AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers. These common operations can be time-consuming and error-prone when done on paper. More complex slide rules allow other calculations, such as square roots, exponentials, logarithms, and trigonometric functions.
Mathematical calculations are done by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with one on one of the fixed strips.
The relative position of other marks can then be observed. Numbers aligned with the marks give the approximate value of the product, quotient, or other calculated result.
The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result, based on mental estimation. Scientific notation is used to track the decimal point in more formal calculations. Addition and subtraction steps in a calculation are generally done mentally or on paper, not on the slide rule.
Most slide rules have three linear strips of the same length. The strips are aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two. The outer two strips are fixed so that their relative positions do not change.
Some slide rules ("duplex" models) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip, others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip, still others on one side only ("simplex" rules). A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or, in duplex models, are on the other side of the rule. The cursor can also record an intermediate result on any of the scales.
A logarithm transforms the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction according to the rules formula_1 and formula_2.
Moving the top scale to the right by a distance of formula_3, by matching the beginning of the top scale with the label formula_4 on the bottom, aligns each number formula_5, at position formula_6 on the top scale, with the number at position formula_7 on the bottom scale. Because formula_8, this position on the bottom scale gives formula_9, the product of formula_4 and formula_5. For example, to calculate 3*2, the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale. The answer, 6, is read off the bottom scale where 3 is on the top scale. In general, the 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom, and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top.
Operations may go "off the scale;" for example, the diagram above shows that the slide rule has not positioned the 7 on the upper scale above any number on the lower scale, so it does not give any answer for 2×7. In such cases, the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2, effectively multiplying by 0.2 instead of by 2, as in the illustration below:
Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer. We wanted to find 2×7, but instead we calculated 0.2×7=1.4. So the true answer is not 1.4 but 14. Resetting the slide is not the only way to handle multiplications that would result in off-scale results, such as 2×7; some other methods are:
Method 1 is easy to understand, but entails a loss of precision. Method 3 has the advantage that it only involves two scales.
The illustration below demonstrates the computation of 5.5/2. The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale. The 1 on the top scale lies above the quotient, 2.75. There is more than one method for doing division, but the method presented here has the advantage that the final result cannot be off-scale, because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end.
In addition to the logarithmic scales, some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales. The most popular were trigonometric, usually sine and tangent, common logarithm (log) (for taking the log of a value on a multiplier scale), natural logarithm (ln) and exponential ("e") scales. Some rules include a Pythagorean scale, to figure sides of triangles, and a scale to figure circles. Others feature scales for calculating hyperbolic functions. On linear rules, the scales and their labeling are highly standardized, with variation usually occurring only in terms of which scales are included and in what order:
The Binary Slide Rule manufactured by Gilson in 1931 performed an addition and subtraction function limited to fractions.
There are single-decade (C and D), double-decade (A and B), and triple-decade (K) scales. To compute formula_12, for example, locate x on the D scale and read its square on the A scale. Inverting this process allows square roots to be found, and similarly for the powers 3, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/2. Care must be taken when the base, x, is found in more than one place on its scale. For instance, there are two nines on the A scale; to find the square root of nine, use the first one; the second one gives the square root of 90.
For formula_13 problems, use the LL scales. When several LL scales are present, use the one with x on it. First, align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale. Then, find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it. That scale will indicate the answer. If y is "off the scale," locate formula_14 and square it using the A and B scales as described above.
The S, T, and ST scales are used for trigonometric functions and multiples of trig functions, for angles in degrees. Many slide rules have their S, T, and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes. So-called "decitrig" models use decimal fractions of degrees instead.
Base-10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale, which is linear. Some slide rules have a Ln scale, which is for base e.
The Ln scale was invented by an 11th grade student, Stephen B. Cohen, in 1958. The original intent was to allow the user to select an exponent "x" (in the range 0 to 2.3) on the Ln scale and read e on the C (or D) scale and e on the CI (or DI) scale. Pickett, Inc. was given exclusive rights to the scale. Later, the inventor created a set of "marks" on the Ln scale to extend the range beyond the 2.3 limit, but Pickett never incorporated these marks on any of its slide rules.
Slide rules are not typically used for addition and subtraction, but it is nevertheless possible to do so using two different techniques.
