AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The footpath follows the coast of the island of Anglesey. It goes around the entire island except in two places. Those two places are Plas Newydd and Afon Alaw between Llanfachraeth and Llanynghenedl. The path starts at Holyhead. It travels through an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The majority of the path travels through public land with a small amount going through private land. Owners of the private land have given permission for walkers to pass through their property. The path is part of the All Wales Coast Path.
The path cost £1.4 million to build. It was built by two organizations: Menter Môn and Isle of Anglesey County Council. It was opened on June 9, 2006 by Rhodri Morgan.
There are three trails that connect to the Anglesey Coastal Path. They are:
Walkers can visit many places on the path.
Kármán line
The Kármán line is the altitude where space begins. It is 100 km (about 62 miles) high. It commonly represents the border between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space. This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The FAI is an international standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics. The line is named after Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963), a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist. He was active in aeronautics and astronautics. He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight. An aircraft at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to obtain enough lift to support itself. There is a sudden increase in temperature of the atmosphere and solar radiation just below the line. This places the line within the greater thermosphere.
Territorial integrity
Battle of Hampton Roads
The Battle of Hampton Roads was a naval battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on March 8 and 9, 1862 near Hampton Roads, Virginia. It was an important battle because it was the first combat between ironclad warships.
The Confederate ironclad "CSS Virginia" tried to break the Union navy blockade of Hampton Roads. The blockade prevented all commerce with Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia. On March 8, the "Virginia" sank and damaged several union battleships. On March 8, the Union ironclad USS "Monitor" arrived and fought the "Virginia". The battle lasted for several hours. But neither ship could defeat the other. Both ships left the fight thinking they had won. But the Confederates failed to break the blockade.
Both ironclads were lost soon after the battle. When Norfolk fell in May 1862, the CSS "Virginia" was destroyed by its crew so it wouldn't be captured. The USS "Monitor" was lost in a storm near Cape Hatteras on December 31, 1862. Her wreck was found in 1974.
The Battle of Hampton Roads did not make a big difference in the outcome of the Civil War. But it changed the way people fought wars with ships. The battle proved that ironclad warships were much stronger than wooden ships. After this battle, the U.S. and other countries stopped building wooden ships. They started building iron warships instead.
Dumb Starbucks was a coffee shop opened by comedian Nathan Fielder. It was closed just after three days for not having a proper health license. Because the shop was a parody making fun of the real Starbucks company, Fielder was able to use their logo.
In a normal Starbucks store, you will usually see a board with the beverages that you can purchase. But in Dumb Starbucks, it had the word "Dumb" in front of the name of the beverage you would see at Starbucks. For example, if you saw the Vanilla Latte at Starbucks, in Dumb Starbucks, it would be called "Dumb Vanilla Latte". Usually Starbucks has some other items, such as music CDs, but Dumb Starbucks also took the same music CDs and wrote the word "Dumb" in front of them.
Nathan Fielder had planned to open another Dumb Starbucks in Brooklyn, New York City, but he did not try to open one, even with health documents. Many people did not like Fielder and his new parody. Some people felt he was making fun of them being Starbucks customers, others said his coffee was terrible.
Cuisine of the United States
The cuisine of the United States refers to food prepared in the United States. The European Colonization of the Americas gave way to introduction of many ingredients and cooking styles. These styles extended to the 19th and 20th centuries.
Seafood have been in the United States since pre-Colonial times. Native American ate fish and other seafood in those times.
Pizza is based on the traditional Italian dish which was brought to the U.S. by Italian immigrants. It varies, however, based on the style and development region.
In the Southern United States, fried chicken is extremely popular, though it is eaten everywhere.
Cuisine of the Southern United States
The cuisine of the Southern United States is food prepared across the Southern United States. Foods prepared or from the Southern United States include corn, tomatoes, squash along with other fruits or vegetables.
Much of Creole or Cajun cuisine is based on France, West Africa and the Caribbean.
Traditional Southern meals usually involve catfish, fried chicken, butter beans, biscuits and cornbread.
The restaurants serving Southern food include Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits, Church's Chicken and Kentucky Fried Chicken.
Malcolm Glazer
Malcolm Irving Glazer (August 15, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American businessman and sports team owner. He was the president and chief executive officer of First Allied Corporation. He also owned both the association football club Manchester United of the English Premier League and the American football team Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL.
Glazer was born in Rochester, New York to Lithuanian Jewish immigrants.
Glazer was married to Linda from 1961 until his death. The couple had five sons together: Avram, Kevin, Bryan, Joel, Edward; and a daughter, Darcie.
Glazer died on May 28, 2014 in Palm Beach, Florida, aged 85. He had been in poor health since suffering two strokes in April 2006.
St. Govan's Chapel
St. Govan's Chapel is a chapel in St. Govan, Pembrokeshire, in the country of Wales.
