AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hotchner's play "Sweet Prince" was produced Off-Broadway in 1982, at the Theater Off-Park, starring Keir Dullea and Ian Abercrombie.
Hotchner died on February 15, 2020 in Westport, Connecticut at the age of 102.
Occupation government's prison camps in Norway during World War Two
The occupation government built and used prison camps in Norway during World War Two. 709 prison camps [or concentration camps, and some death camps] were counted by a project, that was under advice by Randi Bratteli and some others; other numbers say "around 500" prison camps.
There were prison camps for teacher (from Norway):
(or Nabbvolden): The camp had had 436 prisoners in May 1945;
[At least] 28 prison camps had locations between Mo i Rana and Fauske (and 25 af of these were for Soviet prisoners-of-war).
Grini concentration camp
Ludwigslust-Parchim
Ludwigslust-Parchim Rural District (German: "Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim") is a rural district ("Landkreis") of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
On an area of 4,752 km² about 214,000 people were living in this district in 2016.
Capital is Parchim.
Ludwigslust-Parchim Rural District was created by joining the districts of Ludwigslust Rural District and Parchim Rural District on September 4, 2011.
Medway Valley Line
The Medway Valley line is a railway line in Kent linking and the Medway Towns with and on to , and London St Pancras International (peak only). The section from Maidstone West to Tonbridge passes through some of Kent's most picturesque countryside along the narrower sections of the River Medway.
The line serves the following stations: , , , , , , , , , , , , and
The main trains used on the line is Class 375 Electrostars. Before the May 2012 Timetable changes Class 465 and Class 466 Networkers were used, these units still appear on the line when a 375 unit fails or is unavailable.
In May 2011, Class 395s was introduced on the Medway Valley line, operating a high speed service between Maidstone West and St. Pancras International via Strood.
Holzheim, Donau-Ries
New Hythe
New Hythe is a village in mid-Kent, England. It is on the banks of the River Medway. It is about 5 miles from Maidstone. Its name is from the Old English word Hythe, meaning haven or landing place, It also has a mill. New Hythe railway station is there.
New Hythe railway station
New Hythe railway station is a railway station in New Hythe, Kent. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.
The line between Strood and Maidstone, on which New Hythe lies, was completed in 1856. However, no trains went there until 9 December 1929. At that time, New Hythe Halt, a timber-built halt, was opened to serve the huge paper mill which was next to the line. The present station was constructed in 1936. The line was electrified in 1939.
All train services are provided by Southeastern. The typical off-peak service from New Hythe is two trains per hour to Maidstone West, with alternate trains extended to Paddock Wood and , and two trains an hour to Strood, for connections to London.
Huisheim
Kaisheim
Chris Beutler
Chris Beutler (born November 14, 1944) is an American politician. He is the 51st and current Mayor of Lincoln, serving since 2007. He previously served in the Nebraska Legislature from 1979 to 1986 from 1991 to 2006.
He was born in Omaha, Nebraska.
Fikret Hakan
Fikret Hakan (23 April 1934 – 11 July 2017), also known as Bumin Gaffar Çitanak, was a Turkish movie actor. He was the recipient of the honorary State Artist, a prestigious title awarded by the Turkish government. He was born in Balıkesir, Turkey. He was known for his role as Kara in "Revenge of the Snakes (Yılanların öcü)" (1962).
Hakan died on 11 July 2017 in a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey of lung cancer at the age of 83.
Éva Schubert
Éva Schubert (19 January 1931 – 11 July 2017) was a Hungarian actress. She was known for her roles in "Egy pikoló világos", "Felmegyek a miniszterhez", and for "Frakk, a macskák réme". She won a Kossuth Prize in 2013 for her lifetime achievement. She was born in Budapest.
Schubert died on 11 July 2017 in Budapest at the age of 86.
Maihingen
Marktoffingen
Marktoffingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Marlies Häfner.
The sabre (British English) or saber (American English; see spelling differences) is a type of backsword. It has a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the Early Modern and Napoleonic periods. It was first associated with central European cavalry, such as the Hussars. It became widespread in Europe during the Thirty Years' War. In particular the Croat light cavalry helped spread it. In the 17th century a light sabre was also used by infantry. In the 19th century sabres without curved blades became common. These could be used by heavy cavalry. The last sabre to be given to US cavalry was the Patton sabre (Model 1913 Cavalry Sabre) in 1913.
The sabre was used as a duelling weapon in fencing in the 19th century. This has led to the rise of sabre fencing, which first appeared at the 1896 Summer Olympics. This discipline allows for cuts as well as thrusts, as did the historical sabre.
Kárášjohka/Karasjok
Kárášjohka (Norwegian: Karasjok) is a Norwegian urban area in the municipality, Kárášjohka/Karasjok.
The municipality (of which the urban area is a part,) has Sami and Norwegian as official languages.
The municipality is one of two in Norway where the majority of inhabitants speak Sami and have it as their main language.
Before the beginning of the 1700s, there might not have been a permanent population there. However the area was used by nomads.
