AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
He is a central character in the novels "Call for the Dead", "A Murder of Quality", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", "The Honourable Schoolboy", and "Smiley's People", and a supporting character in "The Spy Who Came In from the Cold", "The Looking Glass War", "The Secret Pilgrim" and "A Legacy of Spies". The character has also appeared in a number of film, television, and radio adaptations of le Carré's books.
Le Carré, who created Smiley, wanted to show that Ian Fleming's James Bond series was an inaccurate picture of espionage life. Smiley is polite, shy and humble. He often allows others to mistreat him, especially his unfaithful wife. But his humility masks his inner cunning, excellent memory, mastery of tradecraft, and occasional ruthlessness. His genius being underestimated helps Smiley achieve his goals. In the end, he becomes one of the most powerful agents in Britain.
The character is held in high esteem in Britain, where he has become a pop-culture icon on par with Bond. "The Guardian" called him "the sort of spy [Britain] believes it ought to have: a bit shabby, academic, basically loyal, and sceptical of... his political masters".
Intelligence officer
An intelligence officer is a person employed to collect and or analyze information (known as "intelligence") which is of use to the organization.
The word "officer" is a working title, not a rank. It is used in the same way a "police officer" can be a sergeant, or in the military, where non-commissioned staff may serve as intelligence officers.
Organizations which employ intelligence officers include armed forces, police, and customs agencies. Mainly, though, the term is used by government intelligence agencies like MI5 and MI6.
Angelica Schuyler Church
Angelica Schuyler Church was an American woman from New York. She knew Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson.
Angelica was born in 1756. She grew up in Albany, New York. Her parents were Philip Schuyler and Catharine Van Rensselaer Schuyler. Philip Schuyler had fought in the French and Indian War. He went to the New York State Assembly and Continental Congress. During the Revolutionary War, Philip Schuyler was a Major General in the Continental Army. Her parents had fifteen children, and eight lived to be adults. Angelica's sister Elizabeth would later marry Alexander Hamilton. The Schuyler family had almost twenty slaves.
Historian Danielle Funiciello of the Schuyler Museum says the Schuyler daughters probably learned French, dancing, geography, history, writing, arithmetic, music, needlework, and how to run a household. Because about half of Albany spoke Dutch as a first language, the Schuylers probably spoke Dutch. Because Angelica could read in French, she could read philosophy.
After the war, Philip Schuyler was a senator in the New York state government and then senator for New York in the United States government.
Angelica Schuyler married a British man called John Barker Church in 1777. At the time, John Barker Church was using a false name, John Carter. He had changed his name and left England because he owed people money from gambling. She ran away to marry him because she thought her parents would not want them to marry. Her parents were angry and would not speak to her for days. Her mother's parents talked to her parents until they changed their minds.
John Barker Church made a lot of money selling supplies to the French and Continental armies during the war. He was General George Washington's Commissary General. He also made money buying land and selling it later.
In 1783, Angelica Schuyler Church, her husband, and their four children moved from the United States to France. John Barker Church was an envoy from the United States government to the government of France. In Paris, Angelica Schuyler Church made friends with Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Lafayette, the Marquis de Tallyrand and Thomas Jefferson. She introduced Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway.
In 1785, the Churches moved to London, where Angelica Schuyler Church made friends with some people in the royal family. John Barker Church became a member of Parliament. They visited the United States twice. They visited once in 1785. They visited again in 1789 because Angelica Schuyler Church had been invited to George Washington's inauguration, the ceremony where he officially became the first President of the United States.
The Churches moved back to the United States in 1797.
John Barker Church had given supplies to the Americans during the Revolutionary War. At the time, he told them they could pay him later. Because the American government realized they could not pay him at all, they gave him land in New York State instead. They gave him 100,000 acres on the Genesee River. Angelica and John's son Philip Church designed and built a town there, Angelica, New York, named after his mother.
Angelica Schuyler Church died on March 13, 1814.
Angelica is a character in the Broadway musical "Hamilton" by Lin-Manuel Miranda. Miranda said he had to make changes so the story of the musical would make sense. For example, in the musical, Angelica gets married after Elizabeth and Alexander Hamilton do, instead of before.
Flag of Montserrat
The flag of Montserrat was first used after the West Indies Federation was taken apart in 1958.
The flag is made of a British blue ensign with the coat of arms of Montserrat. They include Erin holding a harp which stands for Montserrat's history of Irish settlers and holding a cross to mean the island's Christian history.
All This and Rabbit Stew
All This and Rabbit Stew is a cartoon with Bugs Bunny. It was first made for viewing on September 13, 1941. Tex Avery is the director of the cartoon. It is about an African American hunter trying to hunt Bugs Bunny.
The cartoon is a part of the Censored Eleven. The Censored Eleven is a group of cartoons that can not be shown on television because they use racial stereotypes. "All This and Rabbit Stew" shows stereotypes of African Americans.
Nectanebo II
Nectanebo II ruled in 360–342 BC. He was the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt, and the last native ruler of ancient Egypt.
