AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Many governments have laws relating to sex. Forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, called rape, is a serious crime in many countries. There are other forms of sex that may also be against the law, such as incest, sex with minors, sex outside of a marriage, prostitution, homosexual sex, sex with animals, as well as others.
Sexual intercourse is the natural and most common way to make a baby. It involves a man and woman having sex without birth control until the man ejaculates, or releases, semen from his penis into the woman's vagina. The semen, which has sperm in it (which is made in his testicles), moves to the Fallopian tubes, and if it finds an ovum on its way, it will try to fertilize it. If this works, the now fertilized ovum sticks to the side of the uterus and the woman becomes pregnant. The fertilized ovum then develops into a human. Medically, it is called a pregnancy until birth.
Certain species of animals also have sex for other purposes than to bear offspring. These include Humans, bonobos, chimpanzees and dolphins. These species also are among those known to engage in homosexual behaviors.
In both humans and bonobos, the female has a relatively concealed ovulation. Neither male or female partners commonly know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One reason for this may be that sex partners of these species form strong emotional bonds. The partners come together for more than just sexual intercourse. In the case of humans, long-term partnership is more important than immediate sexual reproduction.
Humans, bonobos and dolphins show cooperative behaviour. In many cases, this behaviour has shown better results than what an individual can achieve alone. In these animals, the use of sex has evolved beyond reproduction and has taken additional social functions. Sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals. Overall, such cooperation also benefits each member of the group in that they are better able to survive.
In humans, sexual intercourse seems to serve three types of purposes,which do not exclude one another:
In the late 20th century, very effective forms of contraception (birth control) were developed allowing a man and women to help prevent a baby from being made when they have sex. One type of contraception is a condom. This is a piece of rubber that covers the penis that a man can wear during intercourse, which stops the man's semen from going into the woman's vagina. This does not always work though because the condom may rip or tear. Another well-known type of contraception is called the Pill, which a woman takes every day. When a woman is "on the Pill," she and her partner may have sex any time they wish with very little chance of making a baby. It is recommended that a couple who have a sexual relationship use two forms of contraception. That way if one fails the other is a 'backup'.
Contraception allows people to keep "sex for fun" separate from "sex to make children". For example, a fertile couple may use contraception to experience sexual pleasure (recreational). At the same time, this experience may strengthen their relationship, and a stronger relationship may mean that they will better be able to raise children in the future.
Who people like to have sex with depends on their sexuality. Men who like to have sex with women, and women who like to have sex with men are heterosexual or "straight". Men who only like to have sex with other men, and women who only like to have sex with other women are homosexual or "gay". A different word to describe a woman who only likes to have sex with other women is "lesbian". Some people like both men and women, which is called being bisexual. Others do not feel sexual attraction at all, and are referred to as asexual.
Approximately 1.5% of the UK's population in 2010 was bisexual or gay.
Some diseases can be caught by having sex. These diseases are called sexually-transmitted infections (STIs).
Some examples of STIs include chlamydia infection, syphilis and gonorrhoea. A virus called HIV causes AIDS, which cannot be cured and can lead to death.
Using Latex condoms or oral dams reduce the chance that a few types of diseases will be passed on, but it not entirely effective for all STIs. Birth control (like "the Pill") can prevent pregnancy, but won't prevent sexual infections.
Some STIs can also be spread in ways other than having sex. For example, herpes simplex and hepatitis B could be caught by a virgin without having sex, but can also be caught through sex. Some types of STIs can spread from contact between the genitals, mouth, anus, skin, eyes, and (rarely) infected surfaces; this depends a lot on the type of STI and how it spreads. Some common diseases like HPV can cause warts and cancer in the genitals or anus or throat.
There exists an HPV vaccine that prevents some sexually-transmitted strains of HPV; however, the vaccine only works if you get vaccinated before becoming infected. The vaccine is approved of for both men and women, but is often not required in the U.S. due to politics.
There are many other kinds of sex. Two of them are oral sex and anal sex.
Oral sex is when one partner uses the tongue, mouth, or throat to excite the other partner's sex organs.
Slangs for oral sex is common in Western cultures, for example: "going down on", "giving a blowjob", "giving head", or "eating out". The technical term for oral sex is fellatio if performed on a male and cunnilingus if performed on a female. When a man performs fellatio on himself, it is called autofellatio, and autocunnilingus if a woman performs cunnilingus on herself. Few men and women are able to do this.
People can get sexually transmitted infections from oral sex, such as herpes (which can be passed between the mouth and groin), HIV and even oral cancer.
Anal sex is when an erect penis or other device made for sexual pleasure is inserted into the sexual partner's anus. Anal sex with a female does not lead to pregnancy by itself, however, semen can leak out of the anus and enter into the vagina, and pregnancy may rarely occur. Anal sex can still pass sexually transmitted diseases from one partner to another. It can also be very unhealthy for the body because the skin around the anus can tear, bleed and get infected with bacteria. For safety and pleasure partners often use condoms, female condoms and/or lubrication.
