AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Oblasts are a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, it was also used by the Soviet Union which does not exist anymore. Official terms in successor states of the Soviet Union differ, the majority (except Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and the Baltics) still use a cognate of the Russian term, e.g. voblast (voblasts, voblasts' , ) is used for provinces of Belarus, and oblys (plural: oblystar) for provinces of Kazakhstan.
Since 1997, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 "oblasti", usually translated as "provinces". Before, the country was divided into nine bigger units, also called "oblast".
Ukraine is divided into 24 oblasts.
In the Russian Empire, oblasts were considered to be administrative units and were included as parts of Governorates General or krais. The majority of then-existing oblasts were on the periphery of the country or covered the areas where Cossacks lived.
In the former Soviet Union, oblasts were one of the types of administrative divisions of the union republics. As any administrative units of this level, oblasts were composed of districts ("raions") and cities/towns directly under oblasts' jurisdiction.
The names of oblasts did not usually correspond to the names of the historical regions, as they were created as purely administrative units. With a few exceptions, Soviet oblasts were named after their administrative centers.
The oblasts in other post-Soviet countries are officially called:
"Viloyat" and "welayat" come from the Arabic language term "wilāya" (ولاية)
According to the Constitution of Russia, oblasts are considered to be subjects of the Federation, which is a higher status than that of administrative units they had within the Soviet Union. The federal subject status gives the oblasts some degree of autonomy and gives them representation in the Federation Council.
Oblasts were administrative units of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between 1922 and 1929. During that period, the country was divided into 33 oblasts. In 1929, oblasts were replaced with larger administrative units known as "banovinas".
During the Wars] that split Yugoslavia several Serbian Autonomous Oblasts were formed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These oblasts were later merged into the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska.
Rockford IceHogs
Belfast Agreement
The Belfast Agreement, also known as the Good Friday Agreement, was a political agreement in the Northern Ireland peace process during The Troubles. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and it was supported by most of the political parties in Northern Ireland. On 23 May 1998 the Agreement got the support of the voters of Northern Ireland in a referendum. Also on the same day, voters in the Republic of Ireland voted separately to change their constitution in line with the Agreement. Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was the only large party in the whole of Ireland that was against the Agreement.
Democratic Unionist Party
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the biggest of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. It was founded by Ian Paisley and the current leader is Edwin Poots. It is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, with 10 of 18 Northern Irish seats in the UK Parliament as well as 28 of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. They strongly support Northern Ireland staying in the United Kingdom, and are very conservative.
Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line
Andrew Ladd
Andrew Ladd (born December 12, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, and Chicago Blackhawks.
He played with minor league hockey on the Pacific Vipers with his former teammates Troy Brouwer, Brent Seabrook and Colin Fraser. He won the Stanley Cup in 2006 with the Carolina Hurricanes and again in 2010 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He also played in the NHL for the now defunct Atlanta Thrashers.
On February 25, 2016, the Jets traded Ladd back to the Blackhawks, along with Jay Harrison and Matt Fraser, in exchange for Marko Daňo and a 1st-round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.
Fuller's Teasel ("Dipsacus fullonum") is a species of plant. It is also known as Wild Teasel. It belongs in the teasel family (Dipsacaceae).
It is native to Eurasia and Africa, and has been naturalized in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. This species grows to a height of 2–10 feet. The flowers are small and lavender-colored. They are arranged in an oval flower-head, which also contains many small leaves. These are hard and have a hooked and pointed tip.
In ancient times, this plant was grown in gardens because its dry flower-heads were used to prepare wool for spinning. This was done by combing the raw wool with the flower-heads, so that the fibres were arranged neatly. The people who prepared wool were called "fullers", which is the origin of the plant's English and scientific names. Fuller's Teasel was also used in folk medicine, for example against skin infections.
Medical illustrator
A medical illustrator or medical artist is an artist that professionally works to use art to help to explain and record knowledge related to biology and medicine. They don't only make these things, but they can also work as consultants or administrators in the field of biocommunication. They make medical pictures using original and modern ways of doing things. These pictures appear in textbooks and advertisements about medicine, as well as professional journals and videos made to help instruct people in various medical procedures.
