AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
He also was a bishop of the International Communion of Evangelical Churches. He was also a social conservative activist and commentator and was known for being against same-sex marriage and abortion.
Jackson was born and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was also a religious advisor for President Donald Trump.
Jackson died on November 9, 2020 at the age of 66.
Italy at the Youth Olympics
Multi-sport event
A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation-states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance was the Olympic Games, first held in modern times in 1896 in Athens, Greece and inspired by the Ancient Olympic Games, one of a number of such events held in antiquity. Most modern multi-sports events have the same basic structure. Games are held over the
course of several days in and around a "host city", which changes for each competition. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports. Athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. Each games are generally held every four years, though some are annual competitions.
John Kinsela
John Francis Kinsela (27 May 1950 – 9 November 2020) was an Australian indigenous wrestler. He competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sydney.
Kinsela died on 9 November 2020 in Sydney, aged 70.
Edward McClain
Edward Browning "E. B." McClain (April 29, 1940 – November 9, 2020) was an American politician and chemist. He was a Democratic member of both the Alabama Senate from 1995 through 2009 and the Alabama House of Representatives from 1987 through 1994. He was born in Bessemer, Alabama.
In 2009, he was convicted of money laundering and corrpution. He was sentenced to 70 months.
McClain died on November 9, 2020 in Pleasant Grove, Alabama at the age of 80.
Score voting
Score voting is a way of electing candidates, in which the voters score each candidate on a scale of 0 to 5 (or another scale), and after adding up the points given to each candidate by all voters, the candidate with the most points wins. It is used in elections without proportional representation.
Approval voting is a form of Score voting that uses a scale of 0 to 1.
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality is one of eight metropolitan municipalities (also called Category A municipalities) in South Africa. It is located on the shores of Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape Province.
It is made-up of the city of Port Elizabeth, the nearby towns of Uitenhage and Despatch, and the surrounding rural area.
The name "Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality" was chosen to honor former President Nelson Mandela.
STAR voting
STAR voting is a way of electing candidates that elects one of the two candidates with the most points in a score voting election; between the two, the candidate who is scored higher than the other candidate by more voters is elected.
In 2018, voters in Lane County, Oregon chose not to use STAR voting in their future elections.
Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri
Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri (known as S B Chaudhuri; 1931 – 11 November 2020) was a Bangladeshi economist and politician. He was the fourth governor of Bangladesh Bank from 1987 to 1992. He was born in Habiganj District, Bengal Presidency.
Chaudhuri died on 11 November 2020 in Dhaka.
Sequential proportional approval voting
Sequential proportional approval voting (SPAV) is a way of electing candidates that gives proportional representation. It combines approval voting and the highest average methods.
SPAV elects the candidate who would win an election in Approval voting (ignoring any candidates that were already elected), and then reduces the power of voters who voted for that candidate. This repeats until there are as many elected candidates as necessary.
The strength of a voter's vote after a candidate they voted for wins is equal to (1/m+1), with m being the number of candidates the voter supported that have won so far. For example, a voter who voted for 2 candidates that won and 3 that did not has only 1/3rd of their vote power remaining.
Highest averages method
Francesc Xavier Ciuraneta Aymí
Francesc Xavier Ciuraneta Aymí (12 March 1940 – 11 November 2020) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in La Palma d'Ebre, Spain. He was the Bishop of Menorca from 1991 to 1999 and of Lleida from 1999 to 2007.
Ciuraneta Aymí died on 11 November 2020 in La Palma d'Ebre from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 80.
Thembekile Kimi Makwetu
Thembekile Kimi Makwetu (1966 – 11 November 2020) was a South African accountant and politician. He was the Auditor-General of South Africa between 2013 and 2020 during the Jacob Zuma and Cyril Ramaphosa administrations. He was born in Cape Town, South Africa.
Makwetu died of lung cancer on 11 November 2020 in Johannesburg at the age of 54.
Shanghai Express (movie)
Volodymyr the Great
Volodymyr the Great (c. 958 – 15 July 1015) was Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kyiv, and ruler of Kyivan Rus' from 980 to 1015. He baptized the Kyiv Rus' in 988 and was proclaimed as Saint Volodymyr by the Orthodox church.
Volodymyr was the son of Prince Sviatoslav I of Kyiv of the Rurik dynasty. After the death of his father in 972, Volodymyr moved to Scandinavia from Novgorod as his brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brothers in order to gain the power in Kyiv. In Sweden and Norway he gathered a Varangian army and took Novgorod from his brother Yaropolk. By 980, Volodymyr had consolidated the Kyiv kingdom from modern-day Ukraine, Belarus and minor parts of modern day Russia.
In 981 he captured the Cherven towns from the Poles. In 981–984 he suppressed and conquered a few Slavic tribes including Vyatychi and Radymychi. In 985 Vololdymyr made a war against the Volga Bulgars.
List of current champions in the National Wrestling Alliance
National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) is an American professional wrestling promotion operating via its parent company Lightning One, Inc. Title reigns are either determined by professional wrestling matches or are awarded to a wrestler, as a result of the culmination of various scripted storylines.
