AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Atelopus, commonly known as harlequin frogs, is a large genus of true toads. They live in Central and South America. They go as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia. "Atelopus" are small, generally brightly colored and diurnal. Most species live near mid- to high-elevation streams. Many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct. The cause of these declines mostly appears to be the chytrid fungus "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis".
New "Atelopus" species are discovered with some regularity. Many new species have been described in the last ten years.
Adenomus
Altiphrynoides
Amietophrynus
Andinophryne
Ansonia (genus)
Darryl F. Zanuck
Darryl Francis Zanuck (September 5, 1902 – December 22, 1979) was an American producer, writer, actor, director and studio executive. He played a major parts in the Hollywood studio system. He earned three Academy Awards. His career lasted 48 years.
Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on September 5, 1902 to Louise (née Torpin) and Frank Zanuck. Zanuck was married to Virginia Fox from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children. One of their children was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck who produced "Jaws".
Zanuck died on December 22, 1979 in Palm Springs, California from jaw cancer. He was 77 years old.
Bufoides
Capensibufo
Churamiti
Crepidophryne
Dendrophryniscus
Virginia Fox
Virginia Fox (April 2, 1902 - October 14, 1982) was an American actress who starred in many silent movie of the 1910s and 1920s, her career spanned 14 years.
Fox was born in Wheeling, West Virginia to Marie (née Oglseby) and Frederick Fox. She was married to Darryl F. Zanuck from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children, one of them was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck. Fox died on October 14, 1982 in Palm Springs, California from emphysema and from cerebral thrombosis, she was 80 years old.
Didynamipus
Duttaphrynus
Duttaphrynus is a genus of true toads. They live in southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan) and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.
These toads have heads with bony ridges. The nose area is short and blunt. The first finger of these toads is longer than the second. The toes are half webbed. The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown.
Natterjack Toad
The natterjack toad ("Epidalea calamita", formerly "Bufo calamita") is a toad. They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length. They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back. They have relatively short legs. This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.
Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call.
Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles. At night they move around open land with little vegetation. Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move large distances each night.
The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July. They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.
For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water. Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out. The Natterjack mates a few times each summer. The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September.
There are toads in seventeen European countries. In the British Isles the toad is mostly in coastal areas. In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of places.
The Natterjack Toad is the only species of toad native to Ireland. It is found on the Dingle peninsula and Derrynane in County Kerry and also in County Wexford.
Frostius
Frostius — also called Frost's Toads — is a small genus of true toads. There are only two species.
Ingerophrynus
Liquidity preference
Miroslava Karpovich
Saina Nehwal
Saina Nehwal (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete. She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.
Saina won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
SAINA NEHWAL was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2009 and a year later, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.
In 2009, Nehwal was honoured with India’s highest award for sporting excellence - the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.
In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan. It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.
She became the first Indian badminton player to win a BWF Series event and continued to impress on her way to winning the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 2010.
In 2015, Saina Nehwal won the singles event at the India Open BWF Super Series and became the number 1 women’s player in the Badminton World Federation rankings.
Laurentophryne parkeri
Laurentophryne parkeri, also called Parker's tree toad, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Laurentophryne. They live in the Kivu region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Leptophryne
Melanophryniscus
Mertensophryne
Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka
Nectophryne
Filling Station (ballet)
Filling Station is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is based on a newspaper report. Virgil Thomson wrote the music. Lew Christensen choreographed (designed) the dances. Christensen performed the role of Mac, the filling station attendant. Paul Cadmus designed the sets and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Hartford, Connecticut by Ballet Caravan in November 1937. A performance was given at the Martin Beck Theater in New York City on May 18, 1939, with Christensen again in the role of the attendant.
Mac is a young, good-looking filling station attendant. His evening solitude is broken by two young and greasy but good-natured truck drivers. The State Trooper (policeman) enters in pursuit. He lectures the boys on their disregard for the speed limit. A brash motorist, his wife, and bratty child interrupt. The Rich Boy and The Rich Girl enter. They are drunken refugees from a country club dance. They rhumba and the others join them. Suddenly, a gangster enters shooting his gun. Mac, the truck drivers, and The State Trooper thwart his attempt to stage a robbery. The Rich Girl however is caught in the gangster's line of fire and dies on the pavement. Her limp body is carried off. The spectators drift away. Mac settles down with his radio and a newspaper to wait for business.
