AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Campoli was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with Conditional 7th-Round Draft Pick for Conditional 2nd-Round Draft Pick in 2011 and Ryan Potulny on February 28, 2011. He was signed as a free agent by the Montreal Canadiens to a one-year, $1,750,000 deal.
Jiří Tlustý
Jiří Tlustý (born March 16, 1988 in Slaný, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech NHL ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Carolina Hurricanes.
Before playing in the NHL, Tlustý played 1 season with HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and 1 season with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 13th overall pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. He played 3 seasons with the Maple Leafs.
The Maple Leafs traded Tlustý to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Philippe Paradis.
Cradle 2 the Grave is a 2003 action movie that was produced by Joel Silver and directed by Andrzej Bartkowiak. The movie was released on February 28, 2003 in the United States and on March 20, 2004 in Hong Kong.
Benjamin S. "Ben" Carson, Sr (born September 18, 1951) is an American neurosurgeon and politician. He was the 17th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 2017 to 2021. After graduating from Yale University, Carson went to University of Michigan Medical School, and was later accepted to Johns Hopkins University.
In 2008, Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush. He was the Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is known for, among other accomplishments, being the first doctor to separate twins that were joined together at the head.
Carson was born in Detroit, Michigan to Sonya Copeland and to Robert Carson. He studied at Yale University and at the University of Michigan.
Carson was a professor of neurosurgery, oncology, plastic surgery, and pediatrics, and he was the director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. At 33, he became the youngest major division director in the hospital's history as director of pediatric neurosurgery. He was also a co-director of the Johns Hopkins Craniofacial Center.
He was the first surgeon to successfully separate conjoined twins joined at the head. In 2008 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush. After delivering a widely publicized speech at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast, he became a popular conservative figure in political media for his views on social and political issues.
In March 2013, Carson announced he would retire as a surgeon, stating "I'd much rather quit when I'm at the top of my game". His retirement became official on July 1, 2013.
Carson ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election.
On March 2 following the 2016 Super Tuesday primaries, Carson announced that while he was not suspending his campaign he "did not see a 'path forward'" and would not attend the next Republican debate in Detroit. On March 4, 2016, Carson suspended his presidential campaign. He later endorsed Donald Trump.
On December 5, 2016, Donald Trump nominated Carson for the job of United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
On March 2, 2017, Carson was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 58–41 vote.
Carson married Candy Carson in 1975. They have three children. He is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
Open Season (movie)
Open Season is a 2006 animated-comedy movie that was directed by Jill Culton, Roger Allers, and Anthony Stacchi and produced by Michelle Murdocca, Amy Jupiter, Steve Moore, and John B. Carls. The movie was released on September 29, 2006 and received mixed reviews from reviewers.
In the tranquil town of Timberline, 900-pound grizzly bear Boog (Martin Lawrence) enjoys a captive, but happy existence. He spends his day as the star attraction of the town's nature show and spends his nights living the life of luxury in the garage of the park ranger Beth (Debra Messing), who raised Boog since he was a cub.
One day, the hunting fanatic Shaw (Gary Sinise) drives into town with the one-antlered buck mule deer, Elliot (Ashton Kutcher) strapped to the hood of his truck. Boog accidentally wakes him and the two scream in terror. With Boog reluctant to intervene, Elliot begs Boog to help. At the last minute and against his better judgement, Boog frees Elliot before Shaw can go after him. Boog never expects to see his "buddy" again.
Elliot follows Boog home and finds him sleeping in the garage and starts to throw rabbits at the window to wake him. Elliot tells Boog the he is intent on returning the favor by "freeing" him from his garage captivity. Boog refuses to go with Elliot, but he still goes with Elliot when Elliot shows him a chocolate bar (which he calls a Woo Hoo Bar) and tells him that they can get more outside. Elliot begins to introduce Boog to a world of sweet temptations outside of the garage that he has never known. The two head for "Puni Mart", a convenience store. Boog and Elliot ransack the Puni Mart, causing a mess. Elliot escapes before Boog is caught by a friend of Beth, Sheriff Gordy (Gordon Tootoosis). Back home, Gordy tells Beth that it would be better if Boog were released into the wild.
During the nature show, Elliot, chased by Shaw, runs backstage and locks the door. Boog gets mad remembering the events Elliot made him go through. Boog attacks the buck, making the audience panic (because it looks as of Boog is killing Elliot behind the curtain) before Boog threatens to kill Elliot. The two crash out of the curtains. Shaw prepares to shoot Boog, but the bear is instead shot by Beth with a tranquilizer gun; she shoots Elliot as well (six times in the butt). The duo are released into the Timberline National Forest, only three days before the start of open season.
