AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The tombs are made of stonework and earthwork and some of them have large, detailed paintings inside them. Historians have found about 10,000 tombs from the Koguryo kingdom in China and Korea. Only about 100 of them have paintings on the inside. 80 of these painted tombs are in what we today call the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea. 63 tombs are part of the World Heritage Site, and 16 of these tombs have paintings. They were chosen because their paintings are so detailed and show daily life, because the way they were built shows good engineering, because modern people can use the tombs to tell what the people of the Kingdom of Koguryo thought about burying people, and because the burials in the Kingdom of Koguryo affected many later countries, including the modern Koreas and Japan.
The 63 tombs of the World Heritage Site are not all in the same place. They are spread out across the city of Pyongyang and nearby provinces. Historians think these tombs were made for kings and other royals and nobles.
Sometimes experts from North Korea and South Korea work together on the Koguryo tombs, but this depends on how well the two countries are getting along.
Thieves and other looters broke into some of the tombs, and only a few were completely untouched when scientists first saw them.
In 2018, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea began to allow more visitors from outside the country to see the tombs. This was part of a plan to improve the economy.
In May 2020, the National Museum of Korea in Seoul, South Korea, produced a digital exhibit called Immersive Digital Galleries. This exhibit included digital versions of some of the paintings from the Anak No. 3 tomb.
Alto Alegre, Roraima
Alto Alegre is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.
Amajari is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.
Bonfim, Roraima
Bonfim is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima, Brazil.
Cantá is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.
Caracaraí is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.
Iguaba Grande is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Rio Claro, Rio de Janeiro
Rio Claro is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Romana, Sardinia
Romana ("Rumàna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 543 people lived there. Its area is 21.6 km². It is 267 meters above sea level.
Assemini
Assemini ("Assèmini") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 26,818 people lived there. Its area is 118.17 km². It is 6 meters above sea level.
Capoterra
Capoterra ("Cabudèrra") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 23,592 people lived there. Its area is 68.49 km². It is 54 meters above sea level.
Decimomannu
Decimomannu ("Deximumànnu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 8,133 people lived there. Its area is 27.72 km². It is 10 meters above sea level.
Elmas
Elmas ("Su Màsu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 9,475 people lived there. Its area is 13.63 km². It is 7 meters above sea level.
Le Flore, Oklahoma
LeFlore is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Wainwright, Oklahoma
Wainwright is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Cladoxylopsida
The cladoxylopsids are a group of plants known only as fossils that may be ancestors of ferns and horsetails.
They had a central trunk, from the top of which several lateral branches were attached. Fossils of these plants start in the middle Devonian to early Carboniferous periods, mostly just as stems.
Cladoxylopsida contains two orders. The order Hyeniales is now included in Pseudosporochnales.
Intact fossils of the Middle Devonian cladoxylopsid "Wattieza" show it was a tree, the earliest known in the fossil record as of 2007. In 2019, experts discovered more fossils of Cladoxylopsida and "Archaeopteris" in a quarry in Cairo, New York.
Fulton, Mississippi
Martha, Oklahoma
Martha is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. According to 2010 census, there were 162 people living there.
Rocksprings, Texas
Rocksprings is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Pocasset, Oklahoma
Pocasset is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. According to 2010 US census, there are 156 people living there.
Everman, Texas
Everman is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the 2010 US census, there are 6,108 people living there.
Wanrong
Wanrong (Chinese: 婉容, 13 November 1906 – June 20, 1946), formally known as the Xuantong Empress, was from the Gobulo (郭布羅) clan. She was married to Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1932, she became the empress of Manchukuo in northeastern China. In January 1946, Wanrong along with her sister-in-law was captured by the Chinese Communist guerrillas. She died in prison in June 1946. Her remains were never found.
Murtaja Baseer
Murtaja Baseer (17 August 1932 – 15 August 2020) was a Bangladeshi painter. He was also a poet, short story writer, novelist, researcher, numismatist, and filmmaker.
He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1980 by the Government of Bangladesh.
Baseer worked at University of Chittagong as an assistant professor and served until 1998.
Baseer has written several novels including "Ultramarine" (1954), "Kanch-er Pakhir Gaan" (1969), "Mitar Shangey Char Shandha" and "Amitakkhar". He was a regular contributor to literary journals like Dilruba, Samakal, and Saogat. His first published poem was "Parbe Na".
Baseer was active in leftist politics during the 1950s and was sent to prison during the Pakistan government.
In 1987, he received a fellowship from British Council to carry out research on folk and traditional art of Bangladesh.
Baseer died from COVID-19 in Dhaka on 15 August 2020, aged 87.
Pete Way
Peter Frederick Way (7 August 1951 – 14 August 2020) was an English bass player. He is best known as the bassist of rock band UFO. He played in the band from 1969 to 1982, briefly in 1988–1989 and once again from 1991 to 2008.
Way was also known as a founding member of Waysted and Fastway. He also notably played with Michael Schenker Group and Ozzy Osbourne.
