AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
where formula_1 is the order of the schema, formula_15 is the length of the code, formula_16 is the probability of mutation and formula_17 is the probability of crossover. So a schema with a shorter defining length formula_2 is less likely to be disrupted.An often misunderstood point is why the Schema Theorem is an "inequality" rather than an equality. The answer is in fact simple: the Theorem neglects the small, yet non-zero, probability that a string belonging to the schema formula_5 will be created "from scratch" by mutation of a single string (or recombination of two strings) that did "not" belong to formula_5 in the previous generation.
The schema theorem holds under the assumption of a genetic algorithm that maintains an infinitely large population, but does not always carry over to (finite) practice: due to sampling error in the initial population, genetic algorithms may converge on schemata that have no selective advantage. This happens in particular in multimodal optimization, where a function can have multiple peaks: the population may drift to prefer one of the peaks, ignoring the others.
The reason that the Schema Theorem cannot explain the power of genetic algorithms is that it holds for all problem instances, and cannot distinguish between problems in which genetic algorithms perform poorly, and problems for which genetic algorithms perform well.
Ashurst
Ashurst may refer to:
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform () refers to the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China between the 1970s and 1990s. They were led by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping and started in December 1978. They were also called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics".
Before the eighteenth century, China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies. Adam Smith agreed. However, Chinese economy began to slow down and even got worse by the 20th century. This was due to things like the First Sino-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War.
The Communist Party began to fix the economy. It introduced market principles in 1978.
Part 1: In the 70s and 80s, they stopped requiring everybody to farm and stopped sending young people to the countryside. They also opened China to foreign investment, allowing people to start businesses. However, most businesses remained owned by the government.
Part 2: In the 80s and 90s, the PRC allowed much more private control of business (less government control, privatization). They removed price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. Still state monopolies in banking and petroleum remained.
The private sector grew remarkably, becoming 70% of China's gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth happened, with the economy increasing by 9.5% each year.
After 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao controlled the economy more heavily, reversing some reforms. Xi Jinping undid some more reforms by allowing the government greater control in some areas of the economy.
Chinese society changed a lot because of these reforms. They greatly reduced poverty and increased average income. They have also led to China's rise as a world power.
Round-bottom flask
Round-bottom flasks (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware.
They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the "neck" with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes.
Roelof Nelissen
Roelof Johannes Nelissen (4 April 1931 – 18 July 2019) was a Dutch politician and businessman. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) (now the Christian Democratic Appeal). He was born in Hoofdplaat, Netherlands. Nelissen was the Deputy Prime Minister from 1971 to 1973 and Minister of Finance at the same time during the Barend Biesheuvel ministry. He was the CEO of the AMRO Bank from 1983 to 1991.
Nelissen died on 18 July 2019 in Hilversum, Netherlands at the age of 88.
Jan Terlouw
Ágnes Heller
Ágnes Heller (12 May 1929 – 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and educator. She was a member of the Budapest School philosophical forum in the 1960s. She later taught political theory for 25 years at the New School for Social Research in New York City. She was born in Budapest.
Heller drowned while swimming at Lake Balaton in Balatonalmádi, Hungary on 19 July 2019, aged 90.
Masha Gessen
Masha Gessen (born Maria Alexandrovna Gessen () 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the Russian President Vladimir Putin and American President Donald Trump. She was born in Moscow.
Gessen is openly a lesbian. She lives in New York City.
Gessen has written columns for the "The New York Times", "The New York Review of Books", "The Washington Post", the "Los Angeles Times", "The New Republic", "New Statesman", "Granta", "Slate", "Vanity Fair", "Harper's Magazine", "The New Yorker", and "U.S. News & World Report". Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for "The New Yorker".
Sheila Dikshit
Sheila Dikshit (née Kapoor; (31 March 1938 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian politician. She was born in Kapurthala, Punjab. Dikshit was a member of the Indian National Congress. She was a member of Lok Sabha (1984–1989), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998–2013) and Governor of Kerala (2014).
Dikshit died at a hospital in New Delhi on 20 July 2019 of cardiac arrest, aged 81.
R. L. Bhatia
Raghunandan Lal Bhatia (3 July 1921 – 14 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Kerala from 23 June 2004 to 10 July 2008 and was the Governor of Bihar from 10 July 2008 to 28 June 2009. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab. Bhatia was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1972. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Bhatia retired in 2009.
Bhatia died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Amritsar on 14 May 2021, less than two months before he turned 100.
