AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A sovereign state is a state with borders where people live, and where a government makes laws and talks to other sovereign states. The people have to follow the laws that the government makes. Most sovereign states are "recognized" which means other sovereign states agree that it's really a sovereign state. Being recognized makes it easier for a sovereign state to talk to and make agreements (treaties) with other sovereign states. There are hundreds of recognized sovereign states today - see List of sovereign states.
There is no rule to say what exactly makes a state. Usually, the things a state must have are mainly political, not legal. The Czechs and the Poles were seen as separate states during World War I, even though they did not exist as states yet. L.C. Green explained this by saying that "recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing state to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or an established government."
This means that it is up to any state that already exists to treat any other group as a state. This recognition can be direct or implied. When a state does this, it usually means that the group will also be treated as a state for things that happened in the past. Sometimes it means that the state wants diplomatic relations with the other group, but not always.
Sovereignty is a word that is often used wrongly. Lassa Oppenheim said that there is no idea whose meaning is more than sovereignty. No one argues the fact that from the time the idea of sovereignty was first used in political science until now, there has never been one meaning that everyone agreed on. Justice Evatt of the High Court of Australia says that "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all."
Although the word sovereignty often includes all types of government, ancient and modern, the modern state has some links to the type of government first seen in the 15th century, when the term "state" also first meant what it does today. Because of this, the word is often used to refer only to modern political systems.
We often use the words "country", "nation", and "state" as if they mean the same thing; but there is actually a difference:
Because the meaning of the words has changed over time and past writers often used the word "state" in a different ways it is difficult to say exactly what a state is. Mikhail Bakunin used the word simply to mean a governing organization. Other writers used the word "state" to mean any law-making or law enforcement agency. Karl Marx said that the state was what was used by the ruling class of a country to control the rule. According to Max Weber, the state is an organization who are the only people allowed to use violence in a particular area.
In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna the Final Act only recognized 39 sovereign states in Europe. Because of this, they said that in future new states would have to be recognized by other states. In practice, this meant recognition by one or more of the most powerful countries.
This constitutive theory was developed in the 19th century to describe what is and is not a state. With this theory, the need to follow international law depends on whether other sovereign governments recognize the group. Because of this, new states could not become part of the international community or be bound by international law immediately, so recognized nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them.
In 1912, an expert had the following to say on constitutive theory:
"International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it isn't recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International Law".
One of the major issues is the confusion that happens when some states recognize a new group, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the main people who supported the theory, suggested that it is a state's job to grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any set of rules when judging if they should give recognition.
One of the criteria most commonly used by micronations is the Montevideo Convention. The Montevideo Convention was signed on December 26 1933 by the United States, Honduras, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Argentina, Venezuela, Uruguay, Paraguay, Mexico, Panama, Bolivia, Guatemala, Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Chile, Peru and Cuba but it never received international consensus. The Montevideo Convention has four conditions that a group "should" meet to become a state:
According to this, the existence of a state does not depend upon recognition by other states. Whether or not an group meets the conditions is decided by other states when they decide if they are going to treat that group as a state. Usually, new states are formally recognized by at least a few other states.
Most sovereign states are states "de jure" and "de facto". This means they exist both in law and in real life. However, sometimes states are only "de jure" states. This means that other states see a group as the true government of a place where they have no actual control. Many European states had governments-in-exile during the Second World War which still had relations with the Allies, even though their countries were under Nazi occupation. An example today is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which is a United Nations observer, has with 104 states. It has no land of its own, only embassies and consulates. Other states may have sovereignty over a place, but are not recognized by other states, these are "de facto" states only. Many people agree that Somaliland is such a state.
Giza Necropolis
Giza Necropolis (also called the Giza pyramid complex) is on the Giza Plateau near the city of Cairo, Egypt. It is about 8 kilometres (5 mi) inland into the desert from the ancient town of Giza on the Nile, and about 25 kilometres (15 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The Great Pyramid is the only remaining monument of the Seven Wonders of the World. Construction is thought to have taken 20,000 workers and 20 years.
There have been many theories to explain how the pyramids were built. These theories include:
Yury Luzhkov
Yury Mikhailovitsch Luzhkov () (September 21, 1936 – December 10, 2019) was a Russian politician. He was a member of the United Russia. He became the Mayor of Moscow in 1992, when Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov quit the job since he could not handle the problems that came with it. He resigned in 2010. Luzhkov was born in Moscow.
Luzhkov died at a Munich hospital from heart surgery-related problems on December 10, 2019 at the age of 83.
Gary Twigg
Gary Twigg (born March 19, 1984 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a footballer. He plays as a striker. He currently plays for Shamrock Rovers in the League of Ireland. He was top scorer in the 2009 league season.
