AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Season 1 focuses on the Ninja (Kai, Jay, Cole and Zane) fighting to determine whose the green Ninja (a ninja who is destined to fight the evil Lord Garmadon). Sensei Wu is struggling to maintain and teach his Ninja students. On the other hand, Lloyd Montgomery Garmadon (the son of Lord Garmadon and Misako nephew of Master Wu descendant and grandson of the First Spinjitzu Master and descendant and great-grandson of Firstbourne and Omega) accidentally releases the serpentine army to attack the ninja. Pythor is the main villain of season 1 & his main goal is to get all the fangblades to free his master and mistress 'The Great Devourer', so he can get destroy Ninjago city. Pythor is consumed by the Devourer, and the Devourer is destroyed by evil Garmadon (who uses the golden weapons), & later on steals the Golden Weapons. Also it was revealed that Lloyd (whose life was saved by Kai, due to his true potential) is the green ninja. And everything goes out of hand when a son has to fight his father.
Season 2 focuses on the Ninja trying to train Lloyd for the ultimate battle. On the other hand, Lord Garmadon uses the Mega Weapon ( a combination of the four golden weapons) for evil purposes. The Ninja are turned into children but are turned back to normal at the price of Lloyd losing his youth and becomes older. Lord Garmadon releases the Stone Army, due to the command of the OverLord. The ultimate battle begins, but Lloyd loses. On the second round the OverLord possesses Garmadon, claiming that Ninjago was never Garmadon's but he's. Lloyd becomes the Ultimate Spinjitzu master and defeats the OverLord, restoring Ninjago back to its good, original form, and destroying all Garmadon's evil, : turning him back to normal.
Season 3 focuses on the Ninja leaving in "New Ninjago City" (an update of original Ninjago city, a metropolis with multiple skyscrapers and advanced technology) and striving for action. At the time the Ninja find out that the OverLord is alive, & rebuilt himself into the Digiverse. The Ninja are given the Technoblades by 'Borg' (the creator of Borg Industries and the designer for New Ninjago City) which is the weakness for the OverLord. The OverLord infects every Android machine and robot with evil, including his Nindroid army. On the other hand, Jay is angry and jealous when it is revealed that Cole is Nya's love match, & for the entire season Jay and Cole fight. On the other hand, Garmadon is training Lloyd, at the point where Pythor is back and captures Lloyd for the OverLord to suck all his golden power so he can become the physical. When Lloyd is free he only has 10% of his golden power, which is divided to give the Ninja their elemental powers. The OverLord with his helper Pythor and launch Codename: Arcturus (the plan for them to get the golden weapons from space to make the OverLord become the Golden Master). The Nindroids go to space to get the Golden Weapons, but are privately followed by the Ninja. When they land on the asteroid, the nindroids get the Golden Weapons and fly back to Earth leaving the Ninja with a destroyed rocket ship. The Ninja use their powers to rebuild the rocket and fly back to Earth. The OverLord becomes the Golden Master, but is finally destroyed by Zane (who risks his life). And they have a sad memorial of Zane's bravery
On season 4 the Ninja are split due to Zane's sacrifice, But are reunited by Lloyd. The ninja participate in "The Tournament of Elements" hosted by Master Chen when they get the news that Zane is alive. They participate in the tournament with 12 other masters Skylor Chen (the Orange Ninja Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Amber and Absorption), Griffin Turner (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Speed), Paleman also known as Mr. Pale (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Light), Chamille (Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Form), Ash (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Smoke), Bolobo (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Nature and Plants), Gravis (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Gravity), Neuro (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Mind), Tox (Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Poison Toxic Acid and Venom), Shade also known as Shadow (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Shadow), Karlof (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Metal) & Jacob Pevsner (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Sound and Music). In the Tournament Kai falls in love with Skylor Chen, & becomes Karlof's enemy (as they fight constantly in Episode 36 & 37). After many battles all the masters start to realize that when someone loses Chen uses his staff of elements to suck their powers for a transformation spell, which is performed by Clouse (Chen's number 2, Master of Dark Magic Dark Arts and a Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician). The spell makes everybody with the Andacondrai mark become Fake Andacondrai. The Andacondrai mark spot people include Chen himself, Clouse, Garmadon (who was revealed to be Chen's student), Skylor Chen (who was revealed to be Chen's daughter and spy), & every other Andacondrai wannabes. The transformation was not complete, and to complete it they'll need the saliva of a true Andacondrai (which was tiny Pythor in jail). When they took Pythor and complete the transformation, on the other hand, every elemental master has discovered all their elemental dragons. They fight all the Andacondrai wannabes. And the Andacondrai wannabes are sucked into the cursed realm, which leads to Garmadon sacrificing himself to be sucked into the cursed realm so he can unleash the Andacondrai spirits to curse Chen's army. At the end of season 4 Morro (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Wind and Air and Sensei Wu's First Student and Pupil) is accidentally freed from the Cursed Realm.
