AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Umeå is the biggest city in Norrland, the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. The town had about 80,000 people living there in 2010. The town opened a university in 1965. In the last 50 years the number of houses has doubled. About 700 buildings are built every year.
The city was elected European Capital of Culture in 2014. The city is the most norhtern location to have ever been a European city of culture. The city is partnering with a large number of voluntary organisations and the concept of open source
Umeå became a city in 1622. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, made the new city for Swedish merchants. He made the merchants to move north so that taxes could be increased. The city was burnt by Russian troops in 1714 and then again in 1720. In 1809 the city was briefly occupied again by the Russian army before peace was agreed. In 1888 the great fire destroyed the homes of over 2,000 people. The fire started in a brewery and destroyed part of the city including the shipyards at Teg and buildings on the island of Ön. Less than 1,000 of the people had a house after the fire. After the fire the town was rebuilt and many new birch trees were planted to stop future fires. The town is known for these trees.
In 1951 the city's library was recognised as important for northern Sweden. The library has a copy of every new book printed in Sweden. In 1962 the city opened its first airport. Umeå has been the biggest city in the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. Before 1962 the largest city was Sundsvall.
Billy Wara
Billy Wara (c. 1920 – November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.
Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book "The People In Between" (1968).
When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.
Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures ("" in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.
His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.
Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.
Jämsä
Jämsä (in the local dialect, "Jämpsä") is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 223 km from Helsinki, and 58 km from Jyväskylä. There were about 22,125 people living there in January 2014. Jämsä municipality was established in 1866. It is next to the municipalities of Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi. Isojärvi National Park, a popular hiking place, is near to Jämsä.
The former municipality of Kuorevesi was merged with Jämsä in 2001. The former municipality of Längelmäki was partly merged with Jämsä in 2007. The former municipality of Jämsänkoski was merged with Jämsä in 2009.
Kiyoshi Muranaga
Kiyoshi K. Muranaga (February 16, 1922-June 26, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.
Muranaga was born in California to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.
He was interned with his family at the Granada War Relocation Center in Colorado.
Muranaga joined the US Army in May 1943.
Muranaga volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in June 1944, Muranaga was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Muranaga's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. Without help from others, he engaged an artillery gun using a mortar.
Muranaga's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1944.
On June 26, 1944, Muranaga was in charge of shooting his squad's mortar weapon. He was trying to destroy an enemy artillery gun. Muranaga was able to fire three shells before being killed.
The words of Muranaga's citation explain:
Private First Class Kiyoshi K. Muranaga distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 26 June 1944, near Suvereto, Italy. Private First Class Muranaga's company encountered a strong enemy force in commanding positions and with superior firepower. An enemy 88mm self-propelled gun opened direct fire on the company, causing the men to disperse and seek cover. Private First Class Muranaga's mortar squad was ordered to action, but the terrain made it impossible to set up their weapons. The squad leader, realizing the vulnerability of the mortar position, moved his men away from the gun to positions of relative safety. Because of the heavy casualties being inflicted on his company, Private First Class Muranaga, who was a gunner, attempted to neutralize the 88mm weapon alone. Voluntarily remaining at his gun position, Private First Class Muranaga manned the mortar himself and opened fire on the enemy gun at a range of approximately 400 yards. With his third round, he was able to correct his fire so that the shell landed directly in front of the enemy gun. Meanwhile, the enemy crew, immediately aware of the source of mortar fire, turned their 88mm weapon directly on Private First Class Muranaga's position. Before Private First Class Muranaga could fire a fourth round, an 88mm shell scored a direct hit on his position, killing him instantly. Because of the accuracy of Private First Class Muranaga's previous fire, the enemy soldiers decided not to risk further exposure and immediately abandoned their position. Private First Class Muranaga's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Werner Leich
Werner Leich (born January 31, 1927 in Mühlhausen) is a Protestant clergyman. From 1978 to 1992 he was the bishop of the Evangelical Church in Thuringia, for the greater part during the era of the German Democratic Republic.
