AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
On the night of December 25, 2011, he died of cardiac arrest at the age of 18.
Stan Tracey
Stanley William "Stan" Tracey CBE (30 December 1926 – 6 December 2013) was a British jazz pianist and composer. He was most influenced by Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk. Tracey's best known recording is a suite (1965) inspired by Dylan Thomas's radio drama "Under Milk Wood".
Tracey died from prostate cancer on 6 December 2013, aged 86. He was survived by two children.
Danny Wells
Jack Westelman or Danny Wells (April 7, 1941 – November 28, 2013) was a Canadian-American actor and composer. He was known for his role as Charlie the bartender on "The Jeffersons". He also portrayed Luigi in "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!".
Wells died on November 28, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 72.
The Jeffersons
Christopher Evan Welch
Christopher Evan Welch (September 28, 1965 – December 2, 2013) was an American actor of Broadway, movie, and television. One of his last movie appearances was in Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln" (2012).
Welch died of lung cancer on December 2, 2013, aged 48, at a hospital in Santa Monica, California.
Barry Jackson
Barry Jackson (29 March 1938 – 5 December 2013) was an English movie and television actor. His movie roles include "Ryan's Daughter", "Barry Lyndon", "Aces High", "The Raging Moon", "Mr. Love", "Toscanini in His Own Words", and "Wimbledon".
He died in London on 5 December 2013 from a stroke, aged 75.
Fred Bassetti
Fred Bassetti FAIA, (January 31, 1917 – December 5, 2013) was an American architect, teacher, and a prime contributor to the regional approach to Modern architecture during the 1940s-1990’s. His architectural legacy includes some of the Seattle area's more recognizable buildings and spaces. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) described his role as a regional architect and activist as having made significant contributions to “the shape of Seattle and the Northwest, and on the profession of architecture.”
Colin Wilson
Colin Henry Wilson (26 June 1931 – 5 December 2013) was an English novelist and writer. Wilson also wrote widely on true crime and criminology, mysticism, the paranormal, and other topics. In all, there are over 120 books, including some fiction. He preferred to call his philosophy new existentialism or phenomenological existentialism.
Wilson was interested in metaphysics and the occult. In 1971, he wrote a nonfiction book named "The Occult: A History". In it, he talked about the beliefs of Aleister Crowley, George Gurdieff, Helena Blavatsky, Kabbalah, primitive magic, Franz Mesmer, Grigori Rasputin, and Paracelsus. He also wrote a biography of Crowley, "Aleister Crowley: The Nature of the Beast". He also wrote biographies on other visionaries in spirituality and psychology. Some were about George Gurdjieff, Carl Jung, and Wilhelm Reich.
Wilson suffered a stroke in June 2012 and lost his ability to speak. He died in December 2013, aged 82.
This was the book which made his name. It was really a work of literary criticism, but was also about social philosophy. It was based mainly on the work of Dostoyevsky, Camus and Satre, all of whom featured characters who were lost, outsiders, alienated from society.
Gollancz published the 24-year-old Wilson's "The Outsider" in 1956. The book became a best-seller and helped popularise existentialism in Britain. It has never been out-of-print since publication day and has been translated into over thirty languages (including Russian and Chinese).
Wilson's writing on crime is quite extensive and commercially successful. He wrote several books about serial killers and murderers.
Rob Cohen
Robert "Rob" Cohen (born March 12, 1949) is an American movie director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known for directing the entire "Fast and Furious" movie series. He also directed "A Small Circle of Friends", "", "Dragonheart", "Daylight", and "xXx".
Jack Daniel
Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel (September 5, 1850 – October 10, 1911) was an American distiller and the founder of Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey.
Daniel died from an infectious case of blood poisoning at Lynchburg in 1911. The infection allegedly set up originally in a toe, which Daniel injured in kicking his safe in anger when he could not get it open early one morning at work. He always had trouble remembering the combination.
C. V. Raman
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist. He studied light scattering. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his work in this subject. He discovered that, when light passes through a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect. He died of natural causes in his institute garden surrounded by flowers. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.
WWF SmackDown!
WWF SmackDown! is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as Exciting Pro Wrestling in Japan. The Japanese version was published by Yuke's Future Media Creators.
It was released on March 2, 2000 in North America, April 2000 in Europe and on August 8, 2000 in Japan. The game was the first game in the "WWF SmackDown!" video game series. It was the first WWF game on the PlayStation to be published by THQ who took over from the previous publisher Acclaim Entertainment. It is was followed by "".
IGN rated the game a 8.8 out of 10 and said "It gives some to the N64 "Wrestlemania" game's tighter controls and crisper animation, but "Smackdown" is no slouch in either department, and it even bests "Wrestlemania" in graphics and features.”
GameSpot gave the game a 8.7 out of 10 and stated "The little things that debut in "SmackDown", such as a never-ending season mode and inklings of a plot, really make the game feel fresh and new."
Deap Vally
Deap Vally is a pair of Americans, Lindsey Troy and Julie Edwards, who make music together. They started their band in Los Angeles in 2011. Lindsey sings and plays the guitar. Julie plays the drums.
