AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Before a beer is bottled, it is processed to make its shelf life longer. This can change the beer's freshness date. It may be done in several ways, not all of which will be used by a particular brewery:
Red card
A red card in sport is a punishment to a player of a team. It is usually given to a player who has broken the rules of the game.
In football rules, a red card means that the player is sent off the field, and is not allowed to play in the rest of the match. A player with a red card is automatically banned from his team's next game. In some cases, the player may be banned for multiple games.
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Women's Championship was an official championship in World Wrestling Entertainment fought for by divas. The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship.
The WWE Women's Championship has descended from the National Wrestling Alliance World Women's Championship when The Fabulous Moolah became champion and held the title close to 30 years. The Title became inactive in 1990 when Rockin' Robin Vacated the Title after departing from the WWF. In 1993 Alundra Blayze won the Title after Winning a Tournament. However the Title became Inactive after Alundra Blayze dropped the Title into a Garbage Can live on WCW Monday Nitro this incident forced her to give up the title.
The WWE Women's Championship was then reactivated in September 1998 when Jacqueline Moore won a match against Sable.
Currently Michelle McCool, Mickie James, Melina Perez and Beth Phoenix are the only divas in the history of the WWE to hold both the WWE Women's Championship and WWE Divas Championship.
The final champion was Layla El who defeated Beth Phoenix in a two-on-one handicap match with Michelle McCool on Smackdown and McCool self-proclaimed herself as the co-Women's Champion. The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship on September 19, 2010 and retired.
KWord
KWord is a free word processor, a part of the KOffice project and of the K Desktop Environment.
The text-layout scheme in KWord is based on frames, making it look like Adobe FrameMaker. These can be placed anywhere on the page, and can include text, graphics and embedded objects. Each new page is a new frame, but the text is able to flow through KWord’s ability to link frames together. The use of frames means that complex graphical layouts can be achieved easily in KWord.
KWord was created as part of the KOffice project in 1998 using some ideas from FrameMaker such as the frames approach. The first author said that the application and its code were not the best since it was his first object-oriented application.
In 2000 the KWord application was created in a way that made it very hard to fix problems and nobody was working on the problems anymore. There had not been any official release of the application in all this time. In the same year a new maintainer started working on the application and over the duration of 2000 and the beginning of 2001 they worked to fix any problems in the code of the application.
1964–65 NHL season
The 1964–65 NHL season was the 48th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. Jean Beliveau was the winner of the newly introduced Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs. The Montreal Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup since 1960 as they were victorious over the Chicago Black Hawks in a seven-game final series.
For the third straight playoffs, it was Montreal vs. Toronto and Detroit vs. Chicago in the first round. The Canadiens came beat the Leafs in six games, while the Hawks beat the Wings in seven.
Nation of Islam
The Nation of Islam is a religious group. It was founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1930 by Master Fard Muhammad. The main goal of the Nation of Islam is to bring back the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of blacks in the United States. Since 1981, the group has been led by Louis Farrakhan. Malcolm X also was a member.
The current headquarters for the Nation of Islam is located in Chicago, Illinois. The Nation of Islam is currently lead by the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan through the teachings of the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad. Elijah Muhammad meet Master Farad Muhammad and was directly given lost knowledge to rebuild the children of slavery and bring them back to their original selves.
The main belief of The Nation of Islam is that there is no God but Allah. They say that "Allah" “came in the person of W. D. Fard", who founded the Nation of Islam. Their type of Islam is different from Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Their teachings under Islamic standards do not allow making any person divine, or treating God as human.
The flag of the Nation of Islam has the symbols of the sun, moon, and the stars. It represents the universe. It is also a banner of universal peace and harmony.
World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
The World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling tag team championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is the original world tag team title of WWE. Currently, it is exclusive to the Raw brand and is with the WWE Tag Team Championship to make up the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship.
