AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
On August 7, five week early of her due date, she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy through an emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth. Kennedy was at Otis Air Force Base to recovery after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was there when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave a speech to thank nurses and airmen who had cared for her. As a thank you, Kennedy Onassis gave the hospital staff a framed and signed lithographs of the White House.
Kennedy Onassis's health was affected by Patrick's death because she suffered from depression shortly afterwards. However, the loss of their child helped the Kennedy's marriage and brought the couple closer together as they both mourned the loss of Patrick. Before Patrick's death, Kennedy Onassis was distant with her husband after rumors of him having affairs with secretaries and socialites. It was rumored that Kennedy had extramarital affairs with Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, Pamela Turnure, Angie Dickinson and Blaze Starr.
On November 21, 1963, the Kennedys went on a political trip to Texas to get more support for her husband's 1964 campaign. After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field with Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie. Kennedy Onassis was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat, President Kennedy personally picked for her to wear. A motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the president was set to speak at a lunch. Kennedy Onassis was sitting next her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine.
After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, Kennedy Onassis heard loud bangs and she thought it was a motorcycle backfiring and did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. She quickly began to climb onto the back of the limousine. Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off. Hill ran to the car and jumped onto it, telling her back to go back to her seat. She would later say that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".
President Kennedy died not long afterward, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy did not want to remove her blood-stained clothing, telling Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack". She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Lyndon B. Johnson when he took the oath of office as the 36th President of the United States. The suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964 and, because of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, will not be placed on public display until 2103.
Kennedy Onassis was the main organizer of her husband's state funeral, which was inspired from Abraham Lincoln's funeral. She wanted her husband's casket to be closed, even though her brother-in-law and Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy wanted it to be open. The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery. Many admired her role and appearance at the funeral. The "Evening Standard" wrote "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty".
A week after the assassination, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that created the Warren Commission—led by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy. Kennedy Onassis did not care about the investigation. She said that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. She gave her testimony to the commission detailing the events of her husband's assassination.
After the assassination, Kennedy Onassis and her children stepped back from public view and activities.
On November 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination, Theodore H. White of "Life" magazine interviewed Kennedy Onassis at her home in Hyannis Port. While being interviewed, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's Camelot. Kennedy Onassis said that the her husband played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before going to bed. She quoted a line from the musical, trying to show how the loss felt by saying "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot. There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot". As a result, her husband was nicknamed "Camelot" and his presidency the "Camelot Era".
Kennedy Onassis and her children stayed in the White House for two weeks after the assassination. President Lyndon B. Johnson wanted to "do something nice for Jackie", President Johnson wanted to make her Ambassador to France, but she turned the offer down, as well as other offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy Onassis later publicly thanked Johnson for his kindness to her.
Kennedy Onassis spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. Some believed she was suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. In the winter after the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, she made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination. She bought a house for herself and her children in Georgetown, but sold it later in 1964. She bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to have more privacy.
Kennedy Onassis would go to a few memorial ceremonies dedicated to her late husband. In 1967, she attended the christening of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier . She also went to a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was buried again so that officials at the cemetery could build a safer eternal flame. She also was in charge of the creation of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
During the Vietnam War in November 1967, "Life" magazine named Kennedy Onassis "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States, traveled to Cambodia. Many historians saw that her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb". She also went to the funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968.
After her husband's assassination, Kennedy Onassis became closer with her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy. After President Kennedy's assassination, Robert became a father figure for her children. Kennedy Onassis supported him staying in politics, and she supported his 1964 campaign for United States senator from New York.
When President Johnson's approval ratings fell, many wanted Senator Kennedy to run for president in 1968. When Art Buchwald asked him if he wanted to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do". She met with him around this time and she told him to run, however she was worried about his safety.
Just after midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, a Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan shot Senator Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary. Kennedy Onassis went to Los Angeles to be with Senator Kennedy's wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted, and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Robert Kennedy died the next day, aged 42.
After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy Onassis suffered from depression again. She became worried about her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country".