Dance historian Grace Robert praises the ballet in her book "The Borzoi Book of Ballets". She singles out the characterizations in particular, noting that they are "definite and well-rounded" and that all of them are seen in terms that are "balletic". She points to the pursuit of the gangster as an especially effective moment. On a darkened stage, several figures with flashlights perform "grand jetée" (leaps). The beams of light and flying figures create an effect "dramatic out of all proportion to the simplicity of the means employed." The ballet was popular in South America when it was performed there in 1941 by an American company assembled by Lincoln Kirstein. Writing in 1949, Robert noted that only the score survived at that date but a suite arranged from it was heard occasionally in concert or on the radio.
Billy the Kid (ballet)
Billy the Kid is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is attributed to Lincoln Kirstein and is based on the life of Billy the Kid. The music was written by Aaron Copland. Eugene Loring designed the dances. Jared French designed the scenery and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Chicago in October 1938. It was performed in New York City at the Martin Beck Theater on May 24, 1939 with Loring as Billy and Marie-Jeanne in the dual role of Mother and Mexican Sweetheart. During Christmas week 1939, the ballet was presented at the St. James Theater in New York City with Michael Kidd as Billy and Alicia Alonso as Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.
The ballet opens with pioneers heading west led by Pat Garrett in "March". In "Street Scene", cowboys, Indians, dance hall girls, and other western types throng the street of a town. Billy and his Mother enter as a brawl breaks out. Alias (as cowboy) kills Billy's Mother with a wild shot. Billy stabs Alias and runs away.
In "Billy's Soliloquy", Billy shoots Alias (as land agent) during a card game. In "Card Game on the Desert" and "Gun Battle", Garrett accuse Billy of cheating at cards and goes off. The posse approaches led by Alias (as sheriff). Billy's gang is killed, but Billy kills Alias. The posse takes him to jail. At the end of "Macabre Dance", the Mexican Sweetheart enters looking for Billy. In "Jail Scene" Billy escapes by killing Alias (as jailer).
In "Desert", Alias (as Indian Guide) leads Billy to the Mexican Sweetheart's hide-out. Billy has no thought for anyone but himself and the Sweetheart leaves. The Indian Guide returns with Garrett, and, when Billy lights a cigarette in the darkness, Garret kills him ("Billy's Death"). Mexican women mourn Billy's death in "Pietà". The ballet ends with Garret leading pioneers in "Closing March".
Calico may mean:
Ballet d'action
Nectophrynoides
Nimbaphrynoides
Nimbaphrynoides is a genus of true toads. They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.
The two species are viviparous. This means they have internal fertilisation. The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets. "Nectophrynoides" and "Nimbaphrynoides" are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.
Oreophrynella
Black-knobbed map turtle
Amazonas (Venezuela)
Amazonas is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899 km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.
The state capital is Puerto Ayacucho. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.
In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud. Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo, Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí, Manipitare, Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.
The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.
The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.
Osornophryne
Pedostibes
Pelophryne
Pseudobufo subasper
Pseudobufo subasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Pseudobufo. They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia. They live in subtropical or tropical swamps. They are threatened by habitat loss.
This toad can only be found in peat swamps. They have fully webbed back feet.
Rhinella
Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo. Some people call it its own genus. It has 71 species of true toads. They live in Central and South America.
Note: Species below are shown as species of "Rhinella". They are treated as species of "Bufo" by many authors.
African Red Toad
The African red toad or African split-skin toad ("Schismaderma carens") is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Schismaderma.
It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Lesotho.
It lives in many habitats. These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.
Truebella
Truebella is a genus of true toads. They live in Peru at the Ayacucho and Junín regions.
Werneria
Wolterstorffina
Common toad
The common toad or European toad ("Bufo bufo") is an amphibian. They are found in most of Europe, except for Ireland, Iceland and some Mediterranean islands. The toad usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump. It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.
The toads in this genus are known as true toads. They have no teeth, a dry warty skin and horizontal pupils to the eyes.