A painful sexual act is a condition of repeated or persistent genital pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse due to physical, psychogenic and emotional causes. Doctors call the condition as "dyspareunia". It occurs in women and men. The condition affects up to one-fifth of women at some point in their lives.
Gerontology (from Greek: γέρων, "geron", "old man" and -λογία, "-logy", "study of") is the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging. It is distinguished from "geriatrics", which is the branch of medicine that studies the disease of the elderly.
Gerontology includes these and other endeavors:
"Biogerontology" is the subfield of gerontology dedicated to studying the biological processes of aging. It includes "Biomedical gerontology," also known as "experimental gerontology" and "life extension", is a sub discipline of biogerontology that endeavors to slow, prevent, and even reverse aging in both humans and animals. Curing age-related diseases is one approach, and slowing down the underlying processes of aging with the help of physical exercises is another. Most "life extensionists" believe the human life span can be altered within the 21st century.
"Social gerontology" is a multi-disciplinary sub-field that specializes in studying or working with older adults. Social gerontologists may have degrees or training in social work, nursing, psychology, sociology, demography, gerontology, or other social science disciplines. Social gerontologists are responsible for educating, researching, and advancing the broader causes of older people by giving informative presentations, publishing books and articles that pertain to the aging population, producing relevant films and television programs, and producing new graduates of these various disciplines in college and university settings.
George Lowe
George Lowe is an American voice actor. He is best known for voicing Space Ghost on the adult swim program . He also voices Brak's Dad on The Brak Show.
Andy Merrill
Dana Snyder
Dana Snyder (born November 14, 1973) is an American voice artist and comedian. He is best known for voicing Master Shake in the "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" franchise and Alistair in "Open Season 3".
Snyder was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He was raised in , Pennsylvania. He still lives in , Pennsylvania.
Todd Hanson
Todd Hanson is a writer for "The Onion". He voices Dan Halen on the Adult Swim program "Squidbillies".
Hanson has lived in Wisconsin and New York City, New York.
Unknown Hinson
Unknown Hinson is a singer and voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Early Cuyler on the adult swim program "Squidbillies". His real name is Stuart Daniel Baker.
Emperor Kinmei
, also written as "Kimmei", was the 29th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 540 and ended in 571. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kinmei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Kimmu"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
Emperor Kinmei's father was Emperor Keitai and his mother was Emperor Ninken's daughter, . He was the third son; and his older brother was Emperor Senka.
Kinmei had six wives and 25 Imperial children (16 sons and 9 daughters).
Kinmei established his court at in Yamato.
Kinmei's reign was marked by the introduction of Buddhism in Japan. The King of Kudara in Korea sent the emperor gifts of Buddhist scripture and a statue of the Buddha.
In this reign, the emperor's chief ministers were:
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kinmei.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Kinmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
Don Kennedy
Donald "Don" Kennedy (born June 8, 1930 in Beaver, Pennsylvania) is an American actor. He is known for voicing Tansit on the adult swim program "". He is also known for voicing Morlun on The Brak Show.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence with two or more of dependent sentences and independent sentences mixed together by subordinating conjunctions, such as "although," "after," "until," "while," or "when'".
"Before the curtain rose, Nick came out and took a bow."
In this sentence, "before" is a subordinating conjunction. "Before the curtain rose" is a dependent sentence. With its subordinating conjunction, it joins the independent sentence by being smoothly contacted by its meaning. But without this independent sentence,"Nick came and took a bow", the dependent sentence cannot stay by itself. "Before the curtain rose" cannot stay by it self without an independent sentence joined together.
Emperor Keitai
, also known as "Keitai okimi", was the 26th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Keitai to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Keitai"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
Some modern reference works of history call Keitai the "King Ohoto of Koshi". Koshi was a small regional entity in what would become Koshi Province in northern Japan.
According to the "Kojiki" and "Nihon Shoki", Ketai was a fifth generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin.
When Emperor Buretsu died without a successor, Ketai attained the throne.
There was a period of disputes over the succession after Keitai's death. One branch of the Yamato clan supported sons who would become Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka. Another branch supported the third son who would become known as Emperor Kimmei.
Very little is known about the events of Keitai's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
Keitai confronted rebellion in Kyūshū, which was then known as the . The emperor sent forces to calm the unrest.
It is not known how long Keitai lived after his abdication. Keitai abdicated in his favor of his eldest son who would become known as Ankan. Ankan died four years later, and Keitai's next oldest son would attain the throne. This son would come to be known as Emperor Senka.
