AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Some of the events that led up to the American Revolutionary War happened at Old South Church. For example, five thousand people met at Old South Meeting House just before the Boston Tea Party in 1773. They were trying to decide what to do with the tea that was waiting on ships in Boston Harbor. After the British passed the Tea Act, Bostonians would have to pay taxes on the tea even though they had no say in whether the taxes were fair or not. They tried to have the tea sent back to England, but they were unable to. After this, Samuel Adams got up and said, "This meeting can do nothing more to save the country." This was a secret signal to tell the Sons of Liberty to go destroy the tea. This is how the Boston Tea Party started.
Several years later, when British soldiers were occupying Boston, they got revenge on Old South Church for its role in the Boston Tea Party. They ripped out the church's pews (benches) and turned the church into a horse stable. They used Old South Church to teach British cavalry soldiers how to ride horses. After the Revolutionary War was over, in 1783, the church's members fixed the building up into a church again.
The Irish Potato Famine memorial statue is on the way to the Old South Meeting House. During the Irish Potato Famine, over one million Irish people died. Another million Irish people immigrated to the United States, mostly to Boston. The statue shows a family that was dying of starvation, who became strong and healthy again after moving to Boston.
The Old State House was built in 1713. The Massachusetts Bay Colony's colonial government worked there. The Old State House was very important in starting the American Revolution. In 1768, the colony's House of Representatives decided that people in Massachusetts should refuse to pay taxes to the British. The British decided to get rid of the colony's legislature, and also sent soldiers to occupy Boston.
In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read to the people of Boston for the first time from the balcony of the Old State House.
The Boston Massacre happened just in front of the Old State House, in 1770. After British soldiers occupied Boston, many people in Boston got angrier and angrier. On March 5, 1770, an angry mob of Bostonians surrounded British soldiers. Somebody yelled "fire," and the British soldiers started shooting their guns. Five Bostonians were killed.
After news about the Boston Massacre spread throughout the Thirteen Colonies, people became angrier at the British. The Boston Massacre made more people want to fight the British for independence.
A rich merchant named Peter Faneuil built Faneuil Hall in 1741. He meant Faneuil Hall to be a place for trade and business. However, it became an important meeting place for people who wanted to fight against British rule. The Sons of Liberty met there and announced that they would fight back against the British. Leaders like Samuel Adams gave speeches there encouraging independence.
America's first town meeting was held at Faneuil Hall. Americans first met there in 1764 to protest the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act. Later, they would meet there to protest the Tea Act, the Townshend Duties, and the British occupation of Boston.
On top of Faneuil Hall, there is a famous weathervane (which tells which way the wind is blowing). It is shaped like a golden grasshopper. Legend says that Bostonians used this weathervane during the War of 1812 to find spies. If a person did not know the answer to the question "What is on top of Faneuil Hall?", they were suspected of being a spy.
In the 19th century, abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Lucy Stone spoke against slavery at Faneuil Hall.
The Paul Revere house is the oldest building in downtown Boston that is still standing. It was built around 1680. Revere bought it in 1770. He lived here when he made his famous "Midnight Ride".
The Old North Church is the oldest church in Boston that is still standing. This Episcopal church opened in 1723. The first bells ever brought to America were put in its steeple.
Because the steeple was the tallest in Boston at the time, it played an important role just before the American Revolution started. Just before the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first battles of the Revolution, the British had two choices for how they could get to Lexington and Concord. They could walk, or they could row across the Charles River. The Sons of Liberty hung two lanterns in the church's steeple to signal that British soldiers were crossing the Charles River. This helped the Americans figure out the best way to defend against the British.
Copp's Hill Burying Ground was the largest cemetery in colonial Boston. It was created in 1659. Famous people who are buried here include:
British soldiers put their cannons at Copp's Hill Burying Ground during the Battle of Bunker Hill.
The Bunker Hill Monument honors the Battle of Bunker Hill. This was the first major battle of the American Revolution. Though the British won this battle, it was so difficult for them to win that the battle proved the Americans would not be easy to beat.
Until May 2015, the USS "Constitution" was the oldest warship in the world that still floated. It was first put into the water in 1797. The "Constitution" became famous during the War of 1812. The ship got the nickname "Old Ironsides" because cannonballs would bounce off the wooden sides of the ship like they were made of iron.
The "Constitution" is still a United States Navy warship.
Pat Conroy
Pat Conroy (October 26, 1945 – March 4, 2016) was an American author. He has written several famous novels and memoirs. Two of his novels, "The Prince of Tides" and "The Great Santini", were made into movies that were nominated for Academy Awards. He was known as a leading writer of late-20th century Southern literature.
Conroy died on March 4, 2016 from pancreatic cancer in Beaufort, South Carolina. He was aged 70.