From 1942 to 1945 Leich was a voluntary member of the German Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker. He volunteered to ""battle for the salvation of Germany"". After World War II he finished his school and from 1947 he started studying theology at the University of Marburg and Heidelberg University.
In 1951 he started his career as a clergyman. A year later he married Trautel, with whom he has a son and daughter. Since 1960 he was a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church. He was vice-president of the synod from 1967 to 1978 and bishop of the state of Thuringia from 1978 to 1992. In that year he retired.
During a lot of his career, he had to deal with being able to worship God in an environment of anti-religious communism. He described it as "a lot of times we did hide being Christians".
Eohippus is small fossil proto-horse. It is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is "E. angustidens", which was long considered a species of "Hyracotherium". Its remains have been found in North America and date to the early Eocene (4856 million years ago).
Much of the evolution of the horse took place in North America. That is where horses originated, but became extinct there about 10,000 years ago.
Emiel van Lennep
Emile (Emiel) van Lennep was a Dutch official ("treasurer general"), diplomat and Minister of State.
Van Lennep was born in Amsterdam on 20 January 1915, as a son of Louis Henri van Lennep and Catharina Hildegonda Enschede. He studied law from 1932 to 1937 at the Municipal University of Amsterdam.
From 1951 to 1969 he was the highest official of the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1969 to 1984 he was secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the OECD Van Lennep is remembered for making the organization a more effective forum for international cooperation. In the seventies he was named several times to be a candidate for a post in the government of the Netherlands, but he did not want to be a politician. After his career at the OECD he was appointed to be Minister of State from 1986 until his death in 1996.
He was married with met Alexa Labberton and they had two sons and two daughters. In 1990 he was rewarded with a Four Freedoms Award in the category "freedom from want". Van Lennep died on October 2, 1996, when he was 81 years old.
Tubuai
Tubuai is the name for a group of islands in the Pacific. The island of Tubuai is about 640 km south of Tahiti. It is part of the Austral Islands, which belong to French Polynesia. Slightly over 2.000 people live on an area of about 45 square kilometers. James Cook discovered the island in 1777, but saw no reason to land there. The natives looked hostile. Fletcher Christian landed there in 1789. They founded Fort George on the island, but soon left, because of troubles with the natives.
Christ's College, Cambridge
Christ's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1347 with the name "God House". Then in 1505 Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, gave some money to make the college much bigger. She also changed the name to Christ's College.
Christ's College has about 600 students. It has a tradition to do very well in the exams: it was the best college in the 20 years period from 1980 to 2000.
Some very famous people have studied here, for example Charles Darwin and John Milton.
National Geographic Bee
Science Daily
Science Daily is a news website. It publishes articles about new science and technology discoveries.
Limbdi
Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center
Shchusev State Museum of Architecture
Cable cars in Haifa
Cable cars in Haifa go from Mount Carmel to the Mediterranean beaches. In 2007 the City Hall of Haifa decided to extend the line to the University of Haifa and open a new line from Mount Carmel to Haifa Bay. The new projects will involve building a new central bus station and new bus routes across the city. The project is still in construction.
Earl Scruggs
Earl Eugene Scruggs (January 6, 1924 – March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as "Dueling Banjos", "Foggy Mountain Breakdown", "Earl's Breakdown", "The Swimming Song", and in "Fireball Mail". He won four Grammy Awards.
Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88.
Jenni Rivera
Jenni Rivera (Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra), July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her spanish albums such as "La Gran Señora", "Jenni", "Parrandera", "Rebelde Y Atrevida", "Joyas Prestadas" She was nominated for four Latin Grammys.
Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California.
Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López.
On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead.
Elisabeth Murdoch
Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 – 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch.
She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas.
Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School.
Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103.
Hole (band)
Hole was an American rock band. The band started in 1989 in Los Angeles, California and ended in 2002. In 2009, the band got back together with new members but broke up in 2012. The last members of the band were singer Courtney Love, guitarist Micko Larkin, bassist Shawn Dailey and drummer Scott Lipps.
