AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Flashes were first used in the late 1800's in the form of a stick with magnesium on the top that when burned would produce very bright light (the stick was held in the air, and the camera shutter released at the same time), later camera flashes used a special type of light bulb known as a flashbulb, and modern flashes use LED's or a special type of tube which emits a flash of mostly blue light when electricity is applied to it from the flash capacitor (known as a xenon flashtube).
The use of a flash to take photographs is mostly known as 'flash photography'
The use of flashes is not allowed in some places where it may be annoying to other people or where the bright light could damage rare or very old objects (like paintings) such as in a museum.
Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut is a 2006 director's cut of "Superman II".
Many people considered it better than the 1980 theatrical release.
Scrat: Spaced Out
Scrat: Spaced Out is a 2019 American computer animated comedy slapstick short film directed by Mike Thurmeier and Galen T. Chu. The short is a spin-off of the Ice Age franchise and focuses on Scrat. This is the third Scrat short film and it's set right after the events of Collision Course.
Right after the events of Collision Course, Scrat is ready to come back to Earth but he's kidnapped by alien female anthropomorphic sabertooth squirrels named Scratazons.
The Scratazons tries to kill him but they ultimately fails, however they steals his acorn but luckily Scrat gets it back with the attraction ray.
There's a battle between Scrat and the Scratazons leader with the attraction rays which ends with the explosion of the Scratazons ship and causes a black hole which swallows all of them except Scrat and the Scratazons leader.
Scrat initially loses the run against Scratazon for the acorn but he successfully uses the toilet to arrive to the acorn and he knock Scratazon away causing her to be swallowed by the black hole as well.
Scrat and his acorn are then swallowed as well but they are spitten out. Scrat is happy that he finally has his acorn but the black hole reopens and swallows the acorn, much to Scrat's horror and dismay.
Scrat then screams in frustration while he floats in the space.
It's currently unknown if there will be another Scrat short but since the character is very popular it's most likely there will be at least another one. If there will be a new short film it will probably not be a direct continuation of this short as the shorts follows the "no-continuity" rule of the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner episodes.Spider-Man: Friend or Foe
Spider-Man: Friend or Foe is a 2007 action-adventure beat 'em up video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. The game borrows characters and designs from Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man" trilogy, with a plot that is non-canon to the films. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation Portable in October 2007. The game was also going to be released on the PlayStation 3, but was canceled.
Players team up with famous heroes from the Marvel Universe to combat villains in epic boss battles, whom they then convert into sidekick allies to aid them for the rest of their journey.
Spider-Man: Web of Shadows
Spider-Man: Web of Shadows is a 2008 action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The game was released in October 2008 across multiple platforms, and encompasses three drastically different versions: one released for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360, which features an open world and non-linear gameplay; one for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable (called Spider-Man: Web of Shadows - Amazing Allies Edition), which is a 2.5D side-scrolling beat 'em up; and one for the Nintendo DS, which is also a linear beat 'em up, but features a different storyline and aspects of the Metroidvania genre.
Venom has launched a full-scale symbiote invasion of Manhattan, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with a number of unlikely allies in order to stop him, while being faced with difficult choices that could change his life forever.
Ambiamory
Ambiamory is the capability of experiencing monogamous and polyamorous relationships.
Romance (1930 movie)
The Divorcee
Disraeli (movie)
Malaya (movie)
George Ross Anderson Jr.
George Ross Anderson Jr. (January 29, 1929 – December 1, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a Judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina from 1980 until his retirement in 2016. He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to the court. He also was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1955 to 1956.
Anderson was born in Anderson, South Carolina. He was a Democrat. Anderson died on December 1, 2020 at a South Carolina nursing home at the age of 91.
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina
The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (in case citations, D.S.C.) is the federal district court. They cover the state of South Carolina.
Court is held in the cities of Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Greenville, and Spartanburg.
The Utah Kid
Hugh Keays-Byrne
Hugh Keays-Byrne (18 May 1947 – 1 December 2020) was an English-Australian actor and movie director. He moved to Australia in 1973. He was known for his roles as Toad in the 1974 movie "Stone", Toecutter in the 1979 movie "Mad Max", and Immortan Joe in the 2015 movie "". He was born in Srinagar, then-British India.
Keays-Byrne died on 1 December 2020 at the age of 73.
Arnie Robinson
Arnie Paul Robinson Jr. (April 7, 1948 – December 1, 2020) was an American athlete. He won a bronze medal in the long jump at the 1972 Olympics and a gold medal in 1976. Robinson was born in San Diego, California.