Under Nectanebo II, Egypt prospered. During his reign, the Egyptian artists developed a style on the reliefs of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Nectanebo II started the enormous Egyptian temple of Isis (the Iseum).
For several years, Nectanebo II was successful in keeping Egypt safe from the Achaemenid Empire. However, he was betrayed by a former servant, Mentor of Rhodes. Nectanebo II was finally defeated by combined Persian and Greek forces in the Battle of Pelusium (343 BC). The Persians occupied Memphis and then seized the rest of Egypt. They took the country into the Achaemenid Empire under Artaxerxes III. Nectanebo fled south and was influential for some time; his final fate is unknown.
Murder of Jo Cox
British Member of Parliament for Batley and Spen Jo Cox was killed after being shot and stabbed many times on 16 June 2016. Thomas Alexander Mair, a 53-year-old gardener, was found guilty of the murder in September. He held far-right views and attacked her because she supported the European Union and immigration. He was sentenced to life imprisionment with a whole life order.
This was the first time a sitting MP had been killed since 1990, when Ian Gow was killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
Calcutta (1947 movie)
October: Ten Days That Shook the World
October: Ten Days That Shook the World (; translit. "Oktyabr': Desyat' dney kotorye potryasli mir") is a 1928 Russian drama movie directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov and was based on the 1919 novel of the same name by John Reed. It stars Nikolai Popov, Vasili Nikandrov, Boris Livanov, Eduard Tisse and was distributed by First National Pictures.
Jolly Fellows
Encounter at the Elbe
Two Cars, One Night
New Mexico Legislature
Texas Legislature
The Texas Legislature is the state legislature of Texas. It is made up of two parts: the Texas House of Representatives (lower house) and the Texas Senate (upper house). The House has 150 members and the Senate has 31 members. The legislature meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas.
Both houses are currently controlled by the Republican Party, with Dan Patrick as President of the Senate and Dennis Bonnen as Speaker of the House. Both are Republicans.
Texas House of Representatives
The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Texas Legislature. It has 150 members, who each one district of Texas. They serve for a two-year term with no term limits. The house meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas.
Texas Senate
The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas Legislature. It has 31 members who each represent one district. They serve for 4-year terms with no term limits. The house meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas. The Republican Party currently controls the house.
†Elected in a special election
G. Kishan Reddy
He is an MP representing Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency) since 2019. He served the floor leader of the BJP in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2009. He gave it up after being elected as the state BJP president of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh.
Names of Vietnam
Throughout history of Vietnam, besides official names, there are names that are used unofficially to refer to the territory of Vietnam. Vietnam was ever called Văn Lang during the Hùng Vương Dynasty, Âu Lạc when An Dương was king, Nam Việt during the Triệu Dynasty, Van Xuan during the Anterior Lý Dynasty, Đại Cồ Việt during the Đinh dynasty and Early Lê dynasty. Starting in 1054, Vietnam was called Đại Việt (Great Viet). During the Hồ dynasty, Vietnam was called Đại Ngu.
Việt Nam ( in Vietnamese) is a variation of Nam Việt (Southern Việt), a name that can be traced back to the Triệu dynasty (2nd century BC, also known as Nanyue Kingdom). The word "Việt" originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt, a word used to refer to a people who lived in what is now southern China in ancient times. The word "Việt Nam", with the syllables in the modern order, first appears in the 16th century in a poem by Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm. "Annam", which originated as a Chinese name in the seventh century, was the common name of the country during the colonial period. Nationalist writer Phan Bội Châu revived the name "Vietnam" in the early 20th century. When rival communist and anti-communist governments were set up in 1945, both immediately adopted this as the country's official name. In English, the two syllables are usually combined into one word, "Vietnam". However, "Viet Nam" was once common usage and is still used by the United Nations and by the Vietnamese government.
The term "" (Yue) (), Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty ( BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.
From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular states or groups called Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt). The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book "Lüshi Chunqiu" compiled around 239 BC.
In 207 BC, former Qin dynasty general Zhao Tuo/Triệu Đà founded the kingdom Nanyue/Nam Việt with its capital at Panyu (modern Guangzhou). This kingdom was "southern" because it was south of other Baiyue kingdoms such as Minyue and Ouyue, in modern Fujian and Zhejiang. Several later Vietnamese dynasties followed this nomenclature even after these more northern peoples were absorbed into China.
In "Sấm Trạng Trình" (The Prophecies of Trạng Trình), poet Nguyen Binh Khiêm (1491–1585) reversed the traditional order of the syllables and put the name in its modern form: "Vietnam is being created" (). At this time, the country was divided between the Trịnh lords of Hanoi and the Nguyễn lords of Huế. By combining several existing names, Nam Việt, Annam (Pacified South), Đại Việt (Great Việt), and "Nam quốc" (southern nation), Khiêm could create a new name that referred to an aspirational unified state. The word "nam" no longer implies Southern Việt, but rather that Vietnam is "the South" in contrast to China, "the North". This explanation is implied by Lý Thường Kiệt in the poem "Nam quốc sơn hà" (1077): "Over the mountains and rivers of the South, reigns the emperor of the South." Researcher Nguyễn Phúc Giác Hải found the word 越南 "Việt Nam" on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bảo Lâm Pagoda, Haiphong (1558). Nguyễn Phúc Chu (1675–1725) used the word in a poem: "This is the most dangerous mountain in Vietnam" (). It was used as an official name by Emperor Gia Long in 1804-1813. The Jiaqing Emperor refused Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, and changed the name instead to Việt Nam. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.
