AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
There is one account that Emperor Ming of Han (28–75 CE) helped introduce Buddhism into China. The (3rd - 5th century) "Mouzi Lihuolun" says:Ming then sent people to Tianzhu (Southern India) to learn more. Buddhist scriptures returned to China on the backs of white horses, after which White Horse Temple was named. Two Indian monks also returned with them, named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga.
Whether Emperor Ming actually dreamed of Golden people is debated. However scholars agree that around his time Buddhism arrived from the xiyu.
A Parthian prince named An Shigao traveled to China annd helped translate some Indian texts into Chinese.
In 167 some Yuezhi (tribes of Central Asia) also helped translate some stuff.
During this time, Mahayana Buddhism became popular in China. The Han would then "sinicize" it to turn it into Han Buddhism.
In Chongqing an ancient Yao Qian Shu (money tree artifact) was dug up. A Buddha was sitting on it. It said it was made in the fourth year of Yan guang (125 CE). This is the earliest known bronze Buddha found in China. There is another early Buddha sculpture in Sichuan above a grave.
The Sarvastivadinns, Dharmaguptakas, and other schools were important for Han Buddhism.
Some Chinese thought Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the government, that Buddhists did help improve the economy, that Buddhism was barbaric and did not deserve to be part of Chinese culture. However, others mixed Buddhism with Taoism. The two went well together. Both encourage meditation. And so Buddhist ideas were used in Taoism and vice versa.
Around this time, Han Buddhism began spreading to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. It was already popular in South China.
China controlled Kucha, a Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang. They imprisoned Kumarajiva but released him in 401 because he was good at Buddhism.
He became influential in Han Buddhism.
Emperor Yao Xing of the state of Later Qin liked him.
He made a number of good translations (from AD 402–413).
This includes the "Diamond Sutra", the "Amitabha Sutra", the "Lotus Sutra", the "Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra", the "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā", and the "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra".
In the 5th century, the Chán (Zen) teachings began in China. Bodhidharma, a legend, started it.
The school follows the "Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra" and "Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) ." It was also called the "One Vehicle School."
They were famous for their "encounter stories" and koans and their teaching methods. Nan Huai-Chin says:
During the Tang dynasty and 629 - 645, the monk Xuanzang went to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms. He and wrote about his journey to the west. His writing is important for studying India during this period of time.
He visited many spiritual sites, many spiritual people, and learned a lot of spiritual things. He met Buddhist celebrities.
He returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts, gifts, statues, and Buddhist souvenirs, all on twenty-two horses.
Xuanzang created a translation center in Chang'an (now Xi'an). It attracted people from all over East Asia. Xuanzang translated 1,330 books into Chinese. His favorite part of Buddhism was Yogācāra, or "Consciousness-only".
During this time, Han Chan Buddhism became popular in Japan.
During the Song dynasty, Chán (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country. Chán became the most popular type of Chinese Buddhism.
During the Yuan dynasty, the Mongol emperors liked Tibetan Buddhism so they hired Tibetan monks as government officials. This caused corruption. Later the Ming dynasty overthrew the Yuan, and Tibetan lamas no longer influenced the court.
The Chan school was so popular that all monks belonged to it. Male and female Chinese buddhists wrote nice poetry during this time.
The Qing supported Tibetan Buddhism.
Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries became interested in Chinese Buddhism. Anagarika Dharmapala visited Shanghai in 1893. He and other Indians tried to get Chinese to help revive Buddhism in India. Japanese Buddhists also visited China. By this point (and perhaps earlier) China had the most Buddhists in the world.
Han Buddhism uses concepts from Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. They worship the Buddha and Bodhisattvas by giving food, flowers, etc. They are vegans. They believe in god and hell, life after death and karma.
Yuji Naka
Naka learned how to program by copying and debugging video game code printed in magazines. The experience made him want to study assemblers and practice writing code during his school classes. After graduating high school, Naka decided to skip university and stay in his home town.
Around 1983, Naka saw that Sega was looking for programming assistants. He decided to apply. After a short interview, he started working for Sega in April 1984. His first task was designing maps and checking floppy disks for a game called "Road Runner" for the SF-7000. Naka can't remember if the game was ever released. His first major project was a game called "Girl's Garden". He and Hiroshi Kawaguchi created it together as part of their training process.
American exceptionalism is the belief that
The US started from the American Revolutionary War. Martin Lipset calls it the "first new nation". It developed an American set of ideas (Americanism) based on republicanism, democracy, laissez-faire (no government interference in economy), liberty, equality, individualism (importance of individual).
Abraham Lincoln said in the Gettysburg address (1863), that Americans have a responsibility to make sure that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
Cartigny, Switzerland
Cartigny is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.
Neoconservatism (Japan)
Neoconservatism in Japan refers to the new generation of Japanese conservatives.
They are nationalistic and think Japan is unique and special.
They think they are not responsible for Japan's conquests and wartime history, Japanese war crimes, the Nanjing Massacre, and the Japanese colonization of Korea.
