ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
LIVENT CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| (in Millions, Except Per Share Data) | (unaudited) |
| Revenue | $ | 103.6 | $ | 72.6 | $ | 297.5 | $ | 206.0 |
| Cost of sales | 85.3 | 69.8 | 245.5 | 178.4 |
| Gross margin | 18.3 | 2.8 | 52.0 | 27.6 |
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 11.8 | 10.0 | 34.2 | 31.1 |
| Research and development expenses | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
| Restructuring and other charges | 1.1 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 10.1 |
| Separation-related costs | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| Total costs and expenses | 99.8 | 85.8 | 286.6 | 223.2 |
| Income/(loss) from operations before loss on debt extinguishment, equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates and interest expense, net | 3.8 | ( 13.2 ) | 10.9 | ( 17.2 ) |
| Loss on debt extinguishment | — | — | — | 0.1 |
| Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates | 1.0 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 0.4 |
| Interest expense, net | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Income/(loss) from operations before income taxes | 2.8 | ( 13.6 ) | 6.9 | ( 18.0 ) |
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | 15.4 | ( 3.1 ) | 13.8 | ( 5.4 ) |
| Net loss | $ | ( 12.6 ) | $ | ( 10.5 ) | $ | ( 6.9 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) |
| Net loss per weighted average share - basic and diluted | $ | ( 0.08 ) | $ | ( 0.07 ) | $ | ( 0.05 ) | $ | ( 0.09 ) |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted | 161.6 | 146.3 | 152.3 | 146.2 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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LIVENT CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| (in Millions) | (unaudited) |
| Net loss | $ | ( 12.6 ) | $ | ( 10.5 ) | $ | ( 6.9 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) |
| Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax: |
| Foreign currency adjustments: |
| Foreign currency translation (loss)/gain arising during the period | ( 1.1 ) | 3.0 | ( 0.2 ) | 1.4 |
| Total foreign currency translation adjustments | ( 1.1 ) | 3.0 | ( 0.2 ) | 1.4 |
| Derivative instruments: |
| Unrealized hedging losses, net of tax of less than $ 0.1 | ( 0.1 ) | — | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Total derivative instruments loss, net of tax of less than $ 0.1 | ( 0.1 ) | — | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax | ( 1.2 ) | 3.0 | ( 0.2 ) | 1.2 |
| Comprehensive loss | $ | ( 13.8 ) | $ | ( 7.5 ) | $ | ( 7.1 ) | $ | ( 11.4 ) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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LIVENT CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| (in Millions, Except Share and Par Value Data) | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| ASSETS | (unaudited) |
| Current assets |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 195.3 | $ | 11.6 |
| Trade receivables, net of allowance of $ 0.3 and $ 0.4 , respectively | 83.0 | 76.3 |
| Inventories, net | 110.2 | 105.6 |
| Prepaid and other current assets | 43.8 | 56.3 |
| Total current assets | 432.3 | 249.8 |
| Investments | 23.2 | 23.8 |
| Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 238.3 and $ 222.4 , respectively | 605.3 | 545.3 |
| Deferred income taxes | 2.2 | 13.4 |
| Right of use assets - operating leases, net | 6.4 | 16.1 |
| Other assets | 81.6 | 88.4 |
| Total assets | $ | 1,151.0 | $ | 936.8 |
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |
| Current liabilities |
| Accounts payable, trade and other | $ | 49.7 | $ | 43.9 |
| Accrued customer rebates | — | 0.3 |
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 35.7 | 36.7 |
| Operating lease liabilities - current | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| Income taxes | 2.3 | — |
| Total current liabilities | 88.7 | 82.3 |
| Long-term debt | 240.1 | 274.6 |
| Operating lease liabilities - long-term | 5.5 | 14.8 |
| Environmental liabilities | 6.2 | 6.1 |
| Deferred income taxes | 7.8 | 5.6 |
| Other long-term liabilities | 18.2 | 17.2 |
| Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 13) |
| Total current and long-term liabilities | 366.5 | 400.6 |
| Equity |
| Common stock; $ 0.001 par value; 2 billion shares authorized in 2018; 161,676,147 and 146,461,249 shares issued; 161,575,016 and 146,361,981 outstanding at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Capital in excess of par value of common stock | 776.4 | 520.9 |
| Retained earnings | 53.4 | 60.3 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( 44.6 ) | ( 44.4 ) |
| Treasury stock, common; 101,131 and 99,268 shares at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively | ( 0.8 ) | ( 0.7 ) |
| Total equity | 784.5 | 536.2 |
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,151.0 | $ | 936.8 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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LIVENT CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 |
| (in Millions) | (unaudited) |
| Cash provided by operating activities: |
| Net loss | $ | ( 6.9 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities: |
| Depreciation and amortization | 18.7 | 17.7 |
| Restructuring and other charges | ( 0.8 ) | 4.3 |
| Deferred income taxes | 11.2 | ( 5.7 ) |
| Separation-related costs | — | 0.1 |
| Share-based compensation | 4.0 | 3.4 |
| Change in investments in trust fund securities | 0.4 | 0.1 |
| Loss on debt extinguishment | — | 0.1 |
| Deferred financing fees amortization | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates | 3.7 | 0.4 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
| Trade receivables, net | ( 6.2 ) | 17.5 |
| Inventories | ( 4.2 ) | ( 0.1 ) |
| Accounts payable, trade and other | 5.5 | ( 40.9 ) |
| Change in deferred compensation | 1.2 | 0.4 |
| Income taxes | 2.3 | ( 0.9 ) |
| Change in prepaid and other current assets and other assets | 16.6 | ( 5.5 ) |
| Change in accrued and other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities | ( 4.8 ) | 22.9 |
| Cash provided by operating activities | 41.0 | 1.5 |
| Cash used in investing activities: |
| Capital expenditures(1) | ( 69.4 ) | ( 110.0 ) |
| Investments in trust fund securities | ( 1.2 ) | ( 0.4 ) |
| Investment in unconsolidated affiliate | ( 2.5 ) | — |
| Other investing activities | ( 1.2 ) | ( 1.4 ) |
| Cash used in investing activities | ( 74.3 ) | ( 111.8 ) |
| Cash provided by financing activities: |
| Proceeds from Revolving Credit Facility | 39.5 | 147.0 |
| Repayments of Revolving Credit Facility | ( 75.1 ) | ( 276.5 ) |
| Proceeds from 2025 Notes | — | 245.7 |
| Payments of financing fees | — | ( 8.4 ) |
| Proceeds from Offering | 261.6 | — |
| Payments of underwriting fees and expenses - Offering | ( 9.4 ) | — |
| Proceeds of issuance of common stock - incentive plans | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Cash provided by financing activities | 216.9 | 108.2 |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 183.7 | ( 2.0 ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 11.6 | 16.8 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 195.3 | $ | 14.8 |

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LIVENT CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 |
| Supplemental Disclosure for Cash Flow: | (unaudited) |
| Cash payments for income taxes, net (2) | $ | 0.5 | $ | 2.8 |
| Cash payments for interest, net (1) | $ | 12.9 | $ | 4.8 |
| Cash payments for Restructuring and other charges | $ | 4.2 | $ | 5.8 |
| Cash payments for Separation-related charges | $ | 1.4 | $ | 0.7 |
| Accrued capital expenditures | $ | 17.8 | $ | 7.8 |
| Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recorded for ASC 842 | $ | 2.1 | $ | 0.8 |