The chapel is built into a cliff made of limestone. It is small and measures 20 by 12 feet in size. It has only one room. The walls are made of limestone. The building is very old. It might have been built in the 6th century. But, most of the building was built in the 13th century. The first chapel was a cave that Saint Goven lived in where the chapel is today. People believe that Saint Goven might be buried beneath the building.
There is one entrance on the north part of the building. There are benches made of stone inside. The roof, which is made of slate is newer. To get to the building you have to walk down 52 stairs.
IPad Mini 2
The second generation iPad Mini (stylized and marketed as iPad Mini 2, and previously marketed as the iPad mini with Retina display) is a tablet computer that is made and sold by Apple Inc. It almost has the same design as the first generation iPad Mini, but added some new features such as the Apple A7 system-on-a-chip and a 2,048 x 1,536 resolution Retina Display. It uses the same hardware that is used in the iPad Air. Apple released the second generation iPad Mini in silver and space grey colors on November 12, 2013.
The successor to the iPad Mini 2, the iPad Mini 3, was announced on October 16, 2014. In 2017, the iPad mini 2 was discontinued.
The iPad Mini 2 was announced during an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013. The theme of the event was 'We still have a lot to cover.' Originally, at the time of its release, the iPad Mini 2 was officially sold as the "iPad Mini with Retina Display". However, when the iPad Mini 3 was announced on October 16, 2014, Apple started selling the second generation iPad Mini as iPad Mini 2.
George Eliot (spy)
George Eliot was an English spy during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.
George Eliot is reported to have been a very bad person. He earned his living as a con artist (someone who gains the trust of another and then tricks them out of their money). He was well known as a rapist and suspected of being a murderer. Eliot became a spy for Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester. This was to avoid a charge from the last crime he committed. Eliot agreed to seek out Catholics who were not conforming to the rules of the state because the Church of England was the official state religion. He would then hand them over to the authorities for punishment.
At Lyford Grange in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), he tracked down the Jesuit priest, Edmund Campion. Eliot called for a magistrate from Abingdon. He arrested Campion and had him sent to London for trial and execution.
Jorge Glas
Jorge David Glas Espinel (born 13 September 1969) is an Ecuadorean politician and electrical engineer. He has been Vice President of Ecuador from 24 May 2013 until his resignation on 13 December 2017.
Jorge Glas was born 13 September 1969 in Guayaquil. He has known and been friends with president Rafael Correa since their time as boy scouts.
He holds a degree in electrical engineering from the ESPOL which he obtained on 22 September 2008. On 3 January 2013 Jorge Glas was reported to the police for plagiarism of his thesis. He was reported by Galo Lara, a member of the rival Patriotic Society Party. The thesis was reviewed by Genove Gneco, a professor from the Dominican Republic, who investigated the thesis and found 35% of it to be suspected plagiarism. An investigation by a commission set up by ESPOL found Glas not guilty of plagiarism. Glas however recognized that he should have cited his sources better.
Since 2007 Glas has held several political appointments in the government of Rafael Correa. He was General Manager of the now shut down Solidarity Fund between 2007 and 2009. He was also the President of the National Telecomunications Council.
Afterwards Glas was Minister of Telecommunications. He directed the joining together of Andinatel S.A. and Pacifitel S.A. into a single company,the National Corporation of Telecommunications, a corporation that he became the first chairperson of.
As Coordinating Minister of Strategic Sectors he was responsible for the building of several hydroelectric power plants the he had to borrowed money from Chinese banks to build.
Glas started his time as Vice President on 24 May 2013.
On 4 August 2017, Glas was suspended of his duties as Vice President due to corruption. He resigned from the office on 13 December 2017. He was replaced by Urban Minister María Vicuña.
Wrexham Glyndŵr University
Wrexham Glyndŵr University is a university in Wales. It is named after a Welsh national hero, Owain Glyndŵr. The university opened in 2008. Before becoming a university, it had been the Wrexham School of Arts and Science which opened in 1887. It has over 9000 students, and as well as the Wrexham campus it also has campuses at St. Asaph, Northop, and London.
Battle of Bryn Glas
The Battle of Bryn Glas was fought on 22 June 1402. This was the major battle of the Welsh Revolt (1400-1415). The rebel forces of Wales, led by Owain Glyndŵr defeated the English army led by Sir Edmund Mortimer. The exact location of the battle is not known, but research shows that it was probably on Bryn Glas hill, to the east, west and south of the church of St. Mary. The English attacked the Welsh forces who were on the top of the hill. During the battle, Mortimer was captured by the Welsh. The bodies of the dead English, were left on the battlefield; later the bones were collected and buried in the churchyard.
A thermostat is a sensor which keeps a heating system near to a desired temperature or setpoint. It is a control system.
The thermostat works by switching heating or cooling devices on or off. This is what happens in a central heating system or an air conditioner. In some systems it works by switching a 'heat transfer fluid' off or on as needed to keep the set temperature. The name is derived from the Greek words "thermos" "hot" and "statos" "a standing".
The simplest kind of thermostat is a bimetal strip which bends as the temperature rises, and at a set point breaks the circuit of an electrical current. Kitchen toasters use this kind of thermostat.