Way died on 14 August 2020 at the age of 69. He died due to an injury caused by accident two months earlier. He was 69 years old.
Your Name Is Justine
Your Name Is Justine () is a 2005 Luxembourgian Polish thriller movie directed by Franco de Peña. It starred Anna Cieslak, Arno Frisch, Rafal Mackowiak, Dominique Pinon, Mathieu Carrière, David Scheller.
John Talbut
John Talbut (20 October 1940 – 14 August 2020) was an English football defender. He played for the England under-23 team whilst at the club.
In December 1966 Jimmy Hagan paid £30,000 to take Talbut to West Bromwich Albion. Talbut was a winner with the Baggies in the 1968 FA Cup Final but also featured on the losing side in the 1970 Football League Cup Final.
Talbut died on 14 August 2020 from dementia-related problems, aged 79.
Nesim Tahirović
Nesim Tahirović (23 October 1941 — 14 August 2020) was a Bosnian painter.
During a forty five-year career as an independent artist he had around sixty solo exhibitions and more than hundred group exhibitions. His paintings were exhibited in museums, galleries and sold to private collectors all over the world.
He was a member of "The Association of Applied Artists and Designers of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (ULUPUBiH) and "Association of Visual Artists of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (ULUBiH).
Tahirović died on 14 August 2020 in Tuzla, aged 78.
Shwikar
Shwikar Ibrahim () (04 May 1935 – 14 August 2020) was an Egyptian actress. She started her career in Alexandria in some tragedic roles. She was born in Alexandria. Her best known role was as Negma in the 1976 western movie "Viva Zalata".
Shwikar died on 14 August 2020 in Cairo, aged 81.
Herb Orvis
Herbert Vaughn Orvis (October 17, 1946 – August 14, 2020) was an American football defensive tackle. He played for the Detroit Lions and the Baltimore Colts in a ten-year career that lasted from 1972 to 1981 in the National Football League.
Orvis played college football at the University of Colorado. He was born in Petoskey, Michigan.
Orvis was drafted 16th overall in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Lions, playing for five years with that team. From 1978-81, he played for the Colts.
Orvis was chosen to be honored into the College Football Hall of Fame on January 8, 2015.
Orvis died on August 14, 2020 in Goodyear, Arizona at the age of 73.
Linda Manz
Linda Manz (August 20, 1961 – August 14, 2020) was an American actress. She was active from 1978 to 1997. She was best known for her roles in "Days of Heaven" (1978), "Out of the Blue" (1980), and "Gummo" (1997). Manz was born in New York City.
Manz died on August 14, 2020 from pneumonia caused by lung cancer in New York City at the age of 58.
Ernst Jean-Joseph
Ernst Jean-Joseph (11 June 1948 – 14 August 2020) was a Haitian football midfielder. He played for Haiti in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He played for Violette A.C. and briefly for Chicago Sting.
Tom Forsyth
Thomas Forsyth (23 January 1949 – 14 August 2020) was a Scottish football player and coach. Forsyth played as a defender for Motherwell, Rangers and Scotland.
After his playing retirement, Forsyth was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 1982.
Forsyth was appointed McLean's assistant at Motherwell then Hearts, when McLean moved to these clubs in 1984 and 1994.
Forsyth died on 14 August 2020, aged 71.
Francesc Badia Batalla
Francesc Badia Batalla (10 January 1923 – 14 August 2020) was an Andorran politician and historian. He was the Episcopal Veguer of Andorra from 1972 until 1993. He also was a judge of the Tribunal of the Courts of Andorra over the same time. He was born in Montblanc, Tarragona, Spain.
Badia Batalla died on 14 August 2020, aged 97.
Dimasangcay Pundato
Dimasangcay Pundato (December 21, 1947 – August 13, 2020) a Muslim Filipino revolutionary leader and politician. He was born in Dansalan, Lanao.
For nine years, he was a member of the Office on Muslim Affairs (OMA) under the Office of the President during the administrations of the President Cory Aquino and President Fidel V. Ramos. He was Vice Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Chairman of the MNLF Reformist Group.
Pundato died at his home in Marawi on August 13, 2020, at the age of 72.
Chris Eccleshall
Christopher J. Eccleshall (26 May 1948 – 13 August 2020) was an English luthier, guitar designer and guitar dealer. He worked with Martin, Gibson and Guild guitars. He was also known for making Selmer-Maccaferri jazz guitars.
Eccleshall originally trained as a violin maker with W. E. Hill and Sons of Bond Street in London. He was also an engineer in the Fleet Air Arm.
Eccleshall died on 13 August 2020 in Dartington, Devon at the age of 72.
Mitch Hoopes
Mitchell Kent Hoopes (July 8, 1953 – August 11, 2020) was an American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, San Diego Chargers, Houston Oilers, Detroit Lions and Philadelphia Eagles.
He also was a member of the Boston Breakers in the United States Football League. He played college football at the University of Arizona. He was born in Bisbee, Arizona.