Senka died after three years as emperor; and the throne would be vacant. The third son of Ketai would attained the throne, and he would become known as Emperor Kemmei.
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Keitai.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Keitai is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
Koshi Province
"Koshi" was also a regional name. It was in what is now known as the Hokuriku region.
"Koshi" was divided into Echizen, Etchū, and Echigo provinces in the early 8th century.
Dario Dabac
Dario Dabac (born 23 May 1978) is a Croatian football player. He plays for Al-Arabi Kuwait.
100||1||||||||||100||1
18||0||0||0||3||1||21||1
162||3||0||0||3||1||165||4
Dragiša Binić
Dragiša Binić (born 20 October 1964) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for the Yugoslavia national team.
175||50
29||18
19||8
258||96
Capone (born 23 May 1972) is a Brazilian football player.
10||0||1||0||5||0||16||0
Hamad Al-Montashari
Hamad Al-Montashari (born 22 June 1982) is a Saudi Arabian football player. He plays for Al-Ittihad Jeddah and Saudi Arabia national team.
Kim Hwang-Jung
Kim Hwang-Jung (Hangul: 김황정, born 19 November 1975), also known as is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Dario Hübner
Dario Hübner (born 28 April 1967) is an Italian football player.
647||314
Masaki Ogawa
Masaki Ogawa (born 3 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
265||3||19||1||17||0||301||4
Maeda was born in Fukuoka on September 5, 1965. After graduating from Tokai University, he joined Japan Soccer League club All Nippon Airways (later "Yokohama Flügels") in 1988. In 1988/89 season, the club won the 2nd place and he was selected Best Eleven. In 1993, the club won Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won 1994–95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and 1995 Asian Super Cup. He retired in 1996.
On January 27, 1988, Maeda debuted for the Japan national team against United Arab Emirates. He played as regular player, and also played at 1990 World Cup qualification. He played 14 games and scored 6 goals for Japan until 1989.
164||45||9||4||31||6||204||55
!Total||14||6
Masato Fue (born 22 March 1973) is a former Japanese football player.
93||5||14||1||23||1||130||7
Takayuki Fujikawa
55||0||0||0||3||0||58||0
Arthur Friedenreich
Arthur Friedenreich (18 July 1892 – 6 September 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Pericles de Oliveira Ramos
Pericles de Oliveira Ramos (born 2 January 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.
74||1||7||0||4||0||85||1
Ivan Radeljić
Ivan Radeljić (born 14 September 1980) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina football player. He plays for Gençlerbirliği and Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
159||3
Marco Marchionni
Marco Marchionni (born 22 July 1980) is an Italian football player. He plays for Fiorentina and Italy national team.
246||24||22||7||23||4||291||35
Fernando Henrique Mariano
Fernando Henrique Mariano (born 3 April 1967) is a Brazilian football player.
268||7||||||||||268||7
51||14||2||1||8||1||61||16
319||21||2||1||8||1||329||23
Lucas Chiaretti Cossenzo
Lucas Chiaretti Cossenzo (born 22 September 1987) is a Brazilian football player.
Shinsuke Shiotani
Shinsuke Shiotani (born 11 May 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
96||2||9||0||20||0||125||2
Hiroto Mogi (born 2 March 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
150||21||10||3||15||1||175||25
Bruno Sarpa Costa
Bruno Sarpa Costa (born 29 October 1984 ) is a Brazilian football player.
Marquem Gonçalves Ferreira
Marquen Goncalves Ferreira (born 30 November 1983) is a former Brazilian football player.
Katsuyuki Saito
94||2||6||1||7||0||107||3
Ryota Aoki
Ryota Aoki (born 19 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.
68||1||5||0||21||0||2||0||96||1
Masahiro Wada
Masahiro Wada (born 21 January 1965) is a former Japanese football player.
135||4||10||0||21||0||166||4
Abdeljalil Hadda
Abdeljalil Hadda (born 21 March 1972) is a former Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.
20||12
60||22
Lucas Neill
Lucas Neill (born 9 March 1978) is an Australian football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Australia national team.
431||20||27||1||25||1||10||1||493||23
Michael Dawson (born 18 November 1983) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.
201||10||14||0||19||1||21||1||255||12
Gunnar Nordahl
Gunnar Nordahl (19 October 1921 – 15 September 1995) is a former Swedish football player. He has played for Sweden national team.
292||224
24||11
316||235
!Total||33||43
Yoshiki Okamura
Yoshiki Okamura (born 21 March 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
59||12||1||0||1||0||61||12
Kazuhiro Suzuki
Kazuhiro Suzuki (born 16 November 1976) is a Japanese football player.
