AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The table on the right shows the Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) for each storm in the season. ACE is, basically speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. While Subtropical Storm Andrea was a named storm of the 2007 season, NOAA does not officially include subtropical storms' ACE ratings in season totals. Andrea's ACE would have been 0.603 10kt² if it was tropical. Values accrued while Gabrielle, Jerry and Olga were subtropical are not included in their totals.
Yul Brynner
Yul Brynner (July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985) was a Broadway and Hollywood actor. He was born in Russia. He moved to the United States and became an American citizen. He appeared in many movies and stage productions in the United States. He is famous for his role as the Siamese king in the musical "The King and I" on theater and in the movie, as well as Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille movie "The Ten Commandments" and as "Chris Adams" in "The Magnificent Seven". He played a killer robot in the 1976 science fiction film "Westworld".
He was known for his shaved head which he kept as a personal sign since his role in "The King and I".
He is mentioned in the song "One Night in Bangkok".
Robert Redford (born Charles Robert Redford, Jr. on August 18, 1937), is a retired American movie actor, director, producer, businessman, and model. One of Hollywood's biggest superstars, Redford has kept his appeal as the decades pass.
In August 2018, Redford officially announced his retirement from acting.
Salvia pratensis (Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage; syn "Salvia virgata") is a perennial sage in the family Lamiaceae, that grows in Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant and grows up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, the leaves on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, higher up the stem they are smaller. The flowers are dark blue-purple, rarely pink or white.
It is usually grows in unimproved soils, which is typical for grasslands, scrub edges, and woodland borders.
It is grown as an ornamental plant.
Raymond Burr
Raymond William Stacey Burr (May 21, 1917 – September 12, 1993) was a Canadian actor and vintner, famous for his roles in the television dramas "Perry Mason", for which he was awarded two Emmy Awards, and "Ironside".
Burr's mother was of English and Scottish ancestry; his father was Irish.
Burr may have been acloseted homosexual.
Michelle Pfeiffer
Michelle Marie Pfeiffer (born April 29, 1958) is an American actress who has been nominated for the Oscar three times. Pfeiffer has appeared in movie such as "Scarface", "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "Batman Returns" and "Hairspray".
Since 1981 until 1988 she was married to Peter Horton.
Since November 13, 1993 she is married to David E. Kelley. They have two children, Claudia Rose Kelley (born in May 1993, was adopted) and son John Henry Kelley (born on August 5, 1994).
Plant stem
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold leaves, flowers, cones, axillary buds, or other stems etc.
The term "shoots" is often confused with "stems". A "shoot" generally refers to "new fresh plant growth" including both stems and other structures like leaves or flowers.
The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants, stems are above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems called stolons or rhizomes.
Stems have four main functions which are:
The normal life span of plant cells is one to three years. Much of the longer-lasting tissue in trees consists of cells which are no longer living. Bark and xylem vessels are examples of this.
Stems are often specialized for storage, asexual reproduction, protection or photosynthesis, including the following:
The most important tissue inside the stem is the vascular tissue. This plays a major part in the transpiration of water and nutrients. There are many hollow tubes, including the xylem vessel and schlerenchyma fibres. The phloem contains living tissue.
There are thousands of species whose stems have economic uses. Stems provide a few major staple crops such as potato and taro. Sugar cane stems are a major source of sugar. Maple sugar is obtained from trunks of maple trees. Vegetables from stems are asparagus, bamboo shoots, cactus pads, kohlrabi, and water chestnut. The spice, cinnamon is bark from a tree trunk.
Cellulose from tree trunks is a food additive in bread, grated Parmesan cheese, and other processed foods. Gum arabic is an important food additive obtained from the trunks of "Acacia senegal" trees. Chicle, the main ingredient in chewing gum, is obtained from trunks of the chicle tree.
Medicines obtained from stems include quinine from the bark of cinchona trees, camphor distilled from wood of a tree in the same genus that provides cinnamon, and the muscle relaxant curare from the bark of tropical vines.
Wood is a used in thousands of ways, e.g. buildings, furniture, boats, airplanes, wagons, car parts, musical instruments, sports equipment, railroad ties, utility poles, fence posts, pilings, toothpicks, matches, plywood, coffins, shingles, barrel staves, toys, tool handles, picture frames, veneer, charcoal and firewood. Wood pulp is widely used to make paper, cardboard, cellulose sponges, cellophane and some important plastics and textiles, such as cellulose acetate and rayon. Bamboo stems also have hundreds of uses, including paper, buildings, furniture, boats, musical instruments, fishing poles, water pipes, plant stakes, and scaffolding. Trunks of palm trees and tree ferns are often used for building. Reed stems are also important building materials in some areas.