Season 5 focuses on the Ninja fighting the ghost Morro (the Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Wind and Air and Sensei Wu's First Student and Pupil), Morro possesses Lloyd for most of the season. When Morro possesses Lloyd, the ninja lose their powers (for more than 3.5 quarters of the season) and use Aeroblades for most of the season. Morro unleashes a variety of ghost warriors (ghosts) & his mission is to find the realm crystal (a realm that can let its user travel through the 16 realms), & free his mistress, " The Preeminent" (the physical body of the cursed realm) so she can curse all 16 realms exept Djinjago. On the other hand, Nya is revealed to be the Water Waves Ocean Tides Fluids Ninja, as she is being trained by Sensei Wu. The Ninja and Morro struggle as they go through journeys to master Airjitzu (a Spinjitzu that can fly) to get the Sword of Sanctuary (a sword that can show the user the opponent's next move), and find the Realm Crystal. At the end of Season 5, Lloyd is free and fights with Morro, at the end Nya unlocks her true potential and destroys the Preeminent, with the cost of Morro dying. (note: the weakness of a ghost is water or deep stone [the aeroblades] ).
Season 6 focuses on the Ninja being famous, but is disrupted when Clouse (as a ghost) frees Nadakhan the Djinn (a djinn that grants you three wishes but on the third one, he captures you in the Djinn Blade/Sword of Souls). The whole season focuses on the ninja (mainly Jay) fighting Nadakhan's Sky Pirates Crew. Nadakhan's mission is to be married to Nya (because Nya looks like Delara:Nadakhan's love) so he can get infinite wishes. All the Ninja are captured but except for Jay/Nya. Nadakhan gets Infinite wishes but is stopped when Jay wishes that "nobody ever found the teapot and that Nya took his hand". This destroys the timeline of Nadakhan being free & reunites Jay and Nya's relationship.
Season 7 focuses on The Ninja against The Time Twins. The Time Twins are the Elemental Wizards Sorcerers Mages Magicians and Masters of Time from long time ago, during the Anacondrai wars. Long time ago Wu and Garmadon fought with the Time Twins and banish them using the Time Blade. The Time Blade is the main weapon that the twins control (there are 2 Time Blades). The Time Twins than return to the present to get revenge. Acronix and Acrux (the Hands of Time/the Time Twins) than team up and create the Vermilion Army (snake-like living bodies who can regenerate). The Ninja have a tough time against the Vermilion Army. It is than revealed that Kai and Nya's parents (Ray and Maya) were traitors and worked for the Time Twins. One evidence is revealed later on that Ray and Maya are the ones who created The Time Blades and revealed to be their captivities.
Note : Season 7 of Ninjago (Hands of Time) has finished airing yet and has not premiered at America yet?
So the information of the season is not fully complete. Season 7 started at episode 65 and airing is currently at episode 74. Premiere at USA begins at May 15 , premiere at Africa began at April 8, and premiere at UK began at April 1st.
Season 8 focuses on Lloyd
Note: There are 128 episodes in total. 115 have aired but 15 are unreleased.
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Focus Ninja: Kai
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Focus Ninja: None
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Focus Ninja: Lloyd
Over a year after The Overlord was destroyed, new villans have come to conquer ninjago again, returning The Overlord back to life digitally. Focus Ninja: Zane
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On July 13, 2017, Ninjago had a special called Wu's Teas with 20 shorts
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Focus Ninja: Jay
Clouse somehow escaped the cursed realm.
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Focus Ninja: Kai and Nya
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On March 16, 2018, the series has been renewed to a 10th season which will contain 4 episodes. This is the last season with 22 minute episodes.
The series had a huge success and has the rating of 4.6 out of 5 and 92% out of 100%. The series plays in Cartoon Network. The series is watched by 4.7 million per day. The series is naturally named 'Lego Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu' but is called 'Ninjago' by fans or viewers. Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu is distributed by Lego and is produced by WiFilm.