The use of "Vietnam" was revived in modern times by nationalists including Phan Bội Châu, whose book "Việt Nam vong quốc sử" (History of the Loss of Vietnam) was published in 1906. Chau also founded the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội (Vietnam Restoration League) in 1912. However, the general public continued to use Annam and the name "Vietnam" remained virtually unknown until the Yên Bái mutiny of 1930, organized by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Vietnamese Nationalist Party). By the early 1940s, the use of "Việt Nam" was widespread. It appeared in the name of Ho Chi Minh's Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (Viet Minh), founded 1941, and was even used by the governor of French Indochina in 1942. The name "Vietnam" has been official since 1945. It was adopted in June by Bảo Đại's imperial government in Huế, and in September by Ho's rival communist government in Hanoi.
In English, the spellings Vietnam, Viet-Nam, and Viet Nam have all been used. The 1954 edition of "Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary" gave both the unspaced and hyphenated forms; in response to a letter from a reader, the editors indicated that the spaced form Viet Nam was also acceptable, though they stated that because Anglophones did not know the meaning of the two words making up the name Vietnam, "it is not surprising" that there was a tendency to drop the space. In 1966, the U.S. government was known to use all three renderings, with the State Department preferring the hyphenated version. By 1981, the hyphenated form was regarded as "dated", according to Scottish writer Gilbert Adair, and he titled his book about depictions of the country in film using the unhyphenated and unspaced form "Vietnam".
The modern Chinese name for Vietnam () can be translated as "Beyond the South", leading to the folk etymology that the name is a reference to the country's location beyond the southernmost borders of China. Another theory explains that the nation was termed as such in order to emphasize the division of those who stayed in China in contrast to the people living in Vietnam.
Both Japanese and Korean formerly referred to Vietnam by their respective Sino-Xenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters for its names, but later switched to using direct phonetic transcriptions. In Japanese, following the independence of Vietnam the names and were largely replaced by the phonetic transcription , written in katakana script; however, the old form is still seen in compound words (e.g. , "a visit to Vietnam"). Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs sometimes used an alternative spelling . Similarly, in the Korean language, in line with the trend towards decreasing usage of hanja, the Sino-Korean-derived name "Wollam" (, the Korean reading of ) has been replaced by "Beteunam" () in South Korea and "Wennam" () in North Korea.
Nityanand Rai
Nityanand Rai (born 1 January 1966) is an Indian politician. He is current Minister of State for Home Affairs in the Government of India. He was elected in the 2014 and 2019 General Election from Ujiarpur. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He had continuously represented Hajipur constituency in Bihar legislative assembly winning elections since 2000 (2000, Feb-2005, October- 2005 and 2010).
Kiren Rijiju
Kiren Rijiju (born 19 November 1971) is an Indian lawyer and politician. He is also a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Rijiju is the current Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs of Government of India.
His wife is Joram Rina Rijiju. They were married in 2004. She is a graduate from Lady Shri Ram College for Women, New Delhi. She is a gold medalist from Arunachal University. She is an Assistant Professor teaching history at Dera Natung College, Itanagar in Arunachal Pradesh.
Lidar is a method for measuring distances by using a laser on a target and measuring its reflection with a sensor.
After the invention of laser, first tool similiar to a lidar was made in 1961 at Hughes Aircraft Company. It was first intended to track satellites. It was originally called "Colidar", acronym for "COherent Light Detecting And Ranging".
One of first usages of lidar were in meteorology. National Center for Atmospheric Research used it to measure clouds and pollution.
Eemsdelta
Eemsdelta, Low Saxon: "Emsdelta", is a municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. It lies in the northeast of Groningen.
About 46,000 people live in Eemsdelta. It covers an area of about .
The main settlements are Delfzijl and Appingedam.
Eemsdelta was established on January 1, 2021. It was made by combining the former municipalities of Appingedam, Delfzijl, and Loppersum.
The municipality borders the Ems river in the northeast, and the Dollart bay in the east. On the other side of the Ems and the Dollart lies East Frisia, which is a region in the German state of Lower Saxony.
The Eemskanaal flows through the municipality, and connects the Ems river with the city of Groningen.
Eemsdelta contains the fifth most important seaport of the Netherlands, in the city of Delfzijl.
The Manchester Grammar School (MGS) in Manchester, England, is the largest independent day school for boys in the United Kingdom. It has about 1600 pupils.
It was founded in 1515 as a free grammar school. After WWII, MGS was a direct-grant grammar school. It chose to become an independent school in 1976 after the Labour government abolished the Direct Grant System. Fees for 2016–2017 were £11,970 per annum.
