AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Crude muzzleloading cannons existed in China from about the 12th century, possibly earlier. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were muzzleloaders built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a cast iron ball. By the 16th century muzzleloading cannons began to replace bombards. Casting had greatly improved in Europe after about 1570. In the early 1500s, French cannons were used to break up masses of men in their campaigns in Italy. The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to . Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield. He used a cast 4-pounder that weighed about and could be pulled by just two horses.
In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote "New Principles of Gunnery" where he added science to the field of ballistics. He developed carronades which were short, lightweight muzzleloading smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships. During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.
In 1853 France introduced the "Canon-obusier de 12", a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell also called a "Napoleon". The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by breach-loading cannons after the Civil War.
The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)
Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gases created by the ignition of the propellant charge.
Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delays opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function.
Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation, recoil operation, revolver, Gatling, and chain. The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases.
Simple blowback operation is where the recoil of the cartridge moves the bolt rearwards to reload the next round. This operation is found in automatic pistols and submachine guns and firearms chambered in lower pressure rounds. The likes of rifle rounds which have higher pressures is usually deemed unsuitable for simple blowback operation. However, there is Delayed Blowback where the chamber is locked until the pressures drop to a safe level to reload.
Delayed blowback is similar to simple blowback but is capable of handling the pressures of rifle rounds. It uses an operation that delays the opening of the bolt when firing.
Lever delayed blowback is where the bolt has a lever that slows the opening of the bolt but accelerates the bolt carrier, the bolt then also accelerates with the bolt carrier. The AA52 machine gun and the FAMAS use this operation.
Roller delayed blowback is where the bolt has two rollers that pop out both sides of the bolt to lock the chamber. The Sturmgewehr 45 assault rifle, Heckler & Koch MP5 and Calico submachine gun uses this operation.
Primer actuated blowback is when the round is fired, the primer moves the firing pin rearwards to unlock the bolt. The Garand Model 1919 and Postnikov APT uses this operation.
Llullaillaco is a stratovolcano in the Andes range, in Argentina and Chile. It is the 7th highest mountain in the Andes.
It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of very high volcanic peaks on a high plateau within the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world.
The first recorded ascent was on 1 December 1952, by Bión González and Juan Harseim, from Chile. They found archaeological evidence that people were at the top of Llullaillaco in the pre-Columbian period.
During 1983–1985, American archaeologist Johan Reinhard directed three surveys of archaeological sites on the summit and slopes of the mountain.
The summit is the highest archaeological site in the world. The mummies of three Inca children were found on it in 1999. These were found by Johan Reinhard and Constanza Ceruti and their expedition. Other artifacts were also found along with the mummies. It is believed that the children were part of a human sacrifice.
The volcano is in the Chile-Argentina boder and is part, on the Chilean part, of the Llullaillaco National Park ().
The Llullaillaco is a stratovolcano. There were eruptions in 1854, 1866 and 1877. Since then, no volcanic activity has been recorded. It is the world´s second highest active volcano, second to "Ojos del Salado".
It is an ultra-prominent peak, or Ultra for short, because it has as a summit with a topographic prominence of or more.
List of Nepalese actors
This is a list of Nepali actors.
Province of Antofagasta
The Province of Antofagasta () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). The capital is the port city of Antofagasta.
The Antofagasta province has an area of .
The Antofagasta province is bordered on the north by the Tocopilla and El Loa provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Atacama region (Chañaral province) and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
(last national census), there were 318,779 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is Antofagasta, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 285,255 inhabitants.
As a province, the Antofagasta province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Antofagasta serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.
Province of El Loa
The Province of El Loa () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). It is named after the longest river of Chile, the Loa. The provincial capital is Calama.
The El Loa province has an area of .
The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by Bolivia, on the south by Argentina and on the west by the Antofagasta and the Tocopilla provinces.
(last national census), there were 143,689 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is Calama, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 126,135 inhabitants.
As a province, the El Loa province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes ("comunas"). The city of Calama serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.
Bill Burr
William Frederic "Bill" Burr (born June 10, 1968) is an American comedian, writer and actor. He is the host of the "Monday Morning Podcast", and appeared in the AMC crime-drama show "Breaking Bad". In 2013, "The New York Times" wrote that Burr "has been one of the funniest, most distinctive voices in the country for years. He has released six stand-up specials.