The term Gambler's fallacy refers to a misconception about statistics. It is also known Monte Carlo fallacy or fallacy of the maturity of chances. In statistics, a random event has a certain probability of occurring. The fallacy is that if the event has occurred more frequently in the past, it will occur less frequently in the future; or that if it has been less frequent in the past, it will be more frequent in the future.
As early as 1796, the idea of the gambler's fallacy was used to "predict" the sex of children. In his work "A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities", published in 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace wrote of the ways in which men calculated their probability of having sons:"I have seen men [who wanted to have] a son, who could learn only with anxiety of the births of boys in the month when they expected to become fathers. Imagining that the ratio of these births to those of girls ought to be the same at the end of each month, they judged that the boys already born would render more probable the births next of girls." In short, the expectant fathers feared that if more sons were born in the surrounding community, then they themselves would be more likely to have a daughter.
Some expectant parents believe that, after having multiple children of the same sex, they are "due" to have a child of the opposite sex. While the Trivers–Willard hypothesis predicts that birth sex is dependent on living conditions (i.e. more male children are born in "good" living conditions, while more female children are born in poorer living conditions), the probability of having a child of either sex is still generally regarded as near 50%.
Repentless is the twelfth studio album by the American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released on September 11, 2015, and is the band's first album to be released on Nuclear Blast. It is also the first Slayer album to feature guitarist Gary Holt of Exodus and the first to feature drummer Paul Bostaph since 2001's "God Hates Us All".
The album made it to #4 on the Billboard 200, which was the highest charting album from the band in the United States. It also topped the chart in Germany and was featured in the top ten of almost twenty charts around the world. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics.
Slayer where asked in 2011 if they were going to make another album, which then-Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo replied that although nothing had been written yet, there were "definitely plans". In early 2011, guitarist Jeff Hanneman became ill with necrotizing fasciitis. Some said that he got the illness from a spider bite he claimed to have received while in a friend's hot tub. When asked about a new record, bassist Tom Araya stated that any work would have to wait until Hanneman had recovered.
On February 20, 2013, it was announced that Lombardo would not take part in Slayer's Australia tour because of contractual disputes, and he would be replaced by former drummer Jon Dette. Lombardo's permanent replacement was later announced to be Paul Bostaph, who was previously the band's drummer from 1992–2001, appearing on several albums.
On May 2, 2013, Jeff Hanneman died of liver failure in a Los Angeles hospital. A week later, it was announced that he died from an alcohol-related cirrhosis. Hanneman and his family had did not know how bad his condition was until shortly before his death. Kerry King later said that he wants the band to continue, but Araya was unsure. He said that, "After 30 years, it would literally be like starting over," and told about his doubts that Slayer's fanbase would approve of such a change. In March 2015, Araya revealed that the band had recorded one song before Hanneman died, and that the song will appear on the album.
Credits came from the album's notes.
Remi Sonaiya
Oluremi Comfort Sonaiya (born March 2, 1955), is a Nigerian politician, educationist and writer.
Sonaiya is notable for being Nigeria's first female presidential candidate. She contested the position in the 2015 general election under the platform of the KOWA Party.
Sonaiya was born in Ibadan, Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria where she had her early education. She is a graduate of French from Obafemi Awolowo University, Oyo State in 1977. She also holds a Master of Arts degree in French Literature and a Ph.D in Linguistics from Cornell University, U.S.A.
In 1982, she got employed as Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Foreign Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University before she rose to the position of Professor of French language and Applied Linguistics in 2004.
At the 2015 presidential election where she received 13,076 votes and
finished in 12th place.
David Woodard
Woodard invented a fictional psychoactive machine called the Feraliminal Lycanthropizer. At the end of the 20th century he fabricated replicas of an actual psychoactive device called the Dreamachine.
Woodard is also known for his work with Nueva Germania, a settlement in Paraguay. His German book of correspondence "Five Years", coauthored by Swiss novelist Christian Kracht, describes some of the humanitarian work performed there.​
Field artillery in the American Civil War
Field artillery in the American Civil War were cannon that could be moved around the battlefield or could travel with an army unit. Field artillery could only fight unlimbered (disconnected from the cart and horses that pulled it). The limber (or caisson) along with the team of six horses would be moved to a safe area nearby. Gun crews were organized into an artillery battery, six guns (later in the war, four) were deployed along a line about wide with the guns spaced about apart.