Hole released four studio albums. The band's first album, "Pretty on the Inside", was released in 1991 but was not very successful. After the album was released, the band's members changed but Love and Eric Erlandson, the original guitarist, stayed with the band. When Kristen Pfaff and Patty Schemel joined the band, Hole released their second album, "Live Through This", in 1994. The album was very successful and entered the "Billboard" music chart. The band changed their members again in 1998 and Melissa Auf der Maur and Samantha Maloney joined the band. Hole released "Celebrity Skin" in 1998 and it is their most popular album. The band tried to make another album but broke up in 2002.
In 2009, Courtney Love started Hole again with new members. Some of the old members of Hole did not agree with this and there were legal issues with the band's name. Later, the old members allowed Love to use the name. In 2010, the band released its next album "Nobody's Daughter" but the album was not successful. After touring around the world, the band broke up in 2012 because Love wanted to work on her solo career.
In 2014 Coutney Love, Eric Erlandson, Melissa Auf Der Maur, and Patty Schemel started playing together again.
Hole began in summer 1989 in Los Angeles, California. Courtney Love put an advertisement in a magazine called "The Recycler" and said she wanted to start a band. In the ad, she said her favorite bands were Big Black, Sonic Youth and Fleetwood Mac. Eric Erlandson phoned Love when he saw the advertisement and the band began rehearsing in August. Love became the singer and second guitarist and Erlandson became the lead guitarist. Love and Erlandson got Love's friend Lisa Roberts to become the bassist for Hole and found a drummer called Caroline Rue at another punk rock show. The band had two other guitar players, Mike Geisbrecht and Errol Stewart, but both of them left the band soon after. The band played their first show in September at Raji's, a small club in Hollywood, and played three more shows in California in 1989.
After a lot of shows on the West Coast, Hole signed to the indie record label Sympathy for the Record Industry in 1990. In April 1990, Hole released their first single, "Retard Girl." The single was not popular but was played on the radio in the United States and the United Kingdom: on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles and BBC Radio 1 in London. During a tour in March 1991, the band released a second single, "Dicknail", on Sub Pop, the grunge label in Seattle, Washington and then released their first album "Pretty on the Inside" in August. The album was produced by Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth and Sonic Youth's early music influenced the album. Hole switched record labels again and they chose to be on Caroline Records. "Pretty on the Inside" and was very successful in the United Kingdom. In the UK Albums Chart, it went to number 59 and the single "Teenage Whore" went to number 1 on the UK Indie Chart. During the tour of Europe to support the album's release, Courtney Love started a relationship with Kurt Cobain of Nirvana. In February 1992, the couple got married in Hawaii. Just before they got married, Jill Emery and Caroline Rue left the band because they wanted to play different styles of music. Hole then signed a major label recording contract with DGC and Geffen Records. The record deal was worth over $3 million.
In 1993, Hole released a new single "Beautiful Son." Patty Schemel was the new drummer for the band and played on all of the songs. Before the band went on tour, they got Kristen Pfaff as a new bassist. The band then took a small break in July to work on new songs for their next album.
In 1993, Hole moved to Carnation, Washington to write songs for their next album. In October, the band went to Marietta, Georgia and began recording the album. The recording was finished in a month and was produced by Paul Q. Kolderie and Sean Slade. The album was called "Live Through This" and was released on April 12, 1994. Four days before it was released, Courtney Love's husband was found dead in Seattle. He had killed himself and all of the band members did not want to go on tour. In June, Kristen Pfaff died after a drug overdose and the band had to cancel more shows. Hole got Melissa Auf der Maur as a new bassist before the tour for "Live Through This".
