AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michael Vick is a former American football quarterback of the National Football League (NFL). He played in three Pro Bowls. He played for the Atlanta Falcons, Philadelphia Eagles, New York Jets, and Pittsburgh Steelers.
Vick was born in Newport News, Virginia on June 26, 1980. He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies. The Atlanta Falcons chose him with the first pick in the 2001 NFL Draft.
In 2007, he was arrested for forcing dogs to fight each other. Some of the dogs died. He had been doing this since 2002. He was sent to prison, and was released in 2009. The Falcons did not want him back, and drafted another quarterback, Matt Ryan.
After Vick was released from prison, he accepted an offer to join the Philadelphia Eagles. In 2009, he backed up Donovan McNabb and Kevin Kolb, but became a starter in the following two seasons. He was elected as a Pro Bowler in 2011. Vick has been known as a great running quarterback. He rushed for 1,000 yards in 2006 with the Falcons.
Tom Brady
Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He spent the first 20 seasons of his career with the New England Patriots, playing in ten Super Bowls and winning seven of them, the most of any player in NFL history. He is widely regarded as greatest quarterback in football history, and one of the greatest football players of all time.
He has won a record five Super Bowl MVP awards (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, LI, LV) as well as three NFL MVP awards (2007, 2010, 2017).
Brady is a 14 time NFL Pro-Bowler, an award given to outstanding players in the league at their position.
Brady is also famous for his number "12" as well as being married to supermodel Gisele Bundchen.
Randy Moss
Randy Moss (born February 13 1977) is an American football player. He plays as a wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers. Moss came out of retirement to play with the 49ers. He played college football at Marshall University. Moss was picked in the 1998 NFL Draft, in the first round with the 21st overall pick by the Minnesota Vikings. Moss played his NFL career with the Tennessee Titans, Oakland Raiders, Minnesota Vikings and New England Patriots, and has also played in 7 Pro Bowls. In 2007 (in which the Patriots went 16-0), Moss caught 23 touchdowns and helped quarterback Tom Brady set a record with 50 touchdown passes that year. However, he has sometimes been criticized for his lack of effort, which was most evident with Oakland and during Moss's second stint with Minnesota in 2010.
Norm Van Brocklin
Norm Van Brocklin (March 15, 1926 – May 2, 1983) was an American football coach for the Atlanta Falcons. He is a member of the NFL Hall of Fame as a player for the Los Angeles Rams (1949-1957) and the Philadelphia Eagles (1958-1960)
San Antonio Spurs
The San Antonio Spurs are a team in the National Basketball Association in San Antonio, Texas. They began playing in the NBA in 1976. They play their home game at the AT&T Center. They are currently coached by Gregg Popovich. They won 5 NBA Championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014 respectively.
Notable players for the Spurs are Tim Duncan, Manu Ginóbili, Tony Parker, David Robinson.
Atlanta Hawks
The Atlanta Hawks are a team in the National Basketball Association. They play their home games at Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia.
The Hawks have played in several cities throughout the team's history, and have also had other names. The team was first the Buffalo Bisons in 1946, then moved to Moline, Illinois that same year, being called the Tri-Cities Blackhawks until 1951. (They did not join the NBA until 1949). In 1951, they changed their name to the Hawks and moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1955. While in St. Louis, they won an NBA championship in 1958. As of 2011, this is the only championship the team has won. The Hawks moved to Atlanta in 1968, and have been there ever since.
Golden State Warriors
The Golden State Warriors are a professional basketball team. They are one of the oldest teams in the NBA. They played in Philadelphia as the Philadelphia Warriors from 1946 to 1962, and in San Francisco from 1962 to 1971. Currently, they play in San Francisco, California at the Chase Center. The Warriors have won six NBA championships, in 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017 and 2018. Many great basketball players have played or still play for the Warriors, these players are Joe Fulks, Paul Arizin, Neil Johnston, Tim Hardaway, Wilt Chamberlain, Guy Rodgers, Al Attles, Rick Barry, Nate Thurmond, Chris Mullin, Latrell Sprewell, Draymond Green, Klay Thompson, Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant.