They want to change the Japanese constitution and remove Article 9. After losing WW2, Japan wrote into its constitution that it is not allowed to wage war. This is Article 9. The USA helped write it because he wanted to prevent Japan from ever attacking the US or any other country like when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
However Japanese neoconservatives want to restore the military in that they want to use the Japanese "Self-Defense" Forces to for more than just "self-defense". But this is against Article 9.
Some like Shinzō Abe have visited the Yasukuni Shrine to honor Japanese soldiers who murdered and raped Koreans, Chinese, and other Asians.
They do not like China and refuse to apologize for Imperial Japan's war crimes.
They do not like Korea either, North or South. They do not think their relationship with Korea is special.
Some like Shintaro Ishihara want fewer immigrants. Some want to ban foreigners from voting, and only "Japanese nationals" should have the right.
Gy, Switzerland
Gy is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland, near the border with France.
Su Dingfang
Su Dingfang (, 591–667) was a leading general of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. He won many battles. In 657 he destroyed the Western Turkic Khaganate. This expanded the Tang's western borders to their farthest extent (deep into Central Asia, close to modern Iran). In 660, he also conquered Baekje.
He was born in Wuyi (武邑, modern Hengshui, Hebei).
In spring 657, Emperor Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to attack the Western Turks. He had the following friends to help him:
The Tang took went north.
Su defeated Chumukun first.
Su had fewer than 20,000 men. Ashina Helu's army had nearly 100,000 men. Ashina Helu thought he could defeat Su easily. His army ran at Su but could not break through Su's defense: the front line pointed long spears. Su then counterattacked with cavalry, defeating Helu's army and killing and capturing several tens of thousands of men. Helu ran away.
Su kept going. Many tribes of the Western Turks surrendered to Su, including the general Huluwu (胡祿屋), surrendered, and Ashina Helu fled along with his general Qulü (屈律). The rest surrendered to Ashina Buzhen.
Su kept chasing Helu but ran into snow storms. Su's men said maybe they should wait for weather to get better. But Su said that Helu would be surprised if they attacked him. So Su and his army kept going. They joined Mishe and Buzhen, made a surprise attack on Helu, and captured or killed tens of thousands.
But Helu fled to Shi (石國, modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan), a vassal of the Western Turks.
But Shi did not want to be attacked and defeated by the Tang as well. So they just captured and handed Helu to the Tang.
And so the Tang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate and brought Central Asia under Chinese control.
Some Turks escaped west and became the Khazars in Russia. They did not come back.
Su presented Helu to Emperor Gaozong. Gaozong spared Helu and promoted Su to major general. He also made Su the Duke of Xing and made his son Su Qingjie (蘇慶節) the Duke of Wuyi.
Duman (都曼) was a commander of the Izgil tribe (Old Turkic: , Chinese: Sijie 思結), under Tang rule. The Shule (疏勒), Zhujubo (朱俱波), and Yebantuo (謁般陀) were also Turkic kingdoms under Tang rule. They were around Kashgar, Xinjiang.
In 659 they rebelled against the Tang. Duman got Yutian (于田, in modern Hotan, Xinjiang).
In winter 659, Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to Xinjiang. Once Su arrived he gathered 10,000 soldiers and 3,000 horsesoldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman.
Duman was surprised, and after Su defeated Duman, Duman retreated into Yutian.
Su seiged the city, and Duman surrendered.
In spring 660, Su took Duman to the eastern capital Luoyang. Su presented Duman to Gaozong. Some wanted Duman to be executed. But Su said Duman should be spared. Gaozong said that by law, Duman should die, but he would respect Su's promise and thus spared Duman.
The "Old Tibetan Annals", written in Classical Tibetan, was discovered at Dunhuang in the early 20th century. It says Su Dingfang fought the Tibetans in 659:
"Da Rgyal Mang Po Rjes (Dayan Mangbuzhi) fought a battle with Su Dingfang of the Tang at the Dongdai 東岱 (a Tibetan regional administrative unit) of Wuhai 烏海 (southwest of Lake Qinghai). Da Rgyal was killed and his army of 80,000 men was defeated by 1,000 Tang troops."
In spring 660, Tang was allies with Silla, in the Korean Peninsula. Silla was being attacked by Baekje so Silla asked the Tang for help. The Tang sent help.
Emperor Gaozong put Su in charge of the Silla-Tang combined army and navy. He, alongside Silla's King Muyeol, sent 100,000 soldiers to attack Baekje.
In summer 660, Su left Chengshan (成山, in modern Weihai, Shandong) and crossed the Yellow Sea to Baekje.
Baekje forces tried to prevent Tang forces from landing, but could not.
The Tang directly attacked the Baekje capital Sabi and seiged it. Baekje surrendered, and the Tang annexed Baekje.
In winter 660, Su brought prisoners to Emperor Gaozong in Luoyang. Emperor Gaozong released King Uija and the rest of the captives.
In winter 660, Su Dingfang, Qibi Heli (契苾何力), Liu Boying (劉伯英), Cheng Minzhen, and Silla allies attacked Baekje's ally Goguryeo.
By fall 661, Su seiged Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang.
