AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Claire Short tried to stop this.She did not want to penalize the depiction of nude women, but she wanted to define a newspaper as a publication that did not show naked or topless men or women. This would have meant that British rainbow press would no longer have been newspapers. She received 3,000 letters supporting the idea. The Sun, and other papers fought against the bill, which was known as "Page Three Bill". Eventually, the Bill failed, because it did not get enough support.
There are many women who want to appear as a page three girl. Most of them are unemployed, or come from the working class. Buying make-up and clothes to be able to run as a contestant is very expensive; most of the women can barely afford this alone. Very often, the whole family will help. The best motivation for these women is to be able to start a career as a starlet.
Many girls who started as a page three model later became well-known. Examples are Samantha Fox, Michelle Marsh, andr Lucy Pinder.
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.
Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, "Natural History" ("Naturalis Historia"), which became a model for many subsequent encyclopedic texts.
Pliny the Elder died on 25 August 79 AD. He was attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The eruption had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The "Naturalis Historia" is one of the largest works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day. It claims to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work. It includes the fields of botany, zoology, astronomy, geology and mineralogy as well as the exploitation of those resources. It remains a standard work for the Roman period and the advances in technology and understanding of natural phenomena at the time.
Some technical advances he discusses are the only sources for those inventions, such as hushing in mining technology or the use of water mills for crushing or grinding grain. Much of what he wrote about has been confirmed by archaeology. It is virtually the only work which describes the work of artists of the time, and is a reference work for the history of art.
The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to reference original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. The work is dedicated to the emperor Titus, son of Pliny's close friend, the emperor Vespasian, in the first year of Titus' reign. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published, lacking a final revision at his sudden and unexpected death in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.
The "Natural History" consists of 37 books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.
Russian Organization for Intellectual Property
The Russian Organization for Intellectual Property VOIS () is collective management society for neighboring rights established by Russian performers and record labels in 2008.
Today VOIS unites more than 4,000 right-owners.
In 2009 Rosohrankultura (the Ministry of Culture Department) accredited VOIS as the sole society to collect and distribute remuneration for performers and phonogram producers within the territory of the Russia.
Total amount of collected remuneration in 2010 reached about 427 million rubles.
ISO 639-1
This page contains the languages listed as ISO 639-1.
Loch is a Gaelic word for lake. It is commonly used in Scotland. The 'ch' at the end is pronounced with a guttural (back of throat) sound which does not occur in modern English. There are also lochs in Ireland, and the word is sometimes used in other countries.
The word is used both for lakes, and for "narrow or landlocked arms of the sea" (OED). Sometimes the term sea loch is used for saltwater lochs. Many other lochs are normal freshwater lakes, like Loch Lomond.
Robinson Cano
Robinson Cano (born October 22, 1982) is a Dominican second baseman for the Seattle Mariners. He started playing for the New York Yankees in 2005. He has been named an All-Star three times. For the last few years, he has been one of the best-hitting second baseman in the league. He recently won the 2011 Home Run Derby.
Twin prime
A twin prime is a pair of prime numbers, where one prime is two bigger than the other. The smallest pair of twin primes is 3 and 5. Next comes 5 and 7. Then comes 11 and 13, and then 17 and 19.
An isolated prime is a prime number "p" where neither "p" - 2 nor "p" + 2 is prime. In other words, "p" is not part of a twin prime pair. For example, 23 is an isolated prime since 21 and 25 are both not prime numbers.
The first few isolated primes are
Byron Saxton
Bryan Jesus Kelly (born August 20, 1981 in Burke, Virginia) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Kelly is currently wrestling in its developmental territory company, Florida Championship Wrestling under the stage name, Byron Saxton. He also worked as a commentator for the now-defunct ECW brand where he worked alongside Josh Matthews. He returned to FCW after the ECW brand was replaced by NXT. He was called up to be a part of the fourth season of NXT and his pro was Chris Masters.
Dolph Ziggler became Saxton's pro on the January 4, 2011 episode of NXT. He was voted off. He returned on the fifth season of NXT where it was NXT Redemption and his pro was Yoshi Tatsu. He was the second rookie to be eliminated.
Non Phixion
Non Phixion, pronounced "non-fiction", was an American hardcore hip-hop group from New York City. Non Phixion had six members in the band; the band members were Ill Bill, Sabac Red, Goretex, DJ Eclipse, MC Serch and Necro.
Non Phixion made 2 studio albums:
Non Phixion had 15 singles:
Masiela Lusha
Masiela Lusha (born 23 October 1985) is an Albanian-American actress, author and humanitarian admired for her elegance and charm.
She was born in Tirana, Albania to parents Max and Daniela.