In the 2007 NBA playoffs, they pulled off one of the biggest upsets in NBA playoff history by upsetting the Dallas Mavericks, who finished with 67 wins and 15 losses. The Mavs also had Dirk Nowitzki, who won MVP that year. Before they shocked Dirk's Mavericks, the Warriors had Baron Davis and they also had 42 wins and 40 losses. They won the series 4-2 in game 6.
In 2016, the Warriors went back to NBA Finals and met the Cleveland Cavaliers, who they beat the year before, but they became the 11th team to blow a 3-1 series lead and the first to do it in the NBA Finals and lost. Before losing 4-3 to the Cavaliers, they had 73 wins and 9 losses, breaking the 72-10 record and also becoming the 10th team to overcome a 3-1 series deficit to win the series against the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Sacramento Kings
The Sacramento Kings are a team in the National Basketball Association in Sacramento, California. They began playing in the National Basketball Association in 1948. They play their home games at Golden 1 Center (Their last arena being Sleep Train Arena (formally known as Arco Arena)).
Philadelphia 76ers
The Philadelphia 76ers (or Sixers for short) are a professional basketball team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They play in the National Basketball Association. They started in the year 1946 as the Syracuse Nationals. They joined the NBA in 1949. The 76ers have won three NBA championships.
New York Knicks
The New York Knicks, officially the New York Knickerbockers, are a team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in New York, New York. The head coach of the team is David Fizdale. The Knicks play their home games at Madison Square Garden.
Utah Jazz
The Utah Jazz are a team in the National Basketball Association in Utah. They were originally from New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 1970s. Jazz music is popular in New Orleans, and the team was named the Jazz when it was in New Orleans. The team kept the name when it moved to Utah.
The Jazz are in Salt Lake City, Utah's capital, and they made it to the NBA Finals in 1997 and 1998. John Stockton and Karl Malone were players that led them to these championship games. They played the Chicago Bulls both times, and Michael Jordan helped the Bulls win against the Jazz both times.
Jerry Sloan has coached the Jazz for over 20 years. He started coaching after Frank Layden stopped coaching the Jazz. Sloan felt a big load on his shoulders with his role as coach, and that became clear when he announced in 2011 that he decided to step down. His main assistant, "Phil Johnson", also stepped down. This came as a big surprise to many sports fans. The Utah Jazz hired Tyrone Corbin as the head coach in time for their next game of the 2010-2011 season. Corbin had played for the Jazz, and had been an assistant coach under Sloan for the team as well. Jeff Hornacek, a former Jazz player, also helped the Jazz by deciding to join the organization again as an assistant to Coach Corbin.
The Jazz had another big change in 2011. They traded Deron Williams, a veteran NBA player, to the New Jersey Nets. These big changes in the Jazz' profile in little over a month were preceded by a big change in 2009, when the owner and founder of the Jazz, Larry H. Miller, died. His son, "Greg Miller", is now in charge, and Larry's wife Gail Miller still helps with decisions and feedback for the team.
The Houston Rockets are a team in the National Basketball Association in Houston, Texas. They play their home games at the Toyota Center. They began playing in the NBA in 1967 and were originally known as the San Diego Rockets from 1967 to 1971.
Hakeem Olajuwon was a star player for the Rockets. He lead them to their first NBA championship in 1994. They repeated as champions in 1995. Yao Ming was also a star player for the Rockets.
Portland Trail Blazers
The Portland Trail Blazers are a team in the National Basketball Association from Portland, Oregon. They play their home games at the Moda Center. They won 1 NBA Championship in 1977.
List of NBA champions
This is a list of NBA Champions.
Uses for the term extreme, which is sometimes spelled xtreme, include:
Julius Eastman
Julius Eastman (October 27, 1940 – May 28, 1990) was an African-American composer, pianist, singer and dancer. He is a minimalist.