On October 20, 1968, Kennedy Onassis married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek businessman who was able to give the privacy and security she wanted for herself and her children. The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea. After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and lost her right to Secret Service protection. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living, many believed that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church. She was seen by some as a "public sinner".
During their marriage, the Onassiss had six different homes: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in New Jersey, his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht "Christina O".
Aristotle Onassis's health became worse after the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973. Aeristotle Onassis died of respiratory failure caused by myasthenia gravis at aged 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. After two years of legal wrangling, Kennedy Onassis accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis, Aristotle's daughter.
After the death of her second husband, Kennedy Onassis returned to the United States, spending her time between Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port. In 1975, she became an editor at Viking Press, a position that she held for two years.
After almost ten years without going to a political event, Kennedy Onassis went to the 1976 Democratic National Convention. She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of "The New York Times" said that she had some responsibility for Viking's publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel "Shall We Tell the President?". The novel is set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and talked about an assassination plot against him. Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to run against President Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president.
After she left Viking Press, Kennedy Onassis was hired by Doubleday, where she worked as an associate editor. Some of the books she edited for the company were Larry Gonick's "The Cartoon History of the Universe", the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's "Cairo Trilogy", and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, singer-songwriter Carly Simon, and fashion icon Diana Vreeland.
In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and fixing it. A plaque inside the terminal talks about her role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have created a large shadows on Central Park. Her historic preservation works also include her support of the campaign to save Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in upstate New York.
Kennedy Onassis was the subject of press attention. Paparazzi photographer Ron Galella followed her around and photographed her without her permission. From 1980 until her death, Onassis had a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born businessman and her personal financial adviser.
In the early 1990s, Kennedy Onassis supported Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton for president and donated money to his presidential campaign. Following the 1992 election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and talked to her about raising a child in the White House. Clinton later said that Kennedy Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".
In November 1993, Kennedy Onassis was thrown from her horse while fox hunting in Middleburg, Virginia, and was taken to the hospital. A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin, which was diagnosed as an infection at first. The fall made her health worse over the next six months. In December, Kennedy Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. She was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a type of blood cancer. She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis. She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain. By May it had spread to her liver and was diagnosed as terminal.
Kennedy Onassis made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994. The next night, she died in her sleep at her Manhattan apartment, aged 64. Her children were by her side. In the morning, her son John F. Kennedy, Jr. announced his mother's death to the press, saying she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "She died it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that".
On May 23, 1994, her funeral was held and asked for no cameras to film the event for privacy. She was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, next to her husband President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella. President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service. At the time of her death, Onassis was survived by her children Caroline and John Jr., three grandchildren and sister Lee Radziwill. She left an estate worth $43.7 million.
The Municipal Art Society of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to a person whose work have made an outstanding contribution to New York City. The medal was named in honor of her in 1994, for her works to preserve and protect New York City's architecture. She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her May 1994 death. The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor. A high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, was opened in New York City in 1995, becoming the first high school named in her honor. The main reservoir in Central Park, near her apartment, was renamed in her honor as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir in shortly after her death.
Kennedy Onassis is seen as one of the most popular First Ladies. She was listed 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; higher than that of any U.S. President listed. In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society". In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey, behind Eleanor Roosevelt and Abigail Adams.
In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten inspirational First Ladies because of the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity". In 2020, "Time" magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.
Kennedy Onassis is seen as an important First Lady in American history. Many historians feel that First Ladies since Kennedy Onassis have either been compared to or against her. Since the late 2000s, her traditional persona has been used by political commentators when talking about fashionable political spouses.
Kennedy Onassis became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. Many of her well known clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Pieces from the collection were shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 2001.
In 2012, "Time" magazine included Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list. In 2016, "Forbes" included her on the list "10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous".
In 2016, Natalie Portman played Kennedy Onassis in a movie about her after the events of her husband's assassination and her interview with Theodore H. White. For her role, Portman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.
Bornean orangutan
In general, missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". This payload is not always harmful to people. For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage.
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control.
The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.
Salford
Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.
Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.
