AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Productive efficiency can be shown either by using a production possibility frontier (PPF) diagram, or by using the marginal cost and average total cost curves.
Assuming that the economy only produces 2 goods – guns and butter. Points B, C and D on the diagram are considered to be productively efficient as it is not possible to produce more of either good without having to reduce the production of the other. For example, if the economy is producing at point D, the only way to produce more butter is to reduce the production of guns, thus reaching point C.
If the economy was originally producing at point A of the diagram, it is possible for more butter and guns to be produced without having to reduce the production of any of them. When this happens, the economy shifts from point A to point D and is better utilizing its resources.
However, if the economy was originally producing at point D and wants to produce more butter, the production of guns would have to be reduced. If the production of guns is not reduced, the economy would produce at point X, which is not possible in reality as there are no resources available to produce the extra output.
For a firm that is producing a certain type of good, it would have the marginal cost (MC) and average total cost (ATC) curves when producing an additional unit of output as shown in the diagram.
By definition, the MC curve will meet the ATC curve at its minimum point, which is the point P1 and Q1 on the diagram. At this point, producing more than Q1 would bring more costs than benefits to the firm, whereas producing less than Q1 would mean that there are more benefits than costs in producing more of the good. Hence, the point P1 and Q1 would be a point that is just right, and all the resources of the firm would be fully used in the best possible way.
In reality, firms that are less competitive are unlikely to be producing at the productively efficient point as they are earning supernormal profits and have no need to cut costs. These firms are thus considered to be X-inefficient.
Süleyman Şensoy
Suleyman Sensoy (born 1973 in Turkey) is the Chairman of the Turkish Asian Center for Strategic Studies ("TASAM").
He has founded the Asya Group which operates in the fields such as publishing, advertising, production and PR. He has served as the chairman in this group for more than 10 years.
In 1996, he has planned to establish a center for strategic studies and research in order to create alternative solutions for the domestic and international issues of Turkey.
He has Bachelor's degree in International Relations. He also has H. Doctorate (2012) from The Higher Academy for Strategic and Security Studies - HASSS, Sudan and has Kazakhstan Friendship Medal (2014).
Founded TASAM* Turkish Asian Center for Strategic Studies (2003) and established TASAM Publications and Strategic Foresight Journal (2004) and TASAM WORLD Centre for Capacity Building Management and Cooperation (2013).
TASAM, which has been operating in the institutional body of a NGO as a “think tank” since 2003, has become an international “Turkey Brand”.
TASAM's activities, which are developed to provide strategic contributions to Turkey’s national institutional capacity building, together with its institutional networks have reached a level of global importance. Around hundreds of leading experts and academics contribute to TASAM’s institutes, platforms, projects and other activities which span nearly 100 countries.
There are 10 foreign policy fields that TASAM acts on. These are continently Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and Caribbean and North America. The regional ones are Balkans, Middle East, Mediterranean and Black Sea - Caucasus which are - in every parameter- the security zone of these four continents in terms of Turkey. Also Turkic World and Islamic World are called as identical fields.
Activities turn into concrete results by final reports, strategic reports, refereed journals, books, agreements, institutes, networks, platforms and web sites within the extent of studies regarding these fields. Combined with public diplomacy, these results develop a national and international interaction and give effective information, ideas and suggestions to the related decision makers; thus bring about strategic contributions to a Turkey centered perspective on the basis of power and justice.
Also the studies, with three main titles as Macro Process, Strategic Locomotive Sectors and Development of Values, of the “Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023” Project, which began in 2008 under the auspices of Turkish Republic and initiative of TASAM, have been keeping on.
TASAM WORLD was founded by TASAM and is an umbrella organization that steers and coordinates the activities of a wide range of institutions, networks and platforms serving as a centre for capacity building management and cooperation.
Founded nine institutes which are as follows: African Institute (2005), Development and Cooperation Institute (2006), Institute of Islamic Countries (2007), Institute of Political Communication (2008), Institute Public Diplomacy (2009), Environment and Urban Institute (2012), National Defense and Security Institute (2015), Energy Food and Food Institute (2015) and Turkey Tourism Institute (2016).
Founded several national and international networks as TRNTP (Nuclear Technology Platform of Turkey - 2006), TOD-TURKEY (Think Tanks’ Dialogue of Turkey - 2006), USTKIP (International Development and Cooperation Platform of NGOs - 2007), WTF (World Turkic Forum - 2015), TYDP (Turkey Administration and Experience Program - 2012), WIF (World Islamic Forum - 2015) coordinated BCN Balkan Communication Network Annual Meetings (Since 2008). Headed establishing of three particular Wise Persons Boards under the institutional of Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023 and Turkey 2053 Projects, World Islamic Forum and World Turkic Forum.