Tannins used for tanning leather are obtained from the wood of certain trees, such as quebracho. Cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak. Rubber is obtained from the trunks of "Hevea brasiliensis." Rattan, used for furniture and baskets, is made from the stems of tropical vining palms. Bast fibers for textiles and rope are obtained from stems include flax, hemp, jute and ramie. The earliest paper was obtained from the stems of papyrus by the ancient Egyptians.
Amber is fossilized sap from tree trunks; it is used for jewelry and may contain ancient animals. Resins from conifer wood are used to produce turpentine and rosin. Tree bark is often used as a mulch and in growing media for container plants.
Some ornamental plants are grown mainly for their attractive stems, e.g.:
NNDB
Vascular plant
The vascular plants, or tracheophytes, are plants that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. They include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. They are often called the higher plants.
The vascular plants are set apart in two main ways:
Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant.
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ( ) is sometimes called the 2 + 4 Treaty.
It was signed by the two Germanys (West and East) and the four Wartime Allies (France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (USSR)) on 12 September 1990, in Moscow, USSR.
The treaty formally ended the Second World War. The Allies of World War II gave up the powers and duties they had had in the two Germanys and in Berlin since the Nazi Surrender in 1945 stopped the fighting in World War II.
Six countries signed the treaty but only five ratified (confirmed) it. This is because Germany united under one government on 3 October 1990, three weeks after the treaty was signed.
The treaty allowed East and West German reunification into one country. It said that Germany will be peaceful, and not start wars. Germany promised to limit the size of its Army, Navy, and Air force, and not to make nuclear bombs.
The treaty also set guidelines about moving the foreign troops that were in Germany. The USSR was to move all of its troops out of Eastern Germany and Eastern Berlin by 1994. The three Western allies were asked to keep their troops in Berlin until the Soviets had left. Germany also promised not to allow NATO troops to move into Eastern Germany, and not to allow certain types of weapons in the East either.
The treaty also set Germany's borders, and the German government confirmed that the treaty it made with Poland in 1970 about the border between the countries, was to stay in force.
On 15 March 1991, the treaty treaty took effect, and Germany became fully sovereign (that is, able to control everything in its own territory, including Berlin).
Non-vascular plant
Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). Although non-vascular plants do not have these tissues, some of them have other tissues for internal transport of water.
Nonvascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves. These structures always have some vascular tissue.
The term "non-vascular plant" is no longer used in biological classification. Non-vascular plants include two quite different groups:
In the past, the term "non-vascular plant" included all the algae, but also the fungi as well. Today, it is recognized that these groups are not closely related to plants, and have a very different biology.
Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is a complex tissue found in vascular plants. Complex means that it is composed of more than one cell type.
The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There is a meristem associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant.
Phloem
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος ("phloios") for "bark".
Aphids (greenfly) and other insects feed on the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect. Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of fungus.
Water, which is absorbed by the plant's roots, travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem. This means that the xylem helps during photosynthesis by bringing water up the plant. It does the same job that blood vessels do in animals.
Walter Matthau (October 1, 1920–July 1, 2000) was an American actor. He starred with Jack Lemmon in "The Odd Couple" and its sequel "The Odd Couple II". He won the Academy Award for "The Fortune Cookie".
Susan Sarandon
Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress. She was born in New York City and grew up in Edison, New Jersey. She has received many awards in her career for her work, including the Academy Award in 1995 for her role at the movie "Dead Man Walking", written and directed by her partner, actor and director Tim Robbins.
Tim Robbins
Timothy Francis Robbins (born October 16, 1958) is an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, activist, and amateur musician. He has won many awards in his career, including the Academy Award in 2004 for his work in "Mystic River".
He was born in West Covina, Los Angeles County and raised in New York City. He was the partner of actress Susan Sarandon from 1988-2009.
Tigran Chukhajian
Tigran Chukhajian was a famous Armenian composer and the founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire. He composed the first Armenian opera, "Arshak II", about the life of Armenian king Arshak II.
Jamie Lee Curtis
Jamie Lee Curtis, Lady Haden-Guest (born November 22, 1958) is an American actress and author. Although at the beginning of her career she was known as “The one girl” because of her roles in many horror movies beginning in her first ever movie "Halloween" (1978) as Laurie Strode, Curtis has since worked in a lot of different movie genres. She has received an Grammy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Awards. Her 1998 book, "Today I Feel Gross, and Other Grammy That Make My Day", made the best-seller list in "The New York Times".
In late the 2010s, Curtis returned as Strode in the horror movie "Halloween" (2018) and in the upcoming sequels "Halloween Kills" (2020) and "Halloween Ends" (2021). She also played Linda Drysdale in the mystery comedy movie "Knives Out" (2019).