____________________
1. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020 $ 11.5 million and $ 8.1 million of interest expense was capitalized, respectively.
2.Nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes $ 1.7 million of refunds relating to U.S. state taxes and foreign taxes. Nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes $ 1.9 million refund from FMC related to the Company's 2018 federal income tax return.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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LIVENT CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)
| (in Millions Except Per Share Data) | Common Stock, $ 0.001 Per Share Par Value | Capital In Excess of Par | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Treasury Stock | Total |
| Balance, December 31, 2019 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 516.4 | $ | 76.6 | $ | ( 48.3 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 544.0 |
| Net loss | — | — | ( 1.9 ) | — | — | ( 1.9 ) |
| Stock compensation plans | — | 1.2 | — | — | — | 1.2 |
| Shares withheld for taxes - common stock issuances | — | ( 0.7 ) | — | — | — | ( 0.7 ) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | ( 1.8 ) | — | ( 1.8 ) |
| Balance, March 31, 2020 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 516.9 | $ | 74.7 | $ | ( 50.1 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 540.8 |
| Net loss | — | — | ( 0.2 ) | — | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Stock compensation plans | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | 1.0 |
| Net hedging losses, net of income tax | — | — | — | ( 0.2 ) | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | 0.2 |
| Exercise of stock options | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 |
| Balance, June 30, 2020 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 518.0 | $ | 74.5 | $ | ( 50.1 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 541.7 |
| Net loss | — | — | ( 10.5 ) | — | — | ( 10.5 ) |
| Stock compensation plans | — | 1.2 | — | — | — | 1.2 |
| Exercise of stock options | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | 0.3 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | 3.0 | — | 3.0 |
| Balance, September 30, 2020 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 519.5 | $ | 64.0 | $ | ( 47.1 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 535.7 |
| Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 520.9 | $ | 60.3 | $ | ( 44.4 ) | $ | ( 0.7 ) | $ | 536.2 |
| Net loss | — | — | ( 0.8 ) | — | — | ( 0.8 ) |
| Stock compensation plans | — | 1.2 | — | — | — | 1.2 |
| Exercise of stock options | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | 0.2 |
| Shares withheld for taxes - common stock issuances | — | ( 0.8 ) | — | — | — | ( 0.8 ) |
| Net purchases of treasury stock - nonqualified plan | — | — | — | — | ( 0.1 ) | ( 0.1 ) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | ( 0.3 ) | — | ( 0.3 ) |
| Balance, March 31, 2021 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 521.5 | $ | 59.5 | $ | ( 44.7 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 535.6 |
| Net income | — | — | 6.5 | — | — | 6.5 |
| Stock compensation plans | — | 1.4 | — | — | — | 1.4 |
| Net hedging gains, net of income tax | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | 0.1 |
| Issuance of common stock - Offering | — | 252.3 | — | — | — | 252.3 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | 1.2 | — | 1.2 |
| Balance, June 30, 2021 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 775.2 | $ | 66.0 | $ | ( 43.4 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 797.1 |
| Net loss | — | — | ( 12.6 ) | — | — | ( 12.6 ) |
| Stock compensation plans | — | 1.4 | — | — | — | 1.4 |
| Issuance of common stock - Offering | — | ( 0.1 ) | — | — | — | ( 0.1 ) |
| Shares withheld for taxes - common stock issuances | — | ( 0.2 ) | — | — | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Net hedging losses, net of income tax | — | — | — | ( 0.1 ) | — | ( 0.1 ) |
| Exercise of stock options | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 |
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | — | — | — | ( 1.1 ) | — | ( 1.1 ) |
| Balance, September 30, 2021 | $ | 0.1 | $ | 776.4 | $ | 53.4 | $ | ( 44.6 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | 784.5 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Note 1: Description of the Business
Background and Nature of Operations
Livent Corporation (“Livent”, “we”, “us”, "company" or “our”) manufactures lithium for use in a wide range of lithium products, which are used primarily in lithium-based batteries, specialty polymers and chemical synthesis applications. We serve a diverse group of markets. Our product offerings generally have few cost-effective substitutes. A major growth driver for lithium in the future will be the rate of adoption of electric vehicles.
Most markets for lithium chemicals are global with significant growth occurring in Asia, Europe and North America, primarily driven by the development and manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. We are one of the few leading global producers of performance lithium compounds.
Note 2: Principal Accounting Policies and Related Financial Information
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain notes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from these interim financial statements. The financial statements included in this report reflect all normal and recurring adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our condensed consolidated financial position as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, and the condensed consolidated cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. The unaudited results of operations for the interim periods reported are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year. These statements, therefore, should be read in conjunction with the annual consolidated and combined financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (the "2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K").
Estimates and assumptions
In preparing the financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period.
Due to the current coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. The estimates used for, but not limited to, the collectability of trade receivables, fair value of long-lived assets, income taxes, inventory valuation and fair value of financial instruments could be impacted. We have assessed the impact and are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that required an update to our estimates and assumptions or materially affected the carrying value of our assets or liabilities as of the date of issuance of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
4.125 % Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”)
We account for our 2025 Notes under Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity ("ASU 2020-06"), which we early adopted January 1, 2021 under the full retrospective method. See Note 3 and Note 9 for details.
There were no other significant changes to our accounting policies that are set forth in detail in Note 2 to our annual consolidated and combined financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Note 3: Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Regulatory Items
New accounting guidance and regulatory items
In April 2020, the Financial Accounting Standard Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The amendments in this ASU provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. An entity may optionally elect to apply the amendments effective in the first interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We are evaluating the effect the guidance will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Recently adopted accounting guidance
In August 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-06. The ASU reduces the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments by eliminating the cash conversion model. As compared with current U.S. GAAP, more convertible debt instruments will be reported as a single liability instrument and the interest rate of more convertible debt instruments will be closer to the coupon interest rate. The ASU also aligns the consistency of diluted Earnings Per Share ("EPS") calculations for convertible instruments by requiring that (1) an entity use the if-converted method and (2) share settlement be included in the diluted EPS calculation for both convertible instruments and equity contracts when those contracts include an option of cash settlement or share settlement. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The FASB has specified that an entity should adopt the guidance as of the beginning of its annual fiscal year. We elected to early adopt ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021, using the full retrospective method. Prior to adoption, under Accounting Standards Codification 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options ("ASC 470-20"), we had separately accounted for the liability and equity components of our 2025 Notes, which may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion, in a manner that reflected the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the 2025 Notes was that the equity component was required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet, and the value of the equity component was treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the 2025 Notes. As a result, prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, we were required to record a greater amount of non-cash interest expense as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the 2025 Notes to their face amount over the term of the 2025 Notes. Because we intend to settle in cash the principal outstanding under our 2025 Notes, we previously used the treasury stock method when calculating their potential dilutive effect, if any. ASU 2020-06 now requires us to use the if-converted method for EPS. For the full retrospective method of adoption, the accounting change was recognized as an adjustment to the balance of retained earnings, additional paid-in capital, long-term debt and deferred income taxes in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, the year in which the 2025 Notes were issued. See Note 9 and Note 11 for further details.
In December 2019, FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). The amendments in this ASU simplified the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principle in Topic 740. The amendments also contain improvements and clarifications of certain guidance in Topic 740. The new amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 (i.e. a January 1, 2021 effective date), with early adoption permitted. We adopted the amendments as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Note 4: Revenue Recognition
Disaggregation of revenue
We disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers by geographical areas and by product categories. The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by major geographical region:
| (in Millions) | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| North America (1) | $ | 20.0 | $ | 11.0 | $ | 63.4 | $ | 40.5 |
| Latin America | — | — | — | 0.1 |
| Europe, Middle East & Africa | 14.2 | 9.8 | 46.0 | 32.3 |
| Asia Pacific (1) | 69.4 | 51.8 | 188.1 | 133.1 |
| Total Revenue | $ | 103.6 | $ | 72.6 | $ | 297.5 | $ | 206.0 |

1.During the three months ended September 30, 2021, countries with sales in excess of 10% of combined revenue consisted of Japan, the United States, and China. Sales for the three months ended September 30, 2021 for Japan, the United States, and China totaled $ 24.5 million, $ 19.7 million, $ 36.6 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, countries with sales in excess of 10% of combined revenue consisted of Japan, the United States, and China. Sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 for Japan, the United States, and China totaled $ 65.1 million, $ 62.7 million, $ 89.9 million, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, countries with sales in excess of 10% of combined revenue consisted of Japan, the United States and China. Sales for the three months ended September 30, 2020 for Japan, the United States and China totaled $ 23.5 million, $ 11.0 million, and $ 19.0 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, countries with sales in excess of 10% of combined
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
revenue consisted of Japan, the United States and China. Sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 for Japan, the United States and China totaled $ 81.1 million, $ 40.0 million, and $ 29.1 million, respectively.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, one customer accounted for approximately 35 % of total revenue and our 10 largest customers accounted in aggregate for approximately 69 % of total revenue. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, two customers accounted for approximately 34 % and 10 % of total revenue, respectively, and our 10 largest customers accounted in aggregate for approximately 68 % of total revenue. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, one customer accounted for approximately 36 % of total revenue and our 10 largest customers accounted in aggregate for approximately 68 % of total revenue. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, one customer accounted for approximately 35 % of total revenue and our 10 largest customers accounted in aggregate for approximately 64 % of total revenue. A loss of any material customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by major product category:
| (in Millions) | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Lithium Hydroxide | $ | 50.7 | $ | 43.9 | $ | 160.5 | $ | 115.4 |
| Butyllithium | 27.4 | 19.6 | 76.1 | 62.4 |
| High Purity Lithium Metal and Other Specialty Compounds | 9.8 | 7.1 | 27.6 | 23.0 |
| Lithium Carbonate and Lithium Chloride | 15.7 | 2.0 | 33.3 | 5.2 |
| Total Revenue | $ | 103.6 | $ | 72.6 | $ | 297.5 | $ | 206.0 |

Contract asset and contract liability balances
The following table presents the opening and closing balances of our receivables, net of allowances. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no contract liabilities from contracts with customers.
| (in Millions) | Balance as of September 30, 2021 | Balance as of December 31, 2020 | Increase (Decrease) |
| Receivables from contracts with customers, net of allowances | $ | 83.0 | $ | 76.3 | $ | 6.7 |

The balance of receivables from contracts with customers listed in the table above represents the current trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for receivables represents our best estimate of the probable losses associated with potential customer defaults. We determine the allowance based on historical experience, current collection trends, and external business factors such as economic factors, including regional bankruptcy rates, and political factors.
Performance obligations
Occasionally, we may enter into multi-year take or pay supply agreements with customers. The aggregate amount of revenue expected to be recognized related to these contracts’ performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied is approximately $ 10 million for the remainder of 2021 and $ 68 million in 2022 and 2023, respectively. T hese approximate revenues do not include amounts of variable consideration attributable to contract renewals or contract contingencies. Based on our past experience with the customers under these arrangements, we expect to continue recognizing revenue in accordance with the contracts as we transfer control of the product to the customer. However, in the case a shortfall of volume purchases occurs, we will recognize the amount payable by the customer over the remaining performance obligations in the contract.
Note 5: Inventories, Net
Inventories consisted of the following:
| (in Millions) | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| Finished goods | $ | 35.0 | $ | 36.1 |
| Semi-finished goods | 41.3 | 46.2 |
| Raw materials, supplies and other | 33.9 | 23.3 |
| Inventory, net | $ | 110.2 | $ | 105.6 |

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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Note 6: Investments
In 2020, Livent entered into an agreement with The Pallinghurst Group relating to Québec Lithium Partners ("QLP"), a joint venture owned equally by The Pallinghurst Group and Livent, and the conduct of certain business operations and oversight, previously conducted solely by Nemaska Lithium Inc. for the development of a fully integrated lithium chemical asset located in Québec, Canada that is not yet in commercial production. QLP owns a 50 % equity interest in the Nemaska Project. The Company accounts for the investment in QLP as an equity method investment on a one-quarter lag basis and is included in Investments in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recorded a $ 1.0 million and $ 3.7 million loss, respectively, related to our 50 % equity interest in QLP to Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. The carrying amount of our 50 % equity interest in QLP was $ 20.1 million and $ 21.2 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Note 7: Restructuring and Other Charges
The following table shows other charges included in "Restructuring and other charges" in the condensed consolidated statements of operations:
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| (in Millions) | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Restructuring charges |
| Severance-related and exit costs (1) | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.9 | $ | 0.2 | $ | 5.8 |
| Other charges |
| Environmental remediation (2) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Other (3) | 0.9 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
| Total Restructuring and other charges | $ | 1.1 | $ | 4.4 | $ | 3.4 | $ | 10.1 |