Hoopes died on August 11, 2020, aged 67.
Tetsuya Watari
Watari died of pneumonia on August 10, 2020 in Tokyo, aged 78.
Konrad Steffen
Konrad "Koni" Steffen (2 January 1952 – 8 August 2020) was a Swiss glaciologist. He was known for his research into the impact of global warming on the Arctic. He was born in Zurich. Steffen was an associate professor of geography at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1991 to 1997.
He was the director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at Boulder from 2005 to 2012.
He took office as the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research on July 1, 2012.
Steffen died, aged 68, on 8 August 2020 in an accident while on a field trip in Greenland. He fell into a crevasse near the Swiss Camp research station and drowned.
A crevasse is a deep crack, or fracture, found in an ice sheet or glacier. It is like a crevice that forms in rock. Crevasses form as a result of the movement caused by the shear stress between two semi-rigid pieces of ice.
Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations.
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced by Japanese Emperor Hirohito on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945. This ended World War II.
By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was not able to carry major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was near.
Together with the British Empire and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945.
A key factor in Japan's surrender were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Baltimore Plot
The Baltimore Plot was a plan by pro-slavery owners in late February 1861 to assassinate President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln. The plan was to kill Lincoln while he was on his way to his inauguration.
Allan Pinkerton, founder of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, played a key role by being in charge of Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether or not the threat was real, clearly Lincoln and his advisors believed that there was a threat and took actions to make sure he traveled safely through Baltimore, Maryland. This was where Lincoln's plotted assassination would have happened.
Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington, D.C. on February 23, 1861. A planned train route through Bellaire, Ohio, to Wheeling, Virginia (West Virginia had yet to break off from Virginia) and eastward, was redirected up through the Pittsburgh through Pennsylvania, into Maryland and eventually to Washington.
For the remainder of his presidency, Lincoln's many critics would call him a coward because he was in disguise while travelling secretly to Washington.
Allan Pinkerton
Allan J. Pinkerton (25 August 1819 – 1 July 1884) was a Scottish–American detective and spy. He was best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He was known for protecting then-President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln during the Baltimore Plot (a plan to kill Lincoln in Baltimore, Maryland in 1862).
Kate Warne
Kate Warne (1833 – January 28, 1868) was an American law enforcement officer. She was known as the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States.
She played a key role in helping then President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln travel to Washington, D.C. safely during the alleged Baltimore Plot (the plot to kill Lincoln in Baltimore, Maryland) in 1862. She was born in Erin, New York.
Warne died of pneumonia in Chicago on January 28, 1868.
Erin, New York
Erin is a town in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 1,962 at the 2010 census. The town was named by early settlers from Ireland.
Pinkerton (detective agency)
Pinkerton, founded as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, is a private security guard and detective agency created in the United States by Scottish-American spy Allan Pinkerton in 1850. It is a part of Securitas AB.
Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have stopped a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War. Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work.
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency hired women and minorities from its founding. Pinkerton was the largest private law enforcement organization in the world at the height of its power.
Ray tracing is a computer algorithm for drawing very realistic 3D images.
With ray tracing, objects in the scene are described with geometrical shapes like spheres or planes. The computer then sends rays (straight lines) forward from where the camera is. The objects that get hit by these rays are the objects that the camera can see. The computer then draws these objects. This is similar to how our eyes see but in the real world the rays (light) go the opposite way – from the world to our eyes. If we made rays go from the world to the camera, most of the rays would not hit the camera, and we would have to wait a long time until we see an image appear. That is why instead, we make rays go from the camera to the world, meaning we know all the rays we create will go to the camera.
Lenawee County, Michigan
Lenawee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. The county seat is Adrian. As of the 2010 census, 99,892 people lived here.
Luce County, Michigan
Luce County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 6,631 people live here. The county seat is Newberry.
Crinkle crankle wall
A crinkle crankle wall is a brick wall built in alternate convex and concave curves. It is sometimes described as a serpentine wall or a wavy wall. It is found most often in England, though the idea has been used elsewhere. The walls do look elegant, but the main object is practical. The format resists the usual pushes from the surrounding earth, and so needs fewer repairs than straight walls do.
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) incorporated serpentine walls into the architecture of the University of Virginia, which he founded. On both sides of its rotunda and down the length of the lawn are ten pavilions. Each has its own walled garden separated by crinkle crankle walls.
Many crinkle crankle walls are found in East Anglia, England. There the marshes of The Fens were drained by Dutch engineers, starting in the mid-1600s. They apparently introduced the idea.  The county of Suffolk has at least 50 examples, twice as many as in the rest of the country. The term "crinkle crankle" is said to derive from a Suffolk dialect. The crinkle crankle wall running from the former manor house to All Saints' Church in the estate village of Easton is believed to be the longest existing example.
The idea, which is never seen in cities, is not that uncommon in south-eastern England. The ancient village of Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire has a crinckle-crankle wall near its church. It has needed far less maintenance than the straight walls in the vicinity.