Because they control a system, thermostats are examples of feedback devices which maintain a steady local environment against temperature changes outside the outside world. In cybernetics, the thermostat is an example of a machine which uses feedback to maintain the stability of a heating system.
Sæhrímnir
In Norse mythology, Sæhrímnir is the name of the pig killed and cooked every night at Valhalla. He is the never-ending food source for the einherjar (warriors who died in battle and were brought to Valhalla). According to Snorri Sturluson, in the Gylfaginning, Sæhrímnir is cooked every day but he is whole again by evening.
Naval warfare
Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water and a metropolitan area in Southeastern Virginia, United States. It is made up of Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA metropolitan area. Hampton Roads is known for its military bases, its ice-free harbor, shipyards, and coal piers. It also has miles of waterfront property and beaches.
The body of water known as Hampton Roads is one of the world's largest natural harbors. In fact it is a roadstead or "roads" (a body of water outside a harbor where ships can wait). It is formed by the mouths of several rivers. The water of Hampton Roads empties into the Chesapeake Bay
Martin Mystery
Martin Mystery is a French/Canadian animated television series. It is produced by the French company Marathon Media and the Canadian animation studio Image Entertainment Corporation. The series is based on an Italian comic strip. The series ran from 2003-2006. The series has 66 episodes divided into 3 seasons. The show is on Canal J in France and on YTV in Canada.
Martin Mystery and his stepsister Diana work at The Center, an organization that protects Earth from aliens.
Fairview Acres, Louisiana
Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn
Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn (c. 1362 – 30 September 1440), was a powerful Welsh marcher lord. He became Baron after his father's death in July 1388. His main military actions were against the Welsh, during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr.
Reginald de Grey was responsible for giving out royal demands in the Northern March. This included calling the local nobility and gentry and their men to Royal and military service. He was had been in a long-running legal argument with Glyndŵr, claiming part of Glyndwr's land as his own. Under King Richard II the case had been found in favour of Glyndŵr. When Henry IV became king, Grey took over the land.
Glyndŵr tried to take legal action in 1400, but the court told him to give the land to Grey. Grey also did not tell Glyndŵr that his men were needed service in Scotland until the last moment. This made it impossible for Glyndŵr to send the men or even send an explanation for not sending them. Refusing or failing to follow an order of the King was treason. Glyndŵr's lands were would be taken until he could prove he was loyal to the king or receive punishment. On 16 September Glyndŵr and his brothers burned Grey's property. For three days his Welsh forces attacked the countryside of Flintshire and Denbighshire. On 24 September, Glyndwr's forces were defeated at Welshpool.
De Grey asked Glyndŵr to a meeting, but arrived with a large force, and attempted to capture Glyndŵr. Glyndŵr escaped and went into hiding, becoming a traitor in English eyes. King Henry took the land of Glyndŵr's friends, and gave them to John Beaufort, his half-brother. The rebellion spread across Wales by 1402. Lord Grey was taken prisoner by Glyndŵr's forces in an ambush near Ruthin in January.
A ransom of 10,000 marks was asked for him. Lord Grey was made to promise not to fight against Glyndŵr again. King Henry IV sent 11 knights to meet with Glyndŵr. They paid the money to release Grey. Lord Grey and his family would have been expected to repay the money.
The Grey family sold the Ruthin Lordship to King Henry VII in 1508 when the family needed money.
Grey was a member of the Council which governed England during the absence of Henry V in France in 1415. He later fought against the French in the Hundred Years' War in 1420 and 1421. He also served as Governor of Ireland.
An ORCID is a code to identify someone who writes academic articles. ORCID stands for Open Researcher and Contributor ID. Each person can have their own ORCID. ORCIDs make it easy to know which articles someone has written, even if they change their name. They also helps tell who has written which articles, if there is more than one writer with the same name. ORCID was started on 16 October 2012.
ORCIDs usually have four groups of four numbers. An example of a person with an ORCID is John Wilbanks. His ORCID is <nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-0385</nowiki>. That is also the web address of the page about him, on the ORCID website. His ORCID can also be written as "ORCID: 0000-0002-4510-0385". Sometimes an ORCID has an "X" instead of a number at the end. An example of this is Nick Jennings's ORCID. His is <nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-248X</nowiki>. The final number (or "X") is a check digit.
This hurricane killed between 6,000 and 12,000 people.
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 hit the city of Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. This hurricane was very large, and it is the deadliest hurricane in the history of the United States. It killed between 8,000 and 12,000 people. It was a "Category 4 hurricane" on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
The U.S. National Weather Service was very simple in 1900. They did not have good information on what the storm was doing. As a result, they could not give people advance warnings. Galveston was located on a sandbar island off the coast of Texas. It was only about nine feet above sea level. The population was about 38,000. On the morning of September 8, 1900, nobody knew that 8,000 of that number would be gone by the next day.