The common toad can grow to about in length. Females grow larger than males. Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north. The head is broad with a wide mouth. The nose has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The large, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin. It is used to keep away predators. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck. There is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat. The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers. These are to hold the female. The back legs are short and the back feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small warts. The colour is brown, olive-brown or greyish-brown. Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic. The females are browner and the males greyer.
Common toads can live for many years. They have lived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be found by counting the number of yearly growth rings in the bones of their phalanges.
The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs. It spends the day hiding. It comes out at dusk. It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base. It may live in the same place for several months. It has a large appetite and eats woodlice, slugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, worms and even small mice. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue. Larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It will try to eat any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving piece of black paper as if it were prey. It would ignore a larger moving piece. On occasion, the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces. The skin is then eaten.
When attacked, the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered. Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion. It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators. Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include hedgehogs, rats and mink, and even domestic cats. Birds that feed on toads include herons, crows and birds of prey. The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include dragonfly larvae, diving beetles and water boatmen. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.
A parasitic fly, "Lucilia bufonivora", attacks adult common toads. It lays its eggs on the toad's skin. When these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh.
The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring. Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds. The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour. Adults use the same pond year after year. Over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned.
The males arrive first and stay for several weeks. The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn. Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads use the pitch of their voice. Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess. Fights do sometimes happen. Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds.
The males mount on the females' backs. They hold the females with their front limbs in a grip called amplexus. The males are very enthusiastic. They will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount on the backs of other males. Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base. It is a stressful period and deaths are high among breeding toads. A successful male stays in amplexus for several days. The female lays a long, double string of small black eggs. He fertilises them with his sperm. The egg strings may have 3,000 to 6,000 eggs and be in length. They get tangled in plant stalks.
The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size. Small tadpoles hatch out after two to three weeks. At first they hold onto the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly. They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming. The tadpoles look like those of the common frog ("Rana temporaria"). They are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below. They can be told apart from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils. Over a few weeks their legs develop and their tail slowly gets reabsorbed. By twelve weeks of age, they are small toads measuring about long and ready to leave the pond.
The common toad reaches maturity at three to seven years.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says the common toad is of Least Concern. This is because it lives in many areas and is common in those areas. It is not threatened very much by habitat loss. It can live in many different areas. Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in Spain and the United Kingdom. This may affect some populations.
The toad has long been thought to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to the other world. This may be because it is at home both on land and in the water. It may cause people to not like it because of its blackish, warty skin, its slow movements and the way it comes from some dark hole.
One of the earliest references to toads as being linked to the forces of darkness was when Zoroaster said in 600 BC that all toads should be killed. In Europe in the Middle Ages, the toad was associated with the Devil, whose coat-of-arms has three toads on it. It was thought that the toad could poison people. It was also thought that it was the witch's familiar and thus had magical powers. In France it was thought that witches could be found because they were marked by a toad's foot somewhere on their body. In Dorset it was believed that if one found a toad in the house it should be removed without harming it or the householder would face the wrath of the witch whose familiar it was. In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was seen as evidence that a witch was present. The saliva of the toad was thought to be poisonous. It was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire. It was thought unlucky for a toad to jump over one's foot and in some regions, this was a sign of death. Toads were associated with devils and demons and in "Paradise Lost". John Milton showed Satan as a toad when he poured poison into Eve's ear. The First Witch in Shakespeare's Macbeth gave instructions on using a toad in the making of spells:
The toad is also associated with female fecundity. Models of toads were left at shrines by women who wanted to conceive. In Romania it was believed that someone who killed a toad was able to kill their own mother. In Scottish folklore it was said that the tongue of a toad, carried by a man in his breast pocket, would let him have his way with any woman. It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head called a "toadstone". It was said that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in "As you like it":
Touching a toad has long been thought to cause warts. This has been shown to be a myth and warts are actually caused by the human papillomavirus. They are transferred by direct contact from person to person.
Mr. Toad Esq. is one of the main characters in the children's novel, The Wind in the Willows, by Kenneth Grahame. This has been dramatized by several authors including A. A. Milne who called his play Toad of Toad Hall. Mr Toad is a very conceited,anthropomorphic toad.
Pelobatidae
The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs, the Pelobatidae. There is only one living genus, called "Pelobates". It has four species. They live in Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa and western Asia.