At times the horses remained hitched to the limber or caisson so the battery could move quickly. An artillery crew was made up of eight highly trained men. An artillery battery had a total of between 70 and 100 soldiers. There were several types of field artillery used during the Civil War. These included the 6 pounder gun, 12 and the 24 pound Howitzer, the famous Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, the 3 inch Ordnance rifle and the 10 and 20 pound Parrott rifle.
Most cannons were muzzleloading weapons. Cannon barrels were of two types. One was the older smoothbore cannons as used during the Mexican–American War.
They usually had barrels made of bronze and fired round iron cannonballs. The newer type was the rifled cannon that were made of cast iron and wrought iron. They fired Bullet-shaped shells. Both guns and ammunition had a tendency to be unreliable and they were dangerous to shoot.
Before the outbreak of the American Civil War, the United States government did not encourage any new developments in ordnance. Most ordnance experts in the U.S. Ordnance Department were older military officers who believed what worked during the Mexican–American War would work now and did not need improving. Inventors had to go through years of field experiments and political red tape just to get their ideas introduced. Most used their own money and could lose all their money trying to introduce a new idea.
Early cannons were identified by the term "pounder" (abbreviated "pdr"). This referred to the weight of the cannonball the gun fired. For example, a 12 pounder fired a round solid piece of steel. In the 17th century, when howitzers were developed, the term pounder began to be used less and less although it was used through the Civil War. Smooth bores included both guns and howitzers. Both had shorter barrels and used a higher trajectory. Both were less accurate than rifled cannons.
The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its green barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. It was the most commonly used cannon. They were heavy at making them hard for the six-horse team to pull. The gun crew of the Napoleon was made up of six men. It could fire a ball, shell or canister shot out to a range of at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). It used a charge of of black powder. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Model 1857 was made to replace the Model 1841 6-pounder but both were used during the Civil War out of necessity.
For ranges of or less the most effective field piece was the Model 1842 12-pounder Howitzer. It weighed only and could easily be moved into position by hand. Its large shells gave it very good firepower but its short range (just over ) was less than that of the 6-pounder gun. They were easy targets for enemy artillery that usually had greater range. They were popular for close infantry support. At the Battle of Gettysburg, nine of these were supposed to accompany Pickett's Charge. Because of some confusion among the Confederate ranks regarding the orders and very accurate Union artillery fire, all nine were taken out of the battle before Pickett's men crossed the field. The smoothbore guns remained the most favored technology during the war.
While used mostly by the Union army, rifled guns were still a new idea and were not very popular among artillery officers or field commanders. Rifled guns were designated by the diameter of the bore of the barrel in inches. In 1860, the Ordnance Board recommended that half of the existing bronze smoothbore cannons be rifled. But this weakened the cannons to the point they could not stand the strain of firing. So the experiment quickly ended. Ordinarily the barrels of smoothbore cannons only lasted about 500 rounds before having to be replaced. Rifled barrels proved to last much longer in field use. The British-made Armstrong and Whitworth guns were good weapons but there were not enough of them to have any major effect on the war. A problem with the rifled guns was they fired too far for the gunners to accurately see to range their targets. When artillery observers and balloons were used for artillery spotting, this increased the accuracy of the rifled guns. Training artillery crews in the use of rifled guns took longer and was more difficult. General George McClellan was among the Union officers who felt that the American terrain was not well suited for the very long range of these weapons. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President was of the same opinion. All these factors contributed to the slow acceptance of rifled cannon.
The cannon called the 3-inch Ordnance Rifle (also called the 3-inch Wrought Iron Rifle) was an early favorite of the Ordnance Board due to its accuracy. These and other rifled guns were distinguished by their black barrels. About 1,000 were bought during the war. They were made by the Phoenix Iron Works of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. They were made of wrought iron strips bent on a mandrel then welded together. They were then machined into their final shape. The early prototypes were fired 500 times with no signs of wear. It was accurate and reliable in battle. The Confederacy also produced a 3-inch Ordnance Rifle. But the use of low-grade iron ore and poorer rifling machinery made these guns less reliable.
Another popular rifled type were the Parrott rifles. The original 10-pound model had a bore of . This was changed to to standardize the round. They had cast iron barrels with a wrought iron reinforcement strip welded around the breech (rear of the cannon).
There were basically four types of artillery rounds used in the Civil War:
For the average artillery piece it took eight highly trained artillerymen to form a gun crew. Each member of the crew was cross-trained to do all the jobs required to operate a gun. If a crew member was killed or wounded, another member of the crew could take his place. Gun crews were among the best trained soldiers in either the Confederate or Union armies. They were also vulnerable. They had to see their target to hit it. If they could see their target, the enemy soldiers they were targeting could see them.