The first method to perform addition and subtraction on the C and D (or any comparable scales) requires converting the problem into one of division. For addition, the quotient of the two variables plus one times the divisor equals their sum:
For subtraction, the quotient of the two variables minus one times the divisor equals their difference:
This method is similar to the addition/subtraction technique used for high-speed electronic circuits with the logarithmic number system in specialized computer applications like the Gravity Pipe (GRAPE) supercomputer and hidden Markov models.
The second method uses a sliding linear L scale available on some models. Addition and subtraction are performed by sliding the cursor left (for subtraction) or right (for addition) then returning the slide to 0 to read the result.
The length of the slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal length of the scales. Scales on the most common "10-inch" models are actually 25 cm in length, as they were made to metric standards, though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflowed. Pocket rules are typically 5 inches. Models a couple of meters long were sold to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes.
Typically the divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures, and the user estimates the third figure. Some high-end slide rules have magnifying cursors that make the markings easier to see. Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings, permitting a 10-inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20-inch.
Various other conveniences have been developed. Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual-labeled, in black and red, with complementary angles, the so-called "Darmstadt" style. Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back. Scales are often "split" to get higher accuracy.
Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering, business and banking. These often had common calculations directly expressed as special scales, for example loan calculations, optimal purchase quantities, or particular engineering equations. For example, the Fisher Controls company distributed a customized slide rule adapted to solving the equations used for selecting the proper size of industrial flow control valves.
Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors (left), and another with a movable disk and a single cursor (right). The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by maintaining a fixed angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial. The single cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales.
The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the longest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π). For example, the outer scale of a 10 cm circular would have a maximum precision equal to a 30 cm ordinary slide rule. Circular slide rules also eliminate "off-scale" calculations, because the scales were designed to "wrap around"; they never have to be re-oriented when results are near 1.0—the rule is always on scale. However, for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S, T, and LL's, the scale length is shortened to make room for end margins.
Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother-moving, but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot; a minute 0.1 mm off-centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm worst case alignment error. The pivot, however, does prevent scratching of the face and cursors. The highest accuracy scales are placed on the outer rings. Rather than "split" scales, high-end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log-of-log scales. One eight-inch premium circular rule had a 50-inch spiral log-log scale.
The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are the difficulty in locating figures along a rotating disc, and limited number of scales. Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less-important scales are closer to the center, and have lower precisions. Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules, and did not find reason to switch.
One slide rule remaining in daily use around the world is the E6B. This is a circular slide rule first created in the 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning. With the aid of scales printed on the frame it also helps with such miscellaneous tasks as converting time, distance, speed, and temperature values, compass errors, and calculating fuel use. The so-called "prayer wheel" is still available in flight shops, and remains widely used. While GPS has reduced the use of dead reckoning for aerial navigation, and handheld calculators have taken over many of its functions, the E6B remains widely used as a primary or backup device and the majority of flight schools demand that their students have some degree of its mastery.
In 1952, Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations: the Breitling Navitimer. The Navitimer circular rule, referred to by Breitling as a "navigation computer", featured airspeed, rate/time of climb/descent, flight time, distance, and fuel consumption functions, as well as kilometer–nautical mile and gallon–liter fuel amount conversion functions.
Traditionally slide rules were made out of hard wood such as mahogany or boxwood with cursors of glass and metal. At least one high precision instrument was made of steel.
In 1895, a Japanese firm, Hemmi, started to make slide rules from bamboo, which had the advantages of being dimensionally stable, strong and naturally self-lubricating. These bamboo slide rules were introduced in Sweden in September, 1933 , and probably only a little earlier in Germany. Scales were made of celluloid or plastic. Later slide rules were made of plastic, or aluminum painted with plastic. Later cursors were acrylics or polycarbonates sliding on Teflon bearings.
All premium slide rules had numbers and scales engraved, and then filled with paint or other resin. Painted or imprinted slide rules were viewed as inferior because the markings could wear off. Nevertheless, Pickett, probably America's most successful slide rule company, made all printed scales. Premium slide rules included clever catches so the rule would not fall apart by accident, and bumpers to protect the scales and cursor from rubbing on tabletops. The recommended cleaning method for engraved markings is to scrub lightly with steel-wool. For painted slide rules, and the faint of heart, use diluted commercial window-cleaning fluid and a soft cloth.