"Live Through This" was very popular. The music critics gave the album very good ratings and the album went to number 52 on the "Billboard" music chart and number 13 in the UK Albums Chart. It also went onto the charts in Australia, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. "Miss World", "Doll Parts", "Violet" and "Softer, Softest" were released as singles and were played a lot on American modern rock radio. The music videos for the songs were played a lot on MTV aswell. The album went platinum in Australia, Canada and the United States, and sold over two million copies around the world. The tours for the album were very dramatic—Courtney Love smashed guitars onstage and people at concerts threw gun shells onstage, reminding her about the death of her husband.
Hole's band members went to work on different projects in 1996. Love began acting again and got a lead role in "The People vs. Larry Flynt" and the other members worked with other musicians. In 1998, Hole released "Celebrity Skin". The album had a different sound to the band's two other albums and was influenced by powerpop music. During the album's recording sessions, Patty Schemel was replaced by a different drummer and later left the band. She was replaced by Samantha Maloney for the "Celebrity Skin" tour.
"Celebrity Skin" was successful and the title song reached number 1 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart, making it Hole's most popular single. The album went to number 9 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 11 on the UK Albums Chart. Music critics called the album "sprung, flung and fun, high-impact, rock-fueled pop." Two mores singles were taken from "Celebrity Skin", "Malibu" and "Awful", and both went into the charts. The album has sold more than 1.4 million copies in the United States and has gone platinum in the U.S and Canada, and double platinum in Australia.
In October 1999, Melissa Auf der Maur left Hole and went on be a touring bassist for The Smashing Pumpkins. Samantha Maloney quit to become a tour drummer for Mötley Crüe soon after. Love and Erlandson were the only members left in the band. The band's last release was a single for the 1999 film "Any Given Sunday" called "Be a Man." It was released as a single in March 2000 but failed to make it into the charts. Hole tried to record a fourth album but broke up in May 2002. Talking about the break-up, Love said "Eric has been an important part of my family for over ten years and he'll continue to be a part of my life" and Erlandson said "we're incredibly proud of the music we've made together, but it seems like time for both of us to move on."
Music magazine "NME" announced in June 2009 that Courtney Love was reforming Hole with new members. Love said that Melissa Auf der Maur would come back as a bassist and Micko Larkin was the band's new guitarist. A small tour of Europe was planned with shows in London, Milan and Amsterdam but Auf der Maur said that she was not involved in the reunion. Original guitarist Eric Erlandson also said that no reunion could happen because he and Love had a contract when the band broke up in 2002. Love and Erlandson tried to settle the dispute but did not come to an agreement.
Even though there were legal problems, Hole released "Nobody's Daughter" in April 2010. The album included two new members, bassist Shawn Dailey and drummer Stu Fisher, and had three singles singles—"Skinny Little Bitch", "Pacific Coast Highway" and "Letter to God." Music critics did not give the album good reviews and it did not sell well. It reached number 15 on the "Billboard" 200 chart but quickly fell off the chart. The band went on a worldwide tour after the release of "Nobody's Daughter". A music video for "Samantha", a song from the album, was released in May 2011.
Love, Erlandson, Auf der Maur and Patty Schemel went to the premiere of Schemel's film "Hit So Hard: The Life and Near-Death Story of Patty Schemel" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York on March 28, 2011. After the film, Schemel said she wanted Hole to record again but Love said "if it's not moving forward, I don't want to do it." The four members reunited again at the Public Assembly in New York on April 13, 2012. The band performed two songs—"Miss World" and "Over the Edge"—and was the first time the four members were together live since 1995.
In a Twitter post for her clothing line, Never the Bride, on November 29, 2010, Courtney Love announced that Hole had broken up. She said "from now on [the band is called Courtney]" and "Hole is dead." During an interview with "Rolling Stone", Love said she was continuing as a solo artist and was releasing a new single, "This is War", in February 2013.
Churchill College, Cambridge
Churchill College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject.
Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972.
Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters. They are two grumpy old men who fight and laugh at mean things on their balcony. They both appeared in all "The Muppet Show" episodes except for one in which Statler did not appeared because he was sick, so Waldorf appaered with his wife who looks like Statler in a dress. Statler and Walldorf are named after two important hotels in New York City. They are mostly known for appearing as Marley and Marley in "The Muppet Christmas Carol".
