AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Close to the end of the second season the show was still in danger of being canceled. Its fans succeeded in giving it a third season; but NBC moved the show to the "Friday night death slot" at 10 PM. "Star Trek" was finally canceled at the end of the third season, making 79 episodes in total. However, this was enough for the show to be stripped in syndication, allowing it to become very popular and gather a large cult following during the 1970s. After the success of the program, five additional television series and eleven movies, including the newest movie "Star Trek", which came out in May 2009. "Guinness World Records" lists the original "Star Trek" as having more spin-offs than any other television show in history.
Star Trek: The Animated Series
Star Trek is an animated American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that is based on and contiunes the story of the original series. The animated series was aired under the name Star Trek, but it has become more known under this longer name (or abbreviated as "ST: TAS" or "TAS") to make it different from the original live action "." The success of the original live action series and fan pressure for a "Star Trek" revival led to "The Animated Series" from 1973-1974, as the source of new adventures of the "Enterprise" crew, the next being the live-action feature movie 1979's "". "TAS" was the first "Star Trek" series to win an Emmy Award.
Star Trek: Enterprise
Enterprise (retitled Star Trek: Enterprise at the start of its third season) is a science fiction television program created by Brannon Braga and Rick Berman. It is set in the fictional "Star Trek" universe created by Gene Roddenberry in the 1960s. It aired from 2001 to 2005. The series follows the adventures of humanity's first "Warp" 5 starship, the "Enterprise", ten years before the United Federation of Planets shown in previous "Star Trek" series.
Popularity is the state of being well-liked or well-known. People, things, and ideas can be popular. Popularity figures are an important part of many people's personal value systems, and forms a critical part of success in fields such as management, politics, and the entertainment industry, among others.
Many different varieties of popularity exist, and many ways in which to gain it. General popularity usually involves respect in two ways: a popular person is respected by groups of people and will take that respect. This reinforces the idea that the person deserves the popularity. Likewise, amicability (friendliness) is an important part of popularity, as a person who does not like others is unlikely to be liked by others. This inverse nature of interpersonal popularity is often overlooked by people (particularly the young) who are attempting to become popular: being loud may be successful in gaining attention, but is unlikely to provide mutual respect.
Prime mover (locomotive)
Argument from design
The argument from design is an argument for the existence of God or a creator. According to the argument, the appearance of design in nature is evidence for the existence of God. The argument is teleological, because it assumes a purpose. The word "teleological" comes from the Ancient Greek "telos", which means "end" or "purpose".
Teleology assumes there is purpose or direction in the works and processes of nature. Immanuel Kant called this argument the physico–theological proof.
Most of the classic forms of this argument are linked to monotheism. Simply talking about a "designer", gives the following, simple formulation.
A concise and whimsical teleological argument was offered by G. K. Chesterton in 1908: "So one elephant having a trunk was odd; but all elephants having trunks looked like a plot."
Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.) He argued that the adaptation of human parts to one another, such as the eyelids protecting the eyeballs, could not have been due to chance and was a sign of wise planning in the universe.
Plato (c. 427–c. 347 B.C.) posited a "demiurge" of supreme wisdom and intelligence as the creator of the cosmos in his work "Timaeus". For him, the "demiurge" lacked the supernatural ability to create "ex nihilo" or out of nothing. The demiurge was able only to organize the "ananke" (αναγκη). The ananke was the only other co-existent element or presence in Plato's cosmogony. Plato's teleological perspective is also built upon the analysis of "a priori" order and structure in the world that he had already presented in "The Republic".
Aristotle (c. 384–322 B.C.) also developed the idea of a creator of the cosmos, often referred to as the "Prime Mover" in his work "Metaphysics". Aristotle's views have very strong aspects of a teleological argument, specifically that of a prime mover, who (so to speak) looks ahead in setting the cosmos into motion. Indeed, Aristotle argued that all nature reflects inherent purposiveness and direction.
Cicero (c. 106–c. 43 B.C.) also made one of the earliest known teleological arguments. In "de Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods)" Cicero stated, "The divine power is to be found in a principle of reason that pervades the whole of nature". He was writing from the cultural background of the Roman religion. In Roman mythology the creator goddess, Gaia was borrowed from Greek mythology. The Romans called her Tellus or Terra.
Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354–430) presented a classic teleological perspective in his work "City of God". He describes the "city of man" and essentially posits that God's plan is to replace the city of man with the city of God (at some as-yet-unknown point in the future). Whether this is to happen gradually or suddenly is not made clear in Augustine's work. He did not, however, make a formal argument for the existence of God; rather, God's existence is already presumed and Augustine is giving a proposed view of God's teleology. Augustine's perspective follows from and is built upon the "neo-Platonic" views of his era, which in turn have their original roots in Plato's cosmogony.