The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which, with additional measuring tools, could be used to multiply and divide. The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c. 1593 – 1656), an English mathematician, in a book entitled "“L'usage de la reigle de proportion en l'arithmetique & geometrie”." The book contains a double scale on one side of which is a logarithmic scale and on the other a tabular scale. In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule, and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students, but delayed in publishing them, and like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
In 1677, Henry Coggeshall created a two-foot folding rule for timber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule. His design and uses for the tool gave the slide rule purpose outside of mathematical inquiry.
In 1722, Warner introduced the two- and three-decade scales, and in 1755 Everard included an inverted scale; a slide rule containing all of these scales is usually known as a "polyphase" rule.
In 1815, Peter Roget invented the log log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm. This allowed the user to directly perform calculations involving roots and exponents. This was especially useful for fractional powers.
The more modern form was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim, "who was fortunate in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation and in having it adopted by the French Artillery." It was around that time, as engineering became a recognized professional activity, that slide rules came into wide use in Europe. They did not become common in the United States until 1881, when Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical rule there. The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891, and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co. of New York.
Astronomical work also required fine computations, and in 19th century Germany a steel slide rule about 2 meters long was used at one observatory. It had a microscope attached, giving it accuracy to six decimal places.
In World War II, bombardiers and navigators who required quick calculations often used specialized slide rules. One office of the U.S. Navy actually designed a generic slide rule "chassis" with an aluminum body and plastic cursor into which celluloid cards (printed on both sides) could be placed for special calculations. The process was invented to calculate range, fuel use and altitude for aircraft, and then adapted to many other purposes.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession (in the same way that the stethoscope symbolizes the medical profession). German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun brought two 1930s vintage "Nestler" slide rules with him when he moved to the U.S. after World War II to work on the American space program. Throughout his life he never used any other pocket calculating devices; slide rules served him perfectly well for making quick estimates of rocket design parameters and other figures. Aluminum Pickett-brand slide rules were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon, according to advertising on Pickett's N600 slide rule boxes .
Some engineering students and engineers carried ten-inch slide rules in belt holsters, and even into the mid 1970s this was a common sight on campuses. Students also might keep a ten-or twenty-inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five-inch pocket slide rule around with them.
In 2004, education researchers David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro conceived a new type of slide rule based on "prosthaphaeresis", an algorithm for rapidly computing products that predates logarithms. There has been little practical interest in constructing one beyond the initial prototype, however.
The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s, became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. The introduction of Fortran in 1957 made computers practical for solving modest size mathematical problems. IBM introduced a series of more affordable computers, the IBM 650 (1954), IBM 1620 (1959), IBM 1130 (1965) addressed to the science and engineering market. John Kemeny's BASIC programming language (1964) made it easy for students to use computers. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was introduced in 1965.
Computers also changed the nature of calculation. With slide rules, there was a great emphasis on working the algebra to get expressions into the most computable form. Users of slide rules would simply approximate or drop small terms to simplify the calculation. Fortran allowed complicated formulas to be typed in from textbooks without the effort of reformulation. Numerical integration was often easier than trying to find closed form solutions for difficult problems. The young engineer asking for computer time to solve a problem that could have been done by a few swipes on the slide rule became a humorous cliché. Many computer centers had a framed slide rule hung on a wall with the note "In case of emergency, break glass."
Another step toward the replacement of slide rules with electronics was the development of electronic calculators for scientific and engineering use. The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division and the Hewlett-Packard HP-9100, introduced in 1968. The HP-9100 had trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) in addition to exponentials and logarithms. It used the CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithm, which allows for calculation of trigonometric functions using only shift and add operations. This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators.
The last nail in the coffin for the slide rule was the launch of pocket-sized scientific calculators, of which the 1972 Hewlett-Packard HP-35 was the first. Such calculators became known as "slide rule" calculators since they could perform most or all of the functions on a slide rule. At several hundred dollars, even this was considered expensive for most students. While professional slide rules could also be quite expensive, drug stores often sold basic plastic models for under $20 USD. But by 1975, basic four-function electronic calculators could be purchased for under $50. By 1976 the TI-30 offered a scientific calculator for under $25. After this time, the market for slide rules dried up quickly as small scientific calculators became affordable.
One advantage of using a slide rule together with an electronic calculator is that an important calculation can be checked by doing it on both; because the two instruments are so different, there is little chance of making the same mistake twice.