They met at a needlework class that Julie Edwards was teaching. Lindsey Troy was performing music on her own at the time. Edwards was playing drums and keyboards and singing in a band called The Pity Party
In July 2012 they released their first single "Gonna Make My Own Money" on Ark Recordings. The next month the band was signed to Island Records.
Their first album "Sistrionix" was released in June 2013.
Nguni
Nguni may refer to:
Voortrekker Monument
The Voortrekker Monument is a monument in Pretoria in South Africa. It is a massive granite structure on a hilltop. It was built to commemorate the Voortrekkers who left the Cape Colony between 1835 and 1854.
Most of the Voortrekkers were not satisfied with the British government that ruled over them in the Cape in those years, that is why they packed their ox wagons and started to trek to greener valleys to the north of current South Africa.
It was much hardship that they had to endure for almost 20 years, both from the rural terrain as well as many hostile inhabitants they had to face. This makes the Voortrekker Monument an important structure to the white Afrikaner bloodline (children), because it shows many pictures, reliefs and statutes inside the building of what happened in the history of those years.
Nguni people
Nguni cattle
Nguni is a breed of cattle. It is found in southern Africa.
It is a mixture of local and Indian cattle, they were introduced by the Bantu tribes of southern Africa from the north. They are medium sized and like eat grass of the Highveld.
University of Pretoria
The University of Pretoria is a large public research university in Pretoria, the capital of South Africa. It started in 1908.
The University was built on seven suburban campuses (in parts of Pretoria). It is organised into nine faculties and a business school.
Grimes (musician)
Claire Boucher (born March 17, 1988), better known as Grimes, is a Canadian musician and artist. She was born in Vancouver in British Columbia.
Boucher grew up in Vancouver. When she was 18 she moved to Montreal to study neuroscience and Russian at McGill University.
She wrote on her Tumblr account that she started Grimes in 2009 when she first heard Mariah Carey.
She released her first album, "Geidi Primes" in 2010 on cassette. In 2011 she released an EP with d'Eon called "Darkbloom".
In January 2012 she was signed to the record label 4AD. Pitchfork gave the album of a score of 7.5 out of 10. On January 9, 2012 she released the single "Genesis". Brooke Candy was in the music video.
Grimes released her third album "Visions" on January 31, 2012 in the United States. It got mostly good reviews from music critics. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.5 out of 10. Allmusic called it the best album of 2012. NME chose it as the second best album of 2012. In 2013 it was given the Juno Award for Electronic Album of the year.
In December 2013 Grimes signed to Jay-Z's management company Roc Nation.
She is a feminist. In 2018, she became partners with Elon Musk. They have one son, X Æ A-Xii.
Jamelia
Jamelia Niela Davis (born 11 January 1981), best known as Jamelia, is a British singer-songwriter. She has released three albums.
Jamelia was born to Jamaican parents in Birmingham. She was raised there on a council estate by her single mother.
When she was 15 she signed with Capitol Records. In 1999 she released her first single, "So High". It didn't sell many copies, so Jamelia left Capitol Records and signed to Parlophone. They released her first album "Drama" in 2000.
She released her second album "Thank You" on 29 September 2003. Seven singles were released from the album. The second single "Superstar" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in Australia and the Netherlands. The third single "Thank You" reached number two in the UK. It was nominated for Best British Single at the 2005 BRIT Awards. The fourth single "See It in a Boy's Eyes" was written by Jamelia with Chris Martin. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. The album is Jamelia's best-selling in the UK.
Jamelia's third album "Walk with Me" was released in 2006.
In November 2013, she became a presenter on "Loose Women".
Jamelia had her first daughter Teja in 2001. In 2005 she had her second daughter Tiani.
WWE Survivor Series (video game)
WWE Survivor Series is a professional wrestling video game developed by Natsume and published by THQ. The game was released for the Game Boy Advance.
It was released on October 12, 2004 in North America and November 19, 2004 in Europe. The game was the sequel to WWE Road to WrestleMania X8 which was released in 2002. It was the last WWE video game to be released on a Nintendo handheld console until 2007 when WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 was released on the Nintendo DS.
IGN rated the game a 6.0 out of 10 and said "Even with its limitations and gameplay quirks, it's still somewhat satisfying to play, especially in multiplayer link mode, and especially if you haven't experienced the game two years ago.”
GameSpot gave the game a 5.6 out of 10 and stated "This is almost an exact duplicate of WWE Road to Wrestlemania X8 from two years ago, warts and all."
WWE Raw 2
WWE Raw 2 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Anchor Inc. and published by THQ. The game was released on the Xbox.
It was released on September 15, 2003 in North America and on October 10, 2003 in the PAL region. The game was the sequel to WWE Raw which was released in 2002.
IGN rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "The new moves you get with the cage, cell, tables, ladders and chairs does take things a step beyond what the all-powerful No Mercy showed us. The gameplay and create-a-wrestler elements of the game are outstanding and make Raw 2 worth the price of admission for wrestling fans.”
GameSpot gave the game a 6.9 out of 10 and stated "WWE Raw 2 just doesn't feel like much of a step forward in the series. Instead it feels more like a big step sideways."
Édouard Molinaro
Édouard Molinaro (13 May 1928 – 7 December 2013) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Bordeaux, Gironde. He was nominated for an Academy Award. Molinaro was known for his movie "La Cage aux Folles".