Eastman grew up in Ithaca, New York. He began piano at age 14. He studied piano at the Curtis Institute of Music, with Mieczyslaw Horszowski and composition with Constant Vauclain.
In 1970, Eastman joined the Center for the Creative and Performing Arts at SUNY Buffalo, where he met the Czech-born composer, conductor, and flute player Petr Kotik. Eastman and Kotik played together in the early to mid 1970s. Eastman was a maker of the S.E.M. Ensemble. From 1971 he performed and traveled with the group.
He died alone in Millard Fillmore Hospital in Buffalo, New York of heart problems. No attention was given to his death until an obituary in the "Village Voice" by Kyle Gannon January 22, 1991, eight months after he died.
Elisha Nelson "Eli" Manning (born January 3, 1981 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) is an American football quarterback for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL).
Manning played college football at the University of Mississippi after attending high school at Isidore Newman School in New Orleans.
When Manning entered the NFL Draft (which is where professional American football teams choose new players for their teams), he was first chosen by the San Diego Chargers. But, the same day that the San Diego Chargers chose Manning, they decided to allow him to play for the New York Giants. In return, the New York Giants allowed Philip Rivers to join the San Diego Chargers. The New York Giants also allowed the San Diego Chargers to choose more players the next time the NFL Draft happened.
Manning was called the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLII, which was played on February 3, 2008. In that game, he led the New York Giants to an unexpected win over the previously undedeated New England Patriots. When New York won Super Bowl XLVI, Manning was the MVP of that too.
Eli Manning's home is in Hoboken, New Jersey. He is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning. Eli is the younger brother of Peyton Manning. He also has a son named Tom Brady who he beat twice in the Super Bowl.
When Eli Manning was young, it was difficult for him to learn how to read. He almost had to do one year of school twice. Manning said that his mother helped him a lot when he was learning how to read. His brother, Peyton Manning, and father Archie Manning have also been successful quarterbacks.
In 2007, Manning asked Abby McGrew to marry him. He met her while they were in college. On April 19, 2008 Manning and McGrew were married in San José del Cabo|San José del Cabo, Mexico.
When he is not playing football, Manning likes collecting antiques with his mother and wife.
On April 30, 2008, Eli Manning and the rest of the people who play for the New York Giants visited United States President George W. Bush at the White House for the Super Bowl champions celebration.
Manning plays golf with his father and brothers several times a year.
Paul Pierce
Scotty Bowman
William Scott "Scotty" Bowman (born September 18, 1933 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a former National Hockey League head coach. He holds the record for most wins with 1,244.
Bowman was born on September 18, 1933 in Verdun, Quebec. He played minor league hockey until a fractured skull resulting from a slash by Jean-Guy Talbot ended his playing aspirations.
Nigel Mansell
Nigel Ernest James Mansell OBE (born August 8, 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as "Our Nige".
His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, and is fourth overall on the Formula One race winners list behind Michael Schumacher, Alain Prost, and Ayrton Senna. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.
Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.
Graham Hill
Norman Graham Hill (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Champion. He was born in Hampstead, London and died in a plane crash in Arkley, London.
His son Damon Hill and Damon's son Josh Hill are racing drivers.
Beşiktaş
Besiktas ("Turkish": Beşiktaş) is a district in the European part of İstanbul. Beşiktaş is by the coastal of Bosphorus.
Beşiktaş has a football team called Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (BJK) (English: Besiktas Gym Club). BJK is one of the biggest and one of the most popular football team in Turkey.
Dolmabahçe Palace is an Ottoman palace located in Besiktas along the coast. This is the palace where the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, died.
Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra. E.O. Wilson gave it a more precise meaning.
At the start, it was used for invertebrates only, usually social insects. These are its main features:
Presociality is a term for simpler (basal) kinds of sociality.
After Wilson's original definition, others discussed it, and some wanted to change its details.
The most familiar examples of eusociality are insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites. All of these are colonial animals which have queens for reproduction. The animals that are workers or soldiers are usually sterile - they cannot have offspring.
