AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Greece hosted the revival of the modern Olympic Games in 1896. They have been at every Summer Olympic Games since then. They are one of only four countries to compete in all modern Summer games. Greece has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1936. During the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony, Greece is always called first, due to its status as being the founder of the Olympic Games.
Greece hosted the games in 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics, both in Athens. The National Olympic Committee for Greece is the Hellenic Olympic Committee, formed in 1894 and recognized in 1895.
Hungary at the Olympics
Hungary at the Olympics is ahistory which began at the first Olympic Games in 1896.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hungary is HUN.
Teams from Hungary have been in most Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. The nation was not invited to the 1920 Games after World War I.
Hungarian athletes have won a total of 475 medals, with fencing as the top medal-producing sport. Hungary has won more Olympic medals than any other nation that has never hosted Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Hungary is the "Hungarian Olympic Committee". It was formed and recognized in 1895.
Malta at the Olympics
Malta at the Olympics is a history which began in 1928.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malta was MAT. It is now MLT.
Teams from Malta have been in 15 Summer Olympic Games and 1 Winter Olympic Games.
As of 2014 no Maltese athlete has won an Olympic medal.
The Maltese Olympic Committee was formed in 1928 and recognized by the IOC in 1936.
Itraconazole
Itraconazole (i tra ko' na zole) is a medication used to treat fungal infections of the lungs and other parts of the body.
Itraconazole comes as a pill (capsule) and also as a liquid (solution) and they are taken by mouth.
Itraconazole is prescribed by a doctor and sold by a pharmacist.
Donkey Kong Land
Moldova at the Olympics
Moldova first took part at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Games since then. Moldovan athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. Moldova was part of the Unified Team in 1992.
Moldovan athletes have won a total of seven medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won medals in five different sports. The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Moldova was created in 1991. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
Moldova has won 7 medals, all in the Summer Olympics
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a medical condition where the smaller parts of the lung (called bronchioles) are irritated. This makes it very hard to move air in and out of the lungs. Many things can cause bronchiolitis. The most common is the respiratory syncytial virus. The disease Bronchiolitis is not the same as Bronchitis. The medicine used to treat bronchitis may not be the same as those used to treat bronchiolitis. The disease is more common in children.
Usually treatment for bronchiolitis is to make the person as comfortable as possible. This can sometimes be giving them oxygen through tubes sitting on their nose ("nasal cannula"). A doctor may also use medicines such as epinephrine or dexamethasone.
Respiratory syncytial virus
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes lung infections,(usually called respiratory tract infections). It is the major cause of lung infections and hospital visits in babies and children. There is a medicine that can help prevent the virus in babies that have not been born yet if the doctor is worried the baby may get the virus.
Lake Alexandrina
Lake Alexandrina is a large lake about south east of Adelaide, South Australia. The lake covers an area of . The Murray River flows into the north of the lake near Wellington. Water from the lake enters the sea through an opening into Encounter Bay. In 1940 a number of walls were built to stop sea water from flowing back into the lake which would stop the lake from being salty. These walls separate the lake from the Murray River's estuary lagoon, called the Coorong.
Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong are a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Many bird species live around the lake including Curlew Sandpiper, Banded Stilt, Red-capped Plover, Masked Lapwing, Redkneed Dotterel, Black Swan, Cape Barren Goose, Musk Duck, Straw-necked Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Rufus Night Heron and the Australian Pelican. Rare species such as the Orange Bellied Parrot and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Emu Wren have been seen. The large Murray Cod can also be found in the lake.
The Ngarrindjeri, an Indigenous Australian people, have lived around the lake and the wetlands for thousands of years. The first Europens to find the lake were people hunting seals along the south east coast of Australia in 1828. In 1830, the explorer Charles Sturt reached the lake by boat after a long journey down the Murrumbidgee, the Darling and the Murray Rivers. Sturt named the lake after Princess Alexandrina, who later became Queen Victoria.
Lake Alexandina became important during the 1870s when paddle steamers began to use the Murray River system to carry goods around New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The town of Milang, on the lake, became an important port. It is now popular as a place for holidays with activities including sailing, power boating, fishing and swimming.
Jurchen
Jurchen may mean:
Béla Guttmann
Béla Guttmann (27 January 1899 – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian footballer and coach of Jewish origin. His playing position was midfielder.