Molinaro died on 7 December 2013 in Paris. His cause of death was of a long-illness. He was 85 years old.
Menahem Golan
Menahem Golan (May 31, 1929 – August 8, 2014) () or Joseph Goldman was an Israeli movie director and movie producer. He was known for his movies such as "Masters of the Universe", "", "Captain America", and for trying to make many Spider-Man movies.
He was co-owner of Golan-Globus with his cousin Yoram Globus. Golan produced about 200 movie, directed 44, won 8 times the Violin David Awards and The Israel Prize in Cinema.
Golan died in Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Israel on August 8, 2014, aged 85.
Yoram Globus
Elmer Lach
Elmer James Lach (January 22, 1918 – April 4, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey center. He played 14 seasons for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League.
Lach retired in 1954 as the league's all-time leading scorer, having played 664 regular season games, scoring 215 goals and 408 assists for 623 points, as well as 76 postseason games, where he scored 19 goals and 45 assists for 64 points. He was soon elected in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966.
Lach was born on January 22, 1918 in Nokomis, Saskatchewan. He was raised in Regina, Saskatchewan. Lach died of a stroke in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, aged 97.
Dermot O'Leary
Seán Dermot Fintan O'Leary, Jr. known as Dermot O'Leary (born 24 May 1973) is an Anglo-Irish television and radio presenter.
O'Leary was born in Colchester, Essex to Irish parents. He has dual citizenship British and Irish.
He started presenting "Big Brother's Little Brother" in 2001. He presented the show until 2008 when Big Brother ended. He has presented "The X Factor" since 2007.
In 2014 O'Leary will present "This Morning" for one week.
O'Leary married Dee Koppang on 14 September 2012.
Emily Jane White
Emily Jane White is a singer and songwriter from California.
She released her first album, "Dark Undercoat", in 2007. In 2009 she released her second album, "Victorian America". White's third album "Ode to Sentience" was released in France in 2010. It was not released in the United States until 2012. In December 2013 White released her fourth album, "Blood/Lines".
The Ordinary Boys
The Ordinary Boys are an English indie rock band. Their name is from the Morrissey song "The Ordinary Boys". At first they were called Next in Line.
They started in 2002. The members were Samuel Preston, William Brown, James Gregory, and Simon Goldring. They released their first album "Over the Counter Culture" in 2004. The third single from the album. "Talk, Talk, Talk", reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart.
In 2005 they released their second album "Brassbound". "Boys Will Be Boys" was the first single from the album. It reached number sixteen in the UK Singles Chart.
In January 2006 the band's singer Samuel Preston was on the British reality TV show "Celebrity Big Brother". This made the band more popular. Their single "Boys Will Be Boys" was released again. It reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. Goldfrapp did a cover version of the song for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.
They released their third album "How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps" in October 2006. It had a more pop sound than the band's first two albums. The first single from the album "Lonely at the Top" reached number ten in the UK Singles Chart.
"Boys Will Be Boys" was on the soundtrack of the 2007 movie "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". In 2007 it was also played in "Smoke and Mirrors", the fifth episode of season two of "The IT Crowd".
In 2008 they broke up. In 2011 they started again.
Alice Ann Munro (born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian writer of short stories. Munro received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. In her stories Munro has changed the way people write short stories. Her stories usually start in a place where people do not expect. After that, the stories go back and forward in time.
Her first collection of short stories, "Dance of the Happy Shades", was published by Ryerson Press in 1968. It won the 1968 Governor General's Award for Fiction.
Munro's most recent collection of short stories, "Dear Life", was published in 2012 by McClelland and Stewart.
Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
Raphael is one of the four "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". He is the brawn of the group of brothers and uses sais. He is also known as the Nightwatcher.
Raphael has been played by Nolan North in movies based on TMNT.
FKA twigs
Tahliah Barnett, known as FKA twigs, is an English R&B singer. She used to be called twigs. Her music has been called post-dubstep and trip-hop.
She was on the cover of "i-D" magazine in August 2012.
twigs released her first EP "EP" on December 4, 2012.
On August 1 2013 twigs posted the video for her single "Water Me" on YouTube. It now has over one million views.
twigs released her second extended play "EP2" on September 17, 2013. It was her first release on the record label The Young Turks. "Pitchfork" gave it a score of 8 out of 10.
In 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list of nominees. In January 2014 BBC chose the winner.
twigs' first album "LP1" was released in August 2014.
Of Thee I Sing (book)
WWE Raw (video game)
WWE Raw is a professional wrestling video game developed by Anchor Inc. and published by THQ. The game was titled WWF Raw on the Xbox. The game was released on the Xbox and Microsoft Windows.
It was released on February 11, 2002 in North America, September 27, 2002 in the United Kingdom and October 3, 2002 in Japan on the Xbox. The game was released on October 14, 2002 in North America and on November 1, 2002 in the United Kingdom. A sequel was released in 2002 called WWE Raw 2.
IGN rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "The hardcore fans will get plenty of enjoyment out of the difficult AI, the awesome multiplayer modes and the super deep Create-A-Wrestler mode.”