There were only two known mammal species which are eusocial. These are the naked mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat.
Eusociality with sterile individuals is the most extreme form of kin altruism. They do specialized tasks, often caring for the reproductive members. It includes individuals whose behaviour, body shape and function is modified for group defence, including self-sacrifice (altruism).
Eusociality played a key role in the development of theories in sociobiology.
Naked mole rats are eusocial mammals. Colonies averaging 75-80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole rats can stretch up to two or three miles in cumulative length.
Recently, some species of gall-making aphids (Order Hemiptera) and thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are eusocial, with many separate origins of the state (convergent evolution). These species have extremely high relatedness between individuals. This is due to their mode of reproduction: sterile soldier castes are of the same clone as the reproducing female. The gall-inhabiting behavior gives these species a resource which sets them apart from related species with similar genetics. In these groups, therefore, high relatedness alone does not lead to the evolution of social behavior, but requires that groups occur in a restricted, shared area.
Similarly, eusociality occurs in some crustaceans and other arthropods. On some tropical reefs, several species of minute "Synalpheus" pistol shrimp are eusocial. They depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony, and have a single breeding female and a number of male defenders armed with large snapping claws. Again, there is a single shared domicile for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.
In colonies of eusocial animals, some animals are sterile. They can not pass on their genes at all. How can these animals evolve and persist? Since they do not breed, their fitness should be zero and any genes causing this condition should be eliminated from the population immediately. In "On the Origin of Species", Darwin called this eusocial behavior the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory". Darwin thought that the resolution to the paradox would lie in the close family relationship.
Darwin could not say more because he did no know what the mechanism of heredity was. The first explanations were kin selection, and inclusive fitness. Both rely on the discovery of how genes are inherited. This discovery was made after Darwin had published "On the Origin of Species", and not understood until after 1900.
Early ideas on eusociality included suggestions that trophallaxis or food sharing was a basis for sociality. The most widely accepted model to explain eusociality is based on W.D. Hamilton's idea of inclusive fitness.
Haplodiploidy determines the sex in "all" members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips').
In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female, and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and so are haploid.
The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved.
If the theory of inclusive fitness is accurate, the haplodiploidy makes kin selection easier. "Sisters are more related to each other than to any offspring they might have". Hamilton called them "supersisters". On average, two supersisters have 75 percent of the same genes. If they breed, they would share only half of their genome with their offspring. From the selfish gene's point-of-view, it is better to raise more sisters. Even though workers often do not reproduce, they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by having their own offspring.
This unusual situation may explain why eusociality evolved several times in the haplodiploid group Hymenoptera — ants, bees and wasps. As of 2009, 11 separate cases are known. However, Hymenoptera is a large group and the majority of its species are not social. Furthermore, highly developed eusociality also exists in non-hymenopterans, perhaps most obviously in termites. Most such cases involve organisms that display high levels of inbreeding, so that colony members share more than half of their genes. Therefore the same model is considered to apply to these species.
Reeve and Holldobler put forward a theory of a superorganism. They look at competition and co-operation "between" groups as well as "within" groups. In their model, an individual's inclusive fitness varies according to how much it invests in within-group competition (e.g. hoarding a private food cache) versus between-group competition (e.g. contributing to common foraging); and on its relatedness to the other group members.
In a colony with one breeder (queen) and many workers, the evolutionarily stable state is for each individual to invest entirely in helping the group. This leads to a perfect "superorganism". In other words, the eusociality is stable, a result that agrees with Hamilton's findings. Also, they show that the effect is reinforced if there are many groups competing for the same resources.
Scuderia Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva, the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing. Though the Scuderia and Ferrari Corse Clienti continue to manage the racing activities of numerous Ferrari customers and private teams, Ferrari's racing division has completely devoted its attention and funding to its Formula One team, Scuderia Ferrari. Scuderia is Italian for "Stable", and Ferrari is the name of its founder. The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, good friends with Enzo Ferrari, asked him so, to continue his tradition of sportsmanship, gallantry and boldness.
