AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The most famous of the Passion plays to survive into the 20th century is that performed at Oberammergau, in the Bavarian Alps. According to tradition, the play has been presented every 10 years since 1634, in fulfillment of a vow made after the village was spared an epidemic of plague (shifting to decennial years in 1700), except in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and World War II, when religious plays were banned. It remains an entirely local production, with villagers taking all the parts and singing in the chorus. Since 1930 roofed seats have protected the audience from the weather. The production runs from May through September. Some villagers and some Jewish organizations have protested anti-Semitic overtones in the 1860 text. Traditional Passion plays have also been revived in villages in the Austrian Tirol. In northern Spain, during Lent and Holy Week, a Catalan Passion play is performed by villagers; and in Tegelen, in the Netherlands, a modern play by the Dutch poet Jacques Scheurs is given every five years.
Königslutter
Königslutter am Elm is a city in the district of Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany, near the Elm hills. In 2003, about 17,000 people lived in Königslutter. Königslutter is twinned with Taunton in Somerset, in the southwest of England.
Königslutter is on the tourist route called the German Half-Timbered House Road ("Deutsche Fachwerkstraße").
In its current form, the city was created in 1974 by joining the following 18 municipalities:
Königslutter proper is on the Lutter stream and developed from the village of Lutter which was first mentioned in 1150. It became a market town around 1300, then a city around 1400. In early modern times, beer brewing and Elm limestone mining and cutting have been its main industries. Tourism is also important, because of the German Half-Timbered House Road and the Dom - the monastery church built by Emperor Lothar II.
In 1924, the village of Oberlutter and the monastery church of Königslutter were incorporated as a city. The Benedictine monastery was founded near the village of Lutter in 1135 by Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II. The monastery church is known for its sculptural art and the tomb of the emperor.
Königslutter is also the site for a large psychiatric hospital. The hospital, run by AWO can treat over 500 people plus outpatients and day-care therapy in the clinics in Wolfsburg and Peine.
St Ives, Cornwall
St Ives is a seaside town and port in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It was once commercially dependent on fishing but fishing has declined and the town is now primarily a holiday resort. St Ives has become renowned for the large number of artists who work there. It was named best seaside town of 2007 by the "Guardian" newspaper.
Tate St Ives is an important art gallery.
Airport (1970 movie)
Airport is a 1970 American drama movie. It is based on a novel by Arthur Hailey. It is about an airport almost being closed because of a snow storm while a mad bomber is trying to blow up an airliner in flight.
Grace Andrews
Grace Andrews (May 30, 1869 – July 27, 1951) was an American mathematician.
Andrews got her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College in 1890. She got a Master's degree from Columbia University in 1899 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. She was one of only two women listed in the first edition of American Men of Science, which appeared in 1906. Charlotte Angas Scott, was the other female mathematician.
She worked as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics for Barnard College from 1900 to 1902. She then worked as accountant to the treasurer for Wesleyan University from 1903 to 1926.
Gladys Anslow
Gladys Amelia Anslow (1892-1962) was a physicist who worked at Smith College.
Anslow got her undergraduate degree and Master's from Smith College. She then got a Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1924. She got the President's Certificate of Merit for service during World War II.
Andrea Lloyd (b. August 10, 1971 in Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was in the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won a Bronze medal for Jamaica in the 4 X 100 metres Relay.
Lloyd attended high school in Camperdown. She studied at the University of Alabama. Her personal best is 11.36 seconds in the 100 metres which came in 1996.
Absh Khatun
Absh Khatun was a Queen of Persia from 1263 to 1287. Her mother was Bibi Khatun.
She married Manku Timur and lived in Urdu, capital of the Ilkhanate. Her father-in-law, Khan Hulägu, sent Absh to Shiraz to rule in 1263. When Absh returned to Shiraz the people were happy. Coins were made in her name. She was the last ruler of the Atabek dynasty.
Tragedy of the anticommons
The tragedy of the anticommons is a new phrase invention of Michael Heller. It says, that things can go bad if too many people have rights on a shared thing. It is related to the phrase "tragedy of the commons," which says that things can go bad if not enough people have rights. It is a general phrase for problems like patent thickets, submarine patents, nail houses, and more red tapes. It is difficult to find solutions, but some of them are eminent domain, Laches, patent pools or other agreements on rights and copyrights.
Tragedy of the anticommons is one of four outcomes:
The prevalent outcome depends on the details of the situation.