360||2||20||0||33||0||413||2
Paul Morphy (22 June 1837 – 10 July 1884), called "the pride and sorrow of chess", was an American chess master. He was the greatest chess player of his era and an unofficial world champion. This was widely accepted when he defeated Adolf Anderssen, with seven wins, two loses, and two draws, in 1858. Morphy was also one of the first great chess prodigies in the modern era.<ref name="H/W">Hooper, David and Whyld, Kenneth 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press. </ref>
Morphy was a Creole of mixed inheritance. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to a father of Portuguese, Irish, and Spanish ancestry, and a mother who was a French Creole. His father was a lawyer, and his mother was musically talented. Morphy grew up in an atmosphere of culture where chess and music were the typical highlights of a Sunday home gathering.
Morphy taught himself, and by nine he was good by the standards of the local players. At 12 he defeated the Hungarian professional Löwenthal in three casual games. Then he played little chess until he had qualified in law in April 1857. He then entered the first American Chess Congress in New York, and won it easily. Next, he accepted an invitation to play in a tournament in Birmingham, England. That started his famous European tour. He beat everyone of note in England, though Staunton avoided a match.
In Paris he beat Harrwitz, the house professional, at the Café de la Régence. He then won easily against Anderssen, who was a bit out of practice. One of his feats was simultaneous play against five strong players, winning two, drawing two and losing one. He had a great memory, and was able to play more than one game at a time. In one example, he played eight players at the same time; he did not have a chess board himself, and he could not see their chess boards. He simply sat in a chair facing the wall, and called out his moves, and was told what the other players had moved. In summary, he proved he was the best at that time. On his return home he toured the East Coast cities, accepting testimonials, banquets and applause. He wrote a chess column for a year in the New York Ledger in 1859–60.
Quick and simple development leading to a direct attack: that was Morphy's method. His openings were first-rate for their time. He brought off some outstanding combinations and sacrifices, and his best games are still a model for young players. His games mark the high point of the romantic movement in chess, where players would play all out for direct attacks. This style was later squashed by better defensive technique, especially for the black side in the openings. Out of this came Dr Tarrasch's classical principles, and the idea that no game can be lost without a mistake being made. The chess of the 1890s came to look quite different from Morphy's games, partly because he had forced players to think more clearly about what they were doing.
Morphy soon gave up chess, but his law practice was disrupted by the American Civil War (1861–1865). He was opposed to secession, and did not serve in the Confederate Army. Morphy traveled to Havana and to Paris, where he had a married sister, but refused invitations to play in public. His law practice never took off, and he never worked or played chess again. The last years of his life were marred by mental illness bordering on paranoia. He suffered from distrust, obsessions and delusions, and showed erratic behavior. For example, he thought people were trying to poison him, so he only ate food cooked by his mother or sister. If he saw a woman in the street that he thought looked nice, he would follow her for hours.
Morphy died at 47, in his bathtub, perhaps of a stroke. He was the first of several great American players to have a short chess career. Pillsbury died young, reputedly of syphilis, and Bobby Fischer, like Morphy, stopped voluntarily, while still a young man. Fischer showed symptoms of mental illness of a similar kind to Morphy's.
Kim Carnes
Kim Carnes (born 20 July 1945) is an American singer. She is best known for the song "Bette Davis Eyes" (1981).
Bette Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Bette Davis hung the gold record on a wall.
Emperor Bidatsu
The years of reign of Bidatsu start in 572 and end in 585; however, there are no certain dates for this emperor's life or reign. The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Bidatsu to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Bidatsu"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
He was the second son of Emperor Kimmei. His mother, Ishi-hime, was a daughter of Emperor Senka.
His palace in Yamato Province was called Osada no Miya of Iware.
Although he had many children, none of them would ever become emperor. According to "Gukanshō", Bidatsu had four empresses and 16 Imperial children (6 sons and 10 daughters).
In the 15th year of Kimmei's reign, Bidatsu was named Crown Prince.
In the 32nd year of Kimmei's reign (572), the emperor died; and his successor was Bidatsu. This was confirmed in ceremonies.
Bidatsu's reign was marked by power struggles about Buddhism. The two most important men in the court of Bidatsu were Soga no Umako and Mononobe no Moriya. Soga supported the growth of Buddhism, and Moriya wanted to stop it.
Bidatsu suffered from an unknown disease which afflicted him with sores. Probably, he was the first royal victim of smallpox in Japan.
In the 14th year of Bidatsu's reign (585), he died; and the succession ("senso") were passed to his younger half-brother who became known as Emperor Yōmei.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Bidatsu is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
Café de la Régence
The Café de la Régence was a meeting place for chess players in Paris, France. It was the most famous chess meeting-place for over a century. The building was a coffeehouse in the centre of Paris, founded in 1688 and named in 1718. At first, it was under the patronage of the Duc d'Orleans, and attracted a literary crowd.