Scuderia Ferrari was founded in 1929, and raced for Alfa Romeo until 1939. Ferrari first competed in F1 in 1948 (the team's first F1 car was the Tipo 125 F1), making it the oldest and arguably the most successful team left in the championship. The team's numerous and ardent Italian fans are known as "tifosi", though the team also has a vibrant international following.
One of the most popular Ferrari drivers was Michael Schumacher, who won five titles with Ferrari. He drove in this team from 1996 through 2006. Schumacher worked with Ferrari in a consulting role after he quit driving. In , Kimi Räikkönen won the Driving Championship for Ferrari. In Felipe Massa lost the Championship Title to Lewis Hamilton by one point. Ferrari won the Constructors Championship in 2007 and 2008.
The TRT (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation) is the first television broadcaster and national public broadcaster of Turkey. Launched on 1926 as TR (Radio) 1964 May 1th as TRT (Radio) 1968 January 31 (Television) Currently it has 14 channels. (one of HD)
Cnbc-e
Kanal D
CNN Türk
CNN Türk is the Turkish version of international CNN. CNN Türk broadcasts nationwide in Turkey.
NTV Turkey
NTV Turkey is a Turkish nationwide television channel which consists of news, sports programmes and documentaries.
Milliyet
Milliyet is a major Turkish daily newspaper founded in 1950. Abdi İpekçi, the editor of Milliyet, was murdered in 1979 when coming from the newspaper to his home.
Damon Hill
Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960) is a British retired racing driver.
He was the 1996 Formula One World Champion. As the son of double Formula One world champion Graham Hill, he is the only son of a world champion to win the title, until Nico Rosberg, son of 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, clinched the title in 2016 . Despite the famous family name, Hill had an uphill struggle to reach the ranks of F1.
Damon Hill came to professional motorsports relatively late: he began racing motorcycles in 1983 at the age of 23. The following year, he won the 350 cc Clubman's cup at Brands Hatch. In 1985, he moved on to four-wheel single-seater racing with Team Van Diemen in the Formula Ford championship, before moving up into the UK Formula 3 championship in 1986. After three seasons in Formula 3, where he won four races, Hill ascended another tier of open-wheel racing by joining Mooncraft in the International Formula 3000 championship, where, although often competitive, he never won a race.
Hill started his Formula One career in 1992 with the then uncompetitive Brabham team. His debut race was at the British Grand Prix where he qualified on the back row. He took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix for the Williams team the following year. In 1994, he won the British Grand Prix, a race his father had never won in his long and successful career. During the mid 1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Driver's Championship, finishing runner-up in the German's 1994 and 1995 title seasons. The two had a series of controversial clashes on and off the track, including the collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix that gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill took eight victories and the world championship in 1996. Despite this, Williams decided in mid-1996 not to renew Hill's contract for 1997. He went on to record the Jordan team's first ever win at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix, and came within a few miles of being the only driver to win a Grand Prix for the Arrows team and their Yamaha engine supplier at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix. He retired from the sport at the end of the 1999 season, after 122 races. In 2006, Hill became president of the British Racing Drivers' Club, succeeding Jackie Stewart.
Hill's son Josh is a racing driver.
Races in bold indicate pole position
There is a list of newspapers publishing in Turkey.
Aphids are small bugs which feed on plants. Aphids cause more plant damage than any other insects. There are over 4,000 different species of aphid.
About 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1-10 mm long.
Important natural enemies include the predatory lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), hoverfly larvae, lacewings (Neuroptera), larvae of the aphid midge "Aphidoletes aphidimyza", crab spiders, and insect-eating fungi like "Lecanicillium lecanii".
Aphids are found many places on earth. Aphids are most common in temperate zones.
Aphids can travel far in the air. For example, the lettuce aphid spread from New Zealand to Tasmania. They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.
Aigle
Brabham
Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British company that built racing cars. It also ran a racing team in Formula One. It was founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac. The team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2008, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.
Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One drivers' championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car.