___________________
1.Three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes severance costs for management changes at certain operating and administrative facilities and exit costs of $ 1.6 million for the closing of leased office space.
2.There is one environmental remediation site in Bessemer City, North Carolina.
3.Three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 consists primarily of transaction-related legal fees and miscellaneous nonrecurring transactions. Three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 consists primarily of legal fees related to IPO securities litigation including a settlement accrual, net of insurance reimbursement, of $ 2.5 million in the third quarter. The IPO litigation settlement was finalized in the second quarter of 2021.
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Note 8: Income Taxes
We determine our interim tax provision using an estimated annual effective tax rate methodology (“EAETR”) in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The EAETR is applied to the year-to-date ordinary income, exclusive of discrete items. The tax effects of discrete items are then included to arrive at the total reported interim tax provision.
The determination of the EAETR is based upon a number of estimates, including the estimated annual pretax ordinary income in each tax jurisdiction in which we operate. As our projections of ordinary income change throughout the year, the EAETR will change period-to-period. The tax effects of discrete items are recognized in the tax provision in the period they occur in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Depending on various factors, such as the item’s significance in relation to total income and the rate of tax applicable in the jurisdiction to which it relates, discrete items in any quarter can materially impact the reported effective tax rate. As a global enterprise, our tax expense can be impacted by changes in tax rates or laws, the finalization of tax audits and reviews, as well as other factors. As a result, there can be significant volatility in interim tax provisions.
Provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was an expense of $ 15.4 million and $ 13.8 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 540.5 % and 198.7 %, respectively. Provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was a benefit of $ 3.1 million and $ 5.4 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 22.8 % and 30.0 %, respectively.
Note 9: Debt
Long-term debt
Long-term debt consists of the following:
| Interest RatePercentage | MaturityDate | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| (in Millions) | LIBOR borrowings | Base rate borrowings |
| Revolving Credit Facility (1) | 2.3 % | 4.5 % | 2023 | $ | — | $ | 35.6 |
| 4.125 % Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 | 4.125 % | 2025 | 245.8 | 245.8 |
| Transaction costs - 2025 Notes | ( 5.7 ) | ( 6.8 ) |
| Total long-term debt (2) | $ | 240.1 | $ | 274.6 |

______________________________
1.As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were $ 14.4 million in letters of credit outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility and $ 385.6 million and $ 275.0 million available funds as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Fund availability is subject to the Company meeting its debt covenants.
2. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had no debt maturing within one year.
On January 1, 2021, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2020-06 under the full retrospective method, that is, the accounting change was recognized as an adjustment to the balance of retained earnings, additional paid-in capital, long-term debt and deferred income taxes in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020, the year in which the 2025 Notes were issued. The ASU reduces the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments by eliminating the cash conversion model. Our 2025 Notes are now reported as a single liability instrument net of transaction costs with an interest rate closer to the coupon interest rate.
The comparative financial statements of prior years have been adjusted to apply the adopted guidance retrospectively.
14
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
| Statement of operations |
| (in Millions, except per share amounts) |
| Three months ended September 30, 2021 | As computed under ASC 470-20 | As reported under ASU 2020-06 | Effect of change |
| Interest expense/(income) | $ | 1.8 | $ | — | $ | ( 1.8 ) |
| Income from operations before income taxes | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.8 |
| Income tax expense | 15.0 | 15.4 | 0.4 |
| Net (loss)/income | $ | ( 14.0 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) | $ | 1.4 |
| Net (loss)/income per weighted average share - basic and diluted | $ | ( 0.09 ) | $ | ( 0.08 ) | $ | 0.01 |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2021 | As computed under ASC 470-20 | As reported under ASU 2020-06 | Effect of change |
| Interest expense/(income) | $ | 5.5 | $ | 0.3 | $ | ( 5.2 ) |
| Income from operations before income taxes | 1.7 | 6.9 | 5.2 |
| Income tax expense | 12.7 | 13.8 | 1.1 |
| Net (loss)/income | $ | ( 11.0 ) | $ | ( 6.9 ) | $ | 4.1 |
| Net (loss)/income per weighted average share - basic and diluted | $ | ( 0.07 ) | $ | ( 0.05 ) | $ | 0.02 |
| Three months ended September 30, 2020 | As originally reported | As adjusted | Effect of change |
| Interest expense/(income) | $ | 2.0 | $ | 0.3 | $ | ( 1.7 ) |
| (Loss)/income from operations before income taxes | ( 15.3 ) | ( 13.6 ) | 1.7 |
| Income tax (benefit)/expense | ( 3.5 ) | ( 3.1 ) | 0.4 |
| Net (loss)/income | $ | ( 11.8 ) | $ | ( 10.5 ) | $ | 1.3 |
| Net (loss)/income per weighted average share - basic and diluted | $ | ( 0.08 ) | $ | ( 0.07 ) | $ | 0.01 |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2020 | As originally reported | As adjusted | Effect of change |
| Interest expense/(income) | $ | 2.0 | $ | 0.3 | $ | ( 1.7 ) |
| (Loss)/Income from operations before income taxes | ( 19.7 ) | ( 18.0 ) | 1.7 |
| Income tax (benefit)/expense | ( 5.8 ) | ( 5.4 ) | 0.4 |
| Net (loss)/income | $ | ( 13.9 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) | $ | 1.3 |
| Net (loss)/income per weighted average share - basic and diluted | $ | ( 0.10 ) | $ | ( 0.09 ) | $ | 0.01 |

15
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
| Balance Sheet |
| (in Millions, except per share amounts) |
| September 30, 2021 | As computed under ASC 470-20 | As reported under ASU 2020-06 | Effect of change |
| Deferred income taxes | $ | 15.0 | 7.8 | $ | ( 7.2 ) |
| Long-term debt | 207.4 | 240.1 | 32.7 |
| Total liabilities | $ | 222.4 | $ | 247.9 | $ | 25.5 |
| Common stock, $ 0.001 per share par value | 0.1 | 0.1 | — |
| Capital in excess of par value of common stock | 808.6 | 776.4 | ( 32.2 ) |
| Retained earnings | 46.7 | 53.4 | 6.7 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( 44.6 ) | ( 44.6 ) | — |
| Treasury stock | ( 0.8 ) | ( 0.8 ) | — |
| Total equity | 810.0 | 784.5 | ( 25.5 ) |
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,032.4 | $ | 1,032.4 | $ | — |
| December 31, 2020 | As originally reported | As adjusted | Effect of change |
| Deferred income taxes | $ | 13.9 | $ | 5.6 | $ | ( 8.3 ) |
| Long-term debt | 236.7 | 274.6 | 37.9 |
| Total liabilities | $ | 250.6 | $ | 280.2 | $ | 29.6 |
| Common stock | 0.1 | 0.1 | — |
| Capital in excess of par value of common stock | 553.1 | 520.9 | ( 32.2 ) |
| Retained earnings | 57.7 | 60.3 | 2.6 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( 44.4 ) | ( 44.4 ) | — |
| Treasury stock, common, at cost | ( 0.7 ) | ( 0.7 ) | — |
| Total equity | 565.8 | 536.2 | ( 29.6 ) |
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 816.4 | $ | 816.4 | $ | — |

| Statement of cash flows |
| (in Millions) |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2021 | As computed under ASC 470-20 | As reported under ASU 2020-06 | Effect of change |
| Net (loss)/income | $ | ( 11.0 ) | $ | ( 6.9 ) | $ | 4.1 |
| Adjustments to reconcile net (loss)/income to cash provided by operating activities: |
| Deferred income taxes | 10.1 | 11.2 | 1.1 |
| Deferred financing fee amortization | 5.5 | 0.3 | ( 5.2 ) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 4.6 | 4.6 | — |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 183.7 | 183.7 | — |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 11.6 | 11.6 | — |
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 195.3 | $ | 195.3 | $ | — |
| Nine months ended September 30, 2020 | As originally reported | As adjusted | Effect of change |
| Net (loss)/income | $ | ( 13.9 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) | $ | 1.3 |
| Adjustments to reconcile net (loss)/income to cash required by operating activities: |
| Deferred income taxes | ( 6.1 ) | ( 5.7 ) | 0.4 |
| Deferred financing fee amortization | 2.0 | 0.3 | ( 1.7 ) |
| Net cash required by operating activities | ( 18.0 ) | ( 18.0 ) | — |
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | ( 2.0 ) | ( 2.0 ) | — |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 16.8 | 16.8 | — |
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 14.8 | $ | 14.8 | $ | — |

16
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
2025 Notes
In the fourth quarter of 2021, the holders of the 2025 Notes were notified that the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, September 30, 2021 was greater than or equal to 130 % of the conversion price on each trading day, and as a result, the holders have the option to convert all or any portion of their 2025 Notes through December 31, 2021. The 2025 Notes are classified as long-term debt.
The Company recognized noncash interest related to the amortization of transaction costs of $ 0.4 million and $ 1.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively; $ 0.4 million and $ 0.8 million of which was capitalized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. The Company recorded $ 2.5 million and $ 7.6 million of accrued interest expense related to the principal amount for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.
Revolving Credit Facility
The carrying value of our deferred financing costs was $ 1.7 million as of September 30, 2021. In June 2021, we used a portion of the net proceeds from the Offering to repay all amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility.
Covenants
The Credit Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants that are binding on us and our subsidiary, FMC Lithium USA Corp., as borrowers (the "Borrowers") and their subsidiaries, including, among others, restrictions (subject to exceptions and qualifications) on the ability of the Borrowers and their subsidiaries to create liens, to undertake fundamental changes, to incur debt, to sell or dispose of assets, to make investments, to make restricted payments such as dividends, distributions or equity repurchases, to change the nature of their businesses, to enter into transactions with affiliates and to enter into certain burdensome agreements. Furthermore, the Borrowers are subject to financial covenants regarding leverage (measured as the ratio of debt to adjusted earnings) and interest coverage (measured as the ratio of adjusted earnings to interest expense). Our maximum allowable first lien leverage ratio is 3.5 as of September 30, 2021. Our minimum allowable interest coverage ratio is 3.5 . We were in compliance with all requirements of the covenants at September 30, 2021.
17
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Note 10: Equity
As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had 2 billion shares of common stock authorized. The following is a summary of Livent's common stock issued and outstanding:
| Issued | Treasury | Outstanding |
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | 146,461,249 | ( 99,268 ) | 146,361,981 |
| Adjusted FMC RSU awards (1) | 120,986 | — | 120,986 |
| Livent RSU awards | 102,505 | — | 102,505 |
| Livent stock option awards | 41,407 | — | 41,407 |
| Net purchases of treasury stock - deferred compensation plan | — | ( 1,863 ) | ( 1,863 ) |
| Issuance of common stock | 14,950,000 | — | 14,950,000 |
| Balance at September 30, 2021 | 161,676,147 | ( 101,131 ) | 161,575,016 |