By spring 662, general Pang Xiaotai (龐孝泰) was killed. The Tang withdrew.
But the Tang later came back with more troops and defeated Gogoryeo in 668.
Su died in 667.
Liu Xu, the lead editor of the "Old Book of Tang", said of Su:
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (8-bit)
The Master System version of the game was not released outside Europe and Brazil. The Master System version was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008.
Zhongyuan
Zhongyuan () or the Central Plains are plains in the middle of China. It is southwest of Beijing. The Yellow River goes through it. It is where Chinese civilization originated from.
It is part of the North China Plain.
Since the beginning of recorded history, the Central Plain had central importance to the Middle Kingdom (China 中国).
It was considered the “Center of the World”. It was the capital of the Xia dynasty. The earliest Chinese writing, the Jiahu symbols and Jiagu writing came from here.
"Zhongyuan" is sometimes used to refer to all of Chinese civilization.
Cuphead
Cuphead is a run and gun indie video game developed and published by StudioMDHR. It was announced in 2013. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in September 2017. It was released for macOS in October 2018, and for Nintendo Switch in April 2019. The game was inspired by the rubber hose style of animation used in cartoons of the 1930s.
Ben Kuchera of "Polygon" wrote that "Cuphead" was one of the five most interesting games at Microsoft's E3 2014 press conference. Even though he knew little about the game other than its aesthetic. He said it "stood out immediately" and that everyone in the website's press room reacted well to the trailer. "Cuphead" won the "IGN" Best Xbox One game at E3 award in 2015. It won the award for "Best Indie Game" at the Gamescom 2015 Awards. It was also nominated as "Best Independent Game" at the E3 2016 Game Critics Awards.
Many people say that "Cuphead" is a difficult game.
"Entertainment Weekly" said "Cuphead" was fifth on the list of its "Best Games of 2017". GamesRadar said it was ninth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017". "Polygon" said it was 14th on their list of the "50 best games of 2017".
Polygon (website)
Slavic paganism
Slavic paganism describes Slavic pagan beliefs before baptism and Christianisation
Slavs had their own mythology.
Sources about Slavs and their beliefs mainly come from the old Ruthenian chronicles and notes of German bishops. A lot of information contains Helmold's Chronica Sclavorum. There's also Chronicle of Thietmar, and the other chronicles, although they are not the only sources of information about Slavs and their beliefs. There's also for example from the diary of a Jewish trader of Slavs - Ibrahim Ibn Jacob, but he was not the only one - there are also notes and relations of Ibn Rosteh, one authors of "Arabic Sources for the History of Slavdom", here is a full list of the Authors :
The pantheon of gods in Slavic beliefs was large. Some of the most important are:
Some regions had different gods for different concepts. For example, West Slavs (mainly Polabians and Volinians) believed that Svetovid was a creator of the world while eastern ones believed that it was Rod.
Slavs had their own demonology. One of the most well-known demons in Slavic beliefs is Baba Yaga, with the appearance of an ugly and deformed woman. Baba Yaga has its counterparts in many european beliefs, such as the German Frau Holle and Italian Befana. There are also a lot of similarities the with Greek mythological witch Circe. There are also :
Polans and other Polish tribes came to the territory of today's Poland, probably in the VIII and IX century, bringing their beliefs on the west. Polans and their beliefs describes the Primary Chronicle wrote by Ruthenian chronicler Nestor. There are also famous Helmold's Chronica Slavorum and the other chronicles and notes of German bishops, geographs, as well as the old Ruthenian chroniclers and Jewish or Arabian traders of Slavs. The history of paganism as the main religion in Poland ends Baptism of Poland in 966, but it is not end of Slavic paganism in this country at all. Pagans would not agree to Christian reforms of Mieszko I and his sons, causing a Pagan Reaction in Poland that culminated in uprising of pagans in 1037-1038 (later supressed by Casimir the Restorer). During the uprising, pagans killed priests and destroyed churches.The end of the uprising was not the end of paganism in Poland. Pagans lived in Poland even to the XII century, when last pagans were Christianised in West Pomerania by bishop Otto from Bamberg and Boleslav III Wrymouth.
The beginings of Czech statehood we can found in 895, when there was founded the first Czech country ruled by the Premyslid dynasty. It was pagan until 925, when the country was baptized from the hands of east Franks. Pagan elites knew that it would cause the moving them away from power and will increase Frankish influence. They caused a rebellion against Vaclav, which failed. The leader of the rebellion was his wife - Drahomira. Although she lost the rebellion, there were still elites that resisted the reigns of Vaclav, so the brother of the Duke Boleslav I organised a coup against him. Probably in 935 during the feast, one of the followers of Boleslav, murdered Vaclav and his brother became the Duke of Bohemia. During his reign there were many pagans, many of which were Christianised after his death. It is unknown when the last Czech pagans were Christianised.