For a gun crew to get off the maximum number of accurate rounds per minute, they used a system whereby each man had a number. His number indicated his main task:
Each gun or artillery piece had a sergeant who commanded the gun.
Rebévelier
Rebévelier is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Reconvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Nera (Italy)
The Nera () is a river in central Italy that starts in the Marche region but flows mainly through the Umbria region. It is the main tributary of the Tiber river.
The Nera river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
The Nera river starts in the "Monti Sibillini", within the Monti Sibillini National Park (), at an elevation of about ., in the "comune" of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Province of Macerata, Marche.
The river flows through the "comuni" of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Viso and Ussita in the Marche and then, after about , it flows in the Umbria. After flowing through the province of Perugia, it gets in the province of Terni and keeps flowing to the east and flows through the city of Terni.
After flowing through the city of Narni, it gets into the Lazio region (Province of Viterbo) and soon finally flows in the Tiber river as a left tributary near the city of Orte.
Only the tributaries coming from the left of the Nera are of some importance; those coming from the right are small streams.
Jacqueline Fernandez
Jacqueline Fernandez is a Sri Lankan actress, former model, and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant.
John Abraham
John Abraham (born 17 December 1972), is an Indian film actor, producer and a former model who appears in Hindi films.
Agadir
"Cheap Thrills" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sia. It was recorded for her seventh studio album, "This Is Acting", after it was rejected by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna. On February 11, 2016, the song was released as a remix with Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul.
The remix of the song has been very successful, reaching the top ten in Sia's country of Australia, the top two in the UK, and number one in Canada, most of mainland Europe, and the United States. "Cheap Thrills" became Sia's first "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one hit and Sean Paul's fourth. Sean Paul's last number-one U.S. song was "Temperature" in 2006. She never shows her face or even is in her music videos because of privacy.
The song reached number 11 on the year-end "Billboard" Hot 100 of 2016. It was certified double-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
The remix was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2017 (59th) Grammy Awards.
Merced, California
Merced is a city in Merced County, California, United States. As of 2014, 81,743 people lived there. Merced is the county seat of Merced County in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Merced has the first research university built in the 21st century, University of California Merced. UC Merced is the newest school in the University of California system.
Merced runs off of the Council-Manager form of government. Merced's mayor is Stan Thurston. Merced is located in California's 12th State Senate district. Merced's state senator is Anthony Cannella. Merced is also located in the California's 21st State Assembly District. Merced's assemblyman is Adam Grey. Merced is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Jim Costa.
The unemployment rate in Merced as of June 2014 is 14.10%. The average per capita income in Merced is $17,331 while the median household income is $38,253. Sales tax in Merced is 8% while the income tax is 6%.
Slaughterhouse-Five is a science fiction book by American author Kurt Vonnegut. It has been popular all over the world since its was published in 1969. It is often picked as one of the best books of all time. Slaughterhouse 5 is about a time travelling American soldier during World War II who is in the German city of Dresden when it is bombed by the Allies. The author experienced this event in his real life and so the novel is semi autobiographical.
The novel follows the story of American soldier, Billy Pilgrim. Billy is what is known in literature as an "unreliable narrator" - his experiences are written in a way that might make the reader think they are not exactly true. To reflect this, the novel is structured in a non linear fashion. This means events are not always written in the order that they happened. Billy's stories from the war are interrupted when he is taken by aliens (called Tralfamadorians) to live in a zoo on their home planet. He also becomes "unstuck in time" and experiences his life in a random order of flashbacks.
Antofagasta Region
The II Antofagasta Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is the second-largest region of Chile. To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina.
The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta.
The area away from the coast was populated by the Atacama people around the great dry salt lake called Salar de Atacama, the river basin of the Loa and valleys and oasis across the altiplano, with the most important settlement being the town of San Pedro de Atacama.
The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific started in 1879.
The Antofagasta region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the southeast, the Atacama region to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The Llullaillaco volcano is the region's highest elevation at ; it is on the border with Argentina.
The only river of the region is the Loa river, the longest river of Chile, with a length of .
The climate of the region is extremely arid (a desert climate) but somewhat milder near the coast and the highest mountains.
The three types of desert climate in the region are, (with the Köppen climate classification)
Nearly all of the region does not have any vegetation except close to the Loa river or at oases such as San Pedro de Atacama.