GameSpot gave the game a 6.5 out of 10 and stated "While the game does some things very well, it generally falls short of expectations."
Absurd can refer to several different things:
Matthew Fox
John C. McGinley
John Christopher McGinley (born August 3, 1959) is an American actor, comedian, spokesperson, and writer. He is known for his roles as Perry Cox in "Scrubs", Bob Slydell in "Office Space", Sergeant Red O'Neill in Oliver Stone's "Platoon" and Marv in Stone's "Wall Street". He has also written and produced for television and movies. McGinley is also an author and a spokesperson for the National Down Syndrome Society.
Evolution (professional wrestling)
Evolution is a professional wrestling stable that competes in the WWE. The stable was created on January 20, 2003 and broke up on October 3, 2005.
The members of the stable were Triple H, Randy Orton, Batista and Ric Flair. Triple H acted as the leader and Flair acted as a mentor. The members of the stable each portrayed evolutions of professional wrestling with Ric Flair being "the past", Triple H being "the present" and Randy Orton and Batista being "the future". They all portrayed heels.
On April 14, 2014, Evolution, not including Ric Flair, reunited. They came down to the ring to their theme "Line in the Sand" by Motörhead and attacked The Shield.
On the June 2 episode of "Raw", Batista quit the WWE after he had his title match request denied by Triple H. Later in the night, Triple H said that he had a "Plan B" in his quest to destroy the Shield, which prompted Rollins to turn on and attack his group members Reigns and Ambrose.
Nôm
Nôm is a script formerly used in Vietnam. It involved the use of Chinese characters to write Vietnamese. The Van Ban bell, engraved in 1076, has the earliest known example of a Nôm inscription. The earliest surviving Nôm literature dates from the 13th century. The script was in common use until the 1920s. It was replaced by the Vietnamese alphabet. The Vietnamese alphabet is a form of the Latin alphabet.
Classical Chinese was used by the royal court and for other official purposes. The Temple of Literature in Hanoi was the best-known school for the study of Chinese. Students who passed the civil service examinations could go on to become magistrates. Confucian scholars saw Chinese as the language of education and looked down on Nôm, while popular opinion favored Nôm. Only a small percentage of the population was literate in any language, but nearly every village had at least one person who could read Nôm.
In Nôm, a Vietnamese word can be written using a Chinese character for a word with a similar meaning or pronunciation. Each character represents an idea. Such characters are called "ideographs." In addition, each character represents a syllable, or sound. Because traditional characters have this dual property, nearly every syllable in modern Vietnamese has acquired a semantic meaning. Like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language. Since the issue of tone does not arise for Japanese or Korean, native phonetic scripts could develop for these languages without this complicating factor.
Sino-Vietnamese characters were eventually displaced by an alphabetic script. Unlike alphabets used elsewhere, the Vietnamese alphabet has marks to indicate tone. In contrast to South Korea and Japan, modern Vietnam does not require students to study the traditional characters. Fewer than 100 scholars worldwide can read Nôm. Vietnamese literature written in Nôm, including classics like "Tale of Kieu" and the poetry of Ho Xuan Huong, can now be read only in translation. However, character calligraphy remains popular as a home decoration and as a symbol of good luck. The Han-Nom Institute, founded in 1970, collects and studies relevant manuscripts. The Nôm Ideographs were added to Unicode in 2001. Unicode is an international electronic encoding standard.
Chinese characters are used to write various languages in China and elsewhere, including Mandarin, the most widely spoken language in China, Cantonese, spoken in Hong Kong and southern China, and Classical Chinese, traditionally used for formal writing. The characters were formerly used in Korea and in Vietnam. Japan uses a mix of Chinese characters and native phonetic script. Even characters that retain their original meaning in all languages may be read in various ways. The character 十 is given as "shí" in Chinese romanization (pinyin), "jū" in Japanese romanization (Hepburn), "sip" in Korean romanization (Revised Romanization), and "thập" in the Han-Viet system used in Vietnam. In all these languages, the meaning of the character is “ten.”
Modifiers normally come before the noun in Chinese, but follow the noun in vernacular Vietnamese. Chinese texts published in Vietnam often included a line-by-line translation into Nôm. Even when the same characters appear in both languages, the order is different. Many Chinese phrases gained currency as loan words. Later, the word order could be reversed to correspond to normal Vietnamese syntax. The word "Vietnam" is from Chinese "Nányuè" (南越), meaning “Southern Yue”. In Han-Viet, the same characters are read as . The word order was reversed in modern times. In Chinese, the phrase “Chinese characters” is written 漢字. This is romanized as "hànzì" in pinyin, kanji in Japanese, hanja in Korean, and in Han-Viet. In modern Vietnamese, they are .
The majority of the characters used in Nôm are of Chinese origin and are composed phonosemantically. For example, the character "喃" is read as ""Nôm"", whose phonetic component "南" similar to the Cantonese pronunciation "Naam4" and means “chattering.” This rule is consistent in all Chu Nôm characters as all Vietnamese made characters are composed using this method. The word "Nôm" does not have any negative connotation in Vietnamese, but rather suggests plain talk, something easy to understand.