British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.
Afrotheria
The Afrotheria is a group of mammals, (a superorder or a clade). It includes the golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees.
Biologists made this group based on RNA sequence analysis. Afrotheria are one of four major groups in the Eutheria (placental mammals). Afrotheria means "African animals", "afro" for Africa and "theria" for animals.
More recent genomics suggests that Afrotheria and Xenarthra are sister taxa at the base of the placental mammal radiation.
Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. Elephants and manatees seem to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks. These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.
Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals.
Kimi Räikkönen
Kimi-Matias Räikkönen () (born October 17, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a race car driver, currently driving for Alfa Romeo Racing. He is the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.
Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise from his team boss, Peter Sauber. He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively.
Switching to Ferrari in 2007, Räikkönen became the highest paid driver in the sport, and secured his first Formula One World Drivers' Championship, beating McLaren drivers Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by one point.
Räikkönen is very calm, cool, and calculating in his race strategy—prompting the nickname "Iceman", which is subtly written on the side of his current helmet design. His other nicknames include Kimppa, Räikkä and Kimster (used by his mechanics).
Räikkönen joined the ranks of former F1 drivers who have moved to NASCAR in 2011. His first race was the Camping World Truck Series on May 20 at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. He finished in 15th place on the lead lap. He hopes to work his way up to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.
Räikkönen's second NASCAR race was also at Charlotte. He raced in the Nationwide Series. He received a penalty for speeding on pit lane, and finished in 27th place. After the race, he returned to Europe to compete in some more rally races. Räikkönen said his plans are to "see what happens."
Season in progress
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
La Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, usually called the FIA, is a non-profit association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) on June 20, 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. Most people know the FIA as the governing body for motor racing events.
Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA has 213 national member organisations in 125 countries worldwide. Its current president is Max Mosley.
As is the case with football's FIFA, the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym, even in English-speaking countries, but is sometimes called the "International Automobile Federation".
Presociality
Presociality is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.
Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are:
Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.
The concept of presociality can be further divided:
Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. it becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.
Murrumbidgee River
Neotominae
Neotominae is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.
Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.
Kusadasi
Kusadasi (Turkish Kuşadası) is a town in the province of Aydın in Turkey. The town is a tourist resort and is near the ancient city of Ephesus. It has a population of about 65,000 people.
Ayvalik
Ayvalik (Turkish Ayvalık) is a seaside town in the west of Turkey in the province of Balıkesir. The town had an important number of Greek people living there. After the Turkish Independence War the population changes with Turkish and Greek population and Greek population have gotten smaller.
Bregenz
Bregenz (Vorarlbergian: "Breagaz") is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. About 27.000 people live in the city proper, its agglomeration has about 60.000 people. Together with Lindau, the settled area (which reaches into the south of Germany, and into Switzerland) has about 120.000 people. The city has a port on Lake Constance and is a railway hub.
Humans have lived in the area since about 1500 BC. During Roman times, there was an Oppidum. Parts of the city are fortified. Bregenz has the right to hold a market once a week since 1330.
The borders of Switzerland and Germany are less than 10 km away.
The main ethnic groups are Austrians, Turkish, Italians, Serbians, and Germans.
Togo mouse
The Togo mouse (or Büttner's African forest mouse or the Groove-toothed forest mouse, "Leimacomys buettneri") is a unique muroid rodent. It is known from only two specimens, which were taken near the locality of Bismarckburg, near Yege, Togo in 1890.
The entirety of known material for this species consists of a single poor quality dry skin, a fluid preserved animal, and a cranium and mandible. The cranium and mandible are from different animals. The material is deposited in the Zoologisches Museum of Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.
The head and body length is 118 mm with a tail of 37 mm. This tail is unusually short relative to the body length (ratio of 37%) and is considered an important diagnostic feature. The animal is dark to grey brown above and pale grey brown below. Ears are small and hairy. Feet are also somewhat hairy. The tail may be naked or slightly haired.