The promotion currently has 5 championships. The list includes the number of times the wrestler has held the title, the date and location of the win, and a description of the winning bout.
Jorge Llopart
Jorge "Jordi" Llopart Ribas (5 May 1952 – 11 November 2020) was a Spanish race walker. He competed in the 50 km event at the 1980, 1984, and 1988 Olympics. He won a silver medal in 1980. He was a European champion in this event in 1978. Llopart was born in El Prat de Llobregat, Spain.
Llopart died on 11 November 2020 in Badalona, Spain from a heart attack, aged 68.
Badalona
Giuliana Minuzzo
Giuliana Chenal-Minuzzo (née Minuzzo, 26 November 1931 – 11 November 2020) was an Italian alpine skier. She was born in Vallonara di Marostica, Italy.
At the 1952 Olympics in Oslo Minuzzo was the bronze medalist in the women's downhill competition.
At the 1960 Olympics, she was bronze medalist in the women's giant slalom event.
At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Minuzzo made history by becoming the first woman to take the Olympic Oath.
On 11 November 2020, Minuzzo died in Aosta, Italy at the age of 88.
Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa
Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa (21 August 1936 – 11 November 2020) was a Nigerian politician. He was elected Governor of Kaduna State, Nigeria during the Nigerian Second Republic, holding office from October 1979 until he was impeached on 23 June 1981.
During the Nigerian Fourth Republic he was leader of the Conference of Nigerian Political Parties (CNPP), a coalition of opposition parties.
Balarabe Musa died on 11 November 2020 in Kaduna at the age of 84.
Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles
Gonçalo Pereira Ribeiro Telles (24 May 1922 – 11 November 2020) was a Portuguese politician and landscape architect. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal. He was the Minister for Quality of Life from 1981 to 1983 during the António Ramalho Eanes presidency. He was the founder of the political parties People's Monarchist Party and Movimento Partido da Terra.
Ribeiro Telles died on 11 November 2020 in Lisbon at the age of 98.
Charles Corver
Charles George Reinier Corver (16 January 1936 – 10 November 2020) was a Dutch football referee.
He refereed the 1982 World Cup semifinal between Germany and France in Seville, Spain. Corver was referee at two World Cups and two European championships. He refereed four European Cup finals, ten semifinals and a final World Cup for clubs in Argentina. He retired in 1983.
Corver was born in Leiden and died in Leidschendam at the age of 84.
Graham Cowdrey
Graham Robert Cowdrey (27 June 1964 – 10 November 2020) was an English cricketer.
He was the third son of the cricketer Colin Cowdrey. He was born in Farnborough in 1964 and educated at Wellesley House and Tonbridge School.
He played for Kent County Cricket Club as an attacking batsman in first-class and List A cricket from 1984 to 1998.
Cowdrey worked as a Cricket Liaison Officer for the England and Wales Cricket Board.
Dino da Costa
Dino Da Costa (; 1 August 1931 – 10 November 2020) was a Brazilian-born Italian professional footballer. He played as a central midfielder and striker. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He made one appearance for the Italian national team in 1958. From 1948 to 1955, he made 51 appearances for Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas.
Da Costa died in Verona on 10 November 2020, aged 89.
Amir Yavari
Ghasem Amir Yavarkandi (; 5 December 1931 – 10 November 2020), also known as Amir Yavari, was an Iranian professional boxer. He was a member of the senior national boxing team. He was born in Tehran.
Yavari joined the "Niroo va Rasti" (; "Power and Virtue") Club in 1947 at the age of sixteen. Yavari was selected as Iranian captain during the 1960 Summer Olympics, where he competed in the welterweight division.
Yavari died on 10 November 2020 in Tehran at the age of 88.
Sven Wollter
Sven Justus Fredrik Wollter (11 January 1934 – 10 November 2020) was a Swedish actor, writer, and political activist. He was awarded Best Swedish actor twice.
He was known for his role as Madame Flod's son Gusten in Swedish Television's version of "The People of Hemsö" by August Strindberg in 1966. He played Detective Sergeant Lennart Kollberg in Bo Widerberg's movie "The Man on the Roof". He played Victor in "The Sacrifice" by Andrei Tarkovsky.
Wollter died on 10 November 2020 in Luleå, Sweden from COVID-19 during the pandemic at the age of 86. He was also suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Renzo Gattegna
Renzo Gattegna (1939 – 10 November 2020) was an Italian lawyer and politician. He was born in Rome. Gattegna was the President of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities. He was elected on 16 July 2006.
Gattegna died in Rome on 10 November 2020 in Lazio, Italy from COVID-19 at the age of 81.
Oleksiy Shevchuk
Oleksiy Shevchuk (born July 13, 1985; Kyiv) is a Ukrainian criminal defense lawyer, journalist and TV-host. Best known for his participation in political trials related to the criminal prosecution of the top politicians and entrepreneurs, such as Kyiv mayor Vitaliy Klitchko, an oligarch Oleksandr Onyshchenko and a tycoon Oleg Bakhmatyuk.