The idea is that one can infer the existence of intelligent design by looking at an object. The teleological argument says that because life is complex, it must have been designed. It is argued that this is non-sequitur logic. Life or objects are described as "orderly" or "ordered", which shows that an intelligent designer has ordered them. However, in real life, there are examples of systems that are non-random or ordered simply because it is following natural physical processes, for example diamonds or snowflakes.
The design claim is often challenged as an argument from ignorance, since it is often unexplained or unsupported, or explained by unscientific conjecture. Supporters of design assume that natural objects and man-made objects have similar properties, therefore both must be designed. However, different objects can have similar properties for different reasons, such as stars and light bulbs. Proponents must therefore demonstrate that "only" design can cause orderly systems or the argument is invalid.
A designed organism would, on the face of it, be in contradiction to evolutionary theory. Most biologists support the idea of evolution, by means of natural selection. They therefore reject the first premise, arguing that evolution is not only an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence. Living organisms obey the same physical laws as inanimate objects. A range of chemical reactions could take place, forming other chemicals with complex properties and ways of interacting. Over very long periods of time self-replicating structures could arise and later form DNA. This has in fact been demonstrated artificially via the Avida program, which can construct complex programs without being given any design (similar programs have had similar results with building machines). Biologists therefore commonly view the design argument as an unimpressive argument for the existence of a god.
Another argument states that even if the argument from design proved the existence of a powerful intelligent designer, it would not prove that the designer is God. Voltaire observed in his "Traité de métaphysique":
... from this sole argument I cannot conclude anything further than that it is probable that an intelligent and superior being has skillfully prepared and fashioned the matter. I cannot conclude from that alone that this being has made matter out of nothing and that he is infinite in every sense.
David Hume pointed out that the argument does not necessarily lead to the existence of one God. In his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, the character Philo argued (p. 108), amidst other counterarguments to the teleological argument, "why may not several deities combine in contriving and framing the world?"
Critics such as Richard Dawkins often argue that the teleological argument would in turn apply to the proposed designer, arguing any designer must be at least as complex and purposeful as the designed object (in Dawkins' words, "The Ultimate 747", a reference to Hoyle's analogy to a windstorm sweeping through a junkyard and constructing a 747). This, they say, would create the absurdity of an infinite series of designers.
Whilst the Universe can at first seem be purposeful and ordered, it has been asserted that upon closer inspection its true function becomes questionable. Some scientists such as Richard Dawkins, a high-profile advocate of atheism, reject the claim that the Universe serves any actual function, claiming that the Universe merely 'mimics' purpose. For example, predators appear perfectly 'designed' to catch their prey, whilst their prey seem equally well 'designed' to evade them. Likewise, apparent inconsistencies in the design of organisms have been brought to attention by critics of the teleological argument. Some use such arguments to point towards natural selection as a 'blind' biological designer, as opposed to God.
Proponents of teleology have argued against this objection on various grounds. For example, William A. Dembski says that such arguments are based upon presumptions about what a designer would or would not do, and so constitute a "theological rather than scientific claim." "Not knowing the designer," he continues, they "are in no position to say whether the designer proposed a faulty compromise among those [design] objectives." (Dembski 2004, pp. 58–9)
Additionally, the claim of an apparent inconsistency between the "design" of predators and prey ignores the balance of the ecosystem. Dembski counters, "In criticizing design, [critics] tend to place premium on functionalities of individual organisms and see design as optimal to the degree that those individual functionalities are maximized. But higher-order designs of entire ecosystems might require lower-order designs of individual organisms." (Dembski, 2004, p. 61)
George H. Smith, in his book "Atheism: The Case Against God", points out what he considers to be a fatal flaw in the argument from design
Consider the idea that nature itself is the product of design. How could this be demonstrated? Nature, as we have seen, provides the basis of comparison by which we distinguish between designed objects and natural objects. We are able to infer the presence of design only to the extent that the characteristics of an object differ from natural characteristics. Therefore, to claim that nature as a whole was designed is to destroy the basis by which we differentiate between artifacts and natural objects. Evidences of design are those characteristics "not" found in nature, so it is impossible to produce evidence of design "within" the context of nature itself. Only if we first step beyond nature, and establish the existence of a supernatural designer, can we conclude that nature is the result of conscious planning. (p. 268)
Fictional universe in Avatar
Na'vi
The Na'vi are a fictional indigenous species that live on the fictional world of Pandora in the movie Avatar. They look like humans. They have two eyes, ears, arms, and legs. They also have a nose, a mouth, and expressions that are similar to humans. The Na'vi are different because they have blue skin, pointed ears, huge eyes, and tails. They are also taller than humans. They have a smaller body frame. At the beginning, the Na'vi were meant to be more alien in their looks. Director James Cameron said that in the first drawing of the main character, "Neytiri", she had fins, gills, and cat-like features. The species was changed to look more like humans. This was so audiences could relate (feel closer and empathise) to them better. Cameron said that "Avatar" was more "science fantasy" than true science fiction. He said that he would explain in the novel why the Na'vi look like humans.