Medical pictures or diagrams have been made for hundreds of years or longer. Many of these pictures or diagrams look different than the ones that we see today because they were based on the studies of the scholars of that period in time rather than observing the thing that they wanted to draw directly.
As a job, medical illustration has a more recent history. In the late 1890s, Max Brödel, who was an artist from Leizpig, was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to draw pictures for several notable clinicians, including Harvey Cushing, William Halstead, and Howard Kelly.
Max Brödel also made several new techniques for drawing medical pictures, such as carbon dust. He also looked over the making of first academic department of medical illustration, which is still active today.
1916 Stanley Cup Finals
Canadian Horseweed ("Conyza canadensis") is species of plant. It is also known as Canadian Fleabane, Coltstail, and Marestail. It belongs in the family Asteraceae. It is native to North America and Central America. It has been naturalized in Alaska and Hawai'i. It blooms from June to September. This species is found in prairies, fields, along roadsides, gardens, and stream edges. It has a height of 3 inches to 10 feet.
Marestail
Marestail (also mare's tail) may mean:
The Twilight Saga: New Moon is a movie based on the book, "New Moon", one of the Twilight saga books by Stephenie Meyer. It is the second movie to be made about the teenage vampires, the first being "Twilight". The movie, directed by Chris Weitz, stars Kristen Stewart as Bella, and Robert Pattinson as Edward. Filming for the third movie in the series, "Eclipse", started before "New Moon" was finished.
In the USA the movie made $140.7 million on its opening weekend. In Australia, the movie set the record for the most money on an opening weekend with AU$16.01 million, or more than one million tickets.
Twilight is about a girl (Bella) who falls in love with two guys (Edward a vampire & Jake a ware wolf) Bella sacrafises her life when she gets married to Edward.She then gets pregnant with Edwards child which sucks the life of her . As she gives birth to her baby she dies that's when Edward has to bring her back to life by bitting her and adding his venom on her in order for her live
Treaty of Maastricht
Treaty of Lisbon
President of the European Council
The President of the European Council is a position that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. The President is the chairman of the European Council, which is the meeting of the leaders of all the member states.
It's a very diplomatic figure, and it's not like a head of state: the President does not have any power to make decisions about the European Union. The Union has several other presidents, such as the president of the European Parliament and the president of the European Commission.
But the President of the European Council, casually but wrongly known as The President of Europe, is the face by which the European Union is known to the rest of the world. The more practical aspects of this task are the responsibility of the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Commissioner responsible for external affairs.
On 2 July 2019, the European Council elected Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel as the successor to Donald Tusk as President of the European Council for the period from 1 December 2019 to 31 May 2022.
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
The High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy is a position created by the Treaty of Lisbon, starting December 1, 2009 (it was actually already created in 1999). The position is part of the European Commission.
Her duty is to be the face of European Union to the rest of the world, along with the President of Europe
The job is sometimes known casually a "the European Foreign Minister" but this is not correct because she is not a member of any government.
High Representatives:
Catherine Ashton
Herman Van Rompuy
Herman Van Rompuy (born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician. In November 2009 he was appointed the first permanent President of the European Council, which is the meeting of the heads of government of all of the member states of the European Union.
He was previously Prime Minister of Belgium.
Treaty of Rome
Shinhwa, first started in the year 1998, is a Korean band. It is made up of six male members. In the earlier years of the band, they were under SM Entertainment, later switching to Good Entertainment.
Dave Davies
David Russell Gordon "Dave" Davies (born 3 February 1947 in Fortis Green, London) is an English rock musician who is best known as the lead guitar player in English rock group The Kinks. His brother Ray Davies was the band's lead singer.
In 1990 Davies, along with the other three original members of The Kinks, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
In 2003, Davies was listed at 88 in "Rolling Stone's" list of the ""100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.""
Davies is openly bisexual.
Coffee cake
A coffee cake can be either.
Coffee cakes are typically single layer cakes that may be square or rectangular like a Stollen. Coffee cakes are typically flavored with cinnamon, nuts, and fruits. These cakes sometimes have a crumbly or crumb topping called Streusel and a light glaze drizzle. In American, they are frequently eaten at festive breakfasts.
Coffee cakes can be similar to teacakes, but teacakes are often smaller individual items served with tea.