1290s
The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It is a 31st movie. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town".This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.
Crumple zone
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.
Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian. Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.
In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”.
In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.
After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons.
Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons.
After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.
She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore.
After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.
Afelia
President of Ireland
The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Michael D. Higgins.
The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.
Normandy () is a region in the northern part of France. People from Normandy are called Normans. The name Normandy comes from the conquest and subsequent settlement of the area by the "Northmen" () also called Vikings. The group of people that settled at Rouen and became the Normans was led by Rollo. It is also famous for being the location of the Allied invasion of France during World War II (See D-Day). The Battle of Normandy was the beginning of the Allied invasion and liberation of Europe from Nazi Germany.
Archaeological evidence, such as cave paintings, show that people lived in Normandy in prehistoric times. The Gouy and Orival cave paintings also show people lived in Seine-Maritime. Many megaliths can be found in Normandy, most of them built in the same way.
Groups of Belgae and Celts, known as Gauls, invaded Normandy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Much of our knowledge about this group comes from Julius Caesar’s book "de Bello Gallico". Caesar wrote about many groups among the Belgae who lived different areas in towns surrounded by walls. In 57 BC the Gauls worked together and tried to fight Caesar’s army. They were led by Vercingetorix. The Normans lost an important fight at Alesia. They did not stop fighting until 51 BC, when Caesar finished his conquest of Gaul. Normandy was part of Armorica when it was ruled by Romans.
The duchy of Normandy began in the year 911. Charles the Simple, King of France gave land near Rouen and the lower Seine to Rollo, leader of a band of Vikings. This treaty is often called St. Clair-sur-Epte. More land was given in 924 and 933.
The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, invaded England in 1066 after King Edward the Confessor died. William the Conqueror thought he should be King of England. But King Harold II had crowned himself king. King Harold's Saxon army and William's Norman army fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle. On December 25 1066 William was crowned King of England as 'William I'.
The historic duchy is made of two regions of France: Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy. The Channel Islands are part of the duchy of Normandy. But they are not part of France. The whole duchy was not part of France for a long time. In 1205 Philip II of France took away all the French land from King John of England. After, Normandy was a region in France.
During the Second World War (1939–1945) Normandy was part of the German occupied France. The town of Dieppe was the site of the unsuccessful Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. The Allies (Britain, the United States, and Canada) launched the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944 under the code name 'Operation Overlord'. This invasion from the sea involved nearly 160,000 Allied soldiers in about 7,000 ships and landing craft. About 12,000 planes dropping paratroopers preceded the amphibious assault by several hours.
The Germans were defending their fortifications above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the Battle of Normandy. The German defenders fought aggressively but constantly pushed back by overwhelming force. The battle for Normandy continued until the closing of the Falaise pocket. The liberation of Le Havre followed. What followed was the breakout of Allied forces into France and finally Germany. This was a significant in the war. It led to the restoration of the French government in France. The remainder of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the German occupation of the Channel Islands effectively ended.
The historical duchy of Normandy occupied the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula. The region is bordered along the northern coasts by the English Channel. There are granite cliffs in the west and limestone cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches of beach in the center of the region. The unique bocage hedges are typical of the western areas of Normandy. The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves at in the Massif armoricain. Normandy is lightly forested. Eure has the most wooded areas with about 20% being forest. The population of Normandy today is around 3.45 million.
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 - August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849.
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.
The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847-1924).
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.
Anna Harrison
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (1775 - 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House.
She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British.
At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth Bassett "Betsy" (1796 - 1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798 - 1830), Lucy Singleton (1800 - 1826), William Henry, Jr. (1802 - 1838), John Scott (1804 - 1878), Benjamin (1806 - 1840), Mary Symmes (1809 - 1842), Carter Bassett (1811 - 1839), Anna Tuthill (1813 - 1845), and James Findlay (1814 - 1817).
After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady.
After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio.
Sarah Yorke Jackson
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 1805? - August 23, 1887) was the daughter in law of US President Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Jackson. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were very rich. The exact date of her birth is not known. But, it was in July 1805. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children.