Robinson died on December 1, 2020 at the age of 72.
Walter E. Williams
Walter Edward Williams (March 31, 1936 – December 1, 2020) was an American economist, commentator, and academic. He was the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University. He was known for his classical liberal and libertarian views. His writings frequently appeared on Townhall.com, "WND", and "Jewish World Review". He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Williams died on December 1, 2020 in Devon, Pennsylvania at the age of 84.
Devon, Pennsylvania
Devon is a census-designated place (CDP) located in Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,515 at the 2010 census.
Chamalières
Chamalières (Auvergnat: "Chamalèira") is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
Chamalières is the third-largest town in the department and lies about from Lyon.
MDH (spice company)
Mahashian Di Hatti Private Limited, doing business as MDH, is an Indian spice producer and seller based in New Delhi, India.
It is the second largest leader in the Indian market with 12% market share, following S Narendrakumar's Everest Spices.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis. There is a long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine.
Usually the joints where the spine joins the pelvis are also affected. Eye and bowel problems may also occur. Pain in the back is a typical symptom of AS, and it often comes and goes. Stiffness of the affected joints usually gets worse over time.
Koba Davitashvili
Koba Davitashvili (; July 31, 1971 – December 2, 2020) was a Georgian politician. He was a leader of the Georgian People's Party and co-founder of the United National Movement. He was a member of the Georgian Parliament between 1999 to 2006.
Davitashvili died on December 2, 2020 in Tbilisi from ankylosing spondylitis, aged 49.
Franco Giraldi
Franco Giraldi (11 July 1931 – 2 December 2020) was an Italian director and screenwriter. He was born in Comeno, Kingdom of Italy. He directed "Seven Guns for the MacGregors" (1966), "Sugar Colt" (1966) and "Up the MacGregors!" (1967).
Giraldi died on 2 December 2020 in Trieste, Italy from problems caused by COVID-19 at the age of 89.
Maker of Men
Warren Berlinger
Warren Berlinger (August 31, 1937 – December 2, 2020) was an American actor. He was born in New York City. His career lasted from 1946 to 2016. He was best known for his roles in "The Joey Bishop Show", "The Cannonball Run" and in "The World According to Garp".
Berlinger died on December 2, 2020 at a hospital in Santa Clarita, California at the age of 83.
Brighton Rock (1947 movie)
Aldo Moser
Aldo Moser (7 February 1934 – 2 December 2020) was an Italian cyclist. Moser rode in 16 editions of the Giro d'Italia and 4 of the Vuelta a España, totaling in 20 Grand Tours. He was the older brother of Francesco Moser, Enzo Moser and Diego Moser. He was born in Giovo, Italy.
Moser died on 2 December 2020 in Trento, Italy from COVID-19 at the age of 86.
Giovo
Rafer Johnson
Rafer Lewis Johnson (August 18, 1934 – December 2, 2020) was an American decathlete and actor. He was born in Hillsboro, Texas. Johnson was a silver medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He also played Mullens the DEA agent in the 1989 James Bond movie "Licence to Kill".
In 1968, Johnson, football player Rosey Grier, and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy.
Johnson died on December 2, 2020 at a Sherman Oaks, California hospital from a stroke, aged 86.
George Plimpton
George Ames Plimpton (March 18, 1927 – September 25, 2003) was an American journalist, writer and editor. He was widely known for his sports writing and for helping to found "The Paris Review". He was born in New York City.
Plimpton, along with former decathlete Rafer Johnson and American football star Rosey Grier, helped wrestle Sirhan Sirhan to the floor when Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968.
Plimpton died on September 25, 2020 at his New York City apartment from a heart attack caused by supraventricular tachycardia, aged 76.
Supraventricular tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally fast heart rhythm caused from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart.
There are four main types: atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), atrial flutter, and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.
Symptoms may include palpitations, feeling faint, sweating, shortness of breath, or chest pain.
Yuvensius Alfonsius Biakai
Yuvensius Alfonsius Biakai (9 November 1956 – 5 November 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was the Regent of Asmat from October 2005 to October 2015 . He was the first regent of Asmat.
Biakai died in Timika, Indonesia on 5 November 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 63.
Frank Kramer (Dutch footballer)
Franciscus Johannes "Frank" Erik Kramer (27 November 1947 – 30 November 2020) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a striker, television presenter and football commentator. Kramer was born in Amsterdam. His career lasted from 1970 to 1984.