In Lymington, Hampshire, there are at least two examples of crinkle crankle walls. The older of the two is thought to have been constructed at the time of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) by exiled Hanoverian soldiers living in a nearby house.
Mackinac County, Michigan
Mackinac County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 11,113 people live here. The county seat is St. Ignace.
Manistee County, Michigan
Manistee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 24,733 people live here. The county seat is Manistee.
Mason County, Michigan
Mason County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 28,705 people live here. The county seat is Ludington.
Crofting
Crofting is a form of land tenure. It also involves small-scale food production, particularly in the Scottish Highlands. Within the 19th century, townships, and individual crofts were established on the better land. Then a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the crofters of the township for feeding their livestock.
Crofting is a traditional social system in Scotland defined by small-scale food production. It is a group of common working communities, or "townships". Individual crofts are typically established on of in-bye for better quality forage, arable and vegetable production. Each township manages poorer-quality hill ground as common grazing for cattle and sheep.
Despite its challenges, crofting is important to the Highlands. In 2014-15 there were 19,422 crofts, with 15,388 crofters. S
Tenants and owner-occupier crofters are required to comply with a range of duties specified in sections 5AA to 5C and 19C of the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993. There is a requirement to be ordinarily resident within 32km of the croft. If the croft is the sole dwelling and the crofter's family are resident while the croft is away this would probably be accepted as ordinarily resident. Other situations involving other places of residence would need to be assessed individually. In addition to the duty of residence tenants and owner occupier crofters are required to ensure the croft is cultivated, maintained and not neglected or misused.
Mecosta County, Michigan
Mecosta County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 42,798 people live here. The county seat is Big Rapids.
Feldkirchen, Upper Bavaria
Butrint
Butrint (; from ) was an ancient Greek and later Roman city and bishopric in Epirus. The city is considered as one of the most important archaeological sites in Albania. With its vast cultural, historical and natural value with a considerable history, Butrint became part of UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. It became a National Park in 2000.
Buthrotum was a city of the Epirote tribe of the Chaonians. It started declining in Late Antiquity. It later became abandoned during the Middle Ages after a major earthquake flooded most of the city.
It is now an archeological site in Vlorë County, Albania. It is about 14 kilometres south of Sarandë and close to the Greek border. It is located on a hill overlooking the Vivari Channel, and is part of the Butrint National Park.
The site of Butrint is accessible from Sarandë. Its road was first built in 1959 for a visit by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The road was improved during the summer of 2010.
The construction was somewhat of an environmental disaster. It one point, it threatened Butrint's World Heritage Site status. The ancient city is becoming a popular tourist destination. It attracts day-trippers from the nearby Greek holiday island of Corfu. Hydrofoils (30 minutes) and ferries (90 minutes) run daily between the New Port in Corfu Town and Saranda.
Many visitors from Corfu use chartered coach services to visit Butrint from Sarandë. A regular public bus service runs between Sarandë port and Butrint. Others arrive from the Qafe Bote border crossing with Greece near Konispol and cross the Vivari Channel by the cable ferry at Butrint.
The Pont Saint-Bénézet (; Provençal: "Pònt de Sant Beneset") is a famous medieval bridge in the town of Avignon, in the south of France. It is also known as the Pont d'Avignon ().
A wooden bridge was built between 1177 and 1185. It went across the Rhône river between Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and Avignon. This early bridge was destroyed forty years later in 1226. This was during the Albigensian Crusade when Louis VIII of France attacked Avignon. In 1234 building started again for a new bridge with 22 stone arches. The stone bridge was about long and only wide. This width included the parapets at the sides. The bridge was abandoned in the mid-17th century. The arches collapsed (broke and fell into the water) each time the Rhône flooded. This made it very expensive to maintain (fix) the bridge.
Four arches and the gatehouse at the Avignon end of the bridge still exist. The Chapel of Saint Nicholas sits on the second pier of the bridge. It was built in the second half of 12th century. It has changed a lot since then. The western terminus, the Tour Philippe-le-Bel also still exists.
The bridge was the inspiration for the French song "Sur le pont d'Avignon." The bridge is an important landmark in the city. In 1995, the arches of the bridge, together with the Palais des Papes and Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms were classified as a World Heritage Site.
The bridge went across the Rhône between Avignon and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. The first bridge was built between 1177 and 1185. It was destroyed during the siege of Avignon by Louis VIII of France in 1226. They started rebuilding the bridge again by 1234. Many historians think that the first bridge was made of wood or maybe a wooden structure supported on stone piers. When the bridge was built a second time, it was all made of stone. The stone bridge had 22 arches and 21 piers. Its length was . It did not run directly between the two gatehouses. It had a curved path. This was probably because of the position of the islands on the river at the time. Over the centuries the Rhône has moved across its floodplain. The position of the islands in the 13th century is not well documented. A 17th-century map shows that the southern end of the Île de la Barthelasse was upstream of the bridge. The bridge crossed small islands that were upstream of the Île de Piot. The space between the piers was between . The bridge was only in width with the parapets at the sides. The arches sometimes broke when the river flooded. They were sometimes replaced with temporary wooden structures, and after they were rebuilt in stone.