He started his career with the MTK Hungária FC team of the early 1920s. He won the championship in 1920 and 1921. In 1922 he went to Vienna to escape the antisemitism of the Hungarian regime. There he played for SC Hakoah Wien. In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the Austrian League. In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien team sailed to New York to play against different American teams. He stayed in the USA and played for the Brooklyn Wanderers, New York Giants, New York Hakoah, New York Soccer Club and the Hakoah All-Stars.
As player he had 6 matches with the Hungarian national football team and scored one goal there.
Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932. He coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands and Hungary . (SC Hakoah Wien, SC Enschede) He had his first success with Újpest FC in the 1938–39 season. He won the Hungarian League and the Mitropa Cup. How Guttman spent the war years in unclear. Guttmann himself is said to have escaped to Switzerland where he was interned. The years after the Second World War he spent as coach in Italy, South America and Portugal.(São Paulo FC, AC Milan, Benfica Lisabon and others).
Together with Márton Bukovi and Gusztáv Sebes, Guttmann formed a triumvirate of Hungarian coaches who pioneered the 4–2–4 formation. Guttman is also credited with mentoring Eusébio. He was as player and coach always good for controversy. Some people compare his self-confidence with José Mourinho.
MTK Hungária FC
SC Hakoah Wien
New York Hakoah
Újpest FC/Újpesti TE
Benfica
Emperor Fushimi
Emperor Fushimi (伏見天皇 "Fushimi-tennō") (10 May 1265 – 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 1287 and ended in 1298.
Prince Hirohito was the second son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.
Hirohito"-shinnō" was named Crown Prince. He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Kammu is in Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at "Fukakusa no kita no misasagi" (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku in Kyoto.
The years of Fushimi's reign are marked by more than one era name.
Rodney King
Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991. When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.
King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children. His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42. King grew up in Altadena, California.
In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California. King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with. He hit the owner and stole $200. He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was released after a year.
On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol. Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop. The officers chased him for miles. King finally stopped. One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them. King ran at one of the officers. The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.
A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on. He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating. The video later went on television.
Of the four officers that went on trial for beating King, only one of them was found guilty by the state of California. With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.
In a different trial, the United States government later found two of the officers guilty.
King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California. An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.
Pyŏngyang metro system
Pyŏngyang metro system is the only rapid transit system in Pyongyang, North Korea. It has two lines with 17 station. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 people ride the system every day.
Chŏllima Line (red)
Hyoksin Line (green)
Tung Chung Line (MTR)
Wiggler (synchrotron)
A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections release synchrotron radiation. Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.
A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator. In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons. So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently. This makes a broad radiation spectrum. A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.
Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.
Gold coin
A gold coin is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.
People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey). Gold coins were also used in China.
In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins.
Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.
Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.
When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called "Bullion coins". These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.
Bournville is a model village on the south side of Birmingham, England, best known for its connections with the Cadbury family and chocolate – including a dark chocolate bar called "Bournville". It is also a ward within the council constituency of Selly Oak and home to the Bournville Centre for Visual Arts. Research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation has claimed that it is "one of the nicest places to live in Britain".
Originally the area that was to become Bournville consisted of a few scattered farmsteads and cottages, linked by winding country lanes, with the only visual highlight being the Georgian built Bournbrook Hall.
The bluebell glades of Stocks Wood were said to be a relic of the Forest of Arden and there are Roman remains nearby.
Having taken over their father John Cadbury's expanding business in 1861, the Quakers George and Richard Cadbury needed to move their cocoa and chocolate factory from Bridge Street in central Birmingham to a greenfield site to allow for expansion.
Cadbury were reliant on the canals for milk delivery, and on the railways for cocoa deliveries from the ports of London and Southampton. They therefore need a site which was undeveloped and had easy access to both canal and rail. The brothers noticed the proposed development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway, which would extend from central Birmingham south along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal into the then green fields of southern Birmingham and the villages of northern Worcestershire.
In 1879, they moved their business to Bournbrook Hall, to the south of Birmingham. The location was chosen as it was regarded as cleaner, healthier and more amenable to longer-term expansion plans. Although rural, it was also already serviced by the new Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was located right next to the canal.
The Cadburys named the area 'Bournville' after the Bourn Brook (now known as The Bourn); with 'ville' being French for 'town', this set Bournville apart from the local area (some people wrongly believe Bournville was originally known as Bournbrook - Bournbrook exists as a separate area to the north of Bournville). Then Cadburys began to develop their factory in the new suburb. Loyal and hard-working workers were treated with great respect and relatively high wages and good working conditions; Cadbury also pioneered pension schemes, joint works committees and a full staff medical service.