Ali Brownlee
Alastair "Ali" Brownlee (1959 – 14 February 2016) was a English radio broadcaster. He was born in Middlesbrough, North Riding of Yorkshire. He was best known for his coverage of Middlesbrough Football Club on BBC Tees from 1982 onwards. His connection to the club earned him the honorific "Voice of the Boro".
Brownlee was a bank manager before becoming a sports commentator.
Brownlee died on 14 February 2016 at a hospital in Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire. He had suffered from bowel cancer for three months. He was aged 56.
Fighton Simukonda
Fighton Simukonda (2 February 1958 – 15 February 2016) was a Zambian football player and coach. He was part of the Nkana Red Devils team during the 1980s. He won five league titles. He was also captain of Zambia's national team. As a coach, he has won several Zambian Premier League titles. He became the first coach to lead a Zambian club to the group phase of the CAF Champions' League.
Simukonda died on 15 February 2016 from complications of diabetes. He was aged 58.
Slobodan Santrač
Slobodan Santrač (Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Сантрач; 1 July 1946 – 13 February 2016) was a Yugoslav and Serbian football manager and player. He was the all-time top scorer of the Yugoslav First League with a total of 218 goals. He was also the top scorer in the history of OFK Beograd.
After finishing his playing career, Santrač was manager of numerous clubs and national teams. He reached the knockout stage with FR Yugoslavia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France.
On 13 February 2016, Santrač died of a heart attack in Belgrade. He was aged 69.
Patriarch Kirill of Moscow
Kirill or Cyril (, secular name Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyayev, ; born 20 November 1946) is a Russian Orthodox bishop. He became Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church on 1 February 2009.
Before becoming Patriarch, Kirill was Archbishop (later Metropolitan) of Smolensk and Kaliningrad from 26 December 1984. He was also Chairman of the Russian Orthodox Church's Department for External Church Relations and a permanent member of the Holy Synod beginning in 1989.
Burr–Hamilton duel
The Burr–Hamilton duel was a duel fought between two well-known American politicians. It was between the former secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting vice president Aaron Burr. It took place on July 11, 1804. The duel was caused by a long and bitter rivalry between the two men. At Weehawken, in New Jersey, Burr shot and wounded Hamilton. Hamilton was carried to the home of William Bayard on the Manhattan shore, where he died the next day. The duel ended Burr's political career.
Girls (TV series)
Girls is an American comedy-drama television series. The show began on HBO on April 15, 2012. It was created by Lena Dunham, who plays Hannah.
The show is about the lives of four young women living in Brooklyn, New York City.
Brachial plexus
The brachial plexus is a group of nerves. It runs from the vertebral column to the arm.
The brachial plexus is divided into five "roots", three "trunks", six "divisions", three "cords", and five "branches".
The five roots come out of the spinal cord. They are each named after the part of the spinal cord they come out of: C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.
These roots join to form three trunks:
Each trunk then splits into two divisions:
These six divisions join up again to become the three cords.
The nerves that come out of the brachial plexus include:
Triangle Marsh
University of Tromsø
University of Tromsø (UiT, ""The arctic university of Norway"") is a university in Norway. The main campus is in Tromsø. It also has campuses in Alta, Hammerfest, Harstad and Narvik. The main campus is located north on the Tromsø island in Troms county.
The university was founded in 1971 by the Norwegian government. It has had four mergers since then:
When UiT merged with Tromsø University College it became the oldest school in Norway. Tromsø University College was founded on 7 February 1826. It was then called Trondenes seminar.
Juramaia
Juramaia is the earliest known eutherian mammal. It is a small shrew-like mammal of body length about 70100 mm. It is an extinct genus from the Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.
A nearly complete skeleton, with an incomplete skull with full dentition was found. It was collected in the Daxigou site, Jianchang, from the Tiaojishan Formation. It is dated at about 160 million years ago.
The discovery of "Juramaia" provides new insight into the evolution of eutherian mammals. It shows their lineage diverged from that of the marsupials 35 million years earlier than previously thought. Furthermore, its discovery fills gaps in the fossil record and helps to calibrate modern, DNA-based methods of dating the evolution.
The forelimb bones have climbing adaptations, so it is suggested that the basal stock of Eutheria was arboreal.
Nishagandhi Puraskaram
Nishagandhi Puraskaram () is an award given out by the government of Kerala in India. It is given out every year by the Tourism department. It is awarded to artists in the fields of dance and music.
The award comes with 1,50,000 rupees, a citation and a statuette. It is awarded as part of the Nishagandhi Dance and Music Festival, which is held in January every year. This is a cultural annual programme of the Tourism department of Kerala. The award ceremony takes place at the Nishagandhi theatre in the Kanakakkunnu Palace ground in Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala. The award was introduced to make the festival more popular on a national and international level.