The term "Ruthenia" can refer to Kievan Rus', Novogrodian Rus', or Volynians and other Ruthenian, east Slavic countries and tribes. Paganism survived among the Eastern Slavs the longest time without being baptized. The baptism of Kievan Rus', toke from the hand of the Byzantines, didn't end Paganism in this country, although it caused paganism to become less popular, and a many people didin't admit to practicing Slavic beliefs. Vladimir the Great started the mass baptism of people in Dnieper, which didn't end paganism among people. The family of Vladimir was offically baptized, but still practiced paganism for a long time. There still existed Ruthenian tribes that were pagan, for example Volynians or White Croats. The last pagans survived maybe even to XIII century.
White Serbs, a Slavic tribe from White Serbia first settled in an area near Thessaloniki on the Balkans and in the 6th and early 7th century, established the Serbian Principality by the 8th century. The serbian rulers adopted the Byzantine Rite in 870. Serbians adopted well the new religion and, unlike in the countries above, there were not any pagan rebellions against the Christianity.
Daphne du Maurier
Dame Daphne du Maurier (13 May 1907 - 19 April 1989) was a British author. She is best known for her books "Jamaica Inn" (1936), "Rebecca" (1938) and "The Birds" (1952).
List of Forky: The Series episodes
Yukiya Amano
Amano died on 18 July 2019 at the age of 72.
Don Mossi
Donald Louis Mossi (January 11, 1929 – July 19, 2019) was an American major league pitcher from 1954 to 1965. He was a left-handed control pitcher. He played for the Cleveland Indians (1954–1958), Detroit Tigers (1959–1963), Chicago White Sox (1964) and for the Kansas City Athletics (1965). Mossi was born in St. Helena, California.
Mossi died on July 19, 2019 in Nampa, Idaho at age 90.
St. Helena, California
St. Helena ( ; Wappo: Anakotanoma, "Bull Snake Village") is a city in Napa County, California. The population was 5,814 at the 2010 census.
Peter McNamara
Peter McNamara (5 July 1955 – 20 July 2019) was an Australian tennis player and coach. McNamara won five singles titles and nineteen doubles titles in his career. He won the 1980 and 1982 men's doubles championship at Wimbledon and the Australian Open doubles in 1979. McNamara's highest rank in doubles was No. 3. He was born in Melbourne.
McNamara died on 20 July 2019, at the age of 64, from prostate cancer in Sonthofen, Bavaria, Germany.
Chicago Daily News
Hugo Cóccaro
Hugo Omar Cóccaro (4 May 1954 – July 21 2019) was an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician. He was Governor of Tierra del Fuego Province from 2005 to 2007. Cóccaro was born in Saladillo, Argentina.
Cóccaro died on 21 July 2019 in Buenos Aires at the age of 65. The cause was cancer.
Antonino Cuffaro
Antonino Cuffaro (21 April 1932 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian politician. He was born in Sambuca di Sicilia, Italy. Cuffaro was a member of the Italian Parliament from 1976 to 1987 and again from 1994 to 1996. He was a member of the Italian Communist Party.
Cuffaro died on 20 July 2019 in Trieste, Italy at the age of 87.
Paul Krassner
Paul Krassner (April 9, 1932 – July 21, 2019) was an American author, journalist and comedian. He was the founder, editor and a contributor to the freethought magazine "The Realist". Krassner became an important figure in the counterculture of the 1960s as a member of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters. He was a founding member of the Yippies.
Krassner died on July 21, 2019 in Desert Hot Springs, California at the age of 87.
Desert Hot Springs, California
Desert Hot Springs, also known as DHS, is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley region. The population was 25,938 at the 2010 census.
Lois Wille
Lois Jean Wille (née Kroeber; September 19, 1931 – July 23, 2019) was an American journalist, editor, and author. She won her first of two Pulitzer Prizes in 1963 for her reports about how the Chicago local government’s failure to have good services to low-income women.
Her stories led to a number of important policy changes in women’s healthcare, public housing, and the juvenile court systems. She was born in Chicago.
In 1989, she received her second Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing.
Wille died on July 23, 2019 in Chicago from a stroke at the age of
Republic of China (1912–1949)
The Republic of China (ROC) was a country that existed between 1912 and 1949. It is now the People's Republic of China. It was created in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The Republic's first president was Sun Yat-sen. Sun's party, the Kuomintang (KMT) won the parliamentary election in December 1912.
But Sun soon gave the position to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. The Beiyang Army also controlled the Beiyang government (which controlled Mongolia).
Between late 1915 and early 1916, Yuan Shikai called himself the Emperor of China. But people did not like it (National protection war).
After Yuan died death in 1916, the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty. Various groups in the Beiyang Army claimed independence and fought with each other during the Warlord Era.
In 1921, the KMT created a rival government in Canton, supported by the Communist Party of China (CPC).
North China was overtaxed and had too many fighting warlords. So its economy died between 1927 and 1928.
General Jiang Jieshi became the KMT leader after Sun's death. Jiang started the Northern Expedition in 1926 and overthrew the Beiyang government in 1928. In April 1927, Jiang created a nationalist government in Nanjing and massacred Communists in Shanghai. This forced the CPC into armed rebellion, starting the Chinese Civil War.