During World War II a Nazi concentration camp was built in Karasjok: "Lager IV Karasjok" (German for "Karasjok Camp No.4", ). The camp was run by SS, and it was among the first four Nazi concentration camps in Northern Norway.
In July 1943, 374 political prisoners and POWs prisoners [mostly Yugoslav,] were brought to the concentration camp. They were tasked with widening the road to Karigasniemi, Finland. After four or five months, only 111 of these prisoners were still alive. At the end of the prisoners' stay in Karasjok, before transportation out of Karasjok, 45 prisoners were massacred by the firing of small arms. At least one former prisoner is (as of 2013) still alive.
In 2015 the second edition of Sapmi Pride, the LGBT pride festival, was held in Karasjok. To protest homosexuals attending the Karasjok Church, and to protest that a female priest held the services, Norges Samemisjon cancelled one of their radio broadcasts.
The Sami secondary school, is one of two in Norway (as of 2014); 73% of the schools students say that Sami is their main language; 27% say that Sami is their second language (as of the school year that started in [August] 2009 and ended in [June] 2010); That school is run by the government.
Durlinsdorf
Durmenach
Wang Shouren
Wang Yangming (31 October 1472 – 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, was a Chinese philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist, and general during the Ming dynasty.
He was born with the name Wang Shouren (王守仁) in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. He is known for his idealistic interpretation of neo-Confucianism, which was said to have a deeper effect on the philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries.
Wang became a successful general and was known for the strict discipline he forced on his troops. In 1517 and 1518, he was s in respoentnse to petitions to suppress peasant revolts in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces. Concerned with the destruction that came with war, he asked the court to allow amnesty, and successfully destroyed rebel military forces.
"A lot of people admired him,such as,Sun Zhongshan,Liang Qichao,Lin Zexu,Mao Zedong"
He thought that Knowledge is action, action is knowledge(知行合一).His main idea is the extension of innate knowledge(致良知）
Durrenentzen
Eglingen
Eguisheim
Elbach
Constantine, Switzerland
Constantine was a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand merged into the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.
Vallamand
Vallamand is a former municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
Chabrey
Chabrey is a former municipality of the district of Broye-Vully in the Vaud canton in Switzerland.
Montmagny, Switzerland
Leirpollen (concentration camp)
Leirpollen was a concentration camp in Norway - in county Sør-Varangeer, during World War Two. Norway was occupied by Germany's military during Adolf Hitler's rule of Germany.
The camp was called an extermination camp (or death camp) for Russian [and other Soviet soldiers who were] prisoners, in a 1998 report by Norway's government.
The camp had 150 prisoners, and [at least] it had Soviet prisoners. Also suspected members of the Persfjord groups partisans on the Varanger Peninsula, were held in the camp. I 1943, 11 prisoners were killed, by being hit with one [or more] clubs.
The prisoners were moved (out of the prison camp) in February 1944, to another prison camp - Storskog - closer to the border between Soviet and Norway;
Macedonia, Ohio
Macedonia is a city in Ohio, United States.
Palézieux
Palézieux is a village and former municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Since 2012 it forms part of the municipality of Oron.
Palézieux was first mentioned in 1134 as "de Palaisol".
Under the rule of Savoy, the family "de Palézieux" - mentioned in texts from 1154 - had their castle near the village, of which remains can be seen today (mainly a wall). The castle controlled a bridge on the River Broye, which was a source of profit through the various tolls and taxes.
The bridge over the Broye was washed away in 1700, following a flood. It was rebuilt in 1750, following several petitions. Modernized, it is still in place.
The creation of the separate settlement at Palézieux-Gare came about with the commissioning of the railway line between Lausanne and Bern in 1862, which was built away from the original village (which became known as Palézieux-Village). In 1876 the line from Payerne was added, which runs adjacent to Palézieux-Village, and in 1903 the metre gauge line leading to the Gruyère was constructed, with its terminus at Palézieux-Gare.
Canal Fulton, Ohio
Canal Fulton is a city in Ohio in the United States.
Jackson, Ohio
Jackson County, Ohio
Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 33,225 people lived there. The county seat is Jackson.
Medina County, Ohio
Medina County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 172,332 people lived there. The county seat is Medina.
Buchheim
Buchheim is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is a chemical in human nerves that carries information from the sense of touch, sense of smell, etc. This chemical is produced inside the brain in the pituitary gland.
Plug-organization
A plug-organization is a social organization.
The members always have to transport a plug.
Whenever one members sees another member, he checks that the other member has a plug.
If the other member does not have a plug, he has to give some money to the plug-organization.
The plug-organization uses this money to purchase beer for the next meeting.
More than 100 plug-organizations are in Bavaria.
High-speed rail in Thailand
In October 2010, the Thai parliament decided to continue planning for a high speed rail (HSR) network. Five different lines - which would touch Bangkok - were to be planned. The lines would be able to handle speeds of 250 km/h.