Incisors are shallowly grooved. The snout is long and wide, interorbital width broad, and zygomatic plate large (Musser and Carleton, 2005).
Based upon skull morphology, the Togo Mouse is presumed to be insectivorous (Dieterlen, 1976). Very little is known about the habits of this unusual mouse.
"Leimacomys" has been transferred back and forth between the Dendromurinae and the Murinae since its discovery. It most closely resembles "Lophuromys" which has been transferred to a newly erected Deomyinae on the basis of molecular data. The association with "Lophuromys" is thought to be due to convergent evolution due to a similar diet (Dieterlen, 1976). Tooth characters resemble dendromurines, "Mystromys" or basal gerbils. Denys et al. (1995) generated a phylogeny that suggested with limited support that "Leimacomys" is a sister taxon to the Gerbillinae.
Musser and Carleton (2005) chose to erect a new subfamily, Leimacomyinae, to house this species. They placed it in the family Muridae due to its potential connection to either the Gerbillinae or Deomyinae, but emphasized that a broad phylogenetic study including "Leimacomys", and a host of nesomyids and murids is needed to determine its appropriate position.
The Togo Mouse is considered to be either critically endangered or extinct depending on the authority. Schlitter (1989) classified it as extinct, because subsequent surveys to the area failed to recover it. Grubb et al. (1998) noted that these surveys inadequately sampled appropriate habitat in Togo and neighboring Ghana, and they were reluctant to declare the species extinct. Musser and Carleton (2005) emphasized that insectivorous muroids as a group have proven difficult to capture, and that intense surveys of high elevation forest in this region are required to determine if it still persists.
The IUCN currently describes the Togo Mouse as "data deficient".
Nazimiye
Yalova
Yalova is a Turkish city in the northwest, which was affected in the earthquake of 17 August 1999. The city is along the coast of the Marmara Sea. Yalova has a better quality of life from other Turkish cities. It has a population of 77,000.
The first people settled in this region in the Prehistoric Period.
Twin cities of Yalova are Bonn in Germany and Mahachkala in Russia.
Mudanya
Mudanya is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Province in Turkey. It is located in Gulf of Gemlik. The town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.
Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production. The town also has a seaport.
Gemlik
Gemlik is a harbor town in Turkey. It has 70,000 people living there. Gemlik is a district of Bursa Province. It has a free industrial zone. This zone helped the development of industry in Gemlik. Agriculture is mostly olives for eating, and olive oil is an important economic activity in Gemlik.
There is a seaport in the town. Gemlik is between Bursa and İstanbul. Because of this location, the town developed rapidly after 1990s.
Chinchillidae
The family Chinchillidae contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives. They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. They are large rodents, weighing from 800 grams to 8 kilograms. They have strong hind legs and large ears. All species have thick, soft fur. Their fur is considered valuable in some species.
There are three extant and three fossil genera currently recognized.
Myomorpha
Suborder Myomorpha has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antarctica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.
Most myomorph species belong to superfamily Muroidea:
Eumuroida
Mouse-like hamsters
Mouse-like hamsters are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.
The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters. They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, "Calomyscus bailwardi", but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.
In Europe, species of "Calomyscus" can be kept as a pet. They are called "Calomyscus bailwardi mystax" or "Calomyscus bailwardi". Only special people sell them, not pet shops, so they are usually only people who really like mice will buy them.
Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species. They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity. They regularly live over 4 years in captivity. The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, "Peromyscus crinitus".
Nesomyidae
Nesomyidae is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.
Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.
Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies. Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.
The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.
Manisa
Manisa is a large city in western Turkey in Asia Minor.
Eskişehir
Eskişehir ("eskē'shehēr", , "Old City") is a city that can be found in the northwestern part of Turkey. It is the capital district of Eskişehir Province.
Cricetidae
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.
The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.
Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.
Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema.
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.
The cricetids are thus classified to contain one prehistoric and 5 living subfamilies, around 112 living genera and approximately 580 living species:
Gaziantep
Gaziantep, is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa" in the Koeppen climate classification). Gaziantep is well known for its dessert Baklava. Gaziantep is the sixth biggest city in Turkey.
Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.
Baklava (Ottoman Turkish: باقلوا‎) is a traditional sweet made from pastry and often eaten as a dessert. It is known in many countries of the Middle East and Western Asia. It is also developed from the cookery of the Byzantine Empire. Baklava is also a popular dessert in Greece.
Baklava is made of thin pastry layers filled with nuts, pistachios or walnuts. It sweetened with special syrup or honey. Baklava can also be served with ice cream or kaymak (clotted cream). Its name derives from the name of the Balkans region. Women make baklava for serving in Eid ul-Fitr. Baklava are served at Easter – or 'Pascha' in Greek – is the greatest celebration of the Eastern Orthodox Church, honored by various customs and religious ceremonies.
Radikal was a nationwide newspaper in Turkey. Radikal was a center-left newspaper. It shares social liberal ideas.
On Sundays it gave an extra called Radikal2.
ÖSS
ÖSS Turkish Öğrenci Seçme Sınavı is the exam for entering universities in Turkey. Every year in June, the ÖSS exam is done. OSS is a test exam which has many questions from different subjects such as Maths, Geography, and History.
Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Kamer Genç
Kamer Genç (February 23, 1940 – January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician. He is of Zaza origin. He was a member of parliament as a member of the Republican People's Party in the 18th, 19th, and 23rd election cycles, and in the 20th and 21st as a member of the True Path Party. He was born in Nazımiye, Tunceli Province.
Genç died of cancer in Istanbul, Turkey on January 22, 2016 at the age of 75.
Emine Erdoğan
Emine Erdoğan, born as "Emine Gülbaran", (born February 16, 1955 in Üsküdar, Istanbul) is the First Lady of Turkey and the wife of current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They were married on July, 4 1978. She is of Arab descent.
Her family is originally from Siirt in southeast Turkey. She went to Istanbul Mithatpaşa Vocational Institute for Girls.
Kenan Evren
Ahmet Kenan Evren (17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015), was a Turkish politician who served as the 7th President of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'état on 12 September 1980.
On 18 June 2014, Evren and General Tahsin Şahinkaya were given life sentences because of their roles in the 1980 coup. Evren and Şahinkaya had both of their military ranks stripped and both were demoted to rank of Private.
Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara of gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 9 May 2015, aged 97.
Show TV
Show TV is a national television channel in Turkey. The channel launched on March 1, 1991. Turkish news presenter Ali Kırca is the one of the important people on Show TV.
Cumhuriyet (English: "The Republic") is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper based in Istanbul. It was founded on May 7, 1924 by Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu.
Cumhuriyet newspaper includes columnists that are generally considered to share social democratic, secularist and republican ideas with its readers. Cumhuriyet is sold about 60,000 everyday.
İlhan Selçuk, the editor of Cumhuriyet arrested by police after the conservative-Islamic government party AKP has wanted to closed.
Uludag University
Uludag University is a Turkish university. It is in Turkey's fourth largest city, Bursa. Before 1980 its name was Bursa University, but in 1980 the name changed to Uludag University. Uludag is the name of the highest mountain in Bursa. Uludag University is a public university. The university has a big campus in Görükle village outside of the city.
Osmangazi University
Osmangazi University is a university in Eskişehir, Turkey.
ERASMUS programme
The Erasmus Programme is a European Union project to help students and university teachers move among EU countries and Turkey, Norway and Switzerland. Its name stands for ""European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students"". The name is also in honor of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus.
National Gallery of Art
The National Gallery of Art is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for Western art painting and sculpture in the world.
1999 İzmit earthquake
The 1999 İzmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. It happened at around 3:01 am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. The epicenter was in İzmit, which was heavily damaged and where most of the deaths and injuries occurred.
After the quake international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who had been affected from the quake in Adapazarı. The quake also caused damage and the deaths of hundreds of people in Istanbul.
Andrew W. Mellon
Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855 – August 27, 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.
Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a philanthropist - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.