AcharyaChanakya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan and the District Railways were amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board. Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units were refurbished in 1934 at Acton Works to become eighteen 5-car trains of Circle Stock, at first painted red and cream, later painted red all over to reduce costs. These trains included first-class accommodation, but this was downgraded in 1940. From 1947 these were replaced by 5-car trains of O and P Stock, with doors remotely operated by the guard, released by the transfer of F Stock to the Uxbridge line. The 1933 London Underground Beck map shows a Metropolitan line north of and stations and a District line south of these points. On the 1947 map the Metropolitan and District lines were shown together in the same colour and two years later in 1949 the Circle line was shown separately on the map.
In 1959–1960 Circle line trains were increased to 6 cars, the same length as those operating on the Hammersmith & City line, and the stock of the two lines was integrated with maintenance concentrated at Hammersmith depot, allowing Neasden depot to concentrate on the new A Stock. Aluminium C Stock trains, with public address systems and originally unpainted, replaced these trains from 1970. One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972 but, due to conflict with the trade unions, was not introduced until 1984. In 2003, the infrastructure of the Circle line was partly privatised in a public–private partnership, managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and the local government body Transport for London took over responsibilities.
A day before a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport in London came into force, a party was held on 31 May 2008, mainly on the Circle line. Thousands of people attended and 17 were arrested by police due to disorderly behaviour, eventually causing several stations to be closed.
Prior to 13 December 2009, Circle line trains travelled in both directions around a simple loop with 27 stations and of track. In 2006 there were fourteen trains in service on the line with an interval between trains of  minutes during peak hours and 8 minutes off-peak; the minimum running time around the circle off-peak was  minutes, although timetabled stops at stations extended this.
In December 2009 the Circle line was extended to include the Hammersmith & City route from Edgware Road to Hammersmith. Rather than continuously running around the circle, trains now travel from Hammersmith to Edgware Road, generally going around the circle once before terminating at Edgware Road, and returning via the same route; occasionally, trains may also continue clockwise through Edgware Road to additional stations. The change was made to improve reliability and increase the service frequency on the Hammersmith branch.
The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service on the Hammersmith & City line on 6 July 2012, running a shuttle service between Hammersmith and Moorgate, and first ran on the Circle line on 2 September 2013. By June 2014 all services were provided by S7 Stock trains.
Hammersmith &amp; City line
The Hammersmith & City line is a line of the London Underground, colored salmon pink on the London Underground Map, running between Hammersmith in West London and Barking in East London.
Metropolitan line
The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground. It is coloured in TfL's Corporate Magenta on the Tube map and in other branding. It was the first underground railway (or subway) in the world, opening on 10 January 1863. Today, part of that section are no longer served by the Metropolitan line, but by the Hammersmith & City, District and Circle lines. The main line runs from Aldgate in the City of London to Amersham, with branch lines to Uxbridge, Watford and Chesham. The line once went as far as Verney junction. After it was bought by the London Passenger Transport Board, the line was first cut back to Aylesbury, then to Amersham
The line runs parallel to Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury line from Finchley Road to Amersham. Chiltern railways continues to run services to Aylesbury.
The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at , and King's Cross to the City, built beneath the New Road using the cut-and-cover method between Paddington and King's Cross, and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield. It opened on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first underground railway. In 1871, when plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the "Métropolitain" in imitation. The modern word metro is a short form of the French word.
The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. It reached Hammersmith in 1864 and Richmond in 1877, and completed the "Inner Circle" in 1884, but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as in Buckinghamshire, more than from Baker Street. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone station.
Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the railway purchased electric locomotives, exchanged for steam locomotives at Harrow from 1908. In 1910, a seventeen-minute silent film recording was made showing large portions of the journey from Baker Street to Aylesbury and Uxbridge, seen from the cab of a train. The film survives and is publicly available.
Unlike other railways in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, thus benefitting from the increase in the value of its land caused by the building of the railway. After World War I it promoted its housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand.
To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925. After World War I, the Stanmore branch was built from Wembley Park.
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan was amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board, and a period of rationalisation followed.
While the Metropolitan was run as an outer suburban route with steam-hauled trains and goods services, the LPTB wished to focus on electrified trains and suburban traffic. Goods services were passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, which also took over the role of providing steam locomotives for trains beyond the end of electrification at Rickmansworth. All services north-west of were withdrawn by 1936 though services returned to between 1943 and 1948.