Chess players moved there en masse around 1740. The clientele included amateurs, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Robespierre, Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon. The leading professionals, Deschapelles, La Bourdonnais, Verdoni and Philidor, were there every day when they were in Paris. Staunton played his match against Saint-Amant there; Paul Morphy played there in 1858, including his match with Anderssen. The café was moved in 1855. The chess room was finally closed in 1916.
The word longevity means "long life", or "life expectancy". It often means someone or something lasting longer than expected.
Longevity usually includes thinking about methods to extend life. Longevity has been a topic not only for the scientific community but also for writers of science fiction and utopian novels.
Longevity stories are cultural traditions and lore about exceptional human longevity, with or without "eternal youth". These stories include sincere beliefs of claims of extreme age. Each category of belief is based on a different motivation for claiming exceptional age.
Stories of exaggerated longevity have been around since the earliest civilizations. The first longevity narratives were probably the patriarchal/matriarchal claims, which are often an attempt to link humans to the gods or to God due to fuller life. In some religious traditions there are claims that, if one follows a certain philosophy or practice, one can become immortal or at least live to an extreme age.
Fountain of Youth narratives describe some natural source that provides healing and particularly longevity and youthful health. An extension and adaptation of the fountain of youth concept is the idea that a particular place, rather than a substance, carries what is needed to attain extreme age, and that a person seeking extreme longevity needs to move to a special district.
The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that life expectancy in the United States will be in the mid-80s by 2050 (up from 77.85 in 2006) and will top out eventually in the low 90s, barring major scientific advances that can change the rate of human aging itself, as opposed to merely treating the effects of aging as is done today. The Census Bureau also predicted that the United States would have 5.3 million people aged over 100 in 2100. The United Nations has also made projections far out into the future, up to 2300, at which point it projects that life expectancies in most developed countries will be between 100 and 106 years and still rising, though more and more slowly than before. However, the UN has warned that these projections are uncertain, and caution that any change or advancement in medical technology could invalidate their projections.
Andy Reid
Andrew Matthew "Andy" Reid (born 29 July 1982) is an Irish football player. He plays for the Nottingham Forest.
255||33
Judit Polgár (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. She is by far the strongest female chess player in history, yet she has never played in the Women's World Chess Championship. In 1991 she got the title of Grandmaster (GM) at 15 years, 4 months. She was, at that time, the youngest person to do so. Polgár is now ranked number 51 in the world, the only woman on FIDE's "Top 100 Players" list; she has been ranked as high as eighth.
Judit and her two sisters were educated at home by their father. She always preferred playing in the open events, making it clear from the start that she wanted to become the true world chess champion regardless of gender. This considerably annoyed the Hungarian Chess Federation, which had visions of winning the Women's World Championship after decades of Soviet domination. Paid substantial appearance fees by the Hungarian Chess Federation, the family did play in two female-only events. The Hungarians (nicknamed 'Polgaria') won the Women's Chess Olympiads, with a team packed with Polgárs, in 1988 and 1990. Zsuzsa, Judit, Sofia (the least strong sister) and Ildiko Madl were the team which pushed the Soviet Union into second place for the first time.
In 1994 Judit suffered a controversial defeat at the hands of then-world champion Garry Kasparov, the highest-rated chessplayer of all time. Kasparov changed his mind after making a losing move and then made another move instead. According to chess rules, once a player has released a piece s/he cannot make a different move, so Kasparov should have been made to play his original move. However, Polgár did not challenge this because she says there were no witnesses and an arbiter was not around. She was also unaware at the time that the re-move was caught on tape by a television crew. The tournament director was criticised for not forfeiting Kasparov when the videotape evidence was made available to him.
In the event, Polgar has not reached the top of the game (very few do), and now is the mother of two children. Nevertheless, she has broken the gender barrier in chess: she has proved that a woman can reach the top ten. Her sister, Susan Polgar, who now lives in the U.S.A., did become Women's World Champion, and also a full Grandmaster.
Paul Stalteri
Paul Stalteri (born 18 October 1977) is a Canadian soccer player. He plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach and Canada national team.
167||6
238||16
!Total||79||7
Fábio de Jesus (born 16 October 1976) is a Brazilian football player.
163||3||||||||||163||3
23||0||2||0||7||0||32||0
186||3||2||0||7||0||195||3
Ricardo Souza Silva
Viktor Onopko
Viktor Onopko (born 14 October 1969) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team.
166||24
222||9
440||36
Henri Michel
Henri Michel (28 October 1947 – 24 April 2018) was a former French football player. He had played for France national team.
Michel died in 24 April 2018 in Aix-en-Provence, France, aged 70.
567||84
Kiatisuk Senamuang
Kiatisuk Senamuang (born 11 August 1973) is a Thai football manager and player.
20||15
!Total||130||65
Taikai Uemoto
Taikai Uemoto (born 1 June 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.