The European spadefoot toads are small to large sized frogs. They grow up to in length. They burrow in sandy soils. They have a hardened growth on their feet to help in digging. They will come out from the ground during times of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.
All of the species from this family have free-living, aquatic tadpoles. The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate. The tadpole stage is very short. They grow to adult form in as little as two weeks. To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.
Family Pelobatidae
Archaeobatrachia
Archaeobatrachia is a suborder of Anura. It has various primitive frogs and toads. As the name literally suggests, these are the most primitive frogs. Many of the species (28 in total) show certain body features which are not in other frogs and toads. They are mostly found in Eurasia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Borneo.
In addition, the family Ascaphidae is found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. They are only represented by two species.
Mesobatrachia
Mesobatrachia is the second largest of the Anura suborders of amphibians. It has 6 families, 20 genera and 168 species. The name suggests they are moderately old.
Mesobatrachia are a newer group. They were identified in 1993.
Anthony David "Tony" Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was a British movie director. He was the younger brother of movie director Ridley Scott.
Scott was born in North Shields, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott. Scott was educated at the Royal College of Art and at the University of Sunderland.
His movies include "The Hunger", "Top Gun", "Beverly Hills Cop II", "The Last Boy Scout", "True Romance", "Crimson Tide", "Enemy of the State", "Spy Game", "Man on Fire", "Déjà Vu", "The Taking of Pelham 123" and "Unstoppable". In 2010, the Scott brothers produced "The A-Team" of the television series. Scott's film, "Unstoppable", again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), the movie was released in November 2010.
Scott was married to Gerry Scott from 1967 until they divorced 1974. Second he married 1986 until they divorced in 1987. Lastly he married Donna W. Scott from 1994 until his death in 2012. He had 2 children.
On 19 August 2012, Scott had committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro, Los Angeles, port district of Los Angeles, California. A memorial service was held and celebrities also attended; Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda, and Keira Knightley where some that attended the memorial service.
James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 – June 19, 2013) was an American movie and television actor. He was best known for playing Tony Soprano in the HBO television series, "The Sopranos". He won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the role.
Gandolfini was born on September 18, 1961 in Westwood, New Jersey. He was of Italian ancestry. He was raised in New Jersey. Gandolfini studied at Paramus Catholic High School.
He grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey. Gandolfini graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979. He played basketball and acted in school plays. He won the title "Class Flirt" in his senior yearbook. Gandolfini earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University. While at Rutgers University, Gandolfini worked as a bouncer at local school pub. He also worked as a bartender and club manager not including his acting career. He first got his acting job as a young man living in New York City.
Gandolfini became famous for his role as Tony Soprano, a New Jersey Mafia boss and family man who was the lead character in the HBO drama "The Sopranos". The series started in 1999 and ran until 2007. He won three Emmy Awards for "Best Actor in a Drama" for his role as Soprano. "Entertainment Weekly" listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time.
Gandolfini earned fame for this role, winning both the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series three times. With a career span of 20 years, Gandolfini's other roles include Virgil in "True Romance", Bobby Dougherty in "Crimson Tide", Bear in "Get Shorty", and Carol in "Where the Wild Things Are". In 2012, Gandolfini appeared in two major movies, "Killing Them Softly" and in "Zero Dark Thirty". He starred in the main role in the 2013 movie "Enough Said". It was released three months after his death. Gandolfini's last movie was the 2014 movie "The Drop".
Gandolfini was married to Marcy Wudarski from 1999 until they divorced in 2002. He was then married to Deborah Lin from 2008 until his death in 2013. With Wudarski he had a son named Michael (born 1999). He had one daughter with Lin, named Liliana Ruth (born 2012).
A fan of motorcycles, Gandolfini owned a Harley-Davidson and a Vespa scooter. On May 4, 2006, he was riding the Vespa in New York City traffic when it was hit by a taxi cab. Gandolfini had knee surgery because of the accident. The incident caused the production for "The Sopranos" to stop shooting for three months. The accident happened when Gandolfini was filming of the final "Sopranos" episodes.
On October 31, 2009, Gandolfini was in New York City when a photographer wanted to take a picture of him. Gandolfini lost his temper and punched the photographer. A year before the incident, Gandolfini punched a paparazzi at the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.
