AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lynne first became known as a member of a band called The Idle Race. He taught himself about recording with a simple reel-to-reel tape recorder at home, using "sound on sound" to build up the sound of his own music. He later joined The Move, which then re-formed as Electric Light Orchestra. Lynne did not collaborate with ELO's members, as much as he directed how each member should play and sound. His work with ELO was often compared to music by The Beatles. Even John Lennon, the Beatles's founder, called ELO a "Son of Beatles" kind of band, before his death in 1980. Lynne also performed music for two movie soundtracks, "All This and World War II" and "Electric Dreams".
Electric Light Orchestra's fame lessened during the 1980s. Lynne began to produce other, sometimes older recording artists, some of whom had new hits after years without them. A friend introduced Lynne to George Harrison, another former Beatle, who planned a comeback album in the late 1980s. Their collaboration, "Cloud Nine", reawakened interest in Harrison and his music.
After the success of "Cloud Nine", Lynne and Harrison formed the Travelling Wilburys with Tom Petty, Bob Dylan and Roy Orbison. They became a popular group.
Early in the 1990s, the surviving Beatles completed a documentary series telling their own history. George Martin, their original producer, could not play as big a role as he had, because he had lost some of his hearing. Lynne was chosen to work with them. Yoko Ono handed over demos of five unfinished John Lennon songs, and two were chosen for the rest of the band to overdub (add parts to). Lynne used his studio knowhow to develop finished records from the raw demos, and the songs became hits, over twenty years since the Beatles issued a new recording.
Lynne moved to Los Angeles, California, and bought a house, which he turned into a large recording studio, with places to plug in equipment in nearly every room. He formed a new lineup of ELO in the early 2000s, recording a new album and beginning a tour, but interest was short-lived, and many shows were cancelled.
Lynne's music with ELO is popular again, through its use in television commercials. He continues to write and produce new music.
Mauro Bellugi
Mauro Bellugi (; 7 February 1950 – 20 February 2021) was an Italian footballer who played as a defender. He played for Italy national team from 1972 to 1980.
Bellugi died in Milan from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy on 20 February 2021, thirteen days after his 71st birthday.
227||0
Antonello Cuccureddu
Antonello Cuccureddu (born 4 October, 1949) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
396||26
Aldo Maldera
Aldo Maldera (born 14 October, 1953 – 1 August, 2012) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
322||40
Lionello Manfredonia
Lionello Manfredonia (born 27 November, 1956) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
325||19
Romeo Benetti
Romeo Benetti (born 20 October 1945) is an Italian former footballer. He played for the Italian national team.
491||78
!Total||55||2
Eraldo Pecci
Eraldo Pecci (born 12 April, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
426||29
Paolo Conti (born 1 April, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
363||0
Patrizio Sala
Patrizio Sala (born 16 June, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.
419||13
Renato Zaccarelli (born 18 January, 1951) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
431||23
Claudio Sala
Claudio Sala (born 8 September, 1947) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.
421||51
Paolo Pulici
Paolo Pulici (born 27 April, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
402||142
!Total||19||5
Palestinian people
The Palestinian people or just Palestinians are the Arab people from Palestine.
The people called "Palestinians" today are Arabs, but in the past, "Palestinians" could also be used as a name for Jewish people who lived in Palestine.
Some well known Palestinians are:
The Palestinian people, (, "ash-sha`b al-filasTīni") also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs (, "al-filasTīnīyyūn"; , "al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn"), are an Arabic-speaking people with family origins in Palestine. The total Palestinian population, including descendants, is estimated at approximately 10 million, roughly half continuing to live in the region of historic Palestine, an area encompassing Israel proper, the West Bank including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip and Jordan. In this combined area, as of 2009, they constitute a majority of 51% of all inhabitants, some of whom are internally displaced persons. The remainder, just over half of all Palestinians, comprise what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, most of whom are stateless Palestinian refugees lacking citizenship in any country. Of the diaspora, over two and a half million live in neighboring Jordan, one million is shared between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter million in Saudi Arabia, and Chile's half a million is the largest concentration outside the Arab world.
By religious affiliation, most Palestinians are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam, and there is a significant Palestinian Christian minority of various Christian denominations, as well as smaller religious communities. As the commonly applied term "Palestinian Arab" ethnonym implies, the current traditional vernacular of Palestinians, irrespective of religion, is the Palestinian dialect of Arabic. For those who are citizens of Israel, known also as Arab Israelis, many are now also bilingual in Modern Hebrew. Recent genetic research has demonstrated that ancient Levantines cluster predominantly with modern-day Palestinians and the Bedouins who live in the same region. Similarly, it shows that Palestinians as an ethnic group represent modern "descendants of a core population that lived in the area since prehistoric times," largely predating the Arabian Muslim conquest that resulted in their acculturation and established Arabic as the lingua franca, which eventually became the sole vernacular of the locals, most of whom would over time also convert to Islam from various prior faiths.
