AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
To be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome, a child must have problems in three different areas.
Having "abnormal facial features" means that parts of the child's face look different than a child without FAS. To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have:
Children with FAS do not grow as well as children without FAS. These growth problems can start even before birth, so many babies with FAS are born weighing less than other babies.
To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have a height, weight, or both that are lower than normal. Their height or weight must be in the 10th percentile or lower, meaning 90% of all other children are taller or heavier.
The central nervous system controls everything in the body. When it is damaged by alcohol during pregnancy, the damage can cause many different problems. To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have three different kinds of central nervous system problems:
"Structural" problems are problems with the shape of the head or the brain. For example:
Neurological problems are problems with the way the brain and nerves control the body. For example:
"Functional" problems are problems doing everyday tasks. To be diagnosed with FAS, a child has to have a lot more trouble doing everyday things than other children his age. The child has to have a low IQ or developmental delay, or problems in three of these areas:
In the United States, alcohol is the most common cause of birth defects that can be prevented. Fetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented in every pregnancy if the mother drinks no alcohol while she is pregnant.
Doctors suggest that women who are trying to get pregnant should also drink no alcohol. This is because a woman may not know she is pregnant for the first 4–6 weeks of her pregnancy. Some women drink alcohol during this time, since they do not realize they are pregnant. But drinking during the earliest part of a pregnancy can cause severe FAS because the earliest part of the pregnancy is when the fetus's brain starts developing. This is why it is safest not to drink any alcohol if a woman thinks she might get pregnant.
Stein Eriksen
Stein Eriksen (11 December 1927 – 27 December 2015) is a Norwegian-American alpine skier. He won gold and two silvers at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. He retired in 1954.
Eriksen was born in Oslo. His parents were Marius Eriksen (1886–1950) and Birgit Heien (1900–1996). He lived in the United States for six decades.
Eriksen died on 27 December 2015 in Park City, Utah. He was 88.
Meridian arc
In geodesy, a meridian arc is the distance between two points with the same longitude. In geometry it is an arc: a segment of a curve. The length of an imaginary rope laid over the globe would be that distance.
Two or more such measurements at different places get the shape of the reference ellipsoid which is most like the shape of the geoid. This process is called "the determination of the figure of the Earth". The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth used a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to get the reference ellipsoids.
The Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC, first calculated a good value for circumference of the Earth. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon the sun goes through the zenith in the ancient Egyptian city of Syene (Assuan). He also knew from his own measurements that, at the same moment in his hometown of Alexandria, the zenith distance was 1/50 of a full circle (7.2°). Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene, Eratosthenes concluded that the distance between Alexandria and Syene must be 1/50 of Earth's circumference.
In 1687 Newton published in the "Principia" a proof that the Earth was an oblate spheroid of flattening equal to 1/230.
Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt
Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt (July 20, 1671 in Darmstadt – August 11, 1736 in Vienna) was a Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, Imperial Field Marshal and Governor of Mantua.
Philip was a younger son of Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678) and his second wife Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg (1640–1709), daughter of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.
Philip fought for the Habsburgs in the Spanish War of Succession. In 1708 he became Field Marshal and Supreme Commander of the Imperial troops in newly conquered Naples. After the war in 1714, under influence of Prince Eugene of Savoy, he became governor of the former Duchy of Mantua until his death.
Philip was a great lover of music. When he was with his soldiers in Naples, he was patron of Nicola Porpora. When he was governor of Mantua, he made Antonio Vivaldi "Maestro di Cappella" of his court. Vivaldi wrote the opera Tito Manlio to celebrate Philip's wedding to Princess Eleanora of Guastalla, however the wedding never took place.
On March 24, 1693, Philip married Marie Therese of Croÿ (1673–1714), daughter of Ferdinand François Joseph, Duke of Croy-Havré. He had to beome a Catholic for the wedding, which made his mother very upset.
Philip and Marie had five children :
Sean Hayes (actor)
Sean Patrick Hayes (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom "Will & Grace". During the series he won an Emmy Award, four SAG Awards, and one American Comedy Award, and earned six Golden Globe nominations. After "Will & Grace" he guest starred in programs such as "30 Rock", "Portlandia" and "Parks and Recreation".
Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist)
Robert Leopold Spitzer (May 22, 1932 – December 25, 2015) was an American psychiatrist. He was a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major figure in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). He helped remove homosexuality as a mental disorder.
Spitzer was born in White Plains, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at New York University School of Medicine. He worked at Columbia University until his retirement in 2010. Spitzer died of heart disease at his home in Seattle, Washington at the age of 83.