The Nishagandhi Puraskaram was first awarded to the classical dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai in 2013. Hindustani musician Lalith J Rao and Bharata Natyam artist Padma Subrahmanyam won the awards in the next years (2014 and 2015). The most recent recipient of the award in 2016 is the music director Ilayaraja.
Exsanguination is losing enough blood to cause death. A person does not have to lose all of their blood to exsanguinate. People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood.
The average adult has about 4 to 6 liters of blood (9 to 12 US pints) in their body. The average man has more blood than the average woman, and people who weigh more or are taller than others have more blood. This means a person can die from losing 2 / to 4 liters of blood. To compare, this is five to eight times as much blood as people usually give in a blood donation.
Children and babies have much less blood than adults, and can exsanguinate by losing much less blood than adults.
Exsanguination is often called bleeding to death or bleeding out. It is a medical emergency.
Doctors define exsanguination this way:
Bleeding can be "external" or "internal".
"External" means "outside the body." External bleeding is visible - it can be seen outside the body. For example, a person who cuts their hand and has blood on their hand is having external bleeding.
"Internal" means "inside the body." Internal bleeding cannot be seen, because it is inside the body. For example, a person who is bleeding into their brain because of a stroke is having internal bleeding.
Sometimes, bleeding can be both internal and external. A person can exsanguinate from internal bleeding, external bleeding, or both.
Exsanguination is usually caused by major blood vessels getting injured or breaking open. Smaller blood vessels bleed less, and bleed slower, so it is harder to exsanguinate if they are injured.
Exsanguination can be caused by trauma (injuries). Out of all people who die from injuries, 30-40% die from exsanguination. Up to half of these people (33-56%) die before they even get to the hospital.
Penetrating trauma (an injury where something breaks the skin) is one of the most common causes of exsanguination. This is especially true for gunshot wounds to places like the heart, chest, or head, which all have major blood vessels in them.
Other injuries that can cause exsanguination include:
A person can exsanguinate from internal bleeding if:
Exsanguination is one of the most common causes of death in soldiers at war. It is usually caused by gunshot wounds, motor vehicle accidents, or explosions.
Some medical problems can make a person exsanguinate by bleeding internally. These problems include:
If a person is losing blood very quickly (for example, from a broken aortic aneurysm), they will only be conscious for 20 seconds to a few minutes. If blood loss is slower, and the person does not get medical treatment, they may be conscious for a few hours. However, they will get more and more confused and tired as they lose more blood. Eventually the person will go into a coma because there is not enough blood left in their body to bring oxygen to their brain. Finally their heart will stop and they will die.
Doctors call exsanguination a syndrome (a group of symptoms), because it causes so many problems in the body.
Blood helps keep us warm. Because of this, losing a lot of blood causes hypothermia.
Coagulopathy means that the blood no longer clots normally. When a person loses blood, they also lose the platelets and blood-clotting proteins the blood carried. These platelets and proteins make the blood clot. If a person loses too much blood, they will not have enough platelets or proteins left to make the blood clot.
Acidosis means that the body makes too much acid. Usually, the body makes energy out of oxygen carried in the blood and glucose (sugar); this is called aerobic respiration. If a person loses a lot of blood, there will not be enough oxygen in the blood that is left to make energy this way. The body switches to anaerobic respiration and makes energy out of glucose without needing oxygen. However, this creates many acidic waste products (chemicals that the body does not need, which are left over after the body does chemical reactions). Eventually, these waste products can build up so much that they poison the body. This is called acidosis.
When the heart does not get enough blood, it can start beating in ways that are not normal. When this happens because of exsanguination, it usually means that the patient is close to dying.
If a person loses enough blood, they will go into shock. This means the body's most important organs are not getting the blood, oxygen, and nutrients they need to survive. It also means that the body is not able to get rid of waste products, like acids. If shock gets bad enough, it will kill the person.
First aid is an important first step in treating exsanguination. Things that regular people can do to help include:
If possible, a person giving first aid should wear gloves any time they touch another person's blood. The sick or injured person may have an infection that can be spread through blood, like HIV or hepatitis. Wearing gloves will protect the person giving first aid from getting these infections.
First aid saved many lives during the Boston Marathon bombings, when ordinary people used belts for tourniquets or used their own hands to press against bleeding wounds. The three people who died in the bombings died right away. There were many other people who were hurt badly enough that they could have exsanguinated. For example, some people's legs were blown off by the bombs. However, because of the help of ordinary people giving first aid (and because of emergency medical services), everyone who did not die right away survived.