Rama Jois
Justice Mandagadde Rama Jois (27 July 1931 – 16 February 2021) was an Indian politician, activist and writer. He was a member of Rajya Sabha for the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the governor of the Jharkhand and Bihar states. He was Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1992. He was born in Araga, Shivamogga District.
Jois died of cardiac arrest on 16 February 2021 in Bangalore, India at the age of 89.
S. M. Krishna
Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna (born 1 May 1932) is an Indian politician. He was Minister of External Affairs of India from 2009 to October 2012. He was a member of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. Krishna was the 16th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004 and the 19th Governor of Maharashtra from 2004 to 2008.
S. C. Jamir
K. Sankaranarayanan
Kateekal Sankaranarayanan (born 15 October 1932) is an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Maharashtra from 2010 to 2014. He also was the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. He is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Kerala.
R. D. Pradhan
Ram D. Pradhan (27 June 1928 – 31 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the Rajiv Gandhi government. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years.
Pradhan died on 31 July 2020, aged 92.
Jagannath Pahadia
Jagannath Pahadia (15 January 1932 – 19 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was known for being the former leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Governor of Haryana from 2009 to 2014, Governor of Bihar from 1989 to 1990 and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 1980 to 1981. He was born in Rajasthan.
Pahadia died of COVID-19 at a hospital in New Delhi, India on 19 May 2021 at the age of 89.
Axial Age
Axial Age (also Axis Age, from ) is a term invented by German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to ancient history from between 8th to the 3rd century BCE. He says that this represents a turning point in human history.
New ways of thinking appeared in Iran, India, China and the Greco-Roman world. There were new religions and philosophies. Moreover they happened in parallel across Eurasia, without obvious contact.
Attala County, Mississippi
Attala County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,564 people lived there. Its county seat is Kosciusko.
Franklin County, Mississippi
Franklin County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,118 people lived there. Its county seat is Meadville. The county was founded on December 21, 1809 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.
Jefferson County, Mississippi
Jefferson County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 census, 7,726 people lived there. Its county seat is Fayette. The county was founded in 1799. It is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.
Luminous intensity
Benton County, Mississippi
Benton County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,729 people lived there. Its county seat is Ashland.
Bolivar County, Mississippi
Bolivar County is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 34,145 people lived there. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county was founded in 1836. It is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of many South American colonies from Spain.
Pontotoc County
Pontotoc County is the name of two counties in the United States:
Barton County
Barton County is the name of two counties in the United States:
Robie Creek, Idaho
Robie Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States.
Smiths Ferry, Idaho
Smiths Ferry is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valley County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2010 census, there were 75 people living there.
Yellow Pine, Idaho
Garfield, Washington
Garfield is a city in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 597 at the 2010 census, down from 641 in 2000.
Leakey, Texas
Chickasaw County, Mississippi
Chickasaw County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,392 people lived there. Its county seats are Houston and Okolona.
Japonic languages
The Japonic languages are a language family made up of languages native to the Japanese islands. Known members of the language family are Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages (Okinawan, Kunigami, Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni).
All Japonic languages are agglutinative languages with a simple syllable structure and SOV word order. They have many similar features, but they are not mutually intelligible, which means native speakers of one language will not understand the other language without already knowing it.
While Japanese is the ninth most spoken language in the world, the Ryukyuan languages are critically endangered, which means there are very few speakers left. This was largely because of the Japanese government's assimilation of Ryukyu into the mainland Japanese culture. During the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Ryukyuan languages “dialects of Japanese”. This was used to forbid Ryukyuans from speaking the Ryukyuan languages and to force them to speak Japanese. In fact, Okinawan soldiers and civilians were put to death for speaking Okinawan during World War II. The Japanese military would accuse them of being spies so they could have an excuse to put them to death.
All of the languages write using a combination of Chinese characters, called kanji in Japanese, and kana, a Japanese-made syllabic writing system made for writing phonetically. This was true even before the Japanese takeover of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Hakuna matata means "no worries" in Swahili, a language of East Africa. The phrase was used in the Disney movie "The Lion King" in a song of the same name.
In 2003 Disney trademarked the phrase in the US. In 2018, some people accused Disney or "colonialism" and "robbery" for stealing the phrase from East Africa. The phrase is popular in Kenya, one of the countries where it came from. But because of the trademark, Kenyans are not allowed to sell stuff to the US that use that phrase.
Baltimore oriole
The Baltimore oriole ("Icterus galbula") is a small icterid blackbird. It is common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird.
The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland. It is also the inspiration for the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.
Cosmogony is any theory of the origin of the universe.