Statler is an old man who wears a black and blue suit. Waldorf has a mustache and wears a brown suit. Statler was originally performed by Jerry Nelson and Richard Hunt, and now is performed by Steve Whitmire. Waldorf was originally performed by Jim Henson and is now performed by Dave Goelz.
The Muppet Christmas Carol is a 1992 American musical-comedy movie based on Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol". This was the first movie made after Jim Henson died.
The musical movie features the Muppets and Michael Caine as Ebenezer Scrooge. The songs were written by Paul Williams. Kermit the Frog starred as Bob Cratchit, Miss Piggy as Mrs. Cratchit, Gonzo the Great as Charles Dickens, Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig, Rizzo the Rat as himself, and Statler and Waldorf as Robert Marley and Jacob Marley.
Nurzhol Boulevard
Nurzhol Boulevard (, formerly known as "сулы-нулы бульвар" Green Water Boulevard) is the national boulevard of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The boulevard is a pedestrian area. It is in the new business and administrative centre of Nur-Sultan. It runs from the President's residence Ak Orda to the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. The Bayterek is in Nurzhol boulevard. It is one of Nur-Sultans best-known buildings.
Jerusalem City Hall
Clare College, Cambridge
Clare College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was University Hall but it was changed to Clare Hall in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one.
The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers).
Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles.
1972 United States presidential election
The 1972 United States presidential election happened on November 7, 1972. President Richard Nixon was reelected to a second term. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won the election by a landslide (winning 49 of 50 states) and got 520 electoral votes. McGovern got 17 electoral votes. John Hospers got one electoral vote by a Virginia faithless elector.
This was the highest of any Republican nominee as a vote, as well as a highest electoral vote in a United States election until Ronald Reagan was re-elected in 1984 by a huge landslide.
George Wallace, governor of Alabama was shot by a what would be assassin during the election.
George McGovern's running mate changed from Thomas Eagleton to Sargent Shriver because Eagleton had problems about his psychiatric before.
This election occurred during the Watergate scandal.
15 people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination. They were:
The McGuire Sisters
The McGuire Sisters were a group of three American girls originally from Ohio: Christine, Dorothy and Phyllis McGuire. This trio began around 1952 and went on until 1968, during which time the group had many popular hit songs, "Sincerely" and "Sugartime", the earlier of which was in 1954 and the latter during 1958. The group were sometimes compared to the Andrews Sisters due to their sometimes similar singing style and behavior.
The group was composed of three sisters:
Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty was a family that led the Hasmoneans led the Maccabean Revolt and transformed Judah from a Seleucid possession that was becoming more Greek-like into an independent, Jewish nation-state. The Hasmoneans expanded Judah through conquest.
After the Salome Alexandra's death in 67 B.C., Salome's sons Hyrcanus II, who was backed by Antipater (the father of Herod the Great), and Aristobulus II fought for control of the Judah. The Roman Pompey entered the conflict on Hyrcanus' side. Aristobulus surrendered to the Romans and was sent to Rome, where he was later murdered.
In 40 B.C., the Parthian Empire and Aristobulus' son Antigonus II invaded Judah and captured Hyrcanus. The Romans then proclaimed Antipater's son Herod king of Judea. The Romans defeated the Parthians and captured and killed Antigonus, the last ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty.
Rizzo the Rat
Penola Catholic College
Penola Catholic College is a regional Catholic secondary college in the north-western region of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The college is co-educational, and teaches years 9 to 12 (students aged roughly 15 to 18). The school follows the Josephite tradition (love, understanding and acceptance of others).