The 1930s was a period of rapid growth for the north-western suburbs of London, and LPTB developed ambitious plans to simplify the Metropolitan line and expand capacity. Several stations on the Uxbridge branch were rebuilt, replacing temporary wooden buildings with modernist designs and giving Uxbridge station a new site in the town centre. A major bottleneck in the line, the double-track tunnel from Baker Street to Finchley Road, was bypassed by boring two tube tunnels underneath the Metropolitan tunnels, transferring slow services and the Stanmore branch to the Bakerloo line. (This route was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979.) In 1936 the line was extended east from to along the tracks of the District line. London Transport inherited a number of incompatible electric multiple units from the railway, including the 1927–33 multiple-unit compartment stock used on routes to Watford and Rickmansworth, and these were refurbished to form a uniform fleet and designated London Underground T Stock. In the 1950s, F Stock trains, with sliding doors under the control of the guard, were transferred from the District line; these mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services.
A major rebuilding of the main line from Wembley Park to Amersham was planned in the 1930s but delayed by the war. The line from Wembley to Harrow was rebuilt immediately after the war and the project was completed from 1956–1962, on a more modest scale than originally planned. Until 1961, passenger trains continued to be attached to a steam locomotive at to run to Aylesbury. The rebuilding electrified the line from Rickmansworth to Amersham, transferring all Aylesbury services to British Railways. A pair of fast lines was added from Harrow to north of Moor Park by 1962, allowing outer-suburban trains to run fast to Moor Park. Aluminium A stock, originally unpainted, replaced the T stock and locomotive-hauled trains. More A Stock trains were built in 1962–63 to replace the trains on the Uxbridge service, giving the main line a single train type for all services. A Stock was 4-car units that could operate as four- or eight-car trains; normally operated as eight cars, a 4-car unit operated the Chesham shuttle. One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972, but due to conflict with the trades unions was not introduced on the line until 1986.
Although the East London line had been an isolated shuttle since 1939, it was shown on London Underground maps as part of the Metropolitan line until 1968. In 1970 it was shown with a thin white line in the middle and labelled the "East London section". By the 1985 map it had become the "East London Line", remaining the same colour as the Metropolitan line with a white line in the middle, changed to orange by the 1990 map. In 1990 the Hammersmith & City line became a separate line from Hammersmith to Whitechapel (Barking during the peak), the Metropolitan line being from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards to Amersham with branches to Chesham, Uxbridge and Watford.
In 2003, the infrastructure was partly privatised in a public–private partnership managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and Transport for London took over responsibilities in the end. Tube Lines was later acquired by TfL in 2011, and managed as owner-designer firm.
On 12 December 2010 the service to Amersham was reduced from four trains per hour to two, and a direct service between Chesham and central London was introduced, replacing the 4-car Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer shuttle. The final passenger services operated by the A Stock ran on 26 September 2012, followed by a ticketed public railtour on 29 September.
Statute of Kilkenny
The Statute of Kilkenny were a set of laws made by the English in 1367 to try and save the English colony in Ireland. The laws were made by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. They were passed at a meeting of the Irish parliament held at Kilkenny.
The English had difficulty in taking over Ireland. The first English settlers, the Anglo-Irish, began to become Irish in the way they viewed the world. They began to put their own interests ahead of those of the English royalty. The government of Ireland had become weak after the battles with Edward Bruce, and the arrival of the Black Death weakened the country even more. Edward III of England became concerned that the Anglo-Irish were becoming too powerful and threatened his rights and interests in Ireland. He attempted three times to control their increasing independence.
Edward III finally sent his third son, Lionel of Antwerp, to Ireland to try and get back control. He was very concerned that the Anglo-Irish had become more Irish than the Irish themselves. The Statute of Kilkenny were laws designed to bring Ireland back under the control of English born nobles, not English descendants in Ireland. These laws were serious, to break one was seen as treason and could be punished by death.
The Statute of Kilkenny had a lot of laws made to separate the English from the Irish. It was against the law for the English in Ireland to:
Because of the weak government, they were not able to make people obey the new laws, and the Anglo-Irish ignored them.
Tramlink
Docklands Light Railway
London Overground
The London Overground (LO) is a suburban rail system in London, UK run by Arriva and MTR for Transport for London. The London Overground is made up of 9 lines taken over by TFL. It is coloured orange on the Tube map. It serves a lot of Greater London.
All lines can be used with the Oyster card used across London. The London Overground has received praise for its transformation of long-neglected lines into clean and reliable services, with passenger usage increasing sharply such that trains had to be extended from 3 cars in 2007 to 5 cars in 2015. In the autumn 2011 National Passenger Survey, London Overground received an overall satisfaction rating of 92%, a 7% improvement on the previous survey.