In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of things like the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system. The popular cosmological model for the birth of the universe is the Big Bang theory.
It is generally accepted that the universe began as a singularity, and when the singularity of the universe started to expand, the Big Bang occurred, which began the universe.
People disagree on the origins of the singularity.
It may be like a black hole, which is a singularity sincegravity in a black hole becomes boundless.
Others like Stephen Hawking say "time" did not exist and was only born with the universe. Hence the universe does not have an origin story. Time did not exist before the creation of the universe.
There is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck time). This is because we lack a testable theory of quantum gravity. Still, some researchers in string theory, M theory, and loop quantum cosmology have some ideas.
There are certain myths that also propose how the universe was created: for example creation myths in the Bible, the Dào Dé Jīng, and other genesis stories. These usually involve
The Eridu Genesis, written on Sumerian tablets, is one of the oldest creation myths. The universe was created from a sea (Abzu). In Greek mythology, Zeus created the universe from chaos.
Cosmology studies the universe in general. You can still study the universe without thinking about its origin, which is what cosmonogy studies specifically.
History of Russia
The history of Russia begins with the East Slavs, Turkic, and the Finno-Ugric peoples. Parts of Southern Russia around the Black sea were settled by Greeks and Romans until about the 3rd century. Huns and Turkic tribes invaded the regions around the Black sea until the 10th century. Eastern Slavs then immigrated to the region. Vikings created the Kievan Rus. In the 13th century, Mongols conquered the region and created the Golden Horde. The Mongols ruled until the 15th century. The tsardom of Russia and Russian empire were then created. Poland-Lithuania invaded Moscow, but Russia eventually drove them out. Russia expanded more west and east into Siberia. Napoleon tried to invade Russia during the winter but failed. Russia fought against Germany in WW1. In 1917, the October Revolution happened, and the communists led by Lenin created the Soviet Union. In WW2, Hitler also failed to invade Russia. Russia occupied East Germany, Poland, and most of East Europe during the Cold War. It became a big rival of the United States. In the 1990s, the Union ended, with things like the Yugoslavia revolution, and became modern Russia. In 2014 Russia annexed Crimea from the Ukraine and faced sanctions from US and others because of it.
In the 8th century BCE, Greek merchants migrated to Tanais and Phanagoria. The Bosporan Kingdom (a Greek kingdom) became part of the Roman Empire. In the 2nd century AD Germanic Goths migrated to the Black Sea. In the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, the Gothic Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was conquered by Huns.
Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom was also invaded by Eastern nomads like the Huns and Turkish Avars.
A Turkic people, the Khazars, conquered the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas up to the 8th century. They were known for their laws, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism. The Khazars traded with the Baltic and the Muslim Abbasid empire centered in Baghdad. They were important allies of the Byzantine Empire, and helped win wars against Arab Caliphates. In the 8th century, the Khazars became Jewish.
Some of the ancestors of the modern Russians were the Slavic tribes. They came from the forests of the Pripet Marshes. The Early East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia by moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and then from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov.
From the 7th century onwards, East Slavs were the majority of Western Russia. They mixed slowly and peacefully with the native Finno-Ugric tribes, such as the Merya, the Muromians, and the Meshchera.
The Cyrillic alphabet, invented in modern Bulgaria in the 9th century, also spread during this period.
Vikings or Varangians did piracy and trade throughout Northern Europe. In the mid-9th century, they conquered the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. A Varangian named Rurik became ruler of Novgorod in about 860, before they moved south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously belonged to the Turkic Khazars. Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav then conquered the East Slavic tribes, destroyed the Khazar khaganate, and fought wars against Byzantium and Persia.
Thus, Rus' was born in the 9th century along the Dnieper River valley. The Kievan Rus' controlled the trade for furs, wax, and slaves between Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire along the Volkhov and Dnieper Rivers.
Near the 11th century, the Norse ruling class mixed with the Eastern Slavs. The Slavs absorbed Greek Christian influences when trying to loot Constantinople. Svyatoslav I claimed victory in one such campaign; he also defeated the Khazars on the Volga. The Byzantine Empire was declining but would influence Russia culturally.
For example through the Byzantine, the Kievan Rus' introduced the Slavic variant of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity. They became Christian in 988.
Then Yaroslav the Wise wrote some laws.
By the 11th century, Yaroslav the Wise helped improve the economy and literature. The Russian language was not that influenced by Greek and Latin. Church Slavonic was used directly in liturgy instead.