On November 24 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children.
The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady.
President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House, and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23 1887.
Carnivora
The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia.
Animals of the order Carnivora are "carnivores", a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then "carnivorans" is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.
The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.
The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:
The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha.
Fowl
Fowl is a common name of birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). It happens that birds in these groups are good to eat, and often hunted by gun. So the word 'fowl' may be used for a game bird. The group is mostly of birds we hunt or farm, and which we eat. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Together, they form the fowl clade, the Galloanserae. This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data, as well as retrotransposon data.
Galloanserae is the clade fowl the form they Together relatives ary evolution close are groups two these suggest similarities molecular biology Molecular and anatomical Anatomy of Studies eat we which and farm or hunt we birds of mostly is group The bird game a for used be may 'fowl' word the So gun by hunted often and eat to good are groups these in birds that happens. It Anseriformes waterfowl the and Galliformes landfowl or gamefowl the namely orders biological biology order two of one to belonging birds are fowl.
A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".
Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something. It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.
An error is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.
Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.
This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results.
A statistical error is "the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value". The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.
A tricky point is this:
The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A "syntax error" is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A "logic error" is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output.
An error may also be an "exception", which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.
In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.
Union of European Football Associations
The Union of European Football Associations mostly called the UEFA, is the organization that controls European football (soccer) (often referred to as association football). The UEFA is one of 6 continental confederations of the FIFA. It is also the biggest one. The President of the UEFA is Florentino Pérez, who also works as the president of Real Madrid.
Some members of the UEFA are partly or whole not part of the European continent (Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus and Russia). There are members that do not represent sovereign states, such as the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
UEFA national teams have won eleven FIFA World Cups (Italy-4, Germany-4, England, France and Spain-one trophy each), and UEFA clubs have won 21 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups. In women's, UEFA teams have won three FIFA Women's World Cups (Germany 2, Norway 1) and one Olympic gold medal (Norway).
The main international competition is the UEFA European Football Championship. This competition started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960. It is held every four years. The last was 2016 in France. The title was won by Portugal for their first time ever. There were also European competitions at the Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. For women there was the UEFA Women's Championship.
There are two main club competitions. The highest is the UEFA Champions League. It started in the 1992/93 season as follower of the UEFA Champion Cup. This competition was first held in 1956. The second is the UEFA Europa League. The league started in 1999 when the UEFA Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup merged. In women's football UEFA governs UEFA Women's Champions League for club teams. The competition was first held in 2009 (out of UEFA Women's Cup until 2009)
Since 1992 no winner of the Champions League was able to defend the title the next season.
Asian Football Confederation
The Asian Football Confederation often referred to as just AFC, is the organization that controls Asian football.
The AFC has 46 member associations split into four regions.
SAFF Members
CAFF Members
Micronesia
Micronesia is an area in Oceania. Many islands in southwest Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means "small islands" in ancient Greek language.
Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia.
2002 FIFA World Cup
CONMEBOL or CSF (CONfederación SudaMEricana de FútBOL in Spanish, CONfederação Sul-AMEricana de FuteBOL in Portuguese; "South American Football Confederation") is the governing body of football in most of South America.
Three countries or territories on the South American mainland—the independent countries of Guyana and Suriname, plus the French overseas department of French Guiana—are not CONMEBOL members. Instead, for cultural and competitive reasons, they are members of CONCACAF, the governing body for the rest of the Americas.
Monotreme
Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk.
The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces.
Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor.
The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'.
The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods.
But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution.
In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived.
There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as the platypus and the spiny anteaters. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others are the spiny anteaters, or the echidna.
FIFA Club World Cup
The FIFA Club World Cup is a competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every one year. The tournament officially assigns the world title. It is normally contested between the Champions of each continent, and the champion of the host country. Real Madrid is the most successful team in the tournament, with 4 titles.
"See also:" Clubs of football world champions
Metatheria
Metatheria is a group in the class Mammalia which contains the marsupials and the sparassodonts.
First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals. They differ from all other mammals in their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.