List of bus stations in Wales
This is a list of bus stations in Wales:
Bus station
A bus station is a structure where buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers. A bus station is larger than a bus stop, which is usually a place on the roadside where buses stop. Some bus stations are terminal stations, which means that station is the end of the route. Other stations are called transfer stations, which is a station where the routes continue.
Bus stations can be outside, or inside, above or below ground. Some are under shopping centres.
Some bus stations have seats, toilets, travel centres and electronic passenger information systems (which show what time the buses are coming).
Hessenstein Castle
Hessenstein Castle (German: "Burg Hessenstein") is a castle in Hesse, Germany.
The castle lies on a hill in the neighbourhood of Vöhl.
It dates from the 14th century.
A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to get on and off the bus. Bus stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating, and possibly electronic passenger information systems; less busy stops may use a simple pole to mark the location.
Langres
Langres is a commune of France and a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department in northeastern France, in the Grand Est region.
The city of Langres is on the southen part of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France; the city is on a that is in the north of the "Plateau de Langres".
The distances from Langres to other cities are:
The "commune" of Langres is surrounded by the "communes" Balesmes-sur-Marne, Champigny-lès-Langres, Chatenay-Mâcheron, Humes-Jorquenay, Peigney, Perrancey-les-Vieux-Moulins, Saint-Ciergues, Saint-Vallier-sur-Marne and Saints-Geosmes.
The Marne river flows through the "commune" of Langres.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Langres is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Langres is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Langres is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The inhabitants of Langres are known, in French, as "Langonais" (women: "Langonaises") or "Langrois" (women: "Langroises").
The city of Langres has a population, in 2014, of 7,850 and its population density is of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Langres
Langres is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Langres and the administrative centre () of the canton Langres formed by 18 "communes" (including Langres), with 12,160 inhabitants .
It is part of the intercommunality "Le Grand Langres" ().
Langres is twinned with:
Français fondamental
Français fondamental is a simplified version of French language with a goal to teach French to foreigners and the populations of the French Union, while France wanted to improve the spreading of its language in the world. A series of surveys conducted in the 1950s and 1960s show that a limited number of words are used in the usual way, both orally and in writing and in all circumstances, As well as a limited number of grammatical rules necessary for the functioning of the language.
Beavercreek, Ohio
Beavercreek is the largest city in Greene County, Ohio, United States.
New Philadelphia, Ohio
Wyoming, Ohio
Wyoming, Ohio is a city in Ohio, United States.
Shopkins
Augustin Buzura
Augustin Buzura (; September 22, 1937 –July 10, 2017) was a Romanian novelist and short story writer. He was also known as a journalist, essayist and literary critic. He was a member of the Romanian Academy, he has been the president of the Romanian Cultural Foundation since 1990 and president of the Romanian Cultural Institute between 2003 and 2004.
Buzura died on July 10, 2017 in Bucharest, Romania of a heart attack at the age of 79.
Mangesh Tendulkar
Mangesh Tendulkar (1934 – 10 July 2017) was an Indian artist as cartoonist and humourist. He has also written in many magazines on cartoons. He was born in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. In a series of 100 cartoons, he set forth his concerns about the cities Maharashtra and the preservation of Pune’s once-leafy environs with his trademark good-humoured, gentle skepticism.
Tendulkar died on 10 July 2017 at a hospital in Pune, Maharashtra of pulmonary embolism caused by bladder cancer at the age of 82.
Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini (7 October 1929 – 11 July 2017), was an Italian organist, harpsichordist, musicologist and composer. He was born in Bologna. He has conducted studies in music classes organ, piano and composition with Riccardo Nielsen to Conservatory of Bologna and Paris Conservatory (in the class of Marcel Dupré).
Tagliavini made numerous recordings received several awards including the "Prize of the Italian discography", the "Schallplattenpreis Phono-Akademie der Deutschen," the distinction "Choc de la musique" for the CD made with Liuwe Tamminga organs of San Petronio and dedicated to Andrea Gabrieli and Giovanni Gabrieli, the "Premio Antonio Vivaldi" and the "Premio Massimo Mila".
Tagliavini died on 11 July 2017 in Bologna of respiratory arrest at the age of 87.
Gerrit Braks
Gerardus Johannes Maria "Gerrit" Braks (23 May 1933 – 12 July 2017) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He was born in Uden, North Brabant.
He was a member of the Catholic People's Party from 1975 until 1980 when this party became part of the Christian Democratic Appeal. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands in 1977–1980, 1981–1982, 1986 and 1989. He was minister of farming and fishery in 1980–1981, and 1982–1989, and was in this function during the Chernobyl disaster.
In 1989 he was minister of education and sciences and he was minister of farming, nature management and fishery in 1989–1990. He was a member of the Senate of the Netherlands from 11 June 1991 until 10 June 2003. And as such he was parliamentary group leader in the senate from 18 June 1999 until 2 October 2001 when he became president of the Senate until 2003.
Braks died on 12 July 2017 in Sint-Michielsgestel, North Brabant, of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 84.