The Galveston hurricane began developing about August 30, 1900 in the middle Atlantic Ocean. It was still a tropical storm when it moved to Cuba on September 4. It hit Key West on September 6. At that point it became a full hurricane. It was a Category 4 hurricane when it got near the Texas coast. In the early afternoon of September 8 it hit with little warning. By the next morning it was gone and so was much of Galveston. After that, it moved back east as a tropical storm over the U.S. The damage was over $30,000,000. Galveston began rebuilding almost right away. A new seawall was built and many buildings were raised several feet. But it could not recover completely. The storm convinced most in the shipping industry to move to Houston with its safer harbor. Galveston would never again be the busiest shipping port in Texas.
Tyler Arnason
Tyler L. Arnason (born March 16, 1979) is an American retired professional ice hockey center. He played a career total of 487 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Ottawa Senators, and Colorado Avalanche.
He was born in Oklahoma City and raised in Winnipeg. He is the son of Chuck Arnason.
Before playing in the NHL, Arnason played college hockey at St. Cloud State University for 118 games. Arnason was drafted with the 183rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.
On January 21, 2003, he was involved in an off-ice incident. While Arnason, Phil Housley and Theoren Fleury were leaving the Pure Platinum strip club in Columbus, Ohio, Arnason and Housley had to step in to prevent Fleury from being beat up by the bouncers after Fleury punched the strip club manager in the face.
On March 9, 2006, he was traded to the Ottawa Senators for Brandon Bochenski and a second-round pick. He played 19 games with the Senators and became an unrestricted free agent. On July 1, 2006, he signed a one-year deal with the Colorado Avalanche. He played 2 seasons with them and signed a one-year two-way contract with the New York Rangers for the 2009–10 season on July 3, 2009 but he never played for them. Arnason retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.
Going My Way is a 1944 musical comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a priest from East St. Louis, Illinois who changes parish life at a New York City church. Bing Crosby plays Father Charles.
The movie won seven Academy Awards, including the Best Picture.
At the 17th Academy Awards, "Going My Way" was nominated for 10 Academy Awards. They included two for Barry Fitzgerald. His work on the movie was nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor. Later, the rules were changed so that that could not happen again. It won seven, including Best Picture.
In 2004, "Going My Way" was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Gigi is a 1958 musical romantic comedy movie. Leslie Caron plays Gigi. It also stars Maurice Chevalier, Louis Jourdan and Eva Gabor. The movie is about relationships in Paris in the early 20th century.
The movie was directed by Vincente Minnelli. The screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner was based on the 1944 novella of the same name by the Parisian author Colette. The film features songs with words by Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, arranged and conducted by André Previn.
This movie won nine Academy Awards including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Costume Design. Critics gave the movie very positive reviews.
Rebecca (1940 movie)
Rebecca is a 1940 American psychological melodramatic thriller movie. This movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Joan Fontaine plays a very young and naive woman. She marries a recently widowed man and moves to his large house in Cornwall. Laurence Olivier played Maxim de Winter, a rich man whose first wife, Rebecca, died recently. This movie is about obsession and cold treatment in relationships.
"Rebecca" won two Academy Awards including Best Picture.
The Life of Emile Zola
The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 biographical movie. This is about Émile Zola and his rise to fame in 19th century.
The movie was the second biographical movie to win the Best Picture Academy Award.
All about Eve is a 1950 American drama movie. The movie is about an aging Broadway star. A young fan, Eve Harrington, threatens the career and the relationships of the star. Bette Davis plays the Broadway star, Margo Channing. Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington. Marilyn Monroe, Hugh Marlowe and Barbara Bates are also in the movie.
"All about Eve" was nominated for 14 Academy Awards. It won six, including Best Director and Best Picture.
Grand Ecore, Louisiana
Grand Ecore is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is North of City of Natchitoches a small city, it is South of Village of Clarence a small village.
Powhatan, Louisiana
Powhatan is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the least populous municipality in Natchitoches Parish
Karlheinz Böhm
Karlheinz Böhm (16 March 1928 – 29 May 2014), sometimes known as Carl Boehm or Karl Boehm, was an Austrian-German actor and philanthropist.
Boehm was born in Darmstadt, Germany to Austrian composer Karl Boehm and German soprano Thea Linhard.
His career has spanned for nearly 50 years. He appeared in 45 foreign movies and over 30 blockbusters. He is best known for his role as Mark in "Peeping Tom".
Boehm had seven children, including actress Katharina Boehm.
Böhm died from Alzheimer's disease at his home in Grödig, Austria, aged 86.
Hienadz Buraukin
Hienadz Buraukin (, August 28, 1936 – May 30, 2014) was a Belarusian poet, journalist and diplomat. He served as an Ambassador to the United Nations for Belarus.
Buraukin died from cancer on May 30, 2014 in Minsk at the age of 77.
Klement Gottwald
Klement Gottwald (23 November 1896 – 14 March 1953) was a Communist Czechoslovak politician.<br>
John Guillermin
John Guillermin (11 November 1925 – 27 September 2015) was a movie director. He was born in London and attended the University of Cambridge.