The bridge fell into a bad state during the 17th century. By 1644 the bridge was missing four arches. A flood in 1669 broke even more of the structure. After this, the other arches have collapsed one after the other, or they have been demolished. As of 2020, only four of the arches are left. The only other visible part of the bridge is some masonry from pier 11. This is attached to a private building on the Île de la Barthelasse. Remains of other piers are buried under a thick layer of sediment on the island or at the bottom of the Rhône. Piers 9 and 10 are both now on the Île de la Barthelasse. They were confirmed by cores drilled at the positions historians thought. They found masonry from the piers at a depth of below ground level. Just below the masonry, at a depth of around there were wooden fragments (small pieces). These were made of silver fir ("Abies alba"). Carbon-14 dating of this material gave dates of 1238–1301 AD for pier 9 and 1213–1280 AD for pier 10 (the range is for 2σ).
The arches are segmental rather than the semi-circular shape usually used in Roman bridges. Of the 4 arches that still exist, the largest span is . This is between the third and fourth piers. The piers have cutwaters. These are pointed both upstream and downstream. These mean there is less scour around the piers. This is one of the main problems for the stability of stone bridges. The piers were built with holes in the stone. This was to help lessen pressure from the flow of water when the river was in flood.
After the collapse of the Saint-Bénézet bridge, people crossed the Rhône at Avignon by ferry. This happened until the beginning of the 19th century. Between 1806 and 1818 a wooden bridge was built across the river. The new bridge was a few hundred metres south of the old bridge at the . A suspension bridge replaced the section across the Avignon branch of the Rhône in 1843. This was demolished in 1960 with the opening of the Edouard Daladier bridge. The section of the wooden bridge across the Villeneuve branch of the Rhône was not replaced until 1909. The replacement stone bridge, the Nouveau Pont, was damaged by bombing in 1944. It was repaired after the war but was replaced by the Pont du Royaume in 1972.
Saint Bénézet inspired the building of the bridge. He was a shepherd boy from the hamlet of Villard in the Ardèche. According to tradition, he heard the voice of Jesus Christ while he was looking after his sheep. Jesus asked him to build a bridge across the river. Although he was ridiculed at first, he "proved" his divine inspiration by miraculously lifting a very large block of stone. He won support for his project and formed a Bridge Brotherhood to help with building the bridge. After his death, he was interred on the bridge itself. This was in a small chapel standing on one of the bridge's surviving piers on the Avignon side.
The Saint Nicholas Chapel sits on a platform on the upstream side of the second pier (between the second and third arches). The bridge chapel has been restored and built again a few times. It now has two floors. Each floor has a nave and an apse. The upper floor is at the same level as the platform of the bridge. It makes the width of the walkway smaller. In this place, the walkway is only . There is a set of steps to get to the lower floor from the bridge.
The outside of the chapel shows marks of the rebuilding work. For example, there are blocked windows on the south-eastern wall. The nave is covered with stone roof tiles. These tiles rest on a series of corbels. The polygonal apse has a flat roof. It sits above the cutwater of the pier.
The lower chapel's apse is decorated with five arches. It is from the second half of the 12th century. At a later date, maybe as early as the 13th century, there was a floor supported by a ribbed quadripartite vault inserted into the structure. The simple rectangular upper chapel was consecrated in 1411. A side door was created in the lower chapel. This is because the stonework of the raised bridge blocked the original entrance. In 1513 a pentagonal apse with gothic columns was added to the upper chapel.
In 1670, after the bridge was abandoned, the relics of Saint Bénézet were transferred to the Hôpital du Pont (also called the Hôpital St Bénézet). This is within the city walls next to the gatehouse.
The bridge was also the site of devotion by the Rhône boatmen. This is because their patron saint was Saint Nicholas. They initially worshipped in the Saint Nicholas Chapel on the bridge itself (where Saint Bénézet's body was also interred). However, the bad condition of the bridge made it difficult to go there. In 1715 the confraternity of boatmen built a chapel on dry land on the Avignon side of the bridge. This was outside the ramparts next to the gatehouse. This chapel was destroyed by a major flood of the Rhône in 1856. A house for a caretaker was built on the ruins during the restoration work. This started around 1878. The residence was demolished after the restoration work on the bridge and gatehouse in the 1980s.
The bridge had great strategic importance. When it was built, it was the only fixed river crossing between Lyon and the Mediterranean Sea. It was also the only river crossing between the Comtat Venaissin (an enclave controlled by the Pope) and France controlled by the kings of France. As such, it was closely guarded on both sides of the river. The right bank was controlled by the French crown. The fortress of the Tour Philippe-le-Bel was close enough to see the bridge. This was built at the beginning of the 14th century. On the Avignon side, a large gatehouse was built in the 14th century. It was changed a lot in the 15th century. The walkway passed over the city wall and down a ramp (now destroyed). This led into the city.