She grew in Budapest, Hungary and Vienna, Austria. When she turned eight years old, she and her mother moved to Michigan. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in bit parts in local theatre.
She got her first major break in 2001, when she was chosen by Sandra Bullock and Bruce Helford to play one of the lead roles in the ABC sitcom "George Lopez".
This led to starring in other films: Time of the Comet (2005) Blood: The Last Vampire (2006), Muertas (2007) Her performances won her two Young Artist Awards for best actress.
As an author, Lusha wrote seven books in two languages. As a humanitarian, Lusha is an animal rights enthusiast and is patron for a number of children's charities.
Rosidae
Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.
Rosidae as governed by the ICBN is in the Cronquist system in 1981.
This definition includes Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Fabidae (Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Huaceae, Oxalidales, Malpighiales, Rosales and Zygophyllales), Malvidae (Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales) as they are defined in the APG III system.
Manifest destiny
Manifest Destiny was the concept that the United States had a God-given right to claim territory across North America. The phrase "Manifest Destiny" was created in 1845 by a newspaper writer named John L. O'Sullivan. Quickly, the idea became very popular around America.
The idea of Manifest Destiny told Americans that they had a mission, a special job given only to Americans. This mission was to make the United States bigger so the "borders of freedom" could be open to even more people. Only Americans could make sure that people living in not-free countries across the world could learn how to govern themselves and live freely in America.
In 1845, James K. Polk was elected President. Polk believed very strongly in the idea of Manifest Destiny. During his Presidency, the United States grew by a million square miles.
Ever since he was running for President, Polk had talked about wanting the area that is now around Texas. At that time, Mexico controlled that land.
In June 1845, the United States decided to add Texas to the United States. President Polk sent the United States military to take over the area. The two sides fought for two years. Finally, Mexico surrendered. On February 2, 1848, it signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. It also gave the United States all of the land above the teritorty . This meant the United States had gained all of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico; parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado; and northern California.
A belief in Manifest Destiny helped convince Americans to support the war. It told them it was all right to fight, kill, and take land from Mexicans or other non-Americans. This was all right because they were only doing what God wanted. They were doing what they were destined to do.
The belief in Manifest Destiny was also important in encouraging people to go to other parts of the west, like Oregon and southern California.
Of course, there were many other reasons, besides Manifest Destiny, that people wanted the United States to grow. More and more people were coming to America, especially to the cities, which were getting crowded. People wanted land of their own, instead of having to work for other people. The more land a person had, the more money they could make. If a person had their own land, they were working for themselves, and they were free.
If was a mixture of all these things, and many more, along with Manifest Destiny that caused the United States to grow this quickly in just 40 years:
The United States was very determined to take control of all of North America. Unfortunately, the parts of North America they wanted were not empty. They were places that Native Americans had always lived.
The United States government wanted these tribes to move outside the United States, to what is now Oklahoma. The government was able to convince some of these Native American tribes to sign treaties saying they would leave their lands.
When some tribes refused to leave their lands, the United States government committed an ethnic cleansing against them. In an ethnic cleansing, ethnic or religious groups are forced to leave an area by a more powerful ethnic group. When the Cherokee Nation refused to leave their homes, United States President Martin van Buren ordered the military to make them leave.
About 15,000 Cherokee were forced to walk to Oklahoma and Arkansas. Most historians think that about 4,000 of them died on the way. This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population. Because so many people died, this forced migration is now called the Trail of Tears, and it is considered an ethnic cleansing.
Leopold Šťastný
Šťastný played before the Second World War for 1. ČsŠK Bratislava as defender. The club is named today Slovan Bratislava. The played in the Státní liga, the highest Czech league. In 1935 Bratislava reached the 5th place. In the same year Šťastný played his first of two match es for the Czech team versus Austria.
During the Second World War an independent Slovakian state existed with an own football league. Bratislava won the league in 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944. He also played once in the national football team.
After the war he started his coaching career. He was three times (1949 - 1951, 1954 - 1957 and 1963 - 1965) coach of his former club Slovan Bratislava and won 4 times the Czech championship. 1966 he went to Austria and became coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck and led the club to national honours. 1968 he became coach of the Austrian national football team.(15 W, 16 D, 18 L) He stayed till 1975 when he retired due to health reasons. After this he was still working 4 years for the Austrian Football Assosciation. He was founder of the Austrian Schülerliga, a football competition for Austrian schools. 1980 he went to his son in Canada but came back to Austria each year to see the finals of the Schülerliga. To honour his work a small street in Vienna was named after him.