, there were (estimated) 622,640 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km².
The largest cities (2002 census) of the region are the capitals of the three provincesː Antofagasta (285,255 inhabitants), Calama (126,135 inhabitants) and Tocopilla (23,352 inhabitants).
The Antofagasta region is divided in three provincesː
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium is a stadium in Santa Clara, California. The San Francisco 49ers play there.
A year after the stadium opened, Super Bowl 50 was held there. After the 2019 San Francisco 49ers season (2019 season), the stadium held its first playoff game on against the Minnesota Vikings, and the first NFC Championship game against the Green Bay Packers. The 49ers won both games.
The stadium's construction was completed on July 17, 2014. There are 174 executive suites. The capacity is 68,500, which is expandable to 75,000. The cost of the stadium's construction was $1.27 billion. The first match held in the stadium was an MLS league match between the San Jose Earthquakes and the Seattle Sounders (1-0) on August 2nd 2014.
Gunmetal
Gunmetal, or red brass in the United States, is a metal alloy. It is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin and zinc.
Proportions of its metals vary. 88% copper, 8-10% tin and 2-4% zinc is usual.
Originally it was used for making cannons. Guns are now made of steel. Gunmetal is easy to cast and work on a lathe. It resists corrosion from steam and salt water. It is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects such as buttons.
FC Astana
Football Club Astana (Kazakh: «Астана» футбол клубы; usually just called FC Astana or simply Astana) is a professional association football club from Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. They currently play in the Kazakhstan Premier League. They were founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 from football clubs Almaty: Megasport and Alma-Ata, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011.
Their short history already included two league titles, two Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups. In 2015, Astana qualified to the UEFA Champions League group stage, becoming the first Kazakh team to do so.
Ashdod
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד; Arabic: اشدود‎‎, إسدود) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Ashdod is Israel's largest port, since about 60% of the country's imported goods come through the city.
Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. The humidity is usually high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March.
Ashdod had a population of about 220,000 in 2015, making it the sixth-largest city in Israel. The ratio of women to men is about 1.05 to 1.00. Also, 19.7% of the population was under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is a lot younger than the Israeli average because there are a lot of young couples in the city.
Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, even though only about 30% follow their religion. The city is also home to the world's largest Karaite community, with about five thousand members.
The end justifies the means is a phrase of Sergey Nechayev, the 19th century Russian revolutionary. It means that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of getting it is acceptable.
The idea is ancient, but it was not meant to justify unnecessary cruelty. It was part of a political philosophy called consequentialism. The basic idea is that a policy can be judged by its outcome. All modern versions of consequentialism have to deal with the limitations necessary to prevent tyrants abusing this idea.
Political philosophy
Political philosophy is the study of politics, liberty, justice, property, and rights. Also the law, and its enforcement (a legal code) by authority. It concerns not the details, but the basic principles, reasons and arguments.
Topics studied include the purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, and what the law is. Also, what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
Political philosophy is a philosophical back-up to political science, which is the social science study of politics.
Courtelary (district)
Reichenbach im Kandertal
Reichenbach im Kandertal is a village and municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Reisiswil
Reisiswil is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Renan, Switzerland
Renan is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun
The Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, officially called the “light 12-pounder gun” by the United States Army, was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the American Civil War. The cannon was named after French president and emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
The French "Canon obusier de campagne de 12 cm, modèle 1853", also known as the "Canon de l’Empereur", was a type of canon-obusier (shell cannon) or gun-howitzer developed in 1853 by the French army. It could fire ball, shell, canister or grapeshot which allowed it to replace all the earlier French cannons. It was of a cast bronze smoothbore design and could double as a howitzer. It was light enough to be pulled by a team of horses. At the same time it had enough firepower to destroy fortifications at a distance of a half-mile (805 meters). When it entered the service of Emperor Napoléon III it was named after him.
In 1857 the design was adopted by the U.S. Army as the light 12-pounder M1857. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Confederate army also developed their own version. In 1863, General Robert E. Lee was so impressed by the M1857 that he had all six-pounders in the Army of Northern Virginia gathered up and sent to Richmond to be melted down and re-cast into 12-pounders. The Confederates kept producing 12-pounder Napoleons until the Union army captured the Ducktown copper mines near Chattanooga, Tennessee. This reduced Confederates bronze production. After that Confederate 1857s were cast of iron.