Emergency medical treatments for exsanguination include:
There are some risk factors which make a person more likely to exsanguinate. A few examples are:
When a person is exsanguinating, they are more likely to die if:
Vanity (singer)
Denise Katrina Matthews, also known as Vanity (January 4, 1959 – February 15, 2016), was a Canadian-American singer, songwriter, actress, dancer and model. She was the lead singer of the female trio Vanity 6 between 1981 until it disbanded in 1983. The group was well known for their 1982 hit song "Nasty Girl".
Vanity also had a successful acting career, starring in movies, including "Action Jackson" and "The Last Dragon".
In 1994, Vanity converted to Christianity.
Vanity was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario. She died of complications from peritoneal dialysis in a Fremont, California hospital. She was 57.
Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Seventh Amendment (Amendment VII) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. This amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases. It also stops courts from overturning a jury's verdict. The Seventh Amendment's provision for jury trials in civil cases has never been incorporated (applied to the states). However, the rights to civil jury trials are found in nearly every state constitution.
The prohibition of overturning a jury's verdict applies to federal cases, state cases involving federal law, and to review of state cases by federal courts. "United States v. Wonson" (1812) established the "historical test", which interpreted the amendment as relying on English common law to determine whether a jury trial was necessary in a civil lawsuit. The amendment thus does not guarantee trial by jury in cases under maritime law, in lawsuits against the government itself, and for many parts of patent claims. In all other cases, the jury can be waived by consent of the parties. The amendment also guarantees a minimum of six members for a jury in a civil trial.
The 7th Amendment was ratified on December 15, 1791 as one of ten amendments in the Bill of Rights. But the background for its passing began in England during the 12th century. At the time juries were made up of 12 men who gave their opinions in a trial. The 12-man jury originally included the accusers against the defendant, a supposed enemy of the king. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. The practice followed English colonists to the American colonies. But juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the American Revolutionary War, the Seventh Amendment was written to expressly limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.
Eddie Barry
Edward Thomas "Ed" Barry (October 12, 1919 – February 12, 2016) was an American professional ice hockey player. Barry also played for the Boston Olympics of the Eastern Hockey League and the Boston Bruins, and later became the coach at Boston State College. He has been a member of the Northeastern University athletics Hall of Fame since 1976, and a member of the UMass Boston Hall of Fame since 2003.
Barry died on February 12, 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was under hospice care in Needham, Massachusetts at the time. He was aged 96.
Christopher Zeeman
Sir Erik Christopher Zeeman FRS (4 February 1925 – 13 February 2016), was a British mathematician. He was known for his work in geometric topology and singularity theory. Zeeman's main contributions to mathematics were in topology, particularly in knot theory, the piecewise linear category, and dynamical systems.
Arnold Rüütel
Arnold Rüütel () (born May 10, 1928) is a Estonian politician.
He served as the last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR from April 8, 1983 to March 29, 1990, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR (from May 8, 1990: Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia) from March 29, 1990 to October 6, 1992 and was the third President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006.
He was the second President since Estonia regained independence in 1991. Rüütel also served as one of fifteen Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Zhu Rongji
Bill Dana
Bill Dana (October 5, 1924 – June 15, 2017) was an American comedian, actor and screenwriter. He often appeared on television shows such as "The Ed Sullivan Show". He was known for appearing as a heavily accented Bolivian character named José Jiménez. Dana often portrayed the Jiménez character as an astronaut.
Dana died at his home in Nashville, Tennessee on June 15, 2017 at the age of 92.
Annie Glenn
Anna Margaret "Annie" Glenn, (née Castor; February 17, 1920 – May 19, 2020) was an American activist and philanthropist. She was the widow of former astronaut and Senator John Glenn. She was added into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame.
She was known for her works to raise awareness of children and adults with disabilities such as stuttering. She suffered from it during her early years until it went away when she was in her 50s.
Glenn was born in Columbus, Ohio. She studied at Muskingum College. Glenn married John Glenn in 1943. Together, they had two children. Glenn died at a nursing home in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 19, 2020 at the age of 100. The cause of death was COVID-19.
Li Peng
Li Peng (20 October 1928 – 22 July 2019) was a Chinese politician. He served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998. He also served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body from 1998 to 2003.
For much of the 1990s, Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China (CPC) hierarchy behind then General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the CPC Politburo Standing Committee until 2002.
Li died on 22 July 2019 at the age of 90 from an illness at a hospital in Beijing.
Intravenous therapy
Intravenous injection or intravenous therapy means putting liquid into a vein, using a needle. Many illegal drugs and medications can be given intravenously.
Drugs and medications work very fast when given intravenously, because they go right into the bloodstream. They reach the brain and start working in a minute or less. Also, when a drug is given intravenously, 100% of the drug gets into the bloodstream.
When medications are given in other ways, they do not work as fast. Also, not all of the drug reaches the bloodstream.