The earliest known representative, "Sinodelphys", is from the Lower Cretaceous of China.
The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are conventionally united as infraclasses within the subclass Theria, which contains all living mammals except monotremes.
During development, metatherians produce a yolk sac placenta and give birth to 'larval-like' offspring.
These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple. The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits. Then it swells to secure the offspring into place.
The Greek words "meta-" and "theria" roughly means the ""other beasts"", in contrast with "Eutheria" (""true beasts"").
Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period. Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct. Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
Spermatic cord
Mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts (or MMA) is a hybrid martial arts form. It includes any mixture of combat disciplines or any blend of two or more styles of martial arts like boxing and kick boxing which are its integral fighting styles. MMA can also mean the sport of mixed martial arts fighting. Bellator, PFL, Rizin, ONE Championship, and UFC are companies that promote MMA sport fighting.
The people who organize a MMA fight can decide the rules for that fight.
There is no one group of people who decides the rules for all MMA fights,in the world. Some states regulate all professional fights including MMA fights and set some rules.
MMA fights once had few rules, but now have many rules to protect the fighters. Boxing (and other fighting sports) also have many rules, different from those in MMA.
Fighters can use any martial art, or combination of arts, they like in the fight. In these fights, fighters can fight standing with punches, kicks and other strikes, in a clinch where fighters are grabbing each other while standing, or on the ground.
An example of an illegal strike is the 12-6 elbow strike. It is illegal under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, where it is called "striking downwards using the point of the elbow". The ban was made for medical and safety reasons, due to it being likely there would be serious injuries to opponents if they are used.
Each fighter will try to defeat the other either by submission, or knock out. Each fight can last only for a period of time, after the time ends, judges decide who is the winner. The referee in the fight will make sure no one gets hurt too badly and that rules are followed.
The pankration was an old style of unarmed combat. The ancient Greeks introduced this sport into the Olympic Games in the 648 BC. Some public fights took place at the end of the 19th century. They represented different styles of fighting, including jujutsu, wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling and others in competitions and challenges across Europe. After World War I, wrestling was born again in two main flows. The first flow was real competition; the second flow began to depend more on the choreography and on the grand public shows that resulted in professional wrestling.
Modern mixed martial arts (MMA) has its roots in two kinds of competition: the Vale Tudo (Brazil) and Japanese Shootfighting.
Vale Tudo began circa 1930, when Carlson Gracie invited every competitor to compete in a fight. That was the so-called "Gracie's Challenge". Later, Hélio Gracie and the Gracie family continued this. Vale Tudo translates to "Anything Goes", as it had almost no rules.
In Japan, about 1970, Antonio Inoki organized a series of mixed martial arts fights. They were the forces that produced the Shootwrestling, and they later caused the developing of the first organization of mixed martial arts, known as Shooto. Mixed martial arts obtained great popularity in the United States in 1993, when Rorion Gracie helped create the first UFC event, one of the earliest MMA events in the USA . In 1997, in Japan, the interest for this sport resulted in the creation of the greater organization of mixed martial arts - Pride Fighting Championship.
The Gracie family caused the tournaments, as the UFC, to be well known. It should be noticed that the UFC is the most famous tournament, but the persons who practises Brazilian jiujitsu normally do not use blows. Undoubtedly, the Gracie family played an important role in the creation of open competitions of Vale Tudo and in causing them to be well known through the television. Nevertheless, before anyone created the UFC or Shooto, where the persons who represent every method of self-defense can fight, there had already existed such mixed martial arts.
About the year 1990, three styles were famous for their effectiveness in the competitions of the mixed martial arts: the wrestling, the Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and the shootwrestling. This can be because of their attention given to the combat by means of holds. Before the year 1990, the promoters organized a lacking amount of the competitions of the mixed martial arts, and some martial arts base on blows. Therefore, probably, most instructors of these arts had given too little attention to the holds.
Urarina
Urarina are Indigenous Peoples who live in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest
Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast.
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petoleum industry.
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for "crab".
The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.
Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil.
Soviet–Afghan War