AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dick Williams (17 July 1927 – 10 July 2020) was an American television and radio presenter and magician. He held the Guinness World Record for hosting the longest-running television magic show in the world. He was known under the name "Mr Magic" he presented the show "Magicland" on WMC-TV in Tennessee from 1966 until his retirement in 1989. He was born in Kansas.
Williams died on 10 July 2020, aged 92.
Elizabeth Harrower (writer)
Elizabeth Harrower (8 February 1928 – 7 July 2020) was an Australian novelist and short story writer. She was known as "one of the great novelists of Sydney". She was born in Sydney. Her best known works were "Down in the City", "The Watch Tower" and "In Certain Circles".
Harrower died on 7 July 2020 in Sydney, aged 92.
Luis Arias Graziani
Luis Alfonso Arias Graziani (21 April 1926 – 13 July 2020) was a Peruvian military official and politician. He was born in the Yungay Province, Peru. He was an Air Force general in Peru.
He was a key member of the Francisco Morales-Bermúdez cabinet. He was the Minister of Commerce between 1974 to 1977 and Minister of Defence between 1978 to 1980. In 1979, he was Chief of the Joint Command.
Arias Graziani died on 13 July 2020 in Lima from COVID-19, aged 94.
Santiago Manuin Valera
Santiago Manuin Valera (1 January 1957 – 1 July 2020) was a Peruvian human rights activist and indigenous leader. He was born in Condorcanqui Province, Peru. He was a key leader of the Aguaruna people in Peru. He was President of the Committee for the Struggle for Respect for Indigenous Peoples of the Condorcanqui.
He was a critic of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement.
Manuin Valera died on 1 July 2020 from COVID-19 in Chiclayo, Peru at the age of 63.
Seyfi Dursunoğlu
Seyfi Dursunoğlu (1 October 1932 – 17 July 2020), also known by his stage name Huysuz Virjin ("Grumpy Virgin"), was a Turkish comedian and television presenter. He was born in Trabzon, Turkey. He was known for hosting "Huysuz'la Dans Eder misin?" on Show TV. He also was a judge on "Benzemez Kimse Sana".
Dursunoğlu died of pneumonia caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 17 July 2020 in Istanbul, aged 87.
Marian Więckowski
Marian Więckowski (8 September 1933 – 17 July 2020) was a Polish racing cyclist. He won the Tour de Pologne in 1954, 1955 and 1956. He was born in Warsaw.
Więckowski died on 17 July 2020 in Warsaw, aged 86.
Huey Lewis
Hugh Anthony Cregg III (born July 5, 1950), better known as Huey Lewis, is an American singer, songwriter and actor. For his band, Huey Lewis and the News, he is the lead singer and plays harmonica. The group is known for their third best-selling album "Sports" and work on the soundtrack of the movie "Back to the Future" (1985). He was also a member of the band Clover from 1972 to 1979.
Lewis was born in New York City. He grew up in Marin County, California. His Irish-American father, Hugh Anthony Cregg Jr., was from Boston. His Polish mother, Maria Magdalena Barcinski, was from Warsaw. His grandfather, Hugh Cregg, was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician.
Lewis has two children with Sidney Conroy. The couple's marriage ended in divorce. He has Ménière's disease. Lewis lives in Stevensville, Montana.
Stevensville, Montana
Stevensville is a town in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 1,809.
Ekaterina Alexandrovskaya
Ekaterina Dmitriyevna Alexandrovskaya (; 1 January 2000 – 17 July 2020) was a Russian-Australian pair skater. With skating partner, Harley Windsor, she was the 2017 CS Tallinn Trophy champion, the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medallist, the 2018 CS U.S. Classic bronze medallist and a two-time Australian national champion (2016 and 2018).
Alexandrovskaya was born in Moscow. She became an Australian citizen in October 2017. On 17 July 2020, she killed herself in Moscow at the age of 20.
Henrik Ripa (14 May 1968 – 12 July 2020) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Parliament from 2010 to 2014. Ripa represented the northern constituency of Västra Götaland. Between 1998 and 2010 he was chairman of the municipality of Lerum.
Ripa died on 12 July 2020, aged 52.
Roger Côté
Roger Côté (December 22, 1939 – July 16, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 155 games in the World Hockey Association for the Edmonton Oilers and Indianapolis Racers. Côté was born in Belleterre, Quebec.
He died on 16 July 2020, aged 80.
Derek Ho
Derek Ho (September 26, 1964 — July 17, 2020) was an American surfer. He won the World Surf League championship in 1993. Ho was born in Kailua, Hawaii.
On July 17, 2020, Derek Ho suffered a heart attack and died at a Honolulu hospital, aged 55.