Oleksiy was born on July 13, 1985 in Kyiv.
In 2007, he received a Master's degree in Law from Kyiv National Economic University.
In 2018 and 2019 got an award "Lawyer of the Year" according to the Ukrainian Bar Association.
In 2019, Oleksiy got an Order of St. Michael by the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
In 2006-2007, he worked as a legal consultant and the head of the legal department at LLC Fourway and LLC Karges.
In 2009, Oleksiy co-founded a law firm Shevchuk and Partners.
In 2017, he co-founded a new law firm Barristers as a merger of Shevchuk and Partners together with Ponomarenko & Partners law firms.
Oleksiy Shevchuk became well known after participating in resonant cases, defending top-politicians of Ukraine.
Some of the most famous cases:
The case of Genadiy Korban, a Ukrainian state and political figure, businessman, the head of UKROP party
The case of Oleksandr Onyshchenko, a Ukrainian politician, businessman and athlete, member of the Parliament
The case of Vitaliy Klitchko, the mayor of Kiev, former heavyweight world box champion.
The case of Oleg Bakhmatyuk, a Ukrainian agriculture tycoon, owner of defunct VAB Bank.
Vladimir Găitan
Vladimir Găitan (; 2 February 1947 – 10 November 2020) was a Romanian actor. He appeared in more than forty movies beginning in 1968. He was born in Suceava, Romania.
He was best known for his roles in "The Reenactment", "Pe Aici Nu Se Trece", "Accident", "Uncle Marin, the Billionaire", "Mihail, câine de circ", "Last Night of Love", "Mircea" and "The Man of the Day".
Găitan died on 10 November 2020 in Bucharest from stomach cancer, aged 73.
Zizur Mayor/Zizur Nagusia
Zizur Mayor (Basque: Zizur Nagusia) is a municipality in the Spanish autonomous community of Navarra, Northern Spain.
It is located near the capital city of Navarra. It is home to 13,373 people.
Orthodox Church of Ukraine
The Orthodox Church of Ukraine or OCU (Ukrainian: Православна церква України) is an independent Eastern Orthodox Church established by Constantinople metropolitan in 2018. Its canonical territory is Ukraine.
The Church was founded at the Unification Council (Sobor) in Kyiv on 15 December 2018. It was granted a decree of independence by the Patriarchate of Constantinople in Istanbul on 5 January 2019. The Unification Council of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine elected Epiphanius I of Ukraine – as the Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine.
The Orthodox Church of Ukraine is guided by the Holy Scriptures and the Holy Tradition, the canons of the Orthodox Church. Orthodox Christians of Ukraine are members of the OCU, regardless of their origin. Since, according to Tomos (decree of independence), the borders of the canonical territory of the OCU are determined by the borders of the Ukrainian state. Orthodox Ukrainians abroad are subject to the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The main church of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine is St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv.
The church appeared in 988 but due to historical reasons it's independence was interrupted in 17-18 century by Moscow Principality. OCU was finally reestablished as an independent church on January 6, 2019.
OCU has been recognized by the following Orthodox Churches:
Luis Ibero
Luis Ibero Elia (11 July 1949 – 10 November 2020) was a Spanish politician. He was Mayor of Zizur Mayor between 1992 to 1995. Ibero was President of the Commonwealth of Pamplona 2003 until 2007. He was a member of the Convergence of Democrats of Navarre. Ibero was born in Pamplona, Spain.
Ibero died of COVID-19 on 10 November 2020 in Pamplona at the age of 71.
Juan Sol
Juan Cruz Sol Oria (13 September 1947 – 10 November 2020) was a Spanish footballer.
He played as a defender. He has played for Valencia, Real Madrid, and the Spanish national team.
He played 28 matches for Spain national football team, and scored 1 goal.
Sol died on 10 November 2020 at the age of 73.
Igor Moskvin
Igor Borisovich Moskvin (; 30 August 1929 – 10 November 2020) was a Russian figure skating coach and competitor. He represented the Soviet Union in pair skating with his partner Maya Belenkaya. He became a three-time Soviet national champion from 1952 to 1954.
He was an Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR and Honored Coach of the USSR. He was born in Bezhitsa, Bryansk Oblast.
Moskvin died in Saint Petersburg, Russia on 10 November 2020 after a serious illness at the age of 91.
Maya Belenkaya
Isidro Pedraza Chávez
Isidro Pedraza Chávez (15 May 1959 – 10 November 2020) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the PRD. He was the Senator from Hidalgo from 2012 to 2015. He also was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2006 to 2009. He was born in Jacala, Higalgo.
Chávez died on 10 November 2020 in Pachua, Hidaldo from COVID-19, aged 61.
Mahadeepak Singh Shakya
Mahadeepak Singh Shakya (25 July 1922 – 10 November 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a member of Lok Sabha for six terms from Etah in Uttar Pradesh from 1977 to 1998. He was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party.
Shakya died on 10 November 2020 in Lucknow, India at the age of 98.