Nôm includes thousands of characters not found in Chinese. In contrast, Japan developed only a few hundred kokuji, Korea just a handful of rarely used gukja. These characters were created by authors who combined pre-existing elements. One element, called the "semantic component", indicates the character's meaning, either pictographically or ideographically. The other element, called the "phonetic component", gives pronunciation. For example, the reading "ba" is indicated by the character . In Mandarin, this character has the same pronunciation as in Vietnamese, but it's meaning is unrelated: "to long for." For the character (⿺巴三), the character 三 which means "three" is added as the semanic component. "Father" is also "ba", but written as (⿱父巴). "Turtle" is "con ba ba" (; ⿰虫巴). Most Chinese characters were created by the same method. As the correspondence between sound and meaning is compounded in Vietnamese created characters than it is in Chinese characters, the same approach resulted in two distinctions between Nôm characters; chữ Nôm (字喃; native characters) and Hán Nôm (漢喃; Han characters).
Of the 9,299 Nôm Ideographs, nearly half are specific to Vietnam. Each character has a codepoint assigned by Unicode. The characters for the V0, V1, and V2 sets were extracted from two Nôm dictionaries published in the 1970s. The V3 characters were extracted from manuscripts.
Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the Han Empire conquered the country in 111 BC. Independence was achieved in 939, but the Chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010. Vietnamese began to use Chinese characters to write in their own language at about this time. The Van Ban bell, engraved in 1076, is the earliest known example of a Nôm inscription. Nguyen Thuyen composed Nôm poetry in the 13th century. However, none of his work has survived. The oldest surviving Nôm text is the collected poetry of King Tran Nhan Tong, written in the 13th century. Many Nôm documents were destroyed by the Chinese during the Ming occupation of 1407-1428. Nguyen Trai (1380–1442) wrote both Chinese and Nôm literature in the 15th century. Trinh Thi Ngoc Truc, consort of King Le Than Tong, is credited with a 24,000-character bilingual Chinese-to-Vietnamese dictionary written in the 17th century.
Unlike Chinese, Nôm was not studied or classified systematically for most of its history. Vietnamese authors who had studied Chinese applied the principles of Chinese writing to their native language. Although official records were generally kept in Chinese, Nôm was used under two short-lived dynasties, the Ho dynasty (1400-1407) and the Tay Son (1778–1802). King Minh Mang (1820-1841) opposed literacy and the use of Nôm. In 1838, Jean-Louis Taberd wrote a Nôm dictionary that eventually gained general acceptance and wide circulation. In 1867, Catholic scholar Nguyen Truong To petitioned King Tu Duc to replace Classical Chinese with Nôm in official usage. The king did not consent to this, but he did respond with various efforts to promote Nôm. A decree was issued entitled "Please respect "quốc âm" [the national voice]."
In the 19th century, there was a flowering of popular literature written in Nôm, including such classics as Nguyen Du's "The Tale of Kieu" and the poetry of Ho Xuan Huong. Although only 3 to 5 percent of the population was literate, nearly every village had someone who could read Nôm aloud for the benefit of other villagers.
In Korea and Japan, the traditional writing system was simplified so it could be taught to the general public. Vietnam's educated class looked down on Nôm as inferior to Chinese, so it was not interested in doing the work required to simplify and standardize the system so that it could be used for mass communication.
Like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language. It has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables, far more than other East Asian language do. Phonetic scripts used elsewhere, including hangul in Korea and kana in Japan, do not indicate tone, so they cannot be applied to the Vietnamese language. As in Chinese, a semantic meaning is attributed to every syllable. This characteristic of the language may be can considered a result of the traditional writing system.
Beginning in the late 19th century, the French colonial authorities promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Japan was often cited as a model for Asian modernization. Nationalists embraced the alphabet as "quốc ngữ" (the national language), and as a tool for promoting literacy. The Confucian education system was compared unfavorably to the Japanese system of public education. Nationalist writer Phan Boi Chau encouraged the young to "study in the East," meaning Japan.
The popularity of Hanoi's short-lived Tonkin Free School suggested that broad reform was possible. In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum," which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The teaching of Sino-Vietnamese characters was discontinued in 1917. On December 28, 1918, King Khai Dinh declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. The civil service exam was given for the last time at the imperial capital of Hue on January 4, 1919. This exam tested knowledge of Chinese. The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years. China itself abandoned Classical Chinese soon afterward as part of the May Fourth Movement.
In the 1920s, the Vietnamese alphabet became the country’s dominant writing system. By the 1930s, the use of Sino-Vietnamese characters was largely restricted to books with limited woodbock printings intended for the Buddhist clergy. In more recent times, the traditional characters have been used mainly in calligraphy, such as wedding decorations. In 2012, manuscripts in Classical Chinese were translated to support Vietnam's claim to the Paracel Islands.
The following are the twenty five most common characters in Nôm literature. The modern spelling is given in italics.
Some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly:
Dio Chrysostom
Dio Chrysostom () was a Greek speaker, writer, philosopher and historian of the Roman Empire. He lived in the 1st century, from about the year 40 to around the year 115. He is also known as Dion of Prusa or Dio Cocceianus. Eighty of his "Discourses" (or "Orations") are known. A few Letters and a funny mock essay In Praise of Hair, as well as a few other fragments also survive. His surname "Chrysostom" comes from the Greek "chrysostomos", which literally means "golden-mouthed". He should not be confused with the Roman historian Cassius Dio, nor with the 4th-century bishop John Chrysostom of Constantinople.