Swahili people
The Swahili are a people and culture found on the East coast of Africa, mainly the coastal regions and the islands of Kenya and Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The Swahili number is at around 1,328,000. The number of Swahili speakers, on the other hand, numbers at around 90 million people. The name "Swahili" comes from the Arabic word "Sawahil" and means "coastal dwellers". Swahili is official language only in Tanzania. Swahili speakers who live elsewhere in East Africa also have to use the official languages of their respective countries: English in Kenya, Portuguese in Mozambique, and French in Comoros. Only a small part of those who use Swahili are first language speakers and even fewer are ethnic Swahilis. This point is often obscured by the Swahili linguistic tradition in which those who speak the language are often called Swahili (Waswahili) regardless of their actual ethnic origins. In other words, the term 'Swahili' can mean 'those who speak Swahili' or it can mean 'ethnic Swahili people'.
The Swahili are unique Bantu inhabitants of the East African Coast mainly from Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. They are mainly united by culture and under the mother tongue of Kiswahili, a Bantu language. There are Arab, Persian, and other migrants who reached the coast some believe as early as the 7th-8th c. CE, and mixed with the local people there, that are regarded as Swahili now. Because of this influence the Swahili language contains many loan words from Arabic and Persian. Archaeologist, Felix Chami thinks that Bantu settlements at the East African coast existed already at the beginning of the 1st millennium. From the 6th century onward they became more important as there was an increase in trade (mainly with Arab merchants), population growth, and further centralized urbanization. So the Swahili City-States developed.
Islam came to the East African coast around 1012 AD, when the traders from the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula continued to journey to these parts during monsoon seasons and to have contact with the local people through trade, marriage, and an exchange of ideas. Because of this interaction, most of the Swahili today are Muslim. The Swahili follow a very strict and orthodox form of Islam.
For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between east, central and South Africa, and the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 A.D. by early Roman writers who visited the East African coast in the first century. Trade routes extended across Tanzania into modern day Zaire. Along these goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders and even reached as far as China and India. Materials of this trade were also found at Great Zimbabwe. During the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of income. Many slaves who were sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbors in exchange for products of the interior.
Tudor period
The Tudor period usually refers to the period between 1485 and 1603, specifically in relation to the history of England. This was the period when the Tudor dynasty ruled in England. Its first monarch was Henry VII (1457– 1509). The term is often used more broadly to include Elizabeth I's reign (1558– 1603), although this is often treated separately as the Elizabethan era.
Following the Black Death and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century, population grew bigger again. The export of woollen products to mainland Europe helped the economy rather much. Henry VII got favourable trading conditions in 1496.
The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late 14th century and early 15th century were replaced with low wages and a land shortage. Various inflationary pressures, perhaps due to influx of New World gold and rising population, meant that the gap between the rich and poor widened. This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, because enclosure started.
Impact of Dissolution
The Tudor Government raised a huge amount of revenue from the dissolution of the monasteries. The clerical income from First Fruits and Tenths, which previously went to the Pope, now went to the King.
Partly because of the new revenue raised from the dissolution of monasteries, Cromwell created revenue courts to allot the royal income properly to various departments. These were the six courts or departments of state, each fully organised with its own specialised officials, with seals and habitat, and responsible for a particular kind of revenue.
The Role of Winchester
The growing number of departments meant that the number of officials involved increased, which made the management of revenue troublesome and expensive. There were further financial and administrative difficulties of the years 1540-58.
Impact of War
Henry’s war with France and Somerset’s war with France and Scotland cost England huge sums of money. The royal Mint was used to generate revenue by producing coins with less quality.
In 1487 Henry VII's enemies from the House of York had crowned a pretender and landed a small army off the coast of Cumbria with the intention of stealing the crown. Henry VII defeated them at East Stoke. This was perhaps the last battle in the Wars of the Roses.
This was perhaps the most significant series of events which took place during the Tudor period. It began as a result of Henry VIII's quarrel with Pope Clement VII regarding his refusal to grant a divorce.
Beginning in 1549, this was to be the largest popular uprising during the Tudor period. It was at first intended as a demonstration against enclosures of common land. The leader, Robert Kett, was hanged for treason.
About a third of the population lived in poverty with the wealthy expected to give alms to assist the impotent poor. Tudor law was harsh on those unable to find work. Those who left their parishes in order to find work were called vagabonds and could be punished by whipping.