Richard Winters
Richard Winters (21 January 1918 — 2 January 2011) was a US soldier who fought in World War II. His experience was made famous by a book and television series, "Band of Brothers". Winters was a member of Company E, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He led the company after the commanding officer was killed on D-Day in Normandy. Near the end of the war he led his company to capture Adolf Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria, Berchtesgaden. he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star and a Purple Heart.
After the war he worked in a plaster mill in New Jersey. In 1951 he bought a farm in Pennsylvania and established an animal feed business.
In 1990 Winters was interviewed by author Stephen Ambrose who was able to use the records that Winters and others in E Company had written for his book. The title "Band of Brothers", comes from a line in William Shakespeare's play, "Henry V".
Tipu's Tiger (a.k.a. Tippoo's Tiger) is an 18th century moving model, musical instrument and an art object. It was made for Tipu, the ruler of Mysore in India. It shows a tiger killing a European soldier. It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
It was made for Tipu Sultan of Mysore in about 1795. Tipu Sultan used the tiger as his emblem, The tiger was a symbol of power but it was also a symbol of royalty in India. Tipu was quoted as saying he would rather live two days as a tiger than 100 years as a sheep.
The turning of a handle powers mechanisms inside the model. Air is sent through a pipe that makes sound, like the cries of the victim. The pitch of the 'wail pipe' changes as the man's arm moves. Inside the tiger's head air is pushed through two pipes to make a tiger's roar. The ivory keyboard which operates an organ is hidden.
The type of brass shows it was made in India, but it may have been made by one of the Frenchman in Tipu's court. Some historians to suggest there was French input into the mechanism of this automaton.
The design is inspired by the death of Hugh Munro, son of General Sir Hector Munro, who had defeated Tipu in battle. Munro was killed by a tiger in 1792 on Saugor Island.< Tipu saw this as a sign because he was called the "Tiger".
The model was obtained when the British captured Tipu's capital and killed him in 1799. Richard Wellesley wrote:
The East India Company decided not to give the Tiger to the Queen, but to keep it. It was displayed in the East India Company Museum in Leadenhall Street, London in 1808. The poet John Keats saw it there and included it in his satirical verse, “"The Cap and Bells"”. In the poem, a Soothsayer visits the court of the Emperor Elfinan. He hears a strange noise and thinks the Emperor is snoring.
It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Visitors can no longer operate the mechanism. A small model of this tiger is in Tipu Sultan's wooden palace in Bengaluru.
Salmaan Taseer
Salmaan Taseer (31 May 1944 — 4 January 2011) was the Governor of Punjab, in Pakistan. He was shot dead in 2011 in Islamabad by his official security guard, Malik Muhammad Mumtaz Qadri, a member of the Pakistan military's Elite Force. It is believed he was killed because his ideas were not acceptable to various religious groups in Pakistan. Taseer had not supported the Pakistan's blasphemy laws which make an insult against Islam punishable by death. The murderer, Qadri, said he had to kill Taseer because of this, as it was his duty under Islamic law. He said the killing was not illegal. Thousands of people have demonstrated in support of Qadri.
Taseer was born in Simla, Punjab, British India. He studied accountancy in London and later joined Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party in 1967. He was elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1988 and was Deputy Opposition Leader. He was also elected to the National Assembly and held the position of Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives. In May 2008 he was made the Governor of Punjab. He was a close assistant to Benazir Bhutto.
He owned accountancy businesses, a telephone company, an English language newspaper and the first children's TV channel.
John Roll
John McCarthy Roll (8 February 1947 - 8 January 2011) was an American judge who shot dead in the 2011 Tucson shooting. Roll had stopped at an Arizona shopping center to meet Democrat Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords who was holding an informal meeting. A gunman attempted to assassinate Giffords, and Roll and four other people were killed. Another 12 people were wounded, Gifford surviving being shot in the head.
Roll had received death threats in the past. In 2009 he allowed a group of illegal immigrants to successfully sue a rancher, Roger Barnett. He had threatened, kicked and set his dogs onto the group. Barnett had argued they could not sue him because they had no legal rights in the US.
Roll was appointed as a judge by President George H.W. Bush in 1991. Roll had been an Arizona state attorney, a US attorney and a state court judge.
Skyland, Washington, D.C.
Skyland is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west. It is a part of the area called Anacostia.
The District government wants to rebuild the Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center. Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes.
The District is working with the Rappaport Cos. and the William S. Smith Cos. on a new plan for Skyland. They want to build of retail space. They hope that the new buildings will be filled with high-quality, national stores and locally-owned shops and restaurants. Torti Gallas & Partners are architects who are drawing the new plans. The new buildings will cost $260 million. On May 25, 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray told Wal-Mart officials that he would not allow them to build four other new stores in the District of Columbia unless Wal-Mart also opened a store in Skyland. However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.