University of Delaware
The University of Delaware is a university in Newark, Delaware. It is partly a private university and partly a public university. It was founded in 1743, and three of its first students went on to sign the Declaration of Independence. Later famous graduates include Joe Biden, the former Vice President of the United States and now the President of the United States. The mascot is the Blue Hens, which are also the state bird of Delaware.
The school colors at the moment are blue and yellow.
Halifax, West Yorkshire
Halifax is a large town in West Yorkshire in England. The town has about 88,000 people living in it.
Halifax is close to Huddersfield and Bradford. It is near the "spine" of England, the Pennines. It is easy to get to Liverpool and Manchester on the west coast, and Leeds and Wakefield to the East. There is a motorway-standard road which goes over the Pennines. Halifax is on the M1 motorway and the M60 motorways.
The economic booms in Leeds and Manchester, particularly in the financial sector, have led to Halifax becoming a commuter town for these two cities.
Halifax has a historic town centre. There is a lot of Victorian architecture in the town centre. Landmarks include the Town Hall, Piece Hall, the Wainwright monument, the Square Chapel and Halifax Minister. Halifax Station is on the main-line to London, King's Cross Station.
What Halifax was known for is making cloth. Its Dean Clough was one of the largest textile factories in the world. It was more than 1⁄2 mile (800 m) long. Today it is converted to hotel, office and retail use.
Power Rangers is a media franchise created by Haim Saban, that is currently owned by Hasbro.
It was owned by Saban Entertainment from 1993 until The Walt Disney Company bought the franchise in September 2001. Disney sold the franchise back to Saban in May 2010. In May 2018, Saban sold the franchise to Hasbro.
Sophoreae
Calzone
A calzone (Italian "stocking" or "trouser" or "drooping sack" or "hanging fold") is a turnover from Italy. It is made with ingredients that are like a pizza, but they are not the same. It is folded into a crescent shape before it is cooked. Calzones are made from pizza dough and filled with mozzarella and ricotta cheese. Other things such as ham, salami, vegetables or an egg can used as fillings as well. The dough is folded over, sealed along the edge and then fried. It is usually served with a seafood sauce, or with garlic, parsley and olive oil.
The Pizza Hut restaurant sells large calzones known as the P'zone. In America, the Hot Pockets brand of microwaveable turnovers are called "Bread Stuffed Calzones".
In Chicago, the calzone is usually called a "pizza puff", made by Italco Foods.
Bisexual pornography
Bisexual pornography is a genre of pornography which generally shows one woman and two men, all perform sex acts with each other. Bisexual pornography is separate from threesome pornography, which shows one man and two women.
As most pornography is marketed to men, most bisexual porn is advertised to straight or bisexual men. Very few customers of bi-porn say they are gay. Producers who use the term "bisexual porn" are usually showing what a bisexual or bi-curious man might wish to see. Sex acts between a man and a woman, as well as between two men. A common way that these are shown in a single scene is with one woman and two men performing together.
Images and videos showing male bisexuality have been more popular since the start of internet pornography. However the area is still a very small grouping of the pornographic DVD market. For example, at porn seller HotMovies.com, there are only 655 bisexual movies out of a showing of more than 90,000 movies. Bisexual DVDs sell much better online than in adult video stores. This may be because customers in stores feel embarrassed to buy them. Most bisexual porn is made by small companies rather than the major studios. Actors are mostly new at porn. Any well-known actors in bisexual porn usually are from the gay pornography industry, although they may not be gay or even bisexual in their personal life.
Heterosexual actors and actresses who have appeared in bisexual porn, for example Kurt Lockwood, have had their sexual orientation doubted, and have been accused by the gay community of being in denial about their homosexuality.
Bisexual pornography may include any of the following:
Soap made from human corpses
During World War II, many people thought that the Nazis were making soap from the bodies of Jewish people who died in the concentration camps.
The Yad Vashem Memorial has said that the Nazis did not make a lot of soap from Jewish bodies. Yad Vashem says that the Nazis used rumors about making soap from bodies to scare the camp inmates. However, there is evidence that research facilities had come up with a way for large amounts of soap to be made from human bodies.
During World War I, the British had already accused Germany of using the fat from human bodies to make things. In April 1917, an important newspaper in London, England called "The Times" wrote that the Germans were using the bodies of their own dead soldiers to make soap and other products. It was not until 1925 that the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Austen Chamberlain, officially said that the "corpse factory" story had been an error.
Stories that the Nazis made soap from the bodies of concentration camp victims were common during the war. Germany did not have enough fats to make soap during World War II. Because of this, the government took control of making soap.