1.See Note 12 to our consolidated and combined financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on Adjusted FMC RSU awards held by FMC employees.
I n June 15, 2021, the Company closed on the issuance of 14,950,000 shares of its common stock, par value $ 0.001 per share, at a public offering price of $ 17.50 per share, in an underwritten public offering (the "Offering"), including 1,950,000 shares purchased under a 30 -day underwriters' option exercised in full by the underwriters on June 11, 2021. Total net proceeds from the Offering, including from the exercise of the underwriters’ option, were $ 252.2 million, after deducting the underwriters’ fees and offering expenses payable by the Company of $ 9.4 million. The total net proceeds were recorded to paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. In the third quarter of 2021, we purchased $ 140.0 million in limited risk investments with maturities of 90 days or less with a portion of the Offering net proceeds. The investments were recorded to Cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated balance sheet in the third quarter of 2021.
Summarized below is the roll forward of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax.
| (in Millions) | Foreign currency adjustments | Derivative Instruments (1) | Total |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at December 31, 2020 | $ | ( 44.4 ) | — | $ | ( 44.4 ) |
| Other comprehensive losses before reclassifications | ( 0.2 ) | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at September 30, 2021 | $ | ( 44.6 ) | $ | — | $ | ( 44.6 ) |

| (in Millions) | Foreign currency adjustments | Derivative Instruments (1) | Total |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at December 31, 2019 | $ | ( 48.3 ) | $ | — | $ | ( 48.3 ) |
| Other comprehensive gains/(losses) before reclassifications | 1.4 | ( 0.2 ) | 1.2 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at September 30, 2020 | $ | ( 46.9 ) | $ | ( 0.2 ) | $ | ( 47.1 ) |

1.See Note 12 for more information.
18
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Reclassifications of accumulated other comprehensive loss
The table below provides details about the reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss and the affected line items in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the period presented. No amounts were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.
| Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components | Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (1) | Affected Line Item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| (in Millions) | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Derivative instruments |
| Foreign currency contracts | $ | — | $ | ( 0.2 ) | $ | — | $ | ( 0.2 ) | Costs of sales and services |
| Total before tax | — | ( 0.2 ) | — | ( 0.2 ) |
| Amount included in net income (1) | $ | — | $ | ( 0.2 ) | $ | — | $ | ( 0.2 ) |

(1) Provision for income taxes related to the reclassification was less than $ 0.1 million.
Dividends
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, we paid no dividends. We do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
Note 11: Loss Per Share
Loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period on a basic and diluted basis.
Our potentially dilutive securities include potential common shares related to our stock options and restricted stock units ("RSU") granted in connection with the Livent Plan and FMC Plan. See Note 12 to our consolidated and combined financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information. Diluted loss per share (“Diluted EPS”) considers the impact of potentially dilutive securities except in periods in which there is a loss because the inclusion of the potential common shares would have an anti-dilutive effect. Diluted EPS excludes the impact of potential common shares related to our stock options in periods in which the option exercise price is greater than the average market price of our common stock for the period. We use the if-converted method when calculating the potential dilutive effect, if any, of our 2025 Notes.
L oss applicable to common stock and common stock shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted loss per share are as follows:
| (in Millions, Except Share and Per Share Data) | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Numerator: |
| Net loss | $ | ( 12.6 ) | $ | ( 10.5 ) | $ | ( 6.9 ) | $ | ( 12.6 ) |
| Denominator: |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted | 161.6 | 146.3 | 152.3 | 146.2 |
| Basic and diluted loss per common share: |
| Net loss per weighted average share - basic and diluted | $ | ( 0.08 ) | $ | ( 0.07 ) | $ | ( 0.05 ) | $ | ( 0.09 ) |

19
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
The following table presents weighted average share equivalents associated with share-based plans and the 2025 Notes that were excluded from the diluted shares outstanding calculation because the result would have been antidilutive. The 2025 Notes are further discussed in Note 9.
| (in Millions) | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Share equivalents from share-based plans | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
| Share equivalents from 2025 Notes | 45.3 | 28.1 | 44.0 | 10.1 |
| Total antidilutive weighted average share equivalents | 46.8 | 28.7 | 45.4 | 10.7 |

Anti-dilutive stock options
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, none of the outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock were anti-dilutive. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, options to purchase 542,760 shares of our common stock at an average exercise price of $ 20.35 per share were anti-dilutive and not included in the computation of diluted loss per share because the exercise price of the options was greater than the average market price of the common stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, options to purchase 1,835,476 and 1,904,010 shares of our common stock at an average exercise price of $ 12.59 and $ 12.58 per share, respectively, were anti-dilutive and not included in the computation of diluted loss per share because the exercise price of the options was greater than the average market price of the common stock for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Note 12: Financial Instruments, Risk Management and Fair Value Measurements
Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, other current assets, investments held in trust fund, accounts payable, and amounts included in investments and accruals meeting the definition of financial instruments. Investments in the Livent NQSP deferred compensation plan trust fund are considered Level 1 investments based on readily available quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, other current assets, and accounts payable approximates their fair value and are considered Level 1 investments. Our other financial instruments include the following:
| Financial Instrument | Valuation Method |
| Foreign exchange forward contracts | Estimated amounts that would be received or paid to terminate the contracts at the reporting date based on current market prices for applicable currencies. |

The estimated fair value of our foreign exchange forward contracts have been determined using standard pricing models which take into account the present value of expected future cash flows discounted to the balance sheet date. These standard pricing models utilize inputs derived from, or corroborated by, observable market data such as interest rate yield curves and currency and commodity spot and forward rates. In addition, we test a subset of our valuations against valuations received from the transaction's counterparty to validate the accuracy of our standard pricing models. Accordingly, the estimates presented may not be indicative of the amounts that we would realize in a market exchange at settlement date and do not represent potential gains or losses on these agreements.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The inputs used to measure fair value are classified into the following hierarchy:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
20
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
The estimated fair value and the carrying amount of debt was $ 292.0 million and $ 240.1 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2021. Our 2025 Notes are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair value and carrying amount of debt was $ 267.6 million and $ 274.6 million as of December 31, 2020.
Use of Derivative Financial Instruments to Manage Risk
We mitigate certain financial exposures connected to currency risk through a program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the effects of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates.
We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes relating derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We also assess both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether each derivative is highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item. If we determine that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting with respect to that derivative prospectively.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk Management
We conduct business in many foreign countries, exposing earnings, cash flows, and our financial position to foreign currency risks. The majority of these risks arise as a result of foreign currency transactions. The primary currencies for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro, the British pound, the Chinese yuan, the Argentine peso, and the Japanese yen. We currently do not hedge foreign currency risks associated with the Argentine peso due to the limited availability and the high cost of suitable derivative instruments. Our policy is to minimize exposure to adverse changes in currency exchange rates. This is accomplished through a controlled program of risk management that could include the use of foreign currency debt and forward foreign exchange contracts. We also use forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows, with an objective of balancing currency risk to provide adequate protection from significant fluctuations in the currency markets.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Our counterparties to derivative contracts are primarily major financial institutions. We limit the dollar amount of contracts entered into with any one financial institution and monitor counterparties’ credit ratings. We also enter into master netting agreements with each financial institution, where possible, which helps mitigate the credit risk associated with our financial instruments. While we may be exposed to credit losses due to the nonperformance of counterparties, we consider this risk remote.
Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Cash Flow Hedges
We recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date we enter into the derivative instrument, we generally designate the derivative as a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a forecasted transaction (cash flow hedge). We record in accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as and meet all the required criteria for, a cash flow hedge. We then reclassify these amounts into earnings as the underlying hedged item affects earnings. In contrast we immediately record in earnings changes in the fair value of derivatives that are not designated as cash flow hedges. As of September 30, 2021, we had open foreign currency forward contracts in AOCL in a net after-tax gain position of less than $ 0.1 million designated as cash flow hedges of underlying forecasted sales and purchases. As of September 30, 2021 we had open forward contracts with various expiration dates to buy, sell or exchange foreign currencies with a U.S. dollar equivalent of approximately $ 5.6 million.
Less than $ 0.1 million of net after-tax gain, representing open foreign currency exchange contracts, will be realized in earnings during the three months ending December 31, 2021 if spot rates in the future are consistent with market rates as of September 30, 2021. The actual effect on earnings will be dependent on the actual spot rates when the forecasted transactions occur. We recognize derivative gains and losses in the “Costs of sales and services” line in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
21
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Derivatives Not Designated As Cash Flow Hedging Instruments
We hold certain forward contracts that have not been designated as cash flow hedging instruments for accounting purposes. Contracts used to hedge the exposure to foreign currency fluctuations associated with certain monetary assets and liabilities are not designated as cash flow hedging instruments and changes in the fair value of these items are recorded in earnings.
We had open forward contracts not designated as cash flow hedging instruments for accounting purposes with various expiration dates to buy, sell or exchange foreign currencies with a U.S. dollar equivalent of approximately $ 30.9 million at September 30, 2021.
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments.
As of September 30, 2021, we had open derivative cash flow hedge contracts in a net gain fair value position of less than $ 0.1 million. The Company had no open derivative cash flow hedge contracts as of December 31, 2020.
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
| (in Millions) | Total Foreign Exchange Contracts |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at March 31, 2021 | $ | — |
| Unrealized hedging gains, net of tax | 0.1 |
| Total derivatives instruments impact on comprehensive income, net of tax | 0.1 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive gain, net of tax at June 30, 2021 | $ | 0.1 |
| Unrealized hedging losses, net of tax | ( 0.1 ) |
| Total derivatives instruments impact on comprehensive income, net of tax | ( 0.1 ) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive gain, net of tax at September 30, 2021 | $ | — |

22
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
| (in Millions) | Total Foreign Exchange Contracts |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at March 31, 2020 | $ | — |
| Unrealized hedging loses, net of tax | ( 0.2 ) |
| Total derivatives instruments impact on comprehensive income, net of tax | ( 0.2 ) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at June 30, 2020 | $ | ( 0.2 ) |
| Unrealized hedging gains, net of tax | 0.2 |
| Reclassification of deferred hedging gains, net of tax (1) | ( 0.2 ) |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at September 30, 2020 | $ | ( 0.2 ) |

1.Amounts are included in "Cost of sales and services" on the condensed consolidated statements of operations
Derivatives Not Designated as Cash Flow Hedging Instruments
| Location of LossRecognized in Income on Derivatives | Amount of Pre-tax Loss Recognized in Income on Derivatives (1) |
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| (in Millions) | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Foreign Exchange contracts | Cost of Sales and Services (2) | $ | ( 0.2 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | ( 1.1 ) | $ | ( 1.9 ) |
| Total | $ | ( 0.2 ) | $ | ( 0.8 ) | $ | ( 1.1 ) | $ | ( 1.9 ) |