The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing. About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented.
People are fighting the plan in court. The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith. The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).
Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008. The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings. In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings. Building will start in 2012. The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.
Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood. Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.
Sid Eudy
Sid Eudy born December 16, 1960 in West Memphis, Arkansas is an American retired professional wrestler, known by the stage name Sid Vicious, Sycho Sid, or Sid Justice.
Sid started his career in 1989, hired by World Championship Wrestling, Sid to fight during these years, competing as one of the members of the team known as "The Skyscrapers" with "Mean" Mark Callous and then later with Dan Spivey he used the powerbomb as his maneuver fight. After recovering from an injury, Sid returned to the ring in May 1990 as a member of the team of Ric Flair. After leaving WCW Sid was incorporated into the World Wrestling Federation, he made his presentation as Sid Justice on July 20, 1991 episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling and was also was chosen as the referee for the main fight at SummerSlam that year in a tag team match between The Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan versus Sgt. Slaughter and Col. Mustafa billed as "The Match Made In Hell." At the 1992 Royal Rumble he was one of the last two in the ring with Ric Flair when Hogan, who was already eliminated pulled Sid over the top rope with Flair assisting from behind helping Flair win his 1st WWF/E title. His crowning moment came at WrestleMania VIII, where Sid was faced with Hulk Hogan, Sid lost the fight by disqualification when Papa Shango interrupted to help Sid. Sid return to WCW in May 1993. That year he teamed with Big Van Vader. After leaving WCW again, Eudy joined the United States Wrestling Association July 16, 1994, and faced with defeating Jerry Lawler and Sid getting the World Heavyweight Championship.
In 1995 Sid returns to the WWF/E on Monday Night Raw. Time after time he confronted Shawn Michaels for the title and at Survivor Series in 1996, where Sid applies a powerbomb to Michaels and gets the WWF/E Championship. At the 1997 Royal Rumble in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas the two fought again for the title with Michaels winning his 2nd title. One month later Sid captured his 2nd title by defeating Bret Hart on Raw,who had defeated Vader, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker in a Fatal Four Way match the night before. At Wrestlemania 13 in Chicago, Sid lost the title to the Undertaker. Sid's last match in the WWF/E was June 9, 1997.
After his separation from the World Wrestling Federation, Sid was hired by Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999), after back to the company WCW, where were his former colleagues of the WWF superstars fight Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Bret Hart, and plus the new WCW superstars as Bill Goldberg, Chris Benoit. His best moment was when Sid winner WCW championship by defeating Kevin Nash twice.
The Music Man is a 1957 musical written by Meridith Willson. It won a Tony Award for Best Musical. In its original run, it starred Robert Preston, Barbara Cook, David Burns, Pert Kelton and Iggie Wolfington. Two movies have been made of it, in 1962 and 2003. It was also revived several times.
Harold Hill, a con man, goes to River City, Iowa and tries to make money by starting a boy's band. He is helped by sidekick Marcellus Washburne. Most of the town is taken in by him, including Winthrop Paroo, a boy with a lisp. Hill also forms the school board into a barbershop quartet and organizes a lady's dance society led by town busybody Eulalie Shinn. However, some people are suspicious of him. One of these people is Mayor Shinn, who owns the pool hall that Hill blames for the serious trouble River City is in. The other is music teach and librarian Marian Paroo. Hill tries to woo Marian, but has no luck.
In the second act, it's looking good for Hill. He is actually getting somewhere with Marian, and it looks as though he will be able to collect his money and get out of town. However, anvil salesman Charlie Cowell shows up and exposes him during the summer sociable. Hill tries to leave, but he cannot because he is too in love with Marian. Hill is arrested and is almost tarred and feathered before being forced to conduct the band. Though the band is not very good, the townspeople are still very proud of it and let Hill go.
These are the order the musical numbers appear in the musical:
In the 1962 movie, Preston reprised his role as Harold Hill (this after Cary Grant turned it down). It also had Shirley Jones as Marian, Buddy Hackett as Marcellus, Hermione Gingold as Eulalie, Paul Ford as Mayor Shinn, and Ron Howard as Winthrop. The movie is very similar to the musical, except that it replaces the song "My White Knight" with "Being in Love".
In 2003, a movie version of the musical was made starring Matthew Broderick as Harold Hill and Kristin Chenoweth as Marian Paroo.
Otto von Habsburg
Otto von Hasburg (20 November 1912—4 July 2011), full name Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xavier Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius von Habsburg, was the last Crown Prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father, Charles, was the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. The murder of his great uncle, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the event that led to the start of World War I. His family fled Austria in 1919 after the war.