According to "Entertainment Weekly", "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their ponytails into the creatures' nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a creature known as Ikran." The Na'vi also use this system to mate with a "life partner". They make a bond that cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime.
The Na'vi language is a constructed language. It was made for the movie to be spoken by the actors when they played Na'vi characters. The Na'vi language was made by linguistics professor Paul Former of the University of Southern California. Frommer made the language so it could be spoken by human actors. It uses syntax and grammar from real languages. The professor made up over 1,000 words for the Na'vi language. He taught the actors who played Na'vi characters to speak it for the movie.
Renault F1 is a Formula One racing team. It was once owned by the Renault company. In December of 2010, Renault sold their remaining part of the Formula One team. Renault has a long history in F1. Ferenc Szisz won the first French Grand Prix at the wheel of a Renault. Since then Renault has competed in Formula One as an engine supplier and as a builder from the late 1970s to the present day, with many breaks. Renault introduced the turbo engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car, the Renault RS01 at Silverstone in 1977. Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles, it was as a supplier of engines to the Benetton and Williams teams in the 1990s that Renault first tasted world championship success. Renault Engines powered drivers such as Nigel Mansall, Damon Hill, Jacque Villeneuve and Michael Schumacer to the Drivers World Championship.
Renault returned to the job of being a builder in 2001 by taking over the Benetton team, which was renamed Renault in 2002. Their first championship as a builder was achieved in 2005; the same year that they won their first drivers' championship with former test driver Fernando Alonso. They repeated their success in the following year.
The teams lowest point so far was in late 2009. at the end of the 2008 season the team saw a brief return to the podium spots, with Fernando Alonso winning 2 of the last 4 races. However, Nelson Piquet Jnr, Who had drove for Renualt throughout the 2008 season (but was sacked from the team) told the media that the team had made him cheat in order to help Alonso win.
At the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix (the first ever Grand Prix to be held at night) Nelson Piquet Jnr lost control of his car at the outside of Turn 17, sliding across the road and smashing into a wall, throwing lots of debris across the road, meaning the Safety Car had to be called out to lead the cars through the track slowly to protect the Marshalls cleaning the road. This closed the gaps between the cars, meaning they were now racing very close together. This allowed Fernando Alonso, who was in 15th place to pass the slower less experienced drivers around him. Alonso went on to win race.
After Renualt fired Piquet Jnr for his poor driving in 2009, He told the FIA (the organisation that run the Formula 1 World Championship) That Flavio Briatore, the Boss of the Renualt F1 Team (Who had been the boss for 20 years, and had cheated previously) had told him over the radio to crash the car deliberately, in order to bring the safety car out and give Alonso a better chance. Alonso was not aware of this at the time, or before to the crash.
Following a meeting of the FIA Super Council in Paris, Team Principle Flavio Briatore and Chief Engineer Pat Symmonds were found guilty. Both had to leave the team and Flavio was banned from Formula 1 for life (That band has now been lifted). In connection with the event, Renault F1's main Sponsor ING Insurance (as shown in the photo above) Also left the team
On 8 December, 2010, Renault announced that they had sold their remaining ownership shares in the team to Genii Capital, a private investment group. Those shares will be purchased by Lotus Cars, which is owned by Proton. Proton owns Lotus Cars. The team will be named Lotus Renault GP for 2011. They will continue to use Renault as the chassis name. The cars will use a black and gold livery (paint scheme). It will be similar to the historic "John Player Special" sponsorship that Lotus had in the 1970s and 1980s.
The team has raced as a French team since Renault took over Benetton in 2002. In January 2011, it was announced that they will race under a British licence in . This is the first time since that there has not been a French team in Formula One.