The championship was first introduced into the then "World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF)" in 1971. Following its introduction into the WWF Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the first "WWWF Tag Team Champions" on June 3. In 1979 the title became known as the "World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Tag Team Championship" when the promotion renamed itself World Wrestling Federation
In 2001 at the Survivor Series Pay-per-view during the Invasion Storyline The Hardy Boyz, Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy who were the current "World Tag Team Champions" and were competing for the "World Wrestling Federation" took on The Dudley Boys, Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley who were the current WCW World Tag Team Champions and were competing for "The Alliance" in a title unification match inside a Steel Cage, The Dudley Boys defeated The Hardy Boyz and were named the last WCW Tag Team Champions while also becoming the "WWF Tag Team Champions"
After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was referred to as the "World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Tag Team Championship". After a period where the championship was to be freely defended on either WWE Monday Night Raw or WWE Thursday Night Smackdown the championship became exclusive to the Raw Brand. The current General Manager at this time Stephanie McMahon created new WWE Tag Team Titles which were to be exclusive to the Smackdown Brand.
WrestleMania III
WrestleMania III was the third yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The event was held on March 29, 1987 at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan.
The event is particularly notable for the record attendance of 93,173, the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America. Though differing numbers have been argued, the event is considered to be the pinnacle of the 1980s wrestling boom. Almost one million fans watched the event at 160 closed circuit locations in North America. The number of people watching via pay-per-view was estimated at several million, and pay-per-view revenues were estimated at $10 million.
WrestleMania XIX
WrestleMania 2
Arthur Mutambara
Kill 'Em All is thrash metal band Metallica's first album. It was released on July 29, 1983. It has sold over three million copies in the United States. When it was released most of the reviews were good. Two singles were released from the album, "Whiplash" and "Jump in the Fire". The album was going to be called "Metal Up Your Ass". However, the record label did not want this. The bass player, Cliff Burton said about the record label, "why don't we just kill 'em all?" Then the band decided to use "Kill 'em All" as the album's name.
Lucy Lawless
Lucille Frances Ryan (born 29 March 1968 in Auckland) is a New Zealand actress. When she was twenty years old, she got her first acting job in the TV program "Funny Business". In 1995, she starred in her first television series, "", becoming in an international star in this role.
Lawless is also known for her role as "D'anna Biers" in the TV series "Battlestar Galactica" between 2005 and 2008. During a break in 1997 between filming seasons on Xena, Lawless made her onstage debut singing songs on Broadway as Rizzo in the remake of the musical play Grease.
Since her role as Xena, Lawless has pursued a new career in singing after being a contestant on "Celebrity Duets". She sang at the Roxy in Hollywood in 2007, and has since performed regularly in concerts and released several CDs. She has a contralto singing range.
She was born in Auckland on 29 March 1968. Lawless' mother, Julie, was teacher, and her father, Frank, was mayor. She has 6 brothers. She had bulimia and Depression.
Lawless began acting in secondary school, attending Marist College, New Zealand, in Mount Albert. She studied foreign languages at Auckland University for a year before dropping out and leaving for Europe with her boyfriend, Garth Lawless, to travel to Germany and Switzerland. The couple then moved to Australia, where she worked briefly as a gold miner.
Lawless wanted to act since she was five. She took her first acting class at the school. Lawless starred various national television commercials when she was a child. One of these was for McDonald's. She played an Amazon in the TV movie "Hercules and the Amazon Women", in 1994, and Lisya in his Spin-off, the TV series "" em 1995. In the same year, she plays Xena in three episodes, returning later.
In September, Xena won her own series, "", Lawless was the star in the program during 6 years. Lawless first appeared on Broadway in September 1997 in the "Grease play remake", as the "bad girl" Rizzo character. She applied to play the squeaky-clean naive blond girl Sandra Dee, but she claimed the producers after Xena had typed her to playing only "bad girls." She said the Sandy character was very similar to her sheltered childhood, growing up in New Zealand with many protective older brothers.