Boog wakes up and realizes he has been released into the forest, and threatens to throw Elliot off a cliff, stating that Elliot drove him to this. Boog eventually throws Elliot into the air rather than throwing him off the cliff. Elliot's antlers get stuck in the ground, and while Boog goes around the forest in circles in search of Timberline, Elliot tries to break free. Boog decides to get familiar with the forest and tries to climb up a tree, but is attacked by a Scottish red squirrel called McSquizzy (Billy Connolly) and his gang. Soon, Boog gives up and frees Elliot and takes him as his hapless guide to get him back home to Timberline to reunite with Beth. But in the woods, they quickly learn that it's every animal for itself. The two run into their share of the forest animals including hot-tempered skunks (Nika Futterman and Michelle Murdocca), psychotic ducks (Danny Mann and Maddie Taylor) and panic-stricken rabbits. They also run into critters such as Reilly (Jon Favreau) and his beaver construction worker team, and a porcupine (Maddie Taylor) who's in search of a buddy. With each adverse encounter, Boog learns a little about self-reliance and Elliot gains self-respect. Elliot finds his herd crush, a pretty female, Giselle (Jane Krakowski), but is also found by the herd leader, Ian (Patrick Warburton), a "jock" mule deer who had forced Elliot out of the herd before. They walk away from Ian's taunting, realizing that they've obtained true friendship.
Elliot tries to lead Boog out of the forest, but gets lost. Boog realizes they are meeting the same animals again and again. After winding up at Reilly's dam, Boog and Elliot are confronted by Shaw. Boog tries to run over the dam, but it's not a "load bearing structure". It breaks under his weight and the rush of water washes everyone in the forest, including Shaw, to the clearing below the 'falls.
Everyone blames Boog, but he accuses Elliot of lying to him about leading him home. Elliot confesses, saying he wanted Boog as a friend and thought if they just spent time together it would work out. Angry, Boog leaves, attempting to find Timberline on his own. He unwittingly find Shaw's log cabin. Shaw discovers him and pursues him. Boog flees to the city road where he finds trucks with hunters in them, zooming past him and he soon finds the glowing lights of Timberline. Instead of deserting his companions, Boog decides to take Elliot with him, but the other animals want to live in the garage too, but they realize there is no way out because the hunters have already gathered around the forest. Boog decides that they should defend themselves, and they collect supplies from Bob and Bobby's (two scientists) RV while their pet dachshund Mr. Weenie (Cody Cameron) joins the animals.
The following day, Boog witnesses the hunters coming, and sends a signal to the animals by flinging one of the mule deers of the herd in the air. Elliot receives the signal and sends out the ducks, who are carrying skunks, into the air, causing stinky green air to flow around the forest. Meanwhile, Elliot and the squirrels ride on the mule deers and charge. On the other side, Boog and the other animals charge too, causing a big rampage. The ducks drop a tank of gas (called "Mr. Happy" by McSquizzy) onto one of the hunters trucks, but it goes out, so McSquizzy flings some dynamite into the air, and all the trucks blow up, and the hunters all run away. All the animals start celebrating. Suddenly, Shaw appears, and attempts to kill Boog with his gun, but Elliot shoots things that they had stolen from the RV. One of the objects hits the gun, and the gun falls out of reach. Shaw then proceeds to attack Boog with his hunting knife. Boog beats him with a golf club Elliot had shot. Shaw, within reaching distance of his gun, grabs it, and attempts to shoot Boog. Elliot takes the bullet meant for Boog, enraging Boog who tackles Shaw, roars loudly in his face, then ties him up with his own gun. Boog finds that Elliot survived the wound, only losing his second antler in the fight. Beth returns to take Boog back home where he will be safe, but he instead stays with his friends. They both realize that the bear "is" at home in the forest.
The idea for the movie came from cartoonist Steve Moore, known for his comic strip "In the Bleachers". Moore and producer John Carls submitted the story to Sony in June 2002, and the movie immediately went into development. On February 29, 2004, Sony Pictures Animation announced the beginning of the production on its first CGI animated feature, "Open Season".
The movie location was inspired by the towns of Sun Valley, Idaho and McCall, Idaho, and the Sawtooth National Forest. References to the Lawn Lake, Colorado, Dam flood, Longs Peak, and other points of interest in the area are depicted in the movie.
The Sony animation team developed a digital tool called shapers that allowed the animators to re-shape the character models into stronger poses and silhouettes and subtle distortions such as squash, stretch, and smears, typical of traditional, hand-drawn animation.
Martin Lawrence and Ashton Kutcher, the voices of Boog and Elliot, never met during production.
"Open Season" received mixed reviews from critics. Critics of Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie 48% with the consensus "Open Season is a cliched palette of tired jokes and CG animal shenanigans that have been seen multiple times this cinematic year."
Kevin Smith gave the movie a good review during an appearance as a guest critic on "At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper" saying "If your kids like poop jokes as much as I do, "Open Season" will put a big smile on their faces." However, Richard Roeper gave the movie a mixed review saying "It's just okay, the animation is uninspired."
The movie opened #1 with $23 million on its opening weekend. It grossed $85.1 million in the United States and $104.8 million in foreign countries making $189.9 million worldwide.
"Rolling Stone" gave the movie's soundtrack three stars out of five, as did Allmusic.