Mujaddid
Mujaddid () in Islam is a reformer who is given the task of removing errors that have occurred among Muslims. Their job is to show people the great religious truths which the Muslim community will be asked to face. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.
Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among vatious hadith specialists. Scholars and historians like Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.
The Arabic word mujaddid means "reformer", "renovator", "reviver", "renewer" or "regenerator". It is someone who revives and renovates the religion. The concept of tajdid (renewal or revival) and the term mujaddid come rather from a hadith, a statement of the Prophet Muhammad. This hadith was written down by Abu Dawood in his Sunan, one of the six authoritative Sunni collections of the Prophet's statements. In this hadith, the Prophet says:
This means reform is in the essential nature of Islam and Muslims are called all the time to work hard to make new ideas cope with tradition. It also means that not everything in the Muslim tradition is useful and good for this modern age; there are certain things that were possible in the past but are no longer relevant today. Slavery would be a prime example.
Tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought means renewing the ideology representing the intellectual product of Muslims in the fields of science, knowledge and ijtihad to interpret Islam and understand and explicate its rulings.
Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Al-Jami' al-Sagheer, "Renewing religion means renewing its guidance, clarifying its truth and precedence, refuting the innovations and extremism presented to its followers or their reluctance in upholding it, and following its rules in managing the interests of the people and the law of society and civilization."
Among the most manifest aspects of tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought is the renewal of Islamic sciences as follows:
"Mujaddids" can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.
There is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid. The persons of this list are claimed to be Mujaddid.
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a "mujaddid" in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus.
Eleanor Coen
Eleanor Coen (October 21, 1916 – July 9, 2010) was an American painter. She was born in Normal, Illinois. Coen worked at the Art Institute of Chicago. Coen's work is displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Art Institute of Chicago.
Coen died of heart failure at the age of 93 in Evanston, Illinois.
Martin Bell (director)
Aaron T. Beck
Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is thought to be as the father of cognitive therapy, and his theories are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression.
Beck was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a family of Russian Jewish immigrants. He studied at Brown University and at Yale Medical School.
Beck also developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories. Beck is known for his research in psychotherapy, psychopathology, suicide, and psychometrics, which led to his creation of cognitive therapy and the BDI, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring depression severity.
Beck worked with psychologist Maria Kovacs in the creation of the Children's Depression Inventory, which used the BDI as a model. Beck's work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to create his own cognitive techniques and exercises, and later work on learned helplessness.
Beck is the President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and the Honorary President of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, which certifies qualified cognitive therapists.
Beck married judge Phyllis W. Beck in 1950. Together, they have four children. He lives in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Ralph Torres
Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres (born August 6, 1979) is an American Republican politician from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He is serving as the 9th Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands upon the death of governor Eloy Inos on December 28, 2015. He previously served as the 10th Lieutenant Governor. He was elected to this position in the 2014 election.
William Waad
Sir William Waad (also Wade or Wadd) (1546 - 1623) was an English diplomat and administrator. He served as a special diplomatic agent for Elizabeth I of England. She sent him to France to collect papers which were used to convict her sister, Queen Mary. Waad also carried out the questioning and interrogations of political prisoners, often using torture to get the answers. He was involved in questioning Sir Walter Raleigh, members of the Gunpowder Plot, and the Essex rebellion among others.
Carlos Romero Barceló
Carlos Antonio Romero Barceló (September 4, 1932 – May 2, 2021) was a Puerto Rican politician. He served as the fifth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was the second governor to be elected from the New Progressive Party (PNP) and also Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001.
On July 3, 2017, he was appointed by Governor Ricky Rosselló as Puerto Rico's first United States Shadow Senator to the U.S. Senate.
Romero Barceló was hospitalized in San Juan, Puerto Rico in March 2021 for sepsis and a urinary tract infection. He died a month later on May 2, 2021 at the age of 88.
Coronagraph
James Braid
James Braid (1795 - 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist.
He was born in Portmoak, Scotland. He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.
Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself. He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind. He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism". He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object. When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake. He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses. He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.
His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists". Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.
Braid wrote a book and several articles about his research and his ideas:
Colin Dexter
Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (29 September 1930 – 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer. He was known for his Inspector Morse novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.
In 2000 Dexter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature. In 2001 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Oxford.
Dexter died in his sleep at his home in Oxford on 21 March 2017, aged 86.
Sheila Mercier
Sheila Mercier (1 January 1919 – 4 December 2019) was an English actress. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. She played Annie Sugden in "Emmerdale" for over 20 years between 1972 and 1994, she made 3 further appearances in 1995, 1996 and 2009.