However, medications given by IV do not last as long as medicines given by mouth As soon as the drug reaches the bloodstream, the body begins to break it down so the body can get rid of it.
There are two types of intravenous injections.
Sometimes, people inject just one drug into a vein with a needle. Then they take the needle out.
When people use illegal drugs like heroin intravenously, they use a single injection. They shoot the drug into their veins, and then take the needle out.
The second type of IV injection is called an "intravenous (IV) line." This is usually what medical professionals mean when they say a patient is getting an IV.
To do an IV line, a medical professional will:
An IV line allows medical professionals to give different liquids at different times, without having to put a needle into a vein every time. They can also give many medications at the same time.
Intravenous lines are often used in emergency medicine. Many things can be given through an IV line.
Volume expanders are special fluids that are used when a person has lost some of the fluids in their body. For example, a person might lose fluids because of dehydration or bleeding. Volume expanders are used to replace these lost fluids. They are called "volume expanders" because they expand (increase) the volume of liquid in the bloodstream.
Losing too much fluid is dangerous. People need liquid in their bloodstream to carry blood cells, glucose (sugar), electrolytes (salts), and many other important things. Usually, the blood plasma (the liquid part of blood) does this job. However, people can lose plasma for several reasons. For example:
Volume expanders add to the amount of liquid in the bloodstream. They help plasma do its job.
There are a few common volume expanders. They are mixtures of liquids and other things the body loses when a person loses fluid:
Many medications can be given by IV. They can be given by themselves, or mixed into volume expanders.
Examples of medications that can be given by IV include:
Blood transfusions are usually given through an IV line. A blood transfusion can give a person regular blood, or only parts of the blood, like:
If a person cannot eat for a short time, nutrition can be given through an IV line. IV nutrition mixtures include water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, lipids (fats), and vitamins.
Intravenous drug use means injecting illegal drugs into a vein. Illegal drugs that can be injected intravenously include:
Sometimes, people also dissolve prescription medications in water and inject them intravenously. For example, some people dissolve oxycodone or benzodiazepines and inject them.
People use drugs intravenously because it is one of the fastest ways to get the effects of the drug. When a person uses drugs intravenously, the drugs start working within 15 to 30 seconds.
Using drugs intravenously can cause many problems.
If a person uses a needle that is not clean to inject drugs, they can get an infection. Common infections caused by IV drug use include:
An IV drug user can also get some infectious diseases by using the same needles as people who have those diseases. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and many other infections can be spread by sharing needles.
In the world, 40-60% of IV drug users have hepatitis B, and 60-70% have hepatitis C.
People are more likely to overdose when they use drugs intravenously. There are a few reasons for this:
When an IV drug user injects drugs into their veins over and over again, they can damage their veins. The veins can get scarred and eventually collapse. This leaves marks over the scarred veins that are called "track marks."
The Selfish Gene is a book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. It builds upon the work of George C. Williams's book: "Adaptation and Natural Selection", and helped popularize W.D. Hamilton's work.
Dawkins used the term "selfish gene" as a way of expressing the "gene-centred view of evolution". From the gene-centred view, it follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other.
An organism evolves to maximise its inclusive fitness—the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual).
Dawkins proposes the idea of the "replicator":
The book also coins the term "meme" for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene.
Miss Israel
Miss Israel is a beauty contest. It has been held every year since 1950. The winner competes in the Miss Universe contest and the second place competes in the Miss World contest.
Panzerchrist
Panzerchrist is a Danish blackened death metal band. It was formed in 1993–1994 by Michael Enevoldsen (after he left Illdisposed) and Danish artist Lasse Hoile.
Panzerchrist recorded a few demos and was signed by Serious entertainment. "Six Seconds Kill" was released by Serious Entertainment in 1996, and in 1998 they released "Outpost Fort Europa". In 2000, Panzerchrist was joined by drummer Reno Killerich (ex-Exmortem, Vile, etc.) and Bo Summer (also of Illdisposed). They recorded "Soul Collector", which focused on World War II and had German lyrics. "Soul Collector" was released by Mighty Music in 2000.
In 2002, the band was joined by Frederik O'Carroll and Rasmus Henriksen. They began work on the violent "Room Service". It featured compositions that were very loud and fast, including a cover of the Metal Church classic "Metal Church". "Room Service" was recorded at Tue Madsen's "Antfarm Studios" (The Haunted, Illdisposed, Mnemic etc.) and was released by Mighty Music in 2003. The name of each song on the album "Room Service" are the first word(s) to be sung on each song. Each song on the album "Room Service" ends with the words "Death, forever panzer" – except the song "Metal Church", since it is a cover.