Alefoso Yalayalatabua
Alefoso Yalayalatabua (22 January 1977 – 18 July 2020) was a Fijian rugby union player. He played as a prop. He played for Fiji Warriors. He was born in Suva, Fiji. Yalayalatabua was first capped for Fiji. He was in his country's squad at the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals, playing a single game.
Yalayalatabua died on 18 July 2020, aged 43.
Ashraf Hossain
Ashraf Hossain ( – 18 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a member of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He was a member of the Jatiya Sangsad between 1991 to 1996 and again from 2006 to 2008. Hossain was born in Dhaka.
Hossain died on 18 July 2020 at a hospital in Dhaka from cancer, aged 79.
Haruma Miura
Miura was found dead at his home in Tokyo on July 18, 2020 at the age of 30. The cause of death was suicide by hanging.
Manuel C. Sobreviñas
Manuel Cruz Sobreviñas (7 April 1924 – 18 July 2020) was a Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church. He was born in Dinalupihan, Philippines. He was ordained a priest on March 10, 1955. Sobreviñas was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Manila on April 7, 1979. On February 25, 1993 he was appointed bishop to the Diocese of Imus until retirement on October 22, 2001.
Sobreviñas died on 18 July 2020 at a hospital in Manila, aged 96.
West Hazleton, Pennsylvania
West Hazleton is a borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, south of Wilkes Barre. The population was 4,594 as of the 2010 census.
Donnie Brasco (movie)
Donnie Brasco is a 1997 American crime drama movie directed by Mike Newell. It stars Al Pacino and Johnny Depp. Michael Madsen, Bruno Kirby, James Russo, and Anne Heche appeared in supporting roles. It is based on the 1988 nonfiction book "" by Joseph D. Pistone.
It was nominated for an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Joseph D. Pistone
Joseph Dominick Pistone (born September 17, 1939), also known by his undercover alias Donnie Brasco, is an American former FBI agent.
He worked undercover between September 1976 and July 1981 as part of an undercover job into the Bonanno crime family and the Colombo crime family, two of the Five Families of the Mafia in New York City.
Pistone was an FBI agent for 17 years, from 1969 until he resigned in 1986. The evidence collected by Pistone led to over 200 indictments and over 100 convictions of Mafia members.
The Colombo crime family (pronounced ) is the youngest of the "Five Families" that was a large important group in organized crime activities in New York City, United States.
It was during Lucky Luciano's organization of the American Mafia after the Castellammarese War, and the assassinations of Giuseppe "Joe The Boss" Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano, that the gang run by Joseph Profaci was known as the Profaci crime family.
Profaci would rule his family without interruption or challenge until the late 1950s. The family has been torn by three internal wars.
The Bonanno crime family (pronounced ) is one of the "Five Families" that dominate organized crime activities in New York City, and in the United States.
The family was known as the Maranzano crime family until its founder Salvatore Maranzano was murdered in 1931.
Joseph Bonanno was awarded most of Maranzano's operations. Under the leadership of Bonanno between the 1930s and 1960s, the family was one of the most powerful in the country. In the early 1960s, Bonanno tried to kill several leaders of the Commission, but failed.
Bonanno had disappeared from 1964 to 1966. Between 1976 and 1981, the family was spied by an FBI agent calling himself Donnie Brasco, the family became the first of the New York families to be kicked off the Commission.
The Lucchese crime family (pronounced ) is one of the "Five Families" that were key figures organized crime activities in New York City, United States.
The family originated in the early 1920s with Gaetano Reina serving as boss up until his murder in 1930. It was taken over by Tommy Gagliano during the Castellammarese War, and led by him until his death in 1951.
Known as the Gagliano crime family under Gagliano, was peaceful and low key. The next boss was Tommy Lucchese who served as Gagliano's underboss for over 20 years, who turned the family around to become one of the most powerful families to sit on the Commission. Lucchese teamed up with Gambino crime family boss Carlo Gambino to control organized crime in New York City.
When Lucchese died of a brain tumor in 1967, Carmine Tramunti controlled the family for a short time. He was arrested in 1973 for funding a major heroin network and died five years later. Anthony Corallo then gained control of the family. Co
Spellbound (1945 movie)
Grethe Ryen
Grethe Ryen (24 November 1949 – 5 July 2020) was a Norwegian actress. She played at the Norwegian touring theatre Riksteatret from 1974 to 1975, Teatret Vårt from 1975 to 1977, and, after 1977, at Det Norske Teatret. She appeared many movies such as "Karjolsteinen" and "Den sommeren jeg fylte 15". She was born in Oslo.
Ryen died on 5 July 2020 in Oslo, aged 70.