In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (0.5 km²) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900, the estate included 313 cottages and houses set on of land, and many more similar properties were built in the years leading up to the World War I, with smaller developments taking place later on in the 20th century. These almost 'Arts and crafts' houses were traditional in design but with large gardens and modern interiors, and were designed by the resident architect William Alexander Harvey. These designs became a blueprint for many other model village estates around Britain. It is also noteworthy that, because George Cadbury was a temperance Quaker, no public houses have ever been built in Bournville although, since the late 1940s, there has been a licensed members' bar at Rowheath Pavilion.
The Cadburys were particularly concerned with the health and fitness of their workforce, incorporating park and recreation areas into the Bournville village plans and encouraging swimming, walking and indeed all forms of outdoor sports. In the early 1920s, extensive open lands were purchased at Rowheath and laid to football and hockey pitches together with a grassed running track. Rowheath Pavilion was designed and built in accordance with the instructions of George Cadbury and opened in July 1924. At that time, it served as the clubhouse and changing rooms for the acres of sports playing fields, several bowling greens, a fishing lake and an outdoor swimming lido, a natural mineral spring forming the source for the lido's healthy waters. The Rowheath Pavilion itself, which still exists, was used for balls and dinners and the whole area was specifically for the benefit of the Cadbury workers and their families with no charges for the use of any of the sporting facilities by Cadbury employees or their families. The lido was eventually closed in the 1970s after complaints of noise disturbance were made by residents of the newly built Oak Farm estate, coupled with new and stringent health and safety regulations relating to outdoor public swimming facilities. Cadbury's also built the Bournville indoor swimming baths on Bournville Lane (separate buildings for 'girls' and men), the Valley pool boating lake and the picturesque cricket pitch adjacent to the factory site, that was made famous as the picture on boxes of Milk Tray chocolates throughout the 1950s and early 1960s.
In 1900, the Bournville Village Trust was set up to formally control the development of the estate, independently of George Cadbury or the Cadbury company. The trust focused on providing schools, hospitals, museums, public baths and reading rooms. As Bournville is a conservation area, another job of the Bournville Village Trust is to accept or reject plans for building extension and modification.
An almost campus feel evolved, with a triangular village green, infant and junior schools, the School of Art and the Day Continuation School (originally intended for young Cadbury employees) and a host of events such as fêtes and Maypole dances. The carillon and a Quaker meeting house are also beside the village green.
The trust continues to exercise an international influence on housing and town planning generally. Now containing 7,800 homes on 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land with 100 acres (0.4 km²) of parks and open spaces, Bournville remains a popular residential area of Birmingham.
Cadbury is still one of Birmingham's main employers, making all manner of chocolate products.
The dark chocolate Bournville Plain is now manufactured in France and sold in the UK.
Cadbury also named their brand of malted drinks Bournvita after Bournville.
The ward is served by two councillors, both of whom are Labour; Liz Clements and Fred Grindrod.
Matt Ryan (American football)
Matthew Thomas "Matt" Ryan (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "Matty Ice," is the starting American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.
Tim Tebow
Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow (born August 14, 1987) is a free agent American football quarterback. He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network. Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators and in 2007 became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy. Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at The University of Florida. He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer famous), as well as late-game heroics. During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs. On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets. He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015. He created a gesture called "Tebowing".
Adrian Lewis Peterson (born March 21, 1985) is an American football running back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. He was the 7th person drafted in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.
Iceland at the Olympics
Iceland at the Olympics is a history which began in 1912.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE. It is now ISL.
Iceland was first at the Olympic Games in 1912. Then they missed the next four Games. After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.
Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948. They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.
Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals. The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.
Auto-ethnography
Auto-ethnography is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts. Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.
From the 1970s onwards, auto-ethnography has been gaining impact and is being used more and more. However, it still constitutes an issue of controversy and is, sometimes, criticized because of its individualistic and subjective nature, which is seen as potentially undermining of its scientific credibility. That is, the author’s personal involvement with the events and society he/she describes and analyzes is sometimes considered as something that clouds his/her objectivity. It remains, however, questionable whether auto-ethnography should be judged on the same terms as traditional ethnography, as one may argue that they have different purposes altogether, and that a subjective point of view is advantageous and what auto-ethnography has to add to traditional methods.