Rupert Bottenberg
Rupert Bottenberg (born: 19 July 1971 in Wolfville, Nova Scotia) is a comic artist and writer. He works for the "Montreal Mirror" newsweekly.
Bottenberg grew up in Montreal. He started "Comix Jams, public events centered around collaborative, improvised comic art," a concept other North American cities copy. His way of drawing is called "clean-line" and full of "technical precision."
Sophie Bledsoe Aberle
Sophie Bledsoe Aberle (October 21, 1896 - October 1996) was an American anthropologist, physician and nutritionist. She got a Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics from Stanford University in 1927 and a Master's degree from Yale University in 1930. As a Native American, Aberle supported Native Americans in the southwestern United States. In 1951 President Harry S. Truman put Aberle to work on the first National Science Board.
Aberle worked with the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1935 to 1944. She then worked with the National Research Council until 1949. From 1949 to 1954 she worked at the University of New Mexico. She worked for the Bernalillo County Indian Hospital until 1970. Then she returned to the University of New Mexico.
Bernice Ackerman
Bernice Ackerman (1925-1995) was an American meteorologist. In 1965 she got a Doctor of Philosophy in geophysical science from the University of Chicago. She was the first woman weathercaster in the United States. She was the first woman meteorologist at Argonne National Laboratory. She worked at the U.S. Weather Bureau, the University of Chicago, Texas A&M University and Argonne National Laboratory. Before college, Ackerman was a weather observer for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) in World War II.
E. Ruth Anderson
Elsie Ruth Anderson (born: 23 Jun 1907 in Newport, Rhode Island; died: 24 November 1989 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American meteorologist and book writer. Anderson studied at the New England Conservatory of Music from 1924 to 1931, 1934, and 1940 to 1941. She got a diploma from the New England Conservatory in "Orchestral Course in Violin" in June 1931.
In World War II, she joined the WAVES. She studied at the Navy Aerographers School. She then worked for the American Meteorological Society for 20 years.
Jacqueline Wonsetler
Madge Adam
Madge Gertrude Adam (Born: March 6, 1912; Died: August 25, 2001) was an English solar astronomer. She was "internationally known for her work on the nature of sunspots and on their magnetic fields." She worked at the University of Oxford in the Department of Astrophysics from 1937-1979. She was a member of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Nancy Adams
Jacqueline Nancy Mary Adams (Born: 19 May 1926; Died: 27 March 2007) was a New Zealand botanist. She studied zoology and botany at Wellington Girls’ College and Victoria University of Wellington. Her detailed and delicate algae illustrations got international attention. Her awards include the Loder Cup in 1964, the Queen's Service Order and the Commemoration Medal.
Anna Stout
Anna Paterson Stout "née" Logan (29 September 1858 - 10 May 1931) was a social reformer in New Zealand.
The Girls' Provincial School let Anna study at age 12. After completing her schooling she returned home to Dunedin. She married Robert Stout at age 18. In 1885 she helped form the Women's Christian Temperance Union. In 1892 she became President of the Women's Franchise League. In 1896 the National Council of Women of New Zealand chose her as Vice President.
Stout was also active in England for acceptance for women to vote. She worked closely with the Women's Social and Political Union.
Ada Wells
Ada Wells "née" Pike (29 April 1863 – 22 March 1933) was a feminist and social worker in New Zealand.
Wells worked as a student-teacher and attended Canterbury College. In the 1880s she became active in the women's suffrage movement. In 1892 she formed the Canterbury Women's Institute. She also helped form the National Council of Women of New Zealand. In 1917 she was the first woman to work on the Christchurch City Council. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage now offers an Ada Wells Memorial Prize for Undergraduate Students.
Najib Ullah
Najib Ullah (February 14, 1914 to August 2, 1965) was an Afghan writer and ambassador.
Ullah worked for the Foreign Office of Afghanistan for many years. He was also a representative to India, England and the United States. He worked as the Head of the Afghan group at UNESCO General Assembly in Beirut, Lebanon in 1948.
Awista Ayub
Awista Ayub (c. 1979) is an Afghan writer. She formed the Afghan Youth Sports Exchange in the United States.
In her novel "Kabul Girls Soccer Club", first called "However Tall the Mountain", Ayub writes of eight girls brought to the US to learn soccer.
The Afghan Youth Sports Exchange has grown from the first 8 young women to hundreds playing through the Afghanistan Football Federation.