The "human soap" stories may have started because with the bars of soap made by the government were marked with the initials "RIF." Some people thought this stood for "Reichs-Juden-Fett" in German. This means "State Jewish Fat" in English. (In German acronyms, "I" and "J" were often used like the same letter, so people thought "RIF" could mean "RJF".)
In fact, "RIF" actually stood for "Reichsstelle für Industrielle Fettversorgung." This was the German government agency in charge of making and giving out soap and washing products during the war. (In English, the agency's name was the "National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning.") RIF soap was not very good, and did not have any kind of fat.
Raul Hilberg reports that stories about soap made from human fat were told in Lublin, Poland, as early as October 1942. The Germans themselves knew about the stories. Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS, got letter saying the Poles thought Jewish people were being "boiled into soap." The letter also said the Poles feared they would also be used to make soap. These stories were so widely known that some Polish people actually refused to buy soap. Himmler was so worried by the rumors, and the thought of poor security at the camps, that he said that all bodies should be burnt or buried as quickly as possible.
Soviet propagandist Ilya Ehrenburg reported a common version of the story as fact in "The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry":
During the Nuremberg Trials, Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory worker at the Danzig Anatomical Institute, said that soap had been made from the bodies of dead people at Stutthof concentration camp. He said that 70 to 80 kg of fat collected from 40 bodies could make more than 25 kg of soap. He also said that the finished soap was kept by Professor Rudolf Spanner.
Mazur gave a recipe that read: ""5 kilos of human fat are mixed with 10 liters of water and 500 or 1,000 grams of caustic soda. All this is boiled 2 or 3 hours and then cooled. The soap floats to the surface while the water and other sediment remain at the bottom. A bit of salt and soda is added to this mixture. Then fresh water is added and the mixture again boiled 2 or 3 hours. After having cooled, the soap is poured into molds.""
At the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi witnesses and British prisoners of war supported Mazur's story. (The British prisoners of war had been used as forced labor to build the Stutthof camp.) These witnesses talked about seeing:
After doing research, Holocaust survivor Thomas Blatt found little evidence of mass production of soap from human fat. However, he found evidence that soap had been made from human fat in experiments. Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector agrees that the Nazis "did indeed use human fat for the making of soap at Stutthof," but in small amounts.
In his book "Russia at War 1941 to 1945", Alexander Werth said that while visiting Danzig in 1945 just after it was freed by the Red Army, he saw an experimental factory outside the city for making soap from human bodies. Werth said that it had been run by "a German professor called Spanner" and "was a
nightmarish sight, with its vats full of human heads and torsoes pickled in some liquid,
and its full of a flakey substance - human soap".
After the war, in 1955, Alain Resnais included the idea that the Nazis made large amounts of "human soap" in his Holocaust documentary movie "Nuit et brouillard". After the war, some Israelis also spoke about Jewish victims of Nazism with the Hebrew word "סבון" ("sabon", "soap").
Mainstream Holocaust scholars think the idea that Nazis made large amounts of "human soap" is part of WWII folklore. Examples of scholars who believe this include the well-known Jewish historians Walter Laqueur, Gitta Sereny, and Deborah Lipstadt. Other people who believe this include Professor Yehuda Bauer of Israel's Hebrew University, and Shmuel Krakowski, archives director of Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust center. Historian Yisrael Gutman agrees that "it was never done on a mass scale." And Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector says that the Nazis "did indeed use human fat for the making of soap at Stutthof," but in small amounts.
Today Holocaust deniers use this story to make people doubt the Nazi genocide.
"The Soap Myth" is a 2009 play about Nazis making soap from the bodies of the people they murdered.
Adiel de Oliveira Amorim
Adiel de Oliveira Amorim (born 13 August 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.
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Darren Potter
Darren Potter (born 21 December 1984) is a Irish football player. He plays for Sheffield Wednesday.
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Johann Vogel
Johann Vogel (born 8 March 1977) is a former Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.
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Željko Kalac
Željko Kalac (born 16 December 1972) is an Australian football player. He has played for the Australian national team.
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Quincy Owusu-Abeyie
Quincy Owusu-Abeyie (born 15 April 1986) is a Ghanaian football player. He plays for Portsmouth.