China experienced industrialization and modernization but suffered conflicts between the Nationalist government in Nanking, the CPC, warlords, and the Empire of Japan.
Eventually the Chinese unified to fight against their common enemy: the Japanese. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War began.
In 1945 Japan surrendered at the end of World War II.
In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and CPC restarted.
In 1949, the CPC defeated the KMT and started the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Jiang Jieshi and the KMT fled to Taiwan.
Varieties of Chinese
Chinese is a branch of the Han-Tibetan language family. It has hundreds of local languages, many of which are not mutually understandable. There is more variation in the mountainous southeast. There are main seven groups: Mandarin, Wu, Min, Xiang, Gan, Hakka and Yue. But more research is being done.
Chinese varieties differ most in their phonology (sounds), but have similar vocabulary and syntax (grammar). Southern varieties tend to have fewer initial consonants but more often preserve the Middle Chinese final consonants. All have tones. Northern varieties have fewer tones. Many have tone sandhi (biandao). Zhejiang coast and eastern Guangdong has some of the most complex patterns.
Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect. Its vocabulary is based on Mandarin group and grammar based on literature in the modern written vernacular. It is the official language of China, one of the four official languages of Singapore, and one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
In 2nd millennium BC, a form of Chinese was spoken in around the Huanghe. It then expanded east across the North China Plain to Shandong and then south towards the Yangzi river valley. It replaced former languages in the south.
During times of unity, people wanted to use a common standard language to make communication easier between people.
Evidence for dialectal variation is found in texts from the Spring and Autumn period (722–479 BC). At that time, the Zhou still defined a standard speech. The "Fangyan" (1st century CE) studies the differences in vocabulary between regions. Texts from the Eastern Han period also discuss local differences in pronunciation. The "Qieyun" rhyme book (601) noted wide variation in pronunciation between regions. It wanted to define a standard pronunciation for reading the classics. This standard is called Middle Chinese.
The North China Plain was flat and easy to move around. So people in the north pretty much spoke the same language.
But South China had many mountains and rivers. So it had six major groups of Chinese languages, with great internal diversity, particularly in Fujian.
Until the mid-20th century, most Chinese people spoke only their local language. But the Ming and Qing dynasties defined a common language based on Mandarin. It was known as "Guānhuà" (官話, "speech of officials"). Knowledge of guanhua was essential for a career as a government official.
Until the 20th century, Classical Chinese was the written standard.
The Republic of China replaced as the written standard by written vernacular Chinese, which was based on northern dialects. In the 1930s a standard national language was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect, but with vocabulary also drawn from other Mandarin varieties. It is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China.
Standard Mandarin Chinese now dominates public life. The only other Chinese that may be commonly taught in colleges is Cantonese.
These are sometimes divided into three groups: Northern (Mandarin), Central (Wu, Gan, and Xiang) and Southern (Hakka, Yue, and Min).
Southern Group may come from the Yangzi river during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). This is sometimes called the Old Southern Chinese.
The Central group was transitional between the Northern and Southern groups.
Peter Hamm
Peter Hamm (27 February 1937 – 22 July 2019) was a German poet, author, journalist, editor and literary critic. He wrote many documentaries about Ingeborg Bachmann and Peter Handke. He wrote for the German weekly newspapers "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit". From 1964 to 2002, Hamm worked as contributing editor for culture for the broadcster Bayerischer Rundfunk. He was born in Munich.
Hamm was in a domestic partnership with actress Marianne Koch from 1970 until his death.
Hamm died on 22 July 2019 in Tutzing, Germany at the age of 82.
Marianne Koch
Marianne Koch (born 19 August 1931) is a German actress. She is best known for her roles in spaghetti westerns and adventure movies of the 1960s. She later worked as a television host and as a physician. She was in a relationship with Peter Hamm from 1970 until his death in 2019. Koch was born in Munich.
Koch is known for her roles in "Night People" alongside Gregory Peck and in Sergio Leone's 1964 movie "A Fistful of Dollars" alongside Clint Eastwood.
Francisco Grau
Francisco Grau Vegara (22 January 1947 – 21 July 2019) was a Spanish musician, composer and General in the Spanish Armed Forces. He was born in Bigastro, Alicante. In January 2008, Grau became the first General of Music in the Spanish Armed Forces, having been made a colonel some years previously. From 1988 – 2008, he was also director of the Musical Unit of the Spanish Royal Guard.
Grau died on 21 July 2019, aged 72.
Bologna massacre
The Bologna massacre was the bombing of Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari. It happened on 2 August 1980. It killed 85 people and injured over 200 others. It was Italy's worst terrorist attack.
Art Neville
Arthur Lanon Neville (December 17, 1937 – July 22, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Neville was a part of The Neville Brothers. He was a founding member of The Meters. He also played with the spinoff group The Funky Meters.
Neville performed with singers Labelle (on "Lady Marmalade"), Paul McCartney, Lee Dorsey, Robert Palmer, Dr. John and Professor Longhair.
Neville died at the age of 81 on July 22, 2019 from a long-illness.