The first widespread use of "Palestinian" as an endonym to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by the local Arabic-speaking population of Palestine began prior to the outbreak of World War I, and the first demand for national independence was issued by the Syrian-Palestinian Congress on 21 September 1921. After the creation of Israel, the exodus of 1948, and more so after the exodus of 1967, the term came to signify not only a place of origin, but the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian nation-state. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represents the Palestinian people before the international community. The Palestinian National Authority, officially established as a result of the Oslo Accords, is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centres in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Theseus
New I/O
New I/O (Input/Output) or Non-blocking I/O, usually called NIO, is a collection of Java programming language Application programming interfaces that offer features for intensive I/O operations.Alexey Rykov
Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (25 February 1881 - 15 March 1938) was a Russian revolutionary and Premier of the Soviet Union from 1924-30.
Rykov was born in 1881. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898. When the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Rykov became a Bolshevik. He was arrested several times.
Alexey Rykov returned from Siberia after the February Revolution of 1917. During the October Revolution of 1917 he was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee in Moscow.
After the revolution, Rykov became a Minister of the Interior. On 3 April 1918, Rykov became Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy.
After Lenin's death on 21 January 1924, Rykov became head of the government of both the USSR and Russia. He supported Stalin in the Communist Party.
Rykov lost the post of head of the government after a conflict with Stalin in 1929. He was later arrested and executed in 1938.
Luciano Spinosi
Luciano Spinosi (born 9 May, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
325||6
Giacinto Facchetti
Giacinto Facchetti (18 July 1942 - 4 September 2006) was an Italian footballer. He played for Italy national team. He died in Milan in 2006 of pancreatic cancer.
!Total||94||3
Francesco Morini
Francesco Morini (born 12 August, 1944) is a retired Italian football player. He played for the Italian national team in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He earned 11 caps. He played for clubs like U.C. Sampdoria and Juventus F.C.
418||0
440||0
Tarcisio Burgnich
Tarcisio Burgnich (25 April 1939 – 25 May 2021) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team.
Burgnich died on 25 May 2021 at a hospital in Forte dei Marmi, Italy from stroke-related problems, aged 82.
494||6
!Total||66||2
Sandro Mazzola
Sandro Mazzola (born 8 November 1942) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
417||116||80||24||63||17||560||157
!Total||70||22
Giorgio Chinaglia
Giorgio Chinaglia (born 24 January 1947 - 1 April 2012) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team
Chinaglia moved to Cardiff, Wales in 1955. He died of a heart attack in Naples, Florida.
307||127
213||193
525||321
Luigi Riva
Luigi Riva (born 7 November, 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
338||170
!Total||42||35
Enrico Albertosi
Enrico Albertosi (born 2 November, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
538||0
Giuseppe Sabadini
Giuseppe Sabadini (born 26 March, 1949) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
401||17
Giuseppe Wilson
Giuseppe Wilson (born 27 October, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
479||5
Antonio Juliano
Antonio Juliano (born 1 January 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.
409||28
Luciano Re Cecconi
Luciano Re Cecconi (born 1 December, 1948) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
219||8
Pietro Anastasi
Pietro Anastasi (7 April 1948 – 17 January 2020) was a former Italian football player. He played for Italy national team.
Anastasi died in his hometown Catania on 17 January 2020, at the age of 71, after a long battle with cancer.
413||129
14||10
427||139
Roberto Boninsegna
Roberto Boninsegna (born 13 November, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
402||167
!Total||22||9
Luciano Castellini
Luciano Castellini (born 12 December, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
463||0
Ferruccio Valcareggi
Ferruccio Valcareggi (12 February, 1919 - 2 November 2005) was an Italian football player.
Frisia
Frisia is an area along the coast of the North Sea. Frisians live in this area. After Wijerd Jelckama and Pier Gerlofs Donia lost a rebellion against the Burgundians and the Saxons, Frisia lost its independence. Less than a century later, parts of Frisia were conquered by the Netherlands. Those are now known as the Dutch province of Friesland or Fryslân.
Languages spoken in Frisia are Frisian (Frysk, Frasch/Fresk/Freesk/Friisk, Saterland Frisian), Low German ((West Low German) East Frisian, Gronings), Dutch, German, Danish.
Ilmenau River
Tulcea
Tulcea is a city of Dobrogea in Romania. As of 2002, nearly 92,000 people were living in Tulcea. It is the capital of Tulcea county.
The following towns are twinned with Tulcea:
An octet is a word used to describe the sequence of 8 things in a row.
In music, an octet is an ensemble consisting of eight instruments or voices, or a composition written for such an ensemble.