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Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy of the United States, proclaimed in 1823 during the presidency of President James Monroe. It said that European powers do not belong in The Americas, or in the western hemisphere in general. In particular, most of the Spanish Empire in South America had recently become independent, due to the Napoleonic Wars against France. Having won the Peninsular War, Spain wanted its empire back, and the Monroe Doctrine said the United States would resist that. The United Kingdom agreed and helped enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
Cynthia Wade
Ángel de Saavedra, Duke of Rivas
Don Ángel de Saavedra y Ramírez de Baquedano, Duke of Rivas () (March 10, 1791 - June 22, 1865), was a Spanish poet, dramatist and politician born in Córdoba. He is best known for his play "Don Álvaro; o, La fuerza del sino" (1835), the first Spanish Romance romantic success in the Spanish theater.
Eastern religion
Les Paul
Les Paul (born Lester William Polsfuss, June 9, 1915 – August 13, 2009) was an American musician and innovator.
He is famous for his work in electric guitars and in overdubbing.
He was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin.
The solidbody electric guitar Les Paul which is named after him is made by the American company Gibson. It is one of the most famous guitar models in rock music history.
Paul died of complications from pneumonia at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York at the age of 94.
WarGames is a 1983 American science fiction thriller teen movie starring Matthew Broderick and Ally Sheedy and directed by John Badham. The movie follows a computer hacker named David Lightman (Broderick) who breaks into a NORAD war games simulation computer that he thinks is really the computer for a computer game company. Lightman begins a series of events that could start World War III. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards and was a big hit. It continues to be popular.
The movie begins with two air force officers in a nuclear missile silo who are ordered to fire the missiles in the silo. The officers believe the order to be real and begin to fire the missiles. One of the officers decides not to fire and so the US government replaces all the men in the missile silos with computer control.
David Lightman (Broderick) is a smart high school student and computer hacker that at first limits himself to changing his and a girl whom he likes a lot, Jennifer's (Sheedy) grades from failing to passing grades: Lightman being smart but not motivated at school. A little while later David uses his IMSAI 8080 computer to dial many phone numbers and finds a backdoor into a NORAD war games simulation computer called WOPR (nicknamed the "Whopper"). At first David is looking for new computer games to download and play and believes that the WOPR is actually the computer of a company that makes new computer games. After finding a list of games on the computer decides to play a game. WOPR (who is an Artificial Intelligence computer) asks David for a password and after doing some research on the computer's creator Professor Steven Falken he guesses that the password is named after the creator's dead son, Joshua. After logging in using the correct password, W.O.P.R. believes David to actually be Dr. Falken whom the computer had believed to be dead. The computer (which David now calls "Joshua") asks him if he would like to play a game. David selects the game "Global Thermonuclear War". Doing so starts off a series of events that will end up taking the World into World War III unless it is stopped.
The television news later reports that the USA went on high-alert due to a computer error leading David and Jennifer to wonder if they had caused the problem. David throws away the evidence of his calling Joshua but the computer calls David back. David then asks Joshua if the game it is playing is real or not, Joshua relies "what is the difference?" At this point David learns that Joshua is not a computer game companies' computer but a government one and is actually is playing the game for real. He hangs up but Joshua calls him back, leading David to remove the cord from the back of his telephone. David is then arrested by the FBI and taken to NORAD to answer charges of espionage. David tries to explain that he was not trying to be a spy, but he is not believed. Using things found in the medical office in which he is locked, David escapes from NORAD on a bus load of visitors to the facility. After David escapes he telephones Jennifer (using Phreaking skills) to ask her to buy him an airplane ticket so he can go and see Falken and get his help in stopping Joshua. Jennifer meets him and together then both go off to convince Falken to help them stop World War III.
Professor Falken has in fact resigned from NORAD because he believes war will happen no matter what any one does. Jennifer and David try to convince him to help them explain to NORAD that this is just a game that Joshua is playing. Falken tells them that it is not worth it as it may only buy them a few years but war will still happen. He explains that they are lucky because he lives only a few miles from a primary target and that they will die in a instant. David and Jennifer decide to try to stop the game anyway and try to leave the island. Finding no way off the island since the last ferry has left, Jennifer says that they should "swim for it". David admits he cannot swim. Professor Falken shows up with a helicopter and together they all go to NORAD.
Inside NORAD Falken tells them it is all a game and they decide to allow the missiles that the Soviet Union has reportedly fired to land to see if it is real or a game. The computer screens show the missiles landing but no missiles actually land. This convinces NORAD that the whole thing was not real. Joshua, however, decides to crack the launch codes and fire the USA's missiles for real. David and Falken try to get Joshua to stop the firing and eventually succeed when Jennifer mentions the word "games". After many tries they get Joshua to play tic-tac-toe against itself in an effort to teach it the meaning of (a word meaning that there is no point to doing something, or that doing so will not help). Joshua tries every game of tic-tac-toe possible and then tries the same thing with every scenario within the Global Thermonuclear War game. Joshua then learns that war can not be won, and stops the game ending the threat of World War III.