First Capital Connect
First Capital Connect (FCC) was a train company in England that ran the Thameslink railway line between Brighton and Bedford and services along the East Coast Main Line from King's Cross and Peterborough, Cambridge, and King's Lynn from 1 April 2006 to 13 September 2014. It was owned by First Group and combines the service on formerly operated by WAGN, often referred to as Great Northern. It failed to keep the franchise, and it was succeeded by Thameslink and Great Northern.
Northern City Line
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel; born 25 December 1936), is a member of the British Royal Family, the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She had two children, Marina and James Ogilvy with Sir Angus Ogilvy. She is 56th in line for the Throne as of June 2021.
Ask.com is a search engine that was started in 1996. This website helps people find web pages that they are looking for, by typing in the subject they want. For example, if someone is looking for web pages about dogs, they would type in "dogs" or "dog" then press the 'search' button.
Ask.com used to be called "Ask Jeeves" but the name was changed in 2006. Their headquarters is in Oakland, California.
One thing that makes Ask.com different from other search engines is that it lets the searcher see a little picture of the web page before they click it, by putting the mouse cursor over the little binoculars without clicking it.
Katsushika Hokusai
, also called Hokusai, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.
The artist is best known for "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", which is a woodblock print.
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was born in China and was a Chinese political leader. Sun helped overthrow the Qing Dynasty in October 1911. This was the last imperial dynasty of China.He is often called as Father of the Nation.
He was president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang. Sun remains revered in both mainland China and Taiwan. A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.
Sun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang in Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong.He had a cultural background of Hakka (with roots in Zijin, Heyuan, Guangdong) and Cantonese. His father owned very few lands and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.
After his death in Beijing, Sun Yat-sen's body was shown at a temple in the Fragrant Hills. It was then taken to Nanjing, where a large tomb and park were built to remember him.
Pierluigi Collina
TSV 1860 Munich
TSV 1860 Munich (German: "T.S.V. 1860 München", Bavarian: "TSV 1860 Minga") also known as Sechzig (German: "Sechzig", Bavarian: "Sechzga", 'sixty') is a football club which plays in the second-division tier German Fußball-Bundesliga.
The club was founded in 1860, the football section was founded on 25 April 1899. The first match they played was 1902 versus 1. Münchner FC 1896. The match was lost 2:4. 1911 they built a football field on the Grünwalder Straße. In 1926 a stadium was built which offered 40 000 places. 1931 the team reached the final of the championship for the first time but was beaten by Hertha BSC with 3:2. During the Nazi rule in Germany 1860 München had close relations to the Nazi government. In 1963 the club was one of the founders of the German Bundesliga. 1964 they won the German Cup. That year they also reached the final of the UEFA Cup winners cup but lost toWest Ham United. In the 1964/65 season they became for the first and last time German football champion. Till today they often played in the second league but sometimes in the Bundesliga.
TSV 1860 München plays in the Allianz Arena which they share with their rival Bayern München. If they play the skin of the Arena is blue. Originally they played at the Grünwalder Straße which they also shared with Bayern between 1925 and 1972.
Eintracht Braunschweig
Eintracht Braunschweig is a football club which plays in Germany.
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Borussia V.f.L. 1900 Mönchengladbach is a football club which plays in the German Bundesliga. Borussia Mönchengladbach has over 40,000 members and is the sixth largest club in Germany.
The club was founded in 1900 by players from the football club SV Germania. The name Borussia is the Latin form of Prussia. Mönchengladbach was at this time part of Prussia. In 1914 the club bought an area where later the Böckelbergstadion was built. The first success was the Westdeutsche Meisterschaft in 1920. During the time of the Third Reich Heinz Ditgens became the first Borussia player who played for Germany. He was part of the 1936 Olympic team. Till the beginning of the 1960s the club had many up and downs.
The first important honour was the win of the German Cup in 1960 when they beat Karlsruher SC 3:2. But their results were not good enough to play in the new German Bundesliga. In the 1965/66 season they played for the first time in the Bundesliga. The same year Bayern München was promoted. In the 1970s these two teams doninated the league. 1970s were the golden age of Borussia Mönchen Gladbach. The coach Hennes Weisweiler formed a young team which won the UEFA Cup two times and was 4 times in the finals. In the 1980s the club was not as successful but was still an important team in the Bundesliga. From 1996 the club declined and in the 1998/99 season they were relegated. 2001/02 they reached the second place and were again promoted to the Bundesliga. 2006/07 they were again relegated. The next season they won the second league and were promoted.
Over all 35 players of Borussia Mönchengladbach were players in the German national football team.