"Open Season" was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and UMD Video on January 30, 2007. It was later released on 3D Blu-ray on November 16, 2010.
A TV show, "Boog and Elliot's Big Adventure", was to air in March 2012.
A video game based on the movie was released on many platforms in 2006/2007.
"Open Season" was given two direct-to-video sequels: "Open Season 2" (which was in 2009), and "Open Season 3" (which was in 2011).
Rosemary Clooney
Rosemary Clooney (May 23, 1928 - June 29, 2002) was an American singer and actress. She was born in Maysville, Kentucky. She became known with her song "Come On-a My House". She starred in many movies. She was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and died of lung cancer in Beverly Hills, California.
Her brother is television presenter Nick Clooney (born 1934). His nephew was actor George Clooney and was the mother of actor Miguel Ferrer.
Honda Today
Norma (constellation)
The constellation Norma is a small group of stars in the southern hemisphere between Scorpius and Centaurus. Its name is Latin for normal and can mean a right angle. The constellation may be pictured as a ruler, a carpenter's square, a set square, or a level.
The Milky Way passes through Norma.
Because it is on the Milky Way, this constellation contains many deep sky objects. Galaxy NGC 6087 is a highly visible one.
Shapley 1 is a planetary nebula about 1,000 lightyears away from Earth.
Norma is a popular girl's name. Norma may also several other things:
Tropical systems:
Lethbridge
Lethbridge is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta.
The mayor of Lethbridge is Rajko Dodic.
The population is 86,659 from the 2010 municipal census.
Lethbridge is also home to a Western Hockey League team called the Lethbridge Hurricanes.
Andy Panda
'Andrew "Andy" Panda' is a fictional panda. He was created by Walter Lantz for Universal Studios in the 1930s -1940s from 1939-1949.
His girlfriend was Miranda Panda. He introduced Woody Woodpecker in 1940's Knock Knock. He was one of Walter Lantz's staples (the others being Woody Woodpecker, Oswald Rabbit, Chilly Willy). His last appearance was in 1949's "Scrappy Birthday". In comics he was often paired with Charlie Chicken.
Kesarakoni
Bridgeport Sound Tigers
The Bridgeport Sound Tigers are an American professional ice hockey team that was founded in 2001. They play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the New York Islanders. They play in Bridgeport, Connecticut at the Webster Bank Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Kalamazoo Wings.
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins
Hartford Wolf Pack
The Hartford Wolf Pack are an American professional ice hockey team. It originally began playing in the Canadian-American Hockey League in 1926 as the Providence Reds.
They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the New York Rangers of the NHL. They play their home games in Hartford, Connecticut at the XL Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Greenville Road Warriors. They were also known as the Hartford Wolf Pack from 1997 to 2010. The changed their name to the Connecticut Whale in October 2010 to honor of the former Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League. They changed their name back to the Hartford Wolf Pack after the 2012–13 AHL season.
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett III (born March 28, 1942 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American philosopher, neuroscientist, and cognitive scientist. He is also an atheist.
Manchester Monarchs
Devin Hester
Hunter Cantwell
University of Louisville
The University of Louisville is a public university in Louisville, Kentucky. The university has about 19,743 students. It was founded in 1798. The current president of the university is Neeli Bendapudi.
The sports teams of the university are called the Cardinals. They have 21 varsity teams that compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Orion may mean:
University of South Florida
The University of South Florida is a public university in Tampa, Florida. The university has about 45,713 students. It was founded in 1956. The current president of the university is Judy Genshaft.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Bulls. They have 15 varsity teams and they compete in the American Athletic Conference.
West Virginia University
West Virginia University is a public university in Morgantown, West Virginia. The university has about 29,306 students. It was founded in 1867. The current president of the university is E. Gordon Gee, who is in his second stint as president.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Mountaineers. They have 17 varsity teams and now compete mainly in the Big 12 Conference, after leaving their longtime home, the Big East Conference, in July 2012. WVU has separate conference memberships in two sports. In men's soccer, a sport not sponsored by the Big 12, the Mountaineers play in the Mid-American Conference. In rifle shooting, also not sponsored by the Big 12, the Mountaineers are in the Great America Rifle Conference.
An agency is an organization which acts on behalf of others. There are commercial agencies, and government agencies. Dictionary.com defines 'agency': "an organization, company, or bureau that provides some service for another: a welfare agency". Actors, models, authors, sportspeople all have agents or agencies.
A bureau is agency within an agency. For example:
In the United States, government agencies include the United States Department of Homeland Security, which has the job of protecting U.S. citizens; the United States Department of Education, which sets certain rules for how U.S. schools are to be run; and the United States Department of the Treasury, which helps keep track of the nation's money supply.
Acanthodii
Villanova University
The Villanova University is a private university in Villanova, Pennsylvania. The university has about 9,535 students. It was founded in 1842. The current president of the university is Rev. Peter M. Donohue, O.S.A. .