Division of Korea
The division of Korea between North and South Korea happened because of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945. After Japan surrendered, the Allies made Japan give up all the colonies they took through military force, even those before WWII started. Even though Korea was a colony of Japan before WWII, Japan still had to give it up because it used military force to take it over. So after 35 years, Korea no longer became a colony of the Empire of Japan. However, on the same day Japan surrendered, the Soviet Union invaded Korea, after having occupied Northeast China.
The United States and the Soviet Union occupied the country, meaning they had their military there, with the border between their zones of control along the 38th parallel, or the land on the Korean Peninsula from east to west 38 degrees North.
With the rise of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to create an independent, unified Korea. In 1948, the elections led by the UN were held only in the southern part of Korea, which was occupied by the United States. This led to the creation of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was afterwards followed by the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, and the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty, or the right to rule itself, over the whole Korean Peninsula.
In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in order to take over all of Korea, which began the Korean War. Just before North Korea took over all of Korea, the United States sent its military to take back South Korea. After it took back South Korea, the United States tried to take over North Korea until China, North Korea's communist ally, pushed back the United States. This led to a tug-of-war that lasted throughout the war. In 1953, the fighting ended in stalemate, meaning neither side won the war, and the border was once again put on the 38th parallel, but this time it became the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
The Korean War (1950–1953) left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in the later part of the Cold War and even to this day.
Due to this division, North and South Korea have become two extremely different countries. Now it has major differences between cultures, economies, health, politics, and even languages.
Chuck Blazer
Charles Gordon "Chuck" Blazer (April 26, 1945 – July 12, 2017) was an American former soccer administrator. He held a number of high level positions before becoming a government informant on widespread corruption within organized soccer.
In 2013, Blazer admitted to conspiring with other FIFA Executive Committee members to accept bribes with the failed bid of Morocco and the successful bid of South Africa to become World Cup hosts in 1998 and 2010 respectively. Blazer's admissions came during testimony given at a sealed sentencing proceeding in a New York federal court. He was a FIFA Executive Committee member from 1996 to 2013, the CONCACAF General Secretary from 1990 until 2011, and Executive Vice President of the U.S. Soccer Federation.
Blazer died of colorectal cancer on July 12, 2017 in a hospital in New Jersey at the age of 72. At the time of his death, Blazer suffered from coronary artery disease and diabetes.
Sam Glanzman
Samuel Joseph "Sam" Glanzman (December 5, 1924 – July 12, 2017) was an American comics artist.
Glanzman was best known for his Charlton Comics series "Hercules", about the mythological Greek demigod; his biographical war stories about his service aboard the U.S.S. "Stevens" for DC Comics and Marvel Comics; and the Charlton Comics "Fightin' Army" feature "The Lonely War of Willy Schultz", a Vietnam War-era serial about a German-American U.S. Army captain during World War II.
Glanzman died at the age of 92 on July 12, 2017 under hospice care in Brooklyn, New York after falling and undergoing surgery.
Ray Phiri
Raymond Chikapa Enock Phiri (23 March 1947 – 12 July 2017) was a South African jazz guitarist, singer, fusion and mbaqanga musician. He was born in Mpumalanga to Malawian immigrant worker and South African guitarist nicknamed "Just Now" Phiri.
Phiri became founding member of the Cannibals in the 1970s. When the Cannibals disbanded Ray founded Stimela, with whom he conceived gold and platinum-selling albums like "Fire, Passion and Ecstasy" (1991), "Look, Listen and Decide" (1992) as well as the controversial "People Don't Talk So Let's Talk".
Phiri died at the age of 70 on 12 July 2017 at a Nelspruit hospital from lung cancer.
Tod Sloan
Aloysius Martin "Tod" Sloan (November 30, 1927 – July 12, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Sloan played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Black Hawks.
Sloan was a member of three Stanley Cup championship teams: 1949 and 1951 in Toronto, and 1961 in Chicago. Sloan also played for the Pittsburgh Hornets and Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League in the earlier stages of his career.
Sloan died on July 12, 2017 in Sutton, Ontario from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 89.
Marxheim
Ephedra
Ephedra is a group of plants. It is the only one in its family, Ephedraceae. "Ephedra" species are found naturally in many places, like southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China and western South America.
"Ephedra" species often grow in the temperate zone. They often grow on shores or sandy places where they get a lot of sunlight. In English, they are often called joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea. In Chinese, it is called "mahuang" ().
Some species, like "Ephedra sinica", are used in medicine.
Taichung’s 7th Redevelopment Zone
Taichung’s 7th Redevelopment Zone（）（7th Redevelopment Zone）located in Xitun District and Nantun District, this area have many apartment, department store and office.
New London, Wisconsin
New London is a city in Wisconsin, United States. There were 7,295 people living there according to 2010 census.
Coates, Cambridgeshire
Coates is a village in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom.
Cazis
Cazis () is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Portein, Präz, Sarn and Tartar merged into the municipality of Cazis.
Luvreu, Ratitsch, Realta, Schauenberg, Siedlung, Summaprada, Portein, Präz, Sarn, Tartar and Valeina.