Kramer played for Amsterdam, MVV Maastricht, Telstar, Volendam and Haarlem. He also made appearances on television sports networks as a commentator for AVRO and Eurosport.
Kramer suffered from a stroke on his 73rd birthday and fell in a coma. He died three days later in Amsterdam on 30 November 2020.
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man released for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows. It was followed by a sequel, "" in October 2011.
The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Universe. Madame Web calls on four versions of Spider-Man from four realities to assist in bringing the realities back into balance: the Amazing Spider-Man, Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man. The player controls each of the four Spider-Men as they attempt to retrieve the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions, who now possess new abilities granted by the tablet.
Spider-Man: Edge of Time
Spider-Man: Edge of Time is an action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man released in October 2011 for the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360. It is a sequel to 2010's "".
Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2099 combat a new threat across space and time and attempt to save both of their realities.
Tommy Sandt
Thomas James Sandt (December 22, 1950 – December 1, 2020) was an American Major League Baseball player and coach. Sandt played for the Oakland Athletics in 1975 and 1976. He also coached the Florida Marlins during their 1997 World Series win. He was born in New York City.
Sandt died on December 1, 2020 at his home in Lake Oswego, Oregon at the age of 69.
Giant planet
A giant planet is any planet much larger than Earth. They are usually mostly composed of low-boiling-point materials (gases or ices), rather than rock or other solid matter. Massive solid planets also exist. There are four giant planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified orbiting other stars.
Giant planets are also sometimes called jovian planets, the adjective for the name Jupiter. They are sometimes known as gas giants. Many astronomers use the latter term only for Jupiter and Saturn. They classify Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as ice giants. Both names are potentially misleading: all of the giant planets consist primarily of fluids above their critical points, where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist. The principal components are hydrogen and helium in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, and water, ammonia and methane in the case of Uranus and Neptune.
The defining differences between a very low-mass brown dwarf and a gas giant are not clear. One school of thought is based on formation; the other, on the physics of the interior. Part of the debate is whether "brown dwarfs" must, by definition, have had nuclear fusion at some point in their history.
The term "gas giant" was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer James Blish. It was originally used to refer to all giant planets. Arguably it is something of a misnomer, because for most of thire volume the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is likely beyond the critical point, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases. "Fluid planet" would be a more accurate term. Jupiter also has metallic hydrogen near its center, but much of its volume is hydrogen, helium, and traces of other gases above their critical points. The observable atmospheres of all these planets (at less than unit optical depth) are quite thin compared to their radii, only extending perhaps one percent of the way to the center. Thus the observable portions are gaseous (in contrast to Mars and Earth, which have gaseous atmospheres through which the crust can be seen).
The rather misleading term has caught on because planetary scientists typically use "rock", "gas", and "ice" as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds found on planets, whatever the actual phase of matter. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as "gases"; water, methane, and ammonia as "ices"; and silicates and metals as "rock". When deep planetary interiors are considered, it may not be far off to say that, by "ice" astronomers mean oxygen and carbon, by "rock" they mean silicon, and by "gas" they mean hydrogen and helium. The many ways in which Uranus and Neptune differ from Jupiter and Saturn have led some to use the term only for the planets similar to the latter two. With this terminology in mind, some astronomers have started referring to Uranus and Neptune as ice giants to indicate the predominance of the "ices" (in fluid form) in their interior composition.
The alternative term "jovian planet" refers to the Roman god Jupiter, and meant all these planets were similar to Jupiter.
Objects large enough to start deuterium fusion (above 13 Jupiter masses for solar composition) are called brown dwarfs, and these occupy the mass range between that of large giant planets and the lowest-mass stars. The 13-Jupiter-mass cutoff is a rule of thumb, not something of precise physical significance. Larger objects will burn most of their deuterium and smaller ones will burn only a little, and the Jupiter mass value is somewhere in between. The amount of deuterium burnt depends not only on the mass but also on the composition of the planet, especially on the amount of helium and deuterium present. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 60 Jupiter masses, and the Exoplanet Data Explorer up to 24 Jupiter masses.
A giant planet is a massive planet and has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. They may have a dense molten core of rocky elements, or the core may have completely dissolved and dispersed throughout the planet if the planet is hot enough. In "traditional" giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn (the gas giants) hydrogen and helium constitute most of the mass of the planet, whereas they only make up an outer envelope on Uranus and Neptune, which are instead mostly composed of water, ammonia, and methane and therefore increasingly referred to as "ice giants".