Cauchy's integral formula
In mathematics, Cauchy's integral formula is a central statement in complex analysis. The statement is named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy. It expresses the fact that a holomorphic function defined on a disk is completely determined by its values on the boundary of the disk. The statement also provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function. Cauchy's formula shows that, in complex analysis, "differentiation is equivalent to integration": complex differentiation, like integration, behaves well under uniform limits – a result denied in real analysis.
Magdalen College, Oxford
Magdalen College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The Bishop of Winchester, William of Waynflete, founded the college in 1458. The full name of the college is "The President and Fellows of the College of St. Mary Magdalene in the University of Oxford".
At dawn on May Day, the College choir sings hymns from the top of the Magdalen Tower. Large crowds gather each year on Magdalen Bridge to hear the choir.
Mansfield College, Oxford
Mansfield College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1838 as Spring Hill College in Birmingham. Spring Hill College moved to Oxford in 1886. At that time it was renamed Mansfield College, in honor of its largest donors, George and Elizabeth Mansfield. The college's main building was designed by Basil Champneys, and was completed in 1889.
The first female student at Mansfield was admitted in 1913. In 1955, Mansfield was named a Permanent Private Hall at Oxford University. In 1995, Mansfield was granted a Royal Charter making it a full member of the University.
Chlöe Howl
Chlöe Howl (born 4 March 1995) is an English singer. On 4 March 2013, her first extended play "Rumor" was released for free download. In June 2013, she released the video for her first single "No Strings". She released her second extended play "No Strings" on August 23. "No Strings" was played in the movie "Kick-Ass 2".
Howl was nominated for BBC's Sound of 2014 prize on 3 December 2013.
On 5 December 2013, was nominated for the 2014 BRITs Critics' Choice Award.
On 9 December 2013, her second single "Paper Heart" was released.
Eliza Doolittle
Eliza Sophie Caird (born 17 April 1988), best known as Eliza Doolittle, is a British singer and songwriter. Her first album "Eliza Doolittle" was released on 12 July 2010.
Eliza Doolittle was born in London in 1988. Her father is John Caird. Her mother is Frances Ruffelle. Doolittle grew up in Camden. She went to Channing School.
On 29 November 2009 Doolittle released her first EP "Eliza Doolittle" on iTunes. On 11 April 2010 she released her first single "Skinny Genes". On 5 July 2010 her second single "Pack Up" was released. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number twelve. It reached number five on 11 July 2010. The two singles were from her album "Eliza Doolittle", which was released on 12 July 2010.
In 2011 Doolittle was signed to Select Models.
On 28 April 2013 "You & Me", a song by Disclosure with Doolittle singing on it, was released. It reached number ten in the UK Singles Chart.
On 7 June 2013 Doolittle released the first single from her second album, "Big When I Was Little".
Doolittle released her second album "In Your Hands" on 14 October 2013.
New College, Oxford
Say Lou Lou
Say Lou Lou is a dream pop band. They are Elektra Kilbey and Miranda Kilbey. They are twin sisters. They were called Saint Lou Lou until January 2013.
Say Lou Lou started in 2012.
In August 2012 Say Lou Lou performed at the Popaganda Festival in Stockholm.
On September 5 2012 "Vogue" put them in their magazine as Artist of the Week.
On 15 November 2013 Say Lou Lou released the EP "Better in the Dark" on Sony Music.
In December 2013 BBC put them on their list of nominees for the Sound of 2014 prize.
Their first album will be released in 2014 by Columbia Records.
Say Lou Lou sometimes lived in Stockholm and sometimes live in Sydney.They now live in London.
Robert G. Heft
Robert G. "Bob" Heft (January 19, 1942 – December 12, 2009) was the designer of the current United States 50-star flag. He has also designed a 51-star flag that would be used if a new state joins the United States. He was born in Saginaw, Michigan.
Heft designed the current United States flag as a school project in Lancaster, Ohio when he was 17 years old. He received a B- for his project from his teacher, Stanley Pratt. After talking about the project, he reached an agreement with his teacher that, if the flag was selected as the official flag by the United States Congress, he would get a better grade for the project. Heft's design was chosen out of more than 1,500 designs that were given to United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and his teacher changed his grade to an A.
After graduating from college, he became a high school teacher and later a college professor. He was also mayor of Napoleon, Ohio for 28 years.
After years of combating diabetes, Heft died on December 12, 2009 from a heart attack while living in Saginaw. He was 67 years old.
Nuffield College, Oxford
Division of Macarthur
The Division of Macarthur is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It is named after John Macarthur and his wife Elizabeth, who were both pioneers of Australia's wool industry.
It covers the outer south-west of Sydney. It includes the suburbs of Airds, Ambarvale, Appin, Badgerys Creek, Bickley Vale, Bradbury, Camden, Camden South, Campbelltown, Cawdor, Cobbitty, Ellis Lane, Gilead, Glen Alpine, Grasmere, Greendale, Harrington Park, Kentlyn, Mount Annan, Narellan, Oran Park, Rosemeadow, Rossmore, St Helens Park, Wedderburn and Woodbine and parts of Bringelly, Catherine Field, Douglas Park, Leumeah, Razorback and Rossmore.