Octets are used in the technology field very often. For example, the eight binary digits in a byte has been called an octet. The term "octet" is used to avoid ambiguity, because some old computers had different numbers of bits per byte. It is mainly used with describing IP addresses. An IPv4 address consists of four octets (which can be written as their decimal values 255.255.255.255).
In France, French Canada and Romania, "octet" is used in common language instead of "byte" to talk about 8 bits, for example, a megabyte (MB) is called a megaoctet (Mo).
Red beans and rice
Red beans and rice is a dish popular in Louisiana. Red beans are made with red kidney beans, meat (like ham or sausage), and vegetables (like onions, bell pepper, celery or garlic). These things are cooked together slowly in a pot to make the red beans. The red beans are then poured onto cooked white rice. The rice can be steamed or boiled. Once the red beans and the rice are done, the red beans are served over the rice like a sauce. There is usually about an equal amount of red beans and rice, but some people like to have more red beans or more rice.
Red beans usually take several hours to make. Many people let the beans cook slowly all day. People in New Orleans used to make red beans when they did their laundry. They did this because they did not need to pay attention to the beans while they cooked. The beans could cook slowly while they did the laundry. People in New Orleans used to do laundry on Monday, so it is traditional in New Orleans to eat red beans and rice on Monday.
Colombo, Paraná
Colombo is the third largest city in Greater Curitiba, state of Paraná, found in the Southern Region of Brazil. It is located at 25º17'30" S, 49º13'27" W, at an altitude of about 1.027 metres above sea level, some 18 km from state capital, Curitiba.
It was founded on 5 February 1890. The city is the largest Italian colony in the state.
Milton Keynes Dons F.C.
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. are an English football club. They are also known as MK Dons.
They play their home games at a stadium called which is in Milton Keynes (about 45 miles or 75 km north of London). The club began again in 2004 from the remains of Wimbledon F.C., which had moved to Milton Keynes in 2002 and then went bankrupt.
The stadium now has a capacity of about 31,000 seats.
In the 2007/08 season, the Dons came top of Football League Two and won the Football League Trophy. They were promoted into Football League One.
In the 2008/09 season, the Dons came third in League One, but failed to win the play-off between the next best three teams and themselves and so did not go up to the Football League Championship. So they stayed in League One for the 2009/10 season, they only reached 12th.
On the last day of the 2014/15 season, they reached second in League One and so were promoted to the Championship for the 2015/16 season. Their stay in the Championship lasted just one season: they were relegated back to League One for the 2016/17 season.
Pinhais is a city and municipality of Greater Curitiba, in Paraná state, Southern Brazil. As of 2008 the city had 116,984 inhabitants, being the 12th most populous city in the state. In its territory lies the Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Baby hatch
A baby hatch (also called foundling wheel) is a system where parents can leave infants for adoption anonymously. Such systems were in use since the Middle Ages. Baby hatches are usually installed at hospitals. There, mothers or fathers can put their newborn baby into the hatch. The hatches are usually in hospitals or social centers or churches and consist of a door or flap in an outside wall which opens onto a soft bed, heated or at least insulated. Sensors in the bed alert carers when a baby has been put in it so that they can come and take care of the child. It will be cared for by hospital staff. If it is not claimed within a given time period, it will be given up for adoption. These hatches are popular in Germany and Pakistan.
One reason baby hatches are used is because some mothers can't take care of their babies.
Baby hatches started in medieval times. They started in 1198 in Italy. They became more popular after the 17th century. They became less popular during the 19th century.
Today only some countries have baby hatches. In others they are illegal.
Anonymous birth
Anonymous birth is a legal concept in certain countries. This allows women to give birth to their baby at the hospital anonymously, that is to say without giving their name. After giving birth, the mother leaves the hospital. The baby is put up for adoption after a certain time.
Medemblik
Medemblik is a city in the Netherlands. In 2007, Noorder-Koggenland and Wognum were added to Medemblik. In 2011, Andijk and Wervershoof became part of Medemblik.
Charles, Duke of Guelders
Charles of Egmond (9 November 1467 – June 30 1538) was the Duke of Guelders. He was an influential Dutch nobleman of the late 15th and early 16th century.
Maarten van Rossum
A warlord is a ruler whose status is based solely on power of violence without any legitimacy (that is: right by law). A warlord is a military commander, usually a militant leader, rebel or militia, who has a private army. The Condottieri of Middle Ages Italy are well known examples. Many warlords lived in China and Mongolia. Warlordism is also known in Afghanistan and Somalia. While feudal lords may have private armies and wage private wars, they are not considered as warlords as their status is based on legitimacy.
Warlords appear when a state collapses. For example feudal lords took over in Europe when the Roman Empire fell. Warlordism is the inevitable consequence of anarchy. Many warlords are former officers, clan leaders, mafia bosses or gang leaders. A warlord may attempt to build a state at the area where he is in power, or he may simply plunder and rob his subjects.