Developed the projects* “Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023 (2007-2023) under the auspices of the Presidency of the Turkish Republic and Turkey 2053 (2016-2053) under the theme of “Power and Justice” and leaded their performing in 81 provinces of the country. The projects, which started with Macro themes, continue covering the following study areas; (10) Strategic Locomotive Sectors and Development of Values that are capable of moving Turkey to the aspired macro objectives.
Realized bilateral and multilateral projects from approximately 100 countries with a large number of outstanding local or international institutions as The Presidency of The Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Interior Affairs, State Planning Organization, Islamic Development Bank, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Prime Ministry - Turkish International Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA), United Nations (UNDP), African Union, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) etc.
Founded and presided over several regular meetings as International Turkish - Asian Congress, International Turkish - African Congress, International Balkan Forum, Europe - Turkey Forum, Turkish - Latin America and Caribbean Forum, World İslamic Forum, Islamic World Istanbul Awards, World Turkic Forum, Turkic World Red Apple Awards, International Middle East Congress, Turkey - USA Forum, Turkey - China Forum, Turkey - Iran Forum, Istanbul Security Conference and new projects as Global Civil Diplomacy.
Published hundreds of books and strategic reports and keeps publishing refereed journal “Stratejik Ongoru” (Strategic Foresight) journal periodically by TASAM Publications since 2004. Established following internet portals and websites (With its dynamic and comprehensive content, the official portal of TASAM has an important position in Turkey and in the world on its activity field):
Rhynie
Rhynie () () is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is 14 miles northwest of Alford.
The Rhynie chert is named after the village, as well as the extinct plant genus Rhynia. The Rhynie chert is a sedimentary rock. It was deposited during the Devonian period and contains the oldest fossil insect in the world.
The Station Hotel at Rhynie is mentioned as a joke in the sketch "The Will" by Scotland the What. The joke is that there is no railway station at Rhynie, "..but they were aye hopin' for one."
Eight Pictish symbol stones have been found at Rhynie. These include the "Rhynie Man", discovered in 1978. It is a six foot tall boulder carved with a bearded man carrying an axe. It may possibly be the Celtic god Esus.
The "Rhynie Man" now stands inside Woodhill House (the headquarters of the Aberdeenshire Council ) in Aberdeen.
In 2011, archaeological excavations at Rhynie, near the site of the "Rhynie Man", dug up a fortified settlement. It dates to the early medieval period. Among the finds at the site were fragments of a late 5th or 6th century Roman amphora. It is the only known example of a Roman amphora from Eastern Britain that dates to the post-Roman period. This must have been imported from the Mediterranean region. It means that the inhabitants of the settlement must have been of high status. Archaeologists have said that the settlement may have been a royal family site where Pictish kings lived.
Todor Slavov
Todor Slavov (; 22 January 1984 – 28 June 2015) was a Bulgarian rally driver.
On 28 June 2015, Slavov was involved in a crash at Rally Tvarditsa-Elena. Soon after, he died of fatal injuries.
Wally Stanowski
Walter Peter Stanowski (April 28, 1919 – June 28, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Stanowski started his National Hockey League career with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1939. In 1941, he was a member of the NHL All-Star Team. He won four Stanley Cups with the Maple Leafs. Stanowski was traded to the New York Rangers after the 1947-48 season. He retired after the 1951 season.
Stanowski was the last surviving member of Maple Leafs 1942 and 1945 Stanley Cup team.
As of 2015, Stanowski lived in a retirement home near Toronto. He died on June 28, 2015.
Charles Pasqua
Charles Pasqua (18 April 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a French businessman and Gaullist politician. He was Interior Minister from 1986 to 1988, under Jacques Chirac's "cohabitation" government, and also from 1993 to 1995, under the government of Édouard Balladur.
Chris Squire
Christopher Russell Edward "Chris" Squire (4 March 1948 – 27 June 2015) was an English musician and singer-songwriter. He was best known as the bassist and founding member of the progressive rock band Yes. He was the only member to appear on each of their 21 studio albums, released from 1969 to 2014.
In May 2015, Squire announced a hiatus from Yes after he was diagnosed with acute erythroid leukemia. Squire died on 27 June at his home in Phoenix, Arizona, aged 67.
2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape
The 2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape took place on June 6, 2015, when two inmates were discovered missing during a 5:30 a.m. bed check at the maximum security Clinton Correctional Facility in New York. The inmates were Richard Matt and David Sweat. Both men had been convicted of murder. Nearly three weeks later, Matt was found at Malone, New York, where he was shot and killed. Two days after that, Sweat was shot in Constable, New York and taken into custody.
Conservative Political Action Conference
The Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC; ) is an annual political conference in National Harbor, Maryland attended by conservative activists and elected officials from across the United States. CPAC is hosted by the American Conservative Union (ACU). More than 100 other organizations contribute in various ways.