Lawless has since appeared onstage in the "Vagina Monologues" and as a television guest star in episodes of The Simpsons, The X-Files, Just Shoot Me!, Veronica Mars, Burn Notice, and Curb Your Enthusiasm. She was also featured in the short-lived television series Tarzan. Lawless has made cameo appearances in the movies EuroTrip, Spider-Man and Boogeyman. She returned to television in the TV movie Locusts! and its sequel Vampire Bats.
From 2005 to 2008, Lawless has had a recurring role in the television series Battlestar Galactica. She portrays D'Anna Biers, a reporter with the "Fleet News Service" who works on a critical documentary about the crew of the Galactica and is later revealed to be a Cylon.
In 1997, Lawless was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by People magazine. Days earlier on 6 May 1997, Lawless inadvertently exposed a breast as she concluded a performance of the US national anthem at an NHL hockey game in Anaheim, California between the Mighty Ducks and Detroit Red Wings. Lawless was quoted in Newsweek as saying:
Lawless has enjoyed a particular cult status in the lesbian community. Some of the lesbian fan base sees Lawless as a lesbian icon. A group called The Marching Xenas has participated in many gay and lesbian pride parades.
Some fans felt that the sexual nature of Xena and the character Gabrielle's relationship was cemented by an interview given by Lucy Lawless to "Lesbian News" magazine in 2003. Lawless stated that after the series finale, where Gabrielle revives Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay... there was always a 'well, she might be or she might not be' but when there was that drip of water passing between their lips in the very final scene, that cemented it for me".
At the age of nineteen, Lawless became pregnant with Garth's child. In 1988, they married in Kalgoorlie, Australia. They returned to New Zealand and had a daughter, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988), who also attended Marist College, New Zealand. The couple divorced in 1995. Lawless married "Xena" executive producer Robert Tapert on 28 March 1998. Lawless and Tapert have two sons: Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002), both born in Auckland.
The following table shows all the movies she has been in, the role she played and when the movie was released
Raccoon (disambiguation)
A raccoon (sometimes racoon) is a mammal native to the Americas.
Raccoon may also mean:
North York may mean:
Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction or RAF (German "Rote Armee Fraktion"), was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups.
It described itself as a communist "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group.
The RAF was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Möller and others.
The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1993, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn".
It was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards—and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence. It ceased activities in 1993 and disbanded in 1998.
Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's biggest and most powerful particle accelerator. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It is a giant circular tunnel built underground. The tunnel is 17 miles (27 kilometers) long, and between 50 and 175 meters below the ground. It lies beneath the border of Switzerland and France. 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 different countries worked together in the making of this project, and it cost 10.4 billion Swiss francs ($10 billion) to build. It is now the largest and most complicated experimental research facility in the world.
As its name states, the research at the LHC involves the collision of hadrons. A hadron is a particle which consists of a number of quarks held together by the subatomic strong force. Protons and neutrons are examples of a hadron. The LHC primarily uses the collision of protons in its experiments. Protons are parts of atoms with a positive charge. The LHC accelerates these protons through the tunnel until they reach nearly the speed of light. Different protons are directed through the tunnel in opposite directions. When they collide, they create conditions similar to the early universe.
The LHC attempts to study elementary particles and the ways they interact. Researchers have used it to learn about quantum physics, and they hope to learn much more about the structure of space and time. The observations researchers are able to make can help us learn what the universe might have been like within milliseconds after the big bang.
The LHC ionizes Hydrogen atoms to get their protons. A Hydrogen atom consists of only one proton and one electron. When they ionize the atoms, they are removing the one electron to give it a net positive charge. The Hydrogen protons are then directed through the circle by electromagnets. In order for the magnets to be strong enough, it must be very cold. The inside of the tunnel is cooled by liquid helium. They keep the temperature at just above absolute zero. The protons hit one another at close to the speed of light and this creates lots of particles, many of which only live a short time before decaying to lighter particles. At the four collision sites, there are large detectors called ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb.
When the particles hit each other, their energy is converted into many different particles, and sensitive detectors keep track of the pieces that are created. By looking carefully at the detector data, scientists can study what the particles are made of and how the particles interact. This is the only way to detect some particles because very high energy is needed to create them. The LHC's particle collisions have the energy needed.
