AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In the 1940s, some hospitals were racially segregated. Black people were not treated in the same area as white people. In 1950, Anne Braden led a hospital racial integration drive in Kentucky. She wanted to show that such racial segregation was a bad idea. In 1951 she led a group of southern white women organized by the Civil Rights Congress to Mississippi. During that march, she was arrested. They were protesting against the execution of Willie McGee, an African American. He had been convicted of the rape of a white woman, Willette Hawkins.
Anne Braden is probably best known for something that happened in 1954. The Wade family asked the Bradens for help. Andrew Wade was an African American who wanted to buy a house in white suburban Louisville, Kentucky. Because of Jim Crow housing practices, the Wades had been unsuccessful for months to buy a home on their own. The Bradens agreed to buy the house and resell it to the Wades. On May 15, 1954, Andrew Wade and his wife Charlotte spent their first night in their new home. When white neighbors discovered that black people had moved in, they burned a cross in front of the house. They shot out windows. A few days later, a stone was thrown through a window. The milkman would not deliver milk. Someone cancelled their newspaper subscription. White friends began staying in the house to guard against further violence. After a few weeks, the incidents quieted down. However, just after midnight on June 27, 1954 a bomb went off in the house. It was under the room the Wade's two-year-old daughter slept in. Nobody was home at the time.
The Bradens and five other whites were charged with sedition. They were accused of trying to start a race war. They were also accused of blowing up the house themselves to try to overthrow the government of Kentucky. This happened during the time of McCarthyism. Anyone could be accused of being a communist and many were. Carl Braden was said to be a communist troublemaker. He spent eight months in prison. The Supreme Court ruled a year later in a Pennsylvania case. It said sedition was a federal crime, not a state crime. Carl Braden's state conviction was cancelled. The charges were dropped against the other defendants. The Wades moved back to Louisville.
Anne Braden was born in Louisville, Kentucky. She died there at age 81.
Burhan Muhammad
Burhan Muhammad (3 August 1957 – 19 May 2015) was an Indonesian diplomat. From 14 November 2012 until his death, he was the Ambassador to Pakistan. He was born in Yogyakarta.
Muhammad was badly burned and injured in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan on 8 May 2015. He later died at a hospital in Singapore, aged 57.
Lawrence Oates
Lawrence Edward Grace "Titus" Oates or Captain Lawrence Oates (March 17, 1880 March 16, 1912) was a British cavalry officer and an Antarctic explorer. He died during the Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–13. Oates, who had gangrene and frostbite, walked from his tent into a blizzard. His death is seen as an act of sacrifice. When he knew that his sickness risked the survival of his three crew mates, he chose certain death.
Oates was born in Putney, London, England in 1880. His parents were William and Caroline Oates. His family was rich. They had owned land at Gestingthorpe, Essex, for hundreds of years. His father moved the family there when his children were small. He had an older sister, named Lillian, who married an Irish singer and actor. His uncle was a naturalist and African explorer. Oates studied at Eton College, but he left after less than two years because of poor health. He then attended an army school in Eastbourne.
In 1910, he joined Robert Falcon Scott's expedition to the South Pole. He was chosen because he had worked with horses. He took care of the nineteen ponies that pulled the sleds carrying food for the trip. Scott then picked Oates for the five-man team to travel the last distance to the Pole.
Captain Scott, Captain Oates and 14 others left base camp on November 1,1911. During the trip, some members of the crew were sent back by Scott in teams. On January 4, 1912, only the five-man team with Scott and Oates, were left to walk the last to the Pole.
On January 18, 1912, they reached the Pole. They found that Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen and his team, had beaten them to be first to the Pole. Inside the tent was a note from Amundsen saying that he had reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911.
On the way back, Scott's team had many problems: very bad weather, poor food supply, injuries from falls, scurvy and frostbite. On February 17, 1912, Edgar Evans died from a head wound after falling into a deep crack in the ice a few days earlier.
Oates' feet were badly frostbitten. He was getting weak faster than the others. In his diary, Scott wrote on March 5: "Oates' feet are in a wretched condition... The poor soldier is very nearly done." The others did not want to leave him behind. This caused the team to be late getting back. They were running out of food and fuel. On March 15, Oates told his friends that he could not go on. He asked them to just leave him in his sleeping bag, but they said no. He travelled a few more miles that day but got worse that night.
When he woke up the next morning, Oates walked out of the tent into a blizzard and temperatures to his death. Scott wrote in his diary, "We knew that poor Oates was walking to his death, but though we tried to dissuade him, we knew it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman."
Scott and the other two walked another . Then they were stopped by a fierce blizzard on March 20. Trapped in their tent by the weather and weak, cold and hungry, they died nine days later. Their frozen bodies were found by a search party on November 12, 1912.
Oates' body was never found. Near where they thought he died, the search party left a pile of stones and a cross. These words were left: "Hereabouts died a very gallant gentleman, Captain L. E. G. Oates... In March 1912, returning from the Pole, he walked willingly to his death in a blizzard, to try and save his comrades, beset by hardships."
Oates' reindeer-skin sleeping bag was found. It is now in the museum of the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge, with other items from the expedition.