General information, history:
How-to's:
Emerson Sheik
Márcio Emerson Passos (born 6 December 1978) is a Brazilian-Qatari professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. He has played for Qatar national team.
25||9||5||3||colspan="2"|-||2||0||32||12
152||121||0||0||29||24||colspan="2"|-||181||145
34||24||6||3||18||18||7||5||65||50
3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
214||154||11||6||47||42||9||5||281||207
Albert Nađ
Albert Nađ (born 29 October 1974) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.
227||14
142||3
376||17
!Total||44||3
Hajime Moriyasu
Moriyasu was born in Kakegawa on August 23, 1968. After graduating from Nagasaki Nihon University High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mazda (later "Sanfrecce Hiroshima") in 1987. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. The club won the 2nd place in 1994 J1 League and 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup. In 1998, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga on loan. In 1999, he returned to Sanfrecce. He played 271 matches and scored 34 goals for the club until 2001. In 2002, he moved to newly was promoted to J1 League club, Vegalta Sendai. He retired end of 2003 season.
On May 31, 1992, Moriyasu debuted for the Japan national team against Argentina. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for 1992 Asian Cup which held in Japan and Japan team won the champions. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" () in Japan. He played 35 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 1996.
After the retirement, Moriyasu started coaching career at Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2004. In 2007, he became an assistant coach for the top team. In 2010, he moved to Albirex Niigata. In 2012, he returned to Sanfrecce and became a manager. The club won the J1 League champions in 2012, 2013 and 2015. However the club results were bad in the 2017 season and he resigned in July. In October, he became a manager for Japan U-23 national team. In April 2018, he also became an assistant coach under the manager Akira Nishino for Japan national team. After the 2018 World Cup, Moriyasu became a new manager as Nishino successor. In 2019, Japan won the 2nd place at 2019 Asian Cup.
357||40||25||1||52||7||434||48
!Total||35||1
Rahman Rezaei
Rahman Rezaei (born 20 February 1975) is an Iranian football player. He has played for Iran national team.
166||8
179||8
!Total||54||3
Muhsin Musabah
Muhsin Musabah (born 1 October 1964) is a former United Arab Emirati football player. He has played for United Arab Emirates national team.
!Total||105||0
Juan Sebastián Verón
Juan Sebastián Verón (born 9 March 1975) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Estudiantes La Plata and Argentina national team.
143||23
189||21
58||9
390||53
!Total||68||9
Claudio López
Claudio López (born 17 July, 1974) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.
150||35
126||47
106||29
75||21
57||13
514||145
!Total||55||10
Wagner Lopes
Lopes was born in Franca, Brazil on January 29, 1969. He moved to Japan and signed with Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors in 1987. From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup for 2 years in a row. He moved to Hitachi (later "Kashiwa Reysol") in 1990. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league Japan Football League (JFL). The club won 2nd place in 1994 and was promoted to J1 League. He also many scored with Careca. However he left the club due to restrictions on foreign players because the club gains Müller. Lopes joined JFL club Honda in 1995. He became a top scorer for 2 years in a row (1995-1996). He moved to J1 League club Bellmare Hiratsuka in 1997. He played with Hidetoshi Nakata and scored many goals as striker. However, he left the club end of 1998 season due to financial strain and moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight. The club won the champions at 1999 Emperor's Cup. Toward end of his career, he played for FC Tokyo (2001) and Avispa Fukuoka (2001-02). He retired end of 2002 season.
In September 1997, Lopes obtained Japanese citizenship. Immediately after this, he was selected the Japan national team for 1998 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on September 28, he debuted against South Korea. After the debut, he played 6 games and scored 3 goals at World Cup qualification and Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history. At 1998 World Cup, he played all 3 matches. In third match against Jamaica, he assisted Masashi Nakayama goal. This goal is the first goal for Japan in the history of the World Cup. He also played at 1999 Copa América and scored 2 goals. He played 20 games and scored 5 goals for Japan until 1999.
349||239||16||8||24||17||389||264
!Total||20||5
Motohiro Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi was born in Takasaki on January 29, 1969. After graduating from Tokai University, he joined All Nippon Airways (later "Yokohama Flügels") in 1991. The club won 1993 Emperor's Cup their first time in major title. In Asia, the club also won 1994–95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. In 1998, the club won Emperor's Cup. However the club was disbanded end of 1998 season due to financial strain, he moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight with teammate Seigo Narazaki in 1999. The club won 1999 Emperor's Cup. He moved to J2 League club Albirex Niigata in 2003. The club won the champions in 2003 and was promoted to J1 League. In August 2005, he moved to J2 League club Yokohama FC which was founded by Yokohama Flügels supporters. The club won the champions in 2006 and was promoted to J1 League. He retired end of 2007 season. He also served as captain in all teams.