A state which has collapsed into warlordism is in continuous civil war. Such countries have few industries except agriculture, mining and contraband, such as drugs and weapons.
Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations is an award given by Israel to people who risked their own lives to help Jewish people survive the Holocaust. It has been given to Oskar Schindler and Corrie ten Boom and many others for helping the innocent victims of the Holocaust. The Righteous Among the Nations Memorial Path is located in the Yad Vashem museum in Jerusalem.
Eurostar
Eurostar is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris (Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy) and seasonal destinations in France. All Eurostar trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.
The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, reducing journey times. The two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.
Fabrizio Poletti
Fabrizio Poletti (born 13 July 1943) is a former Italian football player. He played for the Italian national football team.
318||21
Pierluigi Cera
Pierluigi Cera (born 25 February, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
495||11
Ugo Ferrante
Ugo Ferrante (born 18 July, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
263||7
Comunardo Niccolai
Comunardo Niccolai (born 15 December, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.
247||4
Roberto Rosato
Roberto Rosato (18 August 1943 - 20 June 2010) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. He played as a defender. The Italy national football team wore black armbands in their game against New Zealand at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
402||10
Giorgio Puia
Giorgio Puia (born 8 March, 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
363||36
Mario Bertini
Mario Bertini (born 7 January, 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.
342||51
Angelo Domenghini
Angelo Domenghini (born 25 August, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
398||105
!Total||33||7
Giancarlo De Sisti
Giancarlo De Sisti (born 13 March, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
478||50
!Total||29||4
Lido Vieri
Lido Vieri (born 16 July, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
509||0
Sergio Gori
Sergio Gori (born 24 February, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
319||67
Giuseppe Furino
Giuseppe Furino (born 5 July, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
449||16
Pierino Prati
Pierino Prati (13 December 1946 – 22 June 2020) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team.
Prati died of cancer in Catania, Italy on 22 June 2020, aged 73.
360||159
6||3
366||162
!Total||14||7
Puppy Linux is an operating system for computers. It is based on GNU/Linux and it is completely free and is open source software. Puppy Linux is sometimes called a mini distribution because of its size (approximately 100MB) when compared to other GNU/Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu.
Puppy Linux, which was started by Barry Kauler in June 2003, runs well on low-end personal computers (some of which have less than 32MB RAM.) Currently (May 2009) the latest version of this Linux distribution is Puppy Linux 4.2 "Deep Thought."
The narwhal or narwhale ("Monodon monoceros") is a rarely seen Arctic whale. This social whale is known as the "unicorn of the sea" because the male has a very long tusk. Very little is known about this whale. Narwhal means "corpse whale" in Old Norse.
Large male narwhals can grow to a length of 15 feet, and weigh up to two tons. A female can give birth once every three years, after a pregnancy of 15 months. At birth, the baby narwhal is about five feet long and weighs about 180 pounds.
All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw and a tusk. After the first year of a male narwhal's life, its left tooth grows outward, spirally. There are some narwhals that are double-tusked, but they are not as common. This long, single or double tooth projects from its upper jaw and can grow to be 8.75 feet (2.7 meters) long. Tusks are usually twisted in a counterclockwise direction and are hollow inside. The tusk's function is uncertain, perhaps used as a formidable jousting weapon in courtship and dominance rivalry, in getting food, and/or for channeling and amplifying sonar pulses (which they emit). The tusk is not used in hunting. Long ago, narwhal sightings probably reinforced (or started) the unicorn legends. In fact, when people found the horn of a dead narwhal washed up on shore, they thought that they had found the horn of a unicorn.
Narwhal can dive deep into the sea to around 800 meters, but can also sometimes dive up to 1,500 meters. This makes them one of the deepest diving sea mammals.
Narwhals live in the icy waters of the Arctic seas. The Narwhal's thick skin, called blubber, keep them warm in the cold water. They do not go far away from ice. Narwhals live in groups of between 10 and 100. Narwhals are migrating animals who like to move from one place to live in another place for a while. In summer, groups of them move closer to land, where they can sometimes be seen in the estuaries, deep fjords, and bays of Greenland, Northern Canada and as far eastern Russia. In Winter they move back to the icy waters, where they breathe from small holes in the ice.
Narwhals can hunt under ice and like to eat Arctic fish such as the flatfish Greenland halibut, the polar and Arctic cod, shrimp and squid. They suck in their prey when they get close.
Narwhals are both hunted by polar bears and killer whales. The native Inuit people, sometimes called the Eskimos, are still allowed to hunt the Narwhals for their meat and for the tusks. The tusks are sold with or without carving. The annual value received from Narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay is $530,000, of which $370,000 is for meat, $150,000 for tusks, bones and teeth of males, and $10,000 for teeth and bones of females.
