
Jaap van Zweden, who conducted the orchestra for the first five years of this century, took them on tour to Japan and South America and they made recordings to celebrate 100 years of the orchestra. Van Zweden is still Honorary Guest Conductor of the orchestra.
Today the orchestra’s chief conductor is Neeme Järvi. Many new things have been started, including some concerts given by the Residentie Scratch Orchestra, in which amateur players can join the professional players of the orchestra to give a concert.
The Residentie Orchestra gave many of their concerts in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (more simply known as “K&W Building”), but also the summer concerts in the Kurzaal in Scheveningen, the seaside resort of the Hague, were very famous. Until 1915 these had been given by the Orchestre Lamoureux. The Residentie took them over and continued them until 1968.
The orchestra moved out of the K&W Building in 1964. Shortly afterwards the building was destroyed by fire. The Residentie Orchestra gave their regular concerts in the Kurzaal until 1968 when they moved to the Congresgebouw (Congress Building) in the west of the Hague. This was still not a very good concert hall and in 1987 they were able to move to the new Dr. Anton Philipszaal in the centre of the town. There are plans now to build a completely new arts complex there.
Al-Azhar University
Al-Azhar University is a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world. It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university. It was founded in 975 by the Fatimids of the Shia tradition.
Imam Ali Mosque
The Imām ‘Alī Holy Shrine (), also known as Masjid Ali or the Mosque of ‘Alī, is a mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
Imam Reza shrine
Imām Rezā shrine () is a complex in Mashhad, Iran. It contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also in the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, seminaries, a cemetery, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.
This complex is the center of tourism in Iran. It is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.
Qiblah (, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah. Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah.
First Qibla;Unlike the biography stories that are composed of traditional rumor compilations, based on text and archaeological research, and hypothesized that the "Masjid al-Haram" was not located in Mecca, but in the north-west Arabian Peninsula.
Canadian archeology and Islamic history researcher Dan Gibson discovered that the oldest mosque, palace and cemetery positionings point to Petra. He found that it was the place where Muhammad and the first Muslims lived, and that the first direction of qibla for the Muslims was facing Petra.
Terracotta Army
The Terracotta Army is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an. They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well looking for underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.
According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife. He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.
Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.
The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.