Bone marrow failure
Bone marrow failure happens when people who produce a low amount of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen to be spread throughout the body’s tissue. White blood cells fight off infections that enter the body.
Bone marrow also has platelets, which trigger clotting, and thus help stop the blood flow when a wound occurs.
Jacques Glowinski
Jacques Glowinski (30 August 1936 – 5 November 2020) was a French pharmacist and biology researcher. His works focused on neurobiology and neuropharmacology. He was known as one of the founding fathers in France. He was a professor at the Collège de France. He was a member of the French Academy of sciences from 1992 until his death.
Glowinski died on 5 November 2020 at the age of 84.
Mohammed Bakar
Datuk Mohammed Bakar (or Mohamad Bakar) (25 June 1945 – 8 November 2020) was a Malaysian footballer. He was born in Bagan Ajam. From 1965 to 1977, he played for Penang FA. From 1970 to 1975, he played for the national team. From 1985 to 1986, he managed the national team.
Bakar died on 8 November 2020 at a hospital in Kuala Lumpur from bone marrow failure, aged 75.
La Mosca Tsé - Tsé
La Mosca Tsé – Tsé or simply La Mosca (in English: "The Tsetse Fly") is an Argentine rock fusion band. Thier music was generally ska, cumbia, merengue, salsa and pop rock.
The group was formed in 1995.
Theresa Stewart
Theresa Stewart (24 August 1930 – 11 November 2020) was an English Labour Party politician. She was the first female leader of Birmingham City Council. She was elected to the position in October 1993 and lost re-election in May 1999.
She was also Lord Mayor of Birmingham from May 2000 to May 2001, being only the sixth woman to hold that position.
Stewart died on 11 November 2020, aged 90.
Irvin Baxter Jr.
Irvin Lee Baxter Jr. (July 8, 1945 – November 3, 2020) was an American Oneness Pentecostal minister, televangelist, author, and biblical scholar. He hosted the biblical prophecy television program, "End of The Age", and, who also was the founder and president of Endtime Ministries.
He was a pastor of the Oak Park Church (UPCI). He was born in Richmond, Indiana.
Baxter Jr. died of COVID-19 on November 3, 2020 in Richardson, Texas, aged 75.
Asif Basra
Asif Basra (27 July 1967 – 12 November 2020) was an Indian actor. He was best known for his role as Puro in the American comedy movie "Outsourced" (2006). He was born in Amravati, Maharashtra. His career began in 1998.
Basra hung himself on 12 November 2020 at his home in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh at the age of 53.
Surendra Singh Jeena
Surendra Singh Jeena (8 December 1969 – 12 November 2020) was an Indian politician. He was member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Jeena was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from 2007 until his death.
Jeena died of COVID-19 on 12 November 2020, aged 50.
Leonid Potapov
Leonid Vasilyevich Potapov (; 4 July 1935 – 12 November 2020) was a Russian politician. He was the President of the Buryat Republic in Russia from August 1991 to July 2007. He was born in Uakit, Soviet Union. Potapov was a member of the Communist Party.
Potapov died on 12 November 2020 at a Moscow hospital from COVID-19, aged 85.
Krasnodar Rora
Krasnodar Rora (23 March 1945 – 12 November 2020) was a Yugoslav-Croatian professional football player and manager. He played five times for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1967 to 1968. He managed Radnik Velika Gorica, Šibenik and HAŠK Zagreb.
Rora died on 12 November 2020 in Zagreb, aged 75.
Edward Flak
Edward Flak (13 May 1948 – 11 November 2020) was a Polish lawyer and politician. He was born in Wrocław, Poland. He was Mayor of Olesno from 1990 to 1994 and again from 1998 to 2006. He was also a member of the Sejm from 1992 to 1993. Flak was a member of the German Minority Electoral Committee.
Flak died on 11 November 2020 in Warsaw at the age of 72.
Iggy Koopa
Iggy Koopa is a fictional character from the Mario Bros video games. He is one of Bowser the turtle king's seven children. Iggy Koopa uses machines, like the Koopa Clown Car. He first appeared as boss in Super Mario Bros 3 along with the other koopalings.
He has since appeared as a boss in many games, for example the new Super Mario Bros games and Mario Kart.
Nelly Kaplan
Nelly Kaplan (11 April 1931 – 12 November 2020) was an Argentine-born French movie director and screenwriter. She was born in Buenos Aires, but moved to Paris in the 1950s. She produced the 1960 movie "Austerlitz". Her best known directed work was "A Very Curious Girl".
Kaplan died of COVID-19 on 12 November 2020 at her home in Geneva, Switzerland at the age of 89.
Olesno
Olesno () is a town in Opole Voivodship, Poland about north-east of the city of Opole.
It is the capital of Olesno County and seat of the Gmina Olesno.
Puerto Rican poetry
Puerto Rican poetry refers to poems written by Puerto Rican authors.
Puerto Ricans are American citizens. Thus, Puerto Rican poetry is considered part of American poetry because the island is a United States territory. Puerto Rican poetry is also considered part of Caribbean poetry and Latin American poetry due to the islands location in the Caribbean, and its cultural and linguistic ties to the region.