Masood Farivar
Masood Farivar (born 1969) is an Afghan-born writer, journalist and author of "Confessions of a Mullah Warrior" (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009), which describes two teenage years while a member of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen resistance movement. Since early 2017, he has been the Voice of America (VOA) justice correspondent.
Farivar moved with his family to Pakistan in 1983. He obtained a degree from Harvard University in 1994 and subsequently worked as a business reporter for Dow Jones Newswires. According to his LinkedIn resume, as of 2013 he was Chief of the Afghanistan Service at VOA and based in Washington, D.C. Previously he was with Internews Network and spent the 2011-2012 academic year as a Knight Fellow at Stanford University.
Matthew Shepard
Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American college student who was murdered while attending the University of Wyoming. At the trial for the two attackers, the men were accused of targeting Shepard because he was gay.
On October 7, 1998, Shepard met two people named Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney at the Fireside Lounge. McKinney and Henderson decided that they would give Shepard a ride home. They drove the car to a remote, rural area, then robbed and tortured Shepard, beating him with a pistol. They tied him to a fence post and left him there to die. They also found out where Shepard lived and they planned to burglarize his house. Shepard was found by a cyclist named Aaron Kreifels, who thought Shepard was a scarecrow at first. Shepard was in a coma and suffered fractures to the back of his head and the front of his right ear. He had severe damage to his brain stem, a part of the brain which controls the body's heart rate, body temperature, and other important functions. He died at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998.
A hate crimes law named the Matthew Shepard Act was first introduced on March 20, 2007. The bill passed the House of Representatives and the Senate but then-president George W. Bush said that he would veto the legislation if it had reached his desk. As a result, the legislation was dropped. It was again brought up on April 2, 2009. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act was passed by President Barack Obama on October 28, 2009.
Green River, Wyoming
Green River is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Sweetwater County where it is the county seat. The city has about 11,808 people. The city was started in 1868 in what used to be the Dakota Territory. Every year, a festival is held there called the Flaming Gorge Days where acts will perform music. Acts like Poison and REO Speedwagon have played there.
The Flaming Gorge Days is a festival.
Walter Rudolf Hess
Walter Rudolf Hess (17 March 1881 – 12 August 1973) was a Swiss physiologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for "locating the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs". The prize was shared with Egas Moniz. Hess was born on 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland and died on 12 August 1973 in Locarno, Switzerland.
By stimulating the hypothalamus of cats with tiny electric currents, Hess induced behaviours. The behaviours ranged from excitement to apathy, depending on the position of the stimulation. He could induce different types of responses in the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus. When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of breathing and responses such as wanting food, wanting water, needing to pee and needing to poop. On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defensive behaviour.
Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats – a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed. His work was important step in scientist's understanding of neurosecretion.
Inductively coupled plasma
An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.
Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.
The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.
The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.
Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.
Andrea Sassetti
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born October 20, 1942 in Magdeburg) is a German biologist and biochemist. She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for her research on the genetic control of embryonic development which she shared with both Eric F. Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis. She has an asteroid named after called 15811 Nüsslein-Volhard. She started a foundation called the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation which promises young female German scientists with children.
Na-NaNa-Na
"Na-NaNa-Na'" is a 2005 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Jazze Pha. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released in 2005 in the United States. The song reached #65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
'N' Dey Say
"N Dey Say'" is a 2005 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features a sample from the song True by Spandau Ballet. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Suit. The song was released on May 23, 2005. The song reached #6 on the UK Singles Chart, #21 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks and #64 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
Grillz
"Grillz'" is a 2005 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features rapper Paul Wall, rap duo Ali & Gipp and singer Brandi Williams. It was the 13th track from his first compilation album Sweatsuit. The song was released on November 8, 2011. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Australia (ARIA) and #24 on the UK Singles Chart.
William Marsh Rice University, also called Rice University, is a private university in Houston, Texas. Rice was started in 1912. It is ranked one of the best universities in the world, especially for undergraduate education. Rice is named after the Houston businessman William Marsh Rice who provided the money in his will to begin the university.
Rice is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of study, for natural sciences, engineering, humanities, business, architecture, and music. The students at Rice abide by an honor code that is strictly enforced.
Stonefly
The Stonefly or Plecoptera are an order of aquatic insects. There are some 3,500 described species worldwide, and new ones are still being discovered. Although stoneflies are found worldwide, they are absent from Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera. Their close relatives are identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. True stoneflies, known from fossils, are only a little younger. The larva have claws on their legs. This allows them to better hang on to things in their environment and withstand stronger current. They need fast moving water in streams and rivers to survive. They cannot tolerate the low oxygen saturation found in warm water. They usually live in cold clean streams with a lot of turbulence (such as rapids). The adult stoneflies are easily identified by their wings that fold over their abdomen. The "pteronarcys" Stoneflies, found only in North American waters, live for several years.