Ali Mirzaei
Ali Mirzaei (, 28 January 1929 – 18 July 2020) was an Iranian weightlifter. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal. He was born in Tehran. He also competed at the 1951 and 1954 World Weightlifting Championships. He also participated at the Asian Games in 1951.
Mirzaei died on 18 July 2020 in Tehran, aged 91.
Jope Ruonansuu
Jorma Olavi "Jope" Ruonansuu (15 April 1964 – 18 July 2020) was a Finnish actor, impressionist, musician and stand-up comedian. He was born in Kemi, Finland. He won the Best performer Venla award in 2010. In 2005, he began hosting the comedy sketch show "Jopet Show".
Ruonansuu was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2018. He died on 18 July 2020 in Helsinki from the disease, aged 56.
Unicoi County, Tennessee
Unicoi County () is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,313. Its county seat is Erwin. "Unicoi" is a Cherokee word meaning "white".
Bristol, Tennessee
Bristol is a city in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 26,702 at the 2010 census. It is the twin city of Bristol, Virginia.
Sullivan County, Tennessee
Sullivan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,823. Its county seat is Blountville.
California State Capitol
Blountville, Tennessee
Blountville is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,074 at the 2010 census. It is the only Tennessee county seat not to be an incorporated city or town.
Hawkins County, Tennessee
Hawkins County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,833. Its county seat is Rogersville.
Rogersville, Tennessee
Rogersville is a town in, and the county seat of, Hawkins County, Tennessee, United States. It was settled in 1775 by the grandparents of Davy Crockett, and is the second-oldest town in the state. The population of Rogersville as of the 2010 census was 4,420.
Olavo de Carvalho
Olavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho (born 29 April 1947) is a Brazilian polemicist, philosopher, political pundit, former astrologer and journalist.
In the 1980s and 1990s, he become known for writing columns for some of Brazil's major media outlets, such as the newspaper "O Globo". In the 2000s, he began to use personal blogs and social media to convey his strongly conservative and anti-communist ideas.
In 2005, he moved to Richmond, Virginia.
Porte-de-Benauge
Margaux-Cantenac
Bug (2006 movie)
Bug is a 2006 American German psychological horror movie directed by William Friedkin and is based on the 1996 play of the same name by Tracy Letts who also wrote the screenplay. It stars Ashley Judd, Michael Shannon, Lynn Collins, Brían F. O'Byrne, Harry Connick Jr. and was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment.
The Church of St Margaret, Westminster Abbey is an Anglican church in Westminster, London, England. It is in the grounds of Westminster Abbey next to the Palace of Westminster. It was the church of the House of Commons since 1614 - 1972. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called "Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church". The church was first started in the 12th century by Benedictine monks. The building that stands now was built between 1486 and 1523. The church is dedicated to Margaret of Antioch.
St. Margaret's is the parish church for this part of Westminster. Other grand ecclesiastical places in the area do not perform this function. Until modern times, Westminster had large numbers of ordinary people living in the parish who could not, or did not, use the grand churches for their spiritual needs.
About Endlessness
Val-de-Livenne
Castets et Castillon
Onslow County, North Carolina
Onslow County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 177,772 people lived there. Its county seat is Jacksonville.
Wayne County, North Carolina
Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 122,623 people lived there. Its county seat is Goldsboro It is the home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.
Altenkirchen
Olpe, Germany
Hingstheide
Betzdorf, Luxembourg
Betzdorf () is a commune and town in eastern Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.
As of 2019, 4,002 people live here.
Flaxweiler
Flaxweiler () is a commune and town in southeastern Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.
As of 2019, 2,145 people live here.
Junglinster
Junglinster () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.
As of 2019, 7,802 people live here.
Mareike Miller
Mareike Miller (born 3 August 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Manternach
Manternach is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.
As of 2019, 2,163 people live here.
Mertert
Mertert () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.
As of 2019, 4,563 people live here.
Wormeldange
Wormeldange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.
As of 2019, 2,921 people live here.
Boulaide
Boulaide (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.
As of 2019, 1,307 people live here.
Differdange
Differdange (, ) is a commune with town status in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette.
As of 2019, 26,796 people live here.
Esch-sur-Sûre
Esch-sur-Sûre (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz. As of 2019, 2,715 people live there.
On 1 January 2012, the former communes of Heiderscheid and Neunhausen merged to form the commune of Esch-sur-Sûre.
Goesdorf
Goesdorf () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.
As of 2019, 1,542 people live here.
Kiischpelt
Kiischpelt is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz. The administrative center is Wilwerwiltz.
Kiischpelt was created on 1 January 2006 from the former communes of Kautenbach and Wilwerwiltz.