19th September 2020
The importance of culture in
The importance of culture in shaping identity
Culture has been in a long period of time been the biggest identification point for a lot of people and needless to say, the same applies to me. As a male individual who identifies as a black when it comes to race, I also consider myself to be an African American ethnically. Black culture will always be a part of me regardless of whether it is on the African context, African American or both. Identifying with this gives me a sense of belonging in the African American culture and community. A sense of belong bigger than family and friends in this day and age is way more important because it shades a light of your history and what you should be proud of.
My first in-depth understanding of culture was at the time when me and my family moved from Africa to the United states of America. My short childhood living in Africa exposed me to how people in my country truly lived their culture in their day to day endeavors. It was not until we moved from Africa to the United States that I got a good comprehension of what culture really is and a clearer understanding of what cultural and ethnic belonging is and how greatly it contributes one’s wellbeing. Cultures across the world differ in diverse ways. While cultures in one continent might have some roots of similarities, crossing over to another continent illuminates the big cultural differences that exist in the world. This was brought out in the sense of living that I witnessed in the United states which was more individualistic compared to African communities who are more collectivists. I felt a little left out in the African American culture since it lacked a strong sense of community like it was in Africa.
Living in my neighborhood was really tough at first because of the necessary adjustments that had to take place in terms of culture, what to do and what not to do. This did not only apply to my immediate neighborhood but also to the city I live in. Learning how people conduct themselves and living according to their norms has proven to be easier with time. The most advantageous part of my relocation was the fact that I could easily understand the language that the natives speak meaning there was no communication barrier. The neighborhood and city culture has definitely changed me into being a more open minded person and take cognizance of equality in the world across all platforms, an example respecting women and not discriminating against them on the same level as men.
Some of the things that define my relation with my culture are rooted in my every day practices such as the food I eat. Some of my favorite foods include Jollof rice, Mandazi and fried chicken as well as fries. I love reading books that talk about the black culture and its growth over decades, I listen to Hip-Hop music, I love watching African dances. My choice in fashion is heavily influenced by the African American trends and when it comes to art, I appreciate both African and African American art. All these things define how I relate to the two diverse culture and how I stay connected with each. They also help me know my history and give a point of identification.
As a male individual in the African American Society, who has been exposed to two different diverse cultures, navigating my gender roles have proven to be challenging over the time. While I agree with some things in my current cultural setting, I do not stand with other informalities that exist here. While I support the idea of having equality among all human beings, I do not agree that there should be selective service that favors women into getting jobs faster and those that are not dangerous. Equality should apply all the way. Other roles include behavior and dressing that should also apply equality.
Some of the gender roles that taught in the United states include standards of behavior, dressing and speaking in regards to whether one is female or male. One particular gender role that exist in the broader African American society which I have managed to navigate through is learning how to respect people’s choice of dressing and act regardless of their sex or whatever gender they choose to identify with. I have conformed to the fact that gender roles are not really defined by a person’s gender in this society, people will do what they want to do since they have the freedom to make their own choice.
My personal understanding of resistance in relation to both African and African American cultures would be; having to defy the norms that have been set by the society. Going against the cultural normality that exist brings up a resistance which in some cases gives rise to a new acceptable behavior. Living in Africa, sex orientations have always been limited to being male or female, in the recent past, other orientations such as being transgender are slowly coming up even though it does not sit in well with the norms of that society.
Living in a world where digital standards are taking over everything, a platform where people can use to fight oppression and injustice, have cropped up as well. The power of social media is offering a platform where masses of people from different locations can rally up and protest for their cultural freedoms. Some forms of oppression that people in my neighborhood go through would be racism and police brutality. The use of twitter, as an example has enabled many to fight for their rights and have their issues resolved or at least get recognized. Fighting oppression has also been witnessed through peaceful demonstrations to make sure they are taken with all the seriousness that they deserve.
Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”. In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.
The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, aesthetically, and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described. Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.
However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work. Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".
Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Cape Girardeau is a city in eastern Missouri. It is next to the Mississippi River.
Homo sacer
Homo sacer (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is
used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing
(sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book "Homo Sacer"; ‘sovereign
power and bare life’ as a person who is living a ‘naked life’ and is an outcast of society.
Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who
illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo
Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi’s book "Illegal traveller" he talks about how someone
forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become ‘homo sacer’, which can
lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.
This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection
from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
but also from everyday citizens.