133||2||8||0||26||1||1||0||168||3
Yoshiaki Fujita
Yoshiaki Fujita (born 12 January 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.
90||2||5||0||22||0||117||2
Alessandro Cambalhota
22||8||3||1||6||1||31||10
21||1||||||||||21||1
21||3||||||||||21||3
178||35||3||1||6||1||187||37
Masahiro Sukigara
Sukigara was born in Tokyo on April 2, 1966. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yomiuri (later "Verdy Kawasaki") in 1989. However he could hardly play in the match at the club which had many Japan national team players. In March 1994, he moved to Urawa Reds. At Reds, the only match he played was against his old club Verdy. In 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Fukushima FC. Although he played many matches, the club was disbanded in 1997.
67||12||9||2||5||0||81||14
Jun Takada
Jun Takada (born 6 December 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
62||8||3||0||6||1||71||9
Takahiro Kawamura
Takahiro Kawamura (born 4 October 1979) is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
160||8||22||1||33||1||15||1||230||10
Takuma Koga
Takuma Koga (born 30 April 1969) is a former Japanese football player.
262||6||15||1||47||1||1||0||325||8
Eiji Hanayama
Eiji Hanayama (born 21 August 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
23||1||0||0||1||0||24||1
Yasumasa Nishino
80||4||9||2||18||8||3||1||110||15
Hiromasa Yamamoto
90||0||6||0||7||0||1||0||104||0
Jorginho Putinatti
Jorge Antônio Putinatti (born August 23, 1959) is a Brazilian professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.
140||29||||||||||140||29
107||30||5||1||11||1||123||32
247||59||5||1||11||1||263||61
Ogyū Sorai
Sorai rejected the moral ways of Song Confucianism and looked at the older works instead. He argued that allowing human emotions to express themselves was important. For this reason, he tried to strengthen the position that Chinese literature had in Japan. Sorai had a large following with his teachings and created the Sorai school, which would become an influential force in Japanese Confucian scholarship.
Sorai was born the second son of a samurai (a warrior) who was the personal physician of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川綱吉). Tsunayoshi would become the fifth shogun. Sorai studied the Zhu Xi version of Song Confucianism, and by 1690 he became a private teacher of Chinese classics. In 1696, he started serving Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, a senior councilor to Tsunayoshi. Tsunayoshi died in 1709. At that time Sorai stopped using the teachings of Zhu Xi and started to develop his own philosophy and school. Sorai is credited with the creation of kō shōgi, an unusual form of chess.
Sorai wrote many influential works where he showed what he thought were the two basic problems of the philosophy of Song Confucianism. The first was with the bakufu-domain system, which by the eighteenth century was in trouble. Sorai doubted that it was enough that each person wanted to find their ethical good. He argued that solving the political crisis of the time required more than perfecting moral character. He also saw that the Chinese sage kings were not only concerned with morality, but also with government itself. The second point where Sorai disagreed with Song Confucianism was that he felt it was putting too much emphasis on morality and that it repressed human nature, because human nature was based on emotion.
He felt that these weaknesses were not weaknesses of Confucianism; in his view, Song Confucianists interpreted the classic works of the Four Books and the Five Classics the wrong way. In Soraiu's view, they did this because they "did not know the old words". Sorai consulted the ancient works to get more reliable knowledge. He stated that the ultimate form of scholarly knowledge was history. For him, these works were the best source, even though the present was constantly changing. Sorai thought that study of philosophy began with the study of language. In this he was highly influenced by the Ancient Rhetoric school of the Ming period. This movement saw the Qin and Han periods as the model for prose, and the Tang period as a model for poetry. The Sorai school introduced in "Selections of Tang Poetry" to Japan, where it became very popular. This work is thought to have been edited by Li Panlong (李攀竜 1514-70), who was a founder of the Ancient Rhetoric school. As a result of this, Sorai's school is also known as the Ancient Rhetoric ("kobunji" 古文辞) school today. Sorai's school saw "Selections of Tang Poetry" mainly as a means of accessing the Five Classics. In this viewpoint it was different from other Confucianist schools. Sorai would also accuse other Confucianists in Japan, such as Hayashi Razan, of relying too heavily on Song sources such as Zhu Xi.
Sorai also did not agree with other teachings of Song Confucianism. One was that the "Way" was not a predetermined principle of the universe, but rather an establishment of men: the ancient sages had described it in the Confucianist classic works. These provided for the "Way", which was divided by rites ("rei" 礼) and music ("gaku" 楽). The rites gave social order and music gave inspiration for the heart. In this it directly allowed for the flow of human emotions, something that the moralist philosophy of Song Confucianism did not agree with. Sorai argued for the opposite, and wanted people to be enriched through music and poetry. He taught that literature should be cared for, because it was an important part of human expression. As a result, Chinese writing began to thrive in Japan and became an accepted art form. In this way, several great writers of Chinese composition of that time were followers of his school.