When first model 1857s were cast in Northern foundries they had two handles or "dolphins". After 1861 the dolphins were eliminated, the barrel was shortened from the French version, and it was made lighter. Like most cannons in use at the time, they were muzzleloading weapons. The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its bronze barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. The U.S. version of the Napoleon could hit a target up to away. However they were most accurate at closer ranges of about . It used a charge of of black powder. The M1857 Napoleon fired a cannonball or canister shot at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). The barrel had a bore of in diameter and was long. The barrel alone weighed . With its gun carriage it weighed and was pulled by a team of six horses. The average gun crew was six men.
Reutigen
Reutigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Riggisberg
Riggisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On January 1, 2009, the municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg became part of the municipality of Riggisberg.
Ringgenberg
Ringgenberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
It is located on Lake Brienz.
Roches, Switzerland
Roches is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rohrbach, Switzerland
Rohrbach is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Berne.
Rohrbachgraben
Rohrbachgraben is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Glasbach, Liemberg, Ganzenberg, Flückigen, Kaltenegg, Matten, Wald and Wil.
Romont, Bern
Romont is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Loa River
The Loa is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta region. It is the longest river of the country and the main river in the Atacama Desert.
The Loa river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
The Loa river starts on the Andean mountain slopes at the base of the Miño volcano near the Bolivian border, at an elevation of about , in the "comuna" of Ollagüe, Calama, Antofagasta.
The river flows south, for about , to the oasis of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu or simply "Chiu Chiu". Two left tributaries joints the Lao river in this part the riverː
From Chiu Chiu, the Loa flows to the west, running through the city of Calama. The San Salvador river joints the Loa in this part of course as its only important right tributary.
Then the Loa flows north for about to Quillagua, an oasis in the "comuna" of María Elena, Tocopilla province in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. The Loa is crossed by the Pan-American Highway in this area.
From Quillagua, the river turns westward again and marks the border between the regions of Tarapacá and Antofagasta. Finally, the Loa flows in the Pacific Ocean.
Because the Loa river flows throug a very arid region, a desert, there are very few permanent tributaries; they areː
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Sarlahi
one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal.
Nepal Standard Time
Nepal Standard Time (NPT) is the time zone for Nepal. With a time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of , all over Nepal Standard Time is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from
UTC. (The others are Chatham Island Standard Time, with an offset of , and the
unofficial Australian Central Western Time, with an offset of .) NPT is an approximation of Kathmandu mean time, which is 5:41:16 ahead of
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On 1 January 2009 Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.
Röthenbach im Emmental
Röthenbach im Emmental is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rubigen
Rubigen is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüderswil
Rüderswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh
Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Smoothbore
A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling. Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars. The majority of shotguns are smoothbores and the terms "shotgun" and "smoothbore" can be synonymous.
The earliest mention of a smoothbore weapon was about the year 1000 in Dunhuang. The weapon was called a fire lance. The basic parts that make up a gun are a barrel, a charge and a projectile. The gun must also have a way to ignite the black powder charge. The earliest guns were made of bamboo, later replaced with metal barrels. The first mass produced guns were the matchlocks.
The classic European matchlock gun was a smoothbore weapon that held a burning slow match in a clamp at the end of a small curved lever called a "serpentine". When the lever (or in later models a trigger) was pulled, it lowered the smoldering match into the flash pan. This ignited the priming powder. The flash from the primer travelled through the touch hole igniting the main charge of propellant in the gun barrel.
One problem with the matchlock was that the match had to be constantly lit. The match was soaked in potassium nitrate to keep the match lit for longer periods of time. If the match was not lit when the gun needed to be fired, the mechanism was useless. This was a real problem in wet weather. Another drawback was the burning match itself. At night, the match would glow in the darkness showing the matchlock holder's position. The smell of burning match-cord also gave away a musketeer's position. The main advantage of the matchlock was that it allowed the shooter to hold the weapon at eye level so as to better aim the weapon.
After about 200 years, the next major development was the flintlock. It used a flint striking mechanism. Another improvement replaced the flashpan with a smaller “priming pan” that held a smaller amount of black powder. It also contained an opening into the breach to ignite the main powder charge. A small piece of steel (called a “frizzen”) was mounted to the top of the priming pan. When the trigger was pulled the mechanism created a spark igniting the powder in barrel. When the powder and ball were loaded into the barrel, it was then tamped (pushed) down with the ramrod. The hammer was pulled back to the first click, called "half-cocked". To make the weapon ready to fire, the hammer was pulled back to the "full-cocked" position. When the trigger was pulled, a spring caused the hammer to fall igniting the charge. Flintlocks were the main firearm for the next 200 to 300 years before being replaced by percussion cap guns.