On June 19, 2013, Gandolfini died suddenly while vacationing in Rome. Ambulance staff arrived around 10:40pm and tried to save Gandolfini's life. It was said that Gandolfini was still alive at the hotel but died on the way to the hospital. Early reports thought the cause of death was either a heart attack or stroke. Later on June 20, 2013, hospital official said that Gandolfini died from cardiac arrest. It wasn't until on June 21 an autopsy was performed on Gandolfini. It was confirmed that he had died of a heart attack. "The Sopranos" creator David Chase called Gandolfini "a genius" and "his partner and brother". New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said he was "a New Jersey treasure".
Gandolfini's body was returned to the United States on June 23. Broadway dimmed theater marquee lights on the night of Wednesday, June 26 in Gandolfini's honor. His funeral was held at Saint John the Divine cathedral in Manhattan, New York on June 27. His remains were later cremated and given to his family.
Word of his death spread quickly with many of Gandolfini's friends. Former co-stars, many fans throughout the entertainment business along with politicians such as John McCain and Chris Christie taking to the internet to respond to his sudden death. Christie ordered all State buildings to fly flags at half-staff on June 24, to honor Gandolfini.
The day following his death, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, which features Gandolfini's "Sopranos" co-star Steven Van Zandt on guitar, gave a full album performance of their 1975 classic "Born to Run". His performance was dedicated it to Gandolfini.
At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Edie Falco honored the career and life of Gandolfini.
Sleep hygiene
Sleep hygiene is a set of of practices and changes in behavior that make it easier to get restful sleep. The concept of sleep hygiene was developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia.
Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting up a sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, reducing stress, reducing nighttime activity, and limiting bed use if not sleeping, to name a few. Other recommendations include avoiding alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime, and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment.<ref>
Parupalli Kashyap
Parupalli Kashyap () (born 8 September 1986), also known as Kashyap Parupalli, is an Indian athlete. He is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.
Parupalli trained at Hyderabad.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, Parupalli reached quarter-finals in the badminton tournament.
Sushil Kumar is an Indian sportsman. He is best known as a wrestler who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.
In the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing, Kumar won a bronze medal in wrestling.
He won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.
Gagan Narang
Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian sportsman. His is best known as an shooter (marksman) who competed in three Summer Olympic Games.
He was born in Chennai on 6 May 1983 and his ancestors belonged to Samalkha in Panipat district in Haryana.
Gagan was born in Madras in Tamil Nadu. He was raised in Hyderabad.
Gagan Narang is a gold medalist in the Afro Asian games, 2003 in Hyderabad on October 26, 2003 in Men's 10m air rifle competition.
He also won gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2006 and 2010.
Gagan Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics
Zara Tindall
Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall (née Phillips; born 15 May 1981) is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Zara is the second child, and only daughter, of Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Mark Phillips. She is married to Mike Tindall, who used to be a rugby player for England. She is better known by her maiden (old name before marriage) name. In the line of succession, she is called "Mrs Michael Tindall".
She was given an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) honour in the 2007 New Year's Honours List, by her grandmother for her services to equestrianism. In 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at a racecourse in Cheltenham.
She won a silver medal at London 2012.
Zara was born at St Mary's Hospital in London. She is the eldest granddaughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. When she was born, she was sixth in line to the throne. She is now 18th in line.
She has an older brother, Peter Phillips (born 15 November 1977). She has two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born in 1985 after her father had an affair) and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997, from her father's second marriage.
The children of the Princess Royal do not hold a title. It is thought their mother did not want them to have one.
On 21 December 2010, Buckingham Palace said she was engaged to Mike Tindall MBE. She got a diamond and platinum engagement ring from Tindall. They married in 2011. Her first daughter and child, Mia Grace Tindall, was born on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucestershire. Her second daughter and child, Lena Elizabeth Tindall was born on 18 June 2018 in Stroud Maternity Hospital at Stroud. A son, Lucas Philip Tindall, was born March 24, 2021.