The LHC has three main parts to it. There is the particle accelerator, the four detectors, and the Grid. The accelerator creates the collision, but the results cannot be directly observed. The detectors turn it into usable data and send it to the Grid. The Grid is a computer network that the researchers use to interpret the data. There are 170 locations in 36 different countries which are filled with regular desktop computers. All of these computers are connected, and together they act as a supercomputer. The LHC's Grid is considered the most powerful supercomputer ever built. The computers share processing power and data storage space.
The Grid is very powerful, but it is only able to take in about one percent of the data it receives from the detectors. Its limitations have motivated attempts at creating quantum computers, which could use what the LHC has taught us about quantum mechanics in order to make faster computers.
Scientists used the LHC to find the Higgs boson, a particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model.
Some people thought the LHC could create a black hole, which would be very dangerous. There are two reasons not to be worried. The first is that the LHC didn't do anything that the cosmic rays that hit the Earth every day don't do, and these rays do not create black holes. The second reason is that even if the LHC did make black holes, they would be very tiny. The smaller a black hole is, the shorter its life. Very tiny black holes would evaporate before they could hurt people.
The LHC was first used on September 10, 2008, but it did not work because a cooling system broke. The magnets that help to move the charged particles must be cold. The failure caused part of the facility to collapse. The lab shut down for the winter and the collider was not used again until November 2009. While it was being repaired, scientists used the Tevatron to look for the Higgs Boson. When the LHC was restarted in November 2009, it set a new speed record by accelerating protons to 1.18 TeV (teraelectronvolt, or trillion electronvolt). On March 30 2010, the LHC created a collison at 3.5 TeV.
Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology
Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, or S.M.A.R.T. is a system to watch computer hard disks to help stop the risk of failures. It does this by watching of the hard disks to try and see when a failure might happen and where.
Hard drive failures fall into two categories:
Predictable failures can be detected by certain monitoring devices. This is like a thermometer in a vehicle that can alert the driver to do something before serious damage occurs, for example because the engine is too hot.
About 60% of all drive failures are caused by failing mechanics. Most mechanical failures result from gradual wear. An eventual failure may be catastrophic. Before complete failure occurs, there are usually certain signs that failure is imminent. These may include increased heat output, a more noisy drive, problems with reading or writing data and a big increase in the number of damaged disk sectors.
The purpose of S.M.A.R.T. is to warn a user or system administrator that a drive is about to fail. At the time of the warning, there is usually still time to do certain things to prevent data loss, for example copying the data to a different drive. Approximately 30% of failures can be predicted by S.M.A.R.T. Work at Google on over 100,000 drives has shown little overall predictive value of S.M.A.R.T. status as a whole. The study suggests that certain sub-categories of information which some S.M.A.R.T. implementations track "do" correlate with actual failure rates. In the 60 days after the first scan error on a drive, the drive is 39 times more likely to fail on average than it would have been had no such error occurred. Also, first errors in reallocations, offline reallocations and probational counts are strongly correlated to higher probabilities of failure.
PCTechGuide's page on S.M.A.R.T. commented in 2003 that the technology had gone through three phases:
The industry's first hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by IBM in 1992 in their IBM 9337 Disk Arrays for AS/400 servers using IBM 0662 SCSI-2 disk drives. Later it was named Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) technology. It was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware. Communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result – namely, either "device is OK" or "drive is likely to fail soon".
Later, another variant, which was named IntelliSafe, was created by computer manufacturer Compaq and disk drive manufacturers Seagate, Quantum, and Conner. The disk drives would measure the disk’s "health parameters", and the values would be transferred to the operating system and user-space monitoring software. Each disk drive vendor was free to decide which parameters were to be included for monitoring, and what their thresholds should be. The unification was at the protocol level with the host.
Compaq submitted their implementation to Small Form Committee for standardization in early 1995. It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital, who did not have a failure prediction system at the time. The Committee chose IntelliSafe's approach, as it provided more flexibility. The resulting jointly developed standard was named S.M.A.R.T.