____________________
1.Amounts represent the gain or loss on the derivative instrument offset by the gain or loss on the hedged item.
2.A loss of $ 0.1 million and $ 0.2 million related to intercompany loan hedges is included in Restructuring and other charges in the consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. A loss of $ 0.1 million related to intercompany loan hedges is included in Restructuring and other charges in the consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Market participants are defined as buyers or sellers in the principle or most advantageous market for the asset or liability that are independent of the reporting entity, knowledgeable and able and willing to transact for the asset or liability.
Fair Value Hierarchy
We have categorized our assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair-value hierarchy. The fair-value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the assets and liabilities fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair-value measurement of the instrument.
23
LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present our fair-value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair-value on a recurring basis in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
| (in Millions) | September 30, 2021 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets(Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs(Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs(Level 3) |
| Assets |
| Investments in deferred compensation plan (1) | $ | 3.1 | $ | 3.1 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Total Assets | $ | 3.1 | $ | 3.1 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Liabilities |
| Deferred compensation plan obligation (2) | $ | 5.5 | $ | 5.5 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Total Liabilities | $ | 5.5 | $ | 5.5 | $ | — | $ | — |

| (in Millions) | December 31, 2020 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets(Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs(Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs(Level 3) |
| Assets |
| Investments in deferred compensation plan (1) | $ | 2.6 | $ | 2.6 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Total Assets | $ | 2.6 | $ | 2.6 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Liabilities |
| Deferred compensation plan obligation (2) | $ | 4.5 | $ | 4.5 | $ | — | $ | — |
| Total Liabilities | $ | 4.5 | $ | 4.5 | $ | — | $ | — |

____________________
1.Balance is included in “Investments” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Livent NQSP investments in Livent common stock are recorded as "Treasury stock" in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and carried at historical cost. A mark-to-market loss of $ 0.4 million was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, related to the Livent common stock. The mark-to-market gains were recorded in "Selling, general and administrative expense" in the condensed consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding offset to the deferred compensation plan obligation in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
2.Balance is included in “Other long-term liabilities” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies
Contingencies
We are a party to various legal proceedings, including those noted in this section. Livent records reserves for estimated losses from contingencies when information available indicates that a loss is probable and the amount of the loss, or range of loss, can be reasonably estimated. As additional information becomes available, management adjusts its assessments and estimates. Legal costs are expensed as incurred.
In addition to the legal proceedings noted below, we have certain contingent liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business. Some of these contingencies are known but are so preliminary that the merits cannot be determined, or if more advanced, are not deemed material based on current knowledge; and some are unknown - for example, claims with respect to which we have no notice or claims which may arise in the future from products sold, guarantees or warranties made, or indemnities provided. Therefore, we are unable to develop a reasonable estimate of our potential exposure of loss for these contingencies, either individually or in the aggregate, at this time. There can be no assurance that the outcome of these contingencies will be favorable, and adverse results in certain of these contingencies could have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations in any one reporting period, or liquidity.
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Argentine Customs Authority
On July 31, 2020, we received notice from the Argentine Customs Authority that it was conducting an audit of Minera del Altiplano SA, our subsidiary in Argentina (“MdA”). The audit relates to the export of Lithium Carbonate from Argentina for the period January 10, 2015 through December 31, 2017. Although this relates to a period of time when MdA was a subsidiary of FMC, the Company agreed to bear any possible liability for this matter under the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement that it entered into with FMC in connection with the Separation. A range of reasonably possible liabilities, if any, cannot be currently currently estimated by the Company.
Leases
All of our leases are operating leases as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. We have operating leases for corporate offices, manufacturing facilities, and land. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 14 years. Quantitative disclosures about our leases are summarized in the table below.
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| (in Millions, except for weighted-average amounts) | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Lease Cost |
| Operating lease cost | $ | 0.4 | $ | 0.6 | $ | 1.0 | $ | 1.6 |
| Short-term lease cost | 0.3 | — | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| Variable lease cost (1) | — | — | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Total lease cost (1) | $ | 0.7 | $ | 0.6 | $ | 2.1 | $ | 2.0 |
| Other information |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |
| Cash paid for operating leases | $ | 0.5 | $ | 0.5 | $ | 1.6 | $ | 1.5 |

__________________________
1. Short term lease cost for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was less than $ 0.1 million. Variable lease cost for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2021 was less than $ 0.1 million. Lease expense is classified as "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations.
As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 8.6 years and 11.7 years, respectively. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our operating leases had a weighted average discount rate of 4.9 % and 4.4 %, respectively.
The table below presents a maturity analysis of our operating lease liabilities for each of the next five years and a total of the amounts for the remaining years.
| (in Millions) | Undiscounted cash flows |
| Remainder of 2021 | $ | 0.4 |
| 2022 | 1.3 |
| 2023 | 1.1 |
| 2024 | 1.1 |
| 2025 | 1.1 |
| Thereafter | 3.0 |
| Total future minimum lease payments | 8.0 |
| Less: Imputed interest | ( 1.5 ) |
| Total | $ | 6.5 |

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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
In the first quarter of 2021, we terminated our existing sublease with FMC for approximately twenty-five thousand square feet of office space used for our corporate headquarters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and removed the related right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability of approximately $ 10.9 million from our condensed consolidated balance sheets. On April 13, 2021 we executed a new five-year sublease agreement with a different counterparty for approximately thirteen thousand square feet of office space for our corporate headquarters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and recorded a $ 2.1 million ROU asset and lease liability in the second quarter of 2021 related thereto.
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
Note 14: Supplemental Information
The following tables present details of prepaid and other current assets, other assets, accrued and other current liabilities, and other long-term liabilities as presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
| (in Millions) | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| Prepaid and other current assets |
| Argentina government receivable (1) | $ | 11.8 | $ | 10.8 |
| Tax related items | 15.4 | 15.7 |
| Other receivables | 3.0 | 8.6 |
| Prepaid expenses | 7.6 | 8.2 |
| Bank Acceptance Drafts (2) | — | 0.2 |
| Other current assets (3) | 6.0 | 12.8 |
| Total | $ | 43.8 | $ | 56.3 |

| (in Millions) | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| Other assets |
| Argentina government receivable (1) | $ | 51.0 | $ | 55.8 |
| Advance to contract manufacturers (4) | 15.6 | 16.3 |
| Capitalized software, net | 1.5 | 1.8 |
| Tax related items | 2.5 | 2.7 |
| Other assets | 11.0 | 11.8 |
| Total | $ | 81.6 | $ | 88.4 |

_________________
1.We have various subsidiaries that conduct business in Argentina. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, $ 38.3 million and $ 39.5 million, respectively, of outstanding receivables due from the Argentina government, which primarily represent export tax and export rebate receivables, was denominated in U.S. dollars. As with all outstanding receivable balances, we continually review recoverability by analyzing historical experience, current collection trends and regional business and political factors among other factors.
2.Bank Acceptance Drafts are a common Chinese finance note used to settle trade transactions. Livent accepts these notes from Chinese customers based on criteria intended to ensure collectability and limit working capital usage.
3.The December 31, 2020 balance includes a $ 5.4 million receivable for insurance reimbursement related to the IPO litigation settlement which was netted with the IPO litigation settlement accrual. The IPO litigation settlement was finalized in the second quarter of 2021. See Note 7 for details.
4.We record deferred charges for certain contract manufacturing agreements which we amortize over the term of the underlying contract.
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LIVENT CORPORATIONNotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) — (Continued)
| (in Millions) | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| Accrued and other current liabilities |
| Plant restructuring reserves | $ | 3.2 | $ | 3.2 |
| Retirement liability - 401K | 0.6 | 2.6 |
| Accrued payroll | 11.5 | 12.5 |
| Severance related | 0.2 | 2.5 |
| Environmental reserves, current | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Other accrued and other current liabilities (1) | 19.7 | 15.3 |
| Total | $ | 35.7 | $ | 36.7 |

| (in Millions) | September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 |
| Other long-term liabilities |
| Accrued investment in unconsolidated affiliate | $ | 6.2 | $ | 6.2 |
| Asset retirement obligations | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Contingencies related to uncertain tax positions (2) | 3.6 | 3.4 |
| Deferred compensation plan obligation | 5.5 | 4.5 |
| Self-insurance reserves | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Other long-term liabilities | 1.1 | 1.3 |
| Total | $ | 18.2 | $ | 17.2 |