A nomadic Turkic people, the Kipchaks (or Cumans), replaced earlier Pechenegs in the south steppe at the end of the 11th century. They founded a nomadic state along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak). The Kipchaks and Kievs fought.
The Rus were conquered by the Mongol Golden Horde in the 13th century. Kiev was destroyed. Halych-Volhynia would eventually be absorbed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and independent Novgorod Republic became the basis for modern Russia.
In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River and were soundly defeated. In 1237–1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir (4 February 1238) and other major cities of northeast Russia, defeated the Russians at the Sit' River, and then moved west to conquer Poland and Hungary. By then they had conquered most of Russia.
The Mongols destroyed the cities. Some like Kiev and Vladimir never recovered. The new cities of Moscow, Tver and Nizhny Novgorod began to compete for hegemony in the Mongol-dominated Russia. The Golden Horde was established in the 14th century. Mongol domination of the Russia, along with demands of tribute from Russian princes, continued until about 1480.
After the fall of the Turkic Khazars in the 10th century, the Volga were conquered by the Volga Bulgaria, part of Greater Bulgaria. In the 10th century the Turks converted to Islam and traded with the Middle East and Central Asia. After the Mongol invasions of the 1230s, Volga Bulgaria was annexed by the Golden Horde. Its population evolved into the modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars.
The Mongols controlled Russia and Volga Bulgaria from their western capital at Sarai, one of the largest cities of the medieval world. Russian princes had to pay tribute to the Mongols of the Golden Horde, commonly called Tatars. The Russian Orthodox Church even experienced a revival under the Metropolitan Alexis and Sergius of Radonezh.
The Mongols influenced Russian military tactics and transportation. Under Mongol occupation, Russia developed its postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military organization.
Daniil Aleksandrovich founded Moscow (Muscovy). They were first a vassal to the Mongols and Tatars.
The Mongol rulers gave them the title of Grand Prince of Moscow and made them collect tribute from the Russian principalities. Moscow became the center of the Russian Orthodox Church.
In the 15th century, the princes of Moscow continued to consolidate Russian land to increase their population and wealth. The most successful one was Ivan III, who laid the foundations for the Russian nation. Ivan competed with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for control over the upper Dnieper and Oka River basins.
Ivan III was able to annex Novgorod and Tver. As a result, the Grand Duchy of Moscow tripled in size.
Ivan then overthrew the ruling Tatars and Golden Horde, now divided into several Khanates and hordes. Ivan wanted to protect the southern borders from the Crimean Tatars and other Turko-Mongol armies. He built Great Abatis Belt, gave land to nobles in exchange for military service. This expanded the army.
Eventually Ivan IV became the first Russian ruler to call theirself tsar.
Ivan III tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus', revived the Moscow Kremlin. But he was also anti-Catholic and isolated Russia from western civilization.
In the 14th century, Timur conquered parts of Southern Russia and occupied Moscow for some time.
"Ivan the Terrible" increased the powers of the tsar. He got rid of many people he did not like for the smallest things. But he helped develop Russia and adapt new laws and decreased the influence of the church.
Ivan annexed the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia. Russia now had Muslim Tatar populations and became a multiethnic and multiconfessional state. The Stroganov family also controlled the Urals and hired Russian Cossacks to colonize Siberia.
Ivan divided Russia and created the "oprichnina." There Ivan killed nobles in the Massacre of Novgorod in 1570. Military losses, disease, and lack of food weakened Russia. The Crimean Tatars were able to loot central Russian and burn down Moscow in 1571. In 1572 Ivan stopped.
At the end of Ivan IV's rule the Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish armies invaded northwestern Russia.
There then were many civil wars and foreign invasions known as the "Time of Troubles" (1606–13). Extremely cold summers (1601–1603) destroyed crops, which led to the Russian famine of 1601–1603 and increased the chaos.
During the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618), Polish–Lithuanian forces invaded Moscow and appointed puppet rulers.
But Russia finally took back Moscow on .
In February 1613, Michael Romanov was elected as ruler. The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia until 1917.
Russia expanded a lot during the 17th century, including the first Russian colonization of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the Russo-Polish War (1654–67), and the Russian conquest of Siberia. Russia gained most of its territory from Siberia.
The Tsarist system was completely overthrown in February 1917 in the October Revolution.
Glauber dynamics
In statistical physics, Glauber dynamics is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer. It is a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm.
In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1). Say the particles are on a 2D grid. We label each with an x and y coordinate. Glauber's algorithm becomes:
This tries to approximate how the spins change over time. The fancy term is that it is part of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which roughly studies the time-dependent behavior of statistical mechanics.