As of 2019, 1,201 people live here.
Lac de la Haute-Sûre
Lac de la Haute-Sûre (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.
As of 2019, 1,952 people live here.
Winseler
Winseler () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.
As of 2019, 1,365 people live here.
Käerjeng
Käerjeng is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen. It was created on 1 January 2012 from the former communes of Bascharage and Clemency.
As of 2019, 10,409 people live here.
Dippach
Dippach () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
As of 2019, 4,333 people live here.
Bascharage
Bascharage (, ) is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen.
Since 2012, it is part of the new commune of Käerjeng.
Porum, Oklahoma
Porum is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Bertrange
Bertrange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 8,282 people live here.
Johanna Welin
Johanna Welin (born 24 June 1984) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Contern
Contern () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 3,865 people live here.
Hesperange
Hesperange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 15,479 people live here.
Simone Kues
Simone Kues (born 8 November 1976) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Anne Patzwald
Anne Patzwald (born 17 February 1985) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
She played for Hamburger SV.
Annika Zeyen
Annika Zeyen (born 17 February 1985) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Biełarus
Laura Fürst
Laura Fürst (born 23 April 1991) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Gesche Schünemann
Gesche Schünemann (born 3 August 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Maya Lindholm
Maya Lindholm (born 20 December 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Annabel Breuer
Annabel Breuer (born 23 October 1992) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. It uses biological leavening rather than cultivated baker's yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli gives it a more sour taste and improved keeping qualities.
In the "Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology", Michael Gaenzle writes: "The origins of bread-making are so ancient that everything said about them must be pure speculation. One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 3700 BCE and was excavated in Switzerland, but the origin of sourdough fermentation likely relates to the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent several thousand years earlier ... Bread production relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent for most of human history; the use of baker's yeast as a leavening agent dates back less than 150 years."
Pliny the Elder described the sourdough method in his "Natural History":
Sourdough remained the usual form of leavening down into the European Middle Ages. Im modern times, barm from the beer brewing process replaced it, at first. Later, there was specially grown yeast.
Bread made from 100% rye flour is popular in the northern half of Europe. It is usually leavened with sourdough. Baker's yeast is not useful as a leavening agent for rye bread, because rye does not contain enough gluten. The structure of rye bread is based primarily on the starch in the flour, as well as other carbohydrates known as pentosans. however, rye amylase is active at much higher temperatures than wheat amylase, causing the structure of the bread to disintegrate as the starches are broken down during cooking. The lowered pH of a sourdough starter, therefore, inactivates the amylases when heat cannot, allowing the carbohydrates in the bread to gel and set properly. In the southern part of Europe, where panettone was originally made with sourdough, sourdough has become less common in recent times. It has been replaced by the faster-growing baker's yeast. Sometimes longer fermentation rests are used to allow for some bacterial activity to build flavor.
In English-speaking countries, wheat-based breads arte more common. Sourdough is no longer the standard method for bread leavening. It was gradually replaced, first by the use of barm from beer making, then, after the confirmation of germ theory by Louis Pasteur, by cultured yeasts. Although sourdough bread was superseded in commercial bakeries in the 20th century, it has undergone a revival among artisan bakers.
Manufacturers of non-sourdough breads make up for the lack of yeast and bacterial culture by introducing into their dough an artificially-made mix known as bread improver or flour improver.
The preparation of sourdough begins with a pre-ferment (the "starter" or "leaven", also known as the "chief", "chef", "head", "mother" or "sponge"), a fermented mixture of flour and water, containing a colony of microorganisms including wild yeast and lactobacilli. The purpose of the starter is to produce a vigorous leaven and to develop the flavour of the bread. In practice there are several kinds of starters.
Flour already contains different kinds of yeast and bacteria spores. When flour comes in contact with water, the enzyme amylase breaks down the starch into different sugars. The yeast which is part of sourdough, can use these sugars. The mixture will develop into a stable bacteria culture, which will use fermentation. The yeast will produce carbon dioxide as a by-product of fermentation, which will leaven the dough.
Obtaining a satisfactory rise from sourdough takes longer than a dough leavened with baker's yeast because the yeast in a sourdough is less vigorous. In the presence of lactic acid bacteria, however, some sourdough yeasts have been observed to produce twice the gas of baker's yeast. The acidic conditions in sourdough, along with the bacteria also producing enzymes that break down proteins, result in weaker gluten and may produce a denser finished product.
As it ferments, sometimes for several days, the volume of the starter is increased by periodic additions of flour and water, called "refreshments". As long as this starter culture is fed flour and water regularly it will remain active.