Coconut milk
Kricogonia
The Othersiders
The Othersiders was an American, television series on Cartoon Network. It is about a group of five teenage friends who like the paranormal and explore haunted places to find any paranormal happenings. The series started on June 17, 2009, as part of the Cartoon Network programming block "CN Real". The second season of "The Othersiders" began October 7, which was said on the Twitter pages of Othersiders KC, Jackie, Zack, and Riley, and on "The Othersiders"'s official website. Instead of just seeing the episode on Wednesdays, the show will start being seen on different days of the week in a pattern starting with "Linda Vista Hospital". The final episodes will be played Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays during the month of October 2009 with the season finale, "Alcatraz", started October 30, 2009.
Elias Howe
Elias Howe (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor. He invented the sewing machine. Elias Howe was the inventor of the first American-patented sewing machine.
A mojito is a kind of cocktail. It is from Cuba originally. It is made of rum, sugar, lime juice, sparkling water and mint. It usually contains about 10 percent alcohol. The combination of sweetness, sour citrus and mint flavour is intended to complement the rum. It is popular drink in hot weather.
When making a mojito, lime juice is added to sugar and mint leaves. The mixture is then gently mashed together. The mint leaves should only be bruised to release the essential oils; they should not be torn apart. Then rum is added. The mixture is then stirred to dissolve the sugar. Finally, ice cubes and sparkling water are added in the top of the drink. Mint leaves and lime wedges are used to garnish the glass.
There are several stories about how the mojito was invented. One story says that it is similar to a 19th-century drink called "El Draque", after Francis Drake. This drink is said to have been given to the crew of Drake's ships when they came to Cuba in the 16th century. Many in the crew were suffering from dysentery and scurvy. They were told that the Native Americans had remedies for various tropical illnesses. They went ashore on Cuba and were given ingredients for a remedy: a kind of rum, lime, sugarcane syrup and mint. While this drink was not called a mojito at this time, it is the same combination of these ingredients.
Star Trek: Phase II was a planned television series based on the characters of Gene Roddenberry's "", which had run from 1966 to 1969. It was set to air in early 1978 on a proposed Paramount Television Service (a precursor/forerunner to UPN). The series was to follow the adventures of the "Enterprise" crew on a second five-year mission, and be a continuation of the "Star Trek" franchise.
Pickled cucumber
A pickled cucumber, most often simply called a pickle in the United States and Canada, is a cucumber that has been processed in a brine or vinegar solution and left to ferment for a period of time. Pickling is also used for many other things, such as onions, cabbage, and herring. One common type of pickle is the dill pickle. It is commonly used as a topping on meat products such as hamburgers, but can also be eaten on its own. Usually put on hamburgers or hotdogs.
Cape May Bird Observatory
The Cape May Bird Observatory was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States. The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to do research, encourage conservation, and create educational and recreational birding activities. It has two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point. The current director is Pete Dunne, a well-known birding author.
Cape May is a great place for bird migration. Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area. Birders from all over the world have come to Cape May to see the migrations.
The Cape May area is home to many birding authors, including Dunne, Kerlinger, Pat and Clay Sutton, Michael O'Brien, Richard Crossley and Kevin Karlson.
The most notable former Cape May birder is author David Allen Sibley. Sibley wrote the field guide "The Sibley Guide to Birds". He wrote it while he was living and birding in Cape May Point.
John Willock Noble
John Willock Noble (October 26, 1831 – March 22, 1912) was an American lawyer and brevet general in the Civil War. He was the Secretary of the Interior between 1889 and 1893.
Noble was born in Lancaster, Ohio and went to Miami University. In 1851, he graduated from Yale University with honors. After being in the Civil War, he became U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri. He was the Secretary of the Interior during the entire time that Benjamin Harrison was President of the United States. He later practiced law in St. Louis and died there in 1912.
New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the north part of the state. The county seat is Wilmington. New Castle County had 500,265 people in 2000.
Kent County, Delaware
Kent County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the middle part of the state. The county seat is Dover. Kent County had 126,697 people in 2000.
Sussex County, Delaware
Sussex County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the south part of the state. The county seat is Georgetown. Sussex County had 156,638 people in 2000.
Edmontosaurus
Edmontosaurus was a large, plant-eating, duck-billed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous stage. It had short arms, a long, pointed tail, three-toed, hoofed feet, and mitten-like hands. Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food. It is the same animal as "Anatotitan". There are two species, and the animal has been called by several other names in the past.
"Edmontosaurus" was named from a fossil found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, in Alberta, Canada. Many "Edmontosaurus" fossils have been found, in Alberta, and Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and New Jersey in the USA. Two mummified "Edmontosaurus" fossils were found in Wyoming.
The distribution of its fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It could move on two legs and on four. Because it is known from several bone beds, "Edmontosaurus" is thought to have lived in groups. It may have been migratory.