Buick Rendezvous
Stuck in the Middle (TV series)
Stuck in the Middle is a Disney Channel Original Series. It was created by Alison Brown and executive producer Linda Videtti Figueiredo. The series stars Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz. The series aired on February 14, 2016. The main character of the show is one year older than Lincoln Loud from The Loud House.
The series is about a family of 9, seen through the point of view of Harley Diaz, a 12-year-old inventor who just so happens to be the middle kid in a large family,
The Disney Channel series "Stuck in the Middle" started airing on February 14, 2016. The series premiered on March 11, 2016. Production began on November 30, 2015.
Budō
Budō is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts. Budō, which means "the martial ways", has its origins in bushidō, "the way of the warrior". The budō arts include aikido, judo, jūkendō, Kendo, Kyūdō, naginata, shorinji kempo and sumo. In battle, budō teaches defense with the ideas of nonviolence and spiritual enlightenment. Originally designed for warfare, budō became a way of self-defense. From his book "Meditations on Violence", Rory Miller wrote:
"It is better to avoid than to run; better to run than to de-escalate; better to de-escalate than to fight; better to fight than to die. Budō is based on the principles of Zen. The term budō is often used in another sense to refer to specific martial arts such as Akai Budo, Judo and Kendo.
A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects the main force from attack from the rear. This is either during an advance or withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines of communication behind an army. In modern armies the rearguard may be used to delay an enemy, to keep supply routes open or may also gather intelligence on an enemy approaching from the rear. One of the best recorded examples of a rearguard action is found in The Song of Roland. It is based on the historical events of the attack on the rearguard of Charlemagne's army in the Pyrenees. It was written in the 11th century, three hundred years after it happened.
The Song of Roland () is an epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major piece of French literature. It exists in different manuscript versions which shows its great popularity in from the 12th to 14th centuries.
The date of poem is somewhere between 1040 and 1115. An early version began around 1040. Additions and changes were made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. These are further divided into 298 poetic units called laisses. It was written to be performed, possibly to music. The author of the poem is unknown.
The epic poem is the oldest example of the "chanson de geste". This was a literary form popular between the 11th and 15th centuries. It was all about legendary deeds and heroes.
The poem is about an actual historical event that happened centuries earlier. In 778 Charlemagne invaded Spain. On his way through the Pyrenees he looted and plundered Basque lands. He found little resistance in Spain until he reached the city of Zaragoza. Charlemagne demanded they surrender. The city governor, Hussain Ibn al-Ansari, refused. Charlemagne then laid siege to the city but with little success. Finally the governor paid Charlemagne a large amount of gold in return for Charlemagne's army leaving the area. Charlemagne had a pending Saxon revolt at home so he needed little persuasion to leave.
As Charlemagne marched north back to France he again passed through Basque territory. His large army was deep in the Pyrenees in a long column on August 15, 778. His rearguard was commanded by Roland, one of Charlemagne's most trusted leaders. The rearguard was attacked starting the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Basques using their knowledge of the terrain were able to overcome the Frankish rearguard. But their job was to protect the main army so they fought to the last man. The Basques plundered the baggage trains and captured the gold Charlemagne was paid at Zaragoza. Before the Frankish army could turn to fight the Basques, they had gone. Roland and his men died as heroes.
Chumar
Chumar is a place in the provences of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The area is claimed by both China and India. According to China's Ministry of Defence "the two countries’ border, to this day, has not been designated". The problem is that for centuries, the sparsely inhabited mountainous region existed as a buffer zone between empires. A border war broke out in 1962 that has to date killed thousands of soldiers. The tension between the two countries has come and gone but is now raised again.
Elżbieta Krzesińska
Elżbieta Maria Krzesińska née Duńska (November 11, 1934 – December 29, 2015) was a Polish track and field athlete from Warsaw.
She competed in the long jump. She competed for her native country at the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia where she won the gold medal in the Women's Long Jump. She returned to the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome but failed to defend her title, finishing second behind Soviet Vera Krepkina.
Krzesińska died after a long-illness at her home in Warsaw at the age of 81.
Pavel Srníček
Pavel Srníček (10 March 1968 – 29 December 2015) was a Czech professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper from 1990 to 2007, mainly for Newcastle United.
He represented Sheffield Wednesday, Portsmouth and West Ham United in England, and also played in Italy for Brescia and Cosenza, in Portugal for Beira-Mar, and in his native country for Banik Ostrava. After retiring, he worked as a goalkeeping coach for his own private school and for Sparta Prague.