The ratio of fermented starter to fresh flour and water is critical in the development and maintenance of a starter. This ratio is called the "refreshment ratio". Higher refreshment ratios are associated with greater microbial stability in the sourdough. In San Francisco sourdough, the ratio is 40% of the total weight, which is roughly equivalent to 67% of the new-dough's weight. A high refreshment ratio keeps acidity of the refreshed dough relatively low. Acidity levels of below pH 4.0 inhibit lactobacilli and favour acid-tolerant yeasts.
A starter prepared from scratch with a salted wheat-rye dough takes about 54 hours at to stabilise at a pH between 4.4 and 4.6. 4% salt inhibits "L. sanfranciscensis", while "C. milleri" can withstand 8%.
A drier and cooler starter has less bacterial activity and more yeast growth, which results in the bacterial production of more acetic acid relative to lactic acid. Conversely, a wetter and warmer starter has more bacterial activity and less yeast growth, with more lactic acid relative to acetic acid. The yeasts produce mainly CO and ethanol. High amounts of lactic acid are desired in rye and mixed-rye fermentations, while relatively higher amounts of acetic acid are desired in wheat fermentations. A dry, cool starter produces a sourer loaf than a wet, warm one. Firm starters (such as the Flemish Desem starter, which may be buried in a large container of flour to prevent drying out) tend to be more resource-intensive than wet ones.
A stable culture in which "L. sanfranciscensis" is the dominant bacterium requires a temperature between and refreshments every 24 hours for about two weeks. Refreshment intervals of longer than three days acidify the dough and may change the microbial ecosystem.
The intervals between refreshments of the starter may be reduced in order to increase the rate of gas (CO) production, a process described as "acceleration." In this process, the ratio of yeasts to lactobacilli may be altered. Generally, if once-daily refreshment-intervals have not been reduced to several hours, the percentage amount of starter in the final dough should be reduced to obtain a satisfactory rise during proof.
Faster starter processes, requiring fewer refreshments, have been devised, sometimes using commercial sourdough starters as inoculants. These starters generally fall into two types. One is made from traditionally maintained and stable starter doughs, often dried, in which the ratios of microorganisms are uncertain. Another is made from microorganisms carefully isolated from Petri dishes, grown into large, homogeneous populations in fermentors, and processed into combined baker's products with numerically defined ratios and known quantities of microorganisms well suited to particular bread styles.
The starter must be fed 4 to 12 hours prior to being added to dough, by mixing flour and water to the starter. This creates an active leaven, which should grow in size and is ready to use when it is bubbly and floats in water. The leaven is mixed with flour and water to make a final dough of the desired consistency. The starter weight is usually 13% to 25% of the total flour weight, though formulas may vary. The dough is shaped into loaves, left to rise, and then baked. A number of 'no knead' methods are available for sourdough bread. Due to the length of time sourdough bread takes to proof, many bakers may refrigerate their loaves prior to baking. This process is known as 'retardation' to slow down the proofing process. This process has the added benefit of developing a richer flavoured bread.
Because the rise time of most sourdough starters is longer than that of breads made with baker's yeasts, sourdough starters are generally unsuitable for use in a bread machine. However, sourdough that has been proved over many hours, using a sourdough starter or mother dough, can then be transferred to the machine, utilizing only the baking segment of the bread-making program, bypassing timed mechanical kneading by the machine's paddle. This may be convenient for single loaf production, but the complex blistered and slashed crust characteristics of oven-baked sourdough bread cannot be achieved in a bread making machine, as this usually requires the use of a baking stone in the oven and misting of the dough to produce steam. Furthermore, ideal crust development requires loaves of shapes not achievable in a machine's loaf tin.
Annegret Brießmann
Annegret Brießmann (born 28 July 1972) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Marina Mohnen
Marina Mohnen (born 31 October 1978) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Barbara Gross
Barbara Gross (born 20 November 1993) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
She played for University of Alabama.
Ilse Arts
Ilse Arts (born 7 June 1990) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2017 Women's Wheelchair Basketball European Championship and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
She is from Wijchen, Netherlands. She played association football for SC Woezik. She was injured after a motorcycle accident.
She plays for Hot Rolling Bears Essen in the 2. Rollstuhlbasketball-Bundesliga.
Sapardi Djoko Damono
Sapardi Djoko Damono (March 20, 1940 – July 19, 2020) was an Indonesian poet. He was known for lyrical poems. He was widely known as the pioneer of lyrical poetry in Indonesia. Sapardi also translated many literary works from other countries into Indonesian. These include the literary works of T.S. Eliot, Khalil Gibran and Jalaludin Rumi; his translation of Ernest Hemingway’s "The Old Man and the Sea".