The movie was a hit. It was nominated for three Academy Awards. The movie had a production budget of $12 million and had gross revenues of over $120 million making it a high earning movie.
"WarGames" has a cult following amongst computer users and fans of the 1980s. The movie led to the development of the term war dialing (the calling of phone numbers looking for computers to connect to and hack).
IMSAI 8080
The IMSAI 8080 was an early microcomputer begun in late 1975, based on the Intel 8080 and later 8085 and the S-100 bus. It was compatible with its main competitor, the earlier MITS Altair 8800, by which it was inspired. The IMSAI is largely thought of as the first "clone" computer. The IMSAI machine used a highly modified version of the CP/M operating system called IMDOS. It was designed, made and sold by IMS Associates, Inc. (later renamed "IMSAI Manufacturing Corp"). In total, between 17,000 and 20,000 units were produced from 1975 until 1978.
In May 1972, William Millard began business as "IMS Associates" (IMS) in the area of computer consultancy and engineering, using his home as an office. By 1973, Millard began IMS Associates, Inc. Millard soon found capital for his business, and received several contracts, all for software.
In 1974, IMS was contacted by a client which wanted a "workstation system" that could do jobs for any General Motors new-car dealership. IMS planned a system including a terminal, small computer, printer, and special software. Five of these work stations were to have common access to a hard disk, which would be controlled by a small computer. Eventually product development was stopped. Millard and his chief engineer Joe Killian turned to the microprocessor. Intel had announced the 8080 chip, and compared to the 4004 to which IMS Associates had first used, the 8080 looked like a better idea. Full scale development of the IMSAI 8080 was begun, and by October 1975 an advertisement was placed in the magazine "Popular Electronics", receiving positive reactions.
IMS shipped the first IMSAI 8080 kits on December 16 1975. In 1976, IMS was renamed to "IMSAI Manufacturing Corporation" because by then they were a manufacturing company, not a consultancy one. By October 1979 the IMSAI corporation had gone bankrupt, and the 'IMSAI' trademark was acquired by Thomas "Todd" Fischer and Nancy Freitas (former early employees of IMS Associates), who continued manufacturing the computers under the IMSAI name as a division of Fischer-Freitas Co. Support for early IMSAI systems continues to this day.
The IMSAI 8080 was used for
An IMSAI 8080 and an acoustic coupler type modem were among the hacking tools used by the main character in the 1983 movie "WarGames". However, even by 1983 the acoustic coupler was out of date. It was selected over a more modern model so that the audience would immediately recognize it as the device that connected to the telephone.
2009 Romanian bus-train collision
The 2009 Romanian bus-train collision (), happened on 14 August 2009 at 14:10pm in Romania. A bus and train hit each other. Thirteen people died. It happened in Scânteia of Iaşi County in Romania on County Road 248C It was originally thought that only 10 people died in the accident. This was the worst accident in Romania in the past fifteen years.
The accident happened when a minibus carrying 16 passengers was moving across a railway crossing. The minibus was hit by a train as it was crossing the railway crossing near Scânteia. Everyone that was killed in the accident was on the bus, which included a child. Three more people were badly injured. The bus was hit in the center of it and was pushed a total of 350 meters by the train The reason why the crash happened in the first place was because the bus driver did not follow the light signals or signs at the railway crossing.
Tropical Storm Claudette (2009)
Tropical Storm Claudette was the third named storm of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. It was also the first tropical cyclone to affect the United States during 2009. The storm formed on August 16, and it quickly gained strength. The storm struck Santa Rosa Island, Florida, moved northwest, and dissipated over Alabama.
On August 16, Claudette dropped rainfall in parts of the Florida Panhandle. The storm spawned a tornado near Cape Coral. The tornado slammed a car into the side of a home. One person drowned in high waves along the coast of Panama City.
Suwannee River
Virtua Fighter (arcade game)
Virtua Fighter was the first 3D fighting video game. The Virtua Fighter game system revolves around three buttons and a directional lever. The buttons are used for Punch, Kick and Guard. The Guard button is used to defend against attacks. Pressing the Guard and Punch buttons at the same time will result in a throw. Throws only work when the opponent is not attacking.
It's like Rock Paper Scissors between Attack, Throw and Guard.
Florida State Road A1A
Emmett Till
Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi after it was said that he flirted with a white woman.
Till was from Chicago, Illinois. He went to see his relatives in the Mississippi Delta area when he spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant. She was the married owner of a small grocery store. Several nights later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam, went to Till's great-uncle's house. They took Till to a barn. It is believed that they beat him and removed one of his eyes . They then shot him in the head and put his body in the Tallahatchie River. His body was found in the river three days later.