Burr was born in Canton, Massachusetts. His parents are of German and Irish ancestry. His father worked as a dentist. He married producer, director and screenwriter Nia Hill in 2013. Their daughter was born in 2017. As of May 2015, Burr is a licensed helicopter pilot and he has played the drums for a long time.
"Rolling Stone" magazine called Burr "the undisputed heavyweight champ of rage-fueled humor." Burr often makes himself look like "that loud guy in the bar" with "uninformed logic." In an interview with the "The Boston Globe", Burr stated, "I'm the 'dude, bro' guy." He has also been known to not care about being politically correct."
Asprovalta
Asprovalta () is a town near Thessaloniki in northern Greece. It was the seat of the Agios Georgios municipality. Since January 2011, Asprovalta belongs to the Municipality of Volvi. The population is around 3,039 people.
According to a book about Simonopetra, Asprovalta was built in the 16th century. Its first name was Aspra Valta. After the Greco-Turkish War, 54 families from western Turkey moved to Asprovalta.
Elizabeth Lada
Elizabeth Lada (born 19??) is an American astronomer.
The American Astronomical Society honored her work by awarding her the Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy Prize in 1992. She also was named as a Hubble Fellow during her work at the University of Maryland. She was awarded a National Science Foundation's CAREER Award in 1999. In 1998 she received a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE). Lada got her Bachelor of Science in Physics degree at Yale University in 1965. She did her Ph.D. in Astronomy at the University of Texas in 1990. Lada is currently Professor of Astronomy at the The University of Florida.
Meessen De Clercq
Meessen De Clercq is a contemporary art gallery in Brussels, Belgium. The gallery is in an old building with three floors.
In 2007, art historian Olivier Meessen and art lover Jan De Clercq began to work to start a contemporary art gallery in Brussels. In April 2008 the gallery opened, with a group show of works by seven artists. After this first show, the gallery closed to rebuild it. From September 2008 the gallery re-opened with group and solo shows by both older and new artists.
Artists who show their work include:
Ruppoldsried
Ruppoldsried is a former municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Ruppoldsried merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.
Rüschegg
Rüschegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is also a Swiss Reformed Church parish.
Rüti bei Büren
Rüti bei Büren is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüti bei Lyssach
Rüti bei Lyssach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüti bei Riggisberg
Rüti bei Riggisberg was a municipality of the district Seftigen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg merged into the municipality of Riggisberg.
Rütschelen
Rütschelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Saanen
Saanen () is a municipality and ski resort in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is the capital of the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen.
Ignasi Aballí
Ignasi Aballí (born in 1958) is a Spanish artist. He is one of Spain's well known artists.
Aballí tried some ways to make his art. He has done art shows in Italy and Australia. In 2015, he showed his work in France. Aballí won an award called the Joan Miró prize in 2015.
Gstaad is a village in the municipality of Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Chevron (geology)
A chevron in geology is a sharply-folded rock formation. Chevron folds are regular folded beds with straight limbs and sharp hinges. Well developed, these folds produce a set of v-shaped beds.
They develop in response to compressive stress. The angles of the folds are generally 60 degrees or less. Chevron folding is helped if the bedding alternates between beds of different make-up. Turbidites, with alternating sandstones and shales, are the typical geological setting for chevron folds to occurs.
Chevrons can also form in land deposits, especially where there are sand dunes.
Meteorite strewnfield
A meteorite strewnfield is the area where meteorites and glassy tektites from a single meteor fall are found.
There are two ways for strewnfields to form:
Rifling
Rifling consists of spiral grooves cut into the inside of a barrel of a gun. It causes the bullet or projectile to spin as it flies through the air. This greatly improves the accuracy of the bullet over longer distances. The first muskets to use this technology were called rifles. Barrels are rifled using a left or right twist. The number of turns per inch is called the "twist rate". These are expressed as a ratio. For example, a 1:7 twist means the bullet will turn once for each seven inches of barrel length. As a general rule, the heavier the bullet, the higher the twist rate.
Gaspard Kollner, a 15th century gunmaker in Vienna, is thought by many to have invented rifling. Others think it was Augustus Kotter of Nuremberg who invented rifling in about 1520. At about that same time some crossbows fired a bolt (short heavy arrow) through a tube with spiral grooving. This gave the bolt more stability in flight. Whether these were used before rifling in gun barrels is not certain.