Nake M. Kamrany
Nake M. Kamrany (Born: August 29, 1934 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a professor at the University of Southern California and Afghan-American financial expert.
Kamrany wrote over 20 stories on the political economy of Afghanistan. He worked as a Consultant to the United Nations and the U.S. Government.
Mohammed Jamil Hanifi
Mohammed Jamil Hanifi (Born: 27 June 1935 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a writer of several books.
Hanifi got his Master's degree from Michigan State University. He got his Doctor of Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. In 1981, Southern Illinois University staff learned that Hanifi copied a lot of his PhD dissertation (and a book based on it) from two other works that were not his. At the time, Hanifi was a professor at Northern Illinois University. Hanifi resigned from his position at that university.
Embioptera
The Embioptera are an order of insects, commonly known as webspinners.
Webspinners are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota. The group first appeared during the Jurassic and is well represented in Cretaceous amber. The common name webspinner comes from the insects' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs. They use the silk to make a web-like pouch or gallery in which they live. They feed on leaf litter, moss, bark and lichen.
Occasionally they arrive in temperate countries, usually as passengers on cargo.
Jane Maria Atkinson
Jane Maria Atkinson "née" Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.
Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.
Maria first was a pioneering housewife and mother. She and Arthur moved to Nelson, New Zealand in 1867. In Nelson she became active in the community. She helped support women's right to vote, talked to many about forming a girl's college and guided a debate team. The Atkinsons let teachers for Nelson College for Girls use their home called Fairfield House.
Zoraptera
Zoraptera is a order of insects, is one of the least diverse and most poorly understood of insect lineages. Zoraptera are minute, hemimetabolous insects superficially resembling barklice (Psocoptera) or termites (Isoptera).
Individuals are generally less than 3 mm in total body length, exclusive of their antennae, and are gregarious. Overall, zorapterans are quite homogenous in their morphology and tend to be off-white (mostly nymphs) to brown in color. Individuals of each species occur in two morphs: eyed and winged forms that then shed their wings after dispersal or blind and apterous forms that predominate in colonies.
Mary Jane Bennett
Mary Jane Bennett (1816 to 6 July 1885) was the first official lighthouse keeper in New Zealand, and the only woman to have the position.
Mary moved to New Zealand in 1840. She soon married George White Bennett. In 1852 George took the position of lighthouse keeper at Pencarrow Head. Following the death of her husband in 1855, Mary worked at the lighthouse. In January 1859 a good lighthouse building was made. She was selected as keeper. Pencarrow Lighthouse was the first permanent lighthouse in New Zealand.
Heni Materoa Carroll
Heni Materoa Carroll (1850s to November 1, 1930) also known as Te Huinga was a leader of the Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki (a group of the Māori)) and wife of politician James Carroll.
She became chief of her people when her mother died in 1887. When her husband was elected to Parliament, she did not move from Gisborne. During World War I she worked to support Māori soldiers. She became chairperson of the Eastern Māori Patriotic Association. She was given the Order of the British Empire in 1918.
Margaret Cruickshank
Dr Margaret Barnett Cruickshank (1 January 1873 – 28 November 1918) was the first registered woman doctor in New Zealand.
Cruickshank studied at the University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine and was the second woman, following Emily Siedeberg, in New Zealand to complete medical school. During World War I she planned the work of the Waimate Red Cross Fund. She died from the 1918 flu pandemic.
In 1923 a memorial statue was shown at Seddon Square in Waimate. The plinth was prepared by Daniel Berry and the statue was carved by William Trethewey. In 1948 the maternity room in Waimate Hospital was named after her.
Helsinki Stock Exchange
Kate Edger
Kate Milligan Evans Edger (January 6, 1857 to May 6, 1935) was the first woman in New Zealand to get a university degree and the first woman in the British Empire to get a Bachelor of Arts degree.
Edger's family moved from England to New Zealand in 1862. On 11 July 1877, she graduated from the University of New Zealand.
The Kate Edger Educational Charitable Trust gives money to help women get degrees. In 2004 the Kate Edger Information Commons was formed at The University of Auckland.
John Ruganda
John Ruganda (30 May 1941 to 8 December 2007) was Uganda's best-known playwright. Ruganda was also a professor at University of North, South Africa, University of Nairobi, and Makerere University.