Most of the back and tail was lined by bony tendons arranged in a lattice along the neural spines of the vertebrae. This made the back and part of the tail "ramrod" straight. The ossified tendons strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress. It was a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.
As a hadrosaurid, "Edmontosaurus" was a large terrestrial herbivore. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping, or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots. "Edmontosaurus" and most other ornithischians probably had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular. The function of the cheeks was to keep food in the mouth. The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to about above.
Ornitholestes
Ornitholestes was a carnivorous dinosaur which lived in the Upper Jurassic period about 156145 million years ago. It was about 2 metres long (6.6 feet), half of which was its long tail. Only one specimen of it has ever been found.
It is one of a group of small, fast-running dinosaurs which are classified as early Coelurosaurs. It is known from a partial skeleton found near Medicine Bow, Wyoming, in 1900. It was described by paleontologist Henry F. Osborn in 1903.
"Ornitholestes" was a bipedal runner. Its small head suggests it ate small mammals, lizards, frogs, and hatchling dinosaurs. It could grasp prey with both hands. It is likely that all coelurosaurs had feathers.
"Coelurus", "Compsognathus", "Tanycolagreus".
Ryuzo Hiraki
Hiraki was born in Sakai on October 7, 1931. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he joined Yuasa Batteries in 1957. In 1958, he moved to Furukawa Electric. Furukawa Electric won 1960, 1961 and 1964 Emperor's Cup. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. He played 6 games in the league. He retired in 1966.
In March 1954, when Hiraki was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 14, he debuted against South Korea. In 1956, he was selected Japan for 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He also played at 1954, 1958 and 1962 Asian Games. In 1964, he was selected Japan as captain for 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. However, he could not play in the match for injury. After 1964 Summer Olympics, he retired from national team. He played 30 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1962.
In 1962, when Hiraki played for Furukawa Electric, he became a playing manager as Ken Naganuma successor for the club and managed until 1965. He also served an assistant coach for Japan national team and a manager for Japan U-20 national team. In 1968, he participated as a coach in 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and Japan team won Bronze Medal. In 2018, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. In 1992, he signed with Nagoya Grampus Eight joined new league J1 League and he managed until 1993.
In 2005, Hiraki was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. On January 2, 2009, he died of pneumonia in Toyota at the age of 77.
Óscar Miñambres
Óscar Miñambres (born 1 January 1981) is a former Spanish football player.
Leandro Costa Miranda Moraes
Leandro Costa Miranda Moraes (born 18 July 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Vitória.
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Kota Fukatsu
Kota Fukatsu (born 10 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Machida Zelvia.
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Serhiy Skachenko
Serhiy Skachenko (born 18 November 1972) is a former Ukrainian football player. He has played for Ukraine national team.
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Shota Suzuki
Shota Suzuki (born 3 July 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
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Tatsuya Suzuki
Tatsuya Suzuki (born 1 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.
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Kenta Shimizu
Kenta Shimizu (born 18 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.
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Igor Cvitanović
Igor Cvitanović (born 1 November 1970) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.
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Liverwort
The liverworts are a group of simple plants. Scientists believe that liverworts were the first bryophyte to evolve. They believe that mosses, hornworts, and more complex plants then evolved from liverworts. Scientists decided this from mitochondrial DNA.
Liverworts are usually placed in the bryophytes, a group of plants without tissue to conduct water. This group also includes with mosses and hornworts. Recent taxonomy gave them their own division called the Marchantiophyta. However, since the classification is not yet settled, we use the old terms.
Liverworts, as the picture shows, are small plants with flattened bodies, or with flattened stems bearing overlapping scales.
The name liverwort comes from the Middle Ages, when plants were selected as medicines according to the false belief that "similia similibus curentur" (similar heals similar). The liver-shaped seen in the liverwort "Marchantia" , for example , was boiled in wine as a medicine against liver problems. The name was then transferred to the whole group.
Liverworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle. This is a type of alternation of generations similar to that of mosses. Cells in a typical liverwort plant are haploid for most of its life cycle. Their stalked sporophytes (diploid) are very short-lived, withering away soon after releasing the spores.
Planck length
The Planck length () is a very small unit of length. It is calculated from three physical constants: the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant.
It is about or about 10 times the size of a proton. It is one of the Planck units, defined by Max Planck. It is an important length for quantum gravity because it may be the size of the smallest black holes.
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the way seeds get away from the parent plant to a new place. "Dispersal" means to spread or scatter. The basic idea is as follows. Plants, obviously, cannot move after they have put down roots. It follows that it is an evolutionary advantage to get their seeds away from the parent plant. If the seeds take root nearby they will compete with each other and the parent plant. Also, a species is more likely to survive when its members are widely spread. This is because local disasters still leave plants in other places.