He was known for his movies "I Was Monty's Double" (1958), "Tarzan's Greatest Adventure" (1959), "Never Let Go" (1960), "Tarzan Goes to India" (1962), "Waltz of the Toreadors" (1962), "The Blue Max" (1966), "The Bridge at Remagen" (1969), "The Towering Inferno" (1974), "King Kong" (1976), "Death on the Nile" (1978), "Sheena" (1984) and "King Kong Lives" (1986).
Walden is a book written by the author, Henry David Thoreau. This book is a satire. This book is also a book on the author's life and experiences.<br>
Helma Sanders-Brahms
Helma Sanders-Brahms (20 November 1940 – 27 May 2014) was a German movie director, screenwriter, producer and actress. She was known for directing "Germany, Pale Mother".
Sanders-Brahms was born in Emden. She died in Berlin on May 27, 2014 after a long illness, aged 73.
Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Natchitoches Parish () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,566. The parish seat is Natchitoches. The parish was formed in 1805.
Chi-squared test
Chi-squared test (or formula_1 test) is a statistical hypothesis test. It usually tests the hypothesis that "the experimental data does not differ from untreated data". That is a null hypothesis. The distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true.
The test results are regarded as 'significant' if there is only one chance in 20 that the result could be got by chance.
There are three main groups of tests:
Independence (statistics)
Probability theory talks about events which occur with a given (possibly unknown) probability. Usually, when it talks about several events occurring, it assumes that if one event occurs, this does not change the probability of the other events occurring.
More specifically, two events formula_1 and formula_2 are called independent (written as formula_3), if the probability of formula_1 occurring is the same whether formula_2 is assumed to have occurred or not. Alternatively, formula_1 and formula_2 are independent precisely when the probability of them occurring together is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.
Abraham de Moivre wrote: "Two events are independent, when they have no connexion one with the other, and that the happening of one neither forwards nor obstructs the happening of the other."
Abraham de Moivre was a French mathematician. He is known for his works on probability theory. He also did a lot of research in trigonometry.De Moivre's formula connects complex numbers and trigonometry. As he was a Huguenot, he was forced to emigrate to England. He was a friend of Isaac Newton, Edmund Halley, and James Stirling. Among his fellow Huguenot exiles in England, he was a colleague of the editor and translator Pierre des Maizeaux.
De Moivre wrote a book on probability theory, "The Doctrine of Chances", said to have been prized by gamblers. De Moivre first discovered Binet's formula, the closed-form expression for Fibonacci numbers linking the "n"th power of the golden ratio "φ" to the "n"th Fibonacci number.
Payback (2014)
Payback (2014) is a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by WWE. It was held on May 4, 2014 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the second Payback event held by the WWE.
Nancy Malone
Nancy Malone (born Nancy Josefa Maloney; March 19, 1935 – May 8, 2014) was an American television actor, director and producer. From the 1950s to 1970s, she was an actress and from the 1980s to the 1990s, she was a director and producer. She was best known for her roles on television series such as "Naked City", "Guiding Light", "The Long, Hot Summer", "The Outer Limits", "The Twilight Zone", and "The Andy Griffith Show".
Malone went on to become a well-known television director, winning an Emmy Award for her work on "Dynasty". She also worked on shows such as "", "Melrose Place", "Beverly Hills, 90210", and "Knots Landing". She retired in 2003.
Malone was born Nancy Josefa Maloney in Queens Village, Queens, New York City.
Malone died from pneumonia and problems from leukemia in Durante, California. She was 79.
Marco Reus
Marco Reus (born 31 May 1989) is a German association football player who plays for
Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national football team. Reus is known for his speed and his ability to adapt easily to a new position. He was included in Germany's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad, however he was injured in a game before the World Cup, so he could not play.
He became the first Germany player to score a for his country at Russia 2018 after the footballing nation's poor start to the tournament.
Viverravidae
The Viverravidae are an extinct family of early mammalian carnivores. They are in the superfamily Miacoidea, and lived from the early Palaeocene to the Eocene. They first appeared in the Paleocene of North America about 60 million years ago.
Viverravidae is a monophyletic family. In viverravids, the number of molars is reduced to two and the skull is long.
They are probably not related to any living carnivorans. The viverravids were previously thought to be the earliest carnivorans. A recent study of their skull morphology puts them outside the order Carnivora.
Assisted living
An assisted living residence is a popular housing alternative to a nursing home for senior citizens. These homes give help or supervision with daily living activities. They also allow services by outside health care providers. They check residents and resident activities to make sure health, safety and well being are maintained. Assistance may include the giving or supervision of medicine or personal care services. "The philosophy of assisted living is to treat all residents with dignity; to give privacy and to encourage independence." The gradual shift to assisted living began between 1979 and 1985 in the United States.
Arc of the United States
The Arc of the United States is a network of non-profit organizations. It serves people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It was created in the 1950s by parents of people with disabilities. Since then, the organization has extended to over 40 states.