Over the years the size of the electorate has become much smaller. This is because of the increasing number of people living in the Campbelltown region. The towns of Bowral and Moss Vale and a large part of the Southern Highlands were removed from the division before the 2001 election.
4AD
4AD is a British independent record label. It was started in 1979 by two men who worked at Beggars Banquet, called Ivo Watts-Russell and Peter Kent. It was called Axis Records. In 1980 the name was changed to 4AD. Musicians who have been signed to 4AD include Pixies, Cocteau Twins, and The Birthday Party. 4AD is part of the Beggars Group.
"Facing the Other Way: The Story of 4AD", a book by Martin Aston about the history of the label, was published in 2013.
Dead Rising is a survival horror video game developed by Capcom Production Studio 1 and published by Capcom.
It was released on August 8, 2006 in North America, September 8, 2006 in Europe, September 14, 2006 in Australia, and on September 28, 2006 in Japan.The game was the first in the Dead Rising video game series and was followed by Dead Rising 2 in 2010.
In the game the player controls a photojournalist named Frank West who is trapped in a shopping mall during a zombie outbreak. The story centers around West trying to uncover the truth behind the outbreak while trying to stay alive.
IGN rated the game a 8.3 out of 10 and said it was "one of the more unique and entertaining titles on the Xbox 360.” but noted that the game could have had "a better save system, more intelligent NPCs, a more forgiving story progression, and tighter controls"
GameSpot gave the game a 8.4 out of 10 and stated "Dead Rising's gory, ridiculous, and entertaining action, coupled with its real-time structure and campy stylistic touches, make it one of the most unique games currently available for the Xbox 360."
The game won "Most Innovative Design for Xbox 360" by IGN in 2006, "Best Action Adventure Game", "Best Sound Effects", and "Best Use of Xbox 360 Achievement Points" in GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2006, and won "Action Game of the Year" at the 2006 Spike TV Video Game Awards.
Christine Ohuruogu
Christine Ijeoma Ohuruogu, MBE (born 17 May 1984) is a British athlete. Her coach is Lloyd Cowan. She was born to Igbo Nigerian parents in Newham, London.
In 2009, she was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
Ohuruogu won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a silver medal in the 400m in the 2012 Summer Olympics.
In December 2013, she was given the "Sunday Times" and "Sky Sports" Sportswoman of the Year award. She was also nominated for BBC Sports Personality of the Year.
Ohuruogu has written children's books.
Sino-Vietnamese characters
Sino-Vietnamese characters () are Chinese-style characters read as either Vietnamese or as Sino-Vietnamese. When they are used to write Vietnamese, they are called Nôm. The same characters may used to write Chinese. In this case, the character is given a Sino-Vietnamese, or Han-Viet, reading. Han-Viet is a system that allows Vietnamese to read Chinese. It is equivalent to pinyin in English.
Some of these characters are also used in China; others are used only in Vietnam. Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam when the Han Empire invaded the country in 111 BC. Even after Vietnam became independent in AD 939, the country continued to use Classical Chinese () for official purposes. In the 1920s, Vietnam shifted from traditional characters to the Latin alphabet. The Han-Nom Institute was founded in Hanoi in 1970 to collect and study documents written in the traditional script. The institute has submitted a list of 19,981 Sino-Vietnamese characters to Unicode for electronic encoding. This includes a core set of 9,299 characters called the Nôm Ideographs.
Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the Han Empire conquered the country in 111 BC. Independence was achieved in 939, but the Chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010. Soon after the country achieved independence, Vietnamese began to use Chinese characters to write their own language. The Van Ban bell, engraved in 1076, is the earliest known example of a Nôm inscription. Nguyen Thuyen composed Nôm poetry in the 13th century. However, none of his work has survived. The oldest surviving Nôm text is the collected poetry of King Tran Nhan Tong, written in the 13th century.
Classical Chinese was used by the royal court and for other official purposes. The Temple of Literature in Hanoi was the best-known school for the study of Chinese. The civil service examination tested knowledge of Chinese. It was given once every three years. Students who passed the exam could go on to become magistrates. Confucian scholars saw Chinese as the language of education and looked down on Nôm. Popular opinion favored Nôm. Some kings thought that all writing should be done in Chinese. They suppressed Nôm. Other kings promoted Nôm. In 1867, King Tu Duc issued a decree encouraging the use of Nôm. Only a small percentage of the population was literate in any language. But nearly every village had at least one person who could read Nôm aloud for the other villagers. Jean-Louis Taberd wrote the first Nôm dictionary in 1838.
In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The Vietnamese alphabet is a form of the Latin alphabet that includes tone marks. On December 28, 1918, King Khai Dinh declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. The civil service exam was given for the last time at the imperial capital of Hue on January 4, 1919. The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years. China itself stop using Classical Chinese soon afterward as part of the May Fourth Movement.