The "hand cannon" was first used in China in 1288. From this early beginning and a number of different guns, the smoothbore Musket was in use in Europe by the 15th century. While it could not fire and reload as fast as an archer and could not be reloaded on horseback, it could penetrate armor. Its greatest advantage over the bow was that anyone could learn to fire a musket in a very short period of time. It took much longer to properly train an archer. The British army used the musket along with pikemen until about 1705 when the pikes were abandoned. In 1722 the army adopted a standard musket called the Brown Bess and continued to use it until about the 1830s. Muskets used a round cast ball that was smaller in diameter than the gun barrel. As a consequence, when the musket was fired, the ball bounced along the inside the barrel. When it exited the barrel it could take a variety of paths making the musket inaccurate. So soldiers were massed together very closely and fired in volly (all at the same time). This sent bullets flying generally in the direction of the enemy on the theory that at least some of the bullets would hit some of the soldiers. The smoke from repeated vollies prevented soldiers from seeing what they were shooting at. In the heat of battle, soldiers who wanted reload and fire faster sometimes omitted ramming the bullet and powder into the barrel with the ramrod. Instead, they would try to seat the ball by sharply hitting the butt of the musket on the ground. This reduced the effectiveness even more. Sometimes the bullet would do little more than dribble out of the barrel and travel only a short distance.
The use of rifled muskets called rifles, changed this. During the American Revolutionary War Americans used muskets. But they also had marksmen who used their Kentucky rifles. The longer barrel was rifled for accuracy at a long range. American riflemen began targeting British officers in battle instead of just individual soldiers. Without their officers giving them every command, the British soldiers could not function as a unit. The British command despised the tactic calling it “unsportsmanlike”. But the Americans continued the practice up to the end of the war.
In 1849, a French army officer, Claude-Étienne Minié, invented a bullet with a hollow base named for him called the Minié ball. When fired, the bullet expanded to fit the rifling inside the gun barrel. This gave it even greater accuracy over a longer distance. The British used it in the Crimean War against Russian forces with tremendous success. At the time of the American Civil War, both the Union and the Confederate armies were using smoothbore muskets out of necessity. But soon rifled muskets using the Minié ball replaced the smoothbore muskets. The effects were to devastate the opposing army at much longer distances.
Most firearms produced today use a rifled barrel. There are basically three machining processes used to produce rifled barrels.
Interlaken (district)
Province of Tocopilla
The Province of Tocopilla () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). The provincial capital is Tocopilla.
The Tocopilla province has an area of .
The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the El Loa province, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
(last national census), there were 31,516 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is Tocopilla, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 23,352 inhabitants.
As a province, the Tocopilla province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"). The city of Tocopilla serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.
Konolfingen (district)
Laupen (district)
Moutier (district)
La Neuveville (district)
Nidau (district)
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network
This is a list of pilot episodes on Cartoon Network, along with their premiere dates for each.
This is a list of pilot movies on Cartoon Network, along with their status and premiere dates for each.
Frederick McDonald
Frederick Albert McDonald (c. 1872? April 1926) was an Australian politician and possible murder victim.
McDonald studied at the University of Sydney. He became a teacher, and rose to become President of the Teachers Federation of New South Wales. In 1922 he stood for election to the Australian House of Representatives, and won the new seat of Barton for the Labor Party. His main opponent was Hector Lamond, who had been the Nationalist member for the abolished seat of Illawarra.
In the 1925 election, McDonald was narrowly defeated by Nationalist candidate Thomas Ley. McDonald took the result to court, claiming that Ley had tried to bribe him, asking him not to put in his nomination papers. However, on 15 April 1926 McDonald disappeared on his way to a meeting with New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. They were planning to have the election result declared void. Neither McDonald's body nor his brief case were ever found.
Thomas Ley was found guilty of murder in England, but it was decided he was insane. He was sent to Broadmoor Hospital, where he died. It is believed that Ley was responsible for McDonald's disappearance. He is also suspected of being involved in the suspicious deaths of other of his political opponents.
Aster Yohannes
Aster Yohannes is the wife of an Eritrean political activist. In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.
Yohannes' husband, Petros Solomon, is a member of the G-15, a group of politicians who called for reforms. He was arrested in 2001. Yohannes was arrested in 2003, when she returned from the United States. She was never accused of a crime or tried in a court. No one knows where she is.
Aster Yohannes and Petros Solomon fought for the Eritrean People's Liberation Front. They helped Eritrea get independence from Ethiopia in 1993. Solomon was the Minister of Marine Resources in the Eritrean government.