Ruganda's plays "reflect the reality of the East African sociopolitical situation after independence." He helped outline East African theater. "The Burdens" (1972) and "The Floods" (1980) are regularly studied in literature classes.
"Party People'" is a 2008 Hip hop/crunk/rave/chopped and screwed/R&B/West coast hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features American singer Fergie. It was the first single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on March 18, 2008. The song reached #7 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #14 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, #14 on the UK Singles Chart and #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks, #23 on the German Singles Chart, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, #40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #46 on the Austrian Singles Chart, #52 on the Canadian Hot 100 and #62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
A Just Russia
A Just Russia (, СР, "Spravedlivaya Rossiya", SR), also translated as Fair Russia, is a social democratic party in Russia that currently holds 38/450 seats in the State Duma. The party was created on October 28, 2006.
Nikolai Levichev
Nikolai Vladimirovich Levichev (, born May 28, 1953) is a Russian politician, and the leader of A Just Russia party. He was elected the party leader on April 16, 2011.
Body on Me
"Body on Me'" is a 2008 R&B/Hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ashanti and Akon. It was the second single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles and is also the second single from Ashanti's fourth album The Declaration. The song was released on June 9, 2008.
The song reached #10 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Rap Tracks, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #17 on the UK Singles Chart, #32 on the Australian Singles Chart, #42 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, #57 on the Canadian Hot 100, #58 on the U.S. "Billboard" Pop 100, #69 on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
Stepped on My J'z
"Stepped on My J'z'" is a 2008 Hip hop/Crunk&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ciara and rapper Jermaine Dupri. It was the third single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on June 11, 2008 as a digital download and on July 1, 2008 on the U.S. radio.
The song reached #69 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and #90 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
"Just a Dream'" is a 2010 Hip hop/R&B/pop song by American rapper Nelly. It was the first single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on August 16, 2010.
The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs and #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Colmar is a commune in Alsace in north-eastern France, in the Haut-Rhin department, of which it is a prefecture. It is in the Grand Est region.
Colmar is in the north of the Haut-Rhin department. It is in the plain of Alsace, to the east of the Vosgues mountains. The Lauch river, a tributary of the Ill river, flows through the "commune".
The distances from Colmar to other cities are:
The "commune" of Altkirch is surrounded by the following "communes":
The area around Colmar, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Colmar is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Colmar is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Colmar is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The inhabitants of Colmar are known, in French, as "Colmariens" (women: "Colmariennes").
With a population of 68,784, Colmar has a population density of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Colmar
Colmar forms, together with 6 other "communes", the urban area of Colmar with a population of 93,858 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Colmar, formed by 39 "communes" with a population of 129,678 inhabitants and an area of .
Colmar is the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department since 1800. It is the capital of the Colmar-Ribeauvillé "arrondissement" and is also the administrative centre () of 2 cantons:
It is part of the intercommunality "Colmar Agglomération".
Colmar is twinned with:
Cicely
Cicely ("Myrrhis odorata"), also called sweet cicely, is a plant in the family Apiaceae. It is a tall perennial plant, growing to 2 meters tall. The leaves are divided. The flowers are white. The seeds are slender.
Cicely leaves are sometimes used as a herb, with a strong taste of anise.
Move That Body
"Move That Body'" is a 2010 hip hop/electro hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singers T-Pain and Akon. It was the second single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on October 12, 2010. The music video for Move That Body first appeared on Nelly's official VEVO on October 19 2010.
The song reached #24 on the UK R&B Chart, #29 on the ARIA Charts, #54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #71 on the UK Singles Chart.
Communes of the Haut-Rhin department
This is a list of the 377 communes of the Haut-Rhin "département", in France.
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
The following is a list of the 527 communes of the Bas-Rhin "département", in France.
Communes of the Pyrénées-Orientales department
The "département" of the Pyrénées-Orientales is composed of 226 communes.
Most of the territory (except for the district of Fenolheda) formed part of the Principality of Catalonia until 1659, and Catalan is still spoken (in addition to French) by a significant minority of the population. The Catalan names of communes are taken from the "Enciclopèdia catalana" and are intended for comparison with the official French names: they do not indicate the current or former linguistic status of the commune.
The following names of communes are no longer in use,
either because the commune has been absorbed into another
commune or because it has changed name.
Chenpi
Carl Woese
Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
Woese is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977. He used phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by him which is now standard practice.