Jean-Georges Noverre
Jean-Georges Noverre (29 April 172719 October 1810) was a French dancer and ballet master (choreographer). He is considered the creator of the ballet d'action. He performed or held posts across Europe. His first great success was the ballet "Les Fêtes Chinoises". Other ballets include "Jason et Médée", "La Toilette de Venus", "Les Jalousies du sérail", "La dour corsaire" and "Le Jaloux sans rival". He expressed his views on dance in the book "Lettres sur la danse et les ballets" in 1756 (published in 1760). The French Revolution reduced Noverre to poverty. He died in 1810.
Ballet blanc
Outsider art
Outsider art is art that is non-commercial and that lives outside the usual art galleries.
Usually it is created by people who have little or no artistic training in art schools. Some may have a mental illness like schizophrenia. People who do outsider art are called outsider artists. They create their art from their own inner experience, not caring or knowing what other artists maybe doing. The term outsider art was first used by art critic Roger Casement in 1972. These artists often create buildings with strange architecture they build alone. Some of them also do more conventional arts like painting, sculpture.
Outsider art includes the works of:
William Windom (actor)
William Windom (September 28, 1923 – August 16, 2012) was an American movie, radio, stage, voice, and mostly television actor who's career has lasted for 56 years. Windom is mostly known for his roles in popular television series such as; Matt Decker in "Star Trek", as Dr. Seth Hazlitt in "Murder, She Wrote", Glen Morley in "The Twilight Zone", and is also known for his voice as Puppetino in "Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night".
Windom was born on September 28, 1923 in New York City, New York to Isobel Wells (née Peckham) and Paul Windom.
Windom was married to Carol Keyser from 1947 until they divorced in 1955. Secondly he married Barbara Joyce from 1958 until they divorced in 1963. Thirdly he married Barbara Goetz from 1963 until they divorced in 1968. Fourthly he married Jacqulyn Hopkins from 1969 until they divorced in 1974. Lastly he married Patricia Tunder from 1975 until his death in 2012.
Windom died on August 16, 2012 from congestive heart failure in his home in Woodacre, California, he was 88 years old.
Asano Nagasato
Nagasato was born in Atsugi on January 24, 1989. She joined Nippon TV Beleza from the youth team in 2007. In 2012 season, she was selected Best Eleven. In 2013, she moved to German Bundesliga club Turbine Potsdam. In 2016, she retired.
In November 2008, Nagasato was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2008 U-20 World Cup. She scored two goals including a winner against Germany. On July 29, 2009, Nagasato debuted for the Japan national team against Germany. She was a member of Japan for 2015 World Cup. She played 11 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2015.
Kōra taisha
"Kōra taisha" was founded in the fifth century. It is mentioned in the "Engishiki".
It was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Chikugo Province and it is one of four in Fukuoka Prefecture.
In 1915, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto. It was one of six most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or .
GamePro
Gamepro was an American video game magazine. It focuses on anything to do with video games (such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii), PCs and even mobile devices (such as the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, iPhone). Gamepro Media had owned and published the monthly magazine issue and the official website Gamepro.com. The company was also a partly-owned subsidiary of International Data Group (IDG), a technology media, events and research company.
The very first issue of Gamepro was originally published in April 1989. It was a monthly magazine and had its last headquarters based in Oakland, California from June 2002 through May 2015. The official website of the magazine launched in 1998. It was updated daily and had included several game articles, news, previews, reviews, game screenshots and gaming videos on various video games, video game console system platform hardware and video game software development upon in the entertainment gaming industry. The official website also included various user forums, game reviews and other interesting game blogs as well. The official website's headquarters was then and formerly based in San Francisco from May 1998 through May 2002.
Gamepro is currently now-defunct as a magazine and a website.
Gamepro would only then now become part of the PC World website, covering on the latest and most recently developed video games in the entertainment video gaming industry, and to which is now currently being run by the new PC World staff.
List of music magazines
List of men's magazines
Second derivative
In physics and mathematics (particularly in differential calculus), the second derivative is the derivative of the derivative of a function, say formula_1. The second derivative has many real-life applications, especially in the study of mathematical optimization and acceleration. Second derivatives can be notated in several ways, some of which are
Other notations are used, but the above two are the most commonly used.
If we have a function formula_5, then the second derivative of the function can be found using the power rule for second derivatives. That is,
Horatio Alger, Jr.
Horatio Alger, Jr. (January 13, 1832 – July 18, 1899) was an American writer. He wrote magazine stories and poems, a few novels for adults, and 100 plus boys' books. His boys' books were hugely popular.