In January 1995, Yamagugchi was selected the Japan national team for 1995 King Fahd Cup. At this competition, on January 6, he debuted against Nigeria. After debut, he became a regular player and he played most matches for Japan until 1998 World Cup. In 1996, he played full time in all matches at 1996 Asian Cup. At 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, he played all matches and Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history. At 1998 World Cup, he played full time in all 3 matches. This World Cup was his last game for Japan. He played 58 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 1998.
After the retirement, Yamaguchi became a manager for Yokohama FC as Yasuyuki Kishino successor in March 2012. He managed the club until 2014
490||42||34||1||64||8||588||51
!Total||58||4
Álvaro Recoba
Álvaro Recoba (born 17 March 1976) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Danubio.
67||28||||||||||67||28
216||65||31||8||56||13||303||86
19||4||2||1||colspan="2"|-||21||5
302||97||33||9||56||13||391||119
!Total||69||11
Roberto Abbondanzieri
Roberto Abbondanzieri (born 19 August 1972) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Internacional.
302||0
83||0
385||0
Park Ji-sung
Park Ji-Sung (born 25 February, 1981) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
76||11||6||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||85||12
64||13||4||2||colspan="2"|-||23||2||91||17
85||9||12||1||4||1||20||1||121||12
225||33||22||4||7||1||43||1||297||41
!Total||85||11
Yoshikazu Nagai
Nagai was born in Saitama on April 16, 1952. After graduating from Saitama Urawa Minami High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1971. The club won the league champions in 1976 and 1985/86. The club also won 1976 Emperor's Cup, 1977, 1982 and 1986 JSL Cup. He retired in 1988. He played 272 games and scored 63 goals in the league. It is the record for most appearances in Japan Soccer League Division 1. In 1976, he was selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" awards. He was selected Best Eleven 5 times.
On August 13, 1971, when Nagai was 19 years old, he debuted for the Japan national team against Iceland. He also played at 1972 Summer Olympics qualification in 1971. Although he did not play for Japan in 1972, he was selected Japan for 1974 World Cup qualification in 1973. He also played at 1974, 1978 Asian Games. In 1980, he was selected Japan for 1980 Summer Olympics qualification, Japan's failure to qualify for 1980 Summer Olympics. This qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 69 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 1980.
After retirement, Nagai became an assistant coach for Furukawa Electric (later "JEF United Ichihara") in 1988. In 1989, he became a manager for Japan U-20 national team. In 1992, he returned to JEF United Ichihara and managed until 1993. In 1996, he signed with Japan Football League (JFL) club Fukushima FC and managed in 1 season. In 1998, he signed with JFL club Albirex Niigata. The club joined new league J2 League in 1999. In 2001, he moved to Yokohama FC. In 2006, he signed with his local Nadeshiko League club Urawa Reds Ladies.
In 2012, Nagai was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
272||63
!Total||69||9
Honda FC
Ehime FC
The Great Gatsby is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was first sold in 1925. The novel takes place in New York City and Long Island in New York.
"The Great Gatsby" is one of the most popular books in the United States. The book was number two on the Modern Library Association's list of "100 Best Novels of the 20th Century." "Time Magazine" put the book in its "TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005". A 1989 study found that 54% of high schools surveyed taught "The Great Gatsby" in their English classes.
The story is told by Nick Carraway, a man who moves to Long Island, New York, from the Midwest. Nick is not rich, but he lives in a rich area that has two towns called East Egg and West Egg. The "old rich" live in East Egg while the "new rich" live in West Egg. Nick lives in a small house in West Egg. Nick's next-door neighbor is Jay Gatsby. Jay is in love with Nick's cousin Daisy. However, Daisy is married to a man named Tom. The novel is about Jay and his hope that he can steal Daisy from Tom.