The athletics teams of the university are called the Wildcats. They have 24 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Big East Conference. The football team plays in the Colonial Athletic Association, and the women's rowing team is a member of the American Athletic Conference.
The University of Connecticut or sometimes referred to as UCONN for short is a public university in Storrs and Mansfield, Connecticut. The university has about 28,677 students. It was founded in 1881. The current president of the university is Dr. Philip E. Austin.
The athletics teams of the university are called the UConn Huskies. They have 25 varsity teams, all competing in NCAA Division I and most in the Big East Conference. The Huskies have varying conference homes in sports not played by the Big East:
UConn will shut down four of its teams at the end of the 2020–21 school year—men's teams in cross country, swimming & diving, and tennis, plus women's rowing.
Seton Hall University is a private Roman Catholic university in South Orange, New Jersey, United States. It was started in 1856 by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley. Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the United States. Seton Hall is also the oldest and largest Catholic university in New Jersey. The university is known for its programs in business, law, education, nursing, and diplomacy.
Seton Hall is made up of eight different schools and colleges. It has about 5,200 undergraduate students and about 4,400 graduate students. Its School of Law has 1,200 students. "US News & World Report" lists the School of Law as one of the top 100 law schools in the United States.In 2011, Seton Hall's Stillman School of Business is ranked 88 out of the top 100 undergraduate business schools. It is #3 in the state of New Jersey according to BusinessWeek.
The Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry was the first school of medicine in the State of New Jersey. The state took over the school in 1965. It is now the New Jersey Medical School, part of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
The school's sports teams are called the Pirates. They play in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big East Conference. The college started its first basketball team in 1903. Seton Hall stopped having a football team in 1982.
Seton Hall athletics is best known for its men's basketball team. The team won the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1953. It lost in the finals of the 1989 NCAA Tournament to Michigan, 80–79 in overtime. Seton Hall currently has teams at the Division I level in baseball, basketball, women's basketball, cross country running, men's golf, soccer, women's soccer, softball, swimming, diving, women's tennis, indoor and outdoor track & field, and volleyball.
Seton Hall also has club sports in ice hockey, rugby union, and Men's volleyball. Almost all the Seton Hall sports have their home field on the South Orange campus. The men's ice hockey team and the men's basketball team play at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey.
DePaul University
DePaul University is a private university in Chicago, Illinois. The university has about 24,008 students. It was founded in 1898. The current president of the university is A. Gabriel Esteban, PhD. It was named after 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul.
DePaul's two main campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop. The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Science and Health, and Education. The Loop campus is home to Colleges of Business, Law and Technology.
Since 1998, DePaul University has been the largest Catholic university in the United States.
The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduate and about 7,600 graduate/law students, making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States, and the largest private university in Illinois. According to the Division of Student Affairs website, about 90% of DePaul's students commute or live off campus. The student body represents a wide array of religious, ethnic, and geographic backgrounds, including over 60 foreign countries.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Blue Demons. They have 13 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.
Marquette University is a private, coeducational, Roman Catholic university in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The university has about 11,599 students. It was founded in 1898. The current president of the university is Rev. Robert A. Wild, S.J. .
The athletics teams of the university are called the Golden Eagles. They have 10 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.
Providence College
Providence College is a private, Roman Catholic university in Providence, Rhode Island. The university has about 4,585 students. It was founded in 1917. The current president of the university is Fr. Brian J. Shanley, O.P. .
The athletics teams of the university are called the Friars. They have 19 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.
St. John's University (New York City)
St. John's University is a private, coeducational, Roman Catholic university in Queens, New York. The university has about 20,069 students. It was founded in 1870. The current president of the university is Rev. Donald J. Harrington. There is also a campus in Paris, France and Rome, Italy.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Red Storm. They have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.
University of Cincinnati
The University of Cincinnati is a public university in Cincinnati, Ohio. The university has about 41,357 students. It was founded in 1819. The current president of the university is Gregory H. Williams.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Bearcats. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the American Athletic Conference.
University of Wyoming
The University of Wyoming is a public university in Laramie, Wyoming. The university has about 13,657 students. It was founded in 1886. The current president of the university is Tom Buchanan. Dick Cheney went to the University of Wyoming.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Cowboys for the men and the Cowgirls for the women. They are commonly known as the Pokes. They have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the Mountain West Conference.
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas, often known as UNLV, is a public, coeducational university in Paradise, Nevada. The university has about 29,069 students. It was founded in 1957. The current president of the university is Neal J. Smatresk.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Rebels and Runnin' Rebels for basketball. They have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Mountain West Conference.
Carol Channing
Carol Elaine Channing (January 31, 1921 – January 15, 2019) was an American stand-up comedian, actress, singer, dancer and voice artist. She received three Tony Awards. Channing played Lorelei in the movie "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" and played Dolly in the movie "Hello, Dolly!".
Channing was born Carol Elaine Channing in Seattle, Washington on January 31, 1921. When she left home to go to Bennington College, her mother told her that her father's mother was African-American.