Extrasolar giant planets that orbit very close to their stars are the exoplanets that are easiest to detect. These are called hot Jupiters and hot Neptunes because they have very high surface temperatures. Hot Jupiters were, until the advent of space-borne telescopes, the most common form of exoplanet known, due to the relative ease of detecting them with ground-based instruments.
Giant planets are commonly said to lack solid surfaces, but it is more accurate to say that they lack surfaces altogether since the gases that constitute them simply become thinner and thinner with increasing distance from the planets' centers, eventually becoming indistinguishable from the interplanetary medium. Therefore, landing on a giant planet may or may not be possible, depending on the size and composition of its core.
Gas giants consist mostly of hydrogen and helium. The Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, have heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. Gas giants are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen, surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with a probable molten core with a rocky composition.
Jupiter and Saturn's outermost portion of the hydrogen atmosphere has many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water and ammonia. The layer of metallic hydrogen makes up the bulk of each planet, and is referred to as "metallic" because the very high pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor. The core is thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000 K) and pressures that their properties are poorly understood.
Ice giants have distinctly different interior compositions from gas giants. The Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, have a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that extends from the cloud tops down to about 80% (Uranus) or 85% (Neptune) of their radius. Below this, they are predominantly "icy", i.e. consist mostly of water, methane, and ammonia. There is also some rock and gas, but various proportions of ice–rock–gas could mimic pure ice, so that the exact proportions are unknown.
Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them aquamarine colors; light blue and ultramarine respectively. Both have magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.
Unlike the other giant planets, Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely pronounced. The two planets also have other subtle but important differences. Uranus has more hydrogen and helium than Neptune despite being less massive overall. Neptune is therefore denser and has much more internal heat and a more active atmosphere. The Nice model, in fact, suggests that Neptune formed closer to the Sun than Uranus did, and should therefore have more heavy elements.
Solid planets up to thousands of Earth masses may be able to form around massive stars (B-type and O-type stars; 5–120 solar masses), where the protoplanetary disk would contain enough heavy elements. Also, these stars have high UV radiation and winds that could photoevaporate the gas in the disk, leaving just the heavy elements.<ref name="mass/radius sold"></ref>
For comparison, Neptune's mass equals 17 Earth masses, Jupiter has 318 Earth masses, and the 13 Jupiter-mass limit used in the IAU's working definition of an exoplanet equals approximately 4000 Earth masses.
A super-puff is a type of exoplanet with a mass only a few times larger than
Earth’s but a radius larger than Neptune, giving it a very low mean density. They are cooler and less massive than the inflated low-density hot-Jupiters.
The most extreme examples known are the three planets around Kepler-51 which are all Jupiter-sized but with densities below 0.1 g/cm.
Because of the limited techniques available to detect exoplanets, many of those found to date have been of a size associated, in the Solar System, with giant planets. Because these large planets are inferred to share more in common with Jupiter than with the other giant planets, some have claimed that "jovian planet" is a more accurate term for them. Many of the exoplanets are much closer to their parent stars and hence much hotter than the giant planets in the Solar System, making it possible that some of those planets are a type not observed in the Solar System. Considering the relative abundances of the elements in the universe (about 98% hydrogen and helium) it would be surprising to find a predominantly rocky planet more massive than Jupiter. On the other hand, models of planetary-system formation have suggested that giant planets would be inhibited from forming as close to their stars as many of the extrasolar giant planets have been observed to orbit.
The bands seen in the atmosphere of Jupiter are due to counter-circulating streams of material called zones and belts, encircling the planet parallel to its equator. The zones are the lighter bands, and are at higher altitudes in the atmosphere. They have an internal updraft and are high-pressure regions. The belts are the darker bands, are lower in the atmosphere, and have an internal downdraft. They are low-pressure regions. These structures are somewhat analogous to the high and low-pressure cells in Earth's atmosphere, but they have a very different structure—latitudinal bands that circle the entire planet, as opposed to small confined cells of pressure. This appears to be a result of the rapid rotation and underlying symmetry of the planet. There are no oceans or landmasses to cause local heating and the rotation speed is much higher than that of Earth.
There are smaller structures as well: spots of different sizes and colors. On Jupiter, the most noticeable of these features is the Great Red Spot, which has been present for at least 300 years. These structures are huge storms. Some such spots are thunderheads as well.
June Rose Bellamy
June Rose Bellamy, also Yadana Nat-Mei (; lit. Goddess of the Nine Jewels, 1 June 1932 – 1 December 2020) was the First Lady of Myanmar and fourth wife of the 4th President of Burma Ne Win.