Players of the club achieved the following honours:
Player of the Year – Europe
Player of the Year – Germany
Player of the Year – Australia
Player of the Year – Austria
Player of the Year – Belgium
Player of the Year – Denmark
Player of the Year – Sweden
Player of the Year – USA
Bundesliga Top-Scorers
Goal of the Year
1.F.C. Kaiserslautern, also known as 1. FCK, FCK or simply Kaiserslautern, is a association football club from Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. On 2 June 1900, Germania 1896 and FG Kaiserslautern came together to become the F.C. 1900. In 1909, they then joined F.C. Palatia (founded in 1901) and F.C. Bavaria (founded in 1902) to create F.V. 1900 Kaiserslautern. In 1929 they once again joined forces with S.V. Phönix to become F.V. Phönix-Kaiserslautern before finally taking on this new name three years later. Kaiserslautern plays in the German Bundesliga, the best league in Germany.
FCK plays its home matches in the Fritz Walter Stadion. It was built in 1920. The stadium and the neighbouring street is named after the FCK player Fritz Walter. Walter was member of the 1954 World Cup squad.The stadium is on the Betzenberg, a steep sandstone hill. The stadium has a capacity of 49,780 and was a 2006 World Cup stadium.
Verein für Leibesübungen Wolfsburg e. V., commonly known as VfL Wolfsburg () or Wolfsburg, is a football club from Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony. The club plays in the German Bundesliga The club grew out of a multi-sports club for Volkswagen workers in the city of Wolfsburg and is owned by the Volkswagen Group.
Choi Sung-Yong (; born 25 December 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
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!Total||61||1
Yoo Sang-chul
Yoo Sang-Chul (18 October 1971 – 7 June 2021) was a South Korean professional athlete. He was best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Yoo died in Seoul of pancreatic cancer on 7 June 2021, aged 49.
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Yoo has played in over 100 international matches.
!Total||123||18
Choi Yong-Soo (; born 10 September 1973), also known as Choi Yong-Su, is a South Korean football and former player. He was a member of the Korean national team. He was part of the Korean football team in the 1996 Summer Olympics at Atlanta.
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269||129||8||7||9||2||4||2||292||140
!Total||69||27
Aoki was born in Takasaki on September 28, 1982. After graduating from Maebashi Ikuei High School, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 2001. He played as defensive midfielder from first season and Antlers won the champions in 2001 J1 League and 2002 J.League Cup. He became a regular player from 2003 season and played many matches for a long time. In 2007, Antlers won the champions in J1 League for the first time in 6 years and Emperor's Cup. Antlers won the champions in J1 League for 3 years in a row (2007-2009). From 2010 season, although his opportunity to play as starting member decreased, Antlers won the champions 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011 and 2012 J.League Cup. From 2012, he played many matches as center back. Antlers won the champions in 2015 J.League Cup. However he could hardly play in the match in 2016. In July 2016, Aoki moved to Sagan Tosu. He played for the club in 2 seasons. In 2018, he moved to J2 League club Roasso Kumamoto. In 2019, he moved to Prefectural Leagues club Nankatsu SC.
In June 2001, Aoki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played full time in all 3 matches as defensive midfielder. On August 20, 2008, he debuted for the Japan national team against Uruguay. He played 2 games for Japan until 2009.
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Sylvain Wiltord
Sylvain Wiltord (born 10 May 1974) is a French football player. He plays for Metz.
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Automatic train operation
Upper Austria
Upper Austria ( ; ) is one of the nine states or "Bundesländer" of Austria. The capital of this state is Linz.
Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,980 km and 1.3 million people, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and third-largest by population.
Most of the large lakes of Upper Austria are situated in the south (Salzkammergut): Almsee, Attersee, die Gosauseen, Hallstätter See, Irrsee, Langbathseen, Mondsee, Offensee, Traunsee and Wolfgangsee. In the Oberinnviertler Seenplatte on the border with Salzburg, you can find small lakes which are very warm in summer: Holzöstersee, Höllerer See, and Ibmer See.
Ager, Alm, Aschach, Donau, Enns, Inn, Krems, Große Mühl, Kleine Mühl, Naarn, Rodl, Salzach, Steyr, Traun, Aist, Antiesen, and Trattnach.
Traditionally the state is divided into four quarters:
Upper Austria has three cities with their own charta:
The country is divided into 15 districts:
Lambach
Lambach is a market town in the Wels-Land district of Upper Austria, Austria. It is on the Ager and Traun Rivers. It had about 3,242 peopleas of 2001. A major stop on the salt trade, it is the site of the Lambach Abbey, built around 1056.