Vailala Madness
The Vailala Madness was a religious movement. It was active between 1919 and 1922. Many people think it was one of the first cargo cults, even though that term was first used in the 1940s. The Vailala Madness was active in the Papuan Gulf, which was a territory of Australia at the time, but now belongs to Papua New Guinea.
The Vailala Madness got its name from the behaviour of people who took part in it. This behaviour included glossolalia (or "speaking in tongues"), shaking, and signs of mental or emotional disturbances . In the indigenous language, people who were taking part in the Vailala Madness called it "iki haveve", or "belly-don't know," which was another way of saying "dizziness."
The people in the movement thought that a 'Ghost Steamer' would come. This ship would be piloted by dead people who were coming back. The dead people would bring with them cargo with tinned food and tools. In one version of the story, the dead people would bring guns to kick the white colonizers out, but not everybody agrees that this was what people in the Vailala Madness actually believed.
Agranulocytosis
Agranulocytosis is a medical condition where there are very few granulocytes (a kind of white blood cell) in the blood. It is a type of severe and dangerous leukopenia (a condition of very low number of white blood cells). If the agranulocytosis is because of a lack of neutrophils (called neutropenia), it is especially bad.
The word agranulocytosis comes from the Greek "a-", meaning "without", the word "granulocyte", referring to a type of blood cell with granules in the cytoplasm, and "-osis", meaning "abnormal condition".
Weilburg
Weilburg is an German town of the Limburg-Weilburg district in the west of Hesse.
Tegan and Sara
Tegan and Sara () is a Canadian indie rock duo, made up of twin sisters Tegan and Sara Quin. They are lesbians. They have released eight albums.
At first they called themselves PLUNK. They released their first album, "Under Feet Like Ours", in 1999 as Sara and Tegan. In 2000 they released "The Business of Art", their second album. They were nominated for four prizes at the 2014 Juno Awards. They are feminists.
Bradshaw Trail
The Bradshaw Trail, nicknamed the Gold Road at one time, is a historic trail which used to be a stagecoach route in Southern California.
This road used to connect San Bernardino, California to gold fields in La Paz, Arizona, known today as Ehrenberg. It was the first road connecting Riverside County to the Colorado River.
The part which remains today is a graded dirt road which crosses southeastern Riverside County and a part of Imperial County, beginning roughly 12 miles/19km east of North Shore and ending about 14 miles/23km southwest of Blythe for a total of 70 miles/113km.
The trail is named for trailblazer William David Bradshaw who first crossed the area in 1862. A former forty-niner, Bradshaw knew that the northern gold mines were rapidly emptying and that miners and other people leaving the area would need a more direct trail from the south across the desert to the new gold strike at La Paz. Without a direct trail, they would have to travel a great distance southeast to Yuma, then north up the river to La Paz. Bradshaw was a smart man; he knew there were lots of chances to make money in a gold boomtown.
Originally 180 miles/290km long, the western end of the trail began east of San Bernardino in the San Gorgonio Pass. Bradshaw and his party travelled southeast to the northern tip of the Salton Sink, turning due east to the foothills of the Orocopia Mountains and an existing stage stop called "Dos Palmas."
Leaving Dos Palmas, the men continued eastward between the Orocopia and Chocolate mountain ranges, briefly passing by the southern end of the Chuckwalla range and ending at the Palo Verde Valley. Once they crossed the Colorado River, the party rode upstream for about four miles to the gold fields. Despite the fact that the trail crossed mostly barren desert, there was lots of water to be found at water holes found at roughly thirty-mile/48km intervals.
Between 1862 and 1877, the Bradshaw Trail was the main route between Southern California and the La Paz gold fields.
The remaining part of the Bradshaw Trail mostly crosses public land. The extreme eastern end of the trail at Ripley does not. Use of a four wheel drive vehicle is recommended to travel across the trail. There are no services on the trail itself.
Another fact to consider is the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range which borders a part of the Bradshaw Trail to the south. This is a live bombing range and is clearly marked.
"See also: Wiley's Well"
Wiley's Well
Wiley's Well is a remote, natural artesian well in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is also the name of the area around it.
It is named after Palo Verde storekeeper and postmaster A.P. Wiley. In 1907, Mr. Wiley dug deep into a shallow well dug in 1876 by a stagecoach company which used the nearby Bradshaw Trail. Wiley made the well larger since he hoped that he could attract business to his remote desert store. The well was taken care of by local ranchers and cattlemen for years afterward. However, the rapidly falling level of the water meant a drop of the water's depth to 60'/18m within a dozen years. Today, the well's original depth is only about 20'/6m at best after wet weather. The water in the well is not good for drinking.
In 1985, the Bureau of Land Management drilled a new well 965'/294m deep to support the new Wiley's Well Campground, one of only two developed campgrounds in the Mule Mountains Long-Term Visitor Area. The water is both hot at 90 °F/32 °C and full of minerals. The water is pumped into a cistern to help cool it to drinking temperature.