Puerto Rican poetry is often written in Spanish. However, Puerto Rican poets also use English and Spanish within the same poem. Sometimes poets mix Spanish and English words into Spanglish expressions.
Themes include: personal identity, cultural heritage, oppression, discrimination, racism, sexism, and Puerto Rican politics. Poems about the island often use images of oceans, rivers, beaches, local foods, and family traditions. However, Puerto Ricans poets who move to the mainland USA write about city streets, crowds, and the pressures of urban life.
Epiphanius I of Ukraine
Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv and All Ukraine was born with the name Serhii Dumenko. He was born on February 3, 1979. He is the head of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). He is Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine.
Metropolitan Epiphanius was the Metropolitan bishop of Pereyaslav and Bila Tserkva from 2013 to 2018.
Serhii Dumenko was born on February 3, 1979 in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. He lived in Chernivtsi Oblast when he was young.
In 1999, he graduated from the Kyiv Theological Seminary. Then he entered the Kyiv Theological Academy. He graduated with a doctor of theology degree in 2003.
Ali Fazal
Ali Fazal (pronounced ; born 15 October 1986) is an Indian actor and model. He made his acting debut with a small role in the English language movie "The Other End of the Line" (2008). He then acted in the American television miniseries "Bollywood Hero" (2009).
Fazal made his Bollywood debut with a special appearance in "3 Idiots" (2009). He then acted in "Always Kabhi Kabhi" (2011). His first success was in "Fukrey" (2013). He then acted in supporting roles in movies like "Baat Ban Gayi" (2013), "Bobby Jasoos" (2014) and "Sonali Cable" (2014).
He played the main role in the horror movie "Khamoshiyan" (2015). He then acted in his first American movie "Furious 7" (2015). He also played a role in "Happy Bhag Jayegi" with "Diana Penty" in 2016.
Fazal acted in the British-American movie "Victoria & Abdul". The movie portrays the relationship of Queen Victoria (Judi Dench) and her confidant, Indian servant Abdul Karim (Fazal). The movie premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2017. The costumes worn by the main actors in the film have been added as part of the official display at Osborne House.
In 2018, he played Guddu Pandit in "Mirzapur". In 2020 he continued his role of Guddu Pandit in "Mirzapur" season 2.
Fazal was born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Fazal's family is from Allahbad. His father worked in a firm in the Middle East. His parents separated when he was a child. From then on, he grew up in his maternal grandparents' home with his grandparents and his mother. The couple divorced when Fazal was 18. He studied at La Martiniere College in Lucknow and The Doon School in Dehradun.
In 2004, he participated in school plays and engaged in debates. He was selected for the role of Trinculo, the jester in the play "The Tempest" by William Shakespeare. It was a memorable role for him. Fazal went to Mumbai and graduated in economics from St. Xavier's College.
MC Yallah
Yallah Gaudencia Mbidde, known as MC Yallah, is a Kenyan-Ugandan rapper. She has been rapping since the 1990s, when she was inspired by American hip hop and the Ugandan artists Young Vibes. During the 2000s, she was a host on the popular show NewzBeat. MC Yallah is part of the record label Nyege Nyege, and became more popular when Nyege Nyege performed concerts in Europe.
Victor Hernández Cruz
Victor Hernández Cruz is a Puerto Rican poet. He was born in Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico. He moved to New York City with his family when he was five years old. He lives in Morocco and Puerto Rico.
Cruz is a member of the Nuyorican poetry movement of Puerto Rican poets who moved to New York City. Nuyorican poets, such as Pedro Pietri, Miguel Algarin, Miguel Pinero, and Giannina Braschi, write about immigrant life and hybrid latino culture. They multilingual literature. They write in Spanish, English, and Spanglish.
Cruz has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. He was the first Puerto Rican poet to be a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.
He writes about New York City, traveling, the Caribbean, Puerto Rican history, and the immigrant experience. Cruz said in a television interview with Bill Moyers, “I write about myself as a Caribbean man, a man within a larger tapestry, and I try to see the connections between everything. Between myself and history, myself a racially mixed person, and all these things that make me up. I explore them in my poetry.”
Cruz published his first book, "Papo Got His Gun! And Other Poems", on a copying machine called the mimeograph. His later books were published by tradition publishing houses. His titles include: "Beneath the Spanish" (2017); "In the Shadow of Al-Andalus" (2011); "The Mountain in the Sea" (2006); "Red Beans" (1991); "Rhythm, Content, and Flavor: New and Selected Poems" (1989); "By Lingual Wholes" (1982); and "Snaps" (1969).
Julia de Burgos
Julia de Burgos (February 17, 1914 – July 6, 1953) was a Puerto Rican poet. She was a Puerto Rican Nationalist. She advocated for civil rights for women, African Americans, and Afro-Caribbean people.
In 1938, at the age of twenty-four, Julia de Burgos published her first book of poems by herself. She traveled around Puerto Rico selling copies. She was raising money to help cover the cost of her mother’s cancer treatments. Her poems discuss themes of feminism, social justice, slavery, and Puerto Rican independence.