The idea of the workhouse was first suggested in 1576.
Average life span was 35. This was because of the poor amount of medicines and doctors at the time. High rates of childhood mortality saw only 33-50% of the population reaching the age of 16.
Although home to only a small part of the population the Tudor municipalities were overcrowded and unhygenic. Most municipalities were unpaved although this differed in larger towns and cities.
There were no sewers or drains and rubbish was simply abandoned in the street. Animals such as rats thrived in these conditions. In larger towns and cities, such as London, common diseases arising from lack of sanitation included smallpox, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, Scarlet fever, and chickenpox.
Outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic occurred in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589 and 1603. The reason for the speedy spread of the disease was the increase of rats infected by fleas carrying the disease.
The food consumed by the dinvery rich in this period consisted largely of venison, and often of blackbirds and larks. Fruits and vegetables were only eaten by Tudors when it was in season. However, potatoes had not reached the table to any great extent, because farmers had only just begun growing them, although explorers such as Sir Walter Raleigh had brought them to Britain.
The majority of the population lived in small villages. Their homes comprised, as in earlier centuries, of thatched huts with one or two rooms. Furniture was basic with stools being commonplace rather than chairs.
Mansions had many chimneys for the many fireplaces required to keep the vast rooms warm. These fires were also the only way of cooking food. The very large houses were often, designed in symmetrical shapes such as 'E' and 'H'.
Poorer children never went to school. Children from better-off families had tutors to teach them reading and French. However, boys were often sent to schools which belonged to the monasteries and there they would learn mainly Latin in classes of up to 60 boys. Schools were harsh and caning was not unheard of.
The rich used to go hunting to kill deer and wild boar for their feasts. They also enjoyed fencing and jousting contests. Most rich people watched bear fighting.
In the Tudor times fashion was a display of how wealthy you were. Wealthy people — such as royalty — could afford to have clothes made out of fine linen or silk. These outfits cost hundreds and hundreds of pounds. They would also have them embroidered with gold thread and very sparkly and expensive jewels.Ladies had to wear corsets which were made out of bone and they were ever so tight and made your stomach and waist smaller so you looked skinnier. Poorer people would wear simple clothes made from wool, tunic and trousers for men, and a long dress worn with an apron on top for poor women.
The House of Tudor produced five English monarchs who ruled during this period.
Harrington, Peter. The Castles of Henry VIII. Oxford, Osprey, 2007.
Andrei Kirilenko
Andrei Kirilenko (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Small forward that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.
He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.
Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.
Bjarne Stroustrup
Bjarne Stroustrup born 30th December 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is an American-Danish computer scientist, most famous for creating the C++ programming language.
Vanessa Redgrave
Vanessa Redgrave (Blackheath, London, England, 30 January 1937) is an English actress. She is active in theatre, movies and television.
Born in a theatrical family, her father was actor Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985). Her mother was actress Rachel Kempson (1910-2003). Her brother Corin Redgrave (1939-2010) and sister Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) were both actors. She began her career in theatre in 1958 with the Royal Shakespeare Company.
She made her movie debut in 1966 in "Morgan, a Suitable Case for Treatment", followed by "Blowup".
In 1967, she appeared in the musical "Camelot", opposite Richard Harris. Other notable movies have included; "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968), "Isadora" (1969), "The Devils" (1970), "The Trojan Women" (1971), "Mary Queen of Scots" (1972), "Murder on the Orient-Express" (1974), "Julia" (1977), for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, "Agatha" (1979), "The Bostonians" (1984), "Wetherby" (1985), "Howard Ends" (1992), "Mrs Dalloway" (1997), etc.
On television, she appeared in "Playing for Time" in 1980, which won her an Emmy Award for best actress, as well as in the teleseries "Peter The Great" (1986) and "Young Catherine" (1991).
In 2010 she received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.
Redgrave was married to movie director Tony Richardson from 1962 until 1967, with whom she had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). She has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero (b. 1969) with Italian actor Franco Nero, whom she married in 2006.
WarioWare DIY
WarioWare D.I.Y., known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the "WarioWare" series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.
"WarioWare D.I.Y." allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises.
Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.