Wiley's Well is popular with rockhounds. They have been coming to Wiley's Well since the 1930s with the discovery of geode beds. Even though Wiley's Well has been very popular with rockhounds over the decades, the area remains rich with such minerals as chalcedony, citrine, quartz crystals, rhyolite and jasper. Though winters are mild, making the campground popular with visitors who visit every year from colder areas, summer can be extremely hot with recorded temperatures as high as 130 °F/54 °C.
Wiley's Well is easy to reach. It is off the Wiley's Well Road exit from Interstate 10, sixteen miles/26km west of Blythe. The entrance to the campground is nine miles/14km south of the highway.
Alphonse of Poitiers
Alphonse of Poitiers or Alfonso or Alphonse (11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alfonso II) from 1247.
Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile. He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.
The Treaty of Paris stipulated that a brother of King Louis was to marry Joan of Toulouse, daughter of Raymond VII of Toulouse, and so in 1237 Alphonse married her.
Honest and moderate, protecting the middle classes against exactions of the nobles, he exercised a happy influence upon the south, in spite of his naturally despotic character and his continual and pressing need of money. He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.
Aside from the crusades, Alfonso stayed primarily in Paris, governing his estates by officials, inspectors who reviewed the officials work, and a constant stream of messages.
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
Willem-Alexander (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 April 1967), is the King of the Netherlands. He is the eldest child of Princess Beatrix and Prince Claus. He has been the head of the House of Amsberg since the death of his father in 2002. He served in the Dutch military. He studied history at Leiden University. King Willem-Alexander is interested in international water management issues and sports. He married Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in 2002. They have three daughters: Princess Catharina-Amalia (born 2003), Princess Alexia (born 2005), and Princess Ariane (born 2007).
On 28 January 2013, the king's mother announced in a television broadcast that she would abdicate the throne. That made Willem-Alexander, King on 30 April 2013. He is the first king of the Netherlands since the death of his great-great-grandfather, William III, in 1890.
He was the first male heir apparent to the Dutch throne since Prince Alexander, son of King William III, who died in 1884. Prince Willem-Alexander had indicated that if he became king, he would take the name William IV, but it was announced on 28 January 2013 that his regnal name would be William-Alexander.
Karst Tates
Karst Tates (March 6, 1971 in Zevenaar – May 1, 2009 in Deventer) was a Dutch man who tried to harm the Dutch Royal Family (including Willem Alexander and Beatrix). He tried to do this by making his car collide with the Royal Bus. This event happened in Apeldoorn, Netherlands on 30 April, 2009, the Dutch national holiday of Queen's Day ("Koninginnedag"). He did not succeed, but killed seven people who were watching the festivities and himself.
According to a policeman who claimed having talked to Tates, Tates said immediately after the crash that he had wanted to hit the members of the Royal Family that had just passed there in an open bus, because Willem-Alexander was a racist and a fascist in his view. After having been brought to hospital, Tates died from his wounds.
List of counties of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has different sorts of counties. Some are traditional areas and some are for local government or other government things.
These counties are sometimes called "historic counties", "traditional counties" or "ancient or geographical counties". People argue about how much they exist in law. They are useful for genealogical and historic matters. Anyone may choose to use traditional counties or not.
The traditional counties have had nothing to do with government since 1889. However until 1974 most local government counties were very like them.
The United Kingdom has 92 traditional counties.
"See also"
Local government administrative areas have different functions and powers in each of the different countries in the United Kingdom (England and the devolved administrations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) This resulted from devolution of administrative, executive, or legislative authority to the new institutions operating. The areas administered by local government have different types of names in the different parts of the United Kingdom.
There is a total of 326 English districts. As the structure of local government in England is not uniform, there are currently four principal types of district-level subdivision (numbers shown in brackets)
As a result, in parts of England there are local government counties with districts in them. In other parts there are counties with just one district, and in those parts there is only one council, which is the district council or the county council. Greater London is not a county; it has City of London, London Borough Councils, and a Greater London Authority. The Council of the Isles of Scilly is unique but is in effect a county council operating as unitary authority.
In Scotland there are "local government areas" but most people call them "council areas".
In Wales there are "principal areas". Some councils' areas in Wales are called "counties" and others "county boroughs".
In 1972, administrative functions in the Counties of Northern Ireland were replaced by 26 unitary authorities.
The Queen appoints officers called "lord-lieutenants" and High Sheriff in ceremonial counties and lieutenancy areas. The UK area in which their duties are carried out is usually called a "ceremonial county" except in Scotland, where they are called "Lieutenancy Areas". In Scotland only a lord-lieutenant is appointed to each lieutenancy area.
A ceremonial county in England and Wales is a local government county or a group of local government counties. In Northern Ireland it is a county or county borough.