She famously wrote, "I Am the Life, the Strength, the Woman."
She influenced the poets of the Nuyorican movement, including Victor Hernández Cruz, Giannina Braschi, and Pedro Pietri.
She died of alcoholism in an East Harlem hospital in New York City.
Today she is called a Puerto Rican icon. She is one of Puerto Rican greatest figures in Puerto Rican poetry.
De Burgos wrote "Poemas exactos a mi misma" (1937), "Poema en veinte surcos" (1938), and "Canción de la verdad sencilla" (1939). Her poem "El mar y tú: otros poemas" (1954) was published after her death.
Her honors include awards from the Institute of Puerto Rican Literature. She has an honorary doctorate from the University of Puerto Rico. Many schools, public parks, and cultural centers are named after her, including: the Julia de Burgos Cultural Arts Center in Cleveland, the Julia de Burgos Latino Cultural Center in New York, and Julia de Burgos Park in Chicago.
The Julia de Burgos postage stamp was issued on September 14, 2010, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is the 26th stamp in the United States Literary Arts series.
Spanglish (language)
Spanglish is a hybrid American language that mixes words and other ways of saying things from Spanish and English. It is mostly spoken in the United States.
Spanglish is spoken in American towns and cities that have large numbers of Latino people, for example Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, Santa Fe, Newark, and New York. Spanglish is spoken by Spanish-speaking people who have moved to the United States from other countries and immigrants who are are still learning English. Many people born in the United States whose parents came from Spanish-speaking countries also speak Spanglish. An estimated that 40 million people in the United States speak Spanglish.
Spanglish is a source of pride in Latino identity. In "Living in Spanglish", Ed Morales wrote, "Spanglish is what we speak, but it is also who we Latinos are, and how we act, and how we perceive the world."
Latino literature in the United States has things written in Spanglish. Chicano, Nuyorican, and Puerto Rican poets, playwrights, and novelists use Spanglish. Here are some of them:
Many Latino and Latin American musicians use Spanglish in the words to their songs.
Spanglish duets are songs with Spanish and English lyrics. They are a growing trend in the American and Latin American music industry. These duets are sung by a native Spanish speaker and a native English speaker. Shakira and Beyonce, Romeo Santos and Usher, Justin Bieber and Daddy Yankee (in Luis Fonsi’s “Despacito”) have made the Billboard Hot 100 charts with Spanglish duets.
Stavans, Ilan, "Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language." (2004)
Quan Chi
Quan Chi is a character from the "Mortal Kombat" franchise.
Quan Chi teamed up with Shang Tsung for their Deadly Alliance.
The character was well-liked, but his Fatalities were mixed.
Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga
Lego Star Wars: The Video Game is a 2007 action-adventure LEGO video game based on the "Star Wars" original and prequel trilogies.
The game is considered better than the original two due to merged characters and gameplay.
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a 2003 action-adventure video game made by Ubisoft.
The Prince can reverse or slow down time with the Dagger of Time after he collects sand.
The Prince has opened the Sands of Time thanks to the Vizier.
The game was well-liked and an influential game of 2003.
Spider-Man (2000 video game)
Spider-Man is an action-adventure video game made by Neversoft. It can be played on the PlayStation, Sega Dreamcast and Nintendo 64. The game is based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. It had a 2001 sequel called "".
Spider-Man can attack enemies with his webs or punches. Once the game is completed, a What-If mode narrated by the Watcher (voiced by Laurence Fishburne) has more humorous content in the walkthrough.
The game was made with the engine for Tony Hawk's Pro Skater.
The game is considered one of the best Spider-Man games of all time, rivaling Spider-Man 2.
Pan-Ethiopian nationalism
Ethiopian nationalism ( "Ītyop'iyawīnet") also referred as Ethiopianism or Ethiopianness and Pan-Ethiopian nationalism, asserts that the people of Ethiopia/Ethiopians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity, whereas it defines ethnic groups have equality rights and constitute sovereignty. Ethiopian nationalism is a type of civic nationalism in that it is multi-ethnic and promotes diversity. The views espoused by Ethiopian nationalists is that, Ethiopian civic nationalism is in contrast to and in opposition against ethno-nationalist supremacy fueled by ethnic federalist policies in which Ethiopian nationalists claim that regional subdivisions of the state were segregated according to ethnicity brought about by the partitioning and dissolution of traditionally multi-ethnic regions causing the internal displacement of people through internal population transfers. However, there has been opposition to multi-ethnic Ethiopian nationalism from ethnic nationalist and separatists groups as seen in the surge of ethnic tensions between various Ethiopian ethnic groups and political parties most notably among the most populace ethnic groups in the country like the Amhara, Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, most of whom who have separatist movements among their ranks, and conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrean Provincial Separatists vying for and later accomplishing the Independence of Eritrea (who had already formed their own region specific Eritrean Nationalism and national identity of the People of Eritrea / Eritreans having keen similarities to that of Ethiopian Nationalism because of its multi-ethnic nature) in the aftermath of the Amhara Political-Predominance Era that occurred towards the end of monarchic rule in the Ethiopian Empire. However, ethnic tensions surged between the Amhara, Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, each of whom had formed separatist movements dedicated to leaving Ethiopia.