From the first land plants in the Silurian period for 300 million years to the Lower Cretaceous, virtually all transport of spores and seeds was done by mechanical means. In fact, for most types of plants both fertilisation and dispersal was done by wind. If not wind, then water was the medium. A great change took place with the appearance of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.
The story of flowers and insects is one of the best examples of co-evolution. The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects in the Upper Cretaceous. The evolution of in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenopterans and angiosperms.
What is true of fertilisation is also true of dispersal. Spores, the tiny products of lower plants, are almost always dispersed by wind. So are many seeds. Some seeds, and their later development, fruits, are obviously "adaptations" to a world full of animals. If they are dispersed by being eaten, it is advantageous for them to be nutritious and good to eat. So spores, seeds and fruits may get dispersed mechanicallly or by animals:
An important detail for a wind-dispersed seed is that it is very light. It must be able to float easily on wind or else it will drop straight to the ground. There are "parachutes" on top of some seeds, like milkweed and dandelion seeds. Some seeds are very small and light, almost like dust. Orchid seeds and poppy seeds are like that. Poppy seeds are inside a little capsule that has little openings around the top. On a windy day, the poppy fruit capsule will sway from side to side, shaking out the tiny seeds out the windows like a salt shaker.
Another kind of fruit that can be wind-dispersed is the maple tree fruit. The maple tree has little "schizocarps", which are two-sided winged fruits. They are also called "samaras." Their lightness and "wings" help them stay in the air until they have reached a new place with lots of soil. Elm and birch trees also have samaras.
Some fruits can fling (throw) their seeds away when they are ripe. This is a type of rapid plant movement, where the fruit is thrown from a little "machine".
Pea pods often use mechanical dispersal. When the seeds are ready, the pod dries up. When the pod dries, the inside of the pod dries faster than the outside. This makes the pod twist inside, suddenly splitting open violently, rolling into a little spiral. When this roll happens, it makes the seeds fly out of the pod in all directions.
"Impatiens" called "touch-me-nots" or "jewel weeds" is a large genus of flowering plants. When the seeds are ripe and ready, the dried fruit becomes a trigger. When an animal or human touches the plant, it bursts open and sprays the seeds everywhere. If the ground is wet, the seeds can germinate right where they land; they can also stick to the creature that made the capsule burst open. This can help them be carried off to a new place.
Violets and gorses use mechanical dispersal, too. When the seeds are ready, it opens with a loud "POP!" sound. Another fruit called the squirting cucumber uses mechanical dispersal, too. There are hundreds of other fruits that use mechanical dispersal.
These plants usually grow near the water. Once the seed falls into the water, it may be carried for a long distance before it finds a place to grow.
A good example is the water lily. Water lilies' beautiful flowers create a fruit that floats in the water for some time and then sinks to the bottom to take root on the floor of a pond. The seeds of the water lily can be dispersed and germinated in the water.
The palm tree, which grows near the water, also disperses its seeds by water. Powerful ocean currents that connect continents move the palm tree's seeds, called coconuts, to their new home.
The mangrove tree lives right in the water. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch soil. If there is a lot of water, they can be carried far away.
Most nuts, like acorns, walnuts, and pecans are dispersed by "both" water and animals. The main way that they are dispersed by water is during flood times, or if their plants grow near a river or stream. Many nut trees grow near places that flood quite often. Though water is important for nut trees, it's not as important as it is for other plants, because many trees have roots that can grow a long way from the tree to find good soil and water.
There are several ways seeds get dispersed by animals. One example are the burrs that stick to your socks and pants when you walk through grassy fields. The parent plant makes the spiky little burrs from the flower. These burrs are either thrown off the plant and onto the ground, or they stay on the plant until a passing animal (or person) gets the burr in its fur, feathers, or socks. Then the burr is carried to a new place, where animals usually try to get it off themselves. Animals , scratch, or peck at the burrs to get them off. The burr is then dropped on the ground, away from the parent plant. Many grass seeds have surfaces which catch onto passing creatures. For instance spear grass has spiky tips that can get stuck in passing animals or blown by a strong wind to a new place.
Another way for animals to help in seed dispersal is for the animals to actually plant the seeds themselves. Animals like mice, squirrels, and jay birds collect fruits and nuts during the spring and summer, and they store them for the coming winter. Many times, they save up these fruits and nuts by burying them in the ground - often more than they need. When they come to take their fruits and nuts away, they leave a few buried. The ones that are left buried become plants.