Till's body was returned to Chicago. His mother wanted on a public funeral service with an open casket. She wanted this to show the world how her son had been killed. Tens of thousands of people went to his funeral or saw his casket. Images of his body were published in black magazines and newspapers. This caused support from both black and white people in the United States. At first, local newspapers and law enforcement officials spoke against the violence and asked for justice. They soon began dealing with national criticism by defending the people of Mississippi. This led to support for the people said to be the killers.
The trial of those accused of killing Till had a large amount of press attention. Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's murder. They were not charged with his kidnapping. Months later, when they could not be tried again because of double jeopardy, they said they killed him in a magazine interview. Till's murder is considered an important event leading to the Civil Rights Movement.
Problems proving that the body was Till affected the trial. This was a part of the reason for Bryant's and Milam's acquittals. The case was reopened by the United States Department of Justice in 2004. An autopsy of the body was done. It was proven to be Till's body. He was reburied in a new casket. His old casket was given to the Smithsonian Institution.
"Enjoy the Silence" is a very popular song by the British band Depeche Mode.
The German DJ Timo Maas made a remix of this song.
Lacuna Coil covered this song on one of their albums.
Drew Bledsoe
Takeo Spikes
There have been 8 main games and 4 spin-off games. There was also an HD Collection released with remastered ports of "Silent Hill 2" and "Silent Hill 3". A game titled "Silent Hills" was in development for the PlayStation 4, with video game designer Hideo Kojima (mostly known as the creator of the "Metal Gear" series) as the project's director. On April 27, 2015, it was confirmed by Konami that it had been cancelled.
Penrith
Vijay Singh
Chris Crocker
Chris Crocker (born Christopher Darren Cunningham December 7, 1987) is an American internet celebrity and singer. He is best known for his viral video on video sharing website YouTube. For his video entitled "Leave Britney Alone", he got over 30 million views. He has also appeared on the Maury Povich TV program. Crocker has been openly gay since a very young age. He as often spoken of how hard it was growing up gay in eastern Tennessee. In 2008 Crocker released his first single "Mind in the Gutter". In 2012 a documentary about Crocker, "Me at the Zoo" was shown at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.
Andrea Fortunato
Andrea Fortunato (26 July 1971 – 25 April 1995) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.
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Neil Mellor
Neil Mellor (born 4 November 1982) is an English football player. He plays for Preston North End.
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Sebastian Deisler
Sebastian Deisler (born 5 January 1980) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.
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Adriano Correia Claro
Adriano Correia Claro (born 26 October 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sevilla.
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Yoshinori Sembiki
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Hiroshi Soejima
Soejima was born in Saga on July 26, 1959. After graduating from Saga Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yanmar Diesel in 1978. After reserve team in 2 season, he was promoted top team in 1980. In 1980, the club won the champions in Japan Soccer League and he was selected Best Eleven. The club also won 1983 JSL Cup and 1984 Emperor's Cup. He played 167 matches for the club until 1991. In 1991, he moved to Division 2 club Sumitomo Metal and played in 1 season. He retired in 1992.
On June 9, 1980, Soejima debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played 3 games for Japan in 1980.
After retirement, Soejima started coaching career at Kashima Antlers (former "Sumitomo Metal") in 1992. He moved to Gamba Osaka in 1996. In 1998, he returned to Cerezo Osaka (former "Yanmar Diesel") and became a manager in 2000. He was sacked in August 2001. He managed his local club Sagan Tosu in 2002 and Vissel Kobe in 2003. In 2005, he returned to Cerezo Osaka and managed youth team until 2008. He moved to Kataller Toyama and became an assistant coach. In 2010, he moved to Thespa Kusatsu and managed until 2012.
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Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an acid that is very common in nature. Lactic Acid is a carboxylic acid with a chemical formula of CHO. Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered it in milk that had gone sour, in 1780. Today it is used as an additive to food, to produce a sour taste. Contrary to popular belief, it is not produced in muscles when a person exercises. Lactate, on the other hand, is created within the muscles the more you exercise.
Asylum seeker
An asylum seeker is a person who was forced to flee from their country, due to democide genocide or mass murder. (endangered) and routed to nearby countries to seek refuge but, is not accepted yet as a refugee. Refugees and asylum seekers are different.
The decision whether a person is a refugee or not is most often left to certain government agencies with the host country. This can lead to a situation where the country will see an asylum seeker neither as refugee nor as legitimate migrant. Then they will be treated as an illegal immigrant (a person who is not a citizen of the country) even if their life was endangered in the country they fled from.