Hans Lagerqvist
Hans Ture Lennart Lagerqvist (28 April 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a Swedish pole vaulter. He won a silver medal at the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Lagerqvist placed fourth at the 1971 European Championships and seventh at the 1971 European Athletics Indoor Championships and 1972 Olympics.
Lagerqvist was born in Gothenburg. He died on 22 July 2019 in Stockholm from brain cancer, aged 79.
Brigitte Kronauer
Brigitte Kronauer (29 December 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a German writer. She was born in Essen, Germany. In 2005, she was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her literary works.
Kronauer died on 22 July 2019 in Hamburg from a long-illness at the age of 78.
Maxim Dadashev
Maxim Kaibkhanovich Dadashev (September 30, 1990 – July 23, 2019) was a Russian boxer. He competed in the light welterweight (63.5 kg) division. Dadshev was a participant of the 2015 European Games.
Dadashev was a Russian amateur champion. He was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Dadashev won the vacant NABF super lightweight title in June 2018.
On July 19, 2019, Dadashev lost to opponent Subriel Matías at MGM National Harbor in Oxon Hill, Maryland. When leaving the ring, Dadashev collapsed. He had brain surgery and placed in a medically induced coma. Dadashev died from his injuries on July 23 at a hospital in Cheverly, Maryland at the age of 28.
Oxon Hill, Maryland
Oxon Hill is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Oxon Hill is a suburb of Washington, D.C.. As of the 2010 census Oxon Hill had a population of 17,722.
Cheverly, Maryland
Cheverly is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It is located near Washington, D.C.. The town was founded in 1918, and it was incorporated in 1931. Cheverly had 6,173 residents as of the 2010 Census.
"Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us" is a Facebook event that was planned for September 20, 2019 at Area 51, a United States Air Force (USAF). The purpose of the event was to raid the site in search for aliens while they "Naruto run". The event was created by Matty Roberts as a satire event. Roberts posted the event on June 27, 2019. About 3,000,000 people responded "going" or "interested" on the event's page.
Air Force officials and Nevada state officials warned the group members not to raid the area or otherwise they would use executive force.
Copycat events such as plans to storm a secret vault of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Loch Ness, and the Bermuda Triangle have also been created.
Arcadia Group
Arcadia Group plc is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Topshop, Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit, which sells lines from the other group chains. The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK, concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams, Selfridges, as well as several hundred franchises in other countries.
The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments, itself owned by Tina Green, the wife of Sir Philip Green, who is himself the chairman of the Arcadia Group. Philip Green has been involved in a number of controversies during his career, including the payment of generous dividends to Richard Caring, Tom Hunter, and Philip Green's family prior to the demise of BHS.
In April 2019, it was reported that the Arcadia group, controlled by Philip Green's family, had recorded a £300m deficit into its pension fund, while the Green family had cashed out £1.2bn in dividends from Arcadia in 2005.
British MP Frank Field, who previously investigated the BHS pension deficit, has publicly criticised Philip Green for paying huge dividends to his family and friend Richard Caring "when things are going well", and making his employees pay "when things are not going well".
SABMiller
SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after the Belgian-Brazilian-American Anheuser-Busch InBev) and is also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands include Fosters, Grolsch, Miller, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell. It has operations in 80 countries world-wide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages.
SABMiller's origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.
SABMiller has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £42 billion as of 24 October 2015, the 6th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev announced plans to acquire SABMiller for £69 billion ($104 billion).
Home Retail Group
Home Retail Group plc is one of the UK's leading home and general merchandise retailers. It is the parent company of Argos and Habitat. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
Home Retail Group owns a number of well-known brands, including Alba, Bush, Chad Valley, Challenger, Cherokee, Cooksworks, Habitat, Heart of House, Hygena, Schreiber, and Sovereign.
Veles (god)
Marzanna
Marzanna (in Polish), Marena (in Russian), Morana (in Czech, Bulgarian, Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian), or Morena or Kyselica (in Slovak), Morena (in Macedonian), Maslenitsa (in Russia) and also Mara (in Belarusian and Ukrainian), Maržena, Moréna, Mora or Marmora, Morė (in Lithuanian) is the goddess of death and winter in Slavic paganism. In many Slavic countries, it is very popular to burn a doll, that represents Marzanna, when it's beginning of spring.
Gerovit
Zhangzhung
Zhangzhung (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང; Tibetan pinyin: Xangxang; Chinese: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom of western China (Tibet) and northern India before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung is Bon, and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet.
We are still trying to learn more about them.
Zhang Zhung had three different regions:
It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet.
The capital was Khyunglung, the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash, with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley.
Scientists dug stuff in the Chang Tang plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron.
The "Tang Annals" say that the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened Songzhou (China) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor to marry a princess. At first the Emperor Gaozong of Tang refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to Princess Wencheng.
There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to Kinnauri, a Sino–Tibetan language.
The Bonpo claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from a North Indian script. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree.
A modern Kinnauri language of the same name (pronounced Jangshung) is spoken by 2,000 people in the Sutlej Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. They claim to be descendants of the Zhangzhung.