The technical documentation for SMART is in the AT Attachment (ATA) standard.
The most basic information that SMART provides is the SMART status. It provides only two values: "threshold not exceeded" and "threshold exceeded". Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively. A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honour its specification in the future – that is, the drive is "about to fail". The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as the inability to write to certain sectors, or perhaps slower performance than the manufacturer's declared minimum.
The SMART status does not necessarily indicate the drive's past or present reliability. If a drive has already failed catastrophically, the SMART status may be inaccessible. Alternatively, if a drive has experienced problems in the past, but the sensors no longer detect such problems, the SMART status may, depending on the manufacturer's programming, suggest that the drive is now sound.
The inability to "read" some sectors is not always an indication that a drive is about to fail. One way that unreadable sectors may be created, even when the drive is functioning within specification, is through a sudden power failure while the drive is writing. In order to prevent this problem, modern hard drives will always finish writing at least the current sector immediately after the power fails (typically using rotational energy from the disk). Also, even if the physical disk is damaged at one location, such that a certain sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area, so that the sector can be overwritten.
More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the SMART Attributes. SMART Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard, but were removed before the standard became final. The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers, and are sometimes considered a trade secret for one manufacturer or another. Attributes are further discussed below.
Drives with SMART may optionally support a number of 'logs'. The "error log" records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer. Examining this log may help one to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else.
A drive supporting SMART may optionally support a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the "self-test log". The self-test routines may be used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk, so that they may be restored from back-up sources (for example, from other disks in a RAID). This helps to reduce the risk of incurring permanent loss of data.
Many motherboards will display a warning message when a disk drive is approaching failure. Although an industry standard among most major hard drive manufacturers, there are some remaining issues and much proprietary "secret knowledge" held by individual manufacturers as to their specific approach.
From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signalling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer. Hence, a drive may be claimed by its manufacturers to include S.M.A.R.T. support even if it does not include, say, a temperature sensor, which the customer might reasonably expect to be present. Moreover, in the most extreme case, a disk manufacturer could, in theory, produce a drive which includes a sensor for just "one" physical attribute, and then legally advertise the product as "S.M.A.R.T. compatible".
Depending on the type of interface being used, some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives. For example, few external drives connected via USB and Firewire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces. With so many ways to connect a hard drive (SCSI, Fibre Channel, ATA, SATA, SAS, SSA, and so on), it is difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly in a given system.
Even on hard drives and interfaces that support it, S.M.A.R.T. information may not be reported correctly to the computer's operating system. Some disk controllers can duplicate all write operations on a secondary "back-up" drive in real time. This feature is known as "RAID mirroring". However, many programs which are designed to analyze changes in drive behaviour and relay S.M.A.R.T. alerts to the operator do not function properly when a computer system is configured for RAID support. Generally this is because, under normal RAID operational conditions, the computer is not permitted by the RAID subsystem to 'see' (or directly access) individual physical drives, but may access only logical volumes instead.
On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will function only under an administrator account. At present, S.M.A.R.T. is implemented individually by manufacturers, and while some aspects are standardized for compatibility, others are not.
Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes, and sets threshold values beyond which attributes should not pass under normal operation. Each attribute has a "raw value", whose meaning is entirely up to the drive manufacturer (but often corresponds to counts or a physical unit, such degrees Celsius or seconds), and a normalized value, which ranges from 1 to 253 (with 1 representing the worst case and 253 representing the best). Depending on the manufacturer, a value of 100 or 200 will often be chosen as the "normal" value.
Manufacturers that have supported at least one S.M.A.R.T. attribute in various products include: Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu, Maxtor, Toshiba, Western Digital and ExcelStor Technology.
Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is a supposed date when a critical drive statistic attribute will reach its threshold value. When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C.", it should be regarded as a "Failure date".
Prognosis of this date is based on the factor "Speed of attribute change"; how many points each month the value is decreasing/increasing. This factor is calculated automatically at any change of S.M.A.R.T. attributes for each attribute individually. Note that TEC dates are not guarantees; hard drives can and will either last much longer or fail much sooner than the date given by a TEC.