____________________
1.Amounts primarily include accrued capital expenditures related to our expansion projects. December 31, 2020 includes a $ 7.4 million settlement accrual related to IPO litigation recorded in the third quarter of 2020. The IPO litigation settlement was finalized in the second quarter of 2021.
2.As of September 30, 2021, we have recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions of $ 3.2 million and a $ 0.4 million indemnification liability to FMC for assets held by the Company where the offsetting liability for uncertain tax positions rests with FMC. The Company agreed to bear any possible liability for this matter under the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement that it entered into with FMC in connection with the Separation.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
Statement under the Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: We and our representatives may from time to time make written or oral statements that are “forward-looking” and provide other than historical information, including statements contained in Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in our other filings with the SEC, or in reports to our stockholders.
In some cases, we have identified forward-looking statements by such words or phrases as “will likely result,” “is confident that,” “expect,” “expects,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “will continue to,” “believe,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “estimates,” “projects,” “potential,” “intends” or similar expressions identifying “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including the negative of those words and phrases. Such forward-looking statements are based on our current views and assumptions regarding future events, future business conditions and the outlook for the company based on currently available information. These forward-looking statements may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from any results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement.
Currently, one of the most significant factors is the potential adverse effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance of the Company, which is substantially influenced by the potential adverse effect of the pandemic on Livent’s customers and suppliers, the global economy and financial markets and costs of implementing COVID-19 safety protocols. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts us will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the development of more contagious variants of the virus, such as the Delta variant, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others.
Additional factors include, among other things:
•a decline in the growth in demand for electric vehicles with high performance lithium compounds;
•supply chain disruptions in the electric vehicle manufacturing industry, such as shortages, congestion at ports, and rolling electricity blackouts in China, resulting in delays in customer orders for our high performance lithium compounds;
•reduced customer demand, or delays in growth of customer demand, for higher performance lithium compounds;
•volatility in the price for performance lithium compounds;
•adverse global economic and weather conditions that may result in adverse impact on supply chains and customer demand;
•competition;
•quarterly and annual fluctuations of our operating results;
•risks relating to Livent’s capacity expansion efforts and current production;
•potential development and adoption of battery technologies that do not rely on performance lithium compounds as an input, or that require a lesser amount of performance lithium compounds;
•difficulty accessing global capital and credit markets;
•the conditional conversion feature of the 2025 Notes;
•the lack of sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our debt;
•the success of Livent’s research and development efforts;
•future acquisitions that may be difficult to integrate or are otherwise unsuccessful;
•risks inherent in international operations and sales, including political, financial and operational risks specific to Argentina, China and other countries where Livent has active operations;
•customer concentration and the possible loss of, or significant reduction in orders from, large customers;
•failure to satisfy customer qualification processes and customer and government quality standards;
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•fluctuations in the price of energy and certain raw materials;
•employee attraction and retention, especially in relation to our capacity expansion efforts;
•union relations;
•cybersecurity breaches;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property rights;
•ESG matters;
•the lack of proven lithium reserves;
•legal and regulatory proceedings, including any shareholder lawsuits;
•compliance with environmental, health and safety laws;
•changes in tax laws;
•risks related to our separation from FMC Corporation;
•potential conflicts of interests among officers and directors who may own equity in, and/or may have otherwise served as employees of, FMC Corporation;
•risks related to ownership of our common stock, including price fluctuations;
•provisions under Delaware law and our charter documents that may deter third parties from acquiring us; and
•the lack of cash dividends at this time.
Moreover, investors are cautioned to interpret many of these factors as being heightened as a result of the ongoing and numerous adverse impacts of COVID-19. You should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. We wish to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. We are under no duty to and specifically decline to undertake any obligation to publicly revise or update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to conform our prior statements to actual results, revised expectations or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We have described our accounting policies in Note 2 to our consolidated and combined financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We have reviewed these accounting policies, identifying those that we believe to be critical to the preparation and understanding of our condensed consolidated financial statements. We have reviewed these critical accounting policies with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Critical accounting policies are central to our presentation of results of operations and financial condition and require management to make estimates and judgments on certain matters. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience, current conditions and other reasonable factors.
The following is a list of those accounting policies that we have deemed most critical to the presentation and understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. See the "Critical Accounting Policies" section included within "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" within Part II, Item 7 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a detailed description of these policies and their potential effects on our results of operations and financial condition.
•Revenue recognition and trade receivables
•Impairment and valuation of long-lived assets
•Income taxes
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. The estimates used for, but not limited to, revenue recognition and the collectability of trade receivables, impairment and valuation of long-lived assets, and income taxes could be impacted. We have assessed the impact and are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that required an update to our estimates and assumptions or materially affected the carrying value of our assets
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or liabilities as of the date of issuance of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
RECENTLY ISSUED AND ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS AND REGULATORY ITEMS
See Note 3 to these condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of recently adopted accounting guidance and other new accounting guidance.
OVERVIEW
We are a pure-play, fully integrated lithium company, with a long, proven history of producing performance lithium compounds. Our primary products, namely battery-grade lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, butyllithium and high purity lithium metal are critical inputs used in various performance applications. Our strategy is to focus on supplying high performance lithium compounds to the fast growing Electric Vehicle (“EV”) battery market, while continuing to maintain our position as a leading global producer of butyllithium and high purity lithium metal. With extensive global capabilities, nearly 80 years of continuous production experience, applications and technical expertise, long standing customer relationships, and a favorable sustainability profile, we believe we are well positioned to capitalize on the accelerating trend of vehicle electrification and renewable energy adoption.
We produce lithium compounds for use in applications that have specific and constantly changing performance requirements, including battery-grade lithium hydroxide for use in high performance lithium-ion batteries. We believe the demand for our compounds will continue to grow as the electrification of transportation accelerates, and as the use of high nickel content cathode materials increases in the next generation of battery technology products. We also supply butyllithium, which is used in the production of polymers and pharmaceutical products, as well as a range of specialty lithium compounds including high purity lithium metal, which is used in non-rechargeable batteries and in the production of lightweight materials for aerospace applications and non-rechargeable batteries. It is in these applications that we have established a differentiated position in the market through our ability to consistently produce and deliver performance lithium compounds.
Third Quarter 2021 Highlights
The following are the more significant developments in our business during the three months ended September 30, 2021:
•Revenue of $103.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 increased $31.0 million, or approximately 43%, compared to $72.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, primarily due to higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes, driven by an increase in customer demand.
•Net loss of $(12.6) million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to net loss of $(10.5) million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due to an increase in the Argentina tax expense from inflationary tax adjustments, higher logistics, raw material and other operating costs, and $1.0 million Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates partially offset by higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes and lower Restructuring and other charges.
•Adjusted EBITDA of $14.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 increased $14.0 million compared to $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, primarily due to higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes partially offset by higher logistics, raw material and other operating costs.
COVID-19 Impacts
Business and Operations
During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic continued to negatively impact our business, operations and financial performance. Worldwide government and private sector efforts to contain the spread and mitigate the impact of COVID-19 continued. We still face operational challenges and uncertainties related to the unprecedented global COVID-19 pandemic. The disruptions and duration may be impacted by the actions that governments, businesses and individuals take in relation to the pandemic, the Delta variant and other new variants of the virus, vaccine safety concerns, vaccine resistance, vaccine availability, delays in vaccine distribution and the willingness of individuals to be vaccinated.
We have manufacturing operations in the United States, Argentina, China, the United Kingdom, and India, general operations in Singapore, and sales offices in the United States, China, the United Kingdom, India, and Japan. All of these countries have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic to varying degrees. Each has adopted measures to contain it, and each may adopt different and/or even stricter measures in the future. The government of Argentina, where the Company’s primary lithium brine resource is located, continues to enact new emergency measures to stem the spread of COVID-19 and modify existing ones. While regional curfews and lockdowns are being lifted and businesses and schools are being allowed to reopen, travel and
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immigration restrictions and workforce retention rules remain in place. In India, regional governments have imposed testing requirements, curfews and travel restrictions. We expect government measures and restrictions globally to continue to have a negative impact on demand for certain of our products and a negative impact on the efficient operation of our facilities, supply chains and logistics. Disruptions and delays within our supply chain and logistics operations included problems and congestion at ports, difficulties with scheduling cargo ships, higher shipment and freight costs, additional warehouse costs due to shipment delays, lack of driver availability and fewer transportation options, and the restriction of movements by trucks within and between countries. The severity of these problems and issues has varied in different geographic locations over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to remain a challenge in all of the countries where we operate.
Customer demand for certain types of our products improved during the third quarter of 2021. However, customers continue to protect their interests by diversifying among multiple suppliers. They continue to actively manage their own inventory levels in the current uncertain market environment. In addition, customers in the fast-growing EV manufacturing industry are currently experiencing their own supply chain constraints, including semiconductors shortages, congestion at ports, and rolling electricity blackouts in China. The semiconductor chip shortage is expected to continue and may adversely impact our business. This, and similar supply chain disruptions experienced by our customers, could cause delays in their demand for our high performance lithium compounds, further adversely impacting our business and growth plans.
The continuing spread and effects of COVID-19, including health and safety protocols and supply and logistics disruptions in China and elsewhere, are impacting our expansion work in Argentina and the United States. There can be no assurance that such impacts will not turn into long-term or continuing delays, cause us to decide to suspend our capital expansion work, or otherwise negatively impact our capital expansion. Any significant delay in our capital expansion work in Argentina or the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to delays, there have been increased costs due to slowdown of availability of materials for construction.
We have not faced any material issues with employee morale or attrition. Likewise, we have not faced any material issues with our ability to recruit new employees or in talent management of existing employees. However, certain of our employees may resign, and we may be unable to attract certain talent, if we were to impose any vaccine mandate. Broadly, we are observing tightness in the local labor markets where we operate in both the United States and Argentina (e.g., fewer applicants and higher wages). This may impact us and our expansion efforts, our customers and suppliers in the future.
The material operational challenges that management and our Board of Directors are monitoring are the health and safety of our employees, vaccine availability and distribution, travel restrictions, COVID-19 mitigation measures, the relaxation of work from home requirements, the restriction of movements within and between countries, and supply chain and logistics issues. Furthermore, our Board of Directors is monitoring the additional expected and unexpected impacts that COVID-19 is having on the economies in the countries where we operate, such as Argentina where inflation remains high and economic instability persists, and China where economic growth has led to shortages of electricity and temporary shutdowns of third party providers to the Company.
Liquidity and Financial Resources
The rapid and global spread of COVID-19 continues to disrupt the businesses of certain customers, contract manufacturers and suppliers. Several of our customers and contract manufacturers have experienced disruptions in their business due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Certain customers have canceled, postponed or delayed orders.
Our uses of cash were impacted by the effects of COVID-19 during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. We continue to face logistical supply disruptions, such as higher truck, freight and sea shipping costs, along with the need to use air freight from time to time. We expect this to continue. We also continue to use cash to purchase additional COVID-19 testing, personal protective equipment for our employees, such as masks and gloves, and for increased cleaning and disinfectant costs, additional medical personnel at our facilities, and increased personnel transportation costs due to social distancing guidelines.
Corporate Efforts
We have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in a number of ways. We formed a Global Pandemic Response Team, regional COVID-19 Response Teams, and a Vaccine subcommittee. The Vaccine subcommittee is tasked with monitoring vaccine developments and encouraging our employees to be vaccinated. Our regional COVID-19 Response Teams continue to keep Executive Leadership informed of local matters such as government policies and regulations. Our Enterprise Risk Management processes have worked as designed.
We continue to identify potential new suppliers and logistics providers for our operations as supply chain challenges continue. This includes potential new suppliers of chemicals and packaging, and air freight companies when required. We have altered global production schedules to meet changes in customer demand, supply and logistics challenges. Future efforts will continue along these lines and be dictated by the particulars of the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to plan for a return to more normalized business operations once the COVID-19 pandemic subsides. This may include a relaxation of COVID-19 protocols, more business travel and customer contacts, and hybrid work arrangements.
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Health & Safety
We are working diligently to protect the health and well-being of our employees, customers and other key stakeholders. As an essential business under the rules of the governments in the countries where we operate, our plant personnel continue to remain on the job at their respective facilities. We have instituted numerous safety procedures to protect the health of these plant personnel. Protocols include screening of personnel prior to facility entry, the use of masks and gloves, social distancing measures, and quarantine of close contacts with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. Much of our non-plant personnel continue to work from home, and business travel has been substantially reduced, which has limited our ability to meet with customers, suppliers and fellow employees. Communications relating to all of these policies and COVID-19 preventative measures are regularly distributed to our employees, as there can be significant variation with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic situation in different geographic regions at any one time.
We base our health and safety protocols on the advice provided by the White House, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and the local government authorities in the countries and regions where we operate.
In the United States, we previously implemented the paid sick leave policies that were required under the Families First Coronavirus Response Act and had supplemented them with our own paid sick and other leave policies. Currently, in the United States, we are providing paid sick leave for qualified absences due to COVID-19. In other geographic locations, we are providing our customary local sick leave benefits and any other leave and benefits that may be required by local governmental authorities. We have not experienced any material employee absences as a result of COVID-19. However, social distancing measures and other health and safety protocols have led to reduced workforce numbers in certain locations, such as with our expansion project in Argentina. If a significant number of our employees at any one location were to require leave as a result of COVID-19, this could pose a risk to the continued operation of the particular facility and could potentially disrupt our broader operations.
Government Programs
We continue to evaluate government support and tax relief programs in the countries where we operate. This includes support grants, loans, tax deferrals, and tax credits.
Overall, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is fluid and continues to evolve, and therefore, we cannot predict the extent to which our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity will ultimately be impacted.
Business Outlook
We expect higher volumes across our lithium products and slightly higher average pricing in 2021 versus the prior year. We also expect lower unit costs versus the prior year, driven in part by higher operating rates and the reduced impact of third-party purchased lithium carbonate usage. However, we expect this to be partially offset by cost increases in logistics, solvents and other raw materials.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| (in Millions) | (unaudited) |
| Revenue | $ | 103.6 | $ | 72.6 | $ | 297.5 | $ | 206.0 |
| Cost of sales | 85.3 | 69.8 | 245.5 | 178.4 |
| Gross margin | 18.3 | 2.8 | 52.0 | 27.6 |
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 11.8 | 10.0 | 34.2 | 31.1 |
| Research and development expenses | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
| Restructuring and other charges | 1.1 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 10.1 |
| Separation-related costs | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| Total costs and expenses | 99.8 | 85.8 | 286.6 | 223.2 |
| Income/(loss) from operations before loss on debt extinguishment, equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates and interest expense, net | 3.8 | (13.2) | 10.9 | (17.2) |
| Loss on debt extinguishment | — | — | — | 0.1 |
| Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates | 1.0 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 0.4 |
| Interest expense, net | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Income/(loss) from operations before income taxes | 2.8 | (13.6) | 6.9 | (18.0) |
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | 15.4 | (3.1) | 13.8 | (5.4) |
| Net loss | $ | (12.6) | $ | (10.5) | $ | (6.9) | $ | (12.6) |