The algorithm is named after Roy J. Glauber, Nobel Prize winner and a Harvard physicist who worked at Los Alamos.
Tropical Storm Danas (2019)
Tropical Storm Danas (International Code: 1905, Joint Typhoon Warning Center: WP062019, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration: Falcon) is the 5th named tropical cyclone in the 2019 Pacific typhoon season.
On July 11, a low-pressure zone was formed near the Mariana Islands, and the US Naval Research Laboratory gave it a tropical disturbance number of 98W. At 8 o'clock on the morning of July 14, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical depression. At this point the system moves to the approximate west. At 8 pm, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center gave its development rating "low". At 8 o'clock on the morning of July 15, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a gale warning, and the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan upgraded it to a tropical depression, given the number TD10 . At 3 pm, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "Medium". At 10 pm, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical depression.
At 6:30 am on July 16, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "High" and issued a tropical cyclone warning. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center raised the system to a tropical depression at 2:40 pm, giving the number 06W. At 3 pm on the same day, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving the international number 1905 and named it "Danas", followed by the China National Meteorological Center, the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan, and PAGASA also upgraded it to a tropical storm. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center was upgraded to a tropical storm late that night.
On July 19, the JMA reported that Danas has reached its peak wind speeds with continuous winds of 85 km/h (50 mph). Later that day, Danas began to weaken. On July 20, around 13:00 UTC, Danas made landfall on South Korea as a minimal tropical storm, before weakening into a tropical depression soon afterward. The weakening trend also accelerated on July 20 due to the drop in sea temperature to 23 degrees Celsius near landfall. The Republic of Korea Meteorological Administration downgraded Danas to a tropical depression at 11 am and stopped issuing announcements. At 12:45 UTC on July 21, Danas transitioned into an extratropical low in the Sea of Japan, and the JMA issued their final advisory on the storm.
On July 15, the system was enhanced to a tropical depression. At 11 pm, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued the No. 1 storm signal to the northern part of Isabela Province, Cagayan Province and the Bataan Islands. As Denas continued to approach Luzon, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued a second storm signal to the northern part of Cagayan Province at 5 pm on the 16th.
PAGASA cancelled all storm signals for the Philippines on July 18th.
Danas brought heavy rainfall to many western parts of Japan including nearly all of Kyushu.
In addition, the amount of rain that fell in the last 24 hours exceeded 350 mm in various places in Goto, and reaches the rainfall for July 1 month in normal years, and it has become the largest since July.
On July 20, around 13:00 UTC, Danas made landfall on South Jeolla Province, South Korea as a minimal tropical storm. It caused heavy rain across the country but damages were unknown. Locally heavy rainfall will continue across much of South Korea and southwest Japan through Sunday night, with additional rainfall of 50-100 mm (2-4 inches) in many locations.
Fort William (India)
Fort William was the fort that was granted(britishers were allowed to construct it on the grounds of Bengal) to the britishers by the Nawab of Bengal for their short termed loyalty and sincerity they showed towards the Nawab.
Tuvan People's Republic was a partially recognized state that existed from 1921 to 1944. After 1944 it became part of the Soviet Union. Until 1926, it was also known as People's Republic Tannu-Tuva. Only two states recognized the Tuvan People's republic: the USSR and Mongolia. Even when it existed, it was seen as a puppet state of the USSR. The economy was largely based on nomads raising and selling cattle. The republic was between the Siberian part of Russia, and Mongolia. The capital was the city of Kyzyl. Since 1992, the territory is known as the Tuvan Republic. It is a self-governing part inside the Russian state.
Grizzy and the Lemmings
Grizzy and the Lemmings is an French animation series, produced by Studio Hari for France Télévisions and Boomerang. The Heart TV series has 156 episodes in 3 seasons. Season 1 was realised for Netflix on July 20, 2019.
In a forest there is a Forest Ranger's house. When the ranger goes on weekends into vacations or leaves his cabin, a grizzly bear, named Grizzy comes in house. But he isn't alone - a group of blue Lemmings also want a comfortable and luxury live.
Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr. (born May 28, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican. He was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 1995 to 2001. Sanford was then elected Governor of South Carolina from 2003 until 2011. He ran again for the U.S. House and was a congressman from 2013 to 2019. He lost in the 2018 Republican primary for his re-election bid.
Sanford is a teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics.
In July 2019, Sanford said that he was thinking of a 2020 presidential bid against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination. He formally announced his candidacy on September 8, 2019. He dropped out from the race two months later on November 12.