Curtis was born in Santa Monica, California. She is the daughter of actor Tony Curtis and actress Janet Leigh. Her paternal grandparents were Hungarian Jewish immigrants and two of her maternal great-grandparents were Danish. Curtis's parents divorced in 1962, after which her mother married Robert Brandt. Curtis has an older sister, Kelly Curtis, who is also an actress, and several half-siblings (all from her father's remarriages), Alexandra, Allegra, Ben, and Nicholas Curtis (who died in 1994 of a drug overdose). Curtis attended Westlake School (now Harvard-Westlake School) in Los Angeles and Beverly Hills High School, and graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall. Returning to California in 1976, she attended the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. She considered majoring in social work, but quit after one semester to pursue an acting career.
She is married to actor Christopher Guest (Baron Haden-Guest) and, as the wife of a Baron, she has the title Baroness Haden-Guest and she could be called The Lady Haden-Guest, but she chooses not to use the title nor the style when in the United States.
People's Republic (sometimes called Popular Republic) is a name for a communist, usually Marxist-Leninist country. Currently, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the only Marxist-Leninist state in the world that uses the title "People's Republic". Because of this, "People's Republic" is sometimes used to refer to China.
The term is also found in the official name of North Korea - Democratic people's republic of Korea.
Michael J. Fox
Michael Andrew Fox (born June 9, 1961), known professionally as Michael J. Fox, is a retired Canadian-American actor, author, film producer and activist with a film and television career spanning from the 1970s to 2020. He played Marty McFly in "Back to the Future" trilogy. On television, he played Alex P. Keaton in the NBC sitcom "Family Ties" and Mike Flaherty on the ABC sitcom "Spin City". He has won five Primetime Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1991, and told the public about it in 1998. He semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of the disease worsened. He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure, and founded the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Sweden's Karolinska Institute gave him an honorary doctorate on March 5, 2010 for his work advocating a cure for Parkinson's disease.
Fox has also worked as a voice-over actor on films, such as "Stuart Little" and "". On the CBS television show "The Good Wife", he earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning. He has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in "Boston Legal", "Scrubs", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "Rescue Me", and "Designated Survivor". He has written four books. Fox was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010 and was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000.
Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)
Christopher Reeve
Christopher D'Olier Reeve (September 25, 1952 – October 10, 2004) was an American actor, director, producer and writer. He was a famous theater actor before playing the role of Superman in four movies, from 1978 to 1987. In the 1980s, he starred in several movies, including "Somewhere in Time" (1980), "Deathtrap" (1982), "The Bostonians" (1984), and "Street Smart" (1987). He also starred in many theater plays, including the Broadway plays "Fifth of July" (1980 - 1982) and "The Marriage of Figaro" (1985). In 1987, started a public movement of protest in support of 77 Chilean actors, directors, and playwrights who had been sentenced to death by the dictator Pinochet for criticizing his government in their works. Pinochet canceled the sentence after this, and Reeve was given with three national awards from Chile for his actions. In the 1990s, Reeve acted in such movies as "Noises Off" (1992), "The Remains of the Day" (1993), and "Village of the Damned" (1995).
In May 1995, Reeve was paralyzed in an accident when riding a horse. He had to use a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He then made many campaigns in support of people with spinal cord injuries. He founded the Christopher Reeve Foundation and co-founded the Reeve-Irvine Research Center. Reeve died at age 52 on October 10, 2004 from heart problems caused by an infection. Director Richard Donner dedicated his new version of "Superman II" (2006) to Reeve. The TV series episode ""Devoted"" from season four of "Smallville", which ran in 2004, is also dedicated to his memory. Also, "Everyone's Hero", which he directed, and 2006's "Superman Returns" are dedicated to him and his wife, Dana.
Reeve married Dana Morosini in April 1992. They had a son, Will. Reeve also had two children, Matthew and Alexandra, from a relationship he had before with Gae Exton.
Movie producer
A movie producer creates the conditions for making movies. The producer checks and controls things such as getting the money to make the movie, employing personnel, and arranging for distributors. The producer is involved in all parts of the process of making a movie from the beginning to completion of a project. Usually, the producer is considered the chief of staff and is in control of the non-artistic side of movie making, while the director is in charge of the filming and the artistic part.
Gastroenteritis is a medical term for inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It causes diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. It usually happens because of infection by a virus or bacteria.
Other common terms for gastroenteritis include infectious diarrhea, stomach bug, and stomach virus. It is sometimes called stomach flu or gastric flu, but it is "not" related to the influenza virus (which is often shortened to 'flu').