Srníček played internationally for the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2001, earning a total of 49 caps. He was part of their squad that came runners-up at UEFA Euro 96, and was their first-choice goalkeeper when they came third at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and contested UEFA Euro 2000.
On 4 January 2012, Sparta Prague confirmed the appointment of Srníček to their coaching staff.
Srníček suffered a massive heart attack while out jogging on 20 December 2015. He was put into an induced coma at a hospital in his native Ostrava. He died nine days later at the age of 47, when his life support was turned off due to irreversible brain damage.
Progeria
Progeria (), also called Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome and HGPS progeria syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. Children born with progeria show symptoms which are like aging. This can include skin wrinkles and grey hair or baldness. Progeria is one of several progeroid syndromes. The word "progeria" comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age".
It is very rare, only 1 child in every 8 million live births. People with progeria usually only live to their mid teens to early twenties. It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation. It is rarely inherited, as people with the condition do not usually live long enough to have children.
Scientists are studying progeria because it might reveal clues about the normal process of aging. Progeria was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson. It was also described independently in 1897 by Hastings Gilford. The condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.
Antony Booth
Anthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017), later known as Tony and Antony, was a retired English actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series "Till Death Us Do Part".
Booth is the father-in-law of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair. Blair is married to Booth's daughter Cherie Booth.
Booth suffered a stroke in 2010. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2004. He died of the disease in London on 25 September 2017 at the age of 85.
Bob Cerv
Robert Henry Cerv (May 5, 1925 – April 6, 2017) was a former American baseball player. Before his professional career, he was a collegiate baseball and basketball player at the University of Nebraska. He was born in Weston, Nebraska.
Cerv signed with the New York Yankees in 1950 and was a little-used reserve outfielder on the Yankee teams of the early 1950s. Cerv played for the Yankees from 1951 through 1956, again in 1960, and lastly from 1961 through 1962. He also played for the Kansas City Athletics (1957-1960), Los Angeles Angels (1961), and the Houston Colt .45s (1962).
Cerv died on April 6, 2017 in Blair, Nebraska from a stroke, aged 91.
Robin Williams (canoeist)
Florida A&amp;M University
Florida A&M University or FAMU, is a public, historically black university in Tallahassee, Florida. Its official name is Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. Florida A&M University was built on the highest of seven hills in Tallahassee. It opened on October 3, 1887.
It is one of the largest historically black universities in the United States, in number of students. It awards bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees.
FAMU's main campus is in Tallahassee. It is close to the State Capitol and the campus of Florida State University. The university also has campuses in Orlando, Miami, Jacksonville, Tampa and Crestview.
has 132 buildings that spread out over . Part of the campus is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. This is named the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College Historic District. It was placed on the list on May 9, 1996.
The district is in the center of the campus. In the National Register, it covers . It includes 14 historic buildings and 1 object. One campus building, the old Carnegie Library, is listed separately on the National Register.
On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter put Lee Hall at Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University on its list of "Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places".
Frank Malzone
Frank James Malzone (February 28, 1930 – December 29, 2015) was an American baseball player. He was a former Major League Baseball third baseman and right-handed slugger who played for the Boston Red Sox (1955–65) and California Angels (1966). He was born in The Bronx, New York.
Malzone died in Needham, Massachusetts of natural causes at the age of 85.
Over and Over Again (song)
"Over and Over Again" is a song by English recording artist Nathan Sykes. The song was written by Sykes and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 November 2015 as the second single from his debut studio album. The song peaked to number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.
Sykes performed the song live on "The X Factor" on 22 November 2015.
Kim Yang-gon
Kim Yang-gon (; 24 April 1942 – 29 December 2015) was a North Korean politician. He was a member of the ruling party Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). He served as head of relations with South Korea from 2007 until his death, under both Kim Jong-il and later Kim Jong-un. He was born in Anju, South Pyongan Province.
Kim died in a car accident on 29 December 2015, aged 73.
Rufous-tailed lark
The rufous-tailed lark ("Ammomanes phoenicura") is a passerine bird. It is native to India and northeast Pakistan.
Terpenoid
Turpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a large group of organic compounds. They are built of five-carbon isoprene units put together and modified in thousands of ways.
They are lipids, and are found in all classes of living things. They are the largest group of natural products. About 60% of natural products are terpenoids.