The school is known for its outstanding academic results. In 2017 91% of all A-Level grades were A*-B and at GCSE/IGCSE 68% of all grades were at the A* level.
Congo (chimpanzee)
BabyFirst
BabyFirst is an American children's television channel. Its programmes are aimed at babies aged 6–36 months. The channel is owned by FirstMedia. It is based in Los Angeles, California and can be watched in 33 countries and 13 languages. The channel first started in 2006.
Hass avocado
The Hass avocado is a cultivar of avocado ("Persea americana") with dark green colored, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.
The Hass avocado is a giant fruit weighing 200 to 300 grams.
The Lion Guard
Tinga Tinga Tales
Tinga Tinga Tales is a British–Kenyan flash animated children's television series, based on African folk tales, aimed at 4 to 6-year-olds and that is similar to 64 Zoo Lane, Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies and Funky Valley. It was commissioned by the BBC for its CBeebies channel, and by Disney Channel for its Disney Junior block. Named after Tingatinga art from Tanzania, "Tinga Tinga Tales" was produced in Nairobi, Kenya by Homeboyz Animation, a studio of approximately 50 people. The music is produced by Kenyan singer-songwriter Eric Wainaina. The series comprises 55 episodes.
The series was first conceived by Claudia Lloyd, head of animation at the London-based Tiger Aspect Productions, while travelling through Africa. The first three episodes premiered on the BBC website in early February 2010. The distribution rights have been bought by Entertainment Rights (which in 2009 merged with Classic Media, then in 2012 it was acquired by DreamWorks Animation and renamed into DreamWorks Classics, and ultimately became the property of Universal Television in 2016).
Tinga Tinga Tales is centered on various animated animals and employs music, dialogue, and colorful imagery to tell African folk tales about the origins of animals, all narrated by a red monkey, and to answer questions such as, "Why do monkeys swing in the trees and flamingos stand on one leg?"
Calderstone Productions
Calderstone Productions Limited is a subsidiary of UMG that administers the Beatles' music, and three of its solo artists.
Tumanay Khan
Tumanay Khan (1080-1130), born Tumbinai Setsen, was the 7th Khan of the Mongol Borjigin Tribe. He was the son of Baishinkhor Dogshin and father of Khabul Khan and Khadjuli. He was the direct ancestor of Tamurlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire through one of his sons. He was the ancestor of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, through another son.
Tang Wei
Tāng Wéi (汤唯) (born 7 October 1979) is a Chinese actress. Tang was best known for her roles in movies "Lust, Caution" (2007) and "Blackhat" (2015).
Frontonia
Frontonia is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists. It is closely related to the genus "Paramecium". "Frontonia" can eat diatoms, cyanobacteria, filamentous algae, testate amoebas, and even members of their own species.
"Frontonia" are widespread. Members of the genus are in marine and freshwater environments on every continent.
Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794) was a German fighter who helped the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. At Valley Forge, he taught the Continental Army how to fight the European way.
Steuben was born September 17, 1730 in Magdeburg. At the time, Magdeburg was in the Kingdom of Prussia.
Steuben's father worked with engineers in the 1744 Siege of Prague.
Steuben joined the Prussian army when he was 16. He learned that the Prussian army was a good army because it was very disciplined. He became a lieutenant. He fought in the Seven Years War. He became a captain. He worked for General Johann von Mayer. In 1762, he was aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great. Steuben was in the army 17 years.
In 1763, Steuben was pushed out of the army because there was peace and the government wanted the army to be smaller.
Steuben went to work for the court of a small German country called Hohenzollern-Hechingen. In 1769, the prince of Baden added Steuben to the chivalric Order of Fidelity. That meant Steuben was allowed to use the title "Freiherr", meaning "free lord," or "baron."
In 1777, Hohenzollern-Hechingen lost its money, and von Steuben needed a new job. He looked for army jobs in Europe, but Europe was mostly at peace. He looked for a job with the Prince of Baden, but someone told stories that von Steuben had "taken liberties with young boys," meaning someone called him a pedophile.
The Revolutionary War had started in North America. Von Steuben looked for a job with the Continental Army. He went to France and met Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane. Franklin and Deane wanted von Steuben to help the Continental Army, so they wrote to the Continental Congress. They lied and said he had been a general in the Prussian army (he had really only been a captain). They told other lies too. They did this because many, many Europeans from rich or noble families wanted to fight in the Continental Army. Many of them expected to be generals, but the Continental Army was not large enough for so many generals. Also, many of them had not fought in wars before, and the Continental Congress sent them home. Franklin and Deane knew that only a very, very good story would make Congress hire von Steuben.
Von Steuben came to America in 1777. He told Congress he did not mind if he was not a general. He told the Continental Congress that they only had to pay him if they won the war. They hired him.
Von Steuben went to Valley Forge and met General George Washington. Washington made von Steuben Acting Inspector General and told him to teach the Continental Army soldiers how to fight the European way.