Penola Catholic College was established in 1995 and is set on 27 acres over two campuses. Three former schools were combined into two campuses, Sancta Sophia College at Glenroy and Therry and Geoghegan Colleges at Broadmeadows. The College name, Penola Catholic College, was chosen for the strong connection between Broadmeadows campus with Saint Mary MacKillop Sisters of St Joseph who established a foundling home on the site in 1901. Mary MacKillop opened her first school in 1866 in the small town of Penola, in the southeastern part of South Australia. Together with Fr Julian Tenison Woods, Mary MacKillop founded the order of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart. From 1901 until the late 1980s, the Sisters of St Joseph ministered to the local community and lived on this site.
The tree trunk on the emblem represents the cross and points to the life of Christ and is a model for the members of Penola Catholic College. The three Colleges from which Penola Catholic College has sprung is represented by the three leaves. The three leaves also symbolize the spiritual, physical and intellectual growth potential of members of the College. The tree also reminds us of the Penola, or the native aboriginal origin. The name Penola gives a unifying feeling of security, protection and care for its members.
The Association of Canonical Administrators of Penola Catholic College is governed and conducted by the Parish Priests of the Member Parishes.
The current members of the College Board are as follows:
The grounds and facilities on both campuses have undergone significant transformations since the college was established in 1995.
The College will continue to guide this development in the years ahead using the Building Master Plan they have in place. A Performing Arts Centre, Digital Language Laboratory and Hospitality Centre on the Broadmeadows Campus are just a few recent additions to the College. There are also refurbished classrooms and outdoor sporting facilities. The Glenroy campus is undergoing a refurbishing program including a new outdoor recreation facility that was constructed recently. The Broadmeadows site has many historical buildings including the original homestead “Kerrsland” that was constructed in 1880. There are some buildings that still stand from St. Joseph’s Babies Home including the magnificent St. Joseph’s Chapel completed in 1924.
The college has what is known as a House Group System. Students are divided into six House Groups. They compete for House points in debate, sports and other extra-curricular activities. The six House Groups are:
A greedy algorithm is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.
There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.
1968 United States presidential election
The 1968 United States presidential election happened on November 5, 1968. Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate and former Vice President of the United States, won the election. He defeated the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey, who was a Democrat, and George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, who ran as a member of the American Independent Party.
Incumbent United States President Lyndon B. Johnson was able to run, but decided against it. On March 31, 1968, Johnson withdrew his nomination and he said, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President".
The incumbent Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, brother of former United States President John F. Kennedy was a serious presidential candidate before his assassination on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles after winning the California and South Dakota primaries for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.
Richard Nixon won the election by 301 electoral votes. Hubert Humphrey got 191 electoral votes. George Wallace received 46 electoral votes and a faithless elector in North Carolina voted Wallace and running mate Curtis LeMay.
Humphrey did not win the south because he was very liberal and favored civil rights. The only southern state he won was Texas (which he won narrowly).
American Independent Party
American Independent Party is a right-wing political party of the United States founded in California in 1967 by Bill and Eileen Shearer. It is most notable for George Wallace running in the 1968 US Election. That year, it was made up of Democrats opposed to the ending of racial segregation and was most successful in Southern states (Wallace was governor of the Southern state of Alabama).
Over time, the party became closer to the conservative movement and it renounced its policy against racial equality. Today, the party still exists but many of its members have left: most of the earlier members returned to the Democratic Party after the 1969 election and its later members have moved to the Constitution Party. The AIP has endorsed the Constitution Party nominee for President in recent years.
In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election.
Since the fracture of the American Independent Party between the King and Noonan factions, control of the State Party, and thus the ballot line, has been in the hands of the Noonan faction. Attempts to nominate Chuck Baldwin (the 2008 Constitution nominee) or Virgil Goode (the 2012 Constitution nominee) were unsuccessful, as were their independent efforts to make it onto the California presidential ballot.
Zen at War
Sunda clouded leopard
The Sunda clouded leopard ("Neofelis diardi"), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed.
The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo, weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping.
In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra.
In December 2006, the genus Neofelis was reclassified into two distinct species:
The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies.