She was a Burmese royal princess of Australian descent and the great-granddaughter of Prince Kanaung.
Bronisław Dankowski
Bronisław Dankowski (22 August 1944 – 2 December 2020) was a Polish politician. He was a member of the Sejm from 1997 to 2005. He was a member of the Democratic Left Alliance.
Dankowski died on 2 December 2020 at the age of 76.
Maria Fyfe
Maria Fyfe ("née" O'Neill; 25 November 1938 – 3 December 2020) was a Scottish Labour politician. She was a Member of Parliament for Glasgow Maryhill from 1987 to 2001. Fyfe was born in Glasgow.
Fyfe died on 3 December 2020 in Glasgow, aged 82.
QAnon () is a disproven far-right conspiracy theory believing that a cabal of Satan-worshipping pedophiles is running a global child sex-trafficking ring and are planning against former US president Donald Trump, who is fighting the cabal.
QAnon also believes that Trump is planning a day known as the "Storm", when thousands of members of the cabal will be arrested. No part of the conspiracy claim is based in fact.
QAnon supporters have accused many liberal Hollywood actors, Democratic politicians, and high-ranking government officials of being members of the cabal.
Former followers of the group have criticised it for vandalism of stores and general antisocial behaviour.
Pizzagate conspiracy theory
"Pizzagate" is a debunked conspiracy theory that went viral during the 2016 United States presidential election cycle mainly supported by far-right politicians and activists.
In March 2016, the personal email account of John Podesta, Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, was hacked in a spear-phishing attack. Supporters of the Pizzagate conspiracy theory falsely claimed the emails had coded messages that connected several high-ranking Democratic Party officials and U.S. restaurants with an alleged human trafficking and child sex ring.
Murder of Seth Rich
The murder of Seth Rich happened on Sunday, July 10, 2016, at 4:20 a.m. in Washington, D.C. Rich died about an hour and a half after receiving two gunshot wounds to the back. He was murdered by unknown people for unknown reasons, but police suspected he had been the victim of an attempted robbery.
The 27-year-old Rich worked for the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and his murder caused many right-wing conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Rich had been involved with the leaked DNC emails in 2016.
"The New York Times", "Los Angeles Times", and "The Washington Post" wrote that the promotion of these conspiracy theories was an example of fake news.
Hot Jupiter
Hot Jupiters are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are physically similar to Jupiter but have very short orbital periods (). The closeness to their stars and their high surface-atmosphere temperatures led to the nickname.
Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method. The oscillations they induce in their parent stars' motion are large and rapid compared to those of other types of planets. One of the best-known hot Jupiters is . Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star. has an orbital period of about 4 days.
2016 Democratic National Committee email leak
The 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak is a collection of Democratic National Committee (DNC) emails stolen by one or more hackers working under the pseudonym "Guccifer 2.0" who are said to be Russian intelligence agency hackers, according to indictments carried out by the Mueller investigation.
These emails were leaked by DCLeaks in June and July 2016 and by WikiLeaks on July 22, 2016, just before the 2016 Democratic National Convention.
This collection included 19,252 emails and 8,034 attachments from the DNC. The leak includes emails from seven key DNC staff members, and date from January 2015 to May 2016.
The leaks also showed the DNC trying to sabotage and spread fake information to hurt then-2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders and his presidential campaign.
On November 6, 2016, WikiLeaks released a second batch of DNC emails, adding 8,263 emails to its collection.
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Seville, baptized on January 1, 1618– April 3, 1682) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Developed in final naturalism, he advanced towards original forms of the full baroque with a perception that sometimes precedes the rococo in some of his most peculiar and imitated pictorial creations, such as the Immaculate Conception or the Good Shepherd in child figure. A central personality of the Sevillian school, with a high number of disciples and followers who carried his influence well into the 18th century, he was also the best known and most appreciated Spanish painter outside of Spain, the only one of which Sandrart included a brief and fabled biography in his Academia picturae eruditae of 1683 with the Self-portrait of the painter engraved by Richard Collin. Conditioned by the clientele, the bulk of his production is made up of works of a religious nature destined for Sevillian churches and convents, but unlike other great Spanish masters of his time, he also cultivated genre painting on a continuous and independent basis. throughout much of his career.
Arabian tree frog
The Arabian tree frog or Sanchiang tree toad ("Hyla felixarabica") is a frog from the Middle East. Scientists saw it in Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Syria.
Scientists say there are two separate groups of Arabian tree frogs: one in the hills in Yemen and Asir Mountains in Saudia Arabia and another group in Syria, Israel and the hills in Jordan.