In addition to net income, as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate operating performance using certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA, which we define as net income plus interest expense, net, income tax expense/(benefit), and depreciation and amortization, and Adjusted EBITDA, which we define as EBITDA adjusted for restructuring and other charges/(income), separation-related costs and certain other losses/(gains). Management believes the use of these non-GAAP measures allows management and investors to compare more easily the financial performance of its underlying business from period to period. The non-GAAP information provided may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other companies because of differing methods used by other companies in calculating EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. These measures should not be considered as a substitute for net income or other measures of performance or liquidity reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following table reconciles EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA from net income.
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| (in Millions) | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 |
| Net loss (GAAP) | $ | (12.6) | $ | (10.5) | $ | (6.9) | $ | (12.6) |
| Add back: |
| Interest expense, net | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | 15.4 | (3.1) | 13.8 | (5.4) |
| Depreciation and amortization | 6.2 | 6.1 | 18.7 | 17.7 |
| EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | 9.0 | (7.2) | 25.9 | — |
| Add back: |
| Certain Argentina remeasurement losses (a) | 0.9 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 4.4 |
| Restructuring and other charges (b) | 1.1 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 10.1 |
| Separation-related costs (c) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| COVID-19 related costs (d) | 1.9 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 1.7 |
| Loss on debt extinguishment (e) | — | — | — | 0.1 |
| Other gain/(loss) (f) | 1.2 | (0.1) | 3.0 | (0.4) |
| Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) | $ | 14.9 | $ | 0.9 | $ | 42.0 | $ | 16.7 |