Plant terpenoids are often used for their scent. They are used in traditional herbal remedies. Terpenoids help the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant "Salvia divinorum", the cannabinoids found in cannabis, ginkgolide and bilobalide found in "Ginkgo biloba", and the curcuminoids found in turmeric and mustard seeds.
Bad Orb
Bad Orb is a spa town located in Hesse, Germany.
Astrocytes are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are also known collectively as astroglia.
The proportion of astrocytes in the brain varies. Studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region from 20% to 40% of all glia.
Astrocytes do many things. They help the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, keep extracellular ions in balance. They also help repair the brain and spinal cord after traumatic injuries.
Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes release Ca ions, and adjust brain functions. Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research in neuroscience.
Natoli
Natoli is an Italian surname.
Mangesh Padgaonkar
Mangesh Keshav Padgaonkar (Devanagari: मंगेश केशव पाडगांवकर; 10 March 1929 – 30 December 2015) was a Indian poet from Maharashtra, India. He was born on 10 March 1929 in Vengurla, Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra.
Padgaonkar has 40 publications to his credit. He began writing at the age of 14. The United States Library of Congress has 31 of his publications in their collection. He has also translated works of Kabir and Surdas in Marathi along with Shakespeare's plays "The Tempest", "Julius Caesar" and "Romeo and Juliet". In 2008, his translation of the Bible was released.
Padgaonkar died in Mumbai from a short illness at the age of 86.
Joe Houston
Joe Houston (July 11, 1926 – December 28, 2015) was an American tenor saxophonist. He played jazz and rhythm and blues. He was born in Bastrop, Texas. His career began in the 1940s in Kansas City, Missouri.
Houston formed his own band The Rockets, and moved to Los Angeles in 1952. He scored his only two chart hit singles in 1952 with "Worry, Worry, Worry" and "Hard Time Baby" both of which peaked at #10 on "Billboard's" R&B singles chart.
Houston's musical career ended after he suffered a stroke in 2005. He died on December 28, 2015 in Long Beach, California, following a series of strokes, aged 89.
Apgar score
The Apgar score is used in medicine. It is a quick way of measuring how healthy a newborn baby is.
Virginia Apgar invented the Apgar score in 1952. She was an anesthesiologist, and created the score to measure how babies were affected by anesthesia given to their mothers during childbirth.
Today, the Apgar score is very commonly used by doctors, nurses, midwives, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other medical professionals. One of the reasons it is so popular is that doing an Apgar test is very quick. It usually takes less than a minute, sometimes just seconds.
When an Apgar test is done, five simple things about the newborn baby are checked. The newborn gets a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these give things. The scores are added up, and the total is the newborn's Apgar score.
"Apgar" is the name of the woman who invented the Apgar scale. But "APGAR" is also a backronym that stands for the things the Apgar scale checks. These are Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
The Apgar test is usually done one minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth. It may be repeated later if the score is low and stays low.
The main goal of the Apgar score is to see whether the newborn needs medical help. Usually:
If a newborn has a low Apgar score one minute after birth, this does not mean the baby is going to have long-term health problems. This is especially true if the Apgar score is better five minutes after birth.
But an Apgar score that stays below 3 at later times—like 10, 15, or 30 minutes after birth—may show that the newborn has brain damage. These newborns are a little more likely to have cerebral palsy. However, the Apgar test cannot predict (say for sure) whether a baby will have long-term health problems.
Neheb
Doug Atkins
Douglas Leon Atkins (May 8, 1930 – December 30, 2015) was a former American football defensive end. He played for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee under legendary head coach Robert Neyland. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Humboldt, Tennessee.
Atkins died in Knoxville, Tennessee on December 30, 2015 at the age of 85.
Jerzmanice-Zdrój
Jerzmanice-Zdrój is a small village in Lower Silesia, Poland. The first time it appeared in sources in 1253 as Hermanstorph. The village administrator is Edward Janiec.
Jerzmanice-Zdrój was a health resort from 1881, when a doctor from the nearby town Złotoryja made a small place for sick people called "Hermsdorf Bad". This lasted until World War II. After the war, the health resort did not re-open.
The origin of "Jerzmanice" is unknown. One theory is that this part of the name is a Polish crack from German name "Hermsdorf" or "Hermannsdorf". These names are an earlier name of Jerzmanice-Zdrój. The origin of "zdrój" is means "spring" or "spa" in English.
A lot of people do not say "Jerzmanice-Zdrój", only "Jerzmanice". The earlier names of Jerzmanice are: Bad Hermsdorf, Hermsdorf, Hermannsdorf, Hermanstorph, Hermsdorf am Katzbach. In 1946 the name "Jerzmanice Zdrój" was established.