The events of the novel happen in the summer of 1922. Nick Carraway, a man who grew up in the American Midwest, is the narrator. Nick is a World War I veteran and a Yale University graduate who wants a more exciting life. He moves to New York, to be a bonds salesman. There, he rents a house in the small community of West Egg. The person living next to him is Jay Gatsby, a mysterious man who also has a lot of money. Jay Gatsby also hosts many expensive parties frequently. Strangely, he never participates in his own parties; because of this, many rumors are formed as to Gatsby's true identity and background. Nick drives out to visit his cousin Daisy in East Egg. There, he meets her husband, Tom Buchanan. He is also introduced to her friend, Jordan Baker. Nick learns from her that Tom has been having an affair with Myrtle Wilson. Nick decides to hold his judgment.
Later in the summer, Nick is invited to one of Gatsby's parties. There, he meets Gatsby himself, a young and charming man. Nick learns that Gatsby was once in a romantic relationship with Daisy, many years ago. Gatsby is still in love with her, and spends many nights looking at the green light from Daisy's dock across his mansion. He is hoping that he could impress Daisy with his rich lifestyle and wild parties. Gatsby grew up very poor and with little opportunity to move up in the world, and this motivated him to pursue wealth to reinvent himself and become worthy of being with Daisy. Gatsby asks Nick to arrange for Daisy and him to meet. Nick invites them both over for tea, and they begin to fall in love again. They then start an affair with one another.
After a short time, Tom notices that Daisy and Gatsby are in love. The group meets at a hotel, where Daisy is forced to choose between Gatsby and Tom. She chooses Tom, and the group begins to drive home. Along the way, Daisy, driving Gatsby's car, accidentally hits and kills Myrtle. Gatsby tells Nick that he will take the blame in order to save Daisy. Later, he is then shot dead by Myrtle's husband, George, believing that Gatsby was the one responsible. George then kills himself.
Nick holds a funeral for Gatsby, but very few people show up despite Gatsby having been famous. Angry and sad about everything that has happened, Nick decides to leave New York to move back to the Midwest.
Sagawa Shiga FC
The club formed from a merger of two Sagawa Express corporation football clubs in 2007 — Sagawa Express Tokyo SC + Sagawa Express Osaka SC
Communes of the Aube department
There are 433 communes in the Aube "département" in France.
Ailleville
Ailleville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Aix-en-Othe
Aix-en-Othe is a former commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Aix-Villemaur-Pâlis.
Allibaudières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Amance, Aube
Amance is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Arcis-sur-Aube
Arconville
Arconville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Argançon
Argançon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Arrelles
Arrelles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Arrembécourt
Arrembécourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Arrentières
Arrentières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Arsonval
Arsonval is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Assencières
Assencières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Assenay
Assenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Aubeterre
Aubeterre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Aulnay, Aube
Aulnay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Auxon, Aube
Auxon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Avant-lès-Marcilly
Avant-lès-Marcilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Avant-lès-Ramerupt
Avant-lès-Ramerupt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Avirey-Lingey
Avirey-Lingey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Avon-la-Pèze
Avon-la-Pèze is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Avreuil
Avreuil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bagneux-la-Fosse
Bagneux-la-Fosse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bailly-le-Franc
Bailly-le-Franc is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Balignicourt
Balignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Balnot-la-Grange
Balnot-la-Grange is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Balnot-sur-Laignes
Balnot-sur-Laignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Barberey-Saint-Sulpice
Barberey-Saint-Sulpice is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Barbuise
Barbuise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Baroville
Baroville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bar-sur-Aube
Bar-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bar-sur-Seine
Bar-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bayel
Bayel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bercenay-en-Othe
Bercenay-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bercenay-le-Hayer
Bercenay-le-Hayer is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bergères
Bergères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bernon
Bernon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bertignolles
Bertignolles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bérulle
Bérulle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bessy
Bessy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bétignicourt
Bétignicourt is a commune in the Aube "department" in north-central France.
Beurey
Beurey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Blaincourt-sur-Aube
Blaincourt-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Blignicourt
Blignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bligny, Aube
Bligny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Les Bordes-Aumont
Les Bordes-Aumont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bossancourt
Bossancourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bouilly, Aube
Bouilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Boulages
Boulages is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bouranton
Bouranton is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bourdenay
Bourdenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bourguignons
Bourguignons is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bouy-Luxembourg
Bouy-Luxembourg is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bouy-sur-Orvin
Bragelogne-Beauvoir
Bragelogne-Beauvoir is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Braux, Aube
Braux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Bréviandes
Bréviandes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Brévonnes
Brévonnes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Briel-sur-Barse
Briel-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Brienne-la-Vieille
Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Brienne-le-Château
Brienne-le-Château is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Brillecourt
Brillecourt is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Bucey-en-Othe
Bucey-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Buchères
Buchères is a commune of the Aube department in north-central France.