Von Steuben taught the soldiers how to drill, meaning he made them practice marching, shooting, and fighting together until they were good fighters. He made all the officers use the same drills so the soldiers would not be confused in a real battle. He also told Washington and Congress which weapons and supplies they should buy, for example bayonets.
Von Steuben did not speak English well. Instead, he cursed at the soldiers in French and German. The Continental soldiers liked him anyway.
One problem with the Continental Army was that the officers who did drill their men sometimes used different drills. This made the soldiers confused in real battles. Von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, and Alexander Hamilton wrote one drill book for the whole Continental Army, the Blue Book. The American military used it until after the War of 1812.
Von Steuben wrote to a friend, "The genius of this nation is not in the least to be compared with that of the Prussian, Austrians, or French. You say to your soldier 'Do this and he doeth it'; but I am obliged to say [to the American soldier]: 'This is the reason why you ought to do that: and then he does it.'"
After the Battle of Monmouth, Congress gave von Steuben the rank Major General. He led soldiers at the Battle of Yorktown and other battles.
Von Steuben died in November 28, 1794 at his home in New York State.
Von Steuben was accused of being a pedophile, but it was never proven.
Historians today believe von Steuben was homosexual, meaning he had relationships with other adult men. It was an open secret, meaning that Washington and other people knew von Steuben was homosexual and decided not to talk about it.
Muladi
Prof. Dr. H. Muladi, S.H. (26 May 1943 — 31 December 2020) was an Indonesian academician, judge, and politician. In 1998, he became Minister of Justice in Suharto's seventh and last cabinet on 14 March 1998.
Muladi tested positive for COVID-19 on 17 December 2020. He died from the infection on 31 December 2020.
Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)
Narendra "Bull" Kumar, PVSM, KC, AVSM, (also spelled "Narinder"; (8 December 1933 – 31 December 2020) was an Indian soldier-mountaineer. He was deputy leader of the first Indian successful Everest Expedition in 1965.
In 1965, Narendra was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India, and Arjuna Award
Zett Jukassa
Zett Jukassa was a young Jedi who lived on the planet Coruscant with the rest of the Jedi Order. Zett is in "." He is killed in "." He was fighting bravelyagainst Clone troopers.
Zett Jukassa is played by Star Wars creator George Lucas's son, Jett Lucas.
Classical architecture
Classical architecture is any architecture that has features from the ancient Greek and Roman style of building. It is also known as the architecture of classical antiquity. Many features of classical architecture come from the writing of the Roman architect Vitruvius.
Different styles of classical architecture might have existed since the Carolingian Renaissance. Styles have definitely existed since the Italian Renaissance.
Classical architecture buildings can be very different, but all classical architecture uses the same common design features. These features are structural and visual.
In much of Europe and America, from the Renaissance until World War Two, classical architecture was very popular and important to architecture. It is still important today, but less than it has been in history.
The term classical architecture is also used to talk about any type of architecture that has become a very specific style. For example, classical Chinese architecture, or classical Mayan architecture. The words "traditional" and "vernacular" can mean something different to "classical", or something similar.
The phrases New Classical and Neoclassical describe classical architecture that was built in modern times.
Classical architecture comes from the architecture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. After the west part of the Roman empire stopped existing, no Roman architecture was built in most of western Europe.
In the Carolingian Renaissance, which happened in the 8th and 9th centuries, people started bringing back classical architecture. For example, the gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey (c.800 AD) in Germany looks like the Colosseum in Rome. The Colosseum is a very important piece of classical architecture.
Many styles of architecture have features of classical architecture. For example, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic architecture. But these styles do not try to exactly copy the traditions of classical architecture. For example, the idea of putting specific spaces between columns. So these styles are not thought of as classical architecture.
By the time the Italian Renaissance started, Gothic architecture was not used much anymore. Architects such as Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastiano Serlio, and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola started trying to bring back the style of architecture used in ancient Rome.
They did this by reading a paper called "De architectura", which was written by Vitruvius. Vitruvius was an architect in ancient Rome, and his paper has a lot of information about classical architecture and its features. The architects also looked at the old buildings in Rome and Italy.
The classical architecture from the Renaissance shows that classical ideas were used in a very specific way. Some of the ideas they used had no clear origin in ancient architecture. For example, the Ospedale degli Innocenti building in Florence was built by Filippo Bruncelleschi, and is one of the earliest Renaissance buildings. It was finished in 1445. But the columns on the building do not look exactly like the columns in Roman architecture.
During the Renaissance, people learned about how ancient buildings were designed (the theory of classical architecture). They did not look at how every building was designed. This means classical architecture is not exactly the same as the old buildings it was based off. It is simplified, and buildings made after the Renaissance follow these simplified rules.
Most of the architecture styles in Europe that were used after the Renaissance are classical architecture. This is a general use of the phrase "classical architecture". This general use is used by Sir John Summerson in The Classical Language of Architecture. The features of classical architecture have been used in different ways in different styles. For example, Baroque (or Rococo) architecture is different to classical architecture. Baroque or Rococo is based on classical architecture, but these styles have their own features, that are different to classical architecture.