The conception of an Ethiopian nation by Ethiopian nationalists is stated to have begun with the Aksumite Kingdom in the 4th century A.D. The Aksumite Kingdom was a predominantly Christian state that at the height of its power controlled what is now the Ethiopian Highlands, Eritrea, and the coastal regions of Southern Arabia. The Aksumite Kingdom was responsible for the development of the religious movement that became the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. However, the expansion of Islam in the 7th century caused the decline of the Aksumite Kingdom, and most of the lowland populations converted to Islam, while the highland people remained Christian. Since the Aksumite people became divided between Christian highlands and Islamic lowlands, religious and tribal tensions and rivalries between the people intensified. The Aksumite society changed into a loose confederation of city-states that maintained the language of Aksum.
After the fall of Aksum due to declining sea trade from fierce competition by Muslims and changing climate, the power base of the kingdom migrated south and shifted its capital to Kubar (near Agew). They moved southwards because, even though the Axumite Kingdom welcomed and protected the companions of Prophet Muhammad to Ethiopia, who came as refugees to escape the persecution of the ruling families of Mecca and earned the friendship and respect of the Prophet. Their friendship deteriorated when South-Arabians invaded the Dahlak islands through the port of Adulis and destroyed it, which was the economic backbone for the prosperous Aksumite Kingdom. After a second golden age in the early 6th century the Aksumite empire began to decline in the mid 6th century, eventually ceasing its production of coins in the early 7th century. Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital. Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries. While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south; and, though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants. The capital was moved to a new location, currently unknown, though it may have been called Ku'bar or Jarmi.
Under the reign of Degna Djan, during the 10th century, the empire kept expanding south, and sent troops into the modern-day region of Kaffa, while at the same time undertaking missionary activity into Angot and Amhara.
Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish Queen named Yodit (Judith) or "Gudit" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature. While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors. Another possibility is that the Aksumite power was ended by a southern pagan queen named Bani al-Hamwiyah, possibly of the tribe al-Damutah or Damoti of the Sidama people. It is clear from contemporary sources that a female usurper did indeed rule the country at this time, and that her reign ended some time before 1003. After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the Agaw Zagwe dynasty in the 11th or 12th century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope. However, Yekuno Amlak, who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od. It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at Lalibela and Yemrehana Krestos Church shows heavy Aksumite influence.
Fearing of what recently occurred, Axum shifted its capital near Agew In the middle of the sixteenth century Adal Sultanate armies led by Harar leader Ahmed Gragn invaded the Ethiopian Highlands in what is known as the ""Conquest of Habasha"". Following Gragn invasions the southern part of the Empire was lost to Ethiopia and scattered several groups like the Gurage people were cut off from the rest of Abyssinia. In the late sixteenth century the nomadic Oromo people penetrated the Abyssinian plains occupying large territories during the Oromo migrations. Abyssinian warlords often competed with each other for dominance of the realm. The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of Yekuno Amlak of Ancient Bete Amhara in 1270, after defeating the Agaw lords of Lasta.
The Gondarian dynasty, which since the 16th century had become the centre of Royal pomp and ceremony of Abyssinia, finally lost its influence as a result of the emergence of powerful regional lords, following the murder of Iyasu I, also known as Iyasu the Great. The decline in the prestige of the dynasty led to the semi-anarchic era of Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Princes"), in which rival warlords fought for power and the Yejju Oromo "enderase"s ("regents") had effective control. The emperors were considered to be figureheads. Until a young man named Kassa Haile Giorgis also known as Emperor Tewodros brought end to "Zemene Mesafint" by defeating all his rivals and took the throne in 1855. The Tigrayans made only a brief return to the throne in the person of Yohannes IV in 1872, whose death in 1889 resulted in the power base shifting back to the dominant Amharic-speaking elite prior to Yejju Oromo and Tigrayan rule. His successor Menelik II an Emperor of Amhara origin seized power. League of Nations in 1935 reported that after the invasion of Menelik's forces into non Abyssinian-proper lands of Somalis, Harari, Southern Oromo, Sidama, Shanqella etc, the inhabitants were enslaved and heavily taxed by the gebbar-feudal system leading to depopulation.
Some scholars consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the Solomonic line of Emperors ending in Haile Selassie I. Marcos Lemma and other scholars dispute the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics. This confusion may largely stem from the mislabeling of all Amharic-speakers as "Amhara" even though they were from a different ethnic group, and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have adopted Amharic names. Another is the claim that most Ethiopians can trace their ancestry to multiple ethnic groups, including the last self-proclaimed emperor Haile Selassie I and his Empress Itege Menen Asfaw of Ambassel of having both Amhara and Oromo linage.
Oromo migrations, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. A contemporary account was recorded by the monk Abba Bahrey, from the Gamo region. Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence. A remote province such as Bale is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during Yaqob reign (1590-1607).
By 1607, Oromos were also major players in the imperial politics, when Susenyos I, raised by a clan through "gudifacha" (or adoption), took power. He was helped by fellow Luba age-group generals Mecha, Yilma and Densa, who were rewarded by "Rist" feudal lands, in the present-day Gojjam districts of the same name.
The reign of Iyasu I the Great (1682-1706) was a major period of consolidation. It also saw the dispatching of embassies to Louis XIV's France and to Dutch India. During the reign of Iyasu II (1730-1755), the Empire was strong enough to undertake a war on the Sennar Sultanate, where the emperor leading its army to Sennar itself, was afterwards forced to retreat upon defeat along the Setit river. Iyasu II also conferred the dignity of Kantibai of the Habab (northern Eritrea) after homage by a new dynasty.
The "Wallo" and "Yejju" clans of the Oromo people rise to power culminated in 1755, when Emperor Iyoas I ascended to the imperial throne in Gondar. They would be one of the major factions contending for imperial power during the ensuing Zemene Mesafint, starting from 1769, when Mikael Sehul, Ras of Tigray killed Iyoas I and replaced him with Yohannes II.
The establishment of modern Ethiopia was led by the Shawan people (which included both Amharas and Oromos), particularly Amhara emperors Tewodros II of Gondar, who governed from 1855 to 1868, Yohannis IV, who was from Tigray governed from 1869 to 1889 and managed to expand his authority into Eritrea, and Menelik II, who governed from 1889 to 1913 and repelled the Italian invasion of 1896.
From 1874 to 1876, the Empire, under Yohannes IV, won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the invading forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien province (in modern day Eritrea). In 1887 Menelik king of Shewa invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of Chelenqo.
Beginning in the 1890s, under the reign of the Emperor Menelik II, the empire's forces set off from the central province of Shoa to incorporate through conquest inhabited lands to the west, east and south of its realm. The territories that were annexed included those of the Western Oromo (non-Shawan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta, and Dizi. Among the imperial troops was Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia. Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.
Ethiopia, unlike the rest of Africa, had never been colonized. Ethiopia was accepted as the first independent African-governed state at the League of Nations in 1922. Ethiopia was occupied by Italy after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, but it was liberated by the Allies during World War II.
After the war, Ethiopia annexed Eritrea. However, ethnic tensions surged between the Amhara and the various ethnic groups of Eritrea, as well as Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, in Ethiopia proper, each of whom had formed separatist movements dedicated to leaving Ethiopia. After the overthrow of the Ethiopian monarchy by the Derg military junta, the country became aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba after the United States failed to support it in its military struggle with Somali separatists in the Ogaden region. After the end of military government in Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea separated from Ethiopia.
In March 1896 a definitive battle took place between the forces of colonial Italy, and those of the Ethiopian Empire in a town in northern Ethiopia called Adwa. The battle was short but extremely violent with tens of thousands of deaths. At the time Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia had mobilized the Ethiopian people regardless of class and ethnicities. The mobilization drive would see millions of Ethiopian Citizens march from their towns, villages, and cities into the Northern Highlands for the preservation of their African Empire. This battle would end in a decisive victory for Ethiopia, marking the country with a unique legacy of independence in the face of European Aggression.
The battle of Adwa is the foundation for Ethiopian Nationalist ideology. For many Ethiopians, the threat of foreign invasion is the rallying cry for patriotic sacrifices and nationalist ideologues. By the time the battle of Adwa took place almost all of Africa was dominated by European forces. Ethiopian independence broke the mold of European superiority & provided a beacon of hope for black nations and peoples around the world. For many Ethiopians this moment represents a transitional moment, in which the nation realized its teleological doctrine. While the first war against Italy was a uniting war, the 1934 invasion by Benito Mussolini was extremely divisive. In Observation on the Ethiopian Nation Charles McClellan argues that the Italo-Abyssinian war of 1934 was in fact "as much a civil war as one against foreign aggression." McClellan argues that the political and factional differences which emerged in Ethiopia prior to the war, were not resolved by the Italian invasion but instead were amplified. This in the authors opinion led to an era of bitter factionalism which would "define the dynamics of post-war Ethiopian politics."
Since 1992 prior to the appointment of Abiy Ahmed as Prime Minister the TPLF has had almost complete control of the government leveraging its power to concentrate wealth and development into the Tigray Region. The hegemonic rule of the Tigray people in Ethiopia was in many ways a reaction to the predominance Amharas had in media and governance. The hegemonic rule of a few ethnic groups or in some cases a single ethnic group has marginalized many groups within Ethiopia and has led to a cycle of violence and retribution. In the early 1990s the TPLF believed that through an ethnic federalist state system, one in which regions were assigned and divided by ethnic population, they could
"reduc[e] the inter-ethnic conflict that has divided Ethiopian society for centuries; (2) promot[e] equitable material conditions in all areas of the country; and (3) improv[e] the efficiency and effectiveness of public sector performance at the field level. They argued they could use political and administrative devolution to promote these objectives without threatening other important objectives, such as economic growth and political stability."