If a person comes to a country to seek asylum, their refugee status will then be assessed. The government decides whether the person is in danger because of persecution, or if they are just trying to come to that country for free. If a person is not a refugee, they will not have the rights of a refugee. In that case, the government does not have to follow the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is an international agreement that defines who is a refugee. It lists the rights of people who are granted asylum (allowed to live in another country because it is not safe to live in their home country). It also lists the responsibilities of countries that give asylum to refugees.
The Convention also says which people are "not" seen as refugees, like war criminals.
The Convention was approved at a special United Nations conference on 28 July 1951. At first, it only talked about protecting European refugees after World War II. There were limits on how long the Convention would last, and who it protected.
But in 1967, a "protocol" (change) to the Convention took away these limits. This protocol made the Convention apply to all refugees.
Because the convention was approved in Geneva, it is often called "the Geneva Convention." But it is not one of the more well-known Geneva Conventions that talk about what kind of behavior is allowed during wars.
Denmark was the first state to ratify (agree to) the treaty, on 4 December 1952. Today, 147 countries have agreed to the Convention, the Protocol, or both. (See the map on this page.)
Chapter 1 is made up of Articles from 1 to 11. Article 1 of the Convention (as updated) by the 1967 Protocol, gives the definition of a refugee:
This means a refugee is someone who is had to leave their home country because, if they stayed, they would be persecuted (treated badly) because of:
Chapter II is made up of Articles 12 to 16. These talk about:
Chapter III talks about people's rights to work:
Chapter IV talks about refugees' rights to:
Chapter V is made of Articles 25 to 34. These articles talk about the refugees' legal rights:
List of Mexican flags
The following is a list of flags used in the United Mexican States.
Hurricane Iwa
Hurricane Iwa was a hurricane that hit the U.S. state of Hawaii. Iwa was the 23rd tropical storm of the 1982 Pacific hurricane season. The hurricane formed on November 1982, and passed near Kauai on November 24. It died out the next day.
The storm caused very bad damage on the islands of Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. Some wind gusts reached 100 mph (160 km/h), and waves were over 30 feet (9 m) high. Iwa damaged or destroyed 2,345 buildings and left 500 people without homes. The storm caused four deaths.
Colima (disambiguation)
There are:
Vinalhaven, Maine
Vinalhaven is a town in Knox County, Maine. It was founded in 1789. 1,235 people live there.
Vassalboro, Maine
Vassalboro is a town in Kennebec County, Maine. It was founded in 1771. 4,047 people live there. Several highways go through the city, U.S. Highway 201, U.S. Highway 202, Maine State Highway 3, Maine State Highway 9, Maine State Highway 32, and Maine State Highway 100. It is surrounded by several cities, China to the east, Augusta to the south, Winslow to the north, and Sidney to the west. It is home to the Grand View Topless Coffee Shop, which was featured heavily in the media.
Jay, Maine
Jay is a town in Franklin County, Maine. It was founded in 1785. 4,985 people live there.
Diablada
Diablada is a typical ceremonial dance from Bolivia, Chile and Perú. It is a representation of good forces against evil (bad) forces. It is a mix of catholic and indigenous rites. It is usually danced on carnival.
Kazuhiro Koso
Kazuhiro Koso (born 6 March 1959) is a former Japanese football player.
Al-Shabab Dubai
Al-Shabab Dubai is a football club which plays in United Arab Emirates.
Qatar Stars League
Qatar Stars League is a football league which is top division in Qatar.
Shinichi Morishita
Morishita was born in Shizuoka on December 28, 1960. After graduating from Tokyo University of Agriculture, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yamaha Motors (later "Júbilo Iwata") in 1983. The club won the league champions in 1987/88 and he was selected Best Eleven. He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year awards" in 1987. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league Japan Football League (JFL). The club won the champions in 1992 and the 2nd place in 1993. The club was promoted to J1 League from 1994. He moved to JFL club Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1995. In 1995 season, the club won the 2nd place and was promoted J1 League. He retired in 1997. He played 313 games in the league.
On 4 June 1985, Morishita debuted for Japan national team against Malaysia. He also played at 1986 World Cup qualification in 1985. From 1986, he played as regular goalkeeper at 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification in 1987. From 1988, although he deprived of regular goalkeeper by Shigetatsu Matsunaga, he played all matches included Asian Games in 1990. He played 28 games for Japan until 1991.
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Yasuyuki Kishino
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Joaquín Costa
Mug shot
Antonio de Ulloa
Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish general, explorer, author, astronomer, colonial administrator and the first Spanish governor of Louisiana. He was born in Seville, the son of an economist.
Derwent Valley Mills
Derwent Valley Mills is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Derbyshire, England.