Between 1265 and 1309 another stone bridge was built across the Rhône, . This was upstream from Avignon, at what is now Pont-Saint-Esprit. At the time, it was called Saint-Saturnin-du-Port. The Pont-Saint-Esprit bridge originally had 20 arches. It was long. Although it is now changed, the medieval bridge still exists as of 2020.
The Chapel of Saint Nicholas and the four remaining arches were listed as a "Monument historique" in 1840.
There has been a debate on whether there was a bridge before the Saint Bénézet bridge was built in the 12th century. Henri Revoil first said there may have been an older bridge. He said this at the French Archaeological Conference held in Avignon in 1882. His main argument was that the stonework at the base of the four surviving piers became visible. At very low water, stone blocks were visible. They were larger than those above. They had features that looked foreign to the existing bridge. The style of the masonry indicated to Revoil that there had been an earlier bridge dating from either the late Roman or Carolingian periods. In 1892 Louis Rochetin published an article. It said that the stone blocks at the base of the first pier and those on either side of the second pier supporting the chapel were the remains of springers that would have supported earlier Roman arches.
Denis-Marcel Marié self-published a book about the bridge in 1953. It looked at all the previous publications. In the last chapter it supported the hypothesis that there was an earlier bridge built by the Gallo-Romans around the end of the Roman occupation. He said that the bases of the piers that were still there belonged to this earlier bridge. He also said that the semi-circular arches used during the Roman period meant that the level of the roadway would have been higher than the top of the surviving chapel. Marié supposed that this early bridge had collapsed over the following seven centuries. He said that the 12th century Bénézet bridge had a decking supported on wooden piles linking the ruined Roman piers. The piles were needed because the gaps between the Roman stone piers would have been too large to span with wooden beams without the support in between. The height of the Bénézet bridge would have been at the level of the lower chapel.
Perrot "et al." published an article in 1971 about a Roman bridge too. The article talked about a survey in 1969 on the vestiges of the piers in the Villeneuve branch of the river the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR) destroyed them. The article also had long quotes from an unpublished report by Mr Mathian, an engineer working for the CNR. This was about a survey carried out in 1965 on the four intact piers on the Avignon side of the river. This survey found a layer of wood, at least 20 cm in thickness. This was under the foundations of each of the four intact piers.
A sample of the wood was dated by the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). They used the radiocarbon technique. It was from between 290 and 530 AD, corresponding to the end of the Roman Empire. In the survey of the ruined piers in the Villeneuve channel, a pier (listed as number 14) was found to contain wooden beams inside the masonry. A sample of this wood was radiodated to 890 AD. During the dredging of the Villeneuve channel the remains of three large wooden piles were recovered. Two of these were still covered with iron tips.
The archaeologist Dominique Carru, accepted the radiocarbon date for the sample of wood. However, he argued in 1999 that it is very unlikely that an earlier bridge existed. It is not mentioned in the surviving texts from the high medieval period . Also, a bridge would have led to the development of a town on the right bank of the Rhône opposite Avignon, similar to those at other locations in the Rhône valley, such as Trinquetaille opposite Arles and Saint-Romain-en-Gal near Vienne. There is no evidence for an important early settlement near the terminus of the bridge. The main east-west route in the Roman period passed through Tarascon-Beaucaire, to the south. It avoided the river at Avignon which was wide and variable in position.
The bridge has became famous with the song "Sur le Pont d'Avignon" ("On the Bridge of Avignon"). An earlier song with the same title was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. Ottaviano Petrucci published the melody in his "Harmonice Musices Odhecaton" of 1503-4. The 16th-century composer Pierre Certon used the melody in a mass with the title: "Sus le Pont d'Avignon". The modern version of the song dates from the mid-19th century. Adolphe Adam included it in the opéra comique "Le Sourd ou l'Auberge pleine." This was first played in Paris in 1853. The opera was an adaptation of the 1790 comedy by Desforges.
Belfries of Belgium and France
The Belfries of Belgium and France are a group of 56 historical buildings. They are part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. It shows a design change from feudal and religious influence in historic Flanders and its neighboring regions of the Duchy of Burgundy.
UNESCO included 32 towers of Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia in 1999. In 2005, the bell tower of Gembloux in the Walloon Region of Belgium and 23 others from the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy regions were added to the renamed list. Brussels Town Hall and its bell tower were not included since was already part of the Grand Place World Heritage Site.
Additional six church towers were also added since they served as watchtowers or alarm bell towers. These include Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, St. Rumbolds Cathedral in Mechelen, St. Peter's Church, Leuven, St. Germanus Church in Tienen, the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren and St. Leonard's Church in Zoutleeuw.
Most of the buildings in the list are towers from bigger buildings. A few of them are restoration of towers previously connected to nearby bigger buildings.
The ID numbers match the order in the complete list ID from 943 to 943bis from UNESCO.
Missaukee County, Michigan
Missaukee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 14,849 people live here. The county seat is Lake City.
The Fireball is a 1950 American drama movie directed by Tay Garnett and starring Mickey Rooney, Pat O'Brien. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Soldiers Three
Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra
The Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër () are cities of Berat and Gjirokastër in southern Albania. Together, they form the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Albania. Gjirokastër was added to the list in 2005. Berat was later added in 2008. They are known as examples of a unique design common during the Ottoman period.
Berat is also known as the city of a thousand windows. It is one of the most special architectural sites in Albania. Similarities in Illyrians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans influences are still evident. The designs are seen and well preserved in the city with castles and mansions, old churches and mosques and grand wall paintings, icons and murals. Throughout the centuries, Berat was the place where different religions and communities co-exist in peace.
Gjirokastër, also known as the city of stone. It stretches on the top side of the Drino River valley. It looks over the historic landscape with beautiful stone setting edbed by mountains at every side. Like most cities in Albania, Gjirokastër has architectural designs from many civilizations that conquered the area.
Estaing, Aveyron
Roncenay
Roncenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Rosières-près-Troyes
Rosières-près-Troyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Rosnay-l'Hôpital
Rosnay-l'Hôpital is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
La Rothière
La Rothière is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Rouilly-Sacey
Rouilly-Sacey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.
Skwierzyna
Burghul
Burghul () is a cereal food made from wheat. It is sometimes called bulgur. It is very popular in Middle Eastern, North African, Moroccan, and Tunisian cuisines. It is made for couscous.
Kennedale, Texas
Kennedale is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Lake Worth, Texas
Newark, Texas
Newark is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Richland Hills, Texas
Richland Hills is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
River Oaks, Texas
River Oaks is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Sansom Park, Texas
Sansom Park is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Westworth Village, Texas
Westworth Village is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Lakeside, Tarrant County, Texas
Lakeside is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Briar, Texas
Pantego, Texas
Pantego is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Pharr, Texas
Pharr is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Willow, Oklahoma
Willow is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Montcalm County, Michigan
Montcalm County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 63,342 people live here. The county seat is Stanton.
Shuttle roller coaster
Warwick, Oklahoma
Warwick is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Phillips, Oklahoma
Phillips is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Trophy Club, Texas
Trophy Club is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Westlake, Texas
Westlake is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Westover Hills, Texas
Westover Hills is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Rendon, Texas
Ames, Texas
Ames is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the 2010 census, 1,003 people lived there.
Amherst, Texas
Amherst is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Sudan, Texas
Sudan is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
San Augustine, Texas
San Augustine is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
NGC 75
NGC 4479
Myristica
Myristica is a genus of plants in the Myristicaceae family. It has 150+ species, mostly in Asia, Australia, and the western Pacific. The most well-known species is "Myristica fragrans", which produces nutmeg and mace.
Tian Shan
Brazil (1985 movie)
Brazil is a 1985 science fiction movie directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam, Charles McKeown, and Tom Stoppard. The movie stars Jonathan Pryce and features Robert De Niro, Kim Greist, Michael Palin, Katherine Helmond, Bob Hoskins, and Ian Holm.
It is about a man (Jonathan Pryce) in an imagined society where there is a lot of suffering and injustice.
Jeju language
The Jeju language (Jeju: 제주말, "Jeju-mal") is a Koreanic language spoken on the South Korean island of Jeju. It is related to Korean.
The Jeju language comes from Middle Korean, which is also the ancestor of the Korean language.
Jeju became a separate language from (mainland) Korean due to its isolation as an island and because in 1629, Jejuans were banned from leaving Jeju, causing more disconnection.
UNESCO lists Jeju as a "critically endangered" language, since most of its speakers are over the age of 70. Younger Jejuans speak Korean instead. As of 2010, the language is spoken by 5,000 - 10,000 people, which is less than 2% of Jeju Island's total population.
Many linguists think Jeju is its own language, mostly because mainland Koreans cannot understand it. Others think Jeju is a dialect of Korean, although a very different one. The local government calls Jeju as a separate language, and the idea of it being a language is becoming more accepted in both Korean and foreign academia. UNESCO listed Jeju as one of the world's languages in 2011.
Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong
The historic monuments and sites in Kaesong are a group of archaeological sites in North Korea that show the history of the Koryo Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 918 c.e. to 1392 c.e. All together, they were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.
Kaesong was the capital city of the Kingdom of Koryo. The city's gates, palaces, tombs and monuments, walls, schools, tower for looking at the stars and other buildings all together make up the World Heritage Site because they show the philosophy, culture, politics and spiritual beliefs of the Koryo people. The city's layout shows a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. It especially shows the change from Buddhism to neo-Confucianism that happened during the Koryo Dynasty.