Television pilot
Television pilot, usually called just a "pilot", is a test episode made to sell a television series. It may be broadcast as the first episode if the series is sold to a network or cable channel, and sometimes has different actors or other differences to the real series. There are also many series whose pilot episodes are titled ""Pilot"". While many pilots are made, few make it to the screen, and even fewer go on to become full television series because of big competition between networks and producers. There are many types of television pilots. Some pilots are put on other shows first to start the show. These are called "backdoor pilots". An example of a backdoor pilot is "Gloria: The First Day" is an episode in "Archie Bunker's Place" but is used to start "Gloria". A "put pilot" is a pilot that a network agrees to put on television and if they do no they have to pay a lot of money to the television studio. An "unsold pilot" is a pilot episode that are made by a studio but are not put on television.
James Doohan
James Montgomery Doohan (March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005) LVO was a Canadian actor and voice actor. He is best known for his role as "Montgomery "Scotty" Scott" in the movie and television series "Star Trek". Doohan's character was one of the most typical elements in the "Star Trek" franchise.
Doohan was also a veteran of World War II. After his success with "Star Trek", he showed a lot of support through the years for his fans by making many public appearances.
Javanese language
The Javanese language (Basa Jawa, Hanacaraka: ꦧꦱꦗꦮ, Pegon: باسا جاوا) is a Austronesian language. It is spoken mostly on Java, in Indonesia.
Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname, New Caledonia and other countries. However, the greatest concentration of speakers is in the six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung.
Below, a table with the number of native speakers in 1980 is provided.
Javanese might mean:
Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and producer and activist. He has acted in movies and on television, who came to fame as "Insp. Steve Keller" in the popular 1970s television series "The Streets of San Francisco".
He later became a successful movie star, and won the Academy Award in 1987 for his work in "Wall Street". Douglas has acted in many other successful movies, including "Fatal Attraction" and "Basic Instinct".
He is the eldest son of actor Kirk Douglas, but also Krirk Douglas and Mrirk Douglas. He is the husband of actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. In 2010, he was diagnosed with throat cancer; in 2011 he said he had recovered.
Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916 – February 5, 2020) was an American actor and movie producer. His parents were Jews from the Russian Empire. Douglas has acted in many of Hollywood's most well-known of all time, including "Spartacus". He also starred as Vincent van Gogh in "Lust for Life".
He is also father to actor and producer Michael Douglas. He came in at #17 on AFI's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time and was one of two living actors on the list (Sidney Poitier is the other).
In 1995, he was given an Honorary Academy Award. In 1956, he won a Golden Globe Award.
Kirk Douglas died on 5 February 2020 in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 103.
James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was one of the most famous American movie and stage actors of all times. In his career, he starred in many movies considered classics and was nominated for five Oscars, winning one in competition and one life achievement. He also had an important military career, and made it to the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Air Force. Stewart became so familiar to the American public that he was most usually referred to by them as "Jimmy" Stewart.
He was named the third Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute.
James Francis Cagney, Jr. (July 17, 1899 – March 30, 1986) was an American movie actor who had many roles in his long career, and won the Oscar for Best Actor in 1942 for his role in "Yankee Doodle Dandy".
Like James Stewart, Cagney became so familiar to the public that they usually referred to him as "Jimmy" Cagney. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Cagney eighth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time.
Spencer Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American movie and stage actor who appeared in 74 movies from 1930 to 1967. Tracy is considered generally as one of the best actors in motion picture history.
In 1999, the American Film Institute named Tracy among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking 9th on the list of 100. He was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1937 and 1938. Along with Tom Hanks, he is one of the only two actors to ever be given two Oscars in two consecutive years. He was a long-time live-in partner of famous actress Katharine Hepburn whilst remaining legally married to another woman until his death. He was diabetic and died of a heart attack. He was a devout Catholic.
Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American movie actor who spent his career for thirty six years. Cooper received five Oscar nominations for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1941 and 1952. He also received an Honorary Award from the Academy in 1961. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.
James Edward Keeler
James Edward Keeler (September 10 1857 – August 12 1900) was an American astronomer.
He worked at Lick Observatory beginning in 1888 but was appointed director of the University of Pittsburgh's Allegheny Observatory in 1891. He returned to Lick Observatory as its director in 1898, but died not long after in 1900. He had married in 1891 and left a widow and two children.
He discovered two asteroids, although the second was lost and only recovered about 100 years later.
Cassini–Huygens
Cassini–Huygens was a spacecraft, sent to study the planet Saturn, its rings, and its moons.
The mission was made by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and Italian Space Agency (ASI). The spacecraft had two main parts: the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe. It was launched on October 15, 1997 and entered into orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004. It was the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn and the fourth one to visit Saturn (the others were "fly-by's" and did not enter orbit). The mission ended September 2017.