Scott wrote in his diary that before Oates left the tent and walked to his death, he said "I am just going outside and may be some time."
When developing new drugs, it is important to know exactly what happens to the chemical once administered. There are four important parameters of pharmacokinetics, usually known by the acronym ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion. This model was developed in order to simplify perception of the many processes that take place once a drug enters an organism.
Absorption describes the movement of a drug from the dosage form to the site of action, usually the blood.
The bioavailability (F) of the drug is the fraction of the drug being administered that reaches the blood circulation.
Once the drug is in the body, it enters many cells. Cells are surrounded by a protective membrane made of lipid bilayer. For this reason, only lipid soluble, (lipophillic) drugs can enter cells.
Sometimes the substance gets trapped within the lipids of waste products that need excreted, and leave the body without ever being absorbed.
For this reason, there must be a balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of drug molecules.
The acidity of a pharmaceutical compound can also affect absorption. It is important to know how acid or basic the substance is in order for the body to accept it, giving our bodies a biological effect.
One way to overcome the need to absorb the drug in the stomach (where it can be destroyed by bile), is to inject it in the skin (intradermal), subcutaneously, in the muscle (intramuscular) or directly into the bloodstream (intravenously).
Other routes include the topical route, where the drug is applied directly to the skin or mucosal surface on which it is intended to act. These drugs are also known as ointments and include eye drops, thrush cream and eczema lotion. Though absorption is slow, there is a high concentration of the substance in this one area, meaning a pharmacological affect at only the site of application is produced.
Nasal spray and inhalers are other routes of admission which bypass the stomach.
Distribution describes the process by which a drug moves about in the body once it has entered blood circulation, and how this movement may decrease the concentration.
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is the apparent volume into which the drug is distributed, expressed in liters (L).
Vd = Dose/Initial plasma concentration
Vd is a hypothetical volume of fluid that will contain the total amount of drug administered to the body. One inside thebody, the drug can move around either by diffusion (soaking through a membrane due to a lower concentration), or by transport in the blood. The body should be considered as being multicompartmental, where drugs can be distributed into plasma (blood) - 8% , interstitial fluid (a liquid that surrounds tissues) - 24%, intracelullar fluid (which surrounds cells) - 65% and also fat.
A lower Vd value infers that the drug is retained within the plasma.
A higher Vd value suggests that the drug is retained in volumes outside of the plasma (i.e. in peripheral tissues).
There are many factors which affect drug distribution, the most important ones are the following:
Metabolism describes the process by which a drug is altered chemically in the body into its metabolite, which may be more or less active. This process usually occurs in the liver, but can also take place in the plasma, lungs, stomach, small intestine, kidney and skin. It contains two phases: phase 1 and phase 2.
Put simply, this process converts lipid soluble drugs to water soluble metabolites.
All drugs that are absorbed from the small intestine are first transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein, in many cases a large proportion of the drug is then metabolized immediately before the drug enters the systemic circulation. This process is called first pass metabolism.
Some drugs undergo extensive first pass metabolism such that only about 10% of the administered dose enters the circulation: "10% bioavailability".
In the case of some drugs, the metabolism occurs within the gut before even reaching the liver.
Can be zero order or first order:
This is an elimination process by which a drug or its metabolite is removed from the body. Usually this occurs in the kidneys (urine), but can also take place in the biliary system (faeces), gastrointestinal tract (GIT), skin (sweat) and lungs (expired air).
Many of the products of hepatic metabolism are water soluble metabolites of lipid soluble drugs, these enter the systemic circulation and are transported to the kidney where they are eventually excreted in the urine.
Drugs and metabolites that are in free aqueous solution may also be excreted in sweat or expired air. Where the drug or metabolite is not freely water soluble, it is normally excreted into the gut via the bile duct from when it is excreted in the faeces.
One complication of this route of excretion is the enterohepatic shunt. In this process the drug is excreted into the guy from the bile duct, but is then reabsorbed and transported back to the liver. The consequence of this is that the presence of the drug or metabolite within the body is extended, which, if the metabolite is pharmacologically active, may extend the duration of action of the drug.
Some chemicals, for example lead, accumulate within the tissues.
The actual concentration of drug present within the plasma (bloodstream) following administration is dependent on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Plasma concentrations of a drug after administration of identical doses either by intravenous injection or orally. Only about half of the dose administered orally actually enters circulation, however the plasma half-life of the drug is approximately 3 hours both orally and via IV.
In most therapeutic circumstances, drugs are not given as a single dose but as multiple doses. This has profound effects on the plasma concentrations achieved. The state of constant maxima and minima is called "steady state". This is the point where rate of drug availability equals rate of elimination, and the optimum therapeutic effect is reached.
1953 British Mount Everest expedition
The British Mount Everest expedition of 1953 was the first expedition that made it to the summit of Mt. Everest. Edmund Hillary, an explorer, and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese mountain climber, were the pair who got to the top. It was the ninth attempt to reach the summit.