During World War II he opposed the Nazis and Nazi Germany's takeover over Austria. Adolf Hitler ordered him to be put to death, but Habsburg left France and spent the war in the USA. Habsburg gave up his claim to the throne in 1961, and was allowed to return to Austria five years later. He was a member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria and became a member of the European Parliament and pushed to get the former communist countries of Eastern Europe allowed into the European Union.
He was buried in the Imperial Tomb in Vienna, but his heart was buried at an abbey near Budapest, Hungary, as part of a tradition that goes back to medieval times.
During his lifetime he was also known as Achduke Otto of Austria.
Guardian Media Group
Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) is a company in the United Kingdom that owns various mass media businesses including "The Guardian" and "The Observer". GMG is owned by the Scott Trust. It began as the Manchester Guardian Ltd in 1907 when C. P. Scott bought the "Manchester Guardian" from his cousin Edward Taylor. It became the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd when it bought the "Manchester Evening News" in 1924, later becoming the "Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd" after the change in the morning paper's name. It became the Scott Trust in 1993.
GMG has many parts to it business: Guardian News & Media (the "Guardian", the "Observer"); GMG Radio (regional radio stations under the Smooth, Real, and Rock Radio brands); Trader Media Group (the Auto Trader magazine and website), which it owns jointly with private equity firm Apax); GMG Property Services (estate agency software providers Vebra and Core, lettings software provider CFP Software, graphic design consultancy The Media Design House and consumer portal ThinkProperty.com); and Emap, the B2B events, data and publishing company, also jointly owned with Apax.
Guardian Media Group exists to support the main business of its owner, the Scott Trust: to keep the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian forever.
In March 2007 GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at £1.35 billion. In December 2007 GMG and Apax made a successful bid to buy Emap for around £1 billion.
In February 2010, the group sold its GMG Regional Media division (consisting of two companies MEN Media and S&B Media which operated 31 local and regional newspaper titles) to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8 million. The sale ended the historic connection between "The Guardian" and the "Manchester Evening News". The Manchester TV channel, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale.
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Carl Ferdinand Cori (5 December, 1896 — 20 October, 1984) was an Czech doctor. He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with his wife Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay, for discovering the way the body processed glycogen and sugar.
West End, Washington, D.C.
The West End is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It includes the area between K Street to the south, Rock Creek Park to the west and north, and New Hampshire Avenue and 21st Street to the east. The West End is so named because it was the westernmost part of the original Pierre L'Enfant plan for the city of Washington, before the annexation of Georgetown. It is home to the embassies of Qatar and Spain, as well as to the Egyptian Defense Office. The George Washington University and The George Washington University Medical Center are on the edge of the West End, at Washington Circle.
In the past, the West End had many vacant lots and old buildings. In 1972, the District's Office of Planning and Management wrote an urban renewal plan "to bring life to a declining part of the city." Titled "New Town for the West End," the aerial photograph on the cover of the study showed the area that was planned to become a "new intown community." Today, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel and Residences, the Park Hyatt and Fairmont hotels, numerous luxury condominiums, and several of the city's best restaurants are in the West End. However, the Columbia Hospital for Women closed and became apartments.
The neighborhood is close to Georgetown, Foggy Bottom, Dupont Circle, the downtown business district, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Kennedy Center, and the Watergate.
Historically, West End was a predominantly African-American community with brick Victorian rowhouses and warehouses. From 1880 until May 2002, the Columbia Hospital for Women provided care for women having babies. The hospital was important because other hospitals in the area (such as Arlington Hospital) refused to help African-American women having babies. The hospital closed and the building became apartments.
Many new buildings are coming to West End, with hundreds of new luxury condominiums either under construction or in the planning phase.
In 2007, controversy began over the last remaining "underdeveloped" parcel of land, known as Square 37. Bordered by 23rd Street, 24th Street, L Street, and an alleyway, this is unusual because its short buildings from the 1800s to the 1960s, are different from the many new, tall buildings on the neighboring blocks. Square 37 was home to the Tiverton, the last remaining rent-controlled apartment building in the West End. The Tiverton tenants gained local media attention for successfully stopping people who wanted to build new buildings on Square 37.
The DC Council passed controversial emergency legislation on July 10, 2007 to sell the West End public library branch, the DC Special Operations Police Station (both on Square 37), and a firehouse (on neighboring Square 50) to the developer called Eastbanc.
District of Columbia Public Schools operates Francis-Stevens Educational Center at 2425 N Street.
District of Columbia Public Library operates the West End Neighborhood Library.