Scientists used to think that this was the same frog as the Middle East tree frog, but it is not. Scientists believe that the Arabian tree frog separated from the Middle East tree frog 8.4 million years ago. They believe the two groups of frogs were separated by the Dead Sea Rift and then became different species over time.
Krusty the Clown (The Simpsons episode)
Separate Vocations
"Separate Vocations" is the 18th episode of the 3th season of "The Simpsons". It was first shown on television on February 27, 1992.
Belgian Americans
Human Rights Party (United States)
Unmarried
Three Girls Lost
Half Angel (1936 movie)
SpaceX Starship is a launch vehicle being developed by SpaceX, a private Aerospace company, since 2012. It is a super heavy launch vehicle, meaning it is capable of lifting more than 50 tonnes of payload into Low Earth orbit, Starship is a fully reusable spacecraft, which will reduce the cost per launch dramatically.
SpaceX had a test on December 9, 2020 which showed that it could fly to a high altitude, and was mostly a success, however it was not able to land soft enough, resulting in the loss of the SN8 Starship.
The Good Earth (movie)
The Good Earth is a 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by Sidney Franklin, Gustav Machatý and Victor Fleming. It was based on the 1931 novel of the same name by Pearl S. Buck and starring Paul Muni, Luise Rainer, Walter Connolly, Tilly Losch, Charley Grapewin, Jessie Ralph. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1938.
Conquest (1937 movie)
Conquest is 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and Gustav Machatý. It was based on the 1933 novel "Pani Walewska" by Wacław Gąsiorowski and starring Greta Garbo, Charles Boyer, Reginald Owen, Henry Stephenson, Alan Marshal, C. Henry Gordon, Leif Erickson. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1938.
Madame X (1937 movie)
Madame X is a 1937 American drama movie directed by Sam Wood and Gustav Machatý. It is the fourth version of the 1908 play of the same name by Alexandre Bisson and starring Gladys George, Warren William, John Beal, Reginald Owen, Lynne Carver, Phillip Reed, Henry Daniell, Ruth Hussey, George Zucco. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Loren Legarda
Ceterosexuality
Ceterosexuality or skoliosexuality is the attraction to non-binary and genderqueer people.
Nambudiri
The Nambudiri, also transliterated Nambūdiri, Namboodiri, Namboothiri, and Nampūtiri, are a Malayali Brahmin caste, native to what is now the state of Kerala, India.
As the traditional feudal elite, Nambudiris owned a large portion of the land in the region of Malabar until the Kerala Land Reforms starting in 1957. Nambudiris have been noted for their unique practices such as the adherence to srauta ritualism and orthodox tradition. Cyriac Pullapilly mentions that the dominating influence of the Nambudiris was to be found in all matters: religion, politics, society, economics and culture of Kerala.
Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parasurama, the 6th avatar of Vishnu. According to this legend, the region was created when Parasurama threw his axe into the sea Although it is known that the present-day region of Kerala was once governed by the Chera dynasty, little information exists regarding its early ethnography.
Brahmin presence in the Tamil country is attested from the Sangam period onward. Based on the fact that Nambudiris are Pūrvaśikhā Brahmins wearing the traditional hair tuft on the front, T.P Mahadevan proposes that they are the descendants of these Sangam age Brahmins who moved west into the region of Malabar during the Kalabhra interregnum. This sets them apart from the later Aparaśikhā Brahmin (wearing their hair tufts on the back) migrants to South India such as the Tamil Iyers. According to T.P Mahadevan, the Nambudiris brought with them a very early recension of the Mahabharata which became the basis of the Malayalam language version of the epic.
Anthropologists Heike Moser and Paul Younger note that the Nambudiri Brahmin presence predates the 9th century, as attested by grants of land given to them by ruling families. According to the historian Romila Thapar, local kings and chiefs encouraged them to move to the area by offering such tax-exempt land grants in return for them officiating in Vedic rites that would legitimise the grantors' status as rulers. They also gained land and improved their influence over the socio-economic life of the region by helping rulers during the wars between the Chola and Chera dynasties when Vedic schools were turned into military academies.
Operating from their "illam" houses, Nambudiris' ownership of agricultural land under the janmi system increased over many centuries and, according to Moser and Younger, they "established landholding temples and taught the people the rules of caste". The Nambudiris have been described to be responsible for the Sanskrit influence on Malayalam, basically a Dravidian language, due to the Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of Sanskrit and the local Tamil language.