Damono died in South Tangerang, Banten on July 19, 2020 from multiple organ failure, aged 80.
Lucio Urtubia
Lucio Urtubia Jiménez (18 February 1931 – 18 July 2020) was a Spanish anarchist. He was known for his anarchism. He was compared to Robin Hood. Urtubia carried out bank robberies and forgeries throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
In the words of Albert Boadella, "Lucio is a Quijote that did not fight against wind mills, but against a true giant".
Urtubia died on July 18, 2020, aged 89.
Albert Boadella
Albert Boadella Oncins (born 30 July 1943) is a Spanish actor and playwright. He was the director of the company of the independent theater Els Joglars until 2012. Boadella was born in Barcelona.
In 2003 he wrote the screenplay and directed the movie "Buen viaje, excelencia", a caricature of the last months of life of the general Franco.
In December 2012 he was awarded the Alfonso Ussía awards in the category of Person of the Year, together with Arturo Fernández.
Henrique Soares da Costa
Henrique Soares da Costa (11 April 1963 – 18 July 2020) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop. He was bishop of the diocese of Palmares from 2014 until 2020. He was born in Penedo, Alagoas.
Costa died in Recife, Brazil on 18 July 2020 from COVID-19, aged 57.
Rick Reed (umpire)
Rick Alan Reed (March 3, 1950 – July 16, 2020) was an American umpire in Major League Baseball. He joined the American League staff in 1979. He worked throughout both major leagues from 2000 to 2009. He was named a crew chief in 1999. Reed wore uniform number 23. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.
Reed died on July 16, 2020 in Detroit at the age of 70.
Brigid Berlin
Brigid Berlin (September 6, 1939 – July 17, 2020) was an American artist and Warhol superstar. She was born in New York City. She was known for working as an artistic model for Andy Warhol. She starred as herself in the 1966 Warhol movie "Chelsea Girls".
Berlin died of cardiac arrest from a pulmonary embolism in New York City on July 17, 2020 at the age of 80.
Pierre-Marie Coty
Pierre-Marie Coty (22 November 1927 – 17 July 2020) was an Ivorian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1955. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Daloa, Ivory Coast from 1975 to 2005.
Coty died on 17 July 2020, aged 92.
Paul Morrissey
Paul Morrissey (born February 23, 1938) is an American movie director. He was born in New York City. Morrissey is best known for his works with Andy Warhol. His best known movie is "Trash" (1970).
Vishnu Raj Atreya
Vishnu Raj Atreya (; 10 November 1944 – 18 July 2020) was a Nepali writer and poet. He wrote in Nepali language, Sanskrit language and Awadhi language. He used the title "Latosaathi" () in his poetry works when his career began in 1963. He known to be the first person to start writing Haiku in Sanskrit language. Atreya was born in Kapilbastu, Nepal. He was a Professor of Navya Vyakaran in Nepal Sanskrit University for seventeen years between 1996 to 2013.
Atreya was diagnosed with gallbladder cancer in early 2019. He died on 18 July 2020 from the disease, aged 75.
S. O. Davies
Stephen Owen Davies (1886 or 1887 – 25 February 1972) was a Welsh miner, trade union official and politician. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Merthyr Tydfil from 1950 to 1972, and previously Merthyr from 1934 to 1950. He was a member of the Labour Party.
Davies was born in Abercwmboi, Glamorgan. In 1972, he died in Merthyr Tydfil at the age of 85.
Mazhilis
The Mazhilis (, also transliterated as Majilis; "Assembly" in Kazakh) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kazakhstan, known as the "Parlamenti", in the Government of Kazakhstan.
The upper house of Parliament is the Senate of Kazakhstan. There are 107 seats (98+9). Members of Parliament are elected to five-year terms.
Parliament of Kazakhstan
The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ) is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Mazhilis, with 107 seats which are elected to four year terms. The upper house is the Senate, which has 47 members.
As of January 2007, 10% of the parliament's representatives are women and 19% of local and city council officials are women.
Senate of Kazakhstan
The Senate of Kazakhastan (, "Qazaqstan Parlamentiniń Senaty") is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan's legislature, known as the Parliament ("Parlamenti"). The Senate is made of elected members two from each region, the city of republican importance (Almaty) and the capital city of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Fifteen members are appointed by the President of Kazakhstan with the view to ensure representation for all the diverse national, cultural components of society.
The term of office for the members of the Senate is 6 years.
Dariga Nazarbayeva
Dariga Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva (, born 7 May 1963) is a Kazakh politician. She was a member of the Mazhilis from 2004 to 2007, then again from 2012 to 2015.