When Baroque architecture was used, people who learned about architecture still learned classical ideas. But they were not as important as during the Renaissance.
Palladian architecture is a style based on classical architecture. It is based on the style of Andrea Palladio (1508-1580). He was an architect from Venice. His style was important even after he died. In Britain, it was used for many good buildings in the 18th and 19th century. The style was mixed with the Georgian architecture that Britain made at the time.
At around 1750, architects began copying classical architecture again. They did this because Baroque architecture only copied some of classical architecture. These architects wanted to make buildings that used all the features of classical architecture. The style they made was called Neoclassicism.
New findings in archaeology meant architects knew more about classical architecture than before. The architects wanted clear rules for making buildings. Some of the first Neoclassical thinkers were Claude Perrault, Marc-Antoine Laugier, and Carlo Lodoli. Some of the most important Neoclassical architects were Étienne-Louis Boullée, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Friedrich Gilly and John Soane.
Neoclassical architecture was very important from 1750 to 1850. Neo-Gothic architecture was becoming more important at the same time. Neo-Gothic architecture was much less classical than Neoclassical. In the late 19th century, many styles of architecture were important. Many of the styles were not like classical architecture. For example, Art Nouveau and Eclecticism.
Classical architecture was still important. Sometimes it would become very popular in one area. For example, Nordic Classicism was popular in the 1920s. But true classical architecture was never as popular as it was during the Renaissance.
When Modernism became popular in the early 20hth century, classical architecture mostly stopped being used.
Classical styles were important in America and Europe for a long time. From the Renaissance until Modernism began, classical architecture was very important. This means the architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome was used and changed into most new architecture styles.
Architectural styles can come from classical architecture in different ways. For example, Neo-Palladian architecture is based on the buildings designed by Andrea Palladio, an architect from the Italian Renaissance. But Palladio based his architecture on Ancient Roman architecture. So Neo-Palladian architecture is based on classical architecture, even though it is mostly based on the works of Palladio.
Some styles are not classical, like Gothic, but they have classical features. This means it is hard to judge classical architecture's range of use.
The most important part of classical architecture is features borrowed from ancient Greek and Roman architecture, and the rules architects made by learning about it.
Petrification is a word used to show how ancient Greek builders changed from using wood to using stone. It also shows the effect this had on the classical architecture style.
During the Archaic and early Classical times (6th and 5th centuries BC), early temples used a style of classical architecture called Doric.
Most historians think that the oldest temples were made with wood. Then the most important features of the buildings were used to make new buildings. This meant the style was the same, and all the buildings followed the same rules.
After that, in Greece, stone was used instead of wood. But they used the same style. Because the style was "petrified" and kept the same, the word "petrification" is used to show this.
The Greeks wanted the buildings to look the same as they did when they were made of wood. Historians think this had a religious reason. Nobody knows why exactly, because it was so long ago.
Many places still used wood. For example, the Etruscans in Italy. Even though the Etruscans used some Greek culture and religion, they mostly kept using wood. The Etruscans knew how to use stone, but they didn't. They only started using stone when they became Roman.
Da Boom
"Da Boom" is the 3rd episode of the 2nd season of "Family Guy". It was first shown on the Fox network on December 26, 1999. The episode is about the Griffin family after their city is destroyed from a nuclear explosion. This was because of Y2K (the Year 2000 problem). This is the first episode to have Mila Kunis as the voice actor for Meg Griffin.
The city of Quahog gets ready for the 2000 New Year. Peter Griffin is worried that Y2K will be the end of the world. Lois tells him many times that the world will not end, but Peter puts his family in the basement of their house. However, Y2K causes many nuclear explosions and other problems through all of the world. The Griffin family is safe, but their house is destroyed. The explosions have caused many problems for Quahog. For example, Meg's boyfriend dies in an explosion, Quagmire and Cleveland are stitched together, and Quahog's news anchors eat each other. Peter eats all of the food that was in the house. Peter thinks that Twinkies are the only food that does not get bad in a nuclear explosion. The Griffin family starts walking to a Twinkie factory in Natick, Massachusetts.
When they make it to Natick, they see a Twinkie factory that has no damage from the explosions. Peter makes a new town near the factory. Peter is the mayor and Joe, Quagmire, and Cleveland are part of the town's council. The town becomes a community with many houses. When Peter sees that the town is very peaceful, he thinks the town is not protected. He makes guns for everyone in the town. The people in the town are angry at Peter for using the pipes from their irrigation to make the guns. The Griffin family must leave the town. Stewie gets into radioactive waste and grows tentacles. Stewie lays eggs that hatches octopuses. The octopuses destroy the town after the Griffin family leaves. The family does not know what happened to the town and walks to another factory.
The episode is then shown to be a dream from Pam Ewing. Ewing is a character from the television show "Dallas". Ewing goes to her husband Bobby Ewing and talks to him about her dream. Bobby does not know what "Family Guy" is.
"Da Boom" was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan. Bob Jaques is the director of the episode.