Medieval Kerala has been characterised as an oligarchy which was dominated by the Nambudiris, who owned all the temples and their subsidiary villages. The Nambudiris had influence with the ruling class through the practice of "sambandam", where younger Nambudiris used to have relationships with Kshatriya women or women from the upper sections of the Nair caste. The children of such unions were not considered Nambudiris, but a part of their matrilocal lineages. As a result of such unions, many kings and ruling chiefs in Kerala would be the offspring of Nambudiri fathers. These arrangements allowed the Nambudiris to gain political power in addition to religious and cultural dominance.
The Nambudiri's grip on land was maintained through the practice of strict primogeniture and patrilineal inheritance. Despite their younger members having hypergamous relationships with Nairs, whose caste traditions were matrilineal, Nambudiri families remained aloof from general society. Although the historian E. K. Pillai has claimed that the Nambudiris from the 1100s enforced matrilineal polyandry on the previously patrilineal communities of the area, sociologist Randall Collins thinks it is unlikely that such a change could be imposed and says that "more probably it was the result of a process of marriage politics spread by emulation in the decentralised situation of status competition." Some other scholars believe that the matrilineal customs predate the period entirely and cite the queens of the Pandyan dynasty as evidence for this.
The unwillingness of Nambudiris to adapt to changes in wider society persisted until the early years of the 20th century but Susan Bayly believes that their decline in significance can be traced to the period 1729-1748 when Marthanda Varma established the Kingdom of Travancore and chose to use Deshastha Brahmins from Tamil Nadu in his civil service. She believes that decision undermined the relationship between the Nambudiri Brahmins and royalty in the region, although others have said that Varma's influence was short-lived and that the main cause of change was the arrival of British colonial administrators, such as Colin Macaulay and John Munro, from the early 1800s. After the passing of the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 in the British Parliament, the British encouraged the work of Christian missionaries, notably in provision of education, and began the introduction of a judicial system that would have a significant impact on the landholdings, inheritance customs and marriage arrangements of both the Nambudiris and Nairs. The traditional basis of life was challenged by these and other changes, affecting also the other major ethnic groups of the area, such as the Ezhavas and the Syrian Christians.
The following Vedic recensions are attested among them.
The ancient Vedic ritual of Agnicayana (the altar of fire), which spans a 12-day period and which Frits Staal and Robert Gardner claim to be one of the oldest known rituals, was maintained by Nambudiri Brahmins until at least 1975. Although it may have largely died out elsewhere in India and thus be symptomatic of the community's resistance to change, David Knipe notes that it is still performed regularly in Andhra Pradesh and has been for centuries.
Traditionally, they wore a simple cloth around the waist called a thorthu (or thortumundu), in domestic settings. When they had to travel, they wore two sets of cloth in addition known as a vasthram.
Nambudiris wore their traditional hair tufts ("kuṭumi" or "śikhā") on the front like the Dikshitars of Tamil Nadu.
Nambudiri Brahmin families practised a more strict version of primogeniture than Brahmin communities elsewhere in India. Under this custom, only the eldest son could marry a Nambudiri woman and thus produce an heir to the family property. Younger sons were restricted to sambandam relationships with non-Brahmin women, whom the Nambudiris considered to be concubines and whose offspring could not inherit. This tradition limited the extent of marriage within their own caste and led to the practice of hypergamy with the Nair community. Kathleen Gough notes that:
The disparity in caste ranking in a relationship between a Brahmin man and a Nair woman meant that the woman was unable to live with her husband(s) in the Brahmin family and so remained in her own family. The children resulting from such marriages always became Nairs. K. M. Panikkar argues that it is this type of relationship that resulted in the matrilineal and matrilocal system. It has also been argued that the practice, along with judicious selection of the man who tied the "thali", formed a part of the Nair aspirational culture whereby they would seek to improve their status within the caste. Furthermore, that:
Although it is certain that in theory hypergamy can cause a shortage of marriageable women in the lowest ranks of a caste and promote upwards social movement from the lower Nair subdivisions, the numbers involved would have been very small. It was not a common practice outside the higher subcaste groups and the Nambudiris had mostly stopped the practice by the 1920s.
The form of Sanskrit theatre known as Koodiyattam, which is native to Kerala, was traditionally patronised by Nambudiris.