Sorai was a supporter of the samurai class. While most old institution decline because of leadership problems, the samurai, he felt, were best able to solve this problem with a system of rewards and punishment. Sorai also saw problems with the merchant class at the time: he accused them of conspiring to lock prices. He did not support the lower classes either, though. He argued, "What possible value can there be for the common people to overreach their proper station in life and study such books [as the Confucian classics]?"
"Master Sorai's Teachings" is a record of Sorai's teaching and his exchanges with his students. The text was edited by his own students and contained their questions followed by his answers. The work was not released until 1724, but it is thought to have actually been written around 1720. In it he writes that literature is not so much intended for instruction in morality or governance, rather it simply allows human's emotions to flow. From this, answers to the former topics may be found. While Sorai sought to redefine the sources of Tokugawa legitimacy, his purpose was clearly to strengthen the authority of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Some scholars criticised Sorai's work and found his teaching was impractical. Goi Ranshū believed that Sorai was motivated to surpass Itō Jinsai, another leading Confucianist. Goi thought that Sorai had used Itō's arguments to the level of absurdity. Goi felt that Sorai's teachings would cause a lot of damage to moral philosophy if they were followed. Another scholar critical of Sorai's teachings was Nakai Chikuzan, who was also familiar with Goi's opposition to Ogyū Sorai. Goi wrote his opposition to Sorai in his essay "Hi-Butsu hen". This essay was written in the 1730s, but not published until 1766. The published essay had been edited by Chikuzan and his brother. Nakai later wrote his own, highly emotional, response to Sorai's beliefs in his work "Hi-Chō" (1785). In this work he rejected the idea that individuals could not improve themselves through moral choices. He also claimed individuals were able judge if external ideas and actions were true or just. Denial of these morals, he felt, would leave only "rites and rules" to be followed.
Mercantilism is a kind of economic system that was present in most parts of Europe between the 16th and the 18th century.
The term was first used by Marquis de Mirabeau in 1794. Adam Smith made it known to a wider audience in 1776. At that time, absolutism was the main form of government in Europe. These regimes needed money to finance a large military, the many people who worked in the government. The monarchs and princes also needed money in order to finance their lifestyle. These governments were also very nationalistic. For this reason, mercantilism is seen as a form of economic nationalism.
The theory of mercantilism holds that the prosperity of a nation depends on its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable". Economic assets (or capital) are bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, and is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports).
The theory assumes that wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of tariffs and subsidies. The theory dominated Western European economic policies from the 16th to the late-18th century.
Maimonides was born in the Almoravid city of Córdoba in Spain, in 1135. His Hebrew name was Moses ben Maimon. He is also known as the Rambam, from the initial letters of his title and name, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.
Maimonides was a doctor by profession. Maimonides was one of the most important Jewish philosophers of the Middle Ages. He tried to show that the philosophy of the ancient Greek thinker, Aristotle, and Judaism supported each other.
Maimonides' main philosophical work was called "The Guide for the Perplexed". He wrote it in Arabic by 1190. It has ideas from Aristotle's writings. "The Guide" influenced Christian Aristotelian theologians, for example, Thomas Aquinas. In 1168, Maimonides finished a commentary to the Mishnah, the written version of traditional Jewish oral law. Maimonides completed these books, called "Mishneh Torah", in about 1178. They are one of the most important collections of Jewish laws.
When Maimonides was thirteen years old, the Almohads took Cordoba away from the Almoravid dynasty. The Almohads were Muslims who were conquering Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). They forced all non-Muslims to leave, change their religion to Islam, or be killed. This forced Maimonides' family to leave Cordoba. They spent twelve years traveling and looking for a home. During these years, he wrote the commentary on the Mishnah. Finally, his family settled in Cairo, Egypt. In 1166, Maimonides' father died and his brother drowned on a shipwreck in the Indian Ocean.
By this time, Maimonides was a very popular Jewish leader. He helped the Jewish community in Cairo, Egypt. He lived there for the last part of his life, and taught and wrote about Judaism. He died in Cairo on December 13, 1204.
Communes of Chile
The Decemberists
Emperor Yōmei
The years of the reign of Yōmei start in 585 and end in 587. The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yōmei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Yōmei"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.
Emperor Yōmei was the fourth son of Emperor Kimmei. His mother, Soga no Kitashihime, was a daughter of Soga no Iname.
His palace in Yamato Province was called Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe.
Yōmei had three Empresses and seven Imperial sons and daughters.
Yōmei's son, Prince Umayado, is also known as Prince Shōtoku.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Yōmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
Arica Province
The Arica Province () is a province of Chile. It belongs to the Arica and Parinacota (XV), the northernmost and the newest of the Chilean regions. Its capital is the port city of Arica.