The highest point in Jerzmanice is Goleń Hill. It is above sea level. It is in the valley of Kaczawa.
The village has a primary school and public library.
Through Jerzmanice run few streets: DW364 and DW328. The most popular way of travel is private transportation.
Most citizens are Roman Catholics, but only about 20% practise it. Some people are Jehovah's Witnesses or atheists.
Gino Marchetti
Gino John Marchetti (January 2, 1926 – April 29, 2019) was an American professional football player in the National Football League and businessman. A defensive end, he played in 1952 for the Dallas Texans and from 1953 to 1966 for the Baltimore Colts.
Marchetti was born in Smithers, West Virginia. He was raised in Antioch, California. Marchetti studied at Modesto Junior College and at the University of San Francisco.
In 2004, Marchetti was voted to the East-West Shrine Game Hall of Fame.
Marchetti died of problems caused by pneumonia on April 29, 2019 at a hospital in Paoli, Pennsylvania at the age of 93.
Mekh
A reign is the period of time that a monarch (a king, queen, emperor, etc.) rules over a country. It can also be the period of time that a spiritual leader rules in a particular office. For example, the reign of a pope, dalai lama, patriarch etc. A reign can also be used for an office or championship. In many cases a reign lasts until the monarch (or leader) resigns, dies, or is removed. A monarch's reign was sometimes used to mark time officially. In Anglo-Saxon England for example, many royal documents were dated by the regnal year of the king. This lasted until about the 10th century.
Some of the longest reigning current monarchs are:
Some of the longest reigning monarchs of all time are:
Some of the shortest reigns in history are:
Double Falcon
Double Falcon (also possibly Dju and Nebwy) was a Predynastic pharaoh of Lower Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0. The exact timeline of his reign is unknown, although it is estimated to be during the 33rd century BCE. The length of his reign is unknown.
In 1910 M. J. Clédat, an Egyptologist, discovered the first evidence for king Double Falcon. A farmer at el-Mehemdiah in the north-eastern delta brought him a jar and some incised fragments found while planting a palm-grove in nearby el-Beda. Clédat soon discovered four serekhs of king Double Falcon.
In 1912 Hermann Junker found a tomb at Tura, which contained a complete jar with a serekh topped by two falcons.
More serekhs of king Double Falcon have been found in the Sinai, in Tell Ibrahim Awad in the eastern delta, in Adaima and Abydos in Upper Egypt, and in the Palmahim quarry in southern Israel. Because these finds have mainly been in Lower Egypt and north-western Sinai, it shows Double Falcon may have only ruled over these areas. However as some of his serekhs have been found in Upper Egypt and Canaan, it shows that the power of the Dynasty 0 kings was spreading. This had already begun towards the end of the Naqada III period, through trading or warfare.
The serekh of Double Falcon is unique. Firstly, it is the only one topped by two Horus falcons, facing each other. Secondly, the serekh does not have a place for the name. Instead this space is filled by vertical lines which usually represent the niched facade of a palace. The serekh does not have the horizontal line that separates the palace facade from the name of the ruler above. Finally, each falcon stands on its own peak. Experts believe that these features are symbolic. The two falcons could represent Lower Egypt and the Sinai, as it seems that Double Falcon reigned over both regions. Dreyer believes that the falcons stand on a on a sign meaning "mountain" which is N26 of Gardiner's sign list: N26 He reads the name as "Dju" ('), so that the name of the king is shown by a pair of falcons on mountains above a plain serekh. But another expert, van den Brink, reads the name as "Nebwy" ('), meaning "the two lords", and similar to a much earlier palette on display in the Barbier-Mueller Museum of Geneva.
Alcohol withdrawal
Alcohol withdrawal (also called alcohol withdrawal syndrome) is medical problem. It is a set of symptoms that can happen when a person who has drunk alcohol for a long time stops drinking. It can also happen when a person starts drinking less than they used to.
Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous. In the worst cases, it can even kill a person. This is why it is dangerous for people who drink a lot to stop drinking without talking to a doctor first.
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. This means that alcohol slows down the activity in some parts of the brain. This can create good feelings, like feeling relaxed and happy.
If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, eventually their body will get used to the alcohol. After a while, the person will need to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk and to slow down parts of their brain. This is called "tolerance".
Once the body is used to having alcohol (and having parts of the brain slowed down), suddenly taking away the alcohol will cause withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system is used to being slowed down by alcohol. So without alcohol, the central nervous system gets very excited and over-active.