He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1977, although not by that name. He was the Stanley O. Ikenberry professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The tree of life shows the diversity of microbes. Single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere's diversity. This is surprising to some, given our familiarity with the larger metazoan world. Microbes are responsible for many biochemical cycles and are crucial to the whole biosphere. Woese's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes was an invaluable service to ecology, conservation and evolutionary biology.
Woese was born on July 15, 1928 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at Amherst College and at Yale University. Woese died on December 30, 2012 in his home in Urbana, Illinois from pancreatic cancer, aged 84.
Gone (song)
"Gone'" is a 2011 R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Kelly Rowland. It is the sequel to their 2002 song, Dilemma. It was the third single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on January 4, 2011.
The song reached #19 on the UK R&B Chart, #21 on the Australia Urban ARIA Charts, #55 on the Australia ARIA Charts, #58 on the UK Singles and #59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
The Bodleian Library (founded in 1602) is the main library of the University of Oxford, and one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It is the second largest library in the United Kingdom after the British Library. It is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. It has had rights of legal deposit for books since the 17th century.
Though members of the University may borrow some books from some dependent libraries (such as the Radcliffe Science Library), the vast majority of the material held by the Bodleian may only be read within the library buildings. Besides books, periodicals and manuscripts there are smaller collections of other types of material.
The Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street in central Oxford: the oldest is the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library. The newest is the Weston Library which opened in 2015, built from an overhaul of what the New Bodleian which dates from the 1930s. Since the 19th century a number of underground stores have been built below parts of these.
Though Duke Humfrey's Library was a library for the university from 1488 to 1560 the Bodleian itself was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in the years 1598 to 1602. In the following centuries it greatly increased in size through collections of books donated by benefactors and through books received through legal deposit.
Many notable scholars have been heads of the library (known as Bodley's Librarians): the present Bodley's Librarian is Richard Ovenden.
Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 27, 2000. The album was made a mainstream success and sold over 235,000 copies on its number one week.
The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200 and peaked at #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.
Saltash
Saltash is a town in south east Cornwall, United Kingdom. It has a population of 14,964. It is separated from the city of Plymouth in Devon by the River Tamar. Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area.
One of the landmarks of Saltash is the Royal Albert Bridge, 1859, which carries the railway line across the River Tamar. Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge, a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road. Saltash railway station is close to the town centre. The station is served by a regular train service, with some direct High Speed services to and from London Paddington.
Nellyville
Nellyville is the second studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 25, 2002. The album first debuted at #1 on the Billboard charts and also sold more than 714,000 records in its first week of release.
The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, #2 on the German Albums Chart, #2 on the UK Albums Chart and #6 on the Finnish Albums Chart.
Sweat (album)
Sweat is the third studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on September 14, 2004. The album first debuted at #2 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 200 charts and also sold more than 342,000 records in its first week of release.
The album peaked at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, #2 on the US Billboard 200, #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums, #11 on the UK Albums Chart and #17 on the German Albums Chart.
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot is a 1992 American action-comedy movie that was produced by Ivan Reitman, Joe Medjuck and Michael C. Gross and was directed by Roger Spottiswoode. The movie was released on February 21, 1992 in North America. The movie received extremely negative reviews with a 4% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie half a star out of five stating that ""There isn't a laugh in this movie. Not a single one"". The movie won a three Golden Raspberry Awards for Stallone as Worst Actor, Getty as Worst Supporting Actress and the movie earning Worst Screenplay.
Freddy Got Fingered is a 2001 American comedy movie produced by Larry Brezner, Howard Lapides and Lauren Lloyd. It was directed by Tom Green.
The movie is about a 28-year-old man who lives in his parents' basement in Portland, Oregon. He drives to Los Angeles and attempts to become an animator.
The movie was released on April 20, 2001 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie a rare zero-stars rating and listed it as one of his most hated movies of all-time. He described the movie as: "This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels[...]. The day may come when Freddy Got Fingered is seen as a milestone of neo-surrealism. The day may never come when it is seen as funny." It is considered one of the worst movies of all time, but has a cult following.
The Adventures of Pluto Nash
The Adventures of Pluto Nash is an 2002 American science fiction action comedy movie. It was produced by Martin Bregman, Michael Scott Bregman and Louis A. Stroller and was directed by Ron Underwood. The movie was released on August 16, 2002 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 6% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 12 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was a huge box office bomb, the movie grossed around $7.1 million and the budget for the movie was $100 million. The movie was nominated for 5 Golden Raspberry Awards.