Uncomplicated Firewall is a firewall for host-based iptables firewall configuration.
A graphical user interface exists, called "GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall"
Good Morning (Kanye West song)
Loupfougères
Loupfougères is a commune of 368 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Louverné
Louverné is a commune of 3,538 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Louvigné
Louvigné is a commune of 774 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Madré
Madré is a commune of 356 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Maisoncelles-du-Maine
Marcillé-la-Ville
Marcillé-la-Ville is a commune of 740 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Marigné-Peuton
Marigné-Peuton is a commune of 487 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Martigné-sur-Mayenne
Martigné-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 1,309 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Mée, Mayenne
Mée is a commune of 171 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Ménil
Ménil is a commune of 785 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Méral
Méral is a commune of 913 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Meslay-du-Maine
Mézangers
Mézangers is a commune of 700 people (3 March 2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Montaudin
Montenay
Montflours
Montigné-le-Brillant
Montigné-le-Brillant is a commune of 1,234 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Montjean, Mayenne
Montourtier
Montourtier is a former commune of 326 people (2009). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Deux-Évailles and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.
Montreuil-Poulay
Montsûrs
Montsûrs is a commune of 2,020 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged with Saint-Céneré and formed the short-lived commune Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré. Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré was merged with Deux-Évailles, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons on 1 January 2019, and the new commune took the name of "Montsûrs".
Moulay
Neau
Neau is a commune of 712 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Neuilly-le-Vendin
Niafles
Nuillé-sur-Vicoin
Nuillé-sur-Vicoin is a commune of 1,184 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Oisseau
Olivet, Mayenne
Origné
Origné is a commune of 278 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
La Pallu
Predictive Failure Analysis
Parallel ATA
Parallel ATA is a way to connect storage devices, such as Hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers. The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee T13.
It used to be called Advanced Technology Attachment with Packet Interface (ATA/ATAPI). ATA/ATAPI is the result of a long history of development. It is an evolution of the AT Attachment Interface, which was itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital's original Integrated Drive Electronics interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations exist, including abbreviations such as IDE which are still in common informal use. With the market introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA (PATA).
Parallel ATA standards allow cable lengths up to only 18 inches (46 centimeters). Because of this length limit the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface.
For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application.
As of 2007, it has largely been replaced by Serial ATA (SATA) in new systems.
Serial Attached SCSI
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a technology designed to move data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives. It is a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI. SCSI first appeared in the mid 1980s in corporate data centers. SAS uses the standard SCSI command set. At present it is slightly slower than the final parallel SCSI implementation, but in 2009 it will double its present speed to 6 Gbit/s. This will permit much higher speed data transfers. The protocol is "downwards"-compatible with second generation SATA drives. These drives may be connected to SAS backplanes (controllers), but SAS drives can not be connected to SATA backplanes.
The SAS protocol is developed and maintained by the T10 technical committee of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) and promoted by the SCSI Trade Association (SCSITA).
The SAS connector is much smaller than traditional parallel SCSI connectors allowing for the small drives. SAS supports point data transfer speeds up to 3 Gbit/s, but is expected to reach 12 Gbit/s by the year 2012.
The physical SAS connector is available in several different variants:
All the Greatest Hits
Death Magnetic is the ninth studio album by heavy metal band Metallica. The album was released September 12, 2008 with the hits "The Day That Never Comes", "Cyanide", "My Apocalypse", "The Unforgiven III", and "The Judas Kiss".
"Death Magnetic" was nominated for four Grammy awards. Rick Rubin won "Producer of the Year, Non-Classical" for his work on "Death Magnetic", as well as other albums this past year.
The album won two Grammys for "Best Metal Performance" and "Best Recording Package" at the 51st Grammy Awards on February 8, 2009.
Tagged Command Queuing
Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) is a technology that allows to send multiple read and write requests to a hard drive simultaneously. ATA TCQ is not identical in function to the more efficient Native Command Queuing (NCQ) used by SATA drives. SCSI TCQ does not suffer from the same limitations as ATA TCQ.