Bernardo Houssay
Bernardo Houssay (10 April, 1887 — 21 September, 1971) was an Argentine doctor. He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori for finding out how hormones use sugar.
Scimitar oryx
The Scimitar oryx or Scimitar horned oryx ("oryx dammah") is a species of oryx that is extinct in the wild. They can be seen in zoos, wildlife parks and reserves. They used to live all over north Africa. A baby scimitar oryx is called a calf. Both male and female scimitar horned oryx have long curved horns. They are herbivores and are diurnal. They are the only species of oryx that does not have black mthen why should we on earth be sadarkings. A male scimitar horned oryx is called a bull.
Capitol Hill
Capitol Hill is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington D.C.. The neighborhood covers an area east of the United States Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the oldest residential communities in Washington. Its two square miles house 35,000 people, so it is one of the most densely populated neighborhoods. The phrase "Capitol Hill" can sometime mean the United States Congress instead of the neighborhood.
Capitol Hill is also a hill as well as a neighborhood. The hill rises in the center of the District of Columbia and extends eastward. Pierre L'Enfant, as he began to develop his plan for the new Federal City in 1791, chose to locate the "Congress House" on the crest of the hill, facing the city, a site that L'Enfant characterized as a "pedestal waiting for a monument."
A large portion of the neighborhood is now designated as the Capitol Hill historic district. The name "Capitol Hill" is often used to refer to both the historic district and to the larger neighborhood around it. To the east of Capitol Hill lies the Anacostia River, to the north is the H Street corridor, to the south are the Southeast/Southwest Freeway and the Washington Navy Yard, and to the west are the National Mall and the city's central business district.
L'Enfant referred to the hill chosen as the site of the future Congress House as "Jenkins Hill" or "Jenkins Heights." However, the tract of land had for many years belonged to the Carroll family and was noted in their records of ownership as "New Troy." Some people have said that a man named Jenkins had once pastured some livestock at the site of the Capitol (and thus his name was associated with the site), artist John Trumbull, who would paint several murals inside the Capitol's rotunda, reported in 1791 that the site was covered with a thick wood, making it an unlikely place for livestock to graze. Noone knows who Jenkins was and how his name became associated with the hill, as reported by L'Enfant.
The neighborhood that is now called Capitol Hill started to develop when the government began work at two locations, the Capitol and the Washington Navy Yard. It became a distinct community between 1799 and 1810 as the federal government became a major employer. The first stage in its early history was that of a boarding house community developed for members of Congress. In the early years of the Republic, few Congressmen wished to establish permanent residence in the city. Instead, most preferred to live in boarding houses within walking distance of the Capitol.
In 1799 the Washington Navy Yard was established on the banks of the Anacostia River, and provided jobs to craftsmen who built and repaired ships. Many of the craftsmen who were employed both at the Navy Yard and in the construction of the Capitol chose to live within walking distance, to the east of the Capitol and the north of the Navy Yard. They became the original residential population of the neighborhood. In 1806, President Thomas Jefferson selected the location of the Marine Barracks, which had to be within marching distance of both the Capitol and the White House, not far from the Washington Navy Yard. By 1810, shops, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and churches were flourishing in the area.
The Civil War resulted in more building in the Capitol Hill area, including new hospitals. Building new houses continued in the 1870s and 1880s. The neighborhood began to divide along racial and economic class lines.
Electricity, piped water, and plumbing were introduced in the 1890s, and were first available in the downtown areas of the District of Columbia, including Capitol Hill. There was a real estate development boom between 1890 and 1910 as the Capitol Hill area became one of the first neighborhoods having these modern conveniences.
In 1976, the National Park Service added the Capitol Hill Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of the largest historic districts in the United States. The boundaries of the historic district are irregular, extending southward from F Street NE, as far east as 14th Street, as far west as South Capitol Street, and with a southern limit marked chiefly by Virginia Avenue but including some territory as far south as M Street SE. It includes buildings from the Federal period (1800 to 1820) through 1919, but most of the buildings are late Victorian.
Capitol Hill has remained a fairly stable middle-class neighborhood throughout its existence. It suffered a period of economic decline and rising crime in the mid-20th century but gradually recovered. During the so-called "Crack Epidemic" of the 1980s, its fringes were often affected. More recently, the neighborhood has undergone intense gentrification.
Capitol Hill's landmarks include not only the United States Capitol, but also the Senate and House office buildings, the Supreme Court building, the Library of Congress, the Marine Barracks, the Washington Navy Yard, and Congressional Cemetery.