In 2006, Panzerchrist drummer Killerich and Karina Bundgaard, now on keyboards, rejoined for the recording of "Battalion Beast". This was released by Neurotic Records in 2006. This album features the words "Christ, thy name is panzer" at the end of each song.
Whip (disambiguation)
A whip is a long strand of leather with a hard handle, used for directing or hitting animals or people.
Whip may also refer to:
Native American flute
The Native American flute is a flute that is held in front of the person playing it, has open holes for the player's fingers, and has two separate parts:
one for the breath of the person playing the flute and another that makes the sound of the flute.
The player breathes into one end of the flute.
A "block" on the outside of the flute
directs the player's breath from the first part to the second part,
causing air to vibrate in the second part.
The vibration causes a steady resonance of air in the second part that creates sound.
Native American flutes are made in many different designs, sizes, and variations —
far more other woodwind instruments.
The Native American flute has many other names.:
"American Indian courting flute",
"courting flute",
"Grandfather's flute",
"Indian flute",
"love flute",
"Native American courting flute",
"Native American love flute",
"Native American style flute" (see the Indian Arts And Crafts Act),
"North American flute",
"Plains flute",
and "Plains Indian courting flute".
The correct way to spell the name of the instrument is "Native American flute" using capital letters for "N" and "A" and lower-case letters for the "f" in "flute".
A person who plays Native American flutes is called a "flutist". The word "flautist" is used, but much less often.
There are many stories about how different Native American peoples invented the Native American flute.
In one story, a woodpecker pecked holes in the branch of a tree while searching for termites.
When the wind blew along the holes, people heard music.
It is not well known how the design of the Native American flute developed before 1823.
Some of the influences may have been:
It is also possible that instruments were carried from other cultures during migrations.
The oldest Native American flute made of wood is from 1823. It is now in a museum in Bergamo, Italy.
The Native American flute has two parts:
the "slow air chamber" and the "sound chamber".
A "plug" inside the instrument separates the slow air chamber from the sound chamber.
The parts of the Native American flute can have many alternate names.
The plug is sometimes called the "internal wall".
The slow air chamber is also called the "SAC", the "compression chamber", or the "mouth chamber".
The sound chamber is also called the "pipe body",
the "playing chamber", the "resonating chamber", the "tone chamber", or the "variable tube".
The "block" on the outside of the instrument is a separate part that can be removed.
The block is also called the "bird", the "fetish", the "saddle", or the "totem".
The block is tied by a "strap" onto the "nest" of the flute.
The block moves air through a "flue" from the slow air chamber to the sound chamber.
The slow air chamber has a "mouthpiece" and "breath hole" for the player's breath.
Air flows through the slow air chamber and up the "exit hole" into the flue.
The sound chamber contains the "sound hole", which creates the vibration of air that causes sound when the airflow
reaches the "splitting edge".
The sound hole can also be called the "whistle hole", the "window", or the "true sound hole" ("TSH").
The splitting edge can also be called the "cutting edge", the "fipple edge", the "labium", or the "sound edge".
The sound chamber also has "finger holes" that allows the player to change the
frequency of the vibrating air.
The finger holes on a Native American flute are "open", meaning that fingers of the player cover the finger hole
(rather than metal levers or pads such as those on a clarinet).
This means that the player must be able to reach all the finger holes on the instrument with their fingers.
The finger holes can also be called the "note holes", the "playing holes", the "tone holes", or the "stops".
The "foot end" of the flute — the end far away from the player's mouth — can have "direction holes".
These holes affect the pitch of the flute when all the finger holes are covered.
They also relate to the "Four Directions" of
East, South, West, and North found in many Native American stories.
The direction holes can also be called the "tuning holes" or "wind holes".
The picture shown above
– "Parts of the Native American flute" with
can also be seen with labels in
Another way to build Native American flutes uses a "spacer plate" to create the flue.
The spacer plate sits between the nest area on the body of the flute and the block.
The spacer player is usually held in place by the same strap that holds the block onto the instrument.
The splitting edge can also be part of the spacer plate.
The spacer plate is often made of metal, but spacer plates can be made of wood, bark, and ceramic.
Many old Native American flutes were made using measurements of the body.
The length of the flute was the distance from inside of the elbow to tip of the index finger.
The length of the slow air chamber was the width of the fist.
The distance between the sound hole and first finger hole was the width of the fist.
The distance between finger holes would be the width of a thumb.
The distance from the last finger hole to the end of the flute was the width of the fist.
Currently, makers of Native American flutes use many methods to design the dimensions of their flutes.
This is very important for the location of the finger holes, since they control the pitch of the different notes of the instrument.
Flute makers may use calculators to design their instruments,
or use dimensions provided by other flute makers.
Many Native American flutes are made from river cane, bamboo, wood,
or even plastic. Some makers of Native American flutes use ceramic or glass.