The percussion cap mechanism was the next great improvement in firearms. It was also called a caplock. The percussion cap was based on the discovery of fulminate of mercury in about 1800. When struck with a sharp blow, mercury fulminate detonates. In 1816, Joshua Shaw, an artist living in Philadelphia, painted fulminate of mercury on the inside of copper caps. He fitted it over a small nipple on the firing hole over the bore. When the hammer struck the percussion cap, the gun fired. By 1826 they were widely used and had replaced the flintlock.
The percussion cap eliminated the flash pan, flint and frizzen. It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle. Percussion caps were quick to load and worked in nearly all weather conditions.
Crude cannons existed in China from about the 12th century, possibly earlier. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a cast iron ball. By the 16th century cannons began to replace bombards. Casting had greatly improved in Europe after about 1570. In the early 1500s, French cannons were used to break up masses of men in their campaigns in Italy. The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to . Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield. He used a cast 4-pounder that weighed about and could be pulled by just two horses.
In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote "New Principles of Gunnery" where he added science to the field of ballistics. He developed carronades which were short, lightweight smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships. During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.
In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell. The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by rifled barrel cannons beginning after the Civil War.
Rüeggisberg
Rüeggisberg is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
The municipality is on a plateau along the southern flank of the Längenberg.
Rüegsau
Rüegsau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rumendingen
Rumendingen is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rumisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rümligen
Rümligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Muzzleloader
A muzzleloader is any firearm where the projectile and usually the propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the gun. This is distinct from the more popular modern designs of breech-loading firearms. The term "muzzleloader" may also apply to the marksman who shoot muzzleloading firearms. The term of art includes rifled muzzleloaders and smoothbore muzzleloaders. There are several different calibers of muzzleloading firearms. Modern muzzleloading firearms a variety of firing mechanisms. These include sidelock, flintlock and percussion models of the Pennsylvania rifle (after the early 1800s called the Kentucky rifle). Muzzleloading can apply to anything from cannons to pistols. But in modern use the term most commonly applies to black powder small arms. It usually, but not always, involves the use of a loose propellant (like gunpowder) and a projectile, as well as a separate method of ignition or priming.
Some of the earliest muzzleloaders were matchlocks. The matchlock, named for its firing mechanism, was the first invention that made it possible to keep both hands on the weapon and at the same time keep the shooter's eyes on the target. The design allowed a cloth or stick with a flame on the end—called a "match"—to be lowered into a "flashpan" filled with gunpowder which ignited the main charge, firing the gun. Matchlocks appeared in Europe in about 1400. The matchlock mechanism was used to produce muskets. The gun barrels were smooth inside and used round ball ammunition. Those who used muskets were called "musketeers". Very few pistols used this design but some shotguns from this period were matchlocks.
In about 1509 the wheellock was the next advance in muzzleloader technology. It did not have a match to keep lit and generated a spark mechanically with a wheel mechanism. But they were expensive to produce and cheaper (by half) so matchlocks remained in use.
It took another 200 years to improve on the matchlock. Marin le Bourgeoys, a Frenchman is credited with inventing the Flintlock mechanism sometime in the 1620s. He was variously an artist, a crossbow maker and a gunsmith ("harquebuzier"). From 1660 to 1840, flintlock muzzleloading rifles and pistols were used by every European and American army. It produced a spark by a flint striking steel producing a spark and igniting the priming powder. By covering the priming powder until the gun was fired, it would usually work even in windy or damp weather. In 1722, the British Army called for a standard pattern of muzzleloading flintlock musket. The resulting model and its variants were called the Brown Bess. It remained in service until the 1830s.
In 1869, the centerfire cartridge was invented. It worked only in breech-loading weapons and together they quickly replaced the muzzleloader in common use.
Modern mortars use a shell with the propelling charge and primer attached at the base. Unlike older muzzleloading mortars, which were loaded the same way as muzzleloading cannon, the modern mortar is fired by dropping the shell down the barrel. A pin at the bottom fires the primer, which then ignites the main propelling charge. Both the modern mortar and the older mortar were used for high angle fire. However, since the mortar is not loaded in separate steps makes its definition as a muzzleloader a matter of opinion. However, in the simplest terms it does load from the muzzle end.