This is the first episode where Mila Kunis is the voice actor for Meg. Lacey Chabert was the voice actor for Meg for episodes made before this one. Chabert stopped being a voice actor so she can keep working on "Party of Five". Kunis had to do an audition to be the voice actor for Meg. In the audition, Seth MacFarlane (creator of "Family Guy") wanted Kunis to talk more slowly and clearly. After that, Kunis was put in the show.
The fictional character Ernie the Giant Chicken is first seen in this episode. He is a very big chicken and is an enemy of Peter Griffin. They can be seen fighting for a long part of the episode. They can be seen together in other episodes, for example, "Blind Ambition", "Internal Affairs", "No Chris Left Behind", and "Meet the Quagmires". Danny Smith is the voice actor for Ernie.
Victoria Principal, Will Sasso, Jack Perkins, Joey Slotnick, Patrick Duffy, Lori Alan, Danny Smith, and Patrick Warburton are guest stars in the episode.
Ashan Haque from IGN said that the episode "ranks as one of the best in the series." He thought that most of the jokes were funny and that the strange story is entertaining. Tom Eames from "Digital Spy" said that the episode could have been the first time fans could see the show as being very different from "The Simpsons". He said the episode is "Classic bonkers "Family Guy"."
Gial Ackbar was a Mon Calamari male admiral from "Star Wars". Ackbar was an admiral for the Rebel Alliance and led the rebel attack on the Death Star in "". He was born on the planet called Mon Cala, Ackbar helped his people during a battle against the Confederacy of Independent Systems and led the Mon Calamari ships escape the planet many years later from the Galactic Empire. The ships went on to become the Rebel Alliance fleet. After the Battle of Endor, Ackbar continued his helping the Rebel Alliance when it became the New Republic. He led the Republic fleet to victory over the last Imperial armies at the Battle of Jakku before retiring to his home planet. During his retirement he had a son named Aftab. About 25 years later Ackbar joined Princess Leia Organa when she asked him to stop the threat of the First Order, joining her Resistance. Ackbar was in the movie "" helping the Resistance destroy the First Order's Starkiller Base and he was there during the evacuation of the Resistance base. But when the Resistance fleet was stopped by the fleet of the First Order, Ackbar was killed in the attack that happened.
Gial Ackbar is played by Tim Rose in Star Wars episodes, VI, VII and VIII. Erik Bauersfeld also voiced the character in episodes, VI and VII before passing away in 2016 and Tom Kane voicing the character for "".
Mon Cala
Mon Calamari
Margaret, Maid of Norway
Margaret ( ; March/April 1283 – September 1290), was Queen of Scots from 1286 to 1290 after the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286.
Margaret was born in Norway. Her father was King Eric II of Norway and her mother was a Scottish princess, also named Margaret. Margaret's mother's father was Alexander III, the king of Scotland. When Alexander died, the Scottish lords decided his granddaughter Margaret should be their queen. At that time, Margaret was three years old.
The Scottish lords and King Erik agreed that Margaret would marry Edward, an English prince. Then, Scotland and England would be one kingdom.
In 1290, Margaret got on a ship to go from Norway to Scotland. On the way, she became sick. The ship stopped in Orkney, where Margaret died. She was buried in Bergen, Norway.
Domrémy-la-Pucelle
Domrémy-la-Pucelle is a commune of 104 people (2017). It is found in the region Grand Est in the Vosges department in the northeast of France.
It is known for being the birthplace of Joan of Arc (1412–1431).
Verona, Pennsylvania
Verona is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is away from Pittsburgh. At the 2010 census, about 2,474 people lived here.
Essey-lès-Nancy
Cyberpunk 2077 is a 2020 action role-playing video game created by CD Projekt. The story is an open world set in the "Cyberpunk" universe.
The game is first-person.
"Cyberpunk" creator Mike Pondsmith was a consultant, and actor Keanu Reeves has a starring role.
CD Projekt released "Cyberpunk 2077" for PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, and Xbox One on 10 December 2020, with PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions planned to come out in 2021.
In Cyberpunk 2077, you play as the character V. You can customize V's gender, voice, body, and clothing. Your goal is to complete missions. Sometimes, it may involve killing people, but the main goals in the missions are mostly about survival.
Groupe BPCE
Groupe BPCE is a French banking group, formed by the 2009 merger of CNCE (Caisse Nationale des Caisses d'Epargne) and BFBP (Banque Federale des Banques Populaires), has more than 8,200 branches nationwide under their respective brand names serving nearly 40 million customers. Through its subsidiaries (including Natixis), it provides banking, financial, and real estate financing services to individuals, professionals, small and medium enterprises, large enterprises, and institutions in France and internationally. It provides various deposit and loan products to small and medium enterprises, craftspeople, franchisees, and franchisers; savings collection and management, credit, payment, and wealth management services; and real estate financing and corporate banking services. The company also offers bancassurance products, including life assurance and pensions that comprise automobile and home insurance, legal protection, the guarantee of life accidents, the supplementary health care insurance, welfare professionals and the collective retirement pensions and health, as well as credit insurance and guarantees to individuals, professionals, real estate professionals, and businesses.