When her husband was arrested, Aster Yohannes was studying in the USA. After she graduated, she returned to Eritrea to be with her children. The Eritrean government told her she would not be arrested. When she arrived in Eritrea in December 2003, she was arrested at Asmara International Airport. They took her to Karchele security prison in Asmara. She did not see her children. They did not let her speak to her family. Her health is not good. She has asthma and a heart problem.
Tocopilla
Tocopilla is a city and commune in the Antofagasta region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Tocopilla.
The commune of Tocopilla has an area of .
The commune is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the María Elena commune, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
(last national census), there were 23,986 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The inhabitants of Tocopilla are known as "Tocopillian"; in Spanish, "tocopillano" for men and"Tocopillana" for women.
Damian Lamonte Ollie Lillard (born July 15, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
In 2014, he made a game winning buzzer beater in game 6 against the Houston Rockets to help the Blazers win the playoff series. It was the first time the Blazers had won a playoff series in 14 years.
He has been selected twice for the NBA All-Star Game. In 2014, he became the first player ever to compete in all 5 All-Star Weekend events. He competed in the 3-Point Contest, Slam Dunk Contest, Skills Challenge, Rising Stars Challenge, and the All-Star Game.
He is also a music artist that goes by the stage name Dame D.O.L.L.A, releasing most recently releasing the rap album, "Confirmed."
Niedersimmental (district)
Oberhasli (district)
Obersimmental (district)
Saanen (district)
Schwarzenburg (district)
Seftigen (district)
Signau (district)
Thun (district)
Thun was a district in the Swiss canton of Bern. It had 26 municipalities in an area of 267 km².
Big Hero 6 may refer to:
Trachselwald (district)
Trachselwald was a district in the Swiss canton of Bern. It had 10 municipalities in an area of 191 km².
Wangen (district)
The district of Wangen was one of the 26 districts in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It had an area of 129 km².
Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)
Year 100 problem
The Year 100 problem (also known as the Y1C problem, Y1C Bug, and Y1C) was a problem. It happened because some early computer programs of Taiwan were made to handle only years containing 2 digits of the Minguo calendar system, and people started fearing that date-related processing would happen incorrectly for dates and times after December 31 2010. The event caused a big concern that very important industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at exactly midnight, January 1 2011, and on other critical dates which were called "event horizons".
However, the government sector restricted themselves to using the Minguo calendar system, so it didn't affect most of the private sector. More people were panicked by press coverage and other media reports, as well as corporate and government reports. Companies and organisations in Taiwan had to check and upgrade their computer systems.
The preparation for Y1C thus had a huge effect on the computer industry. No major computer failures occurred when the year changed to 100. Debate continues on whether the absence of computer failures was the result of the preparation undertaken or whether the problem had been bigger than expected.
Year 100 was 2011 in Minguo calendars. Taiwan started use of Minguo calendar from 1912.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd
Frank Elijah Sagendorph, 2nd (March 28, 1883 – May 5, 1972) was a leading Philadelphia industrialist and president of the Penn Metal Corporation of Pennsylvania, also known as Penco, which was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Frank Elijah Sagendorph, 2d, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was six years old in 1889 when his family moved to Philadelphia. He was the second son of L. Lewis Sagendorph and Catherine Crainor. He was a Republican in politics, and was a member of the vestry of the Protestant Episcopal Church of St. John the Evangelist in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2d, married Elizabeth Hagy on October 3, 1905 at Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. They had three children, William L Sagendorph, Frank E. Sagendorph 3rd, and Suzanne Sagendorph Welsh.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd died May 5, 1972 and was buried at Arlington Cemetery in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.
L. Lewis Sagendorph
L. Lewis Sagendorph (September 26, 1842 - April 13, 1909) was an American inventor and leading manufacturer of sheet metal products in the late 19th and very early 20th centuries. He founded what later became the Penn Metal Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Longley Lewis Sagendorph, Jr. was born in Hudson, New York and later moved to Rhode Island where he served in the with the 10th Rhode Island Regiment in the American Civil War. L. Lewis Sagendorph was buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.
Adam Basanta
Adam Basanta (born 1985) is a Canadian sound artist and experimental composer.
Basanta most often makes sound sculptures. In 2013 Basanta got a honorable mention in the Hybrid Art category at the Prix Ars Electronica.