Conneaut, Ohio
Conneaut is a city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. It is along Lake Erie at the mouth of Conneaut Creek. 12,841 lived there at the 2010 Census.
Derrinturn
Emlingen
Cortland, Ohio
Cortland is a city in Ohio in the United States.
Manuela Schwesig
Manuela Schwesig (born May 23, 1974 in Frankfurt an der Oder) is a German politician of the SPD. She is the current Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
From 2008 to 2013 she was minister of health and social affairs in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
From 2013 to 2017 she was federal minister of family affairs, senior citizens, women and youth in the Third Merkel Cabinet, succeeded by fellow party member Katarina Barley.
Since July 4, 2017 she has been Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, succeeding fellow party member Erwin Sellering.
Scheswig converted to Christianity in 2010, when she was baptized into the Evangelical Church in Germany.
Ekamai bus terminal
The Ekamai bus terminal (sometimes transcribed as Ekkamai-) is a bus terminal (or bus station) on Sukhumwit Road in Bangkok.
The station is in Khlong Toei District (of Bangkok).
In July 2017, a decision had been made to move the terminal, according to media; where the terminal will be moved to, media has not reported (as of July 2017).
Nordland is a county in Norway.
It has borders with county Finnmark, county Nord-Trøndelag, and Sweden.
The North Atlantic Ocean touches the county's coast.
Deilingen
Villadossola
Villadossola (Piedmontese: "Vila d'Òssola") is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont.
Villadossola borders the following municipalities: Beura-Cardezza, Domodossola, Montescheno, Pallanzeno, Seppiana.
Lemi is a municipality in south Finland. There were 3,070 people living there on 31 March 2016. It is next to the municipalities of Luumäki, Savitaipale and Taipalsaari.
Malitbog, Southern Leyte
Malitbog is a municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines.
Olshany
Olshany (, ) is a town in Republic of Belarus. It is located in Stolin Raion, Brest Voblast. Its documental records began in 1392.
Canet d'Adri
New London is a city in Minnesota in the United States.
Ensisheim
The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet of 26 letters (each having an uppercase and a lowercase form) – exactly the same letters that are found in the ISO basic Latin alphabet:
The exact shape of printed letters changes depending on the typeface (and font). The shape of handwritten letters can be very different from the standard printed form (and between individuals), especially when written in cursive style. See the individual letter articles for information about letter shapes and origins (follow the links on any of the uppercase letters above).
Written English uses 18 digraphs (strings of two letters to represent just one sound), such as "ch, sh, th, ph, wh," etc., but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet. Some traditions also call two ligatures, "æ" and "œ", and the ampersand (&) part of the alphabet.
The English language was first written in Anglo-Saxon futhorc runes, used since the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with Old English itself, the earliest form of the language, by Anglo-Saxon settlers. Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived, with most of these being short writings or pieces.
The Latin script, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued to be used alongside each other for some time. Futhorc influenced the new Latin-based English alphabet by giving it letters "thorn" (Þ þ) and "wynn" (Ƿ ƿ). The letter "eth" (Ð ð) was later devised as a rewriting of the letter "dee" (D d), and finally "yogh" ( ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular "g" in Old English and Irish, and used alongside their Carolingian "g".
The a-e ligature "ash" (Æ æ) was adopted as a letter in its own right, named after a futhorc rune "æsc". In very early Old English the o-e ligature "ethel" (Œ œ) also appeared as its own letter, likewise named after a rune, "œðel". Also, the v-v or u-u ligature "double-u" (W w) was in use.
In the year 1011, a monk named Byrhtferð recorded the traditional order of the Old English alphabet. He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note "ond" (⁊), an insular symbol for "and":
In the alphabet of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) do not exist. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are not thought to be the same letters but rather ligatures, and in any case are somewhat old-fashioned. Thorn and eth were both replaced by "th", though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form becoming more and more difficult to tell  from the minuscule y in most handwriting. "Y" for "th" can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms (modern writings spelled to look like older words or phrases), such as "Ye Olde Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day Icelandic while ð is still used in present-day Faroese. Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by "uu", which ultimately developed into the modern "w". Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by "gh".
In the 16th century, the letters "u and j" were being written as letters distinct from "v" and "i "respectively, whereas before the former two letters were just different forms of the latter two letters. w also became its own letter, rather than be thought of as 2 different letters. With these changes, the English alphabet now has 26 letters:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
The alternate lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century.
Different alphabets have been proposed for written English –
mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet –
such as the Deseret alphabet, the Shavian alphabet, Gregg shorthand, etc.
Diacritic marks (extra marks to help non-native speakers with pronunciation) mainly appear in loanwords such as "naïve" and "façade". As such words become a normal part of English vocabulary, there is a tendency to remove the diacritics, as has happened with old borrowings such as "hôtel", from French. Informal English writing tends to get rid of diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them, such as Microsoft Word. Words that are still thought to be foreign tend to keep them; for example, the only spelling of "soupçon" found in English dictionaries (the OED and others) uses the diacritic. Diacritics are also more likely to be kept where there would otherwise be confusion with another word (for example, "résumé" (or "resumé") rather than "resume"), and, rarely, even added (as in "maté", from Spanish "yerba mate", but following the pattern of "café", from French).