Many Native American flutes have a musical scale called the pentatonic scale
in a minor key.
This musical scale is used in most Native American flute music.
However, some makers of Native American flute now use different musical scales.
Also, many makers of Native American flutes tune flutes carefully so that they
sound good when played with other instruments such as guitars and pianos.
Native American flutes may be large or small and have a wide range from very low notes to very high notes.
From the largest flutes (lowest pitch) to the smallest flutes (highest pitch),
they span a range of about three and a half octaves,
from C to A.
Most Native American flutes have either five finger holes or six finger holes.
However, a flute may have no finger holes or as many as seven finger holes, including a hole for the thumb.
Different makers employ different musical scales and fingerings for their flutes.
Written music for the Native American flutes is often in the key of F-sharp minor, although some music is scored in other keys.
However, music written for the Native American flute uses a key signature of four sharps.
This is known as "Nakai tablature".
Many pieces of written music adds finger diagrams below the notes to show which finger holes to cover for that note.
The use of a standard key signature for written music that can be used across Native American flutes in a variety of keys classifies the instrument as a transposing instrument.
There were few Native American flute players before 1960.
However, use of the Native American flute increased in the late 1960s.
Many people began playing Native American flutes, such as Doc Tate Nevaquaya,
John Rainer, Jr.,
Sky Walkinstik Man Alone, and
Carl Running Deer.
The music of R. Carlos Nakai became popular in the 1980s.
The album "Canyon Trilogy" was issued in 1989.
In 1998 it was the first Native American music album certified as a Gold Record
by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Canyon Trilogy was certified as a Platinum Record
on July 8, 2014.
Mary Youngblood won two Grammy Awards in the "Native American Music" category for her Native American flute music
in 2002 and 2006.
Today, Native American flutes are being played and recognized by many different peoples and cultures around the world.
Groups of players of the Native American flute meet every month or two.
These groups are known as "flute circles".
These organizations help flute circles within their country:
Politburo of the Communist Party of China
The Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China is a group of 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. It is formally called the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. It was previously called the Central Bureau () before 1927. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee. The members of the Politburo are nominally elected by the Central Committee.
The power of the Politburo is mostly due to the fact that its members generally also hold positions within the government of the People's Republic of China. It also appoints people to high-ranking jobs. The topics for discussion at the meetings appears to be controlled by the General Secretary. Decisions are made by consensus rather than by majority vote.
State Council of China
The State Council is the cabinet of the People's Republic of China. Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, four vice premiers, five state councilors (of whom two are also ministers), and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies. Constitutionally, the State Council is the same as the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments).
In the politics of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.
National People's Congress
Laser pointer
Hu Chunhua
Hu Chunhua (; born April 1963) is a Chinese politician born in Hubei Province.
In 1979, Hu was admitted to Beijing University. He graduated from Beijing University in 1983. After graduation, Hu volunteered to work in Tibet autonomous region. During 1988 ~ 1992 he worked in Tibet, Hu Jingtao was the local Communist Party chief. In 1997, he left Tibet and worked as leader in .
In 2001, Hu Chunhua returned back to Tibet. This time he worked there as senior party and government official. After 5 years of rich experience, in December 2006, he was promoted to the chief of in Beijing.
In March 2008, Hu was appointed as deputy party chief of CPC in Hebei province; and nominated to be the candidate of provincial governor. In April, he was appointed as Hebei governor; and officially elected as governor in January 2009.
In November 2009, Hu was appointed as CPC party chief on Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
In November 2012, Hu was promoted to the powerful Communist Party's Politburo. He was assigned the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong province, the province's top political office. Hu and another Communist Party's Politburo member Sun Zhengcai Hu were seen as promising candidates in the 'sixth generation' of Chinese leadership. However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the traditional power transfer rule. While Hu was not as unfortunate as Sun who was charged and sentenced (in 2018) due to corruption, he failed to enter the leadership core of CPC - the Politburo Standing Committee.
Upsala-Lenna Jernväg
Upsala-Lenna Jernväg (ULJ) is a railway line in Sweden. It runs from the city of Uppsala to various small towns in Uppsala Municipality. It is long. It is a part of the Roslagen network. It is a heritage railway.
Corazón que miente
Corazón que miente (English: "Lying Heart") is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Mapat L. de Zatarain for Televisa. It is a remake of the Mexican telenovela "Laberintos de pasión", produced in 1999 by Ernesto Alonso. It is created by Cuauhtémoc Blanco and Maria del Carmen Peña.
The series stars Thelma Madrigal as Mariela, Pablo Lyle as Alonso, Diego Olivera as Leonardo and Dulce María as Renata.
The series was first shown on Februaury 8, 2016, in Mexico on Canal de las Estrellas.