Seeds are often dispersed in droppings (poo). Animals swallow fruit (including seeds): they digest the soft fruit, but the seeds come out in their droppings. In some rainforests, almost 90% of tree species are dispersed by animals. Animals like bats for instance, the short-tailed fruit bat in South America can scatter up to 60,000 seeds in one night.
Ventforet Kofu
The club was founded in 1965.
Vissel Kobe
The club was founded in 1966.
In 2012, Keijiro Ogawa made three goals in one game against Jubilo Iwata.
Hiroshi Ninomiya
Ninomiya was born in Tokyo Metropolis on February 13, 1937. After graduating from Keio University, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1959. In 1965, Mitsubishi Motors joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1968. He played 45 games and scored 8 goals in the league.
On December 25, 1958, when Ninomiya was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. In 1959, he played 9 games and scored 9 goals as a regular player. He played 12 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 1961.
In 1967, Ninomiya played for Mitsubishi Motors, he became a playing manager as Tomohiko Ikoma successor and managed until 1975. In 9 seasons, the club won the champions 2 times (1969 and 1973) and the 2nd place 4 times. The club also 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. After Japan national team failed to qualify for 1976 Summer Olympics in April 1976, Ninomiya became a manager for Japan national team as Ken Naganuma successor. Ninomiya managed at 1978 World Cup qualification and 1978 Asian Games. He resigned after 1978 Asian Games.
In 2015, Ninomiya was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Ryoji Ujihara
Ryoji Ujihara (born 10 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.
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Jorge Andrade
Jorge Andrade (born 9 April 1978) is a Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.
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Lee Woon-Jae (born 26 April 1973) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
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Lee has played in over 100 international matches.
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Yoshiaki Maruyama (born 12 October 1974) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Chonburi.
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Benoît Pedretti
Benoît Pedretti (born 12 November 1980) is a French football player. He plays for Auxerre.
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Santiago Solari
Santiago Solari (born 7 October 1976) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Atlante.
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Shigemitsu Sudo
Sudo was born in Mikasa on April 2, 1956. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1979. The club won the 2nd place in 1980 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1987. He played 117 games in the league.
On August 23, 1979, Sudo debuted for the Japan national team against North Korea. In 1980, he played at 1980 Summer Olympics qualification and 1982 World Cup qualification. He played 13 games for Japan until 1981.
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Diego Milito
Diego Milito (born 12 June 1979) is an Argentine football player. He played for Internazionale Milano, Racing Club in Argentina, Genao in Italy and Argentina national team.
He began his club career in Argentina with Racing Club in 1999, and later moved to Italian side Genoa in 2003.
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Kazuhiro Mori
Kazuhiro Mori (born 17 April 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
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Katsuhiro Kusaki
Kusaki was born in Kyoto Prefecture on April 12, 1962. After graduating from Rakunan High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yanmar Diesel in 1981. The club won 1983 and 1984 JSL Cup. He played 156 matches and scored 33 goals for the club until 1992. He moved to Gamba Osaka in 1992. He moved to his local club Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1994. He retired in 1994.
On January 27, 1988, Kusaki debuted for the Japan national team against United Arab Emirates. He played 2 games for Japan in 1988.
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Stephen Laybutt
Stephen Laybutt (born 3 September 1977) is a former Australian football player. He plays for Australia national team.
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Robert da Silva Almeida
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Atlanta FC
Atlanta FC is an American football team based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States. Started in 2007, the team plays in National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division.
The team plays its home games at Hoskyn Stadium on the grounds of Riverwood High School, where they have played since 2008. The team's colors are orange, white, and sky blue.
Route availability
Route Availability (RA) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works (bridges, embankments, etc.) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded. All routes are given an RA number between 1 and 10.
Rolling stock is also given an RA (again between 1 and 10) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of the supporting elements. The RA is mainly about the axle load of the vehicle, although axle spacing is also taken into thought. In practice it is the locomotive which decides where trains may operate, although many high capacity four axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded. (When considering the operation of trains the loading gauge must also be considered.)
Blackberry pie
Blackberry pie is pie made of blackberry filling, most of the time in the form of either blackberry jam, blackberries themselves, or sometimes both. Blackberries must be stewed or soaked in water before baking to stop burning. Fresh frozen blackberries sweetened with brown sugar nestled under a double crust and served with ice cream is usually eaten in summer, and many people enjoy it as a summer favorite.
When Abraham Lincoln was made President of the United States in 1861, blackberry pie was served at the inauguration lunch.
Tachinidae is a family of flies. There are over 8,200 species in this family. There are about 1,300 in North America. These flies are commonly known as tachina flies or tachinids.