Word (computer architecture)
A word is the number of bits a particular computer's CPU can deal with in one go.
Modern processors, including those in embedded systems, usually have a word size of 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits.
Raffaele La Capria
Raffaele La Capria (born 3 October 1922) is an Italian novelist and screenwriter. He is known for his series of three novels (the most important is "Ferito a morte") which were known as "Tre romanzi di una giornata". La Capria was born in Naples. He was married to actress Ilaria Occhini until her death in July 2019.
He worked as co-scriptwriter on many of Francesco Rosi's movies, including "Le mani sulla città" (1963), "Uomini contro" (1970) and "Cristo si è fermato a Eboli" (1979). In September 2001 he won a Premio Campiello lifetime achievement award and in 2005 "L'estro quotidiano" was selected as the winner of the Viareggio Prize for fiction.
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born 29 June 1957) is a Turkmen politician. He is the 2nd and current President of Turkmenistan since February 2007.
Berdimuhamedow, a dentist, worked in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health. He is the first dentist in the world to head a state or a government.
President of Turkmenistan
President of Turkmenistan (Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň prezidenti) is the head of state, head of government and the chief executive of Turkmenistan
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow is the current President of Turkmenistan, only the second in the history of the country since it gained independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan and the Chairman of the country's Cabinet of Ministers.
The country passed reforms in 2016 eliminating term limits for the presidency and removing the age requirement of below 70, as well as extending the term from five to seven years.
Requirements for candidates for President of Turkmenistan include the following:
Raşit Meredow
Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow (Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 1959) is a Turkmen politician. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan. He is also the First Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007 working for the Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow administration.
Eberhard Kummer
Eberhard Kummer (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian folk singer and lawyer. He was an expert of medieval music. Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau, Austria. He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important works to medieval music and the Austrian folksong.
Kummer died on 12 July 2019 in Vienna at the age of 78.
Rosa María Britton
Rosa María Britton (July 28, 1936 – July 16, 2019) was a Panamanian doctor and novelist. She was born in Panama City. Her best known novels were: "El ataúd de uso" (1983), "El señor de las lluvias y el viento" (1984), "No pertenezco a este siglo" (1991), "Laberintos de orgullo" (2002) and "Suspiros de fantasmas" (2005).
Britton died on July 16, 2019 in Panama City at the age of 82.
Daniel Callahan
Daniel Callahan (July 19, 1930 – July 16, 2019) was an American philosopher. He was an important person towards the field of biomedical ethics. He was the co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute. He was the Director of The Hastings Center from 1969 to 1983, president from 1984 to 1996, and president emeritus from 1996 to 2019. He was the author or editor of 47 books. He was born in Washington, D.C..
Callahan died on July 16, 2019 in Dobbs Ferry, New York at the age of 88.
John Elya
John Adel Elya (16 September 1928 – 19 July 2019) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. From 1993 to 2004, he was Eparch of Newton, with jurisdiction over Melkite churches in the United States. He was born in Maghdouché, Lebanon.
Elya died on 19 July 2019 at the age of 90.
Bert Rechichar
Albert Daniel "Bert" Rechichar (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker. He played with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1952 to 1960. He also played for the American Football League's New York Titans in 1961. He was born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.
Rechichar died on July 19, 2019 in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania from an illness, aged 89.
Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania
Belle Vernon is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the Monongahela River. As of the 2010 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,093.
Ilaria Occhini
Ilaria Occhini (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She starred in more than 30 movies. Her best known roles were "Doctor and the Healer", "Welcome to Home Gori" and "Loose Cannons". Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria.
Occhini died in Rome on 20 July 2019 at the age of 85.
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens (1 January 1926 – 21 July 2019) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain from 1986 to 2003. He was born in Andújar, Spain.
He was created Cardinal-Priest of "S. Gabriele Arcangelo all’Acqua Traversa" by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 20 November 2010. Because he had already reached age 80, he was not eligible to participate in a conclave.
Estepa Llaurens died on 21 July 2019 in Madrid at the age of 93.
Louis Lansana Beavogui
Louis Lansana Beavogui (28 December 1923 – 19 August 1984) was a Guinean politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Guinea from 26 April 1972 to 3 April 1984 and was interim President from 26 March 1984 to 3 April 1984.
Beavogui was born on 28 December 1923 in Macenta, French Guinea (now Guinea) and died of diabetes while hospitalized in Conakry, Guinea on 19 August 1984, aged 60.