Sometimes, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to show the syllables of a word: "cursed" (verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while "cursèd" (adjective) is pronounced with two. "È" is used widely in poetry, e.g. in Shakespeare's sonnets. J.R.R. Tolkien uses "ë", as in "O wingëd crown". Similarly, while in "chicken coop" the letters "-oo-" represent a single vowel sound (a digraph), in outdated spellings such as "zoölogist" and "coöperation", they represent two. This use of the diaeresis is rarely seen, but is still used in the 2000s in some publications, such as "MIT Technology Review" and "The New Yorker".
An acute, grave, or diaeresis may also be placed over an "e" at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent, as in "saké". In general, these markings are often not used even when they could ease some level of confusion.
The & has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, like in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011. Historically, the figure is a ligature for the letters "Et". In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word "and" and occasionally the Latin word "et", as in the abbreviation "&c" (et cetera).
The apostrophe, while not considered part of the English alphabet, is used to contract, or shorten, English phrases. A few pairs of words, such as "its" (belonging to "it") and "it's" ("it is" or "it has"), "were" (plural of "was") and "we're" (we are), and "shed" (to get rid of) and "she'd" ("she would" or "she had") are distinguished in writing only by having or not having an apostrophe. The apostrophe also distinguishes the possessive endings "-'s" and "-s'" from the common plural ending "-s", a practice that began in the 18th century; before, all three endings were written "-s", which could lead to confusion (as in, "the Apostles words").
The names of the letters are rarely spelled out, except when used in compound words (for example "tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, aitchless," etc.), derived forms (for example "exed out, effing, to eff and blind", etc.), and in the names of objects named after letters (for example "em (space)" in printing and "wye (junction)" in railroading). The forms listed below are from the Oxford English Dictionary. Vowels stand for themselves, and consonants usually have the form "consonant + ee" or "e + consonant" (e.g. "bee" and "ef"). The exceptions are the letters "aitch, jay, kay, cue, ar, ess" (but "es-" in compounds ), "wye", and "zed". Plurals of consonants end in "-s" ("bees, efs, ems") or, in the cases of "aitch, ess", and "ex", in "-es" ("aitches, esses, exes"). Plurals of vowels end in "-es" ("aes, ees, ies, oes, ues"); these are rare. Of course, all letters may stand for themselves, generally in capitalized form ("okay" or "OK", "emcee" or "MC"), and plurals may be based on these ("aes" or "As", "cees" or "Cs", etc.")"
Some groups of letters, such as "pee" and "bee", or "em" and "en", are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link. Spelling alphabets such as the ICAO spelling alphabet, used by aircraft pilots, police and others, are made to get rid of this confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.
The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants of the Latin (and Etruscan) names through French.
The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are:
The novel forms are "aitch", a regular development of Medieval Latin "acca"; "jay", a new letter presumably vocalized like neighboring "kay" to avoid confusion with established "gee" (the other name, "jy", was taken from French); "vee", a new letter named by analogy with the majority; "double-u", a new letter, self-explanatory (the name of Latin V was "ū"); "wye", of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French "wi"; "zee", an American leveling of "zed" by analogy with the majority; and "izzard", from the Romance phrase "i zed" or "i zeto" "and Z" said when reciting the alphabet.
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels; the remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent consonants. However, Y commonly represents vowels as well as a consonant (e.g., "myth"), as very rarely does W (e.g., "cwm"). Conversely, U and I sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., "quiz" and "onion" respectively).
W and Y are sometimes called semivowels by linguists.
The letter most commonly used in English is E. The least used letter is Z.
The table below shows the frequency of letter usage in written English, although the frequencies change somewhat according to the type of text.
Bus lane
A bus lane or bus-only lane is a lane limited to buses, and are used to speed up public transport that otherwise would be held up by traffic congestion.
Some bus lanes can be used by Taxis, Motorcyclists and Cyclists at any time and some bus lanes can only be used before and after a certain time.
ISO basic Latin alphabet
The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a version of the Latin alphabet and is made of two sets of 26 letters, the same as the English alphabet, codified in many different national and international standards and used widely in international communication.
The two sets contain the following 26 letters each:
Little Canada, Minnesota
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New London, Missouri
New London is a city in Missouri in the United States.
Canadian, Texas
Canadian is a city in Texas, United States.
Tamara Miansarova
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Miansarova died in Moscow of a pulmonary embolism on 12 July 2017 at the age of 86.
Américo Amorim
Américo Ferreira Amorim (21 July 1934 – 13 July 2017) was a Portuguese heir and businessman. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 385th richest person in the world in January 2015. His wealth was at $4.8 billion (July 2017) He was known for having a 50% interest in Corticeira Amorim. He was born in Mozelos, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal.
Amorim died on 13 July 2017 at his home in Grijo, Portugal after a short-illness, aged 82.