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a.Represents impact of currency fluctuations on tax assets and liabilities and on long-term monetary assets associated with our capital expansion as well as significant currency devaluations. The remeasurement gains/(losses) are included within "Cost of sales" in our condensed consolidated statement of operations but are excluded from our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA because of: i.) their nature as income tax related; ii.) their association with long-term capital projects which will not be operational until future periods; or iii.) the severity of the devaluations and their immediate impact on our operations in the country.
b.We continually perform strategic reviews and assess the return on our business. This sometimes results in management changes or in a plan to restructure the operations of our business. As part of these restructuring plans, demolition costs and write-downs of long-lived assets may occur. Also includes transaction related legal fees and miscellaneous nonrecurring transactions. Three and nine months
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ended September 30, 2020 consists primarily of legal fees related to IPO securities litigation including a settlement accrual, net of insurance reimbursement, of $2.5 million in the third quarter. The IPO litigation settlement was finalized in the second quarter of 2021.
c.Represents legal, professional, transaction-related fees and other separation-related activity.
d.Represents incremental costs associated with COVID-19 recorded in "Cost of sales" in the condensed consolidated statement of operations, including but not limited to, incremental quarantine related absenteeism, incremental facility cleaning costs, COVID-19 testing, pandemic-related supplies and personal protective equipment for employees, among other costs; offset by economic relief provided by foreign governments.
e.Represents the partial write off of deferred financing costs for the temporary reduction in borrowing capacity related to the First Amendment excluded from our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA because the loss is nonrecurring.
f.Three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 represents our 25% indirect interest in transaction costs incurred for the Nemaska Transaction, certain project-related costs and interest expense, all included in Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. Three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 represents a portion of our nonrefundable prepaid research and development costs advanced to an unconsolidated affiliate in the fourth quarter 2019 and excluded from our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA in the same period because the costs represent research and development activities of the affiliate that had not occurred as of December 31, 2019. These costs were included with our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 when the costs were incurred at the unconsolidated affiliate.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 vs. 2020
Revenue
Revenue of $103.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 (the "2021 Quarter") increased by approximately 43%, or $31 million, compared to $72.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 (the "2020 Quarter") primarily due to higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes, driven by an increase in customer demand.
Gross margin
Gross margin of $18.3 million for the 2021 Quarter increased by $15.5 million, or approximately 554%, versus $2.8 million for the 2020 Quarter. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes, partially offset by higher logistics, raw material and other operating costs.
Restructuring and other charges
Restructuring and other charges of $1.1 million for the 2021 Quarter decreased by $3.3 million versus $4.4 million for the 2020 Quarter. Restructuring and other charges for the 2020 Quarter consisted primarily of severance-related costs of $0.9 million, and legal fees related to IPO securities litigation including a settlement accrual, net of insurance reimbursement, of $2.5 million in the 2020 Quarter. The IPO litigation settlement was finalized in the second quarter of 2021. 2021 Quarter Restructuring and other charges consisted primarily of transaction related legal fees and miscellaneous nonrecurring transactions (see Note 7 for details).
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates of $1.0 million for the 2021 Quarter arises out of our 25% interest in the Nemaska Project.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense of $0.3 million for the 2020 Quarter is noncash amortization of transaction costs related to the 2025 Notes which represents the excess interest over the amount of interest capitalized in accordance with U.S. GAAP for the 2020 Quarter. Interest of $3.8 million and $3.4 million for the 2021 Quarter and the 2020 Quarter, respectively was capitalized.
Income tax expense/(benefit)
The increase in income tax expense to $15.4 million for the 2021 Quarter compared to the income tax benefit of $(3.1) million for the 2020 Quarter, was primarily due to the fluctuations in foreign currency impacts in Argentina of $12.7 million and $(2.6) million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Within foreign currency impacts, Argentina tax law annually requires an increase to taxable income for inflationary adjustments in the period when the consumer price index fluctuates over a specific threshold, which was met in Q3 of 2021. Additionally, the increase in income tax expense was the result of an increase in income from operations.
Net loss
Net loss of $(12.6) million for the 2021 Quarter compared to net loss of $(10.5) million for the 2020 Quarter was primarily due to the an increase in the Argentina tax expense from inflationary tax adjustments, higher logistics, raw material and other
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operating costs, and $1.0 million Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates partially offset by higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes and lower Restructuring and other charges.
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 vs. 2020
Revenue
Revenue of $297.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (the "2021 YTD") increased by approximately 44%, or $91.5 million, compared to $206.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (the "2020 YTD") primarily due to higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes, driven by an increase in customer demand.
Gross margin
Gross margin of $52.0 million for the 2021 YTD increased by $24.4 million, or approximately 88%, versus $27.6 million for the 2020 YTD. The increase in gross margin was primarily due higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes partially offset by COVID-19 costs to implement safety protocols and higher logistics, raw material and other operating costs.
Restructuring and other charges
Restructuring and other charges of $3.4 million for the 2021 YTD decreased by $6.7 million versus $10.1 million for the 2020 YTD. Restructuring and other charges for the 2020 YTD consisted of severance-related costs for management changes at certain operating and administrative facilities, exit costs of $1.6 million for the closing of leased office space and legal fees related to IPO securities litigation, including a settlement accrual, net of insurance reimbursement, of $2.5 million in the third quarter of 2020. The IPO litigation settlement was finalized in the second quarter of 2021. 2021 YTD Restructuring and other charges consisted primarily of environmental remediation, transaction related legal fees and miscellaneous nonrecurring costs (see Note 7 for details).
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates of $3.7 million for the 2021 YTD arises out of our 25% interest in the Nemaska Project and includes $1.6 million of nonrecurring transaction costs incurred for the Nemaska Transaction by an unconsolidated affiliate.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense of $0.3 million for the 2021 YTD and 2020 YTD is noncash amortization of transaction costs related to the 2025 Notes which represents the excess interest over the amount of interest capitalized in accordance with U.S. GAAP for the 2021 YTD. Interest expense of $11.5 million and $8.1 million was capitalized in the 2021 YTD and 2020 YTD, respectively.
Income tax expense/(benefit)
The increase in income tax expense to $13.8 million for the 2021 YTD compared to the income tax benefit of $(5.4) million for the 2020 YTD, was primarily due to the fluctuations in foreign currency impacts in Argentina of $10.8 million and $(7.1) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Within foreign currency impacts, Argentina tax law annually requires an increase to taxable income for inflationary adjustments in the period when the consumer price index fluctuates over a specific threshold, which was met in Q3 of 2021. Additionally, the increase in tax expense was due to an increase in income from operations. The increase in income tax expense was partially offset by an Argentina income tax law, which was amended on June 16, 2021 to introduce new progressive corporate income tax rates from 25% to 35%. This change resulted in a tax benefit of $(2.2) million for the revaluation of Argentina net deferred tax assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Net loss
Net loss of $(6.9) million for the 2021 YTD compared to net loss of $(12.6) million for the 2020 YTD was primarily due to higher lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and butyllithium sales volumes and lower Restructuring and other charges, offset by an increase in the Argentina tax expense from inflationary tax adjustments, incremental COVID-19 costs to implement safety protocols, higher logistics, raw material and other operating costs and $3.7 million Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliates.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, were $195.3 million and $11.6 million, respectively. Of the cash and cash equivalents balance at September 30, 2021, $12.5 million were held by our foreign subsidiaries. The cash held by foreign subsidiaries for permanent reinvestment is generally used to finance the subsidiaries’ operating activities and future foreign investments. We have not provided additional income taxes for any additional outside basis differences inherent in our investments in subsidiaries because the investments are essentially permanent in duration or we have concluded that no additional tax liability will arise upon disposal. See Note 9, Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
Revolving Credit Facility
The Credit Agreement provides for a $400 million senior secured Revolving Credit Facility, $50 million of which is available for the issuance of letters of credit, with an option, subject to certain conditions and limitations, to increase the aggregate amount of the revolving credit commitments to $600 million. The issuance of letters of credit and the proceeds of revolving credit loans made pursuant to the Revolving Credit Facility are available, and will be used, for general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures and permitted acquisitions, See Note 10, Part II, Item 8 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information.
We had $245.8 million and $281.4 million debt outstanding as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Our September 30, 2021 debt outstanding was comprised solely of our 2025 Notes because in June 2021 we used a portion of the net proceeds from the Offering to repay all amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility. Among other restrictions, our Revolving Credit Facility contains financial covenants applicable to Livent and its consolidated subsidiaries related to leverage (measured as the ratio of debt to adjusted earnings) and interest coverage (measured as the ratio of adjusted earnings to interest expense). Our maximum allowable first lien leverage ratio is 3.5 as of September 30, 2021. Our minimum allowable interest coverage ratio is 3.5. We were in compliance with all covenants at September 30, 2021.
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash provided by operating activities was $41.0 million and $1.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The cash provided by operating activities for the 2021 YTD as compared to the cash provided by operating activities for the 2020 YTD was primarily driven by higher net income in the 2021 YTD and a decrease in payments of accounts payables in the 2021 YTD compared to the 2020 YTD.
Cash used in investing activities was $(74.3) million and $(111.8) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The decrease in cash used in investing activities for the 2021 YTD compared to the 2020 YTD is primarily due to the Company's election to suspend all capital expansion work globally from March 2020 to the second quarter of 2021. The time lag of slowing down and subsequently ramping back up capital spending, resulted in decreased capital expenditures for capacity expansion of lithium carbonate and hydroxide during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Cash provided by financing activities was $216.9 million and $108.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Net cash proceeds for financing activities increased in the 2021 YTD compared to the 2020 YTD and was provided primarily by net proceeds of $252.2 million from the Offering, partially offset by the repayment of the outstanding balance of our Revolving Credit Facility in June 2021.
Other potential liquidity needs
We plan to meet our liquidity needs through available cash, cash generated from operations, borrowings under the committed Revolving Credit Facility, and other potential financing strategies that may be available to us. At September 30, 2021, our remaining borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility, subject to meeting our debt covenants, is $385.6 million, including letters of credit utilization. Our overall borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility is $400 million as of September 30, 2021.
We expect the COVID-19 pandemic uncertainties, and lithium market challenges to continue in 2021. Our net leverage ratio is determined, in large part, by our ability to manage the timing and amount of our capital expenditures, which is within our
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control. It is also determined by our ability to achieve forecasted operating results and to pursue other working capital financing strategies that may be available to us, which is less certain and outside our control. In the first quarter of 2020, because of the significant practical constraints resulting from actions being taken by authorities around the word in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company elected to suspend all capital expansion work globally. As of the second quarter of 2021, supported by partially reduced COVID-19 related constraints, additional commitments from customers and improved market conditions, Livent resumed its capital expansion work in Argentina and the United States. Based on this resumption, the Company estimates 2021 total capital spending to be $125 million.
The company remains focused on maintaining its financial flexibility and will continue to manage its cash flow and capital allocation decisions to navigate through this challenging environment.
We believe that our available cash and cash from operations, together with our borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility and other potential financing strategies that may be available to us, will provide adequate liquidity for the next 12 months. Access to capital and the availability of financing on acceptable terms in the future will be affected by many factors, including our credit rating, economic conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic and the overall liquidity of capital markets and cannot be guaranteed.
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Commitments and Contingencies
See Note 13 to these condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Contractual Commitments
Information related to our contractual commitments at December 31, 2020 can be found in a table included within Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations within our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our contractual commitments during the period ended September 30, 2021.
Climate Change
A detailed discussion related to climate change can be found in Part II, Item 7 of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND MARKET RISKS
Our earnings, cash flows and financial position are exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Our policy is to minimize exposure to our cash flow over time caused by changes in interest and currency exchange rates. To accomplish this, we have implemented a controlled program of risk management consisting of appropriate derivative contracts entered into with major financial institutions.
The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices. The range of changes chosen reflects our view of changes that are reasonably possible over a one-year period. Market value estimates are based on the present value of projected future cash flows considering the market rates and prices chosen.
In the second quarter of 2021, we placed foreign currency hedges for 2021 projected exposure.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Our worldwide operations expose us to currency risk from sales, purchases, expenses and intercompany loans denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, our functional currency. The primary currencies for which we have exchange rate exposure are the Euro, the British pound, the Chinese yuan, the Argentine peso, and the Japanese yen. Foreign currency debt and foreign exchange forward contracts are used in countries where we do business, thereby reducing our net asset exposure. Foreign exchange forward contracts are also used to hedge firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows. We currently do not hedge foreign currency risks associated with the Argentine peso due to the limited availability and the high cost of suitable derivative instruments.
To analyze the effects of changing foreign currency rates, we have performed a sensitivity analysis in which we assume an instantaneous 10% change in the foreign currency exchange rates from their levels at the balance sheet date with all other variables (including interest rates) held constant. As of December 31, 2020, we had no open derivative cash flow hedge contracts.
| Hedged Currency vs. Functional Currency |
| (in Millions) | Net asset position on consolidated balance sheets | Net liability position with 10% strengthening | Net asset position with 10% weakening |
| Net asset/(liability) position as of September 30, 2021 | $ | 0.1 | $ | (0.6) | $ | 0.6 |

Interest Rate Risk
One of the strategies that we can use to manage interest rate exposure is to enter into interest rate swap agreements. In these agreements, we agree to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated on an agreed-upon notional principal amount. As of September 30, 2021, we had no interest rate swap agreements.
Our debt portfolio at September 30, 2021 is composed of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt; consisting of borrowings under our 2025 Notes and Revolving Credit Facility. Changes in interest rates affect different portions of our variable-rate debt portfolio in different ways. Based on the variable-rate debt in our debt portfolio at September 30, 2021, a one percentage point increase or decrease in interest rates would have increased or decreased, respectively, gross interest expense by $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The information required by this item is provided in “Derivative Financial Instruments and Market Risks,” under Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on management’s evaluation (with the participation of the company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer), the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2021, the company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Change in Internal Controls. There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2021, that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in legal proceedings from time to time in the ordinary course of our business, including with respect to workers’ compensation matters. Based on information currently available and established reserves, we have no reason to believe that the ultimate resolution of any known legal proceeding will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity or results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that the outcome of any such legal proceeding will be favorable, and adverse results in certain of these legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations in any one reporting period, or liquidity. Except as set forth in Note 13 to our financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent applicable, there are no material changes from the legal proceedings previously disclosed in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is available at www.sec.gov and on our website at www.livent.com. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.
Forward-Looking Information
We wish to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements contained herein, which speak only as of the date made. We specifically decline to undertake any obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking statements that have been made to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Repurchases of Common Shares
A summary of our repurchases of Livent's common stock for the three months ended September 30, 2021 is as follows:
| ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) |
| July 1 through July 31, 2021 | 206 | $ | 19.52 | $ | — | $ | — |
| August 1 through August 31, 2021 | 187 | $ | 24.22 | — | — |
| September 1 through September 30, 2021 | 172 | $ | 24.64 | — | — |
| Total Q3 2021 | 565 | $ | 22.64 | $ | — | $ | — |

(1) The trustee of the Livent NQSP reacquires shares of Livent common stock from time to time through open-market purchases relating to investments by employees in our common stock, one of the investment options available under the Livent NQSP. Such shares are held in a trust fund and recorded to Treasury stock in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(2) We have no publicly announced stock repurchase programs.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
| 31.1 | Certifying Statement of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| 31.2 | Certifying Statement of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| 32.1 | Certifying Statement of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code |
| 32.2 | Certifying Statement of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code |
| 101 | Interactive Data File |
| 104 | The cover page from Livent Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL. |

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| LIVENT CORPORATION(Registrant) |
| By: | /s/ GILBERTO ANTONIAZZI |
| Gilberto Antoniazzi,Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |

Date: November 4, 2021
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Question: What is the percentage change in operating cash flow to net loss ratio from the year 2020 to 2021?

Solution:
def solution():
    # Define variables name and value
    operating_cash_2020 = 1.5 
    net_loss_2020 = -12.6 
    operating_cash_2021 = 41.0 
    net_loss_2021 = -6.9 

    # Calculate the operating cash flow to net loss ratio for both years
    ratio_2020 = operating_cash_2020 / net_loss_2020
    ratio_2021 = operating_cash_2021 / net_loss_2021

    # Calculate the percentage change
    percentage_change = ((ratio_2021 - ratio_2020) / ratio_2020) * 100
    return percentage_change


Answer: 4891.304347826087