Between 1897 and 1898 lived Adolf Hitler there and attented the school.
Tracheotomy
Tracheotomy and tracheostomy is a surgery on the neck to open a direct path by cutting a hole in the trachea (windpipe). They are performed by paramedics, veterinarians, emergency physicians, and surgeons. Both surgical and percutaneous techniques are now widely used.
Tracheostomy was written about in ancient Egyptian tablets, but, in the 12th century, Ibn Zuhr described the first correct tracheotomy operation for people who were suffocating (could not breathe). The current tracheostomy was described in 1909 by Chevalier Jackson, an American doctor.
Leonding
Leonding is a city southwest of Linz in the Austrian state of Upper Austria, in Austria. In 2001, about 22,269 people lived in Leonding. It covers an area of 24.05 km² (9.28 mi²). It borders Puchenau and the river Danube in the north, Wilhering and Pasching in the west, Traun in the south and Linz in the east.
Adolf Hitler lived in Leonding between 1898 and 1905, and attended the school there.
Gefreiter
Gefreiter is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank. The rank of "Gefreiter" is usually the second rank or grade to which an enlisted soldier, airman or sailor could be promoted. As a military rank it has existed since the 16th century. From the 1920s on, "Gefreiter" has expanded into several additional ranks, those being "Obergefreiter", "Hauptgefreiter", "Stabsgefreiter" and "Oberstabsgefreiter".
A similar military rank also exists in Russia ("Ефрейтор"; yefreytor, efreitor), Ukraine ("Єфрейтор"; yefreytor, efreitor), Belarus and in the former Soviet Union.
Plasma display
Televisions with plasma display panel (PDP) are much thinner than cathode ray tubes and are usually higher definition. Only a few television use a PDP.
Plasma screens are made of two sheets of glass with two gases stored between the sheets. The gases are xenon and neon and they fill thousands of tiny chambers, or spaces. Behind each space are a series of red, blue and green phosphors that give off light when struck by radiation. When electricity connects to the plasma chambers the colored phosphors produce the right color on your screen. They work in a very similar way to fluorescent lamps used for lighting.
Plasma screens have been in use since 1964 but only two colors could be produced then. Now we have high definition Plasma screens up to 150 inches in size. In the early 21st century fewer plasma screens were made as people bought more liquid crystal displays.
Plasma TVs have more pixels (tiny dots that when put together can create an image on a picture) per inch than the old fashioned cathode ray tube (CRT) screens so they can produce a much sharper image. In the old style of CRT screens the pictures were made up of lines. If you look closely at a Plasma screen you will not see any lines. You will find out that most Plasma screens have a wide screen option so you can see movies in the way they were intended for movie theaters. They are also ideal for the latest digital broadcasting methods.
One of the big advantages is the space saving. The problem with old cathode ray tubes is that they needed a lot of space so that the rays can fire upon all areas of the screen. The wider the screen, the larger the volume of the television would be. The average Plasma television is around 6 to 8 inches deep. Moving your Plasma onto the wall can really increase the amount of floor space and they can be looked at from almost any point in the room (usually 180 degrees)
Plasma screens are also very light especially when compared to a rear projection TV. A 40-inch Plasma TV will weigh from and provided you purchase a suitable bracket (that can hold the TV up to the wall) they can be hung very easily to a suitable wall. When fixing to the wall you need to make sure you choose a bracket which tells you the highest weight it can carry. Most brackets can be tilted if you want to view from a different angle.
Plasma TVs can display up to 16 million colors so not only are they great for watching TV programs, they also make a good screen for the latest computer games consoles. Most Plasma TV's have inputs for HDMI and laptop computers connections making them ideal to use to display products and sales messages in offices and shops.
You will also find out that they are very easy to watch even on a sunny day or a very bright room. Unlike the old CRT screens they are not hard to see in bright areas.
Because of the phosphor technology in Plasma TVs, it is possible for traces of an image to be 'burned-in' to the display, meaning you might see little traces of it even while watching other images. This is a concern in commercial uses, where images are shown for long periods of time. Burn-in can generally be avoided by making sure the screen does not show the same image for a long time (sometimes as little as 20 minutes), either by turning the television off, or changing the channel.
Though Plasma TVs are much brighter than rear-projection TVs, direct view and LCD TVs are often brighter still. Latest generation Plasma TVs have improved on brightness, but a warning is do not view where it is too bright or sunny.
Although Plasma TVs are much lighter and thinner than direct view and rear projection TVs, an LCD TV can be even more light and slim. LCD TVs use the same technology as used in most laptop computers. Plasma TVs are available in larger sizes that LCD TVs. Plasma screen TVs cost more than CRTs and LCDs.