Camborne is a town in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is at the western edge of a conurbation consisting of Camborne, Pool and Redruth.
The population of Camborne was 20,010 at the 2001 census. The population of the whole conurbation was 39,937, making it the largest conurbation in Cornwall.
It is no longer an industrial town but the Camborne and Redruth district was formerly one of the richest tin mining areas in the world. The Camborne School of Mines was founded here in the 19th century to train engineers to work in the tin mines and is still in the town. Two of the famous mines of Camborne were Dolcoath, the 'Queen of Cornish Mines' (closed 1921), once the deepest mine in the world, and South Crofty, the last working tin mine in Europe, which closed in 1998.
On Christmas Eve 1801, the Puffing Devil, a steam-powered road vehicle built by Camborne engineer Richard Trevithick, moved up Camborne Hill. It was the world's first self-propelled passenger carrying vehicle. The events have been turned into a local song:
Michael Todd (June 22, 1909 – March 22, 1958), also known as Mike Todd, was an American theatre and movie producer. He is known for making movies, starting the movie formats of Cinerama and Todd-AO, and his 1957 marriage to actress Elizabeth Taylor (1930-2011). Todd's 1956 production of "Around the World in Eighty Days" won an Academy Award for Best Picture. Todd is also well known as the third of Elizabeth Taylor's seven husbands.
Todd was born Avrom Hirsch Goldbogen in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Chaim Goldbogen (an Orthodox rabbi) and Sophia Hellerman, both Polish Jewish immigrants. He was one of nine children in a poor family, the youngest son, and his siblings nicknamed him "Toat" to mimic his difficulty saying the word "coat". It was from this nickname that his name "Todd" was derived (said in Germanic/Yiddish as "Tote").
The family later moved to Chicago, arriving on the day World War I ended. Todd was expelled in the sixth grade for running a game of craps inside the school. In high school, he produced the school play, "The Mikado", which was considered a hit. He eventually dropped out of high school and worked at a variety of jobs, including shoe salesman and store window decorator. One of his first jobs was as a soda jerk at a drugstore. When that drugstore went out of business, Todd had learned enough medical knowledge from his work there to be hired at Chicago's Michael Reese Hospital, as a type of "security guard" to stop visitors from bringing in food that was not on each patient's diet.
At age 17, Todd married Bertha Freshman in Crown Point, Indiana, on Valentine's Day 1927. He had been serious about Bertha since age 14, but needed to develop confidence before even asking her out. In 1929, she bore him a son, Michael Todd, Jr. A turning point came for Todd when his father died in 1931; Avrom Goldbogen made the decision to change his name to "Michael Todd" on the same day. Bertha Todd died of a pneumothorax (collapsed lung) in 1946 in Santa Monica, California, while undergoing surgery at St. John's Hospital, for a damaged tendon in her finger. Todd and his wife were separated at the time of her death; less than a week before, he had filed for divorce. The following year, Todd married actress Joan Blondell on July 5, 1947. They were divorced on June 8, 1950, after she alleged that he had abused and extorted her. Todd's third marriage was to the actress Elizabeth Taylor, with whom he had a tempestuous relationship. The couple exchanged vows on February 2, 1957. Todd was 47 and Taylor was 24; he was her third husband. Todd and Taylor had a daughter, Elizabeth Frances (Liza) Todd, who was born on August 7, 1957.
On 22 March 1958, Todd's private plane "Lucky Liz" crashed near Grants, New Mexico. The plane, a twin-engine Lockheed Lodestar, suffered an engine failure while being flown overloaded in icing conditions. The plane was flying at an altitude which was too high to sustain flight with only one working engine under those conditions. The plane went out of control and crashed, killing all 4 people on board. In addition to Todd, those who died in the crash were screenwriter and author Art Cohn, who was writing Todd's biography "The Nine Lives of Mike Todd"; pilot Bill Verner; and co-pilot Tom Barclay. Taylor wanted to fly to New York with her husband, but stayed home with a cold after her pleas to come along were overruled by Todd. Just hours before the crash, Todd described the plane as safe as he phoned friends, including Joseph Mankiewicz and Kirk Douglas, in an attempt to recruit a gin rummy player for the flight: "Ah, c'mon," he said. "It's a good, safe plane. I wouldn't let it crash. I'm taking along a picture of Elizabeth, and I wouldn't let anything happen to her."