The ARC was called the National Association of Retarded Children (1953-1973), National Association of Retarded Citizens (1973-1981) and later the Association of Retarded Citizens of the United States (1981-1992). Since 1992, it has been called just The Arc.
Melody Gardot
Melody Gardot (born 2 February 1985) is a Grammy-nominated American musician. She has been influenced by other blues and jazz musicians, such as Judy Garland, Janis Joplin and Duke Ellington. She sings jazz music.
Gardot was born in New Jersey. She follows the teachings of Buddhism.
Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames, also called Kingston, is a suburban town in Greater London, and is the centre of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. Its postcodes are KT1 and KT2. About 45,000 people live in Kingston.
The A307, A308 and A2043 roads pass through Kingston. The A3 and A309 bypass Kingston.
Kingston has one main station, Kingston station. However, there are other stations nearby such as Hampton Wick station and Norbiton station.
Kingston has two bus stations: Fairfield Bus Station and Cromwell Road Bus Station. The London Bus routes 57, 65, 71, 85, 111, 131, 213, 216, 281, 285, 371, 406, 411, 418, 465, 481, K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, X26, N65 and N87 go through or terminate in Kingston.
Four cycling events were hosted in Kingston: the men's road race, the women's road race, the men's road time trial and the women's road time trial.
Kingston is twinned with Delft in the Netherlands, Jaffna in Sri Lanka and Oldenburg in Germany.
List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the leader of Her Majesty's Government and chairs Cabinet meetings. It is the highest civil office in the United Kingdom.
The appointment of a Prime Minister by the monarch is formal, based on advice given to them. However, though the advice is "technically" informal, the monarch would create a constitutional crisis if they did not comply. Therefore, in practice, what is decided in the House of Commons is the decisive event. The voters elect Members of Parliament (MPs), and the MPs choose the Prime Minister. The system grew up in stages as the Commons grew in power, and the monarch's authority dwindled.
The present Prime Minister is Boris Johnson, since 24 July 2019.
The Seven Summits are the highest mountains on each of the seven continents. The list is often listed as Mount Everest, Aconcagua, Puncak Jaya, Mount Elbrus, Mount Vinson, Kilimanjaro, and Mount McKinley.
The Seven Summits are composed of each of the highest mountain peaks of each of the seven continents. Different lists include slight variations, but generally the same core is maintained. "The seven summits depend on the definition used for a continent". In particular the position of the border of that continent is important. This results in variations in the list.
Bardsey Island
Bardsey Island () is a small island off the coast of Wales. Bardsey is wide, long and in area. The north east rises steeply from the sea to a height of at "Mynydd Enlli." The western end is low and flat farmland. On the south, the island narrows to a peninsula with a lighthouse. It is the fourth-largest island in Wales.
Bardsey has several names, including the "Island of 20,000 saints". In Welsh the name means "The Island in the Currents". In English the name means the "Island of the Bards", or possibly the "Island of Barda", a Viking chieftain.
The island has been an important religious site. In AD 516, Saint Cadfan built a monastery on Bardsey. In medieval times many pilgrims visited the island, and by 1212 the monastery was part of the Augustinian Canons Regular. In 1537 Henry VIII closed the monastery and had the buildings pulled down, but pilgrims still visit the island.
Bardsey Island is famous for its wildlife and rugged scenery. A bird observatory was set up in 1953 as the island is on important migration routes. It is a nesting place for Manx shearwaters and choughs. It also has rare plants, and habitats undisturbed by modern farming practices. It is a good place to see grey seals, dolphins and porpoises.
The spirituality and sacredness of the island, its relative remoteness, and its legendary claim to be the burial site of King Arthur, have given it a special place in the cultural life of Wales. It has attracted artists, writers and musicians to its shores. It has inspired award winning literature.
The island is formed from rocks of the late Precambrian Gwna Group, part of the Monian Supergroup. The rocks are a mélange, often called Gwna Mélange, which have an unusual mix of clasts of all sizes up to 100m across. These are also very varied types, including both sedimentary and igneous rocks. Blocks of sheared granite in the melange can be seen in the northwestern coastal cliffs of the island. In other places there are clasts of quartzite, limestone, sandstone, mudstone, jasper and basalt. The deposit is an olistostrome, a very large underwater landslide possibly caused by an earthquake some time after 614 million years ago.
A dolerite dyke of Ordovician age can be seen in the melange at Trwyn y Gorlech in the north. There is an olivine dolerite dyke of Tertiary age at Cafn Enlli in the southeast. Further dykes can be seen in the cliffs at Ogof y Gaseg and at Ogof Hir.
A thin spread of glacial till stretches across the centre of the island. This was left behind by the Devensian Irish Sea Icesheet. There is a small patch of blown sand at Porth Solfach on the west coast and a landslip at Briw Cerrig at the foot of the cliffs on the east coast.