Compared to other television technologies, Plasma TVs have a shorter life span. Most Plasma TVs have a life span of 20,000-30,000 hours based on maker's estimates. This life span is commonly referred to as the Plasma TV half-life, as it is the number of hours over which the Plasma TV will lose approximately half of its brightness.
Plasma TVs break easily, and the parts are quite easy to damage. They should only be moved carefully.
As technology has been made better, Plasma screens have a much longer life and you should expect 30,000 hours of use. In other words, your television would need to be on for 16 hours a day, every day for the next 5 years. By the time your TV needs replacing higher definition models will have become available.
The first Plasma televisions for home use were expensive, as much as US$5000 for a basic small model. As the technology improved and production increased, prices became smaller. In the 21st century some 37-inch models sold for $1000 or even less. Buying a CRT television became rare as LCD became the usual kind.
Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is part of the Canadian province of Ontario that is south of the Algonquin Park. It is the farthest south part of Canada.
Over 12 million people live here, more than anywhere else in Canada.
Some cities in Southern Ontario are Toronto, Ottawa, Barrie, Guelph, Hamilton, Kingston, Kitchener, London, St. Catharines-Niagra, Waterloo, and Windsor.
Surrender (military)
David Toms
Keisuke Tsuboi
Tsuboi was born in Tama on September 16, 1979. After graduating from Fukuoka University, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 2002. He became a regular player as center back from first season. He won the "Rookie of the Year award" in 2002 and was selected as one of the "J.League Best Eleven" in 2003. In 2006, Urawa won the champions in J1 League which is first J1 champions in the club history. In 2007, Urawa won first Asian title AFC Champions League. Although he played many matches as regular center back until 2010, he could not play many matches from 2011. In 2015, he moved to Shonan Bellmare. However he could not play many matches and Shonan was relegated to J2 League end of 2016 season. In 2018, he moved to J2 club Renofa Yamaguchi FC. He retired end of 2019 season.
On June 11, 2003, Tsuboi debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay. He also played at 2003 Confederations Cup. In 2006, he was selected Japan for 2006 World Cup and played 2 matches. He played 40 games for Japan until 2007.
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Hiromitsu Isogai
Isogai was born in Uki on April 19, 1969. After graduating from Tokai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992. He played as regular player from first season. He moved to Urawa Reds in 1997. He retired in July 1998.
In January 1995, Isogai was selected the Japan national team for 1995 King Fahd Cup. At this competition, on January 6, he debuted against Nigeria. On January 8, he also played against Argentina. He played 2 games for Japan in 1995.
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Christophe Dugarry
Christophe Dugarry (born 24 March 1972) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.
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!Total||55||8
Teruyoshi Ito
Ito was born in Shizuoka on August 31, 1974. After graduating from Tokai University Daiichi High School, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse based in his local in 1993. He debuted in June 1994 and played several matches in 1994 season. He became a regular midfielder under manager Masakatsu Miyamoto from 1995 season and played as central player for the club for a long time. In 1996, S-Pulse won the champions in J.League Cup first title in the club history. In 1999, S-Pulse the 2nd place in J1 League and he also was selected Best Eleven award. In 2000, S-Pulse won the Asian title, 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. In 2001, S-Pulse won Emperor's Cup. After that, the club results was sluggish. In 2005, former teammate Kenta Hasegawa became a new manager. Although S-Pulse finished at the 15th place which is worst position in the club history in J1 League, S-Pulse won the 2nd place in 2005 Emperor's Cup. However the club results was raised under manager Hasegawa from 2006 and S-Pulse won the 2nd place in 2008 J.League Cup. Ito also played all matches in J1 League from 2006 to 2008 season and received the "fair play award" in 2007. In 2010, his opportunity to play decreased and he resigned end of 2010 season.
In 2011, Ito moved to newly was promoted to J1 club Ventforet Kofu with Daisuke Ichikawa who is teammate in S-Pulse for 13 seasons. On July 16, 2011, he became a first player to earn 500th matches in J1 League. Although, Ventforet was relegated to J2 League from 2012, the club won the champions in J2 and returned to J1 in a year. However Ito played only 6 matches in 2013 season and left the club end of 2013 season. In 2014, he moved to newly was promoted to J3 League club AC Nagano Parceiro. However he could not play many matches and left the club end of 2015 season. In 2016, he moved to J3 club Blaublitz Akita. In 2017, he moved to newly was promoted to J3 club Azul Claro Numazu.