Sun Zhengcai
Sun Zhengcai (; born September 25 1963) was a Chinese politician and senior regional official before his fall from power in 2017.
Sun joined Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1988. He was a member of the CPC Central Committee since 2007. Since November 2012, Sun has been the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Before that, he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province, and Minister of Agriculture of China.
Sun is the youngest member of the 18th Politburo, and one of only two members born after 1960, the other being Hu Chunhua. As such, Sun and Hu were considered to be a leading candidate for a top leadership position in the "6th Generation of Chinese leadership". However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the game by abandoning the successors designated by his predecessors.
In July 14, 2017, Sun was removed from the post of Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, and investigated for wrong-doings. On July 24, the Chinese official news agency reported that Sun violated CPC's disciplines. On September 29, Sun was stripped of his CPC membership, fired from his government position, and charged for crime. On May 8, 2018, Sun was sentenced for life in prison.
Undue burden standard
The undue burden standard is a constitutional test created by the Supreme Court of the United States. The test, first developed in the late 19th century, is widely used in American constitutional law. In short, the Undue Burden standard says the legislature cannot make a particular law that is too burdensome or restrictive of one's fundamental rights.
One use of the standard was in "Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia," 328 U.S. 373 (1946). In a 7-to-1 ruling, Associate Justice Stanley Forman Reed fashioned an "undue burden" test to decide the constitutionality of a Virginia law requiring separate but equal racial segregation in public transportation. "There is a recognized abstract principle, however, that may be taken as a postulate for testing whether particular state legislation in the absence of action by Congress is beyond state power. This is that the state legislation is invalid if it unduly burdens that commerce in matters where uniformity is necessary—necessary in the constitutional sense of useful in accomplishing a permitted purpose."
More recently, the standard has been used in cases involving state restrictions on a woman's access to abortion. The standard was applied by Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her dissent in "City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health," 462 US 416 (1983). O'Connor used the test as an alternative to the strict scrutiny test applied in "Roe v. Wade," 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Castillo may refer to:
Castillo-Albaráñez
Castillo-Albaráñez is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 28.
Castillo de Garcimuñoz is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 209.
El Oasis
February 2016 Ankara bombing
The February 2016 Ankara bombing was a car bombing in Ankara, Turkey, in the afternoon of 17 February 2016. An operation was launched against the suspected attackers.
April Winchell
April Winchell Foley (born January 4, 1960) is an American actress, voice actress , comedian, clown, jester, mime, writer, color commentator and dancer. She is best known for voicing Clarabelle Cow in "Mickey Mouse ClubHouse" and various other Disney projects.
She is the daughter of comedian and ventriloquist, Paul Winchell.
She was married Mick Kuisel until they divorced. She has been married to John Foley since 2013.
Bursitis
Bursitis is a painful condition. Small sacs called bursae get inflamed. Bursae are pockets between your muscles and your bones. Your bursa help you move without pain. In bursitis, the inflammation is often caused by extra fluid in the bursae. The most common places to have bursitis are in your hip and shoulder. You can also have bursitis in your elbow, knee and toe.
One of the most common symptoms of bursitis is pain. It can also cause stiffness and swelling. Pain happens when you move your joints.
The most common cause of bursitis is moving your joints too much. Swelling can happen when the joint locks.
There are a few ways to treat bursitis. The best way to treat bursitis is to rest the joint and to lift it up. You can also put a medicine called cortisone into the hurt bursa. You should put it on ice for twenty minutes three to four times a day.
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal (23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist. For 17 years (1957–1974), he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper "Al-Ahram". He was a commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years. He was born in Cairo, Egypt.
Heikal died in Cairo, Egypt from renal failure on 17 February 2016. He was aged 92.
Akbar Kakkattil
Akbar Kakkattil (7 July 1954 – 17 February 2016) was an Indian short-story writer and novelist. He was born in Kerala state. His works are known for their unique narrative style which has been seen as full of humour. His work, "Sarga Sameeksha", a creative and critical interface of a young writer with the iconic writers of the old generation is perhaps the first of its kind among Indian languages.
Kakkattil died in a hospital in Kerala from lung cancer on 17 February 2016. He was aged 62.
Andrzej Żuławski
Andrzej Żuławski (; 22 November 1940 – 17 February 2016) was a Polish movie director and writer. He was born in Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine).
In the late 1950s, he studied filmmaking in France. His second movie "The Devil" (1972) was banned in Poland, and Żuławski went to France. After the success of "" in 1975, he returned to Poland where he spent two years making "On the Silver Globe" (1988). After that, Żuławski moved to France where he became known for controversial and violent art-house movies. Żuławski is also known for his work with actresses including Romy Schneider, Isabelle Adjani and Sophie Marceau.