From 2014, Nazarbayeva was the Deputy Chair of Mazhilis until she became a Deputy Prime Minister, where was from 2015 until she became the member of the Senate in 2016. She was the Chair of the Senate of Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2020. She is the daughter of former President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Nikolai Tanayev
Nikolay Timofeyevich Tanayev (; 5 November 1945 – 19 July 2020) was a Kyrgyz politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 2002 to 2005, under President Askar Akayev.
Tanayev was an ethnic Russian. On 19 July 2020, he died in Moscow at the age of 74.
Kubatbek Boronov
Kubatbek Ayilchiyevich Boronov (, "Kubatbek Ayılçiyeviç Boronov"; born 15 December 1964) is a Kyrgyz politician. In June 2020, he became the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan. He resigned on 6 October 2020.
Linda Purl
The Icelandic Phallological Museum () has the world's largest display of penises and penile parts. As of early 2020 the museum moved to a new location in Hafnartorg in Reykjavík, Iceland. The collection holds well over 300 penises from more than 100 species of mammal. The museum also holds 22 penises from creatures and peoples of Icelandic folklore.
In July 2011, the museum got its first human penis, however it decomposed quickly. The museum continues to search for "a younger and a bigger and better one."
It was founded in 1997 by since-then retired teacher Sigurður Hjartarson.
The museum has become a popular tourist attraction with thousands of visitors a year and has received international media attention, including a Canadian documentary movie called "The Final Member", which is about the museum's quest to obtain a human penis.
René Carmans
René Carmans (16 March 1945 – 18 July 2020) was a Belgian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He was named ‘Black Panther’ because he was always wearing black clothes. Carmans played for K.F.C. Diest from 1962 until 1975. He was the first keeper from 1964 until the mid 1970s.
Carmans died on 18 July 2020 from heart disease, aged 75.
Myrzageldy Kemel
Myrzageldy Kemel (; ; 15 January 1949 – 18 July 2020) was a Kazakh writer, economist, politician and academic. He was a member of the Supreme Kenges from 1994 to 1995 and a member of the Mazhilis from 1995 to 2004. He published 10 books about spirituality.
Kemel died on 18 July 2020, aged 71.
Inge Huitzing
Inge Huitzing (born 19 April 1974) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Chi Chi DeVayne
Zavion Davenport (September 24, 1985 – August 20, 2020), known by his stage name Chi Chi DeVayne, was an American drag queen and reality television personality. She became well known into international attention on the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars".
DeVayne was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. In July 2020, he was hospitalized for kidney failure in Shreveport. DeVayne died a month later on August 20 from pneumonia at the age of 34.
Megan Thee Stallion
Megan Jovon Ruth Pete (born February 15, 1995), known professionally as Megan Thee Stallion (pronounced "Megan the Stallion"), is an American rapper and singer-songwriter.
She has released three EPs since 2017—"Make It Hot", "Tina Snow", and "Suga"—with the latter two charting on the US "Billboard" 200. She released her first full-length mixtape, "Fever" in 2019.
In 2020, her single "Savage" went viral on the social media app TikTok and reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart following the release of a remix with Beyoncé.
She has won two BET Awards, two BET Hip Hop Awards, a MTV Video Music Award, and a "Billboard" Women in Music Award.
On July 15, 2020, she was multiple shot and had emergency surgery to remove the bullets. She made a full recovery.
On the 7th of August 2020, she released WAP"With an American rapper Cardi B.
Wolfgard Voß
Wolfgard Voss (, Mönning, 24 June 1926 – 7 July 2020), nicknamed "Wölfi", was a German gymnast. She competed in seven events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. She was born in Oldenburg, Germany.
Voß died on 7 July 2020 in Oldenburg, aged 94.
Lucie Houwen
Lucie Houwen (born 30 October 1990) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Eduardo Mendoza Garriga
Eduardo Mendoza Garriga (born 11 January 1943) is a Spanish novelist. He was born in Barcelona. Between 1973 and 1982, he worked as an interpreter for the United Nations. In 1975 he published his very successful first novel, "La Verdad sobre el Caso Savolta" ("The Truth About the Savolta Case").
The Spanish newspaper "El País" published two of his novels in instalments, "Sin Noticias de Gurb" (No Word from Gurb, 1990) and "El Último Trayecto de Horacio Dos" ("The Last Journey of Horatio Dos", 2001), both of them science fiction comedy novels.
In 2016 he was awarded the Premio Cervantes.
Jitske Visser
Jitske Visser (born 29 October 1992) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Sergio Ramírez Mercado (; born August 5, 1942) is a Nicaraguan writer and politician. He worked in the leftist Government Junta of National Reconstruction and as Vice President of the country from 1985 to 1990 under the presidency of Daniel Ortega.