In July 1996, Ito was selected for the Japan U-23 national team for the 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played the whole 90 minutes in all 3 matches. He is most remembered for his goal against Brazil which earned Japan a shock 1–0 victory. It was known as the "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan.
Ito was capped 27 times for the Japan national team between 1997 and 2001. He was an unused substitute at the 1998 World Cup.
556||30||56||3||77||3||3||0||692||36
Ichikawa is a product of Shimizu S-Pulses youth system. He played as right side-back and right midfielder. He made his J1 League debut on March 21, 1998 against Consadole Sapporo. He scored his first league goal against on November 14, 1998 against JEF United Ichihara. He was still a high school student at that time. He was instrumental in Shimizu winning the second stage of 1999 J1 League, the 1999–00 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and the 2001 Emperor's Cup. The side attack from Ichikawa on the right and Alessandro Santos on the left was Shimizu's main weapon during the period. He left the club end of 2010 season. Toward end of his career, he played for Ventforet Kofu (2011), Mito HollyHock (2012), Fujieda MYFC (2013–14), FC Imabari (2015) and Vanraure Hachinohe (2016). He retired end of 2016 season.
Ichikawa represented Japan national team at several underage levels. He made his first full international debut on April 1, 1998 against South Korea when he was 17 year and 322 days old, which made him the youngest player who represented Japan. Ichikawa was short-listed for the 1998 World Cup, but national coach Takeshi Okada dropped him together with Kazuyoshi Miura and Tsuyoshi Kitazawa at the final training camp in Nyon, Switzerland.
In March 2002, he was elected Japan for the first time in 4 years by Philippe Troussier. He was also chosen for the 2002 World Cup finals and played three games. Against Tunisia in the group stage, his cross was met by Hidetoshi Nakata who headed home to score Japan's second goal. He was capped 10 times without scoring between 1998 and 2002.
414||15||34||3||45||2||2||0||495||20
Jorge Dely Valdés
Jorge Dely Valdés (born 12 March, 1967) is a former Panamanian football player. He has played for Panama national team.
241||194||8||1||14||9||263||204
52||17||||||||||52||17
293||211||8||1||14||9||315||221
Ko Jong-Soo (born 30 October 1978) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
131||23||1||0||40||14||172||37
13||1||0||0||3||1||16||2
162||24||1||0||43||15||188||39
!Total||38||6
Choi Tae-Uk (; born 13 March 1981) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team. He was part of the Korean football team in the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens.
197||25||9||2||31||2||237||29
25||5||4||1||8||3||37||9
222||30||13||3||39||5||274||38
Cho Jae-Jin (born 9 July 1981) is a South Korean football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
73||12||4||2||5||2||colspan="2"|-||82||16
126||55||10||3||15||5||6||1||157||64
199||67||14||5||20||7||6||1||239||80
!Total||38||9
Kim Do-Hoon (born 21 July 1970) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
He received the title of top scorer in the Asian Club Championship the old version with 28 Goal.
257||114||||||||||257||114
58||27||2||2||2||0||62||29
315||141||2||2||2||0||319||143
!Total||72||27
Kim Yong-Dae (born 11 October 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
188||0||9||0||25||0||222||0
One World Trade Center
The One World Trade Center (also known as One WTC or Freedom Tower) is the main building of the new World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The building is tall making it the tallest building in the Americas. Since late 2013, it is the tallest building in the United States. It opened in late 2014. It is mostly used for offices. People can view the city from an observatory near the top.
On November 8, 2013, architects in Chicago and New York City began debating about the height of the One World Trade Center and the Willis Tower. They were saying that there was a possibility that the Willis Tower is taller than the One World Trade Center.
On November 12, a committee agreed that the antenna on top is part of the building, so One World Trade Center is taller than the Willis Tower.
Even after removing the antennas from the measurement, One World Trade Center is about 325 ft taller than the Willis Tower.
Song Chong-gug
Song Chong-Gug (born 20 February 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
122||6||8||0||41||1||7||0||178||7
53||2||||||||||13||0||66||2
175||8||8||0||41||1||20||0||244||9
!Total||60||2
Yuichiro Nagai
Nagai was born in Shinjuku, Tokyo on February 14, 1979. He joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1997. He was loaned out to German 2. Bundesliga side Karlsruher SC from 1998 to 1999. He played 21 league games and scored 4 goals for reserve team. In 2003, Nagai took over the number "9" jersey from iconic Masahiro Fukuda after the latter retired from the game. In 2006, Urawa won the champions in J1 League which is first J1 champions in the club history. In 2007, Urawa won first Asian title AFC Champions League. Urawa also won the 3rd place at 2007 Club World Cup. In 2009, he moved to Shimizu S-Pulse and played for the club in 3 seasons. After that, he played for Yokohama FC (2012–13), Arterivo Wakayama (2014) and Thespakusatsu Gunma (2015–17).