UNESCO says three different sections of wall and a few gates in Kaesong have enough historical value to be part of the site. The Palocham Wall was built in 896 c.e., just before the Koryo Dynasty. The Outer Wall was built in 1009-1029 and connected the city to the nearby Songak, Puhung, Tokam, Jine and Ryongsu Mountains. The wall was built to defend the city, but it also shows what people believed about the magic or spiritual power of mountains. The Inner Wall was built in 1391-3, just as the Koryo Dynasty was ending.
The Namdae Gate in the Inner Wall was the main gate on the south side of Kaesong.
Manwoldae Palace is now an archaeological site. It was the royal palace for 500 years. It burned down four times and the people rebuilt it over and over. In modern times, North Korean and South Korean teams have worked at the site together to study it.
The ruins of the Kaesong Chomsongdae are also part of the site.. Comsongdae was an observatory where people studied the stars and weather. The Koryo Songgyungwan was a school for government officials and Sungyang Sowon was a school of Confucian philosophy.
Sonjuk Bridge is where the high official Jong Mong Ju was assassinated, an event that was part of the end of the Koryo Dynasty.
The Heritage Site includes large mausoleums for King Wang Kon and King Kongmin. It has two other groups of tombs as well, the Seven Tombs Cluster and Myongrung Tombs Cluster. There are also two steles for Jong Mong Ju, called the Phyochung Monuments. Steles are memorial pillars that may have the dead person's name written on them but do not contain his or her body.
List of World Heritage Sites in North Korea
The Chiappa Rhino is a revolver. It fires bullets from the bottom of the cylinder. This is different from most other revolvers, which fire from the top of the cylinder. This allows the Rhino to shoot even powerful bullets, like the .357 Magnum, with little recoil. As a result, the Rhino also has high accuracy and high rate of fire.
The Rhino is named after the rhinoceros because it looks somewhat like a rhinoceros's head. Most models shoot the .357 Magnum (as well as the .38 Special), but there are also models that shoot the 9x19mm Parabellum or the S&W .40. Due to its futuristic look, it is often shown in science-fiction movies like the live-action "Ghost in the Shell", "", and the remake of "Total Recall".
Bullvalene
Bullvalene is a hydrocarbon. It has a chemical formula of CH It is a type of molecule with no permanent structure.
Compounds that share the molecular formula, include:
Poor Liz
Poor Liz (original Russian: "Бедная Liz)" is a Russian made-for-television movie. It was made in 2013 and first shown on television on January 2, 2014. It is a romantic comedy.
Joe Sokoloff is a sergeant in the Canadian police. He takes a vacation to his ancestral homeland, Russia. On his way, he his robbed while sleeping on a train. He discovers this just as the train makes a short stop in a small town. He sees a young woman chasing after a who had not paid for pastries he had bought from her. Joe dashes off the train to help. He then is taken to the police station with the man and the woman. The local police officer wants a report. Now Joe has missed his train. The woman takes him in while he waits for the Canadian embassy to fix things for him. Despite many comedic cultural mistakes, the woman, Liza, grows to like him. He falls in love with her. Liza has a daughter who is mute because of having been kidnapped earlier. Joe is kind to the daughter, Olya. She gradually opens up to him. She eventually regains her speech. The first step is when she sees a horse and tries to say the word. After several times when she got mad at Joe, Liza finally understands that she loves him. But Joe disappeared for three days after her last outburst. Olya tells Liza that Joe will return. Then he does return. He explains to Liza that he had to get things straightened out with the embassy. He says he also had bought a horse and buggy. Olya is very happy. The three ride through town in the buggy.
Writers:Leonora Pashenko and Elena Zueva <br>
Director: Alexsey Lisovets<br>
Producers: Vladislav Ryashin<br>
Executive producer: Vadim Zhuk and Larisa Zhuravskaya<br>
Music: Vladimir Kripak and Maksim Velichko<br>
Cinematography: Vasiliy Borodin <br>
Parnelia Augustine
Parnelia Augustine (1884–1960) was an American painter. Her works are shown in the Museum of Nebraska Art (MONA). She tied with another artist and won the American Beauty Roses in the Lincoln Artists’ Guild All-Nebraska Show.
Nightmare Alley (movie)
Ms. 45
A Certain Smile (movie)
A Certain Smile is a 1958 American romantic drama movie directed by Jean Negulesco and is based on the 1956 book of the same name by Françoise Sagan. It stars Rossano Brazzi, Joan Fontaine, Christine Carère, Bradford Dillman and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Robert Trump
Robert Stewart Trump (August 26, 1948August 15, 2020) was an American real-estate developer and business executive. He was the younger brother of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States.
Trump joined his father Fred Trump's business and came to manage the Trump Organization's real estate holdings outside Manhattan.
He was on the board of directors for ZeniMax Media, parent company to Bethesda Softworks, a position he had from 1999 until his death in 2020.
Robert Trump remained a loyal supporter of his brother's political career. In a 2016 interview, Robert Trump stated: "I support Donald one thousand percent."