It is, however, largely a residential neighborhood composed predominantly of rowhouses of different stylistic varieties and periods. Side by side exist early 19th century manor houses, Federal townhouses, small frame dwellings, ornate Italianate bracketed houses and the late 19th century press brick rowhouses with their often whimsical decorative elements combining Richardsonian Romanesque, Queen Anne, and Eastlakian motifs.
The main shopping corridor of Capitol Hill is Pennsylvania Avenue. It has shops, restaurants and bars. Eastern Market is an 1873 public market on 7th Street SE, where vendors sell fresh meat and produce in indoor stalls and at outdoor farmers' stands. It is also the site of an outdoor flea market every weekend. After a major fire gutted the main market building on April 30, 2007, it underwent restoration and reopened on June 26, 2009.
Barracks Row (8th Street SE), so called because of its proximity to the U.S. Marine Barracks, is one of the city's oldest commercial corridors. It dates to the late 18th century and has recently been revitalized.
More recently, the Old Naval Hospital has been converted into Hill Center, a new community center. It is at the corner of 9th and Pennsylvania Avenue SE. The rehabilitation of the Old Naval Hospital combines the restoration of a historically significant landmark with the cutting edge technologies of modern “green” architecture. Hill Center is a vibrant new home for cultural, educational and civic life on Capitol Hill.
Recent estimates in Capitol Hill newspapers suggest as many as a third of all Members of Congress live on Capitol Hill while in Washington.
Famous people who were born in the Capitol Hill neighborhood include John Philip Sousa (whose birthplace, on G St., is still standing) and J. Edgar Hoover. Frederick Douglass's former house can be found in the 300 block of A Street Northeast. (In the 1970s the Douglass house was later used as an African Art Museum by Warren M. Robbins).
Capitol Hill has several local community newspapers, such as the "Hill Rag". The "Voice of the Hill" closed in May 2010.
Washington Navy Yard
The Washington Navy Yard is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore base of the U.S. Navy. The Yard currently serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy. It has the offices of the Chief of Naval Operations, the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and numerous other naval commands. Before 2006, it used to be the headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center, but that center moved to Quantico. The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.
The history of the yard can be divided into its military history and cultural and scientific history.
The land was purchased under an Act of Congress on July 23, 1799. The Washington Navy Yard was established on October 2, 1799, the date the property was transferred to the Navy. It is the oldest shore base of the U.S. Navy. The Yard was built under the direction of Benjamin Stoddert, the first Secretary of the Navy, under the supervision of the Yard's first commandant, Commodore Thomas Tingey, who served in that capacity for 29 years.
The original boundaries that were established in 1800, along 9th and M Street Southeast, are still marked by a white brick wall that surrounds the Yard on the north and east sides. The next year, two additional lots were purchased. The north wall of the Yard was built in 1809 along with a guardhouse, now known as the Latrobe Gate. After the Burning of Washington in 1814, Tingey recommended that the height of the eastern wall be increased to ten feet (3 m) because of the fire and subsequent looting.
The southern boundary of the Yard was formed by the Anacostia River (then called the "Eastern Branch" of the Potomac River). The west side was undeveloped marsh. The land located along the Anacostia was added to by landfill over the years as it became necessary to increase the size of the Yard.
From its first years, the Washington Navy Yard became the navy's largest shipbuilding and shipfitting facility, with 22 vessels constructed there, ranging from small 70-foot (21 m) gunboats to the 246-foot (75 m) steam frigate USS "Minnesota". The USS "Constitution" came to the Yard in 1812 to refit and prepare for combat action.
During the War of 1812, the Navy Yard was an important support facility. It was also helped defend the capital city from the British. Sailors at the Navy Yard were part of the hastily assembled American army which, at Bladensburg, Maryland, opposed the British forces marching on Washington. The Navy Yard sailors and marines of nearby Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., were in the third and last line of defense at Bladensburg. Together, they fought hand to hand with cutlasses and pikes against the British regulars before being overwhelmed. As the British marched into Washington, holding the Yard became impossible. Tingey, seeing the smoke from the burning Capitol, ordered the Yard burned to prevent its capture by the enemy. Tingey's own quarters (now Quarters A) and the Latrobe Gate were spared from the flames. Both structures are now individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Following the War of 1812, the Washington Navy Yard never regained its prominence as a shipbuilding facility. The waters of the Anacostia River were too shallow to accommodate larger vessels, and the Yard was deemed too inaccessible to the open sea. Thus came a shift to what was to be the character of the Yard for more than a century: ordnance and technology. The Yard possessed one of the earliest steam engines in the United States, and was used to manufacture anchors, chain, and steam engines for vessels of war.