Arica province is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The province has an area of .
Arica is bordered on the north by the Tacna province of Peru, on the south by the Tamarugal province in the Tarapacá region, on the east by the Parinacota province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
(last national census), there were 186,488 people (91,742 men and 93,526 women) living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is Arica, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 175,441 inhabitants.
As a province, Arica is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"): Arica in the northern portion and Camarones in the south. The coastal city of Arica serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.
Francis Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British physicist, biologist and humanist.
He is one of those who worked out the structure of DNA. Using X-ray crystallography results from Maurice Wilkins' biophysics team at King's College London, Crick and James Watson discovered that DNA has what is called a "double helix structure".
This means that DNA is made of two chains wound round each other to make a spiral. Only one of the chains carries information, but the two chains together makes the molecule more stable. DNA is the basis of heredity for almost all forms of life today.
Crick, Watson and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1962. Their work sparked a huge amount of research in molecular and cell biology and, as a result, many subsequent Nobel awards have been made.
During the mid-to-late 1950s Crick helped sort out the way proteins are synthesized. In 1958, Crick's listed all the key features of the protein synthesis process:
The adaptor molecules were eventually shown to be tRNAs and the catalytic "ribonucleic-protein complexes" became known as ribosomes. An important step was later realization (in 1960) that the messenger RNA was not the same as the ribosomal RNA.
The next fundamental question was the exact nature of the genetic code. In his 1958 article, Crick speculated, as had others, that a triplet of nucleotides could code for an amino acid. Crick also used the term "central dogma" to summarize an idea that implies that genetic information flow between macro molecules would be essentially one-way:
In his thinking about the processes linking DNA genes to proteins, Crick made clear the distinction between the materials involved, the energy required, and the information flow. Crick was focused on this third component (information) and it became the organizing principle of what became known as molecular biology.
In the final phase of his career, Crick, Watson and Christof Koch published a series of articles on consciousness (1990–2005).
Crick decided to focus his work on how the brain generates visual awareness within a few hundred milliseconds of viewing a scene. Crick's book "The Astonishing Hypothesis" made the argument that neuroscience now had the tools required to begin a scientific study of how brains produce conscious experiences.
The Francis Crick Institute is a £660,000,000 biomedical research centre in London. The Francis Crick Institute is a partnership between Cancer Research UK, Imperial College London, King's College London, the Medical Research Council, University College London (UCL) and the Wellcome Trust. It is the largest centre for biomedical research and innovation in Europe.
The Institute is next to St Pancras station on the Euston Road. It has an annual budget of over £100 million. The building’s vaulted roof is arranged into two shells and is fitted with solar panels. A third of the building is below ground to reduce its visible mass. RIP Francis
Arica
Arica is a commune and a port city with a population of 196,590 in the Arica Province of northern Chile's Arica y Parinacota Region. It is Chile's most northern city; it is at only south of the border with Peru.
The city is the capital since 2007 of both the Arica Province and the Arica and Parinacota Region. It was founded on 25 April 1541 by Lucas Martínez Vegaso as "San Marcos de Arica".
(last national census), there were 185,268 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The city of Arica has an urban area of and a population, in 2002, of 175,441 inhabitants.
Arica is on the Pacific Ocean coast at the bend of South America's western coast known as the Arica Bend or Arica Elbow. The city is on the foot of the Morro of Arica, or just El Morro, a steep and tall hill, above sea level.
The city is at from Santiago, the national capital. The mouths of two rivers: the Lluta and the "San José de Azapa" rivers, are near the city.
The commune has an area of . It borders with Peru (Tacna province) on the north, the Parinacota province on the east, the Camarones commune on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Arica is a "mild desert climate" and of the subtype "BWh/BWn". Arica is known as the more dry inhabited place on Earth, at least as measured by rainfall: the average amount of precipitation for the year is .
The average temperature for the year in Arica is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
The highest recorded temperature in Arica is , which was recorded in March. The lowest recorded temperature in Arica is , which was recorded in May.
Camarones, Chile
Camarones is a city and commune of Chile, in the Region of Arica and Parinacota. It has 1,220 people. The centre of the city is in Cuyo, near the Chile Highway 5. It is mostly rural. It does not have much tourist activity.
It was founded in December 30, 1927 as Codpa.
Putre
General Lagos is a city in the region of Arica and Parinacota, in the north of Chile. It is named after Pedro Lagos, who directed the assault to the morro de Arica, during the battle of Arica. It was founded in December 30, 1927 as "Comuna de General Lagos" and they are called "visvireños", since the most important area in the town is called Visvirí.
Alto Hospicio
Alto Hospicio is a city in Chile. It is in the province of Iquique, region of Tarapacá. It has 80,000 people. It was founded on April 12, 2004. Before that, it was part of Iquique.
Pozo Almonte