His son, Mike Jr., wanted his father's body to be cremated after it was identified through dental records and brought to Albuquerque, New Mexico, but Taylor refused, saying he would not want cremation. Todd was buried in Forest Park, Illinois, at Beth Aaron Cemetery in plot 66, which is part of Jewish Waldheim there. In his autobiography, Eddie Fisher, who considered himself to be Todd's best friend, stated:
The remains were desecrated by thieves, who broke into Todd's coffin looking for a $100,000 diamond ring, which, according to rumor, Taylor had placed on her husband's finger prior to his burial. The bag containing Todd's remains was found under a tree near his burial plot; the bag and coffin had been sealed in Albuquerque after Todd's remains were identified following the 1958 crash. Todd's remains were once more identified through dental records and were reburied in a secret location.
Todd began his career in the construction business, where he made a fortune but later lost it. He opened the so-called College of Bricklaying of America, buying the materials to teach bricklaying on credit. The school was forced to shut its doors when the Bricklayers' Union did not view the college as an accepted place of study. Todd and his brother, Frank, next opened their own construction company. Their company was worth over a million dollars but came to an abrupt halt when its financial backing failed in the wake of the Great Depression. Not yet twenty-one, Todd had lost over a million dollars with the loss of his backer. He was now the father of an infant son and had no home for his family.
He later served as a contractor to Hollywood studios, and during the 1933-1934 Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago, he produced an attraction called the "Flame Dance." In this number, gas jets were designed to burn part of a dancer's costume off, leaving her naked in appearance. The act attracted enough attention to bring an offer from the Casino de Paris club in New York City. Todd got his first taste of Broadway life with that engagement and was determined to find a way to work there. He came up with the idea of producing the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta "The Mikado" with an all-African-American cast. "The Hot Mikado", starring Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, opened on Broadway March 23, 1939. His Broadway success gave him the nerve to try taking on showman Billy Rose. Todd visited Grover Whalen, president of the 1939 New York World's Fair, with a proposal to bring the Broadway show to the World's Fair. Whelan, eager to have the show at the fair, covered Todd's Broadway early closing costs. Rose, who had an exclusivity clause in his fair contract, met Todd at Lindy's, where Rose learned his contract covered new forms of entertainment only. Todd's "Mikado" dated back to 1885. To avoid any head-to head competition, Rose quickly agreed to promote Todd's production along with his own. Todd went on to produce 30 Broadway shows during his career.
Todd's business career was volatile, and failed ventures left him bankrupt many times.
In 1945, Todd suggested the idea of holding the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in newly-liberated Berlin (Germany). Although baseball's new commissioner Happy Chandler was reportedly "intrigued" by the idea, it was ultimately dismissed as impractical. The game was finally cancelled due to wartime travel restrictions.
In 1952, Todd made a production of the Johann Strauss II operetta, "A Night In Venice", complete with floating gondolas at the then-newly constructed Jones Beach Theatre in Long Island, New York. It ran for two seasons.
In 1950, Mike Todd formed The Cinerama Company with the broadcaster Lowell Thomas (who founded Capital Cities Communications) and the inventor Fred Waller. The company was created to exploit Cinerama, a movie process created by Waller that used three movie projectors to create a giant composite image on a curved screen. The first Cinerama feature, "This is Cinerama", was released in September 1952.
Before its release, Todd left the Cinerama Company to develop a widescreen process which would eliminate some of Cinerama's flaws. The result was the Todd-AO process, designed by the American Optical Company. The process was first used commercially for the successful 1955 movie adaptation of "Oklahoma!" (starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones). Todd later produced the movie for which he is best remembered, "Michael Todd's Around the World in 80 Days", which debuted in cinemas on October 17, 1956. Costing $6 million to produce, the movie earned $16 million at the box office. In 1957, "Around the World in 80 Days" won the Best Picture Academy Award.
A William Woolfolk novel from the early 1960s, entitled "My Name Is Morgan", was considered to be loosely based on Todd's life and career.
!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| Husband of Elizabeth Taylor
Looe
Looe is a small coastal town and fishing port in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. As of the 2001 census, 5,280 people lived there. Looe is divided into two parts by the River Looe, East Looe and West Looe being connected by a bridge. The town is about 20 miles (32 km) west of the city of Plymouth and seven miles (11 km) south of Liskeard.
The town is around a small harbour and along the steep-sided valley of the River Looe which flows south to the English Channel beside a sandy beach. Off shore to the west is the picturesque Looe Island.
Looe has a railway station at the end of the branch railway line from Liskeard.
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