Before TCQ, an operating system was only able to send one request at a time. In order to boost performance, it had to decide the order of the requests based on its own, possibly incorrect, idea of what the hard drive was doing. With TCQ, the drive can make its own decisions about how to order the requests (and in turn relieve the operating system from having to do so). The result is that TCQ can improve the overall performance of a hard drive if it is implemented correctly.
For efficiency the sectors should be serviced in order of proximity to the current head position, rather than in the order received. The queue is constantly receiving new requests and fulfilling and removing existing requests, and re-ordering the queue according to the current pending read/write requests and the changing position of the head. The exact reordering algorithm may depend upon the controller and the drive itself, but the host computer simply makes requests as needed, leaving the controller to handle the details.
This queuing mechanism is sometimes referred to as "elevator seeking", as the image of a modern elevator in a building servicing multiple calls and processing them to minimise travel illustrates the idea well.
If the buttons for floors 5, 2, and 4 are pressed in that order with the elevator starting on floor 1, an old elevator would go to the floors in the order requested. A modern elevator processes the requests to stop at floors in the logical order 2, 4, and 5, without unnecessary travel. Non-queueing disk drives service the requests in the order received, like an old elevator; queueing drives service requests in the most efficient order. This may improve performance slightly in a system used by a single user, but really comes into its own in a system with many users, making requests all over the disk surface.
Native Command Queuing
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is a technology designed to increase performance of SATA hard disks on computers. It can do this under certain situations by allowing the individual hard disk to internally optimize the order in which it executes the read and write requests it received. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement and resulting in better performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple read/write requests are outstanding at the same time. This situation most often occurs in server-type applications. However, the current (as of 2004) technology actually slows down HD access in certain applications, like games and sequential reads and writes, because of the added latency induced by NCQ logic.
Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for TCQ.
NCQ differs from PATA TCQ in that the command re-ordering is performed by the drive rather than the operating system, and each command is equal in importance. This is preferable since the drive has the most knowledge of its performance characteristics, and is able to take rotational position into account. NCQ and PATA TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 in-flight commands (31 in practice), while SCSI TCQ has a maximum queue length of 2 in-flight commands.
For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate device driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter. Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which should allow a generic driver supplied by the operating system to control them and enable NCQ. In fact, newer mainstream Linux kernels support AHCI natively. Unfortunately, Windows XP requires the installation of a vendor-specific driver even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter. Windows Vista corrects this situation by including a generic AHCI driver.
Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel, or FC is an architecture (and a set of protocols to attach disk drives to computers, like in a Storage Area Network. Networks today are done with 4 GBit/s and 8 GBit/s over fiberglass cables. This is enough to support data transfer rates of up to 800 MBit/s. Fibrechannel permits connecting the same disk subsystem to several computers.
Basically, there are two "topologies" (ways to do this):
Parigné-sur-Braye
Parigné-sur-Braye is a commune of 624 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Parné-sur-Roc
Parné-sur-Roc is a commune of 1,157 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Le Pas
La Pellerine, Mayenne
La Pellerine is a commune of 291 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Peuton
Placé
Placé is a commune of 326 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Pommerieux
Pontmain
Port-Brillet
Préaux, Mayenne
Préaux is a commune of 156 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Pré-en-Pail
Pré-en-Pail is a former commune of 2 128 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Pré-en-Pail-Saint-Samson.
Quelaines-Saint-Gault
Ravigny
Renazé
Renazé is a commune of 2,791 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Rennes-en-Grenouilles
Le Ribay
La Roë
La Roë is a commune of 241 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
La Rouaudière
La Rouaudière is a commune. It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in northwest France. 333 people lived there in 1999.
Ruillé-Froid-Fonds
Ruillé-Froid-Fonds is a commune of 496 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Ruillé-le-Gravelais
Ruillé-le-Gravelais is a former commune of 619 people (1999). It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Loiron-Ruillé.