Ireland at the Olympics
Ireland has been at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. Before 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Irish athletes at earlier Games are counted as British in Olympic numbers.
The following tables include medals won by athletes on Irish teams together with one poet. All medals are from the Summer Games. Ireland's best result at the Winter Games was fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton in 2002 at Salt Lake City.
Rites of passage
Rites of passage are rituals performed by human beings, individually or collectively as a social group, that symbolically acknowledge the departure from one phase of life and the arrival into another.
All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage but, these often happen differently, for diverse reasons and, at special times depending on what society or culture the person comes from. Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing. They communicate shared ideas of socially expectable behavior and responsibility, and they signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.
The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book "" ("The Rites of Passage"), first published in 1909. Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage. He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.
Rites of passage are ordered into three phases.
By acknowledging the various ways different societies and cultures perform rites of passage we observe cultural diversity. Learning about rites of passage cross culturally can help us to understand others and ourselves. An awareness of cultural diversity is essential to form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.
Israel at the Olympics
Israel has been at the Olympic Games as a nation since 1952. Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine. As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies. Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994. In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.
The eleven members of Israel's 1972 Olympic team killed during the Munich massacre:
Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”. It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief". Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs. A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.
Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan.
Claude Lévi-Strauss published "Totemism" in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.
Italy at the Olympics
Italy at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 4,000+ athletes. Since 1896, Italy (ITA) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The Italian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1908. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1915.
Italy's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.
Italy has been at most of the Olympic Games, missing only the 1904 Summer Olympics. Italian athletes have won 550 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 106 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Italy has won a total of 236 gold medals which makes them the 5th most successful country in Olympic history, below USA, Soviet Union, Germany and Great Britain.
Fencer Edoardo Mangiarotti has won the most medals for Italy.
Italy has hosted the Games three times:
Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.
Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.
Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.
Latvia at the Olympics
Latvia was first at the Olympic Games in 1924. After the nation was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, Latvian athletes were part of Soviet Union at the Olympics between 1952 and 1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of Latvia in 1991, the nation returned to the Olympic Games in 1992. They have been at every Games since then.
The National Olympic Committee for Latvia was first formed in 1922. The current NOC is the Latvian Olympic Committee, which was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.
Liechtenstein at the Olympics
Liechtenstein at the Olympics is a history which began in 1948.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Liechtenstein was LIC. It is now LIE.
Liechtenstein was first at the Olympic Games in 1936. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.
Athletes from Liechtenstein have won a total of nine medals, all in alpine skiing. It is the only nation to have won all of its medals at the Winter Olympics.
The National Olympic Committee for Liechtenstein was formed in 1935.
Xaver Frick, a founding member of the country's NOC, is the only Liechtenstein athlete to have been in both the summer and winter Olympic games.
Lithuania at the Olympics
Lithuania was first in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.
Luxembourg at the Olympics
Luxembourg at the Olympicsis a history which began in 1912.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Luxembourg is LUX.
Teams from Luxembourg have been in 28 modern Olympic Games. Luxembourg's National Olympic Committee, the Comité Olympique et Sportif Luxembourgeois, was formed in 1912. They sent their first team to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
Luxembourg has won four Olympic medals (one gold and three silver) in its 28 Olympic appearances.
Luxembourg was first at the Winter Olympic Games in 1928. They have been in seven Winter Games.
North Macedonia at the Olympics
The Republic of North Macedonia was first at the Olympic Games at the 1996 Summer Olympics. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Until 1988 North Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia.
Several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (a constituent country of the former SFR Yugoslavia) have also won Olympic medals, competing for Yugoslavia.
Monaco at the Olympics
Albania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1920.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Monaco is MON.
A team from Monaco was first at the Olympic Games in 1920. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. They were not at the 1932 Games, the 1956 Games, and the 1980 Games. Monaco has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1984.
As of 2010, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal. Monaco has the most appearances at the Olympics (25) without winning a medal.
The National Olympic Committee for Monaco was formed in 1907 but not recognized by the International Olympic Committee until 1953.
San Marino at the Olympics
San Marino at the Olympics is a history of 21 games in 16 countries and 80+ athletes. Since 1960, San Marino has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for San Marino was SMA. It is now SMR.
A team from San Marino was first at the 1960 Summer Olympics. They have been in 12 Summer Olympics and 7 Winter Olympics. The country has never won a medal.