Light-dependent reaction
In photosynthesis, a light-dependent reaction uses light energy from the sun to split water which has been taken in by the organism. Water, when split, gives oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These electrons move through structures in chloroplasts and, by "chemiosmosis", make ATP.
The hydrogen is converted to NADPH, which is then used in the light-independent reactions. Oxygen gas diffuses out of the organism as a waste product. This all happens in the "grana thylakoid" of chloroplasts.
Colin Flannery first put forward the idea that photosynthesis needs light in 1779. He realised that sunlight falling on plants was needed. Joseph Priestley had noted the release of oxygen gas in 1772, but he did not see the link with light.
In 1931 Cornelius Van Niel proposed that photosynthesis is a case of a general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photodecompose a hydrogen donor, with the hydrogen being used to reduce .
In 1939 Robin Hill found that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen but not fix , showing that the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. This led later to the discovery of photosystem 1 and 2.
Light-independent reaction
In photosynthesis, a light-independent reaction takes place in plant chloroplasts. In this process, sugars are made from carbon dioxide.
The process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various enzymes. Therefore, the light-independent reaction cannot happen without the light-dependent reaction.
Sugars made in the light-independent reactions are moved around the plant (translocation). This takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. It is anaerobic (does not use oxygen).
The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:
2008 (MMVIII) was .
Falafel is a kind of vegetarian food. It is a deep-fried ball or patty made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both. Falafel is made from chickpeas or fava beans. Spices are added to these. Falafel is either made into a ball, or a disc, which is then fried. The dish originally came from Egypt. Today, it is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze. In Israel it is served as street food.
The word is pronounced (fuh-lah-full); .
In Egyptian and Sudanese Arabic it is called "Ta'amiyya".
The Arabic word "falafel" ("falāfil") may be the plural of () 'pepper'. More relevantly, it is an adjective for "fluffy"/"crunchy" things, as in (), a kind of cooked rice, and (), curly hair. Different spellings in English include "felafel" and "filafil".
Falafel is usually served in a pita-like bread called lafa, either inside the bread, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flat bread. In many countries falafel is a popular street food or fast food. The falafel balls, whole or crushed, may be topped with salads, pickled vegetables and hot sauce, and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or served as part of a mezze. During Ramadan, they are sometimes eaten as part of an iftar, the meal which breaks the daily fast after sunset.
Falafel was originally made with fava beans. When the dish was used more to the north, chickpeas were more common, so they were used instead. The chickpea was used as a food item in the Levant before 4000 BC.
According to Ynetnews, "A common theory suggests falafel was invented some 1000 years ago by the Egyptian Copts. They took it with them when they moved to the rest of the Middle East. Another theory dates the invention of falafel as far as the 6th century AD, or even earlier, placing it on the subcontinent of India, which is known until today for making various chickpea-based dishes".
Falafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas or a combination of the two. In Egypt, fava beans are used exclusively. Other variations may contain only chickpeas. This is the case of Palestinians, Yemenite Jews in Jerusalem as well as in Syria and Lebanon. In the Levant, Falafel is generally made only with chickpeas. Unlike many other bean patties, in falafel the beans are not cooked before they are used. Instead they are soaked, possibly skinned, then ground, a small quantity of onions, parsley, spices (including cumin), and bicarbonate of soda are added. It is then deep fried at a high temperature. Sesame seeds may be added to the balls before they are fried; this is particularly common when falafel is served as a dish on its own rather than as a sandwich filling.
Recent culinary trends have seen the chickpea falafel have more success than fava bean falafel. Chickpea falafels are served across the Middle East, and have been popularized by expatriates of those countries living abroad. However, fava-bean falafel continue to predominate in Egypt and Sudan and their respective expatriate communities, and Egyptians are fond of deriding chickpea falafel as inferior.
In Israel small 2.5 cm spherical balls are made, while in Egypt and among Palestinians larger patties are shaped with a tablespoon or a special scoop with a lever to release them into the hot oil.
The kind of bread used for falafel may be different. Outside the Middle East, pita bread is often used as a pocket and stuffed with the different ingredients; in Arab countries a round khubz bread, 'eish' in Egypt, is halved, and the two resulting round pieces are used to create a cigar-shaped wrap. There, hummus (chickpeas pureed with tahini) is rarely used as a condiment, the usual sauce is tahini (sesame seed paste) thinned with water and lemon. The most common salad ingredients are tomato and parsley. In Lebanon, parsley is mixed with chopped mint leaves. It is also common in Syria and Lebanon to add pickles; the two canonical ones are pickled turnip, colored pink with beetroot, and pickled cucumber. Recently, there has been a new "filled" falafel, its center usually consisting of ground meat or minced onions or a boiled egg. These fillings are wrapped by the uncooked falafel mixture, and then deep fried.
The salads or the pita itself may be seasoned with salt or sumac, which is very commonly used in Syria; alternatively, these may be sprinkled on top.
Egyptian Falafel is made from Phaseolus vulgaris or fried Vicia faba grains.
Falafel made of bean beans with ground chickpeas and fried in a pretzel shape with a hole in the middle and coated with sesame.
Meze or mezze 'to taste', is the name for a number of small dishes or appetizers served before a meal, often with a drink. The food is common in the Eastern Mediterranean. Drinks include anise-flavored liqueurs, such as "arak", "ouzo", "raki" or different wines. These dishes are similar to the "tapas" of Spain or finger food.
In Levantine cuisines and in the Caucasus region (especially in Armenia and Georgia), these dishes are served as a part of any large-scale meal. Not accompanied by alcohol, meze is known in the Arab world as "muqabbilat" (Arabic for "starters").
Finger food
Finger food is the name for a number of foods that are usually eaten with the hands, as opposed to using utensils, like forks, knives or chopsticks. In some cultures, food is almost always eaten with the hands; for example, Ethiopian cuisine is eaten by rolling various dishes up in "injera" bread.
Examples of finger food are small beef pies, sausage rolls, sausages on sticks, cheese and olives on sticks, chicken drumsticks or wings, spring rolls, small quiches, samosas, onion bhajis, potato wedges, vol au vents, and risotto balls. Other well-known foods that are generally eaten with the hands include pizza, hot dogs, fruit and bread.
Risotto (plural: "risotti") is a typical Italian dish based on rice. Originally it comes from Piedmont, where rice is commonly grown. It is very important for the cuisine of Milan. Common ingredients of the base recipe are white wine, and onions.
Risotto is a class of Italian rice dishes cooked in broth to a creamy consistency. The broth may be meat-, fish-, or vegetable-based. Many types of risotto contain Parmesan cheese, butter, and onion. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy.
Risotto is normally a "primo" (first course), served on its own before the main course, but "risotto alla milanese" is often served together with ossobuco alla milanese.
A high-starch (amylopectin), low-amylose round medium- or short-grain rice is usually used to make risotto. Such rices have the ability to absorb liquids and to release starch and so they are stickier than the long grain varieties.
The principal varieties used in Italy are Arborio, Baldo, Carnaroli, Maratelli, Padano, Roma, and Vialone Nano. Carnaroli, Maratelli and Vialone Nano are considered to be the best (and most expensive) varieties, with different users preferring one over the other. They have slightly different properties. For example, Carnaroli is less likely than Vialone Nano to get overcooked, but the latter, being smaller, cooks faster and absorbs condiments better. Other varieties like Roma, Baldo, Ribe and Originario may be used but will not have the creaminess of the traditional dish. These varieties are considered better for soups and other non-risotto rice dishes and for making sweet rice desserts. Rice designations of Superfino, Semifino and Fino refer to the size and shape (specifically the length and the narrowness) of the grains, and not the quality.
There are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety cooked in a standard procedure.
The rice is first cooked briefly in a soffritto of onion and butter or olive oil to coat each grain in a film of fat, this is called "tostatura"; white or red wine is added and has to be absorbed by the grains. When it has evaporated, the heat is raised to medium high and very hot stock is gradually added in small amounts while stirring gently, almost constantly: stirring loosens the starch molecules from the outside of the rice grains into the surrounding liquid, creating a smooth creamy-textured liquid. At that point it is taken off the heat for the "mantecatura" when diced cold butter and finely grated Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese are vigorously stirred in to make the texture as creamy and smooth as possible. It may be removed from the heat a few minutes earlier, and left to cook with its residual heat. Seafood risotti generally do not include cheese.
Properly cooked risotto is rich and creamy but still with some resistance or bite: al dente, and with separate grains. The traditional texture is fairly fluid, or "all'onda" ("wavy, or flowing in waves"). It is served on flat dishes and it should easily spread out but not have excess watery liquid around the perimeter. It must be eaten at once as it continues to cook in its own heat and can become too dry with the grains too soft.
Risotto can be made using many kinds of vegetable, meat, fish, seafood and legumes, and different types of wine and cheese may be used. There is even, exceptionally, an Italian strawberry risotto.
Many variations have their own names:
A subscription is a product or service which is paid for periodically, rather than all at once. Magazines and newspapers are often subscription products. Public utility services like internet connections or cable television are examples of subscription services. Subscriptions fees are usually charged for a consistent time period, typically in weeks, months, or years.
European wildcat
The wildcat is "Felis silvestris", a member of the small cat sub-family Felinae. It is native to Eurasia. It is so-called because it is almost impossible to tame. However, crossbreeding with domestic cats has occurred throughout almost the whole of the species' range.
The wildcat shows geographic variation. All subspecies are larger than house cats, with longer legs and more robust bodies. There are about 22 subspecies, or (according to some) only four, including the Chinese mountain cat, which was previously considered a species in its own right.