Seoul Fringe Festival
The Seoul Fringe Festival is a performing arts festival. Before 2002, the festival was called the Independent Art Festival. Every year it is held in Seoul, South Korea. All artists are allowed to join. Visitors are invited to try anything the artists want to try. The artists work in many different ways. The first festival was in 1998. Its motto was "The test and seeking of Korean fringe." In 2002, it became the Seoul Fringe Festival. It became an international event. There were different performance groups from other countries in Asia. The 15th Seoul Fringe Festival was held from August 15 to September 1, 2012 in the Hongdae area. The Seoul Fringe Network the festival. The sponsors are the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Korean Culture and Arts Committee, Seoul Metropolitan Council, Mapo-gu Office, Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture, and Seoul Art Space.
The first festival, then called the Independent Art Festival, used the slogan "Open! Play! Twist!" People called it "the rebellions of underground culture." It was held from August 25 to September 15, 1998 at Marronnier Park in the Deahangno area. There were 50,097 visitors.
The festival used the slogan "Millennium Prologue." The festival runners tried combine the city center and the suburbs. It took place from September 17 to 26, 1999 at the Seoul Arts Center. There were 30,000 visitors.
The slogan used that year was "Variety Show." The goal was to make the festival an , an , an and a network. It took place from August 13 to September 3, 2000 in the Deahangno area. There were 50,000 visitors.
The festival used the slogan "Party all night long." It was held in the Hongdae area which had a long history of being home to indie culture and a good place for new arts. It was hosted on September 7 to 23, 2001 in the Hongdae area with 80,000 visitors.
The festival changed its name from the Independent Art Festival to the Seoul Fringe Festival. The festival runners wanted people to know the festival would focus on forward-looking art for young Asian artists. This was inspired by the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It was convened on May 25 to June 15, 2002 in the Hongdae area with 100,000 visitors.
This year, the festival put all the fringe brands together and used a more organized and systematic program. It was hosted on August 13 to September 7, 2003 in the Hongdae area with 120,000 visitors.
The festival used the slogan, "Joy of Flowering Indie in Full Bloom," and the independent culture became very important to the festival. It was held on August 20 to September 5, 2004 in the Hongdae area with 150,000 visitors.
The Seoul Fringe Festival focused on a new flow of Asian independent artists. It was convened on August 12 to 28, 2005 in the Hongdae area with 158,672 visitors.
The ninth festival used the slogan "Indie-odyssey." There were stereotypical genres, complex genres, and genre that were completely different from standard forms. There were many new types of performances such as visual arts, music, theatrical plays, and poems that mixed traditional and modern styles. It was held on August 13 to 27, 2006 in the Hongdae area with 158,672 visitors.
The festival marked the 10th anniversary of the start of the festival. It used larger meeting places for arts and audiences so visitors could tell the artists what they thought of their artwork. It was convened on August 13 to 29, 2007 in the Hongdae area with 153,501 visitors.
The Seoul Fringe Festival changed and renewed its content and found larger spaces for artists to use. The festival became larger by connecting with the local cultural art community and listening to what people said was wrong and fixing it. It was hosted on August 14 to 30, 2008 in the Hongdae area with 154,379 visitors.
The festival runners wanted more people to come to the festival, so they chose the slogan "Post Fringe Project." They used programs to make artists' creations seem more active and to help visitors interact with them. The festival was enlarged to communicate in more kinds of ways and to make it more fun. It was held on August 13 to 29, 2009 in the Hongdae area with 160,000 visitors.
This was an indoor and an outdoor art festival. The indoor parts were held in theaters, cafes, and galleries. The outdoor parts of the festival were held on large stages and in the streets. This year, festival runners decided to share the festival with tradespeople and residents in front of Hongdae. A service bureau was reorganized and source of revenue was diversified. The festival was held on August 12 to 28, 2010 in the Hongdae area with 160,000 visitors.