The site covers several factory communities which were built in the 18th and 19th centuries in a valley of the River Derwent, upstream from Derby.
Industrial development in the area started with the Silk Mill which was built in Derby in 1721 by John and Thomas Lombe.
In 1771, Richard Arkwright built a water-powered spinning mill at Cromford. In 1776-1777, a larger mill was built nearby. The "factory system "evolved from these two cotton mills. Arkwright's inventions were first put into industrial-scale production.
The workers' housing was near the mills. The mills and houses make up an architectural record of the development of the area.
The changes in the valley, including the creation of workers' housing, were important in the Industrial Revolution.
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures ("The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry") is a richly decorated Book of Hours. Such books contained prayers to be said by lay faithful at each of the canonical hours of the day. The book was commissioned by Jean, Duc de Berry around 1410. It is probably the most important illuminated manuscript of the 15th century, ""le roi des manuscrits enluminés"" ("the king of illuminated manuscripts"). The "Très Riches Heures" has 416 pages. 131 of them have large miniatures, many more have border decorations or historiated initials. These artworks are among the high points of International Gothic painting, even though they are very small. There are 300 decorated capital letters. The book was worked on, over a period of nearly a century, in three main campaigns, led by the Limbourg brothers, Barthélemy van Eyck, and Jean Colombe. The book is now Ms. 65 in the Musée Condé, Chantilly, France.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a number from 0 to 1 (higher is better) used to compare different countries. It is published by United Nations Development Programme. It is used to rank countries into different groups for example developed and developing countries.
The Human Development Index uses different measurements of a population:
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer think that very often, the data which is used to construct the statictics for the HDI is wrong.. According to them, there are three sources of error in the data:
They found that 11 %, 21% and 34% of countries are currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error. The authors suggest that the United Nations should stopthe practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to "The Economist" in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff "et al." paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff "et al." in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.
The HDI uses a weighted average for the different values. This means that it can be used - to some extent - to compare countries. It cannot be used to show the problems inside a country. Also the index only takes into accounrt people of 20 years or older. This leaves out problems such as infant mortality and children who do not reach that age.
Economist Bryan Kaplan points out another problem: Things needed in everyday life are underrepresented, education is overrepresented. Unless the whole population is made of students and pupils, it is not possible to reach the maximum score for the education parameter. At the moment, a Scandinavian country is at the top of the list. This means that the HDI measures "how Scandiavian" a country is. It would also mean that the country at the top of the list has no potential for improvement, which is certainly not the case.
The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011. Below is the list of the "Very High Human Development" countries:
Shigekazu Nakamura
Grégory Coupet
Grégory Coupet (born 31 December 1972) is a French former football player.
Caligula (movie)
Anton Ferdinand
Anton Ferdinand (born 18 February 1985) is an English football player. He plays for Sunderland.
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Masataka Imai
Musashi Mizushima
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Raúl Bravo
Raúl Bravo (born 14 April 1981) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Olympiacos.
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Tomoo Kudaka
Tomoo Kudaka (14 March 1963 – 22 September 1999) is a former Japanese football player.
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Al-Maref
Al-Maref is a football club which plays in Qatar.
Al-Maref has won the championship three times in Qatar Stars League.
USL First Division
Jacques Santini
Jacques Santini (born 25 April 1952) is a former French football player.
Pablo Gabriel García
Pablo Gabriel García (born 11 May 1977) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for PAOK Thessaloniki.
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Bradley Wright-Phillips
Bradley Wright-Phillips (born 12 March 1985) is an English footballer. He plays for Plymouth Argyle. He is a son of Ian Wright.
Iwao Yamane (born 31 July 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Zweigen Kanazawa.
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Makoto Kimura
Makoto Kimura (born 10 June 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Zweigen Kanazawa.
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Keisuke Hada (born 20 February 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
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Kiyotaka Ishimaru
Kiyotaka Ishimaru (born 30 October 1973) is a former Japanese football player.
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Qatar S.C.
Qatar S.C. is a football club which plays in Qatar.
California Jaguars
California Jaguars is a former soccer club which played in United States.
Masakazu Koda
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Ryosuke Okuno
Ryosuke Okuno (born 13 November 1968) is a former Japanese football player.
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Milwaukee Rampage
Milwaukee Rampage is a former soccer club which played in United States.
Shigeharu Ueki
Ueki was born in Kawasaki on September 13, 1954. After graduating from Nihon University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1977. The club won the league champions in 1977, 1979 and 1981. The club also won 1977 and 1979 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1988. He played 144 games and scored 16 goals in the league.
On July 13, 1979, Ueki debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore and Japan won the match.