Buxeuil, Aube
Buxeuil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Buxières-sur-Arce
Buxières-sur-Arce is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Celles-sur-Ource
Celles-sur-Ource is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chacenay
Chacenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
La Chaise
La Chaise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chalette-sur-Voire
Chalette-sur-Voire is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chamoy, Aube
Chamoy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Champfleury, Aube
Champfleury is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Champignol-lez-Mondeville
Champignol-lez-Mondeville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Champigny-sur-Aube
Champigny-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Champ-sur-Barse
Champ-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Channes
Channes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chaource
Chaource is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chapelle-Vallon
Chapelle-Vallon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chappes, Aube
Chappes is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Charmont-sous-Barbuise
Charmont-sous-Barbuise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Charmoy, Aube
Charmoy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Charny-le-Bachot
Charny-le-Bachot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chaserey
Chaserey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Châtres, Aube
Châtres is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chauchigny
Chauchigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chaudrey
Chaudrey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Chauffour-lès-Bailly
Chauffour-lès-Bailly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chaumesnil
Chaumesnil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chavanges
Chavanges is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Le Chêne
Le Chêne is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Chennegy
Chennegy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Chervey
Chervey is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Chesley, Aube
Chesley is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Chessy-les-Prés
Chessy-les-Prés is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Clérey
Clérey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Coclois
Coclois is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Colombé-la-Fosse
Colombé-le-Sec
Cormost
Cormost is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Courcelles-sur-Voire
Courcelles-sur-Voire is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Coursan-en-Othe
Courtaoult
Courtaoult is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Courtenot
Courtenot is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Courteranges
Courteranges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Courteron
Courteron is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Coussegrey
Coussegrey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Couvignon
Couvignon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Crancey
Crancey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.
Creney-près-Troyes
Creney-près-Troyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Crésantignes
Crésantignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Crespy-le-Neuf
Crespy-le-Neuf is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Les Croûtes
Les Croûtes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Cunfin
Cunfin is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Cussangy
Cussangy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dampierre, Aube
Dampierre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Davrey
Davrey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dienville
Dienville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dierrey-Saint-Julien
Dierrey-Saint-Julien is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dierrey-Saint-Pierre
Dierrey-Saint-Pierre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dolancourt
Dolancourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dommartin-le-Coq
Dommartin-le-Coq is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Donnement
Donnement is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dosches
Dosches is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Dosnon
Dosnon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Droupt-Saint-Basle
Droupt-Saint-Basle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Droupt-Sainte-Marie
Droupt-Sainte-Marie is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Eaux-Puiseaux
Eaux-Puiseaux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Échemines
Échemines is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Éclance
Éclance is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Éguilly-sous-Bois
Éguilly-sous-Bois is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Engente
Engente is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Épagne
Épagne is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Épothémont
Épothémont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Ervy-le-Châtel
Ervy-le-Châtel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Essoyes
Essoyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Estissac
Estissac is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Étourvy
Étourvy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Étrelles-sur-Aube
Étrelles-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Faux-Villecerf
Faux-Villecerf is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fay-lès-Marcilly
Fay-lès-Marcilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fays-la-Chapelle
Fays-la-Chapelle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Ferreux-Quincey
Ferreux-Quincey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Feuges
Feuges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fontaine, Aube
Fontaine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fontaine-les-Grès
Fontaine-les-Grès is a commune (region) of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fontaine-Mâcon
Fontaine-Mâcon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fontenay-de-Bossery
Fontenay-de-Bossery is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fontette
Fontette is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fontvannes
Fontvannes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
La Fosse-Corduan is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fouchères, Aube
Fouchères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fralignes
Fralignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fravaux
Fravaux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fresnay
Fresnay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Fresnoy-le-Château
Fuligny
Fuligny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Gélannes
Gélannes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Géraudot
Géraudot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Les Grandes-Chapelles
Les Grandes-Chapelles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Grandville, Aube
Grandville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Les Granges
Les Granges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Gumery
Gumery is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Gyé-sur-Seine
Gyé-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Hampigny
Hampigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Herbisse