They are found in almost all habitats all over the world. There are Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Oceanic species.
Pork pie
Cream pie
A cream pie is a type of pie filled with a rich custard or pudding that is made from milk, cream, flour, and eggs. It can come in many forms, like vanilla, lemon, lime, banana, coconut, and chocolate. A common feature of all cream pies is the whipped cream topping. The pudding-like filling is related to the French crème patissière which is a main ingredient of many French cakes and tarts.
Red-vented bulbul
The red-vented bulbul ("Pycnonotus cafer") is a species of bird. It belongs in the family Pycnonotidae.
The bird is found in tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Burma and southwestern China. It has been introduced to many Pacific islands including Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Hawaii. It has also been introduced in parts of Dubai, the United Arab Emirates and New Zealand. It is included among the world's worst introduced species.
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bordered by southern Italy like Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania. Most of the islands are Greek, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are most of the time referred to as the Ionian Islands. The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world.
There are ferry routes between Patras, Greece and Brindisi and Ancona, Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward.
Red-whiskered bulbul
The red-whiskered bulbul ("Pycnonotus jocosus") is a species of bird. It belongs in the family Pycnonotidae. It is found mainly in tropical Asia. It has been introduced in many tropical areas of the world. It feeds on fruits, nectar and small insects. Their calls are a loud "kick-pettigrew" . They are very common in many hill forests and urban gardens. They have a red patch behind the eye, which juveniles lack. They are often found perching on top of trees and bushes. They now even thrive in cities in different parts of the world.
The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students who were in the Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas in 1957, following the Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education II. This started the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were stopped from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus. They attended after President Eisenhower sent the United States Army to let them in. This is thought to be one of the most important events in the Civil Rights Movement.
Hornwort
Hornworts are a type of bryophytes. They are non-vascular plants which do not have tissue that moves water. The name "hornwort" come from the horn-like structure that grows on these plants. This structure is the sporophyte. The flattened, green part of a hornwort is the gametophyte.
Like all bryophytes, hornworts have alternation of generations. In this cycle, the plant has two forms: the haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte. The gametophyte is the green plant body that you most often see. The sporophyte is the "horn" that sheds spores.
Hornworts grow all over the world. They grow well where it is damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Some tropical species may be found growing on tree bark.
The taxonomy of bryophytes is being debated. Some think the hornworts should be placed in a separate division, the Anthocerotophyta.
Pacific Grove, California
Pacific Grove is a coastal town in Monterey County, California, US. The total population was 15,522 in the 2000 census. Pacific Grove is located between Point Pinos and Monterey. Its elevation is 151 feet (46 m).
Pacific Grove is known for its Victorian homes, Asilomar State Beach, its artistic legacy and the annual migration of the Monarch butterflies. The city has more Victorian houses per person than anywhere else in United States. Some of them have been turned into bed and breakfast inns.
Point Pinos Lighthouse, the oldest continuously working lighthouse on the West Coast, is in Pacific Grove.
John Denver died near Pacific Grove.
The black-headed grosbeak ("Pheucticus melanocephalus") is a species of bird. It belongs in the family Cardinalidae. It is a medium-sized, seed-eating bird. It is 18–19 cm long. It weights 35-49 g.
The black-headed grosbeak is a migratory bird. It has nesting grounds from southwestern British Columbia, through the western half of the United States, into central Mexico. It occurs as an introduced species further south in Central America.
Airbus A310
The Airbus A310 is a jet airliner made by Airbus. It was announced in July 1978 and it was the second aircraft to be made by Airbus. The A310 is a shorter version of the Airbus A300, which was Airbus' first plane.
When the Airbus A300 was being designed, Airbus studied many different sizes of plane. The Airbus A300B was chosen, and it was one of the smaller designs. When the A300B prototypes were made, many airlines asked for a plane which could hold more passengers. Airbus then changed to the A300B2 version, which was the first type to be made. Airbus noticed that many airlines also wanted smaller planes. Some airlines did not have enough passengers to use the A300.
Airbus wanted to keep the cost of designing a smaller A300 as low as possible. Airbus decided that the plane would hold 220 passengers, which was what many airlines wanted.
Another problem was the rate of inflation. In the UK during 1979–1980, it was 35%. This would mean that the designing costs would be very high, and so would the price of the plane.
From late 1977, BAe began designing the wing for the A310 at Hatfield.
At the April 1978 Hanover Air Show, Airbus brought a model A310. Its wing area was , was a bit larger than what Airbus designed. If two classes were used in the plane, 195 passengers could travel in the aircraft. If the plane is all-economy, 245 passengers could fit inside.