The orbiter was named after the Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who discovered some moons of Saturn. Most of the orbiter was designed and built by NASA, although ASI built and programmed some parts that talked to the Huygens probe. The spacecraft spent 13 years in orbit, sending back data. It visited many parts of the Saturn system until it was short of fuel. The Cassini–Huygens ended with a controlled crash into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15, 2017.
ESA (European Space Agency) made the Huygens probe, named after the Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist Christiaan Huygens who discovered Titan. On December 25 2004, the Huygens probe left the orbiter. A couple weeks later, the probe parachuted onto Saturn's largest moon Titan. Astronomers have wondered what the surface of Titan was like, since it was hidden under thick clouds. It is the only moon in our solar system with a thick atmosphere. The probe descended and sent pictures and other data back for scientists to study. After 90 minutes on the moon, the spacecraft stopped working, as expected. It is the farthest place we have ever landed a spacecraft. The pictures sent while parachuting showed rivers, probably of liquid methane. The surface is much too cold for water.
Ferns are a group of about 20,000 species of plants (of which about 10,000 are living) in the division Pteridophyta. Unlike bryophytes, ferns have xylem and phloem, which makes them vascular plants.
Most ferns belong to the Class Leptosporangiata (or Pteridopsida). This includes most of those you see in gardens and woods. The horsetails belong to another class, the Equisetopsida, which was extremely important in the Carboniferous period. Only one genus survives. The other classes of fern are also quite small today.
Ferns do not have waxes or special cells on their surface that keep water from evaporating. They have roots, stems, leaves. Their stems may form runners, called stolons above the ground, or rhizomes below ground. The leaves are green and large, and may bear spores on the underside. Some ferns can grow large in moist places. They can survive in more places than moss, but not so many as flowering plants.
During the Carboniferous period – from 350 million years ago – ferns lived everywhere on land. Horsetails grew up to 30 metres. There were huge forests of ferns and mosses, full of giant insects. Today, there are not so many large ferns.
Ferns do not have seeds. Instead, they reproduce through spores.
Horror movie
A horror movie is a movie made to scare the viewer. The main stories of horror movies often involve supernatural forces or characters of evil origin. Horror movies are often confused with thrillers, which are similar.
Popular horror movie characters usually include monsters. Early horror movies often took ideas from classic literature, such as "The Mummy", "Dracula" and "The Wolf Man".
Slasher movies are a subgenre of horror movies. They are often also a type of thriller movie. Slasher movies normally have a psychopathic killer killing a sequence of people. This is usually in a very violent way. The genre may have been inspired by "giallo", a similar movie genre originating in Italy.
While movies made as early as 1932 had aspects of slasher movies in them, the genre was not really defined until the late 1970s. The 1974 movie "Black Christmas" is considered the first slasher movie.. "Halloween" (1978), "Friday the 13th" (1980) and "Scream" (1996) did very well at the box office and showed that slasher movies could make lots of money.
Psychological horror movies are a subgenre of traditional horror movies which focuses more on the mental instability of its characters than on graphic violence, serial killers or monsters, for example. Most of the time this genre deal with the character's phobias, psychological traumas, paranoia, and etc. The genre often overlaps with psychological thriller as well. "Dead Silence" (2007), "The Shining" and "Babadook" (2014), are some examples of psychological horror movies.
Those are movies which blends horror and comic elements in its plot. Unlike common, traditional horror movies, in this movie genre, the viewer may be scared and laugh at the same time. Most of time, the type of humour used in these movies is black comedy.
Some examples includes "Zombieland" (2009), "The Raven" (1963) and "Shaun of The Dead" (2004).
Laurence Fishburne
Laurence Fishburne III (born July 30, 1961) is an American actor of movies and theater, playwright, director, and producer. He was nominated for the Oscar, and won the Emmy and Tony Awards. He is famous for his roles in successful movies like "Apocalypse Now" and "The Matrix". Fishburne was the first African-American actor to play Perry White in "Man of Steel".
Fishburne was born in Augusta, Georgia and moved to Brooklyn, New York City during his childhood.
Martin Sheen
Martin Sheen (born August 3, 1940) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as "Captain Willard" in the film "Apocalypse Now" and, most recently, as President "Josiah Bartlet" on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series "The West Wing". He won both the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for his works. His mother was an Irish immigrant; his father was a Spanish immigrant.
Marlene Dietrich ; (27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German-American actress, singer, and entertainer. She is considered to have been the first German actress to become successful in Hollywood.