Groupe Banque Populaire is a French group of cooperative banks. The federal union is controlled by 15 independent regional banks and also operates under the CASDEN and the Credit Cooperatif subsidiaries. In 2006, Groupe Banque Populaire created Natixis with another French cooperative banking group, Groupe Caisse d'Epargne. This new Investment Bank is the result of the spin-off of the two former Investment Banks of both groups : Banque Populaire's Natexis and Caisse d'Epargne's IXIS Corporate and Investment Bank. Then in 2009, Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne groups decided to fully merge into a single company, BPCE, which became the 2nd largest banking group in France.
Groupe Caisse d'Epargne is a French semi-cooperative banking group, founded in 1818, with around 4700 branches in the country. The group is active in retail and private banking, as well as holding a significant stake in the publicly traded investment bank Natixis.
Carlos do Carmo
Carlos Manuel de Ascenção do Carmo de Almeida ComIH (21 December 1939 – 1 January 2021) better known as Carlos do Carmo, was a Portuguese fado singer. He began singing and recording in 1963. His first EP record was "Mário Simões e o seu Quarteto Apresentando Carlos do Carmo". His most famous songs are "Lágrimas de Orvalho", "Lisboa Menina e Moça" and "Canoas do Tejo".
Carmo represented Portugal at the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest with "Uma flor de verde pinho".
Carmo died on 1 January 2021 from problems caused by a ruptured aneurysm in Lisbon, aged 81.
Leith Mullings
Leith Patricia Mullings (April 8, 1945 – December 13, 2020) was a Jamaican-born author, anthropologist and professor. She was president of the American Anthropological Association from 2011 to 2013. She was a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the City University of New York. Mullings was one of the founding members of the Black Radical Congress.
Franck Balandier
Franck Balandier (11 July 1952 – 17 December 2020) was a French writer. He was a member of the Société des gens de lettres. Balandier wrote his first novel in 1988.
Balandier died on 17 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 68.
Lorraine Monk
Lorraine Althea Constance Monk (née Spurrell; May 26, 1922 – December 17, 2020) was a Canadian photographer and executive producer. She worked with National Film Board of Canada. Many of her works were seen at the National Gallery of Canada.
She was first made Member of the Order of Canada (1973) and later made Officer of the Order of Canada (1983). She was also a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002), and Order of Ontario (2007).
Monk died on December 17, 2020 in Toronto, Ontario at aged 98.
Yvonne Sandberg-Fries
Yvonne Sandberg-Fries (14 October 1950 – 20 December 2020) was a Swedish politician. She was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party until 2014, when she joined the Green Party. She was a member of the Riksdag from 1982 to 1996. She was also in the European Parliament from 2003 to 2004. She was born in Umeå, Sweden.
Sandberg-Fries died on 20 December 2020 in Blekinge, Sweden at aged 70.
Arnold Wolfendale
Sir Arnold Whittaker Wolfendale FRS (25 June 1927 – 21 December, 2020) was a British astronomer. He was Astronomer Royal from 1991 to 1995. He was Emeritus Professor in the Department of Physics at Durham University and was president of the European Physical Society (1999–2001). He was President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1981 to 1983.
Ernst Schütz
Ernst Schütz (5 October 1935 – 22 December 2020) was an Austrian singer and actor. He made his debut from 1962 to 1964 at the Graz Opera. In 1966, he moved to Vienna and sang operettas at the Raimund Theater until 1972. He was known for his movie role as Fenton in the 1965 comedy "The Merry Wives of Windsor".
Schütz died on 22 December 2020 at the age of 85.
George Spriggs (baseball)
George Herman Spriggs (May 22, 1937 – December 22, 2020) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Kansas City Royals in parts of four seasons from 1965 to 1970. Spriggs was born on a highway in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
Spriggs died on December 22, 2020 in Prince Frederick, Maryland at the age of 83.
Irani Barbosa
Irani Barbosa (1950 – 23 December 2020) was a Brazilian politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 1995. He was elected as a member of the Democratic Movement. Barbosa was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
Barbosa died on 23 December 2020 from COVID-19 in Belo Horizonte at the age of 70.
Issaka Assane Karanta
Issaka Assane Karanta (January 1, 1945 – December 23, 2020) was a Nigerien academic and politician. He was the Mayor of Niamey from 1996 to 1999 and from 2010 to 2011. Karanta also was the Governor of Niamey Capital District from 2018 until his death.
Karanta died of COVID-19 on December 23, 2020, during the pandemic in Niger at the age of 75.
Djalma Bastos de Morais
Djalma Bastos de Morais (16 March 1937 – 25 December 2020) was a Brazilian politician and businessman. He was Minister of Communications from 1993 to 1995. Bastos de Morais was President of CEMIG. He was born in Maceió, Alagoas.
Bastos de Morais died of problems caused by COVID-19 on 25 December 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 83.
Deputy Prime Minister of India