Following the war, the Yard continued to be the scene of technological advances. In 1886, the Yard was designated the manufacturing center for all ordnance in the Navy. Commander Theodore F. Jewell was Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory from January 1893 to February 1896. Ordnance production continued as the Yard manufactured armament for the Great White Fleet and the World War I navy. The naval railway guns used in France during World War I were manufactured at the Yard.
By World War II, the Yard was the largest naval ordnance plant in the world. The weapons designed and built there were used in every war in which the United States fought until the 1960s. At its peak, the Yard consisted of 188 buildngs on 126 acres (0.5 km²) of land and employed nearly 25,000 people. Small components for optical systems, and enormous battleship guns were all manufactured here. In December 1945, the Yard was renamed the U.S. Naval Gun Factory. Ordnance work continued for some years after World War II until finally phased out in 1961. Three years later, on July 1, 1964, the activity was redesignated the Washington Navy Yard. The deserted factory buildings began to be converted to office use.
The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and designated a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.
It was headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center. That was moved in 2006 to Quantico.
Many scientific developments took place at the Washington Navy Yard. Robert Fulton worked on his clockwork torpedo during the War of 1812. In 1822, Commodore John Rodgers built the country's first marine railway for the overhaul of large vessels. John A. Dahlgren developed his bottle-shaped cannon that became the mainstay of naval ordnance before the Civil War. In 1898, David W. Taylor developed a ship model testing basin which was used by the Navy and private shipbuilders to test the effect of water on new hull designs. The first shipboard aircraft catapult was tested in the Anacostia River in 1912. A wind tunnel was completed at the Yard in 1916. The giant gears for the Panama Canal locks were cast at the Yard. Navy Yard technicians applied their efforts to medical designs for prosthetic hands and molds for artificial eyes and teeth.
The Washington Navy Yard was the ceremonial gateway to the nation's capital. In 1860, the first Japanese diplomatic mission was welcomed to the United States in an impressive pageant at the Yard. The body of World War I's Unknown Soldier was received here. Charles A. Lindbergh returned to the Navy Yard in 1927 after his famous transatlantic flight. In 1939, Britain's King George VI, representing the dominion of Canada, visited the Yard during his Washington stay.
As of 2004, the Navy Yard houses a variety of activities. It is the main office of the Naval District Washington, and houses numerous support activities for the fleet and aviation communities. The Navy Museum welcomes visitors to the Navy Art Collection. Its displays of naval art and artifacts trace the Navy's history from the Revolutionary War to the present day. The Naval History and Heritage Command is housed in a complex of buildings known as the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History. Leutze Park is the scene of colorful ceremonies.
The destroyer USS "Barry" is a museum ship at the Washington Navy Yard, and is open to tourists. The "Barry" is frequently used for change of command ceremonies for naval commands in the area.
The Yard serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations. It is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and many other naval commands.
On September 16, 2013, a shooting took place at the Yard. Shots were fired at the headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command Headquarters building #197. At least 17 people, including at least eight civilians, one D.C. police officer and one peacekeeper, were shot. Thirteen fatalities were confirmed by the United States Navy and D.C. Police. Officials said the gunman, Aaron Alexis, a 34-year-old civilian contractor from Queens, New York, was killed during a gun battle with police.
Alexey Stakhanov
Alexey Grigoryevich Stakhanov (; 3 January 1906 – 5 November 1977) was a miner in the Soviet Union. In 1970, he was made a Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1936, he became a member of the CPSU. He became a celebrity in 1935 as part of a movement that was intended to increase worker productivity and demonstrate the superiority of the socialist economic system.
Stakhanov was born in Lugovaya near Oryol. In 1927, he began working in a mine called "Tsentralnaya-Irmino" in Kadievka (Donbass). In 1933, Stakhanov became a jackhammer operator. In 1935, he took a local course in mining. On 31 August 1935, it was reported that he had mined a record 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hours and 45 minutes (14 times his quota). On 19 September, Stakhanov was reported to have set a new record by mining 227 tonnes of coal in a single shift. His example was held up in newspapers and posters as a model for others to follow, and he even appeared on the cover of Time Magazine.
Between 1936 and 1941, Stakhanov was a student of the Industrial Academy in Moscow. In 1941–1942, he was appointed director of mine No. 31 in Karaganda. Between 1943 and 1957, Stakhanov worked in the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR. In 1957–1959, he was deputy director of the "Chistyakovantratsit" trust, and after that, assistant chief engineer at the mine management office No. 2/43 of the "Torezantratsit" trust until his retirement in 1974.
Stakhanov was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the first convocation. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, and numerous medals. The last Sunday of August was designated "Coal Miner's Day", also apparently in his honor.