Choctaw County, Mississippi
Choctaw County is a county in the central U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 8,547 people lived there. The county seat is Ackerman.
Claiborne County, Mississippi
Claiborne County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,604 people lived there. Its county seat is Port Gibson.
Clarke County, Mississippi
Clarke County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 16,732 people lived there. Its county seat is Quitman.
Neshoba County, Mississippi
Neshoba County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,676 people lived there. Its county seat is Philadelphia.
Copiah County, Mississippi
Copiah County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,449 people lived there. Its county seat is Hazlehurst.
Covington County, Mississippi
Covington County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,568 people lived there. Its county seat is Collins.
Forrest County, Mississippi
Forrest County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 74,934 people lived there. Its county seat and largest city is Hattiesburg.
DeSoto County, Mississippi
DeSoto County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 161,252 people lived there which makes it the third-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Hernando.
George County, Mississippi
George County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 22,578 people lived there. Its county seat is Lucedale.
Ryukyu Kingdom
The Ryukyu Kingdom is a country that no longer exists in present-day Okinawa. Before Japan took control of it during the Meiji Era, it was an independent country with its own culture, government, and language. Okinawa was a major trading center in Asia, so there are aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian cultures that were blended into the native Okinawan culture.
The name Ryukyu is a transcription of the Chinese name for the region, "Liuqiu" (written as 琉球 in Chinese characters).
Before the Ryukyu Kingdom was created, Okinawa was made up of three countries: Nanzan, Chuzan, and Hokuzan. Chuzan took over the other two kingdoms, united the three kingdoms, and created the Ryukyu Kingdom. The kingdom had its own dynasty of kings and they ruled from Shuri Castle in the city of Shuri. Although they used to be different cities, Shuri is now in the northern part of present-day Naha.
Shurijo
Shurijo or Shuri Castle was the palace where the Ryukyu kings lived before Okinawa became part of Japan. Since it was built when Okinawa was independent, the castle structure is very different from other castles in Japan. Shuri Castle is located in Shuri. Shuri was once the Ryukyu capital, but it is now part of the present-day city of Naha.
Throughout its history, it had been destroyed and rebuilt four times, including during the Battle of Okinawa. This is why the courtyard is a little asymmetrical, or lop-sided. It was a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
On the morning of 31 October 2019, a large fire broke out at the main hall of the castle. "Seiden", "Hokuden", "Nanden" and "Bandokoro" were completely destroyed. According to news sources, "Six castle buildings occupying some 4,200 square meters in total were [destroyed]." The fire was put out around 1:30 p.m.
Grenada County, Mississippi
Grenada County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 21,906 people lived there. Its county seat is Grenada.
Sweetwater, Texas
Shuri
Mamady Youla
Okinawa Urban Monorail
Social commentary
Low comedy
High Comedy
High Comedy is a form of Comedy based on wit, satire or clever dialogue. The phrase High Comedy was created by George Meredith in his 1877 essay on comedy in which he says that it is the opposite of Low Comedy.
Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings
The Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings occurred on 20 July 1982. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army used a bomb in each park to attack British military ceremonies in central London.
In Hyde Park, a nail bomb in a car exploded. It killed four soldiers and seven horses.
In Regent's Park, a bomb underneath a bandstand killed seven military bandsmen.
Mainland Japan
Mainland Japan is the name used to describe all the regions of Japan except for Hokkaido and Okinawa. Until the end of World War II, the name included Hokkaido and Okinawa, but it excluded all the colonies of the Japanese Empire, including Korea and Taiwan. However, since the colonies are no longer under control of Japan, those places have no reason to call Japan "the mainland."
However, they are still used by residents of Okinawa and Hokkaido because their cultures and native people are different from the other parts of Japan.
In Hokkiado, the word "Dogai" is also used. It means every part of Japan outside of Hokkaido.
Japanese knotweed
Japanese knotweed is a perennial herbaceous plant. It grows in Asian countries from South China including Taiwan and Japan to east Asia. It is considered an invasive plant in the United States
Persicaria japonica Nakai
Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911
The Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911 happened when Outer Mongolia did not want to be part of the Qing dynasty anymore. They wanted to govern themselves. It happened at the same time as the Xinhai Revolution.
Outer Mongolia is now the modern country of Mongolia. It is different from Inner Mongolia, which is in China.
Mongolia used to be part of the Qing dynasty. But by the 20th century Mongolia was poor. Because of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) many other people were poor. The Qing was running out of money.