The theme of the 2011 festival was "Artists and Spaces." It focused on support for artists, managed the spaces efficiently, and showed current independent arts. This was the first time the Seoul Fringe Festival tried to do an "Eco-Fringe Project," which means it tried to make the festival run with less pollution and waste to make things eco-friendly. It was held on August 11 to 27, 2011 in the Hongdae area and a few more places downtown Seoul. It had 160,000 visitors.
By 2012, the Seoul Fringe Festival had become a popular independent art festival. It gave visitors a different kind of art and culture, had a good system for allowing many kinds of artists to show their work, showed new and young artists to visitors, and found ways to be gentle to the environment. It was held on August 15 to September 1, 2012 at the Seoul World Cup Stadium and a few more places in downtown Seoul for a total of 160,000 visitors.
Dynamic programming is a method of solving problems, which is used in computer science, mathematics and economics. Using this method, a complex problem is split into simpler problems, which are then solved. At the end, the solutions of the simpler problems are used to find the solution of the original complex problem.
Dynamic programming can be used in cases where it is possible to split a problem into smaller problems, which are all quite similar.
Richard Bellman, a US mathematician, first used the term in the 1940s when he wanted to solve problems in the field of Control theory. He also stated what is now known as :
Karjala
Infrasound is a type of sound with a frequency lower than humans can hear. This frequency is lower than 16 hertz. When the frequency is lower but the volume is loud enough, humans can feel the vibrations but cannot hear the infrasound. Younger people have the ability to hear lower and higher frequencies. Some animals including whales and elephants can communicate long distances by infrasound.
Gorgias (Plato)
Gorgias is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of rhetoric, virtue and justice.
The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;
In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".
Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:
"Socrates": Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?
"Gorgias": By all means.
"Socrates": And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?
"Gorgias": Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.
"Socrates": Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?
A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:
"Polus": I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?
"Socrates": I should say a sort of experience.
"Socrates": An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.
"Polus": Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?
"Socrates": No, they are only different parts of the same profession.
The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and is closer to flattery.
Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.
So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.
Full-range speaker
Full-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker that can be used to play sound at all or almost all frequencies that human are able to hear. The frequency range can be anywhere from 55 to 17500 Hertz. The benefit is that all sound comes from the same point besides multi-way speakers. Also, audio crossover can be more simple.
Concert band
A concert band is an ensemble for playing the instruments using wind. The main constituents are
woodwind instrument family, brass instrument family and percussion instrument family. Sometimes, the string instrument family such as cello and double bass can be included.
There are several names similar to concert band like wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, wind ensemble, or symphonic wind ensemble. Many people frequently confuse concert band with brass band or marching band. The differences between them come from the orchestration (how the music is written for the different parts).
The songs written for the concert band are much more easy to listen because of its repertoires . The repertoires are not only about the orchestral composition. Light music, jazz, march and popular tunes are also played. Even though people don't have special knowledge about it, anyone can enjoy the concert band music. It is highly acclaimed for both its quality and popularity. As the arrangement of concert band music is completed in the 20th century, its modern and dynamic style appeals general public. Plus, many conductors conduct concert bands attracted by its unique orchestration.
A concert band can be divided into four groups; Professional bands, Military bands, School bands, and Community bands. Except for the professional bands, others are named for the location where the performers play.
Performers playing in professional bands for pay consider the band performance as their job. There are many professional bands in the world, such as Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra and Dallas Wind Symphony.
A concert band in the military are called Military bands. Because the repertoires are dynamic and active, concert bands usually perform in the army. Not only the military bands but also marching bands with brass often used for marching there.
School bands refer to the groups consisting student players in school. In elementary, middle, high school and university, there are many students playing wind instruments for a concert or event. People included here also can be divided into two groups. Playing them as their hobbies or studying them as their majors.
A community band is a community-based ensemble. It is sponsored by a town or city. Some are professional players but the others may not be.
A wind instrument in which sound is produced by the vibration of reeds in the mouthpiece, as a bassoon, clarinet, oboe, or saxophone, or by the passing of air across the mouthpiece, as a flute.