Among its most successful athletes are Francesco Amici and Emanuela Felici. Both competed in shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics and "missed out on places in the finals by the narrowest of margins".
Montenegro at the Olympics
Montenegro was at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008 at the Beijing Games. Before Montenegrin athletes were part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.
The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee. It was formed in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.
Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics
A National Olympic Committee of the Saarland was created in spring of 1950 in the "Saar protectorate", a part of Western Germany that was controlled in 1945 by France. As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The athletes of Saar joined the German team for the summer games of 1956. 36 people, 31 men and 5 women, took part in 32 events in 9 sports. The Protectorate became the German state of Saarland after 1956.
After World War II, the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Its annexation by France was not allowed by the other Allies and the Atlantic charter's points 2 and 3.
Because local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were created. These included the Saarland football team and in 1950 a NOC, in German called "Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes". The region did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics.
The Saarland had history of over 500 years of coal mining. They gave a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki could be carried safely on airplanes. At the opening ceremony, 36 athletes from the Saarland marched in front of the team of Germany. They did not win a medal. They were ranked 44th among a total of 69 teams Many other teams with no wins were all ranked 44th together.
The Saar treaty of October 1956 allowed the Saarland to rejoin Germany as of 1 January 1957.
Although it was possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games. A United Team of Germany that included athletes of all three German states took part in the Olympics that year. 1952 was the only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate team. The "Olympic Committee of the Saarland" ended in February 1957 and its members became part of the German NOC.
Netherlands at the Olympics
Netherlands at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Netherlands was NLD. It is now NED.
The Netherlands sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900. They have taken part in almost all Games since then. In 1956, the nation boycotted the Games in Melbourne as a protest against the Soviet invasion in Hungary just a few weeks before the Games. They did have one person take part in the Equestrian events that were held in Stockholm a few months before the rest of the Games.
The Netherlands hosted the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The Netherlands want to host the 2028 Summer Olympics in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam, as a 100 year celebration of the 1928 Games.
Before to the 1992 Olympics, the country name was "Holland" with the country code of "HOL". From the 1992 onward, they have used the "Netherlands" and "NED".
Dutch athletes have won 246 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won the most of their medals in swimming and cycling. The nation has won 86 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Eighty-two of these medals have come from speed skating.
The Netherlands Antilles, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), left the Netherlands in 2010. This caused the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee (NAOC) to lose its Olympic license in July, 2011. After the 2012 Olympic Games in London, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles can choose to be a member of the team for the Netherlands or Aruba, which is a semi-independent part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. At the 2012 Games, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles will be a part of the unified Olympic team under the IOC flag. Some athletes have said that they want to be a part of either the Netherlands or Aruba in London.
Norway at the Olympics
Norway at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Norway is NOR.
A team from Norway took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900. It has sent athletes to almost every Games since then. It did not take part in the 1904 Games. It was part of the American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
Norway has hosted the Games twice:
Norwegian athletes have won a total of 144 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. It has won its highest amount of medals in the Summer Games in sailing and shooting sports. At the Winter Olympic Games, Norway has won 303 medals. 107 of these medals were gold. This is more than any other nation. cross-country skiing and speed skating are its the top sports. Norway is one of only three nations (along with Austria and Liechtenstein) to have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games.
The National Olympic Committee for Norway was created 1900.
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Total medal counts include three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics. These medals are included in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals. This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.
Jorge Arvizu
Poland at the Olympics
Poland at the Olympics is a history which includes 42 games in 22 countries and 2,000+ athletes. Since 1918, Poland has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Poland is POL.
The Polish National Olympic Committee was formed in 1918. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1919.
Poland's team first competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
Poland has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1984 Games. They were a part of the Soviet led boycott of the 1984 Games. Poland has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games.
Athletics (sport)
Portugal at the Olympics
Portugal at the Olympics is a history which includes 30 games in 20 countries and 600+ athletes. Since 1912, the Portugal has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Portugal is POR.
The Portugal National Olympic Committee was formed in 1909. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1909.
Portugal's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
Portugal has been a part of every Summer Games since 1912. Portugal's first Winter Games was in 1952 in Oslo, Norway. It was 36 years later when they sent another team to the 1988 Winter Olympics of Calgary, Canada. Since then, Portugal has only missed two Winter Games (1992 and 2002).
List of airports in Azerbaijan
This is a list of airports in Azerbaijan, grouped by type and sorted by location.