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Saint Thomas Christians
The Saint Thomas Christians are a very old community in Kerala, India also called as Syrian Christians of India, Nasrani or Malabar Nasrani or Malankara Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila, are an ethno-religious community of Indian Christians from the state of Kerala, who follow the East Syriac Rite, West Syriac Rite and the liturgical rites of Syriac Christianity. They trace their origins to the evangelistic or missionariy activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. Nasrani is an Arabic word for "Christian" that came from the Greek word Nazōraioi, Nazarene in English. The Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into different Churches like Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Protestant, and independent bodies, each with their own liturgies and traditions. They are Malayali people and speak the Malayalam language
Saint Thomas Christians are a community with different ethnicities or different origins.Their culture is largely from East Syriac, West Syriac, Hindu, Jewish, and Latin Rite influences, blended with local customs and later elements derived from indigenous Indian and European colonial contacts. Their language is Malayalam, the language of Kerala, and Syriac is used for prayers.
The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint Thomas the Apostle, who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of Portuguese colonisation. They are also known, especially locally, as Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila. The former means Christian; it appears to have been derived from the Hebrew word Netzer or the Aramaic Nasraya from Isaiah 11:1. Mappila is an honorific applied to members of non-Indian faiths and descendants of immigrants from the middle east who had intermarried with the local population, including Muslims (Jonaka Mappila) and Jews (Yuda Mappila). Some Syrian Christians of Travancore continue to attach this honorific title to their names. The Government of India designates members of the community as Syrian Christians, a term originating with the Dutch colonial authority that distinguishes the Saint Thomas Christians, who used Syriac (within East Syriac Rite or West Syriac Rite) as their liturgical language, from newly evangelised Christians who followed the Roman Rite.The terms Syrian or Syriac relate not to their ethnicity but to their historical, religious and liturgical connection to the Church of the East, or East Syriac Church.
According to tradition, Thomas the Apostle came to Muziris on the Kerala coast in AD 52 and converted many Nambudiri Brahmins to christianity and established the Ezharapallikal. The most prominent families amongst the many are Pakalomattam, Sankarapuri, Kalli, Kalliyankal, Nedumpally, Kunnappilly, Payyippilly, Vazhappilly, Maliekkal, Panakkamattom and Thayil.
The Cochin Jews are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD, and it was possible for an Aramaic-speaking Jew, such as St. Thomas from Galilee, to make a trip to Kerala then.The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to India is the Acts of Thomas, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in Edessa.
A number of 3rd and 4th century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including Ambrose of Milan, Gregory of Nazianzus, Jerome, and Ephrem the Syrian, while Eusebius of Caesarea records that St. Clement of Alexandria's teacher Pantaenus from Alexandria visited a Christian community in India using the Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew language in the 2nd century.￼
The tradition of origin of the Christians in Kerala is found in a version of the Songs of Thomas or Thomma Parvam, written in 1601 and believed to be a summary of a larger and older work.Thomas is described as arriving in or around Maliankara and founding Seven Churches, or Ezharapallikal: Kodungallur, Kollam, Niranam, Nilackal (Chayal), Gokkamangalam, Kottakkavu , Palayoor and Thiruvithamcode Arappally (a "half church"). The Thomma Parvam also narrates the conversion of Jews, natives, and the local King at Kodungallur by St Thomas. The Thomma Parvam further narrates St Thomas's mission in the rest of South India and his martyrdom at Mylapore in present-day Chennai, Tamil Nadu.￼
There is evidence that members of the St Thomas Christian community observed Brahmin customs in the Middle Ages, such as the wearing of the sacred thread and having a kudumi. The medieval historian Pius Malekandathil believes these were customs adopted and privileges won during the beginning of the Brahmin dominance of medieval Kerala. He argues that the Syrian Christians in Kerala, integrated with Persian Christian migrant merchants, in the 9th century to become a powerful trading community and were granted the privileges by the local rulers to promote revenue generation and to undermine Buddhist and Jain traders who rivaled the Brahmins for religious and political hegemony in Kerala at the time.
Tamil Brahmins
Tamil Brahmins are Tamil-speaking Brahmins, primarily living in Tamil Nadu, although a few of them have settled in other states like, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka. They can be broadly divided into three religious groups, Gurukkals who follow Saivism, Iyers who follow the Srauta and Smartha tradition and Iyengars who follow Sri Vaishnavism.Tulu Nadu
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Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the Gangavali River (Uttara Kannada district) in the north and the Chandragiri River (Kasaragod taluka) in the south. Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the Chandragiri River.
This region is not an official administrative entity. However, the Tulu Nadu state movement has been gaining momentum since the Indian States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
Mangalore, the second largest and a major city of Karnataka, is the chief and largest city of Tulu Nadu. Udupi, Kasaragod and Puttur are the other major cities of this region.
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Knanaya