Bonpo religion was founded by a Buddha-like person named Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. Tonpa's teachings are very similar to Gautama Buddha. Bonpos claim that Tonpa lived 18,000 years ago and visited Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring (modern Tajikstan) or Shambhala.
The Bonpo claim that during this time Lord Tonpa's teachings entered the Indian subcontinent and helped develop the Vedic religion (Hinduism).
An example of this link between Bon and Hinduism is Mount Kailash, the center of Zhang Zhung culture and also most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that Hinduism owes its origin to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.
Video assistant referee
Video assistant referee (VAR) is a system that helps referees to decide better about players fouls, if a goal was valid, red card decisions, etc. in soccer matches. When the referee is going to review a play on the field at the VAR box, they outline a square with their hands, as if showing the outline of a TV screen. It was used for the first time in the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup. It was used for the first time for international matches in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. The first time VAR was used in the FIFA World Cup was in the 2018 World Cup.
In March 2018, the VAR was permanentely written into the Laws of the Game by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).
There are 3 categories of decisions that can be reviewed:
The referee can review the play on the field by going to the VAR box, listen to the VAR's recommendation, or completely ignore the VAR advice. The referee can only review the play on the field with recommendation of the VAR to prevent the referee from relying on it too much.
The VAR system has been criticised by many people, mostly because of how much time is used up in reviews, overly relying on it, and causing confusion. Manager Mauricio Pochettino said "it made everyone confused". He also said that he felt sorry for the fans and for the referee after an FA Cup match.
Nir, Iran
Nir is a city in iran that located in the north west of iran in the Ardabil province&it is a part of the nir county.It is famous for tourism area calls bolaghlar.
Slavic Native Faith
Tōyō Bunko
The is Japan's largest Asian studies library. It is one of the world's five largest libraries. It is located in Tokyo.
It contains around 950,000 documents, written in Asian, Western and Japanese languages.
It was started by Mitsubishi Motors and opened in 1924.
Toyo University
Oyanagi Shigeta
Oyanagi Shigeta (小柳司気太, 1870 December 24 - 1940 July 18 ) is a Japanese scholar of Chinese literature and Taoism. He is from Niigata Prefecture and graduated from Tokyo Imperial University. His mom's last name is Kumakura (熊倉).
Epigraphy
Mokosh
Mokosh () is a Slavic goddess of nature.
Luo Zhenyu
Luo Zhenyu (August 8, 1866 – May 14, 1940), courtesy name Shuyun (叔蘊), was a Chinese classical scholar, philologist, epigrapher, antiquarian. He supported the Qing dynasty, even after it fell.
Silesian language
Silesian or Upper Silesian (Silesian: / ; ; , , ; ) from the West Slavic language family. Some linguists say, that it is a dialect of Polish, because of big similarities between these languages. It's mostly spoken in Poland, but also in the Czech Republic and Germany.
Cen Chunxuan
Cen Chunxuan (1861 – 27 April 1933) was a Zhuang Chinese politician who lived in the late Qing dynasty and Republic of China. He wanted the Qing to become a monarchy based on a constitution (written set of laws). Empress Dowager Cixi supported him. He was a governor of Guangdong and became a warlord during the ROC but then Sun Yat-sen's government replaced his.
List of Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria
Suzhou High School
Suzhou High School of Jiangsu Province (), is a Chinese public high school. It has over 1000 years of history.
Many famous people graduated from there. It is in Suzhou, Jiangsu. In 1035, the Northern Song politician Fan Zhongyan founded it ().
Taibei Imperial University
Taibei Imperial University was created in March 16, 1928. At the time Japan ( the Empire of Japan ) controlled Taiwan. It was renamed National Taiwan University (NTU). After Japan lost the war, the Republic of China took over and made part of it the National Chung Hsing University today.
Fujita Toyohachi
Fujita Toyohachi (Kanji: 藤田豊八；Hiragana: ふじたとよはち) is a Japanese writer and professor in East Asian History. He lived from 1869 October 19 to 1929 July 15. He is from Tokushima Prefecture. His (Chinese) pen name name was Jianfeng / Kenfou (劍峰).
He founded a school in Jiangsu, China. He was a teacher at Beijing University (the Imperial University, 京師大學堂), author of Secondary Education East Asian history《中等教育東洋史》and Research on the History of East-West Interactions《東西交涉史之研究（東西交渉史の研究）》。
He collected over 1700 Chinese books. After he died, those were sent to the Toyo Bunko (東洋文庫) and put into a section called Fujita's library「藤田文庫」。
In 1869, Fujita was born in Awa Province (Tokushima).
In 1895 he graduated from the University of Tokyo Liberal arts school with a degree in Chinese language studies.
After that he taught the history of Chinese literature at Waseda University, Toyo University, and other schools
In 1896, he cofounded the Dongya Xueyuan (東亞學院, East Asia College) with Oyanagi Shigeta and others. Fujita also founded the journal "Jiangsu Wenxue"《江湖文學》(Jiangsu Literature).
In 1897 he visited Shanghai.