Philip Tyler Keaggy (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven "Dove Awards" for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for ""Best Rock Gospel Album."" The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.
Apocynaceae
Reaction inhibitor
Frontier Falcon
Frontier Falcon is a member internal hockey team for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan part of PHF.
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment
Federal Capital Territory
The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) around Karachi was the original Capital territory of Pakistan. The FCT was created in "1948" from the city of Karachi and surrounding areas as the location for Pakistan's capital following independence. The FCT was bordered by the province of Sind Province (1936–1955)1948 to the northeast and the princely state of State of Las Bela to the northwest with the [Arabian Sea] to the south.
Charles Bronson (Charles Dennis Buchinsky; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was a Purple Heart recipient.
He was born in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. Bronson was married to Jill Ireland (his second marriage, 1968–1990) until her death from breast cancer. He died of pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease. He is of Tatar origin. He died in Los Angeles.
He played Paul Kersey in the "Death Wish movie series". He was 5'9". He was 81 years old when he died. His real full name was Charles Dennis Buchinsky
Rectified - Karolis was the 1st name, his parents being from Litva, a Balto-Slavic nation, not Tartar.
Born Charles Buchinsky, Bronson changed his last name during his early career in the 1950s during the rise of McCarthyism. This was suggested by his agent in order to save his career from potentially being blacklisted as a communist.
The Sundance Film Festival is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States.
The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.
The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. "What Happened, Miss Simone?", a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, "Grandma", was the closing night movie. It stars Lily Tomlin.
Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch.
The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as "Saw", "Super Troopers", "The Blair Witch Project", "Spanking the Monkey", "Reservoir Dogs", "Primer", "Little Miss Sunshine", "Clerks", "Sex, Lies, and Videotape", "The Brothers McMullen", "Afternoon Delight", "Napoleon Dynamite", and "Whiplash".
Turner Field
Turner Field is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 braves season., The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.
On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.
Stevie Nicks
Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums.
Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by "Rolling Stone". As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career.
With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for "Rumours". They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.
Baloristan
Baloristan (Gilgit-Chitral) is the name of a region of Northern Areas of Pakistan. It borders Pakistan's North-West Frontier to the west, Afghanistan and China to the north, Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the east, leading to the frozen wastes of the Third Pole.
The central administrative unit of Baloristan, Gilgit Agency.
Michael Waltrip
Jean Simmons
Jean Simmons (January 31, 1929 - January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.
Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's "Great Expectations" (1946) and Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet" (1948) while still a teenager.
As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as "The Robe" (1953), "Young Bess" (1953), "Désirée" (1954), "The Egyptian" (1954), "The Big Country" (1958), "Spartacus" (1960), "Elmer Gantry" (1960), "Life at the Top" (1965), "A Rough Night in Jericho" (1967), etc.
In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries "The Thorn Birds" (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and "North and South " (1985).
Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.
Simmons died aged 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.
Ernie Coombs
Ernest "Ernie" Coombs, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called "Mr. Dressup". 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.
He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called "Butternut Square" which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.
After ""Butternut Square"" ended Coombs started the ""Mr. Dressup"" TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his ""Tickle Trunk"".
Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.
His TV show did not stop until February 1996. The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada .
Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.
After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.
Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.
Pleiotropism
Pleiotropism is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism.
These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue.
The term may be contrasted with pleiomorphism, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.
Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.
"Antagonistic pleiotropy" refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:
1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.
2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.
3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.
Empire of the Sun (band)
Empire of the Sun is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.
Their first album also called "Walking on a Dream", released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.
Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.
An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).
The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)
It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!
On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽
On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D
Altruism (or selflessness) is concern for the well-being of others. A truly altruistic act is something done completely for the benefit of another, without concern for the self. It usually involves sacrificing something (time, effort or possessions), with no expectation of receiving anything in return (including recognition for the act of giving). It is considered a virtue in many cultures and a basic aspect of most religions. It is the opposite of selfishness.
Altruism is different from acts done out of responsibility, loyalty or moral obligation towards a specific individual (such as a god, a king or a government). Whether "pure" altruism is possible has been debated by scholars for thousands of years. One theory says that no act of giving, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly selfless, because the person will receive personal gratification from it (that is, a feeling of satisfaction that they have done something good for another). Whether this theory is correct depends on whether such feelings qualify as a 'reward' or 'benefit'.
The word "altruism" was given by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as "altruisme", for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian "altrui", which in turn was derived from Latin "alteri", meaning "other people" or "somebody else".
Altruism in biological observations in field populations of the day organisms is an individual performing an action which is at a cost to themselves (e.g., pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction), but benefits, either directly or indirectly, another individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action. Steinberg suggests a definition for altruism in the clinical setting, that is "intentional and voluntary actions that aim to enhance the welfare of another person in the absence of any quid pro quo external rewards". In one sense, the opposite of altruism is spite; a spiteful action harms another with no self-benefit.
The concept of altruism has long been studied in philosophy and ethics. The term was originally used in the 19th century by sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte. It has become an important topic for psychologists (especially those that study evolutionary psychology), evolutionary biologists and ethologists. The scholars of each field have developed different ideas about altruism. All agree that altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them.
In the study of animal behaviour, altruism is seen in social animals when an individual willingly sacrifices itself for the better survival of the group. There are several theories about how this behaviour has come about under evolution by natural selection.
These theories try to explain how evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms, such as emotions, that encourage altruistic behaviour.
Most, if not all, of the world's religions promote selflessness as a very important moral value. It forms part of the central philosophies of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism and Sikhism, as well as many other religions.
Buddhism teaches love and compassion for all forms of life (ahimsa). Love is the wish that all beings be happy, and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering. It considers all living things to be equal. Unlike most other religions, Buddhists believe that the consequences of our actions come not from punishments based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma ("kamma"). Karma is the natural law of cause and effect. In this law, we experience the effects of what we cause: if you cause suffering, then as a natural consequence you will experience suffering; if you cause happiness, then as a natural consequence you will experience happiness. Most types of karmas, with good or bad results, will keep one in the wheel of samsāra; others will liberate one to nirvāna.
In Sufism, the idea of "īthār" (selflessness) is defined as preferring others over yourself. For Sufis, this means devotion to others and completely forgetting concern for oneself. It teaches sacrifice for the sake of the greater good. Islam considers those practicing "īthār" as abiding by the highest degree of virtue. In "īthār", attention is focused on everything that exists except for the self.
Visegrád Group
The Visegrád Group (also the Visegrád Four or V4) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.
Standard error
The standard error, sometimes abbreviated as formula_1, is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic. The term may also be used for an estimate (good guess) of that standard deviation taken from a sample of the whole group.
The average of some part of a group (called a sample) is the usual way to estimate the average for the whole group. It is often too hard or too costly to measure the whole group. But if a different sample is measured, it will have an average that is a little bit different from the first sample. The standard error of the mean is a way to know how close the average of the sample is to the average of the whole group. It is a way of knowing how sure one can be about the average from the sample.
In real measurements, the true value of the standard deviation of the mean for the whole group is usually not known. So the term "standard error" is often used to mean a close guess to the true number for the whole group. The more measurements there are in a sample, the closer the guess will be to the true number for the whole group.
One way to find the standard error of the mean is to have lots of samples. First, the average for each sample is found. Then the average and standard deviation of those sample averages is found. The standard deviation for all the sample averages is the standard error of the mean. This can be a lot of work. Sometimes it is too difficult or costly to have lots of samples.
Another way to find the standard error of the mean is to use an equation that needs only one sample. Standard error of the mean is usually estimated by the standard deviation for a sample from the whole group (sample standard deviation), divided by the square root of the sample size:
In general, the larger the sample, the closer the estimated standard error of the mean is to the actual standard error of the mean. As a rule of thumb, there should be at least six measurements in a sample. Then the standard error of the mean for the sample will be within 5% of the actual standard error of the mean (that is, if the whole group were measured).
There is another equation to use if the number of measurements is for 5% or more of the whole group:
There are special equations to use if a sample has less than 20 measurements.
Sometimes, a sample may come from one place even though the whole group may be spread out, while other times, a sample may be made in a short time period when the whole group covers a longer time. In which case, the numbers in the sample are not independent, and special equations are used to try to correct for this.
"A practical result:" One can become more sure of an average value by having more measurements in a sample. Then the standard error of the mean will be smaller because the standard deviation is divided by a bigger number. However, to make the uncertainty (standard error of the mean) in an average value half as big, the sample size (n) needs to be four times bigger. This is because the standard deviation is divided by the square root of the sample size. To make the uncertainty one-tenth as big, the sample size (n) needs to be one hundred times bigger.
Standard errors are easy to calculate and commonly used because:
The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error divided by the average. This number is smaller than one. Multiplying it by 100% gives it as a percentage of the average. This helps to show whether the uncertainty is important or not.
For example, consider two surveys of household income that both result in a sample average of $50,000. If one survey has a standard error of $10,000 and the other has a standard error of $5,000, then the relative standard errors are 20% and 10%, respectively. The survey with the lower relative standard error is better, because it has a more precise measurement (the uncertainty is smaller).
In fact, people who need to know average values often decide how small the uncertainty should be—before they decide to use the information. For example, the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics does not report an average if the relative standard error exceeds 30%. NCHS also requires at least 30 observations for an estimate to be reported.
For example, there are many redfish in the water of the Gulf of Mexico. To find out how much a 42 cm long redfish weighs on average, it is not possible to measure all of the redfish that are 42 cm long. Instead, it is possible to measure some of them. The fish that are actually measured are called a sample. The table shows weights for two samples of redfish, all 42 cm long. The average (mean) weight of the first sample is 0.741 kg. The average (mean) weight of the second sample is 0.735 kg—a little bit different from the first sample. Each of these averages is a little bit different from the average that would come from measuring every 42 cm long redfish (which is not possible anyway).
The uncertainty in the mean can be used to know how close the average of the samples are to the average that would come from measuring the whole group. The uncertainty in the mean is estimated as the standard deviation for the sample, divided by the square root of the number of samples minus one. The table shows that the uncertainties in the means for the two samples are very close to each other. Also, the relative uncertainty is the uncertainty in the mean divided by the mean, times 100%. The relative uncertainty in this example is 2.38% and 2.50% for the two samples.
Knowing the uncertainty in the mean, one can know how close the sample average is to the average that would come from measuring the whole group. The average for the whole group is between a) the average for the sample plus the uncertainty in the mean, and b) the average for the sample minus the uncertainty in the mean. In this example, the average weight for all of the 42 cm long redfish in the Gulf of Mexico is expected to be 0.723–0.759 kg based on the first sample, and 0.717–0.753 based on the second sample.
Really Wild Animals
Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation is rapid evolutionary radiation. It is an increase in the number and diversity of species in each lineage. It produces more new species, and those species live in a wider range of habitats.
Some definitions phrase it in terms of a single clade: "Adaptive radiation is the rapid proliferation of new taxa from a single ancestral group". However, in the most striking cases, such as occurred in the Triassic after the greatest extinction event in Earth history, many lines underwent rapid radiation simultaneously. This must have something to do with the availability of ecological niches and relative little competition.
The Ediacaran biota were the result of an early metazoan radiation. The greatest radiation of all took place early in the Cambrian period, when most of our animal phyla evolved: see List of animal phyla.
With less competition, groups diversify to fill available habitats and niches. This is an evolutionary process driven by natural selection.
The term was introduced and discussed by George Gaylord Simpson, the palaeontologist who contributed to the modern evolutionary synthesis. Others prefer not to use the term. Robert L Carroll prefers to use the term "major evolutionary transitions", though it turns out that all or most of these could also be described as adaptive radiations. Others use terms like macroevolution, or even megaevolution, as if the processes are different from those which occur below species level. It is part of evolutionary theory that all processes take place at the level of populations. All agree, though, that the speed of evolution does change, however it is measured.
Records of timing are bedevilled by gaps in the fossil record, often at those crucial early stages when numbers are low and geographical distribution is severely restricted. "In reality, there are long periods within nearly every lineage for which the fossil record remains unknown". These gaps affect our knowledge of timing, and of changes in body shape and function.
Nevertheless, when several distinctly new lines appear within a short period, it seems reasonable to say that the rate of change has been surprisingly fast. An example would be the appearance of new reptilian groups in the Upper Triassic. Using the term 'reptile' broadly, the groups include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, Chelonia (turtles), crocodylomorphs (early Crocodilia), phytosaurs, and ichthyosaurs a bit earlier (Middle Triassic).