Vince Farrar
Vincent "Vince" Farrar (birth registered January→March 1947 – 13 July 2017) was an English professional rugby league footballer. He was born in Pontefract, England. He played in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s.
Farrar played at representative level for Great Britain, England, and Yorkshire, and at club level for Featherstone Rovers (Captain) (Heritage № 451), Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Hull F.C., and Sheffield Eagles during the era of contested scrums, was captain of Hull during the 1978–79 season, and 1979–80 season, and coaching at club level for Featherstone Rovers.
Farrar died on 13 July 2017 of oropharyngeal cancer in Sheffield, South Yorkshire at the age of 70.
Joaquim Molins i Amat
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Molins died in Barcelona on 13 July 2017 of pancreatic cancer at the age of 72.
Khas people
Khas people () are people of Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. They are indigenous native speakers of Nepali language ("Khas Kura"; translit.Khas speech) which is an Indo-Aryan language. Khas people have been referred as "Parbatiya" and "Pahari" or "Gorkhali". Khas are most dominant faction in Nepal. They are around 31% of Nepal but nearly two thirds of government officials. The word “Khas” is little used in modern times. Khas peoples call themselves by their group names such as Bahun, Kshetri, Sanyasi/Sannesi, Kami, Damai, etc.
Khas people have been described as of Indo-Aryan genes. Khas people consists of Bahun (Khas Brahmin), Chhetri & Thakuri (Khas Kshatriyas), Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, Gandharbha/Gaine, Badi and Sarki people. Many historians referred dominant Thakuri and Chhetri as Khas Rajputs.
Khas people continue Hindu religion with some ancestral deity called Masto gods.
Acharya, Adhikari, Aryal, Bam, Baral, Basnet/Basnyat, Bhandari, Bhattarai, Bista/Bisht, Budathoki, Chand, Chauhan,Chaulagain, Chhetri, Dahal, Devkota, Dhakal, Dulal, Gautam, Ghimire, Karki, Kattel, Katuwal, Khand, Khadka, Khanal, Khatri/K.C., Koirala, Kunwar, Lohani, Oli, Mainali, Pathak, Panta, Pandey, Hamal, Malla, Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Pokharel, Rana, Rijal, Regmi, Rimal, Sitoula, Sapkota, Shah, Sen, Shahi, Silwal, Singh, Thakuri, Thapa, Upadhyay, Wagle, Wasti, etc.
Bharati, Giri, Puri, Yogi, etc.
Badi, Bishwakarma/B.K., Damai, Dholi, Gandharbha, Kami, Nagarchi, Pariyar, Ranapaheli, Sarki, Sundas, etc.
Megesheim
Chitral
Chitral (, ) is the capital of the Chitral District. It is on the western bank of the Chitral River. It has population of 20,000.
Mertingen
Thapa
Thapa (; IAST:Thāpā) is a family name or surname used by Nepalese belonging to both Magar caste within Khas people of Indo-Aryan group and Magar caste of Sino-Tibetan group. Kshetri/Chhetri Thapas are addressed as Thapa Kajis or elite Thapas while Thapa Magars are addressed as general Thapa Magars or Thapas in Nepal.
Thapa was a title given to warriors in the ancient Khas Kingdom.Both Magar Thapa and Kshetri Thapa has done remarkably significant for Nepal.Magar Thapa who servers the British Army,Indian Army and Nepali Army in abundance are the main warriors for Nepal unification.The father of Greater Nepal Shreepach Prithivi Narayan Shah told to be a Magar King.In present Nepal both Thapa Kshetri and Thapa Magar are doing great in Politics and enhancing National Pride.According to many famous Historian,all the Khas of Nepal were originated in the Karnali region of Nepal from the Mongolian community of Magar and Gurung</ref-youtube video on Shah Dynesty>.This is the main reason the so called Cheetri in Nepal has Magar and Gurung caste and genetically and physically alike the Magar and Gurung. It is proved many inscriptions in the present day region of Old Khas Kingdom. There were names of Thapa warriors in pillar inscription as:
Thapas has been involved in politics of Nepal for long time. Thapas were prominent military heads in various princely states in ancient Nepal. Thapas led military and civil administration in the unified Kingdom of Nepal after 1806 AD. Bhimsen Thapa of Bagale Thapa clan rose to prominence after the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah of Nepal by King's step-brother in 1805 AD. After the event, an investigation was run by Bharadars (Ministers) which caused massacre of 55 senior officers at Bhandarkhal garden by Thapa Kaji (ministers) group making them as most dominant faction in Nepalese politics.
.It would be true to say that History has been written by the Brahamin which underestimated and burried the history of all the other beautiful community of Nepal.
After Bhimsen rose to power, member of another Thapa family, Bada (senior) Kaji Amar Singh Thapa and his family were added to make Thapa Khalak dynasty stronger. Large number of Thapa leaders took part in Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814-16 AD. The immediate family of Bhimsen and Senior Kaji Amar Singh took over all the military commands in that war. Another unrelated warrior Bhakti Thapa also led the war at Deuthal aged 71 and died too. Thapas were out of power after the rise of Rana dynasty who were blood relatives of Thapas. Later Panchayat government of Nepal that began in 1961 AD saw large number of Thapas in the cabinet.