Basanta's work has been shown in Canada Prague, New York City and London.
Pennsylvania rifle
The Pennsylvania rifle, from about 1815 on, almost universally known as the Kentucky rifle, is a special American gun. For decades in American History, it was the best shooting long-distance rifle in America. The Pennsylvania rifle was the product of German gun makers who moved to Pennsylvania hundreds of years ago. This was in the early 1700s. Settlers and people who lived on frontiers started to really like the gun. One of the early frontiers was Kentucky. People like Daniel Boone used the gun there. So the rifle started to be known as the "Kentucky rifle".
The Pennsylvania rifle developed from earlier and much heavier Jaeger rifle which were brought to the American colonies by German gunsmiths. The Jager rifle was a short, heavy rifle that fired a large caliber bullet. It was designed for hunting in Europe by the well to do. Like the longer and heavier smoothbore muskets of the time, both were not well suited for hunting in America.
These gunsmiths centered their activities around Lancaster County, Pennsylvania for a number of good reasons. It was an important crossroads for trade at the time. It lay between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the wilderness to the west. The area also had large iron ore deposits for gun barrels and hardwood forests for gun stocks. The product that evolved from the earlier gun designs could shoot up to five times farther. The Pennsylvania rifle could accurately hit targets at . From about 1730 and through the War of 1812, the Pennsylvania rifle was the preferred long range rifle in America.
During the American Revolutionary War companies of Pennsylvania riflemen created disruption behind the British lines. Well out of range of the British Brown Bess smoothbore musket, militiamen and snipers could target individual soldiers and officers from a long distance. George Washington was delighted to have these men equipped with their Pennsylvania rifles. Most soldiers used the musket because it was much easier and quicker to load in battle. But an American sharpshooter with his long rifle could pick off a British general who thought he was far enough away from the battle to be safe. This could and did change the outcome of several battles. Ashley Halsey Jr. wrote:
The sharpshooters who carried these weapons are part of American history and myth. But they most certainly did exist and played an important part in battles such as the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 and the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.
There have been a number of names applied to this rifle and the name depended on where it was used. Whether the design was called a Kentucky rifle, a Schimmel, southern poor boys or a Tennessee rifle, many have consistently been manufactured in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. A typical rifle of this design had a barrel from to in length. It was .50 caliber (13 mm) and had a stock made of curly maple. The stock fully supported the barrel. It had a crescent-shaped buttplate, a patch box and a cheekpiece were also common. Early models used a flintlock firing mechanism while later models used the percussion cap. The barrels were rifled.
Daniel Boone's rifle is a typical example of a Pennsylvania rifle. It was 5 feet, 3 inches long (160cm). It was .44 caliber and fired a ball that weighed about . The gun weighed . Using a bullet mold, Boone could get about 55 lead balls from a single pound (0.45 kg) of lead. To fire a ball this size would require only about a thimble-full of black powder.
In a situation where there might be Hand-to-hand fighting, the Pennsylvania rifle was too delicate to use as a club. Striking it against anything could cause the stock to break. The long thin wrought iron barrel was relatively soft could be easily bent. Frontiersmen knew this and were careful not to damage their main hunting weapon. In battle, it took twice as long to reload a Pennsylvania rifle as it did the Brown Bess musket. Worse, due to the barrel length, the shooter almost had to stand up to carefully measure the powder, load the ball and patch, and tamp it down with a ramrod. It is no wonder Pennsylvania riflemen hid behind trees so as not to expose themselves to enemy fire. The main weapon during the Revolutionary war was the musket on both sides. Fewer than 10% of the American soldiers carried a long rifle.
Company (military unit)
A company is a military unit which usually has from 80 to 250 soldiers. A company is usually led by a captain or a major. Most companies are made up of from three to six platoons, although the exact number may vary by country. Several companies are grouped to form a battalion or regiment. In the United States military, before the September 11 attacks, companies trained in conventional warfare for basic offensive and defensive operations. Since then companies have had to train for a much wider variety of tasks. These may include humanitarian aid missions, providing security and maintaining order in an area. Different elements in an army may assign different tasks or have different names for a company. For example, a corps of engineering such as the Royal Engineers use the term squadron for a company. In other examples, the name company may be replaced by the name battery.
Selçuk İnan
Selçuk İnan(born 10 February 1985) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Turkey national team.