Sacé
Sacé is a commune of 320 people (1999). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.
Saint-Aignan-de-Couptrain
Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë
Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë is a commune of 926 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Aubin-du-Désert
Saint-Aubin-du-Désert is a commune of 236 people (number of people measured in 1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Aubin-Fosse-Louvain
Saint-Baudelle
Saint-Berthevin
Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière
Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière is a commune of 384 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Brice, Mayenne
Saint-Brice is a commune of 487 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Calais-du-Désert
Saint-Calais-du-Désert is a commune of 318 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Céneré
Saint-Céneré is a former commune of 459 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Deux-Évailles, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.
Saint-Charles-la-Forêt
Saint-Charles-la-Forêt is a commune of 190 people (1999). It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.
Saint-Christophe-du-Luat
Saint-Christophe-du-Luat is a former commune of 553 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Évron.
Saint-Cyr-en-Pail
Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais
Saint-Denis-d'Anjou
Saint-Denis-de-Gastines
Saint-Denis-du-Maine
Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert
Saint-Ellier-du-Maine
Sainte-Marie-du-Bois, Mayenne
Saint-Erblon, Mayenne
Sainte-Suzanne, Mayenne
Saint-Fort
Saint-Fort is a former commune of 1,571 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne.
Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières
Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières is a commune of 904 people (1999). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Georges-Buttavent
Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard
Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard is a commune of 288 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Georges-sur-Erve
Saint-Germain-d'Anxure
Saint-Germain-de-Coulamer
Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux
Saint-Germain-le-Guillaume
Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine
Saint-Jean-sur-Erve
Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne
Saint-Julien-du-Terroux
Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers
Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers is a former commune of 188 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Bierné-les-Villages.
Saint-Léger, Mayenne
Saint-Léger is a commune of 231 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Loup-du-Dorat
Saint-Loup-du-Gast
Saint-Mars-du-Désert, Mayenne
Saint-Mars-du-Désert is a commune of 169 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Mars-sur-Colmont
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie
Saint-Martin-de-Connée
Saint-Martin-de-Connée is a commune of 420 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Martin-du-Limet
Saint-Michel-de-Feins
Saint-Michel-de-Feins is a former commune of 136 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Bierné-les-Villages.
Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë
Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë is a commune of 210 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Ouën-des-Toits
Saint-Ouën-des-Toits is a commune of 1,435 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons
Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons is a former commune of 174 people (1999). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Deux-Évailles and Montourtier, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.
Saint-Pierre-des-Landes
Saint-Pierre-des-Nids
Saint-Pierre-la-Cour
Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve
Saint-Pierre-sur-Orthe
Saint-Pierre-sur-Orthe is a commune of 531 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Saint-Poix
Saint-Quentin-les-Anges
Saint-Samson, Mayenne
Saint-Samson is a former commune of 334 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Pré-en-Pail-Saint-Samson.
Saint-Saturnin-du-Limet
Saint-Sulpice, Mayenne
Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers
Saulges
La Selle-Craonnaise
Senonnes
Simplé
Simplé is a commune of 256 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Soucé
Soucé is a commune of 180 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Soulgé-sur-Ouette
Soulgé-sur-Ouette is a commune of 1,073 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Thorigné-en-Charnie
Thorigné-en-Charnie is a commune of 162 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Thubœuf
Thubœuf is a commune of 231 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie
Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie is a commune of 737 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Trans, Mayenne
Vaiges
Vautorte
Vieuvy
Villaines-la-Juhel
Villepail
Villiers-Charlemagne
Vimarcé
Vimarcé is a commune of 236 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Voutré
Voutré is a commune of 821 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
Walt Walsh
Middle Franconia
Middle Franconia (German: "Mittelfranken", Main-Franconian: "Middlfrangng") is a government region in the Free State of Bavaria. The seat of government is Ansbach. In the area of this region are the cities Nuremberg, Fürth, Erlangen.
This shows the cities and districts "(Landkreis)" of Middle Franconia.
Orne