In her long career, starting as a cabaret singer, chorus girl and movie actress in Berlin in the 1920s, Hollywood movie star in the 1930s, World War II entertainer at the front of war during the 1940s, and finally as an international theatre show performer from the 1950s to the 1970s, Dietrich became one of the most important movie icons of the 20th century. The American Film Institute ranked Dietrich No. 9 amongst the Greatest Female Stars of All Time.
Dietrich was bisexual. She became an American citizen in 1937.
Northern Kurdistan
Northern Kurdistan, or Turkish Kurdistan, is the part of Kurdistan which is in Turkey, in the Middle East. To the south-west is Syrian Kurdistan, and to the south-east is Iraqi Kurdistan and Iranian Kurdistan.
Mount Etna
Mount Etna is a volcano on the east coast of Sicily, part of southern Italy. It is the largest active volcano in Europe. Mount Etna erupts every few years.
Etna's most destructive eruption in historic times started on 11 March 1669. It produced lava flows that destroyed 10 villages and reached the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April. Many buildings were destroyed and few people were killed.
Major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1928, 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2001 eruption. In 1971, it buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century) under lava. The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.
In 2002–2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano were damaged. The eruption also destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, a ski resort on the southern flank of the volcano.
Rojava
Rojava, or Western Kurdistan, or Syrian Kurdistan, is a part of divided Kurdistan in the Middle East. It consists of three areas called 'cantons' in Northern Syria but the Syrian government is not in control there. Instead, since a revolution which happened early on in the Syrian Civil War, it has had its own independent government, although it does not claim to be a new independent country, calling itself a 'federal autonomous region' inside of Syria instead.
Many people in Rojava are Kurds, but there are also many different ethnic groups living there, such as Turkmen, Arabs, Syriacs, Assyrians, and Yezidis. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group in Syria. Before the civil war, many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International said that the Syrian government treated the Kurds very poorly. Kurds in Syria are not allowed to officially use the Kurdish language, and also not allowed to register children with Kurdish names, start businesses that do not have Arabic names, build Kurdish private schools, or publish any books or other materials written in Kurdish. But this is no longer enforced due to the civil war.
This gave the Kurds many reasons to support a revolution against the government. They also needed to organize an army to defend themselves from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) which almost took control of Rojava because the government could not defend it due to the civil war. ISIL is still at war with Rojava. As of 2017, there is a truce between Rojava and the Syrian government. The United States have given money and weapons to Rojava to help defeat ISIL but some say that they are supporting ISIL.
Rojava is claiming to be a democracy. It has a constitution which says that women's rights and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities have to be respected. In the Middle East this is very unusual. There are two military organisations one for men, the YPG, and an army for women, the YPJ.
The Kurds are the largest ethnic group ("group of people") in the world that does not have its own state. The Kurds are traditionally nomadic ("with no fixed living place") and live in a region in Asia called Kurdistan. Most of Kurdistan is mountainous. There are parts of Kurdistan in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and in Syria. There is discussion in academia about the origins ("start") and migrations ("movements of people") of the Kurds in history. Many other groups have also lived in Kurdistan in the past. The ancestors of modern Kurds probably arrived in Iran in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Kurdistan was part of the empire of the Medes, then the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, the Roman and Byzantine empire, and then the Sassanid Empire.
In the 7th century AD, the Muslim conquests of the Ancient Near East meant that Kurdistan became part of the Rashidun Empire. The Kurdish tribes ("social groups") in Upper Mesopotamia and the western Iranian plateau fought against the attacking armies for a time. Most Kurds became part of the Shafi`ite division of Islam. In the three centuries after this, some Kurds gained some autonomy ("self-rule") for their culture and politics, in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate and the following Abbasid Caliphate.
The Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty ("line of rulers") rose to power in the 10th century, as the power of the Abbasid Caliphate fell. The first Ayyubid ruler was Saladin. He was greatly famous for taking back Jerusalem for the Muslims in the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187. His empire took over much of Syria and the Near East. In 1193, Saladin died and was buried in Damascus, where some of his soldiers then chose to live. The "Kurdish quarter" ("an area in the city") where these soldiers lived was a place where Kurdish language and culture was in existence into the 20th century. In the 11th century, Krak de Chevaliers, a castle ("military building made strong against attack") in the Alawite Mountains, was named "fortress of the Kurds" or "Castle of the Kurds".
The armies of the Mongol Empire attacked Ayyubid Syria in the middle of the 13th century. The Mamluks overcame the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. In the early 16th century, the Mamluks lost control of Syria when the Ottoman Empire overcame them in war.
Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote the "Sharafnama" in 1596. The "Sharafnama" was an epic history of the Kurds from the 13th century to the late 16th century. In the "Saharfnama", Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote that Kurdistan was the country between the Persian Gulf and the "vilayets" ("local government" "areas") of Malatya and Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş). Sharaf Khan Bidlisi thought that the Lurs people were Kurds and that Kurdistan was very large. He wrote that parts of the "vilayets" of Diyarbakır, Mosul, "Persian Iraq", "Arabic Iraq", Fars Province, Azerbaijan, Lesser Armenia, and Greater Armenia were part of Kurdistan. Ahmad Khani wrote the "Mem û Zîn" in 1692. He wrote that Kurdistan was about the same size. Haji Qadir Koyi wrote poetry in the 19th century. He wrote that northern Syria was part of Kurdistan. He also wrote that Kurdistan contained the cities of Nusaybin (ancient Nisibis) and Alexandretta (İskenderun). Alexandretta is a port ("harbour city") on the Mediterranean Sea.
At the start of the 17th century, the Ottoman Sultans ordered Kurds from different parts of their empire to move to the area around the Euphrates river. These Kurds were told to live on both sides of the river. The western side of the river and the town of Kobanî were where most of these Kurds lived afterwards. In the 18th century, some of these Kurdish people in Greater Syria (also named "Bilad al-Sham") kept their Kurdish culture and their relations with Kurds in other parts of Kurdistan. Other Kurdish tribes were assimilated ("taken in") by Arab tribes who also lived there.
The result of World War I (1914—1918) was very important for the history of the Kurds. The Triple Entente overcame the Ottoman Empire, and the lands where Kurdish people lived before the war were separated. The lands were cut by the borders belonging to the new countries of Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. In 1916, the United Kingdom and French Third Republic had secretly agreed on how to share the territory in the Near East in the Sykes–Picot Agreement. The agreement was used to decide the borders for a long time. This was very influential and important, and stayed in the memory of Kurdish people as a betrayal by imperialism.
When the fighting was completed in World War I and the Arab Revolt, Britain and France suggested a Kurdish state could be set up. However, neither country wanted to pull back their armies from the lands that had been Ottoman (the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration). In late 1919, the French Armed Forces fought their first battle with the Kurds, in the Kurd Mountains. In this campaign ("military operation"), the French soldiers soon won victory, but they also had to fight Kurds in al-Jazira, and there they did not succeed so easily.
The British and French governments did not want to move their armies back, and because of this they said any Kurdish state would have to be in parts of Kurdistan controlled by Turkey in August 1920, when the Ottomans, British, and French all signed the Treaty of Sèvres. The Turks did not fully agree to (ratify) this treaty ("agreement between nations"), but it would have brought into existence a small independent Kurdistan under French control (suzerainty). This state, which did not become a material fact, would have been without the Kurdish lands in Iraq, Iran, or Syria.
The Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Kemalists ("supporters of Atatürk") did not agree to the Treaty of Sèvres. After they fought the Franco-Turkish War, France and Turkey signed the Treaty of Ankara in 1921. This treaty meant that the border between French-controlled Syria and the new Republic of Turkey was moved further south than had been agreed in the Treaty of Sèvres. Turkey and France both tried to make good relations with tribes in the border area, hoping that they would help to get control over the land.
In 1923, Turkey and the great powers ("most powerful nations") agreed the Treaty of Lausanne. This treaty meant that no independent Kurdistan or Kurdish state would come into existence. Instead, the Kurdish areas of the old Ottoman Empire were separated by the border between Turkey to the north, and British Iraq and French Syria to the south. The new border between Turkey and Syria was agreed to be the railway line running through the area: the part of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line that went between the cities of Aleppo and Mosul. The north side of the railway became Turkey, and the south side became French Syria. This meant that Arab areas were left in Turkey and Kurdish areas in Syria. Thomas Schmidinger, a German cultural anthropologist wrote that modern Rojava, or Syrian Kurdistan, came into existence as "a waste product of the colonial division of the Middle East" south of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line. From then until the present day, Kurdish people do not see themselves as "Syrian" or "Turkish". For Kurds in Turkey, Syria is "below the line" () on the map, but for Kurds in Syria, Turkey is "above the line" ().
On the south side of the railway line, in French Syria, some mostly Kurdish areas came under the control of France. These Kurdish areas were around the Kurd Mountains (Kurd-Dagh), around the town of Jarabulus, and the lands in Upper Mesopotamia (the Northern Jazira). They had been given to France after World War I. From the start of French control in Syria, the geography of these separated areas was very important for their later history. According to the historian Jordi Tejel, "These three Kurdish enclaves constituted … a natural extension of Kurdish territory into Turkey and Iraq".