A person who gets tolerant to alcohol, and gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, is "physically dependent" on alcohol. This is also called "physical addiction."
Not everybody who drinks a lot of alcohol gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop. No one knows why some people get withdrawal symptoms and others do not.
About half of people with alcoholism will get withdrawal symptoms if they drink less than usual. About 5% to 20% of patients withdrawing from alcohol will get the most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens. About 1/3 (one out of three) people who have withdrawal seizures will get delirium tremens.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are mostly caused by a central nervous system that is over-excited and working too hard.
Everybody has a different set of withdrawal symptoms. Some people have only mild symptoms, like being unable to sleep or feeling anxious. Other people have very bad, life-threatening symptoms, like delirium, hallucinations, very high blood pressures, and very high fevers.
Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after a person takes their last drink. Acute withdrawal can last for up to one week.
To be diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must have at least two of these symptoms:.
Many things affect how bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be. The most important things are:
Symptoms are also grouped together and put into categories based on how bad they are:
Every person goes through alcohol withdrawal differently. Even the worst of alcohol withdrawal symptoms can happen as soon as 2 hours after a person stops drinking. Because of this, it is best to talk to a doctor, go into the hospital, or get treatment before a person stops drinking alcohol. In many people, however, symptoms usually happen in this order:
"Six to 12 hours after the last drink:"
"Twelve to 24 hours after the last drink:"
"24 to 48 hours after the last drink:"
"48 hours after the last drink:"<BR>
Usually, people will start to feel better after 48 hours. But sometimes, after 48 hours, alcohol withdrawal can still get worse and turn into delirium tremens. Delirium tremens can last anywhere from 4 to 12 days.
Acute alcohol withdrawal usually lasts only a week. But many alcoholics have what is called Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) (also called "protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome). This means that some withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage. Some withdrawal symptoms can last for at least a year after a person stops drinking.
Symptoms of post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) can include:
Insomnia is also a common symptom of PAWS. It often keeps happening after acute (immediate) alcohol withdrawal. Research has showed that people with insomnia are more likely to relapse (start using alcohol again). Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat insomnia in recovering alcoholics.
For some people, the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal can last longer than usual. Protracted (longer than usual) delirium tremens has been reported in medical research, but is not common.
People with bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms often need to go into a hospital to make sure they are safe while they are withdrawing from alcohol.
Many different medicines can help with the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. They can help decrease alcohol withdrawal symptoms and prevent seizures.
The most commonly used benzodiazepines are long-acting (medications whose effects last a long time), like chlordiazepoxide and diazepam (Valium). These seem to be the best medicines for treating delirium, and do not have to be given as often.
Although benzodiazepines work very well at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used. Benzodiazepines should only be used for short periods in alcoholics. This is because alcoholics are more likely to get addicted to benzodiazepines. There is a risk of replacing an alcohol addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction. Also, both alcohol and benzodiazepines are depressants. If a person takes both at the same time, they are more likely to get depression or become suicidal.
Alcoholics often do not have enough of certain vitamins in their bodies. One of these important vitamins is thiamine. If a person does not have enough thiamine in their body, they can get serious health problems and even brain damage.
When a person is going through alcohol withdrawal, the most important vitamins are thiamine and folic acid. If an alcoholic who stops drinking does not have enough of these vitamins, they can get Wernicke syndrome, a very serious brain problem. To keep this from happening, people who have stopped drinking alcohol are often given thiamine and folic acid intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein). They may also be given other vitamins. This can help prevent Wernicke syndrome.
Sometimes, anticonvulsant (anti-seizure) medicines are given to try to prevent seizures.
Some evidence says that topiramate (Topamax), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and other anticonvulsants are helpful in treating alcohol withdrawal; however, research is limited.
Other studies have shown that benzodiazepines work just as well as anticonvulsants.
Clonidine may be used along with benzodiazepines to help some of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
Antipsychotic medicines, such as haloperidol, are sometimes used along with benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis. However, antipsychotics have to be used carefully. They can make alcohol withdrawal worse, since they make it more likely for a person to have a seizure.
If alcohol withdrawal is not treated correctly, people can die or have permanent brain damage.
Alcoholics often cannot stop drinking alcohol after their withdrawal symptoms are over. Often, they need support for months or years after withdrawal is over.
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Cocaine withdrawal
Cocaine withdrawal happens when a person who uses a lot of cocaine stops using cocaine. It can also happen when a person who uses a lot of cocaine starts using less cocaine than they did before.