The expedition was lead by Colonel John Hunt, who was hired by the Everest organizing committee. The military-style expedition was "bottom heavy" by today's standards. There were tons of equipment hauled by 350 porters to support only ten climbers. Other teams would also try. Finally, on May 29, Hillary and Tenzing made it to the top. They could only stay on the summit for 15 minutes or risk running out of oxygen. They began the long climb back down to the base camp. They arrived exhausted and unable to speak. When Hunt saw them he thought they failed and began arranging for another team to try. But the two gestured that the climb had been a success. Hillary and Norgay became instant heroes.
Reynaldo Rey
Reynaldo Rey (born Harry Reynolds; January 27, 1940 – May 28, 2015) was an American actor, comedian, and television personality. He started his career in 1973. He was best known for roles in the movies "Harlem Nights" (1989), "White Men Can't Jump" (1992), and "Friday" (1995). He also appeared in the television series "227".
Rey was born in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. He was of African American and Native American ancestry.
Rey died from problems caused by a stroke on May 28, 2015 in Los Angeles, California. He was 75.
Anna Levinson
Anna-Rose Levinson (8 January 1939 – 13 May 2015) was a German zoologist and entomologist. She worked at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology from 1971 and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology from 2004.
Levinson was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and graduated from the University of Jerusalem in 1966. She later moved to Germany, living in Starnberg, Bavaria. She was married to Hermann Levinson until his death in November 2013.
Levinson died on 13 May 2015, aged 76.
Subcompact car
A subcompact car is the American term for an automobile with a class size smaller than a compact car. Usually they are not longer than . They are larger than a microcar. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a passenger car is classified as subcompact if it has between and of interior volume.
The subcompact group is roughly the same as A-segment and B-segment cars in Europe. They also are similar in size to a city car and supermini in British terminology. In 2012, the New York Times described the differences, saying "today’s small cars actually span three main segments in the global vehicle market". The tiny A-segment cars include the Chevrolet Spark and Smart Fortwo. They’re extremely short and very light. Slightly larger are B-segment cars like the Ford Fiesta and Chevrolet Sonic. The most popular subcompact cars include the Chevrolet Sonic/Aveo and the Ford Fiesta.
Medcezir
Elias Gleizer
Ilicz Glejzer (4 January 1934 – 16 May 2015), better known as Elias Gleizer, was a Brazilian actor. He started acting in 1959. He was best known for appearing in "O Meu Pé de Laranja Lima" (1980), "Pedra sobre Pedra" (1992), "Sonho Meu" (1994), "Terra Nostra" (1999), "Uga-Uga" (2000), "India – A Love Story" (2009), and "Flor do Caribe" (2013).
Gleizer was born in São Paulo. He was the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. He never married or had children.
Gleizer was hospitalised after a fall on 6 May 2015 in Rio de Janeiro. He later died from heart failure and bronchopneumonia on 16 May, aged 81.
Ali Raymi
Ali Raymi (7 December 1973 – 23 May 2015) was a Yemeni boxer. He was a four division flyweight Boxing World Champion. His professional boxing record was 26-0 (26 KOs), twenty of which happened in the first round versus undefeated fighters. He was a Yemeni amateur champion in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. He was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Raymi died in an explosion on 23 May 2015 in Sana'a, aged 41.
Sète
Sète is a commune in the Hérault department of France. About 45,000 people live there.
Sète is a port and a seaside resort. It is on the Mediterranean. It has its own culture, traditions, cuisine and dialect. It is the hometown of artists including Paul Valéry, Jean Vilar, Georges Brassens, Gregory Del Piero, Hervé Di Rosa, Manitas de Plata and Robert Combas.
John Watts (Grenadian politician)
Sir John Augustus Fitzroy Watts (1921 or 1922 – 11 May 2015) was a Grenadian dentist and politician. He served as the President of the Senate twice, from 1988 until 1990 and 1995 until 2004. He was also the co-founder of the Grenada National Party.
Watts was born in St. Patrick. He died on 11 May 2015 in St. George's, aged 93.
Humphrey (cat)
Humphrey (c. 1988 – March 2006) was a cat who worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He lived there from October 1989 to 13 November 1997. His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".
He first came as a one-year-old stray cat. He served as chief cat for Margaret Thatcher, John Major and Tony Blair. He went into retirement six months after the Blairs moved into Downing Street. He took over for the previous cat, Wilberforce. He was sometimes said to be a real employee at Number 10, by journalists.
Humphrey was found as a stray by a Cabinet Office civil servant. He was named in honour of Sir Humphrey Appleby, a civil servant character on British televsion. After the previous mouser, Wilberforce, had died, the Cabinet Office and Number 10 were in need of a replacement, so Humphrey began his work.
He was often seen posing for pictures in front of the famous Number 10 front door. His main job was catching mice and rats in the maze of Downing Street buildings. The poor quality of the buildings, some of which were built in the 16th century, and the nearby St. James's Park made them a sure place for pests.
In June 1995, Humphrey went missing. Downing Street did not tell the public about this until Sheila Gunn, a writer for "The Times", found out. Gunn had told a member of staff that her own cat had died and they shared about the missing cat. Gunn's story was mentioned on the front page. He was then found in a nearby medical college. He had been taken in as a stray and renamed PC, short for "patrol cat".
When he came back to Downing Street, Humphrey gave a news report saying: "I have had a wonderful holiday at the Royal Army Medical College, but it is nice to be back and I am looking forward to the new parliamentary session."
Within a week of Tony Blair moving to 10 Downing Street after the May 1997 general election, newspapers said that Humphrey and Cherie Blair, the new Prime Minister's wife, were not getting along. Mrs Blair was said to either be allergic to cats or believed them to be unclean. Sheila Gunn, later said that she was the source of these reports. Her obituary says they were based "on a hunch for which she had no evidence".
At the time, an official for the family said that Humphrey would not be moving out, saying that Number 10 "is Humphrey's home and, as far as the Blairs are concerned, it will remain his home". A photo of Humphrey and Mrs Blair was given to the press. This did not calm fears that the cat would be forced out. Rumours went around that Humphrey was drugged by press secretary Alastair Campbell, before being taken away.
In November 1997, Humphrey's personal caregiver, Jonathan Rees, who worked for the Prime Minister, wrote a letter saying that the cat should retire to a "stable home environment where he can be looked after properly". While kidney problems were given as the reason for his retirement, many believed that Mrs Blair caused it.
Humphrey moved to his new home with an older couple in the suburbs of London on 13 November 1997. The news of his retirement was not told until the next day, because there was fear that the cat might be kidnapped.
Little was heard about Humphrey over the next few years. Many people though that he had died.
"The Daily Telegraph" made a "Freedom of Information Act" request for documents about him in early 2005. This led to more information being uncovered about his time at Downing Street. In its March 2005 report about Humphrey, the "Telegraph" sadly said "Where Humphrey is now - or even whether he is still with us - remains a mystery. 'I am not having much luck,' a Cabinet Office spokesman confessed last night. His official minder has not heard from him in seven years." Finally, on 22 July 2005, "The Independent" reported that "the 17-year-old mouser is alive and well and living in south London."
In March 2006, an official for Tony Blair reported that Humphrey had died the week before. He died at his offical retirement home.
Doris Hart
Doris Hart (June 20, 1925 – May 29, 2015) was an American tennis player. She played singles and doubles and was ranked in the world top ten from 1946 through 1955, becoming World No. 1 during 1951. She won four Australian Championships, ten French Championships, ten Wimbledon titles, and eleven U.S. Championships. In total, she had 35 Grand Slam titles before retiring in 1955.
Hart was born in St. Louis, Missouri. As a child, she suffered from osteomyelitis which left her with an impaired right leg. She also attended the University of Miami. She never married or had children.
Hart died on May 29, 2015 in Coral Gables, Florida. She was 89.
Wabasha, Minnesota
Wabasha is a city in Wabasha County, Minnesota, USA. It is also the county seat.The population was 2,495 in 2013. Wabasha is located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi River. Established in 1830, Wabasha is the oldest town in Minnesota. It is also the oldest continuously occupied city in the upper Mississippi River valley. Wabasha is named after chief Wa-pa-shaw of the Sioux Nation.
Wabasha was the setting of the movies "Grumpy Old Men" and "Grumpier Old Men".
James Wilson Marshall
James Wilson Marshall (October 8, 1810 – August 10, 1885) was an American carpenter and sawmill worker. He reported finding gold at Coloma on the American River in California on January 24, 1848. This started the California Gold Rush. The mill was owned by John Sutter. Marshall had been hired to help build it.
On the morning of January 24, 1848 Marshall was fetching water for his new-built water-powered sawmill by the river when he suddenly saw gold flakes in the water. He later said:
Beau Biden
Joseph Robinette "Beau" Biden III (February 3, 1969 – May 30, 2015) was an American attorney and politician for the Democratic Party. He served as the 44th Attorney General of Delaware from January 2, 2007 until January 6, 2015. He also was a Major in the Delaware Army National Guard. He was the son of President Joe Biden and stepson of First Lady Jill Biden.
Biden was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Joe and Neilia Biden. He and his wife, Hallie, had two children: a daughter, Natalie, and a son, Hunter. In 1972, his mother and younger sister, Naomi Christina Biden, were killed in an car accident, in which Beau and his brother Hunter were badly injured.
Biden died from brain cancer on May 30, 2015 in Bethesda, Maryland. He was 46.
L. Tom Perry
Lowell Tom Perry (August 5, 1922 – May 30, 2015) was an American businessman and religious leader. He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 6, 1974 until his death.
Perry was born in Logan, Utah. He was married twice and had three children. His first wife, Virginia Lee, died from cancer in December 1974. He was married his second wife, Barbara Dayton, from 1976 until his death.
Perry died from thyroid cancer on May 30, 2015 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was 92.
Annarita Sidoti
Annarita Sidoti (25 July 1970 – 21 May 2015) was an Italian race walker. She was the 1997 world champion. She also won the European Championships twice and the European Indoor Championships once. She competed in the 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. She appeared in the 1998 movie "Le complici".
Sidoti was born in Gioiosa Marea, Sicily. She was married and had three children.
Sidoti died from breast cancer on 21 May 2015 in Gioiosa Marea. She was 44.
Bill O'Herlihy
Bill O'Herlihy (26 September 1938 – 25 May 2015) was an Irish television broadcaster and public relations executive. His career began in 1965. He worked for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), and was best known for his work on RTÉ Sport. He presented for 10 FIFA World Cups and 10 Summer Olympic Games before retiring in 2014. He also appeared in current affairs programs "Newsbeat" and "7 Days".
O'Herlihy was born in Glasheen, Cork. He was married to Hilary and had two daughters, Jill and Sally. He had an operation in 2007 because of a colon cancer tumour.
O'Herlihy died on 25 May 2015 in Dublin, aged 76.
Ontario New Democratic Party
The Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP) is a social democratic political party in Ontario, Canada. It is part of the national New Democratic Party. It formed in 1961 when the Ontario section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation merged with the Ontario Federation of Labour.
The party formed the government in the 1990 Ontario general election. This was the first provincial government formed by the NDP east of Manitoba. However, the party was blamed for a recession that hit Canada and lost the 1995 general election.
The leader of the party since 2009 is Andrea Horwath. After the 2018 election, the NDP became the Official Opposition.
Eastern Ontario
Eastern Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and the Saint Lawrence River. Quebec is to the north and the U.S. state of New York is to the east and south. The subregion is sometimes called Southeastern Ontario. According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,603,625. It has an area of .
The following counties are in Eastern Ontario:
Sometimes Hastings County, Prince Edward County, and Northumberland County are also included in Eastern Ontario but usually they are considered part of Central Ontario. Large cities in Eastern Ontario include Ottawa, Cornwall, and Prescott.
French explorers and fur traders were the first Europeans in the subregion. A large number of Franco-Ontarian still live in Eastern Ontario. After the American Revolutionary War, many United Empire Loyalists moved into Eastern Ontario.
Bob Hornery
Robert James "Bob" Hornery (28 May 1931 – 26 May 2015) was an Australian actor. He was known for his appearances on "Neighbours", "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome", "The Importance of Being Earnest", "Blue Heelers" and "Doctor Who".
Hornery died after a long illness on 26 May 2015, aged 83.
United Counties of Prescott and Russell
The United Counties of Prescott and Russell are two consolidated counties in Ontario, Canada. The county seat is L'Orignal. It was created by a merger between Russell County and Prescott County in 1820. It is in Eastern Ontario.
The county covers an area of . The Alfred Bog is in the county. Many species of birds, plants, and butterflies live in the bog. According to the Canada 2011 Census, Prescott and Russell has a population of 85,381 people. Many Franco-Ontarian people live in Prescott and Russell. Two thirds of the people speak French as their first language.
There are four townships, one town, two municipalities, and one city in Prescott and Russell:
Manitoba Highway 2
Manitoba Highway 2 is a provincial highway in Manitoba, Canada. It is long. It runs from east to west. It starts at the border with Saskatchewan, where it is called Saskatchewan Highway 13. It ends southwest of Winnipeg where it meets Highway 100. It doesn't pass through any major cities. It passes through several rural municipalities, including Oakland-Wawanesa, Glenboro-South Cypress, and Norfolk Treherne.
The highway is the Manitoba part of the Red Coat Trail.
Deaths in June 2015
Robert Kraft (astronomer)
Robert Paul "Bob" Kraft (June 16, 1927 – May 26, 2015) was an American astronomer. He performed ground breaking work on Cepheid variables, stellar rotation, novae, and the chemical evolution of the Milky Way. He also served as director of the Lick Observatory (1981–1991), president of the American Astronomical Society (1974–1976), and president of the International Astronomical Union (1997–2000).
Kraft was born in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington and the University of California, Berkeley.
Kraft died on May 26, 2015 in Santa Cruz, California, aged 87.
Julie Harris (costume designer)
Julie Harris (26 March 1921 – 30 May 2015) was a British costume designer. She won an Academy Award for Best Costume Design in 1966 and was nominated for five BAFTAs, winning one in 1967. Her works included "Swiss Family Robinson" (1960), "Psyche 59" (1963), "Darling" (1965), "Help!" (1965), "The Wrong Box" (1966), "Casino Royale" (1967), "The Slipper and the Rose" (1976) and "Candleshoe" (1977). She was born in London.
Harris died after a short illness on 30 May 2015 at a Chelsea, London hospital, aged 94.
Tony McNamara
Tony McNamara (3 October 1929 – 30 May 2015) was an English footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Everton, Liverpool, Crewe Alexandra, Bury and Runcorn between 1947 and 1960. He was born in Liverpool.
NcNamara died on 30 May 2015 in Liverpool, aged 85.
Bloomingdale Trail
Bloomingdale Trail or also known as 606 (The 606 Park and Trail) is an elevated urban trail in Chicago. It was made by replacing elevated railroad tracks with a path for bicyclists, walkers and runners.
The trail is on Chicago's Northwest Side, at Bloomingdale Ave. (1800N), between Armitage and North. It is 2.7 miles long. It runs east and west. The eastern end is at Walsh Park, on Ashland Avenue (1600W). The park's western end will be at Ridgeway Trailhead (3750W), when Phase 2 is completed. The official opening was on June 6, 2015. In September 2020, the City of Chicago officially renamed the trail from Park 527 to The Bloomingdale Trail.
The first construction phase of the 606 was completed in 2015. It was developed by the City of Chicago, the city's park district and the Trust for Public Land. The name comes from the first three digits of Chicago's ZIP Code. "In its original state, it was the elevated Bloomingdale [train] Line, completed in 1915 along Bloomingdale Avenue..."
The trail is about 17.5 feet above street level at its highest point. Original retaining walls are on each side. The walls are filled with a subsoil from when the structure was first built. The ballast and railroad ties and trackes were removed in the conversion to a trail. On top of the subsoil are other soil layers. These were re-built as part of the conversion. On top of the soil is an 8-inch layer of concrete. This top layer is 14 feet wide. In the middle is a 10-foot wide section for bicyclists. On either side is a 2-foot shoulder for runners and walkers. Beyond the shoulders are planted areas with grass, trees and lighting. At some places, there are benches A fence or railing of varying height runs along the length of the path. There are 17 ramps and one staircase along the trail.
In 2016, the American Planning Association announced that the trail would win the association's 2016 National Planning Excellence Award for Urban Design.
Since its opening, the trail has had a lot of use by walkers, runners and bicyclists. Local alderman Brian Hopkins the second has advocated extending the trail east across the North Branch of the Chicago River.
The trail has caused the price of houses that are near it to rise. This rise is much greater west of Western Avenue than east of that street.
Ice fishing
Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. The methods include fishing with fishing rods, lines and hooks or spears. Ice fishermen may fish in the open or in heated enclosures called ice shacks.
Basic ice fishing equipment is fairly simple. A short fishing rod, some bait, hooks and a way to drill or chop a hole in the ice. The right clothing is also important to keep warm on the ice. Or, you could get into highly specialized ice fishing gear.
An important part of ice fishing in the northern parts of North America is the ice shack (ice house, ice shanty, dark house). These are dragged or towed onto the lake using a vehicle such as a snowmobile, ATV or truck. Most portable ice houses which are often made of anything from light tent-like structures to heavy material that designed to shelter fishermen from cold and wind. They can take many different forms. Some are simple structures that are just a place to get in out of the cold. Others are elaborate expensive shelters, warm and safe enough to withstand any weather. They are also loaded with electronics.
Modern ice shacks can have equipment like underwater cameras, sonar fish-finders and lake-mapping apps for their smartphones. Some have all the comforts of home such as big-screen TVs, poker tables, king-size beds and stereo systems. They can have refrigerators, fireplaces and bathrooms with hot showers. Many ice fishermen spend weekends in their comfortable ice shack retreats all winter.
In the northern parts of North America, ice fishing is often a social activity. Some resorts have fish houses that are rented out by the day; often, shuttle service by Snow Track or other vehicles modified to drive on ice is provided. They can appear to a city on the ice where fishing is best. Some even elect a mayor. Most municipalities have requirements to remove ice houses by a certain date before the ice melts.
In Finland, peace and quiet in isolation is often the object of the pastime. In Finland, fish houses are a rare. But wearing a sealed and insulated dry suit designed with space age fabric is not.
Splatoon
Nintendo announced that a series of Splatoon Amiibo figures would be released along with the game, Boy and Girl Inklings are sold separately and a Squid figure is sold only as a bundle with either the game or the two other Amiibos. People who pre-ordered "Splatoon" at GameStop were given a download voucher that gave them Splatoon-themed Mii costumes to use in "Super Smash Bros. For Wii U".
"Splatoon" was met with positive reviews. GamesRadar rated the game a 3.5 out of 5 stars. They said that the game was a refreshing take on the shooter genre but criticized some of the features like lobbies and Amibo-locked content. Destructoid rated the game 8.5. Chris Carter of Destructoid, said that "most of (the game's) shortcomings can be forgiven in my mind because of how damn fun it is."
1948 Palestine War
The 1948 Palestine War, also known as the War of Independence to Israelis (people from Israel), was a war between the new state of Israel, east Israelian Arabs, and the other states around Israel. The war began in 1947 after the announcement of the end of the British Mandate in Palestine (the British control of the region) and the separation of the land into two countries of the same size. By the end of the war in 1949 Israel had expanded (made bigger) its land beyond its given borders. The Arab state created in the UN Partition Plan (UN Separation Plan) never came into existence as its two largest parts of land, the Gaza Strip (small piece of land south of Palestine on the coast) and the West Bank (region east of Jerusalem and west of the Jordan River), went into the control of Egypt and Jordan one by one. The war continues to be an issue in the Middle East today. For Israelis, it shows the change from the Yishuv (the Jewish group in Palestine) to the state of Israel (even though the War of Independence took place). Other countries had to deal with the idea of loss and the difficulties of local arguments caused by the creation of a special Jewish State in a highly Arab region. Palestinians remember the war as The Nakba ("lit. Catastrophe," , "al-Nakba"), the war that broke up a growing nation and pushed its people away.
Beginning in 1881, European Jews began to move to Palestine in large numbers. These new immigrants mainly settled in the region under the banner of Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism. The goal of this nationalist movement was the creation of a Jewish state. Although at first friendly, relations between Arabs in Palestine and Jews from Europe became more bitter as the number of Jews moving grew.
During World War One, Arabs and Jews were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. To weaken the Empire, her enemies (Britain and France), began to offer land to peoples in sections of the Empire for launching resistance to the Ottomans. This included offering Palestine to various Arab leaders (including the Husayn family of Saudi Arabia). At the same time, the British offered control of Palestine to a Jewish state that didn't yet exist. Although this action led to nothing, it still encouraged greater movement of Jews to Palestine as well as a fear of losing regional control for the Palestinians. In 1936, responding to the growing Jewish population, Palestinian Arabs led an armed revolt against the British and Jews in Palestine. The revolt, led by the mufti and head of the Arab Higher Committee Hajj Amin al-Husayni, was the first large-scale expression of a sense of Palestinian nationalism. Though it ended with the British and Jews putting down the revolt, the resulting White Paper of 1939 proved it had been an influential piece of resistance. Under the 1939 White Paper, Jews could only send a further 75,000 immigrants over 5 years and the goal of giving over Israel to Palestine. This situation, two cultures competing against each other for Palestine, continued to be the case throughout World War Two. At the end of that conflict, the British Mandate in Palestine was near ending and the peoples of the region wanted a solution to the issue.
In 1947, the British gave the issue of competing peoples within Palestine to the United Nations. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine was tasked with fizing the issue of violence between the two groups and treating each side with fairness in the giving-out of land. On November 29, 1947, the Partition Plan was announced. Palestine would be divided into separate Jewish and Arab states of roughly equal size. Jerusalem would remain an independent city run by the UN. Finally, the British would leave the Mandate of Palestine by May 1948. At first, most of the international community supported the plan (including both the US and USSR) as well as the Yishuv. Palestinian Arabs, as well as the nations of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan (now Jordan) argued against the plan and pushed for a new one with an Arab state and a recognized Jewish minority. When that was not accepted, these nations moved for war by raising armies to fight the new state of Israel.
Given its recent status as a state, the Yishuv actually had one of the most well-organized and well-armed military forces in the region. This force fell under the control of the Haganah, a single state army and the army that would become the modern Israeli Defense Force (IDF)(the switch was made in late May 1948). By mid-May, the state of Israel had called up an army of 35,000. As the war continued into July, that number trended up to 65,000. At the end of the war, Israel had successfully brought up and armed 96,441 men to fight against the Palestinians and Arab nations. Additionally, Israel was unique for having a developed strategic plan and a simple command system. Under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion, the minister of defense, the state of Israel could count on a force with unified leadership and a plan.
Unlike the Yishuv, the Palestinians had no unified force before the war began in late 1947. There were several paramilitary groups, but no single leader, structure or plan. Al-Husayni and the Arab Higher Committee tried to give the fighters a system. Yet, many disliked his leadership and did not think of the committee as the voice of Palestinians. Still, al-Husayni successfully created a rag-tag force known as the Holy War Army made up of new volunteers and paramilitary forces. This army and the other Palestinian fighters, however, lacked modern weapons and supplies. Though al-Husayni pushed the Arab League (a collection of majority Arab nations) for greater support and control to direct the course of the war, the League blocked him.
The nations of the Arab League that joined in the war against Israel were Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria (there was a smaller force from Saudi Arabia and Yemen under Egyptian command). Despite having the League to bind them, at the start of the war there was no single League commander. Each country mobilized its own force for its own goals. The force was thus not one League force but a collection of forces. The final force from the Arab League, the Arab Liberation Army, was a force of 4,000 volunteers from across the Middle East which worked out of Syria. While the nations of the Arab League surrounded Israel, they did so as different countries.
Israel's objectives for the war were originally based on the Haganah's 1946 Plan and run by David Ben-Gurion. The plan called for the rapid build-up of forces to fight against what the army saw as the greatest threat: invasion from the many Arab states. By using the 1946 Plan, Ben-Gurion hoped to secure the land given to Israel in the UN Partition Plan. As the war went on, the goals changed slightly with the introduction in March 1948 of Plan Dalet (Plan D). Instead of simply holding the lands given to Israel, the plan now commanded Israel's forces to work remove Arabs from Jewish-controlled land, defend Jewish settlements in Arab Palestine, and to take Arab land at particular positions for a strategic advantage. A possible reason for the change is given by historian David Tal, who points out that it was probably a response to the stiffer resistance from Palestinians and a general desire to put Israeli forces in the most defensible positions. Yet, as Tal also points out, this strategic plan has never been without some controversy, particularly the part of the plan which forced Palestinian movement.
The principal objective for the Palestinians, as expressed by the Arab Higher Committee, was the creation of a single Arab state in Palestine.
While Transjordan outwardly agreed with the rest of the Arab League in creating an Arab state in Palestine, that seems to have not been Transjordan's ultimate goal. According to the records of Transjordan, King Abdullah, Transjordan's Hashemite (royal family) monarch, was interested in using the war as an excuse to put Palestinian Arabs under Jordanian control. This would then put him into a position to seize Syria and create a Greater Syria. This means that Transjordan's objectives were seemingly in opposition to those Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and the Palestinians themselves.
Like Transjordan, both Syria and Egypt supported creating a single Arab state in Palestine. Their reasoning, however, was more about stopping the spread of Jordanan, who both nations feared (should Transjordan take the region).
The first part of the conflict pitted the Yishuv's forces against those of the Palestinian's Arab Higher Committee. The civil war began with three days of strikes on November 30, 1947. It then changed into a guerrilla campaign against Jewish supply trucks. In January 1948, the Arab Liberation Army entered Palestine. This stiff resistance caused the Israelis to adapt their plan and to introduce Plan Dalet. On April 5th, the Haganah launched Operation Nahshon, a fifteen-day operation to secure routes to Jerusalem by seizing hills along the main roads. After the success of Operation Nahshon and smaller Jewish offensives, Palestinian resistance began to fall apart.
The second part of the war began with the invasion of Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Syria in May 1948. Each invasion force basically entered Palestine on the nearest border. Fighting in the West Bank and around Jerusalem dominated this phase of the war. Jewish forces moved into Jerusalem to secure the western section of the city. To shore up this position, Israeli forces also tried to take Latrun, a hill to the north of Jerusalem. This proved unsuccessful. In other areas, the Israelis found greater success. Two Egyptian forces, one moving along the coast and the other across the Negev towards Jerusalem, were both halted. The Iraqi force was pushed back. Though Syrian and Lebanese forces made an advance into Israeli territories, Israelis made counter advances into Syrian and Lebanese territory. Fighting was brought to an end by a UN truce on June 11.
On July 9th, the Israelis launched a new series of operations against the Jordanians in the West Bank. The hope was to end the conflict in this front against what Israelis considered to be the most well-trained and armed Arab army, Transjordan's Arab Legion. The offensives were largely a success and although other Arab nations tried to take advantage of Israel's focus on the West Bank, their advances were small. This phase of the war ended with another truce on July 18, 1948.
With the Jordanians stuck in the West Bank, Israelis launched two more offensives on October 15th. These forced Egyptian forces out of the Negev Desert and pushed back Syrian and Lebanese forces into their own countries. Following these last offensives, the military part of the war ended. Still, it would take until January 7, 1949 for Israel to complete signing treaties with each warring nation.
Through the war, Israel gained a large amount of land. While the original separation lines gave about equal land to Jewish and Arab states, the treaty lines of 1949 gave Israel a much larger state, limiting Arab-controlled land to the small Gaza strip and a smaller West Bank (than in 1947. Yet, these were not controlled by any Palestinian government. Instead, Egypt controlled the small Gaza Strip while Jordan controlled the West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem.
An additional aspect to the aftermath of the war was the Palestinian refugee crisis. By the end of the war, there were approximately 720,000 refugees living in camps in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Although much of this can be attributed to war-time fear, some historians, like James Gelvin, assert that Israeli policy in Plan Dalet partially contributed to this crisis. The policy, which encouraged Israeli forces to seize Arab property in Jewish territory, exacerbated the refugee issue. As of 2015, the right of these refugees to return to their former homes or to receive reparations remains uncertain.
Dale D. Myers
Dale Dehaven Myers (January 8, 1922 – May 19, 2015) was an American aerospace engineer for NASA. He served as Deputy Administrator of NASA, serving between October 6, 1986 and May 13, 1989. He was well known for his work on the Apollo program.
Myers was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He graduated from the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington in 1943. He was married to Marge Myers and had two children. He lost his eye in a car accident.
Myers died on May 19, 2015 at his retirement home in La Costa, California. He was 93.
Shone An
An Jun Can (; 20 September 1983 – 1 June 2015), better known as Shone An, was a Taiwanese singer and actor. From 2002 until 2005, he was a member of the mandopop boy band Comic Boyz. He also appeared in many movie, television and theatre productions such as "Case Sensitive" (2011), "Rhapsody of Marriage" (2012) and "Turn Around" (2014). He was also a guest host on "100% Entertainment". He was born in Tainan.
Shone An died from liver cancer on 1 June 2015 in Tainan, aged 31.
Weddell seal
Joan Kirner
Joan Elizabeth Kirner (née Hood; 20 June 1938 – 1 June 2015) was an Australian politician, educator and activist. She was a Labor Party member of the Parliament of Victoria from 1982 to 1994. She was the 42nd Premier of Victoria, serving from 10 August 1990 until 6 October 1992. She was also the 21st Deputy Premier of Victoria from 7 February 1989 until 10 August 1990, and Leader of the Opposition of Victoria from 6 October 1992 until March 1993.
Kirner was born in Essendon, Melbourne. She was married to Ronald George Kirner and had three children.
Kirner died from oesophageal cancer on 1 June 2015 in Melbourne, aged 76.
Sherborne
Sherborne is a market town in northwest Dorset, in South West England. It is on the River Yeo, east of Yeovil. The A30 road, which goes from London to Penzance, runs through the town.