In 1898 he helped create the Dongwen Xueshe (東文學社, East Asian literature society) with Luo Zhenyu.
After 1904 Cen Chunxuan (岑春煊) governor of Guangxi and Guangdong asked Fujita to help with education.
In 1905, he also helped create Suzhou high school (江苏师范学堂). He invited more than 10 teachers from Japan. The Qing dynasty then awarded him a medal. In 1909 Fujita became a professor at the prestigious Beijing University.
In 1912, Japan returned to Japan. He lived in Tokyo and researched the history of East-West interactions. In 1920 he got a PhD in literature.
In 1923 he was professor at Waseda University. He taught the history of East-West sea transportation and the history of the Western regions (China, Xiyu, modern day Xinjiang).
In 1925 he became professor at the imperial Tokyo University and first lecturer on East Asian history.
In 1928 he became a professor and Minister of culture and politics at Taibei Imperial University (臺北帝國大學). In May 1929 he returned to Tokyo to give a lecture on the history of the Xiyu again. But in July he died of kidney failure.
Western Regions
The Western Regions or Xiyu () refers to Central Asia, specifically west of the Yumen pass. It was used in Chinese between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD.
It sometimes refers to Xinjiang or even northern parts of the Indian subcontinent (as in the novel "Journey to the West").
Because it is located on the Silk Road, the xiyu have been important since at least the 3rd century BC.
The Han–Xiongnu War (ended 89 AD) was fought there. In the 7th century, the Tang campaign against the Western Regions led to Chinese control of the region.
The xiyu became an important place of exchange between East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Muslim world.
This was especially true during the Mongol Empire. Buddhism spread through the region to China.
The Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang crossed the region on his way to study in India. When he returned to Chang'an, the influential "Great Tang Records on the Western Regions" was written.
Weilüe
The Weilüe () was written by Yu Huan between 239 and 265. Yu Huan was a politician of Cao Wei (220–265) during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). Yu Huan is considered good among Chinese scholars.
Cologny
Cologny is a municipality in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland.
Emperor Ming of Han
Emperor Ming of Han (15 June 28 AD – 5 September 75 AD) was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han Dynasty.
He was born .
The Kalman filter is an algorithm (a step-by-step process) that helps people remove errors from numbers. It is named for Rudolf E. Kálmán, a mathematician who helped to make it.
Science can use the Kalman filter in many ways. One important use is steering airplanes and space ships. People also use the Kalman filter to make a model of how humans use nerves and muscles to move their bodies.
The Kalman filter has two steps. The first step is predicting (trying to say what you think will happen). The Kalman filter makes a first guess about what we think is true (an "estimate") and how certain we are that it is true ("uncertainty"). Next, the Kalman filter makes a new guess by using a weighted average. More certain numbers are more important in this weighted average. After doing these two steps, we use the new guess to start these steps again.
An Shigao
Thônex
Thônex is a municipality of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It is in the east of the canton and shares a border with the French town of Ambilly.
In 1869, the municipality was created when Chêne-Thônex split into two independent municipalities Chêne-Bourg and Thônex.
American Indian Wars
The American Indian Wars (also known as the Indian Wars or the First Nations Wars; ) is the name for the various battles that were fought by European, American, and Canadian governments and colonists against various American Indian and First Nation tribes. These conflicts happened in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the 1920s. The various Indian Wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, including cultural differences, land disputes, and crimes committed by both sides. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted Indian tribes to help them do war against each other's colonial settlements.
After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions. The conflicts were usually about disputes over land use; some had cycles of violent actions. The British Royal Proclamation of 1763, included in the Constitution of Canada, banned white settlers from taking the lands of native peoples in Canada without signing a treaty with them. It is still law in Canada today, and 11 Numbered Treaties, limited the number of conflicts.
As white settlers went west across America after 1780, the size, length of time, and intensity of conflicts increased between settlers and various Indians. The biggest came in the War of 1812, which resulted in the defeat of major Indian coalitions in the Midwest and the South. Conflict with settlers happened less, and treaties became more common. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the US government to remove natives from east of the Mississippi River to the west. The west was what the government believed to be empty American frontier. (Many tribes had a lot of territory in this area, however.) The federal US policy of removal was eventually changed in the West. It was changed to relocating Indian tribes to specially designated and federally protected reservations.
Yao Qian Shu
The money tree (Chinese: 搖錢樹; yao qian shu; literally: shake money tree) is a holy tree that can give you money if you shake it.
It came from the Han Dynasty. Bronze qianshu are appear a lot in Sichuan graves.
Dry county
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland (, ) is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland. It was founded on 9 May 1906. It works with the Constitution of Finland. The power is vested in the Parliament. The Parliament is made up of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years. In addition, there is one member from Åland.
Legislation may start by either the Government or one of the members of Parliament.
Kucha
Kucha (, ) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang (East Turkestan).
It was on the Silk Road.
Jeremy Kemp
Jeremy Kemp (3 January 1935 – 19 July 2019) was an English actor. He was known for his roles in the miniseries "The Winds of War", the movie "The Blue Max" and the TV series "Z-Cars".
Michael English (politician)