Nagai was a member of the Japan U-20 national team for the 1997 World Youth Championship. He played all 5 matches and scored 1 goal. He also represented U-20 Japan at the 1999 World Youth Championship. He played all 7 matches and scored a goal in the semifinal against Uruguay. Japan won the 2nd place. On April 16, 2003, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea and scored a goal in this match. He was also selected Japan for 2003 Confederations Cup. He played 4 games and scored 1 goals for Japan in 2003.
392||70||34||11||68||10||14||3||510||94
Boudewijn Zenden
Boudewijn Zenden (born 15 August 1976) is a Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.
109||32||||||colspan="2"|-||5||2||114||34
64||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1||86||3
133||15||11||1||14||2||35||3||193||21
54||6||3||0||2||0||12||0||71||6
360||55||17||1||16||2||71||6||464||64
!Total||54||7
Alpay Özalan
Alpay Özalan (born 29 May 1973) is a former Turkish football player. He has played for the Turkish national team.
200||13||||||||||200||13
65||1||||||||||65||1
8||0||||||||||8||0
13||0||3||0||14||0||30||0
48||1||||||||||48||1
334||15||3||0||14||0||351||15
!Total||90||4
Oleg Salenko
Oleg Salenko (born 25 October 1969) is a former Ukrainian-Russian football player. He has played for Ukraine national team and Russia national team.
122||31
16||7
75||30
18||11
248||86
!Total||8||7
Fábio Nunes Fernandes
Fábio Nunes Fernandes (born 15 January 1980) is a Brazilian football player.
10||4||0||0||10||4
Masahiro Ando
Ando was born in Sakado on April 2, 1972. After graduating from Kokushikan University, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1995. He became a regular player as right midfielder from 1996. The club won the champions at 1996 J.League Cup. However his opportunity to play decreased behind Daisuke Ichikawa in 1999. In October 1999, he moved to across town to the S-Pulse rivals, Júbilo Iwata. At Júbilo in 1999 season, Júbilo won the champions beat S-Pulse championship playoff. In June 2000, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. In 2001, he moved to J2 League club Omiya Ardija and he played as regular player. In 2002, he moved to Gamba Osaka. However he could hardly play in the match. In September 2002, he moved to newly was promoted to J1 League club, Vegalta Sendai and he played many matches as right side back. In 2003, he moved to Ardija again. Although he played as regular player, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga competing for stay J1 in October. However he could hardly play in the match and the club was relegated to J2. In 2004, he returned to Ardija. He played as regular player and the club was promoted to J1 from 2005. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2005 and retired end of 2005 season.
In June 1999, Ando was selected for the Japan national team for the 1999 Copa América. At this competition, on July 2, he played against Paraguay.
271||15||20||0||34||2||326||17
Fashion design is the art and profession of designing clothes, costume and related items like hats, purses, bags and shoes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as attractive. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a range of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Fashion design started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth, who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments he created. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term "couturier" was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 is considered fashion design.
During this period many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis. Each garment was made for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make. Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.
Ready-to-wear clothes have elements of haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.
Bombardier Transportation
Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Bombardier Inc.. Bombardier Transportation is the world’s largest company in the rail equipment manufacturing and servicing industry. Its headquarters are in Berlin, Germany.
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel is a famous luxury hotel in mid-town Manhattan, New York City. It has had two landmark buildings. The first was on the Fifth Avenue site of the Empire State Building. The present building at 301 Park Avenue in Manhattan is a 47 floor, Art Deco landmark, designed by architects Schultze and Weaver and dating from 1931. The Waldorf Astoria New York is a member of Hilton's Luxury and Lifestyle Brands with Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, Conrad Hotels & Resorts and Denizen Hotels. The Waldorf Astoria brand is made up of the Waldorf Astoria in New York and The Waldorf Astoria Orlando.
The modern hotel has three American and classic European restaurants, and a beauty parlor off the main lobby. Several shops surround the lobby, which has won awards for its original period character. An even more luxurious "hotel within a hotel" in its upper section is known as The Waldorf Towers operated by Conrad Hotels & Resorts.
The hotel has its own railway platform as part of Grand Central Terminal, used by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, and Douglas MacArthur, among others. People could go to the platform by using an elevator large enough for Franklin D. Roosevelt's car.
Farrah Fawcett