People lived on the island in Neolithic times, and traces of their hut circles remain. During the 5th century the island became a place of refuge for Christians and a small Celtic monastery existed. In 516 Saint Cadfan arrived from Brittany and directed the building of St Mary's Abbey. In medieval times three pilgrimages to Bardsey Island were said to be equal to one visit to Rome. In 1188 the abbey was still a Celtic institution, but by 1212 it belonged to the Augustinians. Many people still walk to Aberdaron and Uwchmynydd each year in the footsteps of the saints. Only ruins of the old abbey's 13th-century bell tower remain. A Celtic cross in the ruins commemorates the 20,000 saints claimed to be buried on the island.
Saint Deiniol, the bishop of Bangor, was buried on the island in 584. Saint Dyfrig was also buried on Bardsey Island, although in 1120 his remains were moved to Llandaff.
The "Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act" of 1536, on the orders of Henry VIII, resulted in "St Mary's Abbey" being closed and its buildings pulled down in 1537. The choir stalls, two screens and the bells were moved to Llanengan, where the parish church was then being built.
For many years Bardsey Island formed part of the Newborough Estate. Between 1870 and 1875 the island's farms were rebuilt. A small limestone quarry was opened, and a lime kiln set up. "Carreg" and "Plas Bach" are separate buildings, but the remaining eight were built as semi-detached houses, each pair with outbuildings set around a shared yard. The buildings are Grade II listed. In 2008, Cadw gave £15,000 to help with some repairs. Only one of the original "croglofft" cottages, "Carreg Bach", is still standing. Given the choice of a harbour or a new church, in 1875 the islanders asked for a place of worship; a Methodist chapel was built.
The island had a population of 132 in 1881; by 1961 it had fallen to 17. The island's small school, opened in a former chapel in 1919, closed in 1953. By 2003 the population was down to 4.
"Bardsey Island Trust ()" bought the island in 1979. It was given money by the Church in Wales and many Welsh academics and public figures. The trust gets its money from membership subscriptions, grants and donations. It wants to protect the wildlife, buildings and archaeological sites of the island. It also promotes its artistic and cultural life, and wants people to visit as a place of natural beauty and pilgrimage. In 2000, the trust advertised for someone to run the sheep farm on the island. They had 1,100 applications. The farm is now run by the "Royal Society for the Protection of Birds"; and the land is managed to keep the natural habitat. Oats, turnips and swedes are grown; goats, ducks, geese and chickens kept; and there is a mixed flock of sheep and Welsh black cattle.
An old and twisted apple tree was found growing by the side of "Plas Bach." It is believed to be all that is left of an orchard planted by the monks who lived there a thousand years ago. In 1998, experts on British apples said this tree was the only example of the "Bardsey Apple ()". The tree has been propagated by grafting and is available commercially.
Bardsey Lighthouse stands on the south end of the island and guides vessels passing through St George's Channel and the Irish Sea. It is the only square lighthouse looked after by Trinity House.
Lt. Thomas Evans R.N., asked for a light on the island in 1816. In 1821 Trinity House built the lighthouse at a cost of £5,470 12s 6d with another £2,950 16s 7d for the lantern.
Joseph Nelson was the engineer and builder. He had served under Daniel Alexander, a Trinity House architect, whose influence can be seen on parts of the design including the heavy weathered string-course near the base and the blocked and hooded directional-light window. Joseph Nelson is linked to the design of at least 15 lighthouses, mostly in the Bristol Channel.
The Lighthouse is built of ashlar limestone and is not plastered. It is painted in red and white bands on the outside. The Lighthouse tower is 30 m (98 ft) high and is unusual because it is square, not round. Unlike many other lighthouses, it has kept its original gallery railings, which are of iron and bellied (i.e. curved out in width at their crowns) towards the top. The present lantern, fitted in 1856, did not need the original railings to be taken down.
The walls are 1.2 m (4 ft) thick at the base and 0.9 m (3 ft) at the top.
At first, the light had reflectors but changed to a dioptric (refracting) mechanism in 1838. The present lantern of 1856 is a 4.27 m (14 ft) wide chamfered octagon and the light is fixed, instead of revolving. The present revolving apparatus was put in place in 1873. It gives a group of five flashes, at first with an oil-lamp, but changed to electric in 1973.
The Lighthouse is unusual in lacking any sort of harbour. As it is on an established migratory route, the tower has many bird casualties. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and Trinity House have tried to help the problem by providing perches on the lantern top and flood-lighting the tower, but this does not seem to have helped.
In 1987 the Lighthouse was changed to automatic operation, and is now checked by the Trinity House Depot at Harwich. A local person does regular maintenance.
"Y Storws", also known as "The Boathouse", was built a few years before the lighthouse, near the landing place at "Y Cafn".
The island was made a "National Nature Reserve" in 1986, and is part of "Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli Special Protection Area ()". It is now a favourite bird-watching location, on the migration routes of thousands of birds. "Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory" (), founded in 1953, nets and rings 8,000 birds each year to study their migration patterns.