The new borders meant that the Kurdish people in the area were divided into two groups, with two different governments. However, they were able to come and go across the border: there was at first no material separation. However, events in Turkey had deep effects on Syrian Kurds. Many Kurds ran away from Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s because of repression by the Kemalist government. The Kurds in Turkey rose up against the government in the Sheikh Said rebellion (1925) and the Ararat rebellion (1927–1930). These uprisings failed, and after them many Kurds ran away from the Turkish government, coming to live in Syria. The French government in Syria, led by the High Commissioner of the Levant in Beirut, tried to improve the profits from land in the Jazira by making these Kurdish refugees live there. The government hoped to make their control over Syria more popular in France, where the population disliked French colonialism in Syria. France's military operations were made more difficult by propaganda supporting Turkey which the Turks gave to the Kurdish and Arab tribes. There was fighting against the French in the Jazira until 1926.
The French government's settlement of Kurdish refugees in the Jazira made Kurdishness a political subject in Syria. By 1927, there were 47 villages in the Jazira whose population had a Kurdish majority. The population of Kurds and the number of Kurdish villages both increased in the 1918–1939 Interwar period ("between World War I and World War II"). The Kurds coming from outside Syrian Kurdistan meant that the Kurdish population in the Jazira increased even more.
The brothers Celadet Bedir Khan and Kamuran Alî Bedirxan started to use the Latin alphabet, which then became normal in Syrian Kurdistan and in Turkish Kurdistan. At the start, French Syria's Kurds mostly spoke Kurmanji, a Kurdish language spoken in the north of Kurdistan. In French Syria, Kurds lived both in the three enclaves of Syrian Kurdistan and outside them, in the rest of Syria. There were large Kurdish populations in the biggest cities (Aleppo and Damascus), and there were also Kurdish nomads ("people with no fixed living place") and Yazidi Kurds on the hills of Jabal Sam'an. The Kurds' lands were discontinuous and Kurdish populations were a mixture. Kurdish refugees from Turkish Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan helped the Kurds become active in political work. A political movement of "pan-Kurdism" ("for all the Kurds") started to come into existence, together with different Kurdish identities.
In 1924, Kurdish delegate from the Kurd Mountains made a petition to the French Syrian government, requesting for self-rule in Kurdish-majority lands in French Syria. In 1927, Kurds from Turkish land started Xoybûn in Beirut. Xoybûn was an important pan-Kurdish political movement making early arguments for Kurdish nationalism. Xoybûn supported a military resistance in Turkish Kurdistan, but in French Syria, Xoybûn worked for self-rule in Syrian Kurdistan. Xoybûn were popular in Syrian Kurdistan and Xoybûn delegates were elected from Kurd Dagh, Jarabulus, and the Jazira in the elections of 1931. The French government refused Xoybûn's requests for self-rule.In 1936, the French government and the First Syrian Republic made an agreement on Syria's independence from France: the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence. World War II meant that this process was not completed. After the Battle of France, Nazi Germany occupied France, and Syria came under the control of Vichy France. When Syria was captured by the Allies of World War II in 1941's Syria–Lebanon campaign, they accepted the Syrian Republic's independence and sovereignty ("right" "to self-rule"). Xoybûn had worked all through the war, but they disbanded in 1946.
Syria was given independence in 1946. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS) was formed in 1957. They were the first Kurdish national political party in Syria, and worked to better the lives of Syrian Kurds. The KDPS did not request the independence of Syrian Kurdistan, and worked for a "Syrianized" agenda.
Oil was discovered in Syrian Kurdistan in the 1960s. At the same time, events in Iraqi Kurdistan meant that the lives of the Kurdish population Syria became much worse. In August 1961, the Syrian government ordered a special census of al-Jazira Province in November that year. By the time the census was done, the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan had risen up to claim self-rule. The census took away Syrian citizenship and civil rights from about 120,000 Kurds in al-Jazira Province. The government decree ("order") in August 1961 said that Kurds were "illegally infiltrating" from Turkish Kurdistan into Syria, in order to "destroy its Arab character". The Kurdish lands in the Kurd Mountains were not changed by this census, and Kurdish people there kept their citizenship and were not made stateless.
In 1962 the Syrian government started the Arab Belt plan to "save Arabism" and stop the "Kurdish threat". The Arab Belt plan was to move the Kurdish population away from the Syria–Turkey border. In the Kurds' place, the government would move more Arabs onto the land. The Kurds would be moved to other parts of Syria, away from one another. The government's decision was made after the discovery of an oil field at Qaratchok, in the Kurdish Jazira. Much of the land in the Arab Belt was fertile arable land ("for growing crops") and had rich oil fields. More than half (50–60 percent) of all the petroleum in Syria is near Derik in the Jazira.