Channing died on January 15, 2019, of complications from a stroke at her home in Rancho Mirage, California, sixteen days before her 98th birthday.
University of New Mexico
The University of New Mexico is a public university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The university has about 34,674 students. It was founded in 1889. The current president of the university is David J. Schmidly.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Lobos. They have 16 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Mountain West Conference (MW). New Mexico has separate conference memberships in two sports that the MW does not sponsor. In skiing, the Lobos are members of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association. In men's soccer, New Mexico is a member of Conference USA.
University of Iowa
San Diego State University
San Diego State University or SDSU for short is a public university in San Diego, California, and a part of the California State University system. The university has about 33,790 students. It was founded in 1897. The current president of the university is Elliot Hirshman.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Aztecs. They have 17 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Mountain West Conference (MW). Three teams have separate conference memberships in sports that the MW does not sponsor. The women's rowing team is a member of the American Athletic Conference, the men's soccer team plays in the Pacific-12 Conference, and the women's water polo team plays in the Golden Coast Conference.
Boise State University
Boise State University is a public university in Boise, Idaho. The university has about 19,993 students. It was founded in 1974. The current president of the university is Robert W. Kustra.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Broncos. They have 17 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Mountain West Conference..
Troy University
Troy University is a public university in Troy, Alabama. The university has about 30,000 students. It was founded in 1887. The current chancellor of the university is Jack Hawkins, Jr.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Trojans. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the Sun Belt Conference.
Jaclyn Smith
The University of North Texas is a public university in Denton, Texas. The university has 40,796 students as of 2020. It was founded in 1890. The current president of the university is Neal Smatresk.
The athletics teams of the university are called the Mean Green. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in Conference USA.
Western Kentucky University
Western Kentucky University is a public university in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The university has about 20,712 students. It was founded in 1906. The current president of the university is Dr. Gary A. Ransdell.
The athletics teams of the university for men are called the Hilltoppers and the athletics teams for the women are called the Lady Toppers. They have 17 varsity teams, all of which play in Conference USA.
Kurt Thomas (basketball)
Kurt Vincent Thomas (born October 4, 1972 in Dallas, Texas) is an American basketball player. He currently plays for the Chicago Bulls as a Power forward and Center.
He was drafted out of Texas Christian University in the 1995 NBA Draft in the 1st round with the 10th pick by the Miami Heat.
He has also played with the Miami Heat from 1995 to 1997, Dallas Mavericks from 1997 to 1998, New York Knicks from 1998 to 2005, Phoenix Suns from 2005 to 2007, Seattle SuperSonics from 2007 to 2008, San Antonio Spurs from 2008 to 2009 and the Milwaukee Bucks from 2009 to 2010.
Harmonia Macrocosmica
Ernestine Jane Geraldine Russell, known simply as Jane Russell (June 21, 1921 - February 28, 2011) was an Canadian-American actress, born in Minnesota. She starred in almost two dozen films throughout her career. Russell died in Santa Maria, California of a respiratory related illness.
Meave Leakey
Meave G. Leakey PhD DSc (hon) is a renowned paleontologist who studies the origin of mankind in West Africa. She was born Meave Epps, 28 July 1942 in London, and is married to Richard Leakey, the son of Louis and Mary Leakey. She is a research professor at Stony Brook University.
They have two children, Louise (born 1972) and Samira (born 1974). Her daughter Louise Leakey is also a paleontologist studying human origins.
Dr. Leakey's research team at Lake Turkana, Kenya made a discovery in 1999 that changed our understanding of early human ancestry. They found a 3.5 million-year-old skull and partial jaw thought to belong to a new branch of our early human family. She named the find "Kenyanthropus platyops", or flat-faced man of Kenya.
Lake Turkana
Lake Turkana, formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in northwest Kenya. Its far northern end crosses into Ethiopia.
It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul Lake and the (shrinking) Aral Sea. Among all lakes, it ranks 24th in area.
The water is drinkable, but not palatable. It supports a rich lacustrine wildlife. The climate is hot and very dry.
The rocks of the surrounding area are predominantly volcanic. Central Island is an active volcano, emitting vapors. Outcrops and rocky shores are found on the East and South shores of the lake, while dunes, spits and flats are on the West and North, at a lower elevation.
On-shore and off-shore winds can be extremely strong as the lake warms and cools more slowly than the land. Sudden, violent storms are frequent. Three rivers (the Omo, Turkwel and Kerio) flow into the lake, but lacking outflow, its only water loss is by evaporation. Lake volume and dimensions are variable. For example, its level fell by between 1975 and 1993.
Due to temperature, aridity and geographic inaccessibility, the lake retains its wild character. Many Nile crocodiles are on the flats. The rocky shores are home to scorpions and carpet vipers. Although the lake and its environs have been popular for expeditions of every sort under the tutelage of guides, rangers and experienced persons, they certainly must be considered hazardous for unguided tourists.
Lake Turkana National Parks are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park lies on the lake's eastern shore, while Central Island National Park and South Island National Park are in the lake. Both have crocodiles.
The Lake Turkana area is regarded by many anthropologists as the cradle of humankind because there are many hominid fossils. The skeleton of Turkana boy was found near the lake in 1984.
Marie Osmond
Olive Marie Osmond, known simply as Marie Osmond (born October 13, 1959) is an American singer, actress, and doll designer. She was born in Ogden, Utah. She is the sister of Donny Osmond. Marie was not a part of her family's singing group The Osmonds. She had some success as a solo country artist in the 1970s and 1980s. She also hosted several talk shows with her brother Donny.
Marie was born in Ogden, Utah. She is one of nine children and the only daughter. She was four years old when she first performed on television in the 1960s.
Marie has released a total of 9 albums of mostly country and pop music. Her 1973 release of Paper Roses became a number 1 hit and started her successful career. Her latest work released in 2015 is titled Music is Medicine.
She stared in 2 Broadway musicals. In 1994 she played the lead in The King and I and in 1997 she played the lead in The Sound of Music.
She was co-host of the Donny and Marie show that was very popular from 1975 until 1978. Marie acted in several made for TV movies, variety shows, situation comedy's and voiced animated characters during her career.
In 1978, she stared in the movie Goin' Coconuts.
She was part of the CBS daytime show The Talk during the 10th season.
Marie has written 3 books. In 2007 she came in third place on the 5th season of the US version of Dancing with the Stars. From 2008 through 2019 she performed with her brother, Donny, in a musical show at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Marie is the co-founder of the non-profit organization Children's Miracle Network. It was started in 1983 and the money raised promotes children's hospitals in North America.
Marie is married to Stephen Craig and lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. She also owns a home in Ogden, Utah and one in Los Angeles, California. She has 8 children. She is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Louis Leakey
Louis Leakey (L.S.B. Leakey, 7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan archaeologist, anthropologist and naturalist.
His work was important in establishing human evolutionary development in East Africa. He also played a major role in creating organizations for future research in Africa and for protecting wildlife there.
Leakey was the third of the three great anthropologists of British origin who made Africa their home: the others were Robert Broom and Raymond Dart.
He started a tradition of palaeoanthropological inquiry in Kenya. His own family carried on the 'family firm'. Several of them became well-known anthropologists and fossil hunters.
Louis took part in national events of British East Africa and then Kenya at critical times.
In biology he asserted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution unswervingly, and set about to prove Darwin's hypothesis that man arose in Africa. He was also a devout Christian.
Louis and Mary spent all the time they could at Olduvai Gorge, starting in 1951. So far they had discovered only stone tools. A more extensive excavation came in 1952. They found what Louis termed an Oldowan "slaughter-house", an ancient bog where animals had been trapped and butchered. Louis was so carried away that he worked without his hat and his hair was bleached white from the sun. They stopped in 1953.
In 1955 they excavated again with Jean Brown. She related that he preferred to be called Louis, was absent-minded, once had everyone looking for spectacles that were around his neck, wore pants with the buttons off and shoes with holes in them, charged about everywhere and once collapsed unconscious. He was completely happy.
In 1959 they decided to excavate Bed I. While Louis was sick in camp, Mary discovered the fossilized skull OH 5, which Mary called "Our Man", and became "Dear Boy" and "Zinj." The question was whether it was a previous genus discovered by Robert Broom, "Paranthropus", which Broom had taken not to be in the human line, or a different one, in it. Louis opted for Zinj, a decision opposed by Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, but one which attracted the attention of Melville Bell Grosvenor, president of the National Geographic Society. That contact resulted in an article in "National Geographic", and a hefty grant to continue work at Olduvai.
Zinj was far older than anyone had imagined. Scientists swarmed to Africa. Louis had proved Darwin right.
In 1960, unable to leave the museum except on weekends, Louis appointed Mary director of excavation at Olduvai. She brought in a staff of Kamba tribesmen, instead of Kikuyu, who, she felt, took advantage of Louis. The first, Muteva Musomba, had kept her children's ponies. He recruited Kamoya Kimeu among others. Mary set up Camp 5 under Jonathan's direction. He was 19. From then on she had her own staff and associates.
Mary picked and sieved at the site from early morning dressed in old clothes, chain smoking cigarettes, always surrounded by her Dalmatian. She and Louis communicated by radio. On weekends he drove non-stop at high speed the 357 miles between Olduvai and Nairobi. The teen-age boys, Richard and Philip, were on site during holidays and vacations.
Their home in Nairobi was a circus, figuratively speaking, when they were there. Dinner guests were frequent. Important guests stayed for weeks if they could stand it. They shared the quarters and the dinner table with the Dalmatians, hyraxes, a monkey, a civet cat, an African eagle owl, tropical fish, snakes, such as vipers, and a python.
The extended families of twenty African staff lived in cinderblock huts in the yard. Mary had switched to cigars and the ashes often fell into the food. Both Louis and Mary cooked. Louis never stopped talking; his stories were endless. He literally ran through the day, making long lists of things to be done, which he never completed. He drove recklessly through the streets of Nairobi, often reading and writing as he drove.
There was another side to the Leakey family. Louis was a notorious womanizer. He was faithful neither to Frida nor to Mary. Mary tolerated this behavior well until his relationship with Rosalie Osborn, 1954/55, threatened to break up her marriage.
The two fought constantly, upsetting the boys. After Richard nearly died in a fall from a horse, Louis broke with Rosalie for the sake of the boys.
Jonathan achieved some brief fame before he quit palaeoanthropology altogether. He started his own site, "Jonny's site" in the Leakey lingo, FLK-NN. There he discovered two skull fragments without the Australopithecine sagittal crest, which Mary connected with Broom's and Robinson's Telanthropus. The problem was its contemporaneity with Zinj. Mailed photographs, Le Gros Clark retorted casually "Shades of Piltdown". Louis cabled him immediately and had some strong words at this suggestion of his incompetence. Clark apologized.
In 1960 Louis, his son Philip and Ray Pickering discovered a fossil he termed "Chellean Man", as it was in context with Oldowan tools, the first such find. After reconstruction Louis and Mary called it "Pinhead." It was subsequently included with "Homo erectus" and was in fact contemporaneous with "Paranthropus", which on that account cannot have been in the human line. For many years Louis believed erectus was the user of the tools and "Australopithecus" was not.
In 1961 Louis got a salary as well as a grant from National Geographic and turned over the acting directorship of Coryndon to a subordinate. He created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same grounds, moved his collections to it, and appointed himself director. This was his new operations center.
He opened another excavation at Fort Ternan on Lake Victoria. Shortly after, Heselon discovered "Kenyapithecus wickeri", the species name from the owner of the property, which Louis promptly celebrated with George Gaylord Simpson, who happened to be present, aboard the "Miocene Lady" with Leakey Safari Specials, a drink made of condensed milk and cognac.
In 1962 Louis was visiting Olduvai when Ndibo Mbuika discovered the first tooth of "Homo habilis" at MNK. Louis and Mary thought it was female and named her Cinderella, or Cindy. Phillip Tobias identified Jonny's Child with it and Raymond Dart came up with the name "Homo habilis" at Louis' request, which Tobias translated as 'handyman'. It was seen as intermediary between gracile "Australopithecus" and "Homo".
One of Louis's greatest legacies was fostering field research of primates in their natural habitats. He understood this helped to unravel the mysteries of human evolution. He chose three female researchers: Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birute Galdikas. They were dubbed 'Leakey's Angels'. Each went on to become an important scholar in the field of primatology.
A selection:
Louis Leakey was married to Mary Leakey, who made the noteworthy discovery of fossil footprints at Laetoli. Found preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania, they are the earliest record of bipedal gait.
He is also the father of paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey and the botanist Colin Leakey. Louis' cousin, Nigel Gray Leakey, was a recipient of the Victoria Cross during World War II.
Degree of unsaturation
Degree of unsaturation (DOU) is a way to figure out how many rings or double bonds are in a molecule.
Each degree either equals one ring structure or pi bond. A double bond would have one DOU. A triple bond would have a DOU of two (triple bond is one sigma bond with two pi bonds).
For the below, use the same rules as above, using the definitions below.
The Olduvai Gorge is a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches through East Africa. It is in the eastern Serengeti Plains in northern Tanzania.
The Gorge is about long. It is 45 km from the Laetoli archaeological site. The gorge is a highly important prehistoric site for the study of human evolution. It was once a lake, and got covered by layers of volcanic ash.
This site was occupied by "Homo habilis" about 1.9 million years ago, "Paranthropus boisei" 1.8 million years ago, and "Homo erectus" 1.2 million years ago. "Homo sapiens" occupied the site 17,000 years ago.
The name is a misspelling of Oldupai Gorge, which was adopted as the official name in 2005. Oldupai is the Maasai word for the wild sisal plant "Sansevieria ehrenbergii", which grows in the gorge.
Millions of years ago, the site was that of a large lake, the shores of which were covered with successive deposits of volcanic ash.
About 500,000 years ago seismic activity diverted a nearby stream which began to cut down into the sediments, revealing seven main layers in the walls of the gorge. The geology of Olduvai Gorge and the surrounding region was studied in detail by Richard L. Hay, who worked at the site between 1961 and 2002.
The stratigraphy is extremely deep and layers of volcanic ash and stones allow radiometric dating of the embedded artifacts, mostly through potassium–argon dating and argon–argon dating. The base of the Olduvai sediments dates to slightly older than 2 million years,
The nearby site Laetoli has a much older fossil record.
Olduvai Gorge is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and has been instrumental in furthering understanding of early human evolution. Chasing a fancy butterfly in the green wilds of Tanganyika 50 years ago, a German entomologist named (Wilhelm) Kattwinkel tumbled off a rocky ledge and nearly killed himself. When he regained his senses, he found himself in an anthropologist's dream world: an erosion-created rift with layer after layer of fossils, bones and ancient artifacts. The find was named Olduvai Gorge, and Kattwinkel's heirs ever since have been scrambling up and down its sun-baked sides in search of clues to man's earliest awakening. ("Time", Friday 10 March 1961)
Excavation work there was pioneered by Louis and Mary Leakey beginning in 1931. It is still going on.
The earliest archaeological deposit, known as Bed I, has produced evidence of campsites and living floors along with stone tools made of flakes from local basalt and quartz. Since this is the site where these kinds of tools were first discovered, these tools are called Oldowan. It is now thought that the Oldowan toolmaking tradition started about 2.6 million years ago. Bones from this layer are not of modern humans but earlier hominid forms of "Paranthropus boisei" and the first discovered specimens of "Homo habilis".
The site of FLK North has the oldest known evidence of Elephant consumption, attributed to "Homo ergaster" around 1.8 million years ago. A nearly complete skeleton of the extinct "Elephas recki" was found in the lowest of its six occupation levels along with stone tools such as choppers and flakes. Large numbers of bone fragments of smaller animals found with it clearly identify FLK North as an early butchering site.
Above this, in Bed II, pebble tools begin to be replaced by more sophisticated handaxes of the Acheulean industry and made by "H. ergaster". This layer has not yet been successfully dated, but likely falls between 1.75 and 1.2 million years.
Beds III and IV have produced Acheulean tools and fossil bones from more than 600,000 years ago.
During a period of major faulting and volcanism roughly 600,000 to 400,000 years ago, the Masek Beds were made. These beds contained tools from an industry made by modern humans, followed by the Ndutu Beds (400,000 to 32,000 years ago), and the Naisiusiu Beds (22,000 to 15,000 years ago).
Also, on the rim of the Gorge, is the Olduvai Gorge Museum. This Museum presents exhibitions about the Gorge's history.
Vermicelli
Vermicelli (English pronunciation: /ˌvɜrmɨˈtʃɛli/, Italian: [vermiˈtʃɛlli], meaning "little worms") is a type of pasta. It is round in section and somewhat thinner than spaghetti.
Richard Leakey
Richard Leakey (born 19 December 1944 in Nairobi, Kenya) is a politician, paleoanthropologist and conservationist. He is second of the three sons of the anthropologists Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey.
A high school dropout, Leakey discovered his love of paleontology when he led an expedition to a fossil site he had discovered while flying. Frustrated by the lack of recognition he received for his accomplishments (due to his lack of qualifications) Leakey left for England to catch up on his education. However, after six months, Leakey returned home to continue his safaris. He never completed his degree.
In 1965 he married Margaret Cropper. Their daughter Anna was born in 1969, the same year that Richard and Margaret divorced. He then married his colleague Meave Epps in 1970 and they had two daughters, Louise (born 1972) and Samira (1974).
Leakey was diagnosed with a terminal kidney disease in 1969. Ten years later he became seriously ill, but received a kidney transplant from his brother Philip and recovered to full health.
In 1993, a small propeller-driven plane piloted by Richard Leakey crashed, crushing his lower legs. Both legs were later amputated. Sabotage was suspected but never proved. In a few months Richard Leakey was walking again on artificial limbs.
Leakey said in his autobiography that he is an atheist.
Richard chose to support himself, borrowed 500 pounds from his parents for a Land Rover, and went into the trapping and skeleton supply business with Kamoya Kimeu.
Richard was already a skilled horseman, outdoorsman, Land Rover mechanic, archaeologist and expedition leader, he learned to identify bones. All these skills pointed to a path he did not yet wish to take, simply because his father was on it.
The bone business turned into a safari business in 1961. In 1962 he got a private airplane pilot licence and took tours to Olduvai. It was from a casual aerial survey that he noted the potential of Lake Natron's shores for paleontology. He went looking for fossils in a Land Rover, but could find none, until his parents assigned Glynn Isaac to go with him.
Louis was so impressed with their finds that he gave them National Geographic money for a month's expedition. They explored in the vicinity of Peninj near the lake, where Richard was in charge of the administrative details. Bored, he returned to Nairobi temporarily, but at that moment, Kamoya Kimeu discovered a fossil of "Australopithecus boisei". A second expedition left Richard feeling that he was being excluded from the most significant part of the operation, the scientific analysis.
During the Omo expedition of 1967, Richard visited Nairobi and on the return flight the pilot flew over Lake Rudolph (now Lake Turkana) to avoid a thunderstorm. The map led Richard to expect volcanic rock below him but he saw sediments. Visiting the region by helicopter, he saw tools and fossils everywhere. In his mind, he was already planning a new enterprise.
In 1969 the discovery of a cranium of "Paranthropus boisei" caused great excitement. A "Homo habilis" skull and a "Homo erectus" skull, discovered in 1972 and 1975, respectively, were among the most significant finds of Leakey's earlier expeditions. In 1978 an intact cranium of "Homo erectus" was discovered.