In 2011, ACU took CPAC on the road with its first Regional CPAC in Orlando, Florida. Since then ACU has hosted regional CPACs in Chicago, Denver, St. Louis, and San Diego.
The conference was founded in 1973 by the American Conservative Union and Young Americans for Freedom as a small gathering of dedicated conservatives. Over the years it has grown to thousands of attendees annually. Roughly half of those in attendance in the past few years have been college-aged.
Speakers have included Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Pat Buchanan, Karl Rove, Newt Gingrich, Sarah Palin, Ron Paul, Mitt Romney, Tony Snow, Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh, Ann Coulter, Allen West, Michele Bachmann, and other conservative public figures. Before, during, and after his presidency, Ronald Reagan spoke at CPAC a total of 12 times. In 2017, President Donald Trump spoke at the event.
Special Olympics
Special Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. It provides year-round training and competitions to more than 4.4 million athletes in 170 countries. Special Olympics competitions are held every day, all around the world. This includes local, national and regional competitions. Combined they add up to more than 70,000 events a year.
These competitions include the Special Olympics World Games. These alternate between summer and winter games. Special Olympics World Games are held every four years. The most recent World Summer Games were the Special Olympics World Summer Games, held in Athens, Greece (The birthplace of the modern Olympic Games). They ran from June 25, 2011 to July 4, 2011. The next summer games will be held in Los Angeles beginning Saturday, July 25 and ending on August 2, 2015. The Flame of Hope is the symbol of the Special Olympics. It was lit on May 14, 2015 at the Pnyx in Athens, Greece. That began the its journey to the World Games. The torch remains lit until the end of the Games on August, 2.
Silphium was a plant that was used in classical antiquity as a seasoning and as a medicine. It is also known as silphion, laserwort, or laser. It was the essential item of trade from the ancient North African city of Cyrene. Most of the coins from Cyrene show a picture of the plant. The valuable product was the plant's resin (called "laser", laserpicium, or lasarpicium).
Silphium was an important species. The Egyptians and the Minoan civilization of Knossos used a special glyph in their writing for the silphium plant. It was used by most ancient Mediterranean cultures. The Romans considered it "worth its weight in denarii" (silver coins). Legend said that it was a gift from the god Apollo.
Which plant species silphium was is unclear. It is commonly believed to be a now-extinct plant of the genus "Ferula". The still-living plant species "Ferula tingitana" has been suggested as another possibility. Another resin from different "Ferula" species, asafoetida, was used as a cheaper substitute for silphium. Asafoetida is still available.
Monster Hunter (series)
Streets of Rage (video game)
Streets of Rage is a beat 'em up video game. It was released in Japan as . The game was made and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in 1991, for the Game Gear in 1992 and for the Master System in 1993.
It is the first game in the "Streets of Rage" series. It is followed by "Streets of Rage 2" (released in 1992).
Streets of Rage 2 is a beat 'em up video game. It was released on the Sega Mega Drive. The game was released in Japan as . In Europe it was titled Streets of Rage II. It is the second game in the Streets of Rage series.
The game has been praised for its soundtrack.
It is the second game in the "Streets of Rage" series. It is a sequel to "Streets of Rage" (released in 1991) and it is followed by "Streets of Rage 3" (released in 1994).
Koska Helvacısı
Koska Helvacısı or simply Koska is the leading brand and trademark of helva (halva) and Turkish delight production in Turkey.
Koska was a former quarter of Istanbul, near Laleli. The company takes its name from their old location at Koska. Helvacı means producer or seller of sweets in Turkish. "Koska Helvacısı", then, "Sweetshop of Koska".
Koska's origins go back to the city of Denizli in the early 1900s. It was founded by Hacı Emin Bey.
His son Halil İbrahim Adil Dindar came to Istanbul in 1931. He started a helva production and sale shop at Koska. In 1982, after the death of their father, the three Dindar brothers inherited the company and divided it into two. They made an agreement to continue to use the brand name of Koska, both of them independently. Nevzat and Mümtaz Dindar established "Merter Helva" under the brand name "Koska". Mahir Dindar established "Mahir Gıda" under the brand name "Koska Helvacısı". Thus both companies market(ed) their products using the traditional name "Koska".
In 2011, Merter added a "nazar boncuğu" (traditional blue and white bead for good luck) image to its logo, with the aim of differentiating the two companies. This was criticised by Mahir Gıda as a violation of their agreement. They announced that no Koska product bore any signs like bugs, flowers or beads. In return, Merter announced that no Koska product without the image of the "Helvacı Dede" (Grandpa Helvacı) is genuine Koska.
Merter Helva drafted a "constitution" or agreement not to have similar divisions in the future. They also received a "kosher food" and a "halal food" certificate.
Both companies produce Turkish delight, fruit preserves and various other sweet confections. This is in addition to the traditional "helva".
The Miracle of Bern
The Miracle of Bern () is a 2003 movie directed by Sönke Wortmann. It tells the story of a German family (particularly of a young boy and his depressed ex-POW father). It is also about the unexpected West German miracle victory in the 1954 World Cup Final in Bern, Switzerland. The film is a portrait of post-war Germany. With over 6 million visitors, it is one of Germany's best-selling movies.
In 1954, Richard (Peter Lohmeyer) returns to his German hometown after seven years as a prisoner of war (ww2). The years have caused some consequences, and he fails to relate to his family. Particularly he does not relate to his soccer-loving son, Matthias (Louis Klamroth). Meanwhile, a journalist (Lukas Gregorowicz) and his wife head to Bern, Switzerland, to write about the World Cup. The stories of these strangers converge when they arrive in Bern. There they witness an uplifting German performance in a game against Hungary.
Marujita Díaz
Marujita Díaz (María del Dulce Nombre Díaz Ruiz; 27 April 1932 – 23 June 2015) was a Spanish singer and actress. She was born in Sevilla, Spain. Díaz was known for presenting the very popular show "Música y estrellas".
Díaz died of respiratory failure caused by colon cancer in Madrid, aged 83.
Deaths in July 2015
Jackson Vroman
Jackson Vroman (June 6, 1981 – June 29, 2015) was an American-born Lebanese professional basketball player. He was naturalized as a Lebanese citizen to play for the Lebanon national basketball team. He was the son of former NBA player Brett Vroman, who played briefly for the Utah Jazz in the 1980-81 NBA season.
Vroman was born in Laguna, California. He studied at Snow Community College in Ephraim, Utah and Iowa State University.
Jackson was a second-round draft pick of the Chicago Bulls in the 2004 NBA Draft. He played for the Phoenix Suns and the New Orleans Hornets/New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets.
Vroman was found dead in a swimming pool at his home in Los Angeles County, California on June 29, 2015, aged 34. His drowning is thought to have been an accident.
Chris Christie 2016 presidential campaign
The 2016 presidential campaign of Chris Christie, the 55th Governor of New Jersey, began on June 30, 2015 at an event in his hometown of Livingston, New Jersey. Christie was seen by many as a possible presidential candidate in the 2016 U.S. presidential race. He withdrew on February 10, 2016.
In January 2015, Christie formed a PAC to see if running for president was a good idea. The campaign's headquarters is in Trenton, New Jersey.
Jaime Nebot
Jaime José Nebot Saadi (born October 22, 1946) is an Ecuadorian politician. He was mayor of Guayaquil, which is Ecuador's largest city until 2019. Although he is a member of the Social Christian Party, he has distanced himself from it and now is more on running the city. Nebot twice ran unsuccessfully for President of Ecuador. He is considered as the protégé of former president León Febres-Cordero.
Eddy Louiss
Eddy Louiss (May 2, 1941 – June 30, 2015) was a French jazz musician. His primary instrument is the Hammond organ. As a vocalist, he was a member of Les Double Six of Paris from 1961 through 1963.
Zvi Elpeleg
Zvi Elpeleg (1926 – 27 June 2015) was a Polish-born Israeli academic, author, and a senior researcher at the Dayan Institute at Tel Aviv University. He born in Poland. Elpeleg served as a colonel in the Israeli army and later received an ambassadorial appointment.
Obergefell v. Hodges
Obergefell v. Hodges was a landmark decision United States Supreme Court case. The Court held that the recognition and provision of same-sex marriage is a fundamental right. They ruled it is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The U.S. Supreme Court case, "Obergefell v. Hodges", is not the result of one lawsuit. Instead, it is the result of a consolidation of six lower-court cases originally representing sixteen same-sex couples, seven of their children, a widower, an adoption agency, and a funeral director. The original cases hail from the four states of Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. All six federal district courts ruled for the same-sex couples and other claimants. The lead plaintiff in the case was Jim Obergefell. He had challenged Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage. He filed the lawsuit because he could not put his name on his partner, John Arthur's death certificate. Ohio would not recognize their marriage in Maryland.
The dissents in the Obergefell case argued that this decision was not based in law. Chief Justice Roberts, in his dissenting opinion, explained the Obergefell plaintiffs’ “‘fundamental right’ claim falls into the most sensitive category of constitutional adjudication.” The claim is not based on a right mentioned in the constitution. Instead, it was argued that it discrimination against “a right implied by the Fourteenth Amendment’s requirement that ‘liberty’ may not be deprived without ‘due process of law.’”
On June 26, 2015, "Obergefell" requires all states to issue a license to marry between all people of the same sex. It requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.
Skate punk
Skate punk is a music genre related to punk rock music. It began on the West Coast. It is a popular music with skateboarders and their culture.
Skate punk means the sound of melodic hardcore bands from the 1990s with an aggressive sound, and similar sounding modern bands. Many bands classified as skate punk also fit into genres such as pop punk, melodic hardcore, thrashcore, metalcore, surf punk and crossover thrash.
Skate videos use this aggressive style of punk rock for their background music. This played a big part in the coining of the term "skate punk".
Skate punk is now popular in other parts of the world, including a large punk group in Oxnard, California.
Pat Toomey
Pat Toomey (born November 17, 1961) is an American politician. On January 3, 2011, he became the junior U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.
On October 4, 2020, Toomey announced that he will not run for re-election to a third term in 2022 or for Governor.
Toomey was born on November 17, 1961 in Providence, Rhode Island. He graduated from the Harvard University. He is married to Kris Toomey. They have three children.
On February 13, 2021 Toomey voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.
Fundamental rights
Fundamental rights are a set of rights that are recognized under the laws of a country to protect their citizens.
These laws protect these rights even from the governments themselves. These protected rights include the right to life, right to freedom, and the right to free will. Other generally agreed upon examples of fundamental rights include freedom of religion, the right to free speech, the right to travel and the pursuit of Happiness. Fundamental rights are different from human rights. Fundamental rights are those protected by laws of a jurisdiction. Human rights are usually not enforceable by courts. Sometimes fundamental needs are associated with the concept of maslowism.
Jon Heidenreich
Jon Heidenreich is an American retired wrestler. He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment.
Prior to professional wrestling, Heidenreich played American football. He played in the Canadian Football League for the Shreveport Pirates. He also played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa in 1997.
Shelley Moore Capito
Shelley Moore Capito (born November 26, 1953) is an American politician. On January 3, 2015, she became the junior U.S. Senator from West Virginia. She was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2015. She was in the West Virginia state legislature from 1996 to 2000.
Capito was born on November 26, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia. Her father was former Governor of West Virginia Arch A. Moore, Jr.. She was educated at the Holton-Arms School, Duke University, and the University of Virginia. She is married to Charles Capito. They have three children.
Bill Cassidy
Bill Cassidy (born September 28, 1957) is an American politician. On January 3, 2015, he became the junior U.S. Senator from Louisiana. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2009 to 2015. He was in the Louisiana Senate from 2006 to 2009.
Cassidy was born on November 17, 1961 in Highland Park, Illinois. He graduated from the Louisiana State University and A&M College. He is married to Laura Layden. They have three children.
On February 13, 2021 Cassidy voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.
Kelly Ayotte
Kelly Ayotte (born June 28, 1968) is an American politician. From 2011 to 2017 she was the junior U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. She was Attorney General of New Hampshire from 2004 to 2009.
During the 2016 New Hampshire senate elections, Ayotte narrowly lost her seat to Governor Maggie Hassan by less than 720 votes.
Ayotte was born on June 28, 1968 in Nashua, New Hampshire. She graduated from the Pennsylvania State University. Ayotte later graduated from Villanova University School of Law. She is married to Joseph Daley. They have two children.
Arrondissements of the Lozère department
There are 2 arrondissements in the Lozère department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
The arrondissements of Lozère are:
Bob Corker (born August 24, 1952) is an American politician. From 2007 to 2019, he was the U.S. Senator from Tennessee. From 2001 to 2005, he was Mayor of Chattanooga.
Corker was born on August 24, 1952 in Orangeburg, South Carolina. He graduated from the University of Tennessee. He and his wife Elizabeth have two daughters.
On September 26, 2017, Corker announced that he would not run for re-election in 2018.
Arrondissement of Florac
The arrondissement of Florac is an arrondissement of France; it is part of the Lozère "département" in the Occitanie region.
When the Lozère department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Florac was part of that original department.
It is the smallest and southernmost of the two "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of . It has 13,313 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km²
The "arrondissement" is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Mende, to the east and south by the Gard department, and to the west by the Aveyron department.
In the "arrondissement" of Florac, there are 2 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Le Collet-de-Dèze and Florac. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
The "arrondissement" of Florac has 44 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
There is only a town with more than 1,000 inhabitants, and it is the subprefecture, Florac Trois Rivières, with 2,107 inhabitants.
Arrondissement of Mende
The arrondissement of Mende is an arrondissement of France; it is part of the Lozère "département" in the Occitanie region. Its capital is the city of Mende.
When the Lozère department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Mende was part of that original department.
It is the largest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area of . It has a population of 63,047 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².
The "arrondissement" covers the northern part of the department and is bordered by the Cantal department to the northwest, the Haute-Loire department to the northeast), by the Ardeche department to the east, by the "arrondissement" of Florac to the south and by the Aveyron department to the west.
In the "arrondissement" of Mende, there are 9 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
The "arrondissement" of Mende has 132 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The only important city is Mende with 11,542 people living there in 2014. Other towns are Marvejols (4,882) and Saint-Chély-d'Apcher (4,169).
Tim Scott
Timothy Eugene Scott (born September 19, 1965) is an American politician. On January 3, 2013, he became the junior U.S. Senator from South Carolina. He was in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2009 to 2013.
Scott was born on September 19, 1965 in North Charleston, South Carolina. He attended Presbyterian College. Scott graduated from Charleston Southern University. He is unmarried.
He is the only African-American senator as of the 115th United States Congress. More specifically, he is the first Republican African-American senator since Edward Brooke, of Massachusetts, in the 1970s.
Scott is a Republican, and conservative overall, but has a liberal stance on civil rights for African-Americans.
When Donald Trump, a fellow conservative, controversially Tweeted "When the looting starts, the shooting starts,"about the protests of the death of George Floyd, Scott reprimanded him, saying the tweet was not constructive.
He spoke out against Floyd´s murder.
Scott was in 2017 one of 22 senators sending a letter to Donald Trump asking him to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. He is a lobbyist for oil/gas/coal interests, having received over $54,000 from them since 2012.
Samira Salih al-Nuaimi
Samira Salih al-Nuaimi (also Samira Saleh Ali al-Naimi, Sameera Salih Ali al-Nuaimy, or سميرة صالح النعيمي in Arabic) (1963 – 22 September 2014) was an Iraqi lawyer and human rights activist.
She had criticized Islamic State on Twitter because they destroyed mosques, churches, and shrines. She was then kidnapped by men in masks. She was tortured for five days and then was killed by Islamic State (ISIS or Daish).
The United Nations spoke out strongly against the killing.
Samiraa al-Nuaimi was a lawyer. According to the Gulf Centre For Human Rights, she worked on detainee rights and poverty. She worked as a volunteer for women's rights. She was one of the leading activists in Iraq, especially in the defense of people in jail, and in helping families with little money.
Samira lived in the northeastern part of Mosul with her husband and three children. On September 17, 2014, when she was at home with her husband and children, the ISIL group took Samira from her home. They said she was guilty of apotasy under Sharia law. They tortured her for 5 days. Then they killed her. Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein, the United Nations human rights commissioner, said her familiy was not permitted to give her a funeral.
The United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq said she was arrested because of her Facebook messages. She posted criticism of ISIL's destruction of religious places in Mosul. After her death, the Facebook page was removed.
The United States Department of State condemned Samira's murder. They said she was brave because she helped people when she was in danger.
The Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Iraq (SRSG), Mr. Nickolay Mladenov, also spoke strongly against the killing of al-Nuaimi. He said it was a "sickening crime committed against the people of Iraq". United Nations Commissioner Prince Zeid bin Raad, from the High Commissioner office in Geneva and New York, said Samira's death was terrible. He said she had courage because she defended the human rights of others.
George Shrinks was a Canadian–Chinese animated television series. It is based on the children's book by William Joyce. The show is about a ten-year-old boy named George. After a dream one night, he wakes up and is only three inches tall. He has adventures with his friends and family. He also drives mini machines that he made with his father.
The series started on 30 September 2000 on PBS Kids.
Because of George's very small size, everyday activities, such as working around the house or playing outside, often become exciting adventures. He mostly uses the Zooper Car to travel. It can change into a submarine or a helicopter.
The show has a retro-1940s look, with simple animation and colors. Most of the background music is jazz.
Mare Nostrum (Latin for "Our Sea") was a Roman name for the Mediterranean Sea. In the years after the unification of Italy in 1861, the term was used again by Italian nationalists. They believed that Italy should follow on from the Roman Empire.
The term "mare nostrum" was used in the first place by Romans to refer to the Tyrrhenian Sea. This was after they had taken over the countries around it. These were Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. It happened during the Punic Wars with Carthage. When they controlled Hispania they expanded the term to the whole western Mediterranean. By 30 BC, the Romans had taken over the countries around the Mediterranean from the Iberian Peninsula to Egypt. So they started to use the name "mare nostrum" for the whole Mediterranean Sea. They used other names as well, such as "Mare Internum" ("The Internal Sea"). However, they did not use the name "Mediterranean" (Middle Sea), as this name came later.
In the 1880's some Italians became interested in nationalism. Other European countries had made colonies in Africa (called the "Scramble for Africa"). They wanted Italy to have African colonies too. The term "mare nostrum" was used again by the Italian poet Emilio Lipi
The term was again used by Benito Mussolini for use in fascist propaganda. He used it in the same way that Adolf Hitler used the word "lebensraum" (German for "living space"). It meant they wanted to take over other countries to have more for themselves. Mussolini wanted Italy to be great like the Roman Empire. He believed that Italy was the most powerful Mediterranean country after World War I. He said that "the twentieth century will be a century of Italian power". Mussolini built up a powerful navy so he could control the Mediterranean Sea.
When World War II started, Italy already controlled the north and south shores of the middle part of the Mediterranean. The western part was controlled by Spain and France. The eastern part by Greece, Turkey and the British Empire. In 1940 the fall of France removed the main threat from the west. At the same time Italy invaded Greece and Egypt and attacked the island of Malta. Mussolini talked about making the Mediterranean "an Italian lake". The Axis (Italy and Germany together) defeated Greece, but could not defeat the British in Egypt. For the next three years they fought many battles there (called the Western Desert Campaign). The British and Italian navies also fought at sea (this is called the Battle of the Mediterranean). By 1943 the Axis in North Africa had been beaten and in September 1943 Italy was invaded and forced to surrender.
The name "Mare Nostrum" was chosen for a conference by the Society for Mediterranean Law and Culture. It was held in June 2012 at the University of Cagliari in Sardinia. What they meant by the term was the full diversity of Mediterranean cultures, especially for exchanges and cooperation among Mediterranean nations.
After a 2013 shipwreck near Lampedusa when many migrants from Africa had to be rescued. The Italian government increased its patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea. It called this "Operation Mare Nostrum", which was a military and humanitarian operation to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.
Rosy boa
The rosy boa ("Lichanura trivirgata") is a snake of the Boidae family. The other is the rubber boa ("Charina bottae"). The rosy boa is native to southwest America, and Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. It is one of only two boas native to the territory claimed by the United States.
Petar Bojović
Petar Bojović (, ; 16 July 1858 in Miševići, Nova Varoš – 19 January 1945 in Belgrade) was a Serbian military commander. He fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War, World War I and World War II. Following the breakthrough on the Thessaloniki Front he was promoted to fourth Serbian Field Marshal ("Voivoda").
In World War I as commander of the First Army, he broke through the lines on the Salonika front. His army advanced deep into enemy territory. For this he was given the title of Duke. In 1945, after World War II ended, he was beaten severely by partisans. They decided to take his house for themselves. He died soon after of his injuries.
Scottish English
Scottish English, also known as Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE), is a dialect of English that is spoken in Scotland. People can tell Scottish English from British English by their accents, grammar, and vocabulary.
Scottish English should not be confused with Scots, a language which is very much like, but separate from English. The Scots language itself has affected Scottish English by means of contact with the Standard English after the 17th century. Still, many speakers of both Scots and Scottish English put them into different registers and smoothly switch between the two.
La Siberia
La Siberia is a Spanish local administrative division located in Badajoz, Extremadura.
To the southeast is Caceres province. Castile-La Mancha is to the east.
This area is part from the Toledo Mountains range and reaches until the Las Villuercas mountains. About 90 percent of its terrain ranges from above sea level. Its highest mountain ranges are: the Umbría, Castrejones, Cantonegros, Santana and Pico Montilla. The last is the highest, at above sea level.
Due its location between Castilian Plateau and the Atlantic Area, its climate is inside continental climate with warm summers and slightly cold winters. The average temperature is about . The coldest month is January with depending on its zone (north or south). On the other hand, July is the warmest month, with as minimum to as maximum.
United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs
The United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs deals with most of the United States veterans issues. People who are members of the committee help fight for veterans. Members are also members of the United States senate. They help veterans find jobs and homes, and help with medical care. It was created in 1971 to help the Vietnam War veterans.
The Veterans' Affairs Committee had nine members when it was created. It now has 17 members.
According to committee members' official online biographies, three of the fourteen members are veterans: Richard Blumenthal, Dan Sullivan and Johnny Isakson.
Patty Murray
Patricia Lynn "Patty" Murray (née Johns; October 11, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Washington. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Murray was first elected to the Senate in 1992, becoming Washington's first female senator. She was re-elected in 1998, 2004 and 2010.
John Hardy "Johnny" Isakson (born December 28, 1944) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from 2005 through 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. Previously, he represented Georgia's 6th Congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.
In June 2015, Isakson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.
On August 28, 2019, due his bad health, Isakson announced that he would resign from the Senate officially on December 31, 2019.
Vermont's at-large congressional district
Vermont has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by a single at-large congressional district since the 1930 census, when the state lost its second seat.
There were once six districts in Vermont. Bernie Sanders (Independent) held the seat from 1991 until 2007, when he became a U.S. Senator. Democrat Peter Welch has represented the state since 2007.
Liberty Union Party
Vermont Progressive Party
The Vermont Progressive Party is a political party in the United States. It was founded in 1999 and is active only in the U.S. state of Vermont.
The party is largely social democratic and progressive. The Progressives received 9,470 votes (2.96% of the vote) in the 2010 Vermont House of Representatives Elections, and five seats, compared to the Democrats' 55.11% and 96 seats, the Republicans' 38.04% of the vote, and 46 seats.
Independents received 3.81% and three seats. As of 2012, the party controls 10% of the Vermont Senate seats, and 3.3% of the seats in the Vermont House of Representatives.
Peter Francis Welch (born May 2, 1947) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. He has served as the U.S. Representative for Vermont's At-large congressional district since 2007.
Peter Plympton Smith
Peter Plympton Smith (born October 31, 1945) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from the U.S. state of Vermont, the 74th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont, and an education administrator.
He served as the founding president of the Community College of Vermont, the founding president of California State University, Monterey Bay, and as assistant director general for education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Smith was one of thirty former Republican congressmen to sign a letter opposing Donald Trump's candidacy for President.
Seniority in the United States Senate
Ranking member
In United States politics, a ranking member is the most senior member of a congressional or state legislative committee from the minority party.
When party control of a legislative chamber changes, a committee's ranking minority member is likely, though not assured, to become the next chairman of the committee, and vice versa.
United States Senate Committee on the Budget
The United States Senate Committee on the Budget was created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. It is responsible for drafting Congress's annual budget plan and creating an action on the budget for the Federal Government.
The committee has power over the Congressional Budget Office. The committee briefly operated as a special committee from 1919 to 1920 during the 66th Congress, before being made a standing committee in 1974.
Political action committee
In the United States, a political action committee (PAC) is a type of organization that gives money to campaigns from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.
The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States.
Vermont Reds
John F. Kennedy School of Government
The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a public policy and public administration school, and one of Harvard's graduate and professional schools. It is named after Harvard graduate and 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy.
It offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, grants several doctoral degrees, administers executive programs for senior government officials, and conducts research in subjects relating to politics, government, international affairs, and economics.
Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)
Oxford East is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Andrew Smith of the Labour Party.
Election Result 2015 http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decCD/Election_results_occw.htm
Rubber boa
Vermont Public Radio
Vermont Public Radio (VPR) is a network of public radio stations in the state of Vermont.
In addition to locally produced shows, the network broadcasts programs from NPR, Public Radio International, and American Public Media. It is headquartered in Colchester, a suburb of Burlington. Other studios are in Montpelier, Manchester and Norwich.
Colchester, Vermont
Colchester is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. The population was 17,067 at the 2010 census. It is the fourth-largest municipality and second-largest town in Vermont by population. Saint Michael's College is there.
Congressional Progressive Caucus
The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a caucus in the Democratic congressional caucus in the United States Congress. The CPC is a left-leaning organization that works to advance progressive and liberal issues and positions.
In the 116th United States Congress, the CPC has 98 members, making it the second largest caucus within the Democratic Party and the third largest caucus in Congress. The CPC is currently co-chaired by U.S. Representatives Mark Pocan (D-WI) and Pramila Jayapal (D-WA).
The CPC was created in 1991 by six members of the United States House of Representatives: U.S. Representatives Ron Dellums (D-CA), Lane Evans (D-IL), Thomas Andrews (D-ME), Peter DeFazio (D-OR), Maxine Waters (D-CA) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT). More House Members joined shortly after, including Major Owens (D-NY), Nydia Velázquez (D-NY), David Bonior (D-MI), Bob Filner (D-CA), Barney Frank (D-MA), Maurice Hinchey (D-NY), Jim McDermott (D-WA), Jerry Nadler (D-NY), Patsy Mink (D-HI), George Miller (D-CA), Pete Stark (D-CA), John Olver (D-MA), Lynn Woolsey (D-CA) and Nancy Pelosi (D-CA). Sanders was the convener and first CPC Chairman. Bill Goold was Staff Coordinator for the Progressive Caucus in its early years until 1998.
In April 2011, the Congressional Progressive Caucus released a proposed "People's Budget" for fiscal year 2012. Two of its supporters said: "By having a fair tax code, by building a strong American economy, and by bringing our troops home, we achieve a budget surplus of over $30 billion by 2021 and we end up with a debt that is less than 65% of our GDP. This is what sustainability looks like".
All members are members of the Democratic Party or caucus with the Democratic Party. In the 116th Congress, there are 97 declared Progressives, including 95 voting Representatives, one non-voting Delegate and one Senator.
Non-voting
National Rifle Association
The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is an American nonprofit organization. It works for gun rights. It was founded in 1871. The current executive of the association is Wayne LaPierre of New York, who has served since 1991. Oliver North has been its President since 2018. The movie star Charlton Heston was also president of the NRA, from 1998 to 2003.
In the United States, attitudes and thoughts about guns have changed over time, and the NRA changed too.
The NRA began after the American Civil War. Leaders of the Union army were upset because the Union recruits could not shoot guns well. They would fire and miss many times, and this wasted ammunition. They started the NRA to teach men how to use guns. For most of the 20th century, the NRA was mostly about teaching people how to use guns. The NRA cooperated with the government. For example, the State of New York helped the NRA buy a gun range.