Arrondissements of the Vienne department
There are 3 arrondissements in the Vienne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
The arrondissements of Vienne are:
Since its creation, the Vienne department has had some changes:
Hakan Balta
Arrondissement of Châtellerault
The arrondissement of Châtellerault is an arrondissement of France, in the Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Châtellerault.
When the Vienne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Châtellerault was part of that original department.
The "arrondissement" of Châtellerault is in northern Vienne and is bordered to the northwest by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the north and east by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the southeast by the Indre department (a small part) and the "arrondissement" of Montmorillon, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Poitiers and to the west by the Deux-Sèvres department.
It has an area of . It has 112,313 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².
In the "arrondissement" of Châtellerault, there are 4 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Châtellerault-1, Châtellerault-2, Châtellerault-3 and Loudun. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
The "arrondissement" of Châtellerault has 92 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Gunsmith
A gunsmith is someone who makes and or designs guns. The job of a gunsmith is similar, but not the same as an armorer. The origin of the word gunsmith dates back to the 1580s.
The first firearms can be dated to about the 1200s in China. In Europe, the first gun barrels were made by p Italian craftsmen. But gunsmithing was new in the Middle Ages. For a long time they did not have their own guilds and many joined blacksmiths’ guilds. By the mid-1400s, there were enough gunsmiths to form their own guilds. One of the first was in 1463 in Suhl, Germany. England did not develop gunsmiths as quickly as other European countries and to change this, King Henry VIII invited leading gunsmiths in Europe to come live and work in England. Many accepted and not long afterwards more gun shops began appearing in England. Several appeared in London near the Tower of London, which held the country's stockpile of guns. Soon they were training English citizens in this new trade.
Before the American Revolutionary War in the American colonies, gunsmithing was a time-consuming process. Gunsmiths were generally gun makers who repaired their own weapons for their customers. These gunmakers came to the American colonies along with other craftsmen from England, and later from Germany and Switzerland. These were countries with long histories of gun making. Gunsmiths learned their trade by becoming an apprentice to an established gunsmith or gun maker. They worked from their adolescence into early adulthood before they could open a shop of their own. Handguns were relatively cheap and were made in large shops in England. So American gunsmiths repaired and modified imported pistols. However, muskets and rifles were not imported as much and local gunsmiths would custom make these for their customers. Their work included carving stocks, engraving metal pieces, and forging gun barrels. It could take as many as 400 hours to create guns by hand. Soon entirely new guns were created such as the Pennsylvania rifle (later called the "Kentucky rifle"). This was the product of German gunsmiths who immigrated to Pennsylvania in the early 18th century. It was lighter, longer and more accurate than European designs. The rifle soon became the favorite of colonial settlers and Frontiersmen.
About the middle of the 18th century, gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 12,000 muskets built under the new system. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. This was about the time Gun manufacturers began to be distinguished from gunsmiths.
Long a part of American history and culture, gunsmithing is an occupation with a long history. Today, the way to become a gunsmith is to attend a gunsmithing school or take gunsmithing classes. There are several gunsmithing schools in the US and also online schools.
The following schools are accredited by the National Rifle Association:
Additional schools include:
In the United Kingdom, there are gunsmithing schools. Another path to becoming a gunsmith is through apprenticeship. At times, larger gun makers or repairers may take on someone to learn the trade. These positions are not usually advertised and are often discovered by word of mouth or through friends or family. Smaller gunmakers and gunsmiths cannot usually afford to take on an apprentice.
Mehmet Topal
Mehmet Topal (born 3 March 1986) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Fenerbahçe and Turkey national team.
Binali Yıldırım
Binali Yıldırım (born 20 December 1954) is a Turkish politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Turkey and the leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from May 2016 to 2018. He was the Minister of Transport, Maritime and Communication from 2002 to 2013 and again between 2015 and 2016. Between 2014 and 2015, he served as Senior Advisor to President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
Arrondissement of Montmorillon
The arrondissement of Montmorillon is an arrondissement of France, in the Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Montmorillon.
When the Vienne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Montmorillon was part of that original department.
The "arrondissement" of Montmorillon is in southern Vienne and is bordered to the north by the other two "arrondissements" of the departmentː Poitiers to the nortwest and Châtellerault to the northeast. The "arrondissement" is also surrounded by the Indre department to the east, the Haute-Vienne department to the southeast, the Charente to the south and the Deux-Sèvres department to the west.
It has an area of . It has 74,852 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km². It is the "arrondissement" of Vienne with fewest people in it but is the one with the largest area.
In the "arrondissement" of Montmorillon, there are 2 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Civray and Lussac-les-Châteaux. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
The "arrondissement" of Montmorillon has 95 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
List of programs broadcast by Playhouse Disney
This is a list of television programs broadcast by Playhouse Disney in the United States, now known as Disney Junior.
Arrondissement of Poitiers
The arrondissement of Poitiers is an arrondissement of France, in the Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Poitiers.
When the Vienne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Poitiers was part of that original department.
The "arrondissement" of Poitiers is in western Vienne and is bordered to the north and northeast by the "arrondissement" Châtellerault, to east and south by the "arrondissement" Montmorillon, and to the west by the Deux-Sèvres department.
It has an area of . It has 246,038 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km². It is the "arrondissement" of Vienne with more people living in it but is the one with the smallest area.
In the "arrondissement" of Poitiers, there are 8 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Migné-Auxances, Poitiers-1, Poitiers-2, Poitiers-3, Poitiers-4, Poitiers-5, Vivonne and Vouneuil-sous-Biard. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
The "arrondissement" of Poitiers has 87 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Ozan Tufan
Ozan Tufan (born 23 March 1995) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Fenerbahçe and Turkey national team.
Jura bernois (administrative district)
Ashton Gate Stadium
Ashton Gate Stadium is the home of Bristol City F.C. and the Bristol Bears RFC.
Its capacity is 27,000. The ground was renovated in 2014 which increased the number of seats by 6000.
Door bolt
Armorer
A modern armorer is someone whose job is repairing, assembling and testing of small arms. Originally, an armorer was a person who created armor for medieval knights and noblemen. Today an armorer is someone who belongs to an organization such as the police or military and who maintains guns and weapons belonging to that organization. An armorer keeps these weapons in top working condition always ready for trouble-free use in the field. By doing this an armorer extends the service life of these weapons at minimum cost to the organization. A failure of a weapon in a crucial situation could cost lives. Their job is similar (but not the same) as that of a civilian gunsmith.
The medieval armorer had to be a combination of scientist toolmaker, chemist, metallurgist, engineer and artist. He was highly skilled and worked with wood and leather as well as metals. An armorer also had to understand mathematics and geometry. Much of his work revolved around high-end blacksmithing. Because he did custom work and produced high quality armor for nobles and knights, he was paid more money than a blacksmith was. Each suit of armor was made to order and would fit that person exactly. If any part of the suit of armor was damaged in battle, the armorer would repair it. In time of war an armorer also made armor for soldiers.
In addition to making mail (also called chain-mail), after the 14th century they began making plate armor. Armorers could also specialize in what type of armor they produced (mail or plate). They also specialized in various tasks involved in creating armor. For example a "fourbor" was a someone who polished armor. Armorers often belonged to a guild. Later there were guilds for mail armorers, plate armorers and for armorers who specialized in helmets.
In a modern police department, an armorer inspects, maintains and repairs firearms to the standards required by the manufacturer's warranty. An armorer cleans and adjusts all the handguns used by police officers. He or she also maintains the shotguns, semi-automatic and automatic weapons the officers must depend on in a crisis. Other equipment maintained by armorers includes gas masks, gas-grenades, smoke grenades and similar devices. An armorer is often involved in training other members of a department in chemical warfare equipment and practices.
In the various militaries around the world, armorers often maintain the armory of a military organization. An armorer instructs military personnel on the proper maintenance and care of weapons issued to them. The armorer maintains receipts for equipment issued locally and also while on deployment. He or she is responsible for inspecting and repairing all arms they are responsible for. On ships, an armorer is responsible for the correct working of all weapons used by marines and sailors that vessel.
On a film crew, an armorer is the person responsible for all the weapons and firearms used during the production. Armorers work with the producer, director and property master to create a list of all the weapons that will be needed. Sometimes the prop master is also the armorer. Often they research the style of weapons used according to the period and the kind of movie. For specialty weapons the armorer consults with the production designer and the prop maker. The armorer is responsible to make sure all weapons are used comply with federal and local laws. For scenes outside the studio, armorers work with police departments to get the necessary permits. To get the weapons they need, armorers may rent or lease them from licensed armories. Many movie armorers also have their own collection of weapons they may use. Armorers explain safe weapons handling to actors and crews making certain all safety rules are met. It is their responsibility to make sure nobody is hurt while weapons are being used.
Ashton Gate might refer to;
Montmorillon
Montmorillon is a commune in the Vienne department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, in central-western France. The clay mineral montmorillonite (a silicate) was named after Montmorillon when it was discovered there in 1847.
It is one of the two subprefectures of the Vienne department and the capital of the canton of Montmorillon.
Montmorillon is along the Gartempe river. The city is at to the southeast of Poitiers and at to the nortwest of Limoges.
The "communes" that are around Montmorillon are Saulgé, Jouhet, Sillars, Journet, Saint-Léomer, Bourg-Archambault, Lathus-Saint-Rémy and Pindray.
The climate of Montmorillon, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
The inhabitants of Montmorillon are known, in French, as "Montmorillonnais" (women: "Montmorillonnaises").
With a population of 6,155, Confolens has a population density of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Montmorillon
Montmorillon is a subprefecture of the Vienne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the canton of Montmorillon.
Montmorillon is a twin town of:
Montmorillon is also partner withː
List of renamed cities in Azerbaijan
Gartempe
The Gartempe is a French river that flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions.
It rises in the Massif Central and flows into the Creuse river, as a left tributary, in the Vienne department.
The Gartempe river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
The Gartempe river starts in western Massif Central, near the hamlet of "Pétillat" in the "commune" of Peyrabout, Creuse department, at an elevation of about . From here, it generally flows to the northwest.
Finally, the river flows into the Creuse river in La Roche-Posay (Vienne department, on the left side) and Yzeures-sur-Creuse (Indre-et-Loire department, on the right side).
The Gartempe flows through 5 departments and 46 "communes", in 2 regions:
The main tributaries of the Gartempe river are:
Safnern
Safnern is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Saicourt
Saicourt is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Le Fuet, Bellelay, La Bottiere and Montbautier.
Saint-Imier
Saint-Imier is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Saint-Imier is the hometown of the Longines watchmaking company. The Breitling watchmaking company was founded in Saint-Imier, but moved to Grenchen, Canton of Solothurn.
Saules, Switzerland
Saules is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Saxeten
Saxeten is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Schalunen
Schalunen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Schalunen, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.
Schangnau
Schangnau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Schattenhalb
Schattenhalb is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Schelten
Schelten () is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking cities in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Seehof.
Etching is done by drawing lines through a protective coating on a copper or zinc plate. The plate is then placed into acid. The acid cuts into the unprotected parts of the surface to create a design in the metal.
The printing is done by rolling an ink pad across the surface. The ink sinks into the intaglio (cut) surface, and rolls off the waxed surface off the plate. The metal plate is then pressed onto paper.
Colgan Air Flight 3407
Colgan Air Flight 3407 was a passenger flight from Newark to Buffalo, the plane was a Bombardier Dash 8 with 49 people on board. On February 12, 2009 the plane stalled and crashed into a house in Clarence Center. Everyone on board the flight died as well as one man on the ground.
Metonic cycle
The Metonic cycle is a period of about 19 years used in astronomy and calendar studies. In particular, it is often used in the structure of lunisolar calendars, because 19 solar years is almost exactly the same length of time as 235 lunar months.
The Metonic cycle is named for the astronomer Meton of Athens, who used the cycle in the calendar of Attica in the 5th century BCE. But it was used in the calendar of many ancient cultures, including Babylonia and China, before then.
Nineteen years of 12 lunar months each would last a total of lunar months. But from astronomy we know that 19 solar years are the same length as lunar months. So over 19 years, extra lunar months need to be added to make the years line up correctly. Adding a thirteenth month in a year is called "intercalation." There are different ways to do it:
A Metonic cycle is close to the length of 20 eclipse years. For that reason, some eclipses repeat for a time at 19-year intervals.
Shahidul Alam
Shahidul Alam is a photographer and blogger from Bangladesh. Alam was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1955.
Alam received a PhD in chemistry from London University, then he decided to study photography. He started the Drik Agency, the Bangladesh Photographic Institute, and Pathshala, the South Asian Institute of Photography; which National Geographic calls "one of the finest schools of photography in the world".
Alam's work has been in many galleries, including MoMA in New York, the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Royal Albert Hall in London and The Museum of Contemporary Arts in Tehran. Special shows include:
Alam received many awards for photography, including the Mother Jones and the Andrea Frank Awards.
Nazimuddin Samad