The island was made a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of its maritime life. This includes internationally rare lichens; bryophyte, plants, bird species; and intertidal communities. Nationally important flowering plants include sharp rush, rock sea lavender, small adder's tongue, western clover, and the rare purple loosestrife. Two nationally rare heathland lichens are found on the slopes of "Mynydd Enlli": the ciliate strap lichen and golden hair lichen; and there are over 350 lichen species in total. The leafcutter bee, which cuts neat, rounded circles in rose leaves, used to seal the entrance to its nest, is native.
Thousands of birds pass through each year on their way to their breeding or wintering grounds. Chiffchaffs, goldcrests and wheatears are usually the first to pass through, followed by sedge warblers and willow warblers, whitethroats and spotted flycatchers.
About 30 species of bird regularly nest on the island, including ravens, little owls, oystercatchers and the rare chough. Hundreds of sea birds, including razorbills, guillemots, fulmars and kittiwakes, spend the summer nesting on the island's eastern cliffs. There are no land predators such as rats or foxes on the island. On a dark moonless night an eerie cackling can be heard across the island as 7,000 pairs of Manx shearwaters, 3.5 per cent of the British population, come ashore to lay and incubate their eggs in abandoned rabbit warrens or newly dug burrows.
The island is one of the best places in Gwynedd to see grey seals. In mid summer over 200 can be seen, lying in the sun on the rocks or swimming in the sea. About 15 pups are born each autumn. Their sharp teeth and strong jaws are perfect for breaking the shells of lobsters and crabs which live in the waters. It is also possible to see bottlenose and Risso's dolphins, and porpoises. The currents around the island carry food-rich water. The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been carrying out surveys since 1999 to find out which areas are important for feeding and nursing calves.
The seas around the island are rich in marine life. There are forests of strap seaweed; in the rock pools are sea anemones, crabs and small fish; and in deeper waters, the rocks are covered by sponges and sea squirts. The yellow star anemone, found offshore, is more common to the Mediterranean.
It was tradition for the island to elect the "King of Bardsey"" (Welsh:Brenin Enlli"). From 1826 he was crowned by Baron Newborough or his representative. The crown is now kept at Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool, although calls have been made for it to return to Gwynedd. The first known King was John Williams. His son, John Williams II, the third of the recorded kings, was deposed in 1900, and asked to leave the island as he had become an alcoholic. At the start of World War I, the last king, Love Pritchard, offered himself and the men of Bardsey Island for military service. He was refused as he was considered too old at the age of 71. Pritchard was angry and declared the island a neutral power. In 1925 Pritchard left the island for the mainland, to seek an easier way of life, but died the following year.
Yorkshire born poet Christine Evans lives half the year on Bardsey Island, spending the winters at Uwchmynydd. She moved to Pwllheli as a teacher, and married into a Bardsey Island farming family. While on maternity leave in 1976, she started writing poems, and her first book was published seven years later. "Cometary Phrases" was "Welsh Book of the Year 1989" and she was the winner of the first "Roland Mathias Prize" in 2005.
Edgar Ewart Pritchard, an amateur movie-maker from Brownhills, produced ""The Island in the Current"", a colour movie of life on Bardsey Island, in 1953. A copy is held by the "National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales".
Opera singer Bryn Terfel, a patron of the Bardsey Island Trust, has performed in the island's chapel. Llio Rhydderch recorded "Enlli "in 2002, an album inspired by the spiritual feelings from a pilgrimage.
Dilys Cadwaladr, the former school teacher on the island, in 1953 became the first woman to win the "Crown" at the National Eisteddfod, for her long poem "Y Llen". Artist Brenda Chamberlain won the "Gold Medal for Art" at the Eisteddfod on two occasions: in 1951 for "Girl with Siamese Cat", and in 1953 with "The Christin Children". Some of the murals she painted can still be seen on the walls of "Carreg", where she lived from 1947 to 1962. Wildlife artist Kim Atkinson, whose work has been widely shown in Wales and England, lived on the island as a child, and came back to live there in the 1980s.
Since 1999," "Bardsey Island Trust has had an Artist in Residence who spends several weeks on the island producing work which is later shown on the mainland. A Welsh literary residence was created in 2002; singer-songwriter Fflur Dafydd spent six weeks working on a collection of poetry and prose. Her play "Hugo" was inspired by her stay, and she has produced two novels, "Atyniad ()", which won the prose medal at the 2006 Eisteddfod; and "Twenty Thousand Saints", winner of the "Oxfam Hay Prize", which tells how the women of the island, starved of men, turn to each other.
In 2009 Cowbois Rhos Botwnnog became the first electric rock group to play on the island, as part of S4C's "Bandit" series.
There is a ferry services to Bardsey Island from "Porth Meudwy" and Pwllheli.
At times, the wind and the fierce sea currents make sailing between the island and the mainland impossible. Sometimes boats are unable to reach or leave Bardsey Island for weeks. In 2000, 17 visitors had to stay for two weeks when strong winds prevented a boats from reaching the island.
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