Alger was born in Massachusetts, and attended Harvard College. He became a Unitarian minister, but his career as a clergyman was brief. It ended when his congregation charged him with child molestation. Criminal charges were not placed against him, but his career in the church was finished.
He moved to New York City to become a professional writer. In 1868, Alger found his place in the literary world with his fourth boys' book, "Ragged Dick". This book is about a poor shoe shine boy in New York City who rises to middle class comfort and security through hard work, honesty, and a little luck. The book was a great success.
Alger continued to write boys' books. They were similar to "Ragged Dick" in theme and other details. Characters such as the poor but honest boy, the snobbish youth, and the greedy lawyer appeared in one book after another. Details changed from book to book, but the essentials remained the same. Boys loved the books.
By the 1870s, boys' tastes had changed. They wanted cowboys, hunters, and Indians. Alger headed west to gather material for future books. The trip had little impact on his writing however. He wrote four books set in the west called the "Pacific Series", but they were stuck in Alger's rags-to-riches rut.
In the last decades of the 19th century, boys' tastes changed again. They wanted violence, murder, and other sensational themes. Alger gave them what they wanted. Public librarians did not like these books. They wondered whether children should be reading them. They began throwing Alger's books away.
Alger passed his last years quietly. He went to the theatre, visited old friends, and kept in touch with the boys he had helped over the years. He based new books on those of his past. He died at his sister's home in South Natick, Massachusetts, in 1899.
Horatio Alger, Jr. was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts on January 13, 1832. His parents were Horatio Alger, a Unitarian clergyman, and his wife Olive Augusta Fenno Alger. Horatio was the eldest of the couple's five children. He was a descendant of several Plymouth Pilgrims, a brigadier general of the American Revolution, and a member of the Constitutional Convention.
Horatio was a sickly child. He had asthma and myopia. He was timid and shy. He was bullied by the bigger boys in the neighborhood. His father decided Horatio would become a clergyman. He taught the boy Greek and Latin. He took Horatio along with him on parish house calls to give the boy a sense of a minister's duties.
In 1842, Horatio entered the Chelsea Grammar School. He was a good student. His father had money troubles about this time. He took a better paying job in Marlborough, Massachusetts, a farming community about 25 miles west of Boston. The Alger family moved there in December 1844.
In Marlborough, Horatio went to a prep school called Gates Academy. He began writing poems and short stories. He sent his writings to local newspapers. The family's money troubles made a lasting impression on Horatio. Money ills like foreclosure and bankruptcy became themes in his books. He had fond memories of Marlborough, despite the family's woes. Quiet country villages are settings in many of his boys' books.
Alger entered Harvard College in 1848. He became a professional writer the following year when he sold two essays and a poem to a Boston magazine. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, a fraternity for outstanding scholars. He graduated in 1852, ranking eighth in a class of eighty-eight. He went to Harvard Divinity School in 1853. He quit the same year to take a job as an assistant editor with a Boston magazine. He hated editing, and quit in 1854.
He taught briefly in two New England boys' boarding schools. In 1856 he published "Bertha's Christmas Vision", a book of short stories and poems. He returned to the Harvard Divinity School in 1857, and graduated in 1860. His health was poor. He was rejected for military service during the American Civil War, but wrote for the Union cause instead. His first boys' book "Frank's Campaign" was published in 1864.
On December 8, 1864, Alger became pastor of the First Unitarian Church and Society in Brewster, Massachusetts. The people of Brewster liked him. He was a good speaker. He played ball games with the boys, and took walks with them. He kept writing stories, and sent them to a boys' magazine in Boston called "Student and Schoolmate". He wrote another boys' book, "Paul Prescott's Charge". It was published in September 1865. The critics gave it good reviews.
Early in 1866, the people of Brewster accused Alger of sexually molesting two boys. These boys were 13 and 15 years old. Three men of the church discovered that this was true. Alger said that he had been "unwise", and quit his job with the Brewster church. He left town quickly, and went to his parents' home in South Natick, Massachusetts.
His father got in touch with Unitarian church authorities in Boston. He promised them that his son would never take a job in the church again. These authorities were satisfied. Further action was not taken. This was probably done so Alger's father would not be publicly embarrassed. Some members of the Brewster church wanted Alger put to death as the Bible ordered. Alger never mentioned his days in Brewster again.
In April 1866, Alger moved to New York City to become a professional writer. In the summer of 1866, he wrote "John Maynard". This is a poem about a real shipwreck on Lake Erie. It brought Alger the notice of other writers when it was published in "Student and Schoolmate" in January 1868. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, for example, sent a letter of compliments to Alger. Children loved the poem and read it aloud in classrooms for many years.
Alger loved the attention, but he needed money. He rewrote some of his old stories. One became his third boys' book "Charlie Codman's Cruise". Although readers liked the book, it did not make much money. Alger made more money with the boys' stories he published in "Student and Schoolmate". His writings for boys satisfied his two biggest concerns at this time—the need for a good income and the need to atone for his crimes in Brewster.
Alger met many poor boys on the docks and streets of New York City. These boys had been made homeless by the Civil War. They had drifted to the city looking for work. Alger collected material from them about their lives in the city and the lives of the poor. He put this material into his books.
Some of these real boys became characters in his books. Johnny Nolan, for example, was one of the first boys Alger met in New York City. He appears in several of Alger's early books as a lazy, carefree street boy. Alger often had a crowd of street boys in his apartment. They would play while Alger sat calmly at his desk writing a page or two for his latest book. There is no record of sexual misconduct on Alger's part during this period.
In 1866, Alger began visiting the shelters for homeless boys in the city such as the YMCA, the Five Points Mission, and the Newsboys Lodging House. This last shelter was opened in 1854 by people concerned about the welfare of street children.
At this shelter, a homeless boy could have a hot meal and a clean bed for a few pennies. He could come and go as he pleased. There was even something like a savings bank at the shelter.
Alger had his own room, a desk, and a bed at the Newsboys Lodging House. He wandered about in slippers and an old sweater talking to the boys. In this way, he gathered the material he needed for his stories. In the introductions to his books, Alger asked his readers to give generously to such shelters.
In October 1866, Reverend Henry Morgan published "Ned Nevins, the Newsboy; or, Street Life in Boston". It was a great success. Alger sharpened his pencils and began a similar story. He wanted readers to believe his story was a realistic picture of street life, but it was actually a sentimental story that carefully avoided any mention of the sex and violence that threatened street boys every day.
In January 1867, Alger's "Ragged Dick" began serialization (publication in parts) in "Student and Schoolmate". The story is about a poor shoe shine boy's rise to middle class comfort and security. The book was a huge success. Boys' loved it. It had all sorts of exciting adventures in a big city. It had lots of street slang. It exposed the swindles and crimes practiced by big city crooks. The story surprised and delighted boys in small town America. They had never read of such things.
The parts of the story were gathered together and published as a book in 1868. It became Alger's all-time bestseller. It is the first in the 6-volume Ragged Dick Series. This series follows the further adventures of Ragged Dick and his friends. Alger wrote almost entirely for boys after the success of "Ragged Dick". He had found his place in literary America.
In 1875, Alger's stories about street boys were growing stale. Boys' tastes had changed. They wanted exciting stories about hunters, cowboys, and Indians. Alger went West to look for material.
He arrived in California in February 1877. He travelled the length of the West Coast, then returned to New York late in the year. In 1878, Alger went West again.
These two trips had little impact on his stories. He wrote a few dull books with western settings in the following years, but remained stuck in his "poor boy makes good" formula.
In the early 1870s, librarians, teachers, ministers, and others interested in the well being of the young said the stories by Alger and other boys' writers were not suitable for children. These people thought such books were too violent.
Critics said his popularity among boys was due to his "sensational" style. In 1877, one minister wondered why the public library allowed children to read books that could only demoralize and weaken them. He complained about "the endless reams of such drivel poured forth by Horatio Alger, Jr." In 1879, a public library in Vermont was the first library in America to throw away Alger's books. Other public libraries then did the same.
Alger's publisher A. K. Loring of Boston, Massachusetts was a victim of this censorship effort. The company had relied on Alger's stories to make them money, but Loring went bankrupt in 1881. These efforts to get rid of Alger's books were defeated. People started reading them again after his death.