Chinese characters are used to write various languages in China and elsewhere, including Mandarin, the most widely spoken language in China, Cantonese, spoken in Hong Kong and southern China, and Classical Chinese, traditionally used for formal writing. The characters were formerly used in Korea and in Vietnam. Japan uses a mix of Chinese characters and two native phonetic writing systems. Even characters that retain their original meaning in all languages may be read in various ways. The character 十 is pronounced as "shí" in Chinese romanization (pinyin), "jū" in Japanese romanization (Hepburn), "sip" in Korean romanization (Revised Romanization), and "thập" in the Han-Viet system used in Vietnam. In all these languages, the meaning of the character is “ten.”
The majority of the characters used in Nôm are of Chinese origin, chosen because they have an appropriate pronunciation or meaning. For example, the character used to write the word "Nôm" 喃 is pronounced "nán" in Chinese and means “chattering.” The fit between the Chinese character and the Vietnamese word is not always exact. The word "Nôm" does not have any negative connotation in Vietnamese, but rather suggests plain talk, something easy to understand.
Nôm includes thousands of characters not found in Chinese. In contrast, Japan developed only a few hundred kokuji, most of them describing plants and animals found only in Japan. Korea had just a small number of rarely used gukja. These characters were created by writers who combined pre-existing elements. One element, called the radical, indicates the character's meaning, or at least a semantic category. The other element, called the remainder, gives pronunciation. This is similar to how most Chinese characters are written. Like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language. In contrast, Japanese and Korean can be written in phonetic scripts that do not indicate tone.
When a character is read as Vietnamese, it is romanized according to its Nôm reading. When it is read as Chinese, it can be romanized into Vietnamese as Han-Viet, or into English as pinyin. The chart below uses a darker background to display the Nôm Ideographs (V0 to V3), considered to be the core Nôm character set.
In 1994, the Ideographic Rapporteur Group agreed to include Sino-Vietnamese characters in Unicode. In 1993-2001, the Han-Nom Institute assembled a collection of 9,299 “Nôm Ideographs" in four sets. These are the V0, V1, V2, and V3 characters shown below. A Sino-Vietnamese character is first assigned a V Source code, and later a codepoint. These codes are used to transmit and store the character electronically. An appropriate font must be installed to render them.
The Nôm Ideographs were extracted from two dictionaries published in the 1970s, one in Saigon and the other in Hanoi. V Source annotations were added to the glyphs that were already encoded. The rest were assigned codepoints in Extension B. "The Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire" (2008) integrates the work of the Han-Nom Institute with that of the U.S.-based Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. This book presents a comprehensive list of 19,981 Sino-Vietnamese characters, including the Nôm Ideographs, manuscript variants, characters formerly used by the Tay people of northern Vietnam, as well as numerous Chinese characters with Han-Viet readings.
Dead Rising 2
Dead Rising 2 is a survival horror video game developed by Blue Castle Games and published by Capcom.
It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on August 8, 2006 in North America, September 8, 2006 in Europe, September 14, 2006 in Australia, and on September 28, 2006 in Japan. It was also released on Microsoft Windows on September 28, 2010 in North America, September 30, 2010 in Australia, October 1, 2010 in Europe, and on October 28, 2010 in Japan.
The game was the second in the Dead Rising video game series and is the sequel to Dead Rising which was released in 2006.
IGN rated the game a 8 out of 10 and said it was "It’s not the smoothest game and it can feel like the last one, however that doesn’t mean a thing when the game’s this much fun."
GameSpot gave the game a 8.5 out of 10 and stated "The Dead Rising formula proves to be as addictive as ever, and a new cooperative mode and weapon crafting system are great additions to the franchise."
Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist. He is considered by other psychologists to be one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century. He was ranked 10th among psychologists nominated for being well-known or influential. He is known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Maslow died of a heart attack.
Dead Rising 3 is a survival horror video game developed by Capcom Vancouver and published by Microsoft Studios.
It was announced Microsoft's E3 2013 press conference on June 10, 2013 and was released exclusively for the Xbox One on November 22, 2013 as a launch title.
The game was the third in the Dead Rising video game series and is the sequel to Dead Rising 2 which was released in 2010.
IGN rated the game a 8.3 out of 10 and said it was "Dead Rising 3 delivers the undead and great tools to kill them with by the truckload."
GameSpot gave the game a 7 out of 10 and stated "Capcom has successfully made Dead Rising 3 a more welcoming experience than its harsh predecessors."
Sándor Szokolay
Sándor Szokolay (30 March 1931 – 8 December 2013) was an Hungarian composer and a professor of the Liszt Ferenc Academy, Budapest.
Szokolay was born on 30 March 1931 in Kunágota, Hungary. He was chairman of the Hungarian Kodály Society (1978) and the Hungarian Music Camera (1991–92), and he is member of the Hungarian Széchenyi Art Academy (1992). Szokolay died on 8 December 2013 in Sopron from pneumonia, Hungary, aged 82.
Meg Mundy
Margaret "Meg" Mundy (4 January 1915 – 12 January 2016) was an English-American actress. She was born in London, but moved to the United States at the age of six in 1921. She played "Mona Aldrich Croft", on "The Doctors" from 1971 until 1982, when the show was cancelled. She was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards for her role as Croft.