Roos Oosterbaan
Roos Oosterbaan (born 18 May 1979) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, ‎2008 Summer Paralympics, and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Sanne Timmerman
Sanne Timmerman (born 8 May 1992) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Bo Kramer
Bo Kramer (born 15 Septemper 1998) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Cher Korver
Cher Korver (born 11 August 1976) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, ‎2008 Summer Paralympics, 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Barbara van Bergen
Barbara van Bergen (born 9 June 1978) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player and para-alpine skier.
She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, 2018-2019 World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup, and 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships.
Carina de Rooij
Carina de Rooij (born 10 May 1980) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship. She is a member of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation's Athlete Steering Committee.
Mariska Beijer
Mariska Beijer (born 29 June 1991) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Role-playing
Role-playing is changing one's behaviour to assume a role. This can be deliberately to act out an adopted role, or unconsciously to fill a social role.
The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines role-playing as "the changing of one's behaviour to fulfill a social role". However, in the field of social psychology, the term is used more loosely:
Evelyn van Leeuwen
Evelyn van Leeuwen (born 15 May 1972) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Niederanven
Niederanven () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 6,222 people live here.
Sandweiler
Sandweiler is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 3,676 people live here.
Schuttrange
Schuttrange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 4,166 people live here.
Schuttrange consists of the four localities:
Steinsel
Steinsel () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 5,408 people live here.
Strassen, Luxembourg
Strassen () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 9,589 people live here.
Walferdange
Walferdange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 8,231 people live here.
Weiler-la-Tour
Weiler-la-Tour (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.
As of 2019, 2,400 people live here.
Beaufort, Luxembourg
Beaufort (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.
As of 2019, 2,802 people live here.
Bech
Bech is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.
As of 2019, 1,259 people live here.
Berdorf
Berdorf () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.
As of 2019, 1,794 people live here.
Consdorf
Consdorf () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.
As of 2019, 2,024 people live here.
Mompach
Mompach () is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Echternach.
On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Rosport to form the new commune of Rosport-Mompach.
Rosport
Rosport () is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Echternach.
On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Mompach to form the new commune of Rosport-Mompach.
Rosport-Mompach
Rosport-Mompach () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach. It was created on 1 January 2018 from the former communes of Rosport and Mompach.
As of 2019, 3,644 people live here.
Waldbillig
Waldbillig () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.
As of 2019, 1,803 people live here.
Ralph Breaks the Internet
Ralph Breaks the Internet (also known as Wreck-It Ralph 2: Who Broke a Internet) is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated comedy movie directed by Rich Moore and Phil Johnston. It is the sequel to the 2012 movie "Wreck-It Ralph". This movie stars John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, Ed O'Neill, Alan Tudyk, Gal Gadot, Taraji P. Henson and Alfred Molina. The movie was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.
Putscheid
Putscheid () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Vianden.
As of 2019, 1,125 people live here.
Tandel
Tandel is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Vianden. As of 2019, 2,083 people live here.
The commune was created on 1 January 2006 from the former communes of Bastendorf (in the canton of Diekirch) and Fouhren (in the canton of Vianden).
Garnich
Garnich () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
As of 2019, 2,167 people live here.
Hobscheid
Hobscheid () is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen.
On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Septfontaines to form the commune of Habscht.
Habscht
Habscht is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
It was created on 1 January 2018 from the former communes of Hobscheid and Septfontaines.
As of 2019, 4,528 people live here.
Clemency, Luxembourg
Clemency (, ) is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen. Since 2012, it is part of the new commune of Käerjeng.
Kehlen
Kehlen () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
As of 2019, 6,143 people live here.
Koerich
Koerich () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
As of 2019, 2,591 people live here.
Kopstal
Kopstal () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
As of 2019, 3,884 people live here.
Septfontaines
Septfontaines (, ) is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen.
On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Hobscheid to form the commune of Habscht.
Steinfort
Steinfort () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.
As of 2019, 5,281 people live here.
Beckerich
Beckerich () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange.
As of 2019, 2,619 people live here.
Ell, Luxembourg
Ell is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange.
As of 2019, 1,350 people live here.
Ajuran Sultanate
The Ajuran Empire (, ), also spelled Ajuuraan Empire, and often simply as Ajuran, was a Somali empire in the medieval times that dominated the Indian ocean trade. They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages. Because of their centralized administration and strong military, they were able to resist an attack by the Ottoman empire. This was called Gaal Madow. The fought a number of wars with the Portugese, and were able to withstand them. After the war, trade routes were re-established or strengthened. In the coastal provinces, trade flourished. Ships sailed to and came from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa and East Africa.