Khas Thapa or Chhetri/Kshatri Thapa are Khas people of Indo-Aryan group. They are categorized into Kshatriya in Hinduism. They follow Hinduism and are divided by Khas clans and Hindu Gotra system. The clan names of Khas Kshatri Thapas are: "Bagale Thapa", "Punwar Thapa", "Godar Thapa", "Lamichhane Thapa", "Suyal Thapa", "Kalikote Thapa", "Hrikshen Thapa", "Khulal Thapa", "Deoja Thapa", "Thakuryal Thapa", "Gamle Thapa", "Sonal Thapa", and many others.
Bagale Thapa is the most prominent clan within Khas Thapa. They fall under Atreya Gotra in Hinduism. The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa in the Nepalese politics belonged to this Bagale Thapa clan. They trace their origin to legendary Khas King Kalu Thapa.
Puwar Thapa is also a clan within Khas Thapa. They claim descent from Parmar/Punwar Rajputs of Rajasthan.They fall under Kapil Gotra in Hinduism.The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of warrior Bhakti Thapabelongs to this Puwar Thapa.
Godar Thapa clan is also populous Khas Kshatri clan. They belong to Kashyap Gotra in Hinduism.
Magar Thapa or Thapa Magar are member of Magar caste which falls under Sino-Tibetan or Tibeto-Burman group. They speak Magar language and follow tradition of Magar caste. They can be found as core soldiers in Gurkha armies around the world.
Kshetri
Kshetri or Chhetri () are group of people belonging to Kshatriya caste in Khas group, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Kshatriyas are called as Kshetris or Khas Kshetris. Many historians called Kshetris as Khas Rajputs. Kshetris served as rulers, administrators, governors and warriors as per their caste. They were able to dominate most of the Nepalese history through monopolizing government and military upto 1951 AD. After democracy in Nepal, Kshetris were still visible in the government especially dominating Panchayati government and still monopolizing military.
According to 1854 "Muluki Ain" (Legal Code) of Nepal, Kshetris belong to "sacred thread bearers" (Yagyopavit) and "twice born" (Dvija) Hindus.
Chhetri is Nepalese local colloquial term for Kshatriya. Kshetri () is considered a derivative form of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya. Hill-Kshetri, Kshetri, Chhetri, Pahadi Chhetri and Khas Kshetri are all used to denote this caste.
They are descended from old warriors of Khas Kingdom. Chhetri dominated the military forces of Shah dynasty of Nepal. The 5 main Chhetri families at Royal court of Nepal formed group called Kaji Khalak (Aristocrats). They are; Basnyat, Pande, Thapa, Kunwar and Bista. Basnyat, Pande and Thapas were most powerful Chhetri groups led by Shivaram Singh Basnyat, Kalu Pande and Birbhadra Thapa at the Unification of Nepal. The Kunwars were led by Ramkrishna Kunwar and Bista/Bisht were led by Gajabal Bista and Atibal Bista. Sometimes, Bhandari Kshetri family of Jaswanta Bhandari was also considered as Kaji Khalak family of the Royal court of Nepal.
In the court struggle for power, Pande Khalaks and Thapa Khalaks were fierce opponents. They often opposed each other. Pandes were supported by Basnyats due to blood relations. Thapas were supported by Kunwars due to blood relations. In the end, Kunwars betrayed Thapa groups by murdering the Thapa leader Mathabar Singh Thapa. That caused Kunwars to rise to power and all Kshetris were thrown of power. The Kunwar high rank officers escalated quickly between 1841 AD to 1854 AD.Kunwars claimed royalty and changed their surname to "Rana" (meaning: King) from "Kunwar" (meaning: Prince). In 1951AD, democracy was established and Kshetri rule were stopped.
According to 2011 Nepal census, Kshetri stands as the most populous group in Nepal with 16.6% of Nepal's population (or 43,98,053 peoples).
Kshetris are the second largest Hindu group with Hindu population of 43,65,113 (99.3% of Kshetris) as per the 2011 Nepal census. Kshetris are largest group in 20 districts in Nepal. Kathmandu consists largest Kshetri population.
Kshetris has second highest civil service representation with 19.59% of Nepal's bureaucracy after Bahuns while having 16% of Nepal's total population. The civil service representation to population ratio is 1.18 times for Kshetri. Kshetri dominate the military forces with nearly all high ranked officers belonging to either Kshetri or Thakuri caste. Nearly, only one Chief of Army Staff (Chhatraman Singh Gurung) belonged to Non-Chhetri/Thakuri caste. Thus, the highest military rank (Chief of Army Staff previously Commander-in-Chief) is completely monopolized by Chhetri caste.they also recruit in british army in large numbers, chhetri/thakuris dominant 40% of total nepal army strength , and they have reserved regiment the 9 gorkha rifles in indian army.