Cocaine (also called coke) is a powerful stimulant. It is an illegal drug outside of hospital usage. It makes people feel very happy, talkative, energetic, and not want to eat as much food.
Cocaine's most dangerous side effects include:
After using cocaine regularly, some users will become addicted. When a person who is used to using cocaine stops right away, they will go through what is called a "crash" along with many of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, like:
Some cocaine users also report having similar symptoms to schizophrenia patients and feel that their mind is lost. Some users also report formication: feeling like things are crawling on the skin (also called, "coke bugs" or "spiders"). These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months.
Even after many withdrawal symptoms go away, most users feel like they need to keep using cocaine. This feeling can last for years and may get worse during times of stress. About 30-40% of cocaine addicts start using other kinds of drugs or alcohol after they stop using cocaine.
"Twelve-step programs" like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous) have been widely used to help people addicted to cocaine. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Therapy (MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12-step programs in treating cocaine dependency. However, both of these approaches have a fairly low success rate.
Ibogaine has been researched a treatment for cocaine dependency. It is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Canada, but it cannot be used legally in the United States.
Non-drug treatments like acupuncture and hypnosis have been studied. However, these studies have not clearly shown that acupuncture or hypnosis helps with cocaine withdrawal.
Cocaine addiction continues to be the second-most difficult addiction to manage, behind heroin addiction.
Medications that have been studied to treat cocaine withdrawal include acetylcysteine, baclofen, bupropion, vanoxerine, and vigabatrin.
Kim Janda has been working for years on a vaccination that would treat cocaine use disorders.
The anti-depressant desipramine, and the stimulants methylphenidate and pemoline, have been used to treat cocaine dependence in people who also have a mental illness.
Several drugs have been used to treat cocaine withdrawal and cravings:
Finally, drugs have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" (a very bad reaction) when given with cocaine. The most common of these drugs is phenelzine.
On February 14, 2011, two Swiss psychologists published two years' research on cocaine addiction. They found that addicts who gambled were less likely to use cocaine or to relapse on cocaine. They think gambling may refocus the brain's "reward center" from cocaine to gambling. They said that psychotherapy should be used along with gambling. More research is being done on long-term relapse rates (the number of people who eventually start using cocaine again).
However, a more recent study looked at prize-based contingency management: a treatment method that offers addicts chances to win prizes if they do not use cocaine. This study found that prize-based contingency management helped cocaine addicts stay off cocaine, whether or not they had gambled recently. This suggests that it is the chance of a reward, not the gambling itself, that helps cocaine addicts stay off of cocaine.
Naloxone
Naloxone (often called Narcan), is a medication. It is used to reverse the effects of opioid painkillers, especially when a person has overdosed on opioids. Examples of opioids include:
These painkillers are central nervous system depressants. This means they slow down certain areas of the brain. If a person takes too many opiates, this can shut down the part of the brain that controls breathing. The person may become unable to breathe and die.
When a person has taken too much of one of these painkillers, naloxone can reverse the painkillers' effects and save the person's life.
Naloxone may be mixed into the same pill as an opioid painkiller to decrease the risk of misuse.
When given intravenously (into a needle placed into a vein), naloxone works within two minutes. When injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes. The medication may also be shot up the nose.
The effects of naloxone last about half an hour to an hour. Since most opioids last longer than naloxone, a person may need several doses of naloxone to fight the effects of an overdose.
When a person takes opioids, the opioids have to attach to certain receptor sites in the brain in order to work, like a lock in a keyhole. Once the opioids attach to these opiate receptor sites - like a lock fitting into a keyhole - the opiates start to work. They kill pain, create euphoria, and make people feel calm and relaxed. But if a person takes too many opiates, they can also make it impossible to breathe.
Naloxone fits better onto these opiate receptor sites than actual opiates do. If a person takes naloxone, the naloxone will throw any opiate off of the opiate receptor sites (like a key getting taken out of a door). Naloxone will stay attached to these opiate receptor sites. This reverses the effects of the opiates that the person took.
Naloxone reverses the effects of opiates. Because of this, if a person who is addicted to opiates gets naloxone, they will have symptoms of opioid "withdrawal". People have withdrawal symptoms when their body gets used to having opiates all the time.
Because naloxone reverses the effects of opiates, the side effects of naloxone can include restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, pain, and sweating. To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached.
Naloxone has to be given carefully to people with heart disease. Naloxone can cause more heart problems, like changes in the rhythm of the heart beat, in these people.
Naloxone seems to be safe in pregnant women. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist.
In rare cases, naloxone causes seizures and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs).