AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A general election was held on 28 February 1974 to elect all 635 members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The election ended in a hung parliament as no party had a majority. Nobody agreed to start a coalition, so Labour had to start a minority government (as they had won the most seats), and Harold Wilson became Prime Minister.
It is very hard to run a government if the party has no majority, and so the House of Commons agreed to hold another general election in October. This was done so that a party could win a majority.
Cream puff
A cream puff is a French dessert made out of a pastry ball filled with whipped cream, custard, pastry cream, or ice cream. A cream puff can also be called a profiterole or a chou à la crème.
1970 United Kingdom general election
A general election was held on 18 June 1970 to elect all 630 members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won the election and Edward Heath became Prime Minister.
Most people thought that the Labour Party would win the election and it was a surprise that the Conservatives won. Opinion polls had showed Labour ahead, but were wrong. This was the first election where people aged over 18 could vote, instead of 21.
Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania
Cranberry Township is a town in Butler County, Pennsylvania. 28,098 people lived there in 2010.
Cranberry Township has seven borders, including Jackson Township to the north, Forward Township at its northeast corner, Adams Township to the east, Seven Fields to the southeast, Pine Township and Marshall Township to the south, and New Sewickley Township to the west.
The Garden of Allah (1936 movie)
Michaela Conlin
Niki Caro
John King (journalist)
John King (born August 30, 1963) is an American news anchor. He is CNN's chief national correspondent and is an anchor for "Inside Politics". He is the former anchor of "State of the Union", as well as "John King, USA".
King is known for his data breakdown on CNN during election cycles such as congressional, primary and presidential elections.
Dolf de Vries
Dolf de Vries (11 July 1937 – 5 December 2020) was a Dutch actor and writer. He was born in The Hague. He was known for his roles as Paul in "Turkish Delight" (1973), Jacques in "Soldier of Orange" (1977), Dr. de Vries in "The Fourth Man" (1983) and as Mr. Smaal in "Black Book" (2006).
de Vries died on 5 December 2020 in The Hague at the age of 83.
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 movie)
Winterset (movie)
Jack Scarbath
John (Jack) Carl Scarbath (August 12, 1930December 6, 2020) was a professional American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and Pittsburgh Steelers. He was honored into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983. Scarbath was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Scarbath died on December 6, 2020 in Rising Sun, Maryland from congestive heart failure, aged 90.
Rising Sun, Maryland
Rising Sun is a town in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. The population was 2,781 at the 2010 census.
Pumza Dyantyi
Pumza Patricia Dyantyi (5 September 19487 December 2020) was a South African politician and anti-apartheid activist. She was a member of the African National Congress. Dyantyi was elected to the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature in 2014. She was the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Health from 2014 to 2018. From 2019 Dyantyi was a member of the South African National Assembly.
Dyantyi died on 7 December 2020 at the age of 78.
Howard Wales
Howard Wales (February 8, 1943 — December 7, 2020) was an American rock jazz keyboardist. He was best known for his works with Jerry Garcia in the early 1970s. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His works include 1970 Grateful Dead album "American Beauty". He played organ on the songs "Truckin'" and "Candyman", and piano on "Brokedown Palace".
Wales died on December 7, 2020 in Redding, California from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 77.
Harold Budd
Harold Montgomory Budd (May 24, 1936December 8, 2020) was an American avant-garde composer and poet. He was known for his works with Brian Eno and Robin Guthrie.
Budd died on December 8, 2020 from COVID-19 in Los Angeles at the age of 84.
Raffaele Pinto
Raffaele "Lele" Pinto (13 April 1945 – 8 December 2020) was an Italian rally driver. He won the 1974 Rally Portugal and the 1978 Rally Sanremo. His career lasted from 1973 to 1978. Pinto was born in Casnate, Italy.
Pinto died on 8 December 2020 in Cecina, Tuscany at the age of 75.
Cecina, Tuscany
Alejandro Sabella
Alejandro Javier Sabella (; 5 November 19548 December 2020) was an Argentine football player and manager.
He began his playing career with River Plate. He moved to England in 1978 to play for Sheffield United.
Sabella was known as "Alex" while in England. He played for Leeds United, before returning to South America and representing Estudiantes, Grêmio, Ferro Carril Oeste and Irapuato.
From 1983 to 1984, he managed the national team.
Sabella died of heart failure caused by a virus on 8 December 2020 at a hospital in Buenos Aires, aged 66.
Yevgeny Shaposhnikov
Yevgeny Ivanovich Shaposhnikov (; 3 February 1942 – 8 December 2020) was a Soviet and Russian military leader and politician. He was born in Rostov Oblast, Soviet Union. Shaposhnikov was Minister of Defence between 1991 to 1992.
Shaposhnikov died on 8 December 2020 in Moscow from COVID-19 at the age of 78.
Gerard Stokes
Gerard James Stokes (1955 – December 2020) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer. He played in the 1970s and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s through to the 2010s. He represented New Zealand. He was a coach of the Serbian national side. He was the father of England international cricketer Ben Stokes.
In August 2020 Stokes revealed that he had been diagnosed with brain cancer in January 2020. Stokes' death was announced on 8 December 2020.
Jillian Bell
Jillian Leigh Bell (born April 25, 1984) is an American comedian, actress, and screenwriter. She is known for her role in "Brittany Runs a Marathon". She starred as Jillian Belk on "Workaholics" and had a role as Dixie on the final season of "Eastbound & Down", and appeared in "22 Jump Street" and "Fist Fight". Bell was born in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Lo-fi music
Lo-fi (short for low-fidelity) is a type of music which was qualities which are usually seen as not perfect of a recording or performance are audible, sometimes as a deliberate aesthetic choice.
Lo-fi began to be recognized as a style of popular music in the 1990s, when it became alternately referred to as DIY music.
Jack (1996 movie)
Jack is a 1996 American comedy-drama movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It stars Robin Williams as Jack. The movie co-stars Diane Lane, Jennifer Lopez, Fran Drescher, Bill Cosby, and Brian Kerwin.
Williams plays Jack Powell, a boy who ages four times faster than normal because of Werner syndrome, a form of progeria.
Brian Kerwin
Werner syndrome
Werner syndrome (WS) (sometimes Werner's syndrome), also known as "adult progeria", is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder which causes the appearance of premature aging.
Werner syndrome is named after the German scientist Otto Werner.
The odds of a baby being born with it are 1 in 100,000 live births.
John H. Edwards
John Hilton Edwards (26 March 1928 – 11 October 2007) was a British medical geneticist. Edwards reported the first description of a syndrome of multiple congenital malformations caused by the presence of an extra chromosome.
In 1979, Edwards was elected to fellowship of the Royal Society.
Vyacheslav Kebich
Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich ( , ; 10 June 1936 – 9 December 2020) was a Belarusian politician. He was the 1st Prime Minister of Belarus from 1991 to 1994.
Kebich died on 9 December 2020 at a hospital in Minsk, Belarus from COVID-19, aged 84.
Sergey Ling
Roman Golovchenko
Roman Alexandrovich Golovchenko (, Russian: Роман Александрович Головченко; born 10 August 1973) is a Belarusian politician. He has been the Prime Minister of Belarus since 4 June 2020.
Myechyslaw Hryb
Probolinggo
Probolinggo (, ) is a city on the north coast of East Java province, Indonesia. Its area is 56.67 sq. km. The population was 217,062 at the 2010 Census.
John Harvey (racing driver)
John Francis Harvey (21 February 1938 – 5 December 2020) was an Australian racing driver. He was a top Speedcar driver for many years in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 2020 Australia Day Honours, Harvey was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to motor sports.
Harvey died on 5 December 2020, aged 82, from lung cancer in Melbourne.
Ildegarda Taffra
Ildegarda Taffra (June 30, 1934 – December 7, 2020) was an Italian cross-country skier. She competed in the 1950s. She was born in Tarvisio. Competing in two Winter Olympics, she finished eighth in the 3 × 5 km relay at Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956. Taffra also competed in the 10 km event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, but did not finish.
Taffra died in Trieste on 7 December 2020, aged 86.
Tarvisio
Wang Yupu
Wang Yupu (; 1956 – 8 December 2020) was a Chinese businessman and politician. He was chairman of Sinopec, the world's second-biggest oil refiner.
Wang was born in Xinmin, Liaoning. In September 2017, Wang was appointed as the Director of the State Administration of Work Safety.
He was appointed as the first Minister of Emergency Management in March 2018.
Wang died on 8 December 2020 at the age of 64.
Mohammad Yazdi
Mohammad Yazdi (, 2 July 1931 – 9 December 2020) was an Iranian cleric and politician. He was the head of Judiciary System of Iran between 1989 and 1999. In 2015, he was elected to lead Iran's Assembly of Experts. Yazdi was also Chief Justice of Iran from 1989 to 1999. Yazdi was born in Isfahan, Iran.
Yazdi died on 9 December 2020 from stomach cancer in Tehran, aged 89.
Aslanbek Fidarov
Aslanbek Fidarov (4 May 1973 – 8 December 2020) was a Ukrainian wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 57 kg at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kiev, Ukraine.
Fidarov died on 8 December 2020 in Kiev from COVID-19, aged 47.
Valeriu Turea
Valeriu Turea (6 October 1951 – 9 December 2020) was a Moldovan politician and journalist. He was the Moldovan Ambassador to Portugal between the period of 2010 to 2015. From 2015 to 2016 he was the general director of the Office for Relations with the Diaspora. He was born in Rososhany, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukrainian SSR.
Turea died on 9 December 2020 at the age of 69.
COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova
The COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ().
The virus was confirmed to have reached the Republic of Moldova on 7 March 2020, when a Moldovan woman that returned from Italy was tested positive for the novel coronavirus.
As the number of infected people started to rise during the next days, on 17 March 2020 the Parliament declared the state of emergency for the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for a period of 60 days.
On 18 March 2020 the first death caused by COVID-19 was registered.
On 15 May 2020, in the last day of the state of emergency declared by the Parliament on 17 March 2020, the Extraordinary National Commission of Public Health declared the state of emergency in public health for the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for the period of 16 May to 30 June 2020.
, a total of 119,204 confirmed cases, 102,565 recoveries, and 2,460 deaths have been reported in the country.
Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Yusuf
Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Yusuf (1940 – 9 December 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a leader of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. From 2001 to 2004, he was Minister of Disaster Management and Relief. From 2004 to 2006, he was Minister of Food.
Yusuf died of COVID-19 at a Dhaka hospital on 9 December 2020, aged 80.
Michael McKean
Michael John McKean (born October 17, 1947) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician. He played Lenny Kosnowski in "Laverne & Shirley", David St. Hubbins in "This Is Spinal Tap", and Chuck McGill on "Better Call Saul".
Annette O'Toole
Annette O'Toole (born April 1, 1952) is an American actress, dancer, and singer-songwriter.
She played Lisa Bridges in the TV series "Nash Bridges"; Beverly Marsh in the "It" miniseries; Lana Lang in "Superman III"; Kathy in the romantic-comedy "Cross My Heart"; and Martha Kent, the mother of Clark Kent, on the television series "Smallville".
John Toll
Panamanian American
Panamanian Americans are Americans of Panamanian descent.
Nicaraguan American
Nicaraguan Americans are American of Nicaraguan ancestry.
Honduran American
Ticker symbol
Enix
Enix was a Japanese company which published anime, manga, and video games, before merging with Square Co., Ltd. to form Square Enix. Their last game was "", for their most popular "Dragon Quest" series of role playing games which was started on the Famicom. In 2000, they setup a subsidiary to handle fingerprint identification.
Juan de Herrera
Juan de Herrera (Roiz, Cantabria, 1530 - Madrid, 15 January 1597) was a Spanish architect, mathematician, geometer and soldier, considered one of the maximum exponents of Spain's Renaissance architecture.
His architectural style, called "herreriano" in his honour, was representative of the reign of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598) and was a notable influence on 17th century Spanish architecture.Mood (song)
Green Party (Ireland)
The Green Party (, literally "Green Alliance") is a green political party in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It was started in 1981 as the Ecology Party of Ireland. It was known as the Green Alliance from 1983, before becoming known as the Green Party in 1987. Its leader is Eamon Ryan .
It is currently part of a coalition government with Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. It has 12 seats in the Dáil Éireann and is the smallest party in the coalition. It is the fourth largest party in the Dáil. The Green Party was also part of the government from 2007 until 2011.
De La Salle College Dundalk
De La Salle College Dundalk is a Secondary School in Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland.
Albert Chernenko
Albert Konstantinovich Chernenko (January 6, 1935 – April 11, 2009) was a Russian philosopher. His father was Konstantin Chernenko, the fifth General Secretary of the Soviet Union.
Hyla perrini
Perrin's tree frog or Po's tree toad ("Hyla perrini") is a frog from China. Scientists saw it on the flat land near the Po in Italy, in Switzerland and in Slovenia.
Scientists used to think this was the same frog as "Hyla intermedia" but now they think the two frogs are different but related.
Kay Purcell
Kay Purcell (6 December 1963 – 23 December 2020) was an English actress. She was best known for her role as Gina Conway in the CBBC children's drama series, "Tracy Beaker Returns", from 2010 to 2012, and it's CBBC spin-off, "The Dumping Ground", during 2013. Purcell was also well-known for her roles as Cynthia Daggert in the long-running ITV soap opera, "Emmerdale", from 2001 to 2002, although she first appeared in "Emmerdale", as Carmel Morgan, from 1996 to 1998; Candice Smilie in the BBC One school-based drama series, "Waterloo Road", from 2007 to 2009; and Mrs. Rennison in the CBBC sitcom, "So Awkward", from 2015 to 2016.
In early 2017, Purcell was diagnosed with breast cancer. Purcell posted images, videos and blogs on social media to show her own experience of the disease. In early 2020, Purcell was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer and was given a life expectancy of two years. She died from the disease on 23 December 2020, aged 57.
Eva Pope
Eva Rebecca Pope (born 16 November 1967) is an English actress. She trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. She is known for her roles as Tanya Pooley in the long-running ITV soap opera, "Coronation Street", from 1993 to 1994; Stephanie Jacobs in the Sky One drama series, "Dream Team", from 1997 to 1998; Headteacher Rachel Mason in the BBC One school-based drama series, "Waterloo Road", from 2007 to 2010; and most recently as Matron Gertrude Bottomly in the CBBC children's drama series, "Hetty Feather", from 2015 to 2020.
Rocky Linux is the idea of a Linux distribution to replace CentOS. The idea was born after Red Hat decided not to honor the decision to provide full updates for CentOS 8 until 2024 and maintainence updates until 2029 as initially announced.
Gregory Kurtzer, founder of the CentOS project made this announcement and the community is actively working on the project.
CentOS was acquired by Red Hat in 2014. On December 8, 2020, it was announced that the CentOS project, previously a downstream branch of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, would be moving to CentOS Stream, an upstream development branch of RHEL.
The maintenance schedule for CentOS 8 was also changed, ending full updates and maintenance updates on December 31, 2021. As an aside, the maintenance schedule for CentOS 7 is unchanged, with maintenance updates ending on June 30, 2024.
Mother goddess
Dynamical system
A Dynamical system is a mathematical model of a process, that is dependent on time. The process is homogeneous, it only depends on the initial state. The current terminology was established by Henri Poincaré and George David Birkhoff.
Dynamical systems are very common. Examples are the movement of a pendulum in physics, or the predator-prey equations in biology.
Predator-prey equations
The predator-prey equations is a system of two linked equations that models two species that depend on each other: One is the prey, which provides food for the other, the predator. Both prey and predator populations grow if conditions are right. Alfred J. Lotka found these equations in 1925. Vito Volterra found them, independently, in 1926. For this reason, the equations are also called Lotka-Volterra equations.
The equations themselves are non-linear differential equations.
There are a number of pre-conditions
In this case the solution of the differential equations is deterministic and continuous. This means that the generations of both the predator and prey are overlapping all the time.
The solutions to the equations lead to the Lotka-Volterra rules:
In one of his books, Volterra provided statistics on the number of certain cartilagenous fish caught at some Italian ports in the Mediterranean. Volterra used the term "sélaciens", which refers to sharks. These often prey on other fish. In the table, Volterra provided numbers for 1905, and 1910 to 1923:
He observed that between 1915 and 1920, more of these fish were caught. He expained this as follows: During the First World War, less fishing was done. For this reason, there were more prey animals, so the number of predators increased. After the war, fishing increased again, reducing the number of prey animals. This also led to a decrease in the number of predators, which can be seen in the table above.
The use of the first Lotka-Volerra rule in economics is known as pork cycle.
The predator-prey equations have also been the foundation of other work. Volterra himselft extended it to be able to model intraspecific competition. Intraspecific competition occurs when two aninimals of the same species compete for limited resources. Intraspecific competition is an important factor to regulate population density. It is also important to be able to adapt to a changing environment (and for evoution). Volterra did this by adding new terns to the equation.
Most of Volerra's work is about extending the model to be able to handle more than two classes of animals interacting.
Bat Trang Pottery Village
Bat Trang is a historic village in Vietnam, famous for making traditional pottery and ceramics. Bat Trang Village is a popular tourist destination in North Vietnam. The famous village produces and trades many kinds of ceramics inside and outside the country.
Bat Trang pottery village was established about 1000 years ago in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. Located in an area rich in white clay, the people of the village had the advantage of producing pottery. Five famous pottery families of Bo Bat village (now Ninh Bình Province) came and brought pottery artisans to Bat Trang village. The five families and the Nguyen family of Bat Trang opened the first pottery production kilns in the village. About the 12th century, Hua Vinh Kieu learned some new techniques of pottery production from Guangdong Province in China and taught Bat Trang pottery makers how to make a white glaze.
Bat Trang village has produced pottery since the 11th century. During the 11th and 12th centuries, the Ly Emperors chose the Bat Trang pottery as a tribute for the Chinese Emperor. The village has about 80 percent of the 1200 kilns that had fired ceramics since the village was established. Throughout the years, the village's products have become more diversified. Bat Trang potteries are well-known and have gained popularity in many countries.
Bat Trang products are classified into three different kinds depending on their usage.
•           Household items: plates, bowls, teacups, kettles, wine bottles, flowerpots, vases, jars, cups, pots, etc.
•           Religious items: lamp stands, candle holders, incense burners, altar boxes, swords, etc.
•           Decorative objects: altars, statues, and architectural fixtures.
Since the village was established, most residents there have been involved in the pottery business. The economy of the village now depends on tourism and sales of the pottery. Besides making income, the people also want to teach the craft and to keep the old skills alive.
Bat Trang ceramic village has become popular with tourists. Visitors can study the history, culture, and traditional worth of each of the handicraft products.
Bat Trang village festival is organized from the 14th to 16th day of the second lunar month each year. The festival brings various special activities to honor the first pottery making. The people of the village have some traditional games such as  "xiangqi" (or Chinese chess), chessboard, tug of war, choir. Many special ceramic products of the village's best craftsmen are displayed at the time.
The largest Bat Trang pottery market displays and sells many ceramic products of the village. Visitors can buy and learn to make pottery products. Located at the entrance to Bat Trang village, the market covers an area of about 20,000 feet (6000 meters).
Van Van is a private museum of the traditional pottery of Bat Trang village.  Mr. Tran Ngoc Lam, a member of the UNESCO Center for Research and Conservation of Vietnam Antiques, built the museum in 2002. The museum includes 3 old houses from the 19th century. It displays more than 400 pottery products that were made from the 15th century to the 19th century by the people of the Bat Trang village.
Bat Trang is a small village in the North of Vietnam. The village belongs to the Gia Lâm district of  Ha Noi capital. Bat Trang is located on the other side of Chuong Duong bridge, about 8 miles (13 kilometers) southeast from Ha Noi center.
Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelicalism
P'ent'ay (from Ge'ez Script: ጴንጤ) is an originally Amharic-Tigrinya language term for Pentecostal Protestant Christians within Ethiopia and Eritrea, and the Ethiopian and Eritrean diaspora. Today, the term refers to all Evangelical Christian denominations and organisations in Ethiopian and Eritrean societies as Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelicalism or the Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical Church. Sometimes the denominations and organisations are also known as Wenigēlawī (from Ge'ez Script: ወንጌላዊ).
Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Christians are the result of American and European Protestant missionary work among youth who left the Orthodox Tewahedo churches because of theological differences, and later fanned by persecution against them. P'ent'ay Christians schismed from the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, other branches of Christianity, or converted from other religions with the aid of Protestant missionaries to reform Ethiopian Christianity from what they perceived doctrinal-theological diversions. Since the creation of P'ent'ay churches and organisations, prominent movements among them have been Pentecostalism, the Baptist tradition, Lutheranism, Methodism, Presbyterianism, and the Mennonites.
The term was coined in the late 1960s and was used as a pejorative for churches that believed in the Pentecostal experience and spiritual gifts of the Holy Spirit, used to describe local Protestant Christians who are not members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches (collectively known as the Orthodox Tewahedo). The term "P'ent'ay" is a shortening of the word "Pentecostal"; however, it is widely used when referring to all Protestant Christians but especially Evangelical Protestant Christians whether they are actually Pentecostal by denomination or not. Some Oriental Orthodox will also apply the term to the small Catholic population of Ethiopia and Eritrea (but this is rare). The equivalent rendition in many other languages is "Evangelical"; the term "Wenigēlawī" means "Evangelical" and has been used alongside "P'ent'ay". Many of these groups describe their religious practices as culturally Eastern Christian, but Protestant Evangelical by doctrine.
The major Protestant denominations in Ethiopia and Eritrea are a group of indigenous, closely linked (part of the or community of churches) Baptist, Lutheran, Pentecostal, and Mennonite denominations.
Some P'ent'ay communities—especially the Mekane Yesus Lutheran Church for example—have been influenced by the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, which represents the dominant traditional Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian demographic, but for the most part are very Pentecostal in their worship and theology.
The ECFE, or Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia, is a consortium of born-again, Trinitarian Christians. The ECFE has 22 member churches, and based on 2004 statistics, 11.5 million members with an increase of 4 million annually. All P'ent'ay churches, regardless of denomination, are domestically known as አብያተ ክርስቲያናት (Abiate kristianat' or ābiyate kirisitīyanati') meaning 'churches' in the senses of a 'community of Christians' in Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia. Most of these churches also operate ministries, colleges and bible societies like the Ethiopian Graduate School of Theology, Golden Oil Ministries, Evangelical Theological College, the Ethiopian Bible Society and Meserete Kristos College. These churches often work together by exchanging preachers and organizing church conferences.
According to the 2005 statistics from the World Christian Database, Ethiopian Pentecostal/Charismatic members cover a bit over 16 percent of the country as P'ent'ays of Ethiopia. The individual groups are the Word of Life Church (Kale Heywet) Church, Mekane Yesus, Churches of Christ, Misgana Church of Ethiopia, Assembly of God, Hiwot Berhan Church, Emnet Kristos, Meserete Kristos, Light of Life Church, Mulu Wongel (Full Gospel Believers Church) and other churches constituting slightly over 12 million P'ent'ays in Ethiopia. However, according to World Christian Encyclopedia, the Evangelical community is down to only 13.6% of Ethiopian population. According to the 1994 government census, Protestant Christians comprise 10% of the population (about 7-8 million today). According to membership and adherent records provided by the various churches and denominations, Ethiopian Protestants claim as high as 18.59% of the country's population which is inline with the recent data from the US Department of State.
Evangelicals in Ethiopia and Eritrea believe that one is saved by believing in Jesus as Lord and Saviour for the forgiveness of sins. They believe in the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the one essence of the Trinity. Like all other Christian groups that accept the canonical gospels, P'ent'ays also believe in being "born again" ("dagem meweled"), as it is written numerous times in the Gospel of John, and demonstrated by one's baptism in the Holy Spirit as well as water baptism. Speaking in tongues is seen as one of the signs, but not the only sign, of "receiving Christ", which should include a new lifestyle and social behavior.
Although almost all Evangelical Protestant branches in Ethiopia and Eritrea have one or two theological differences or different approaches in the interpretation of the Bible, all of the four major branches follow the beliefs common to born-again Christians. The four major denominations also exchange pastors ("megabi") and allow the preachers to serve in different churches when invited (full communion). All of the four main churches and others also share and listen to various gospel singers, "mezmur" (gospel music or hymn) producers and choirs.
Peter Heyling was the first Protestant missionary in Ethiopia, and is regarded as the founding father of the P'ent'ay or Wenigēlawī movement.
For the most part, Ethiopian and Eritrean Protestants state that their form of Christianity is both the reformation of the current Orthodox Tewahedo churches as well as the restoration of it to the original Ethiopian Christianity. They believe Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity was paganized after the 960s, during the reign of queen Gudit, who destroyed and burned most of the church's possessions and scriptures. They claim those events have led to the gradual paganization of the Oriental Orthodox Churches which they claim is now merely dominated by rituals, hearsay and fables. P'ent'ay Christians use the alleged "secularized teaching" of the current Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, the alleged inability of most Orthodox followers to live according to the instructions of the Bible and the deuterocanonical books used by rural priests, as a proof to their belief in the Orthodox Tewahedo teaching is also mainly syncretized. P'ent'ay Christians use the history of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity prior to the 1960s as their own history, despite lacking historical continuity.
It was only during the early 20th century that American and European missionaries spread Protestantism with Mennonite and Pentecostal churches through the Sudan Interior Mission (SIM). When the SIM continued its movement after a brief ban during Ethiopia's war with Italy, it is written that the missionaries were taken aback by the fruits of their initial mission. Protestant Christians still face persecution in rural regions and are assisted by the Voice of the Martyrs; however, there is a growing tolerance between the Ethiopian Orthodox, Muslims and the growing population of P'en'tay Christians in the urban areas of the country. With the dominance of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and the growing Muslim population, the population of P'en'tay Christians was estimated around 16.15 million (19 percent of total population), according to the information released by the U.S. Department of State.
Recent misidentification of certain groups as "P'ent'ay" has caused confusion. One controversy involves Oneness Pentecostalism and Jehovah's Witnesses, which are strictly opposed by the other Protestant denominations.
The Metropolitan "sui iuris" Eastern Catholic particular churches of the Eritrean Catholic Church and Ethiopian Catholic Church are not "P'ent'ay (Evangelical Protestant)" churches but some Orthodox Tewahedo adherents have used the term P'ent'ay as a pejorative by conflating and 'othering' them with P'ent'ay (Evangelical Protestants)"."
According to Voice of the Martyrs there have been brutal killings of P'ent'ay Christians in rural areas that tend to be overlooked by the Ethiopian rural officials and stay undisclosed to international organizations. Some Oriental Orthodox families expel children out of their house if the children convert to Protestantism. Since the majority population is Orthodox, Voice of the Martyrs claims no criminal investigations are carried against Oriental Orthodox mobs who burn Evangelical churches, destroy houses and even murder P'ent'ay Christians.
Voice of the Martyrs also states that Evangelical Christians have been murdered by Islamic militants because they wouldn't renounce their faith in Christ. Islamic militants have stopped at least one bus (near Jijiga, a rural area) and demanded Christians recite the Islamic creed, killing those who refuse. The mostly rural churches like Kale Heywet have historically faced persecution with aggressors often doing so with impunity. During the previous 1970s and 1980s government, persecution was equally severe in the urban cities as well, with the likes of Mulu Wongel church (Full Gospel) and Mesereke Kristos Church facing widespread persecution and mass imprisonments and killings. Lacking western ties, the Mulu Wongel church was outlawed by the Derg Ethiopian government.
More persecution followed Ethiopian Protestants for more than a decade. However, after a change of government, religious equality including the right to worship, build churches and evangelize were restored. Minor and rural issues still exist. Despite these issues, compared to the past, the 1990s have brought the most freedom of religion in Ethiopia. Most of the Evangelical churches, especially Mulu Wongel, Assemblies of God, and Kale Heywet, faced persecution and detentions by previous governments. The state sponsored persecution of Protestants by the 1980s government created what some scholars call an "invisible church" and an underground evangelism where the membership of these churches drastically increased despite this era of persecution.
Since the early 1990s, persecution has mostly ceased, particularly in the cities and areas near the cities, and there is a growing level of tolerance between Evangelical Christians and other religious groups. The ruling party however established a Faith and Religious Affairs Directorate (similar to those in China) to issue licenses, to demand loyalty, and to infiltrate hierarchies of Christian and Islamic institutions. Even though it is not comparable to the state sponsored persecution of the past, P'ent'ay Christians in Ethiopia still face persecution from private citizens in Muslim dominated rural areas. Despite Ethiopia's well-known religious tolerance, culture related acceptance issues and the growth of some Evangelical churches have also led to some violence, especially as non-Orthodox Christians and Muslims seek to gain equal economic and social status as the traditionally privileged Orthodox Christians.
New challenges Christians face in Ethiopia include the Islamic fundamentalism movement mostly coming from radical Islamist organizations or followers of an extreme form of Wahhabist Islam coming from Saudi Arabia-linked Muslim non-governmental organizations and projects. In Eritrea, torture is used against Protestant Christians, more than 2000 Christians are subject to arrest (2006). The U. S. state department names it a Country of Particular Concern due to its violation of religious liberty. It has been reported that entire families are thrown into jail. According to the Barnabas Fund, in April 2010 a 28-year-old student died after she was held in a metal shipping container for 2 years, after being arrested for attending a Bible study.
Music, more technically speaking "hymns" or "psalms" ("Mezmur" — መዝሙር – in Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, and also in other Ethiopian-Eritrean languages as well) plays a big role in preaching and the daily life of P'ent'ay/Evangelical Christians. With the belief that music should be for God, and him alone, Ethiopian "mezmur" does not have ethnic or cultural boundaries, nor restriction on what style or instruments to use. However, there are apparent influences from American evangelicals that have led to commercialization and cross-overs. CD, cassette and DVD sales are now one of the rare Ethiopian industries on the rise.
Even though some of the older generation of singers didn't have the financial means to make cassettes, they have influenced Ethiopian music in various ways while singing in local churches. Some of the early singers are Addisu Worku, Leggesse Watro, the Araya Family who used to sing on Misrach Dimts Radio.
Mekane Yesus Church led the way in translating hymnals from the Swedish and adapting from Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In the early 1970s the Meserete Kristos Church Choir was established. Some from Tsion Choir from Mulu Wongel joined the newly established choir and Meserete Kristos continued developing songs in Ethiopian languages. During these early years, other groups like Bethel singers also produced Ethiopian gospel songs.
Some of the early comers were Mulu Wongel and Meserete Kristos choirs, which now have up to Choir E and F, with each having 8, 9 albums. Some of these churches in other branch cities have stopped using single letters for choir names, and applied names instead. Other early comers Mekane Yesus church choir, Mulu Wengel church choir, Meserete Kristos church (MKC) choir arrived around the 1970s. Solo vocalists developed fast in these and other churches. Addisu Worku, Dereje Kebede, Tamrat Walba, Tesfaye Gabisso, Eyerusalem Teshome, Tamerate Haile, Tadesse Eshete, Gizachew Worku, Atalay Alem and Shewaye Damte fill in some of this list that started early.
Some of the late 20th century singers include Kalkidan Tilahun (Lily) of Qale Hiywet Church, Ahavah Gospel Singers, Dagmawi Tilahun (Dagi) of Mulu Wongel Church and Elias Abebe of the Assemblies of God church. Others are Awtaru Kebede, Sophia Shibabaw, Mesfin Gutu, Mihiret Itefa, Lealem Tilahun (Lali), Gezahegn Muse, Azeb Hailu and many more. There are also singers who are pastors, some of them are Dawit Molalign, Kasshaun Lemma and Yohannes Girma. Oromo language singers like Kabaa Fidoo, Abbabaa Tamesgeen, Iyoob Yaadataa, Baacaa Bayyanaa, Magarsaa Baqqalaa, Dastaa Insarmuu, Bilisee Karrasaa, and others have also served Evangelical Churches in southwestern Ethiopia. In the Tigrinya language, there are singers like Yonas Haile, Mihret Gebretatios,Selam Hagos, Ruth Mekuria, Yemane Habte, and Adhanom Teklemariam and duos like Yonatan and Sosuna. Introducing new styles are young performers like Dawit "Danny" Wolde who studied at Berklee College of Music.
Classical and instrumental gospel songs have also flourished with Fikru Aligaz and Bethel Music Ministry. Also, Fikru Aligaz has been providing a three-day praise and worship service with the Bethel Praise & Worship Choir to reach local Christian and Non-Christian members of the community twice a year since 1998. Duos like Aster & Endalkachewu or Geta Yawkal & Berektawit bring more variety. Also, formerly secular singers like Hirut Bekele, Solomon Disasa and Muluken have produced gospel songs after they convert and become born-again Christians. There are many music composers in P'ent'ay church like Christian Girma (currently living in Denver, Colorado), Ebenezer Girma, Enku Girma, Nathanael Befikadu, Biruk Bedru, Daniel Ewnetu, Bereket Tesfaye, Samson Tamrat, Yabets Tesema, Ameha Mekonen, Endalkachew Hawaz, Estifanos Mengistu, and there are countless church music players. Digital music composition is utilized and there are more than twenty Christian music studios in Ethiopia, including CMM, TDS, COMNS, Sami, Nati, Langanoo, Begena, Kinnei, Albastor, Shalom, Exodus, and Bethlehem.
There are also gospel singers who sing in Wolayta, Hadiya-Kambata, Sidama, and other areas of the South.
Some of the most famous music players in Ethiopia like Elias Melka, played in Evangelical churches has subsequently converted to secular music. Some modern singers often mimic American Evangelical artists, allegedly including other lifestyles that are not genuine depictions of traditional Ethiopian Evangelicalism. The tradition of local church group choirs, has to an extent been supplanted by individual solo singers who have controversially gained celebrity status with their lifestyles often resembling secular celebrities.
Acculturation is a term used to describe how an individual or a group from one culture interacts directly with an individual or group from a different culture. Sometimes, these two cultures may be similar, or they may be very different. Unlike culture shock, acculturation includes the ways both cultures influence each other. Also, culture shock is only focused on the individual or group who is entering a new culture. With acculturation, both cultures are looked at. Many things can be exchanged between the two cultures like language, ways of living, or foods. Acculturation is focused on the process of two cultures interacting over a long period of time, not once or twice. Cultural diffusion is different from acculturation because diffusion may occur once or twice, and means that there is an equal balance between the two things involved; with acculturation, this equal balance is not guaranteed.
The term acculturation was first used by people who study anthropology. They wanted to know more about how people from different cultures interact with each other and what happens when they interact. Psychologists have also been interested in studying acculturation but are interested in the effects of acculturation on individuals. Sociologists also study acculturation and how societies change from interacting with new cultures.
The process of acculturation can have four outcomes: assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization. These four outcomes are shown in the picture to the right.
Anthropologists, Psychologists, and Sociologists all use acculturation to help explain changes that happen when cultures interact. One way of measuring levels of acculturation is through acculturative stress. This measurement helps relate acculturation to other ideas or issues and helps researchers understand what happens to individuals and groups during acculturation. Many studies have looked at acculturative stress and health of individuals. Other acculturation research studies have focused on immigrantpopulations to the United States and other minority groups.
The Base (hate group)
The Base is a world Neo-Nazi and white supremacist hate group. They formed in 2018. They are in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.
The group wants to perform terrorism and overthrow governments. It operates "hate camps". It also organizes ethnic conflict and survivalism.
On January 16, 2020, three members of The Base were arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Fallen Angel (1945 movie)
2056 (MMLVI) will be .
Katherine Tai
Katherine Chi Tai (born March 18, 1974) is an American lawyer and politician. She is the 19th and current United States Trade Representative since March 18, 2021. Tai is a member of the Democratic Party.
She was the chief trade counsel for the United States House Committee on Ways and Means.
In December 2020, Tai was nominated by then President-elect Joe Biden to serve as United States Trade Representative. She was confirmed by the United States Senate with a 98-0 vote on March 17, 2021.
A persona (plural personae or personas), may mean the public image of one's personality, or the social role that one adopts. It can also mean a fictional character.
The word originally meant a theatrical mask. So acting is the original idea. But now the concept is much wider. People adopt one persona at work, another at home.
On the web, users develop virtual personas as online identities.
Faithful in My Fashion
Karim Salman
Salman died on 2 December 2020, aged 55, from COVID-19 in Baghdad.
Eugene "Goo" Kennedy (August 23, 1949December 8, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. Kennedy played four seasons in the American Basketball Association as a member of the Dallas Chaparrals, San Antonio Spurs, Spirits of St. Louis, and Utah Stars. He then played one season in the National Basketball Association with the Houston Rockets.
Kennedy died at age 71 on December 8, 2020 in Texas.
Dick Hinch
Richard W. Hinch (May 1, 1949 – December 9, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was a member and Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. He became speaker on December 2, 2020 just one week before his death. He was elected to the state house in 2008. Hinch was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts.
Hinch died at his home in Concord, New Hampshire on December 9, 2020 from COVID-19, at age 71.
Sean Malone
Sean Malone (April 12, 1970 – December 9, 2020) was an American musician. He played mainly fretless bass guitar and Chapman Stick. However, Malone also played piano, keyboards, and guitar. His most famous for his work was in American band Cynic, in which he developed a strong partnership with the drummer Sean Reinert.
On 9 December 2020, it was announced that Malone had died.
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Ray Perkins
Walter Ray Perkins (6 November 1941 – 9 December 2020) was an American football coach and player. He played as a wide receiver for the University of Alabama and Baltimore Colts. He later worked as a football coach for 28 years, including as the head coach for the New York Giants, the University of Alabama, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Arkansas State University. Perkins was born in Petal, Mississippi.
Perkins died on 9 December 2020 in Northport, Alabama from heart disease at the age of 79.
Petal, Mississippi
Petal is a city in Forrest County, Mississippi, along the Leaf River. It is part of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 10,454 in the 2010 census.
Astad Deboo
Astad Deboo (13 July 1947 – 10 December 2020) was an Indian contemporary dancer and choreographer. His works focused on Indian classical dance forms of Kathak as well as Kathakali. He was one of the best known dancers of India. He worked with Pina Bausch, Alison Becker Chase and Pink Floyd.
He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1996 and Padma Shri in 2007.
Deboo died on 10 December 2020 in Mumbai from a subdural haematoma caused by a fall at the age of 73.
Iman Budhi Santosa
Iman Budhi Santosa (28 March 1948 – 10 December 2020), commonly known as IBS, was an Indonesian author. Many of his poems and novels were based on Javanese cultural. He published "Ziarah Tanah Jawa" ("Pilgrimage to the Land of Java"), a collection of poems written between 2006 and 2012, in 2013.
Santosa died on 10 December 2020 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia from a heart attack, aged 72.
Mungo Wentworth MacCallum
Mungo Wentworth MacCallum (21 December 1941 – 9 December 2020) was an Australian political commentator and journalist. He was born in Sydney, New South Wales.
MacCallum was also known for his strongly centre-left, pro-Australian Labor Party views. He worked for "The Australian", "The National Times", "The Sydney Morning Herald" and "Nation Review". He wrote political commentary for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) current affairs and news analysis program The Drum,
MacCallum died at his home in Ocean Shores, New South Wales from throat and prostate cancer-related problems on 9 December 2020, aged 78.
Ocean Shores, New South Wales
Marc Meneau
Marc Meneau (March 16, 1943 – December 9, 2020) was a French chef. He earned three stars from the Guide Michelin. He was the chef of the restaurant "L'Espérance" located in Saint-Père, Yonne. Meneau was born in Avallon, Yonne. He also had a Gault et Millau rating of 19 out of 20. In 1998, Meneau was named Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour.
Meneau died on December 9, 2020 in Auxerre, Burgundy at the age of 77.
Malcolm Simpson
Clarence Malcolm Simpson (26 September 1933 – 7 December 2020) was a New Zealand cyclist. He represented his country at the 1952 Olympic Games. In the 1950 British Empire Games, he came sixth in the 1 km time trial. Simpson was born in Auckland.
Simpson died in Takapuna on 7 December 2020 at the age of 87.
Angie Cepeda
Angélica María Cepeda Jiménez (born 2 August 1974), professionally known as Angie Cepeda, is a Colombian actress. She is probably best known for her roles in telenovela "Pobre Diabla" and in the movies "Captain Pantoja and the Special Services" and "Love in the Time of Cholera".
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Fimcap
FIMCAP is an international youth organization. It unites youth organizations from different countries. Most of the member organizations of FIMCAP are Catholic. FIMCAP was founded in 1962.