The Qing also moved many of the Mongols' animals to the rest of China to feed others. This made Mongols upset.
Manchus people created the Qing dynasty. They were not Han Chinese. But they eventually became Chinese themselves. They failed to keep the Manchus "pure". Still they tried to separate Han from Manchus and Mongols. For example, Han could not enter Mongolia, and Mongols could not leave Mongolia. Mongols were not allowed to speak Chinese.
In 1895, the Qing lost the First Sino-Japanese War. The Qing was declining.
The Boxer Rebellion and Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 made the Chinese hopeful that they could make things better. So they created new reforms called the Xinzheng or "New Policies" (新政).
One of the goals of Xinzheng was to move more Han Chinese into Outer Mongolia (cultural assimilation). This was to tell Russians to stay away from Mongolia as it still belonged to China. The Qing thought of this as a "shield".
Between 1901 and 1910, the Qing passed laws allowing: Han Chinese to settle Chinese Mongolia, intermarriage between Han and Mongol Chinese, Mongols to speak Chinese.
In 1910 the Qing government made Sando the ruler of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar. Plans were made to send Han farmers to Mongolia. In January 1911 the army was organized. Half of the army was Mongol. The Mongolians did not like this. They did not like the tax. They were "penniless". They did not want farmers and still wanted to be nomads and horseback riders.
Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren convinced the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to support independence. He and another leader Qin Wang (Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj) then asked Russia to help.
St. Petersburg heard the message. Russia wanted some distance from Japan and wanted Outer Mongolia to be a buffer state. So Russia sent some troops.
In 1911, the Qing government was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. While the rest of China was busy with this problem, the Mongols saw this as the perfect opportunity to secede from the union. In 30 Novmber 1911 Mongol and Russian soldiers surrounded Kulun (Ulanbatar).
On December 5, Khanddorj declared independence. In January 1912 the Governor of Uliastai in western Mongolia escaped protected by Russian Cossack troops. But the governor of Khovd decided to resist, hoping for support from Xinjiang. However they were defeated. In August 1912, Khovd left the country protected by the Coassacks.
Outer Mongolia then wanted Inner Mongolia (Pan-Mongolism). Some riots did happen in Inner Mongolia. And for some time, Outer Mongolia had parts of western Inner Mongolia. But then the new Beijing government also began to fight in Inner Mongolia. Outer Mongolia began to lose supplies. And Russia did not want to support the Outer Mongols or fight another war. So China kept Inner Mongolia. The year-long war was not good for Inner Mongolia. It is known as Year of the Ox rebellion ("牛年之乱" Үхэр жилийн үймээн).
On 1912 November 3, Russia signed a deal 《俄蒙协约》with Mongolia to mine in Mongolia in exchange for saying Mongolia is autonomous. China was not happy. So in 1913 September 18, Sun Baoqi () signed a new agreement between China and Russia《中俄声明文件》. China agrees not to put troops in Mongolia and recognize the Russian-Mongol deal 《俄蒙协约》. In return, Russia recognizes that China has suzerainty over Mongolia. So China's power over Mongolia changed from sovereignty to suzerainty.
Korean Empire
The Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk"," ) lasted between 1897 and 1910. It was the last time Korea was unified and independent. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state. But then in 1910, Japan annexed Korea. Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945. Then after the Korean War it split.
Japanese annexation of Korea
The Japanese annexation of Korea happened in 1910. The Empire of Japan annexed (made part of its territory) the Korean Empire. In Japanese it is also called 日韓併合、朝鮮併合、日韓合邦 which translate as annexation of Korea, annexation of Joseon (an old name of Korea), and unification of Japan and Korea.
Then Japanese ruled Korea until 1945, after the Potsdam Conference at the end of World War II.
Ellsworth County, Kansas
Ellsworth County (county code EW) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,497 people lived there. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (1.0%) is water. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River.
Hot pot
Death Parade
When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders. There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line. The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation. Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void. The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to. The place is also known as the Quindecim bar. His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman.
Birmingham pub bombings
The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.
The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people.
The second bomb exploded in the Tavern in the Town, killing eleven people.
A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank. It was found by a policeman and did not explode.
The Birmingham bombings were 20th century England's most deadly terrorist attack.
List of heads of state of India
From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.
The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.
There are two living former Indian heads of state:
Gravitino
A gravitino is a theoretical particle that physicists think will carry the force of gravity. There is no confirmation of the particle's existence.
Bepanah Pyaar
Bepanah Pyaar (English: " Endless Love") is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV. It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani.
The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident. Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life.
Louisiana Territory