AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-english-full-a-to-z huggingface dataset:
rasure: the act of rasing, scraping, or erasing; erasure; obliteration.-a mark by which a letter, word, or any part of a writing or print, is erased, effaced, or obliterated; an erasure.
rat: one of  several species of small rodents of the genus mus and allied genera, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, and ships, especially the norway, or brown, rat (m. decumanus), the black rat (m. rattus), and the roof rat (m. alexandrinus). these were introduced into america from the old world.-a round and tapering mass of hair, or similar material, used by women to support the puffs and rolls of their natural hair.-one who deserts his party or associates; hence, in the trades, one who works for lower wages than those prescribed by a trades union.-in english politics, to desert one's party from interested motives; to forsake one's associates for one's own advantage; in the trades, to work for less wages, or on other conditions, than those established by a trades union.-to catch or kill rats.
rat-tail: like a rat's tail in form; as, a rat-tail file, which is round, slender, and tapering. see illust. of file.-an excrescence growing from the pastern to the middle of the shank of a horse.-the california chimaera. see chimaera.-any fish of the genus macrurus. see grenadier, 2.
rata: a new zealand forest tree (metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the maoris for paddles and war clubs.
ratable: capable of being rated, or set at a certain value.-liable to, or subjected by law to, taxation; as, ratable estate.-made at a proportionate rate; as, ratable payments.
ratafia: a spirituous liquor flavored with the kernels of cherries, apricots, peaches, or other fruit, spiced, and sweetened with sugar; -- a term applied to the liqueurs called noyau, cura/ao, etc.
ratch: same as rotche.-a ratchet wheel, or notched bar, with which a pawl or click works.
ratchet: a pawl, click, or detent, for holding or propelling a ratchet wheel, or ratch, etc.-a mechanism composed of a ratchet wheel, or ratch, and pawl.  see ratchet wheel, below, and 2d ratch.
rate: to chide with vehemence; to scold; to censure violently.-established portion or measure; fixed allowance.-that which is established as a measure or criterion; degree; standard; rank; proportion; ratio; as, a slow rate of movement; rate of interest is the ratio of the interest to the principal, per annum.-valuation; price fixed with relation to a standard; cost; charge; as, high or low rates of transportation.-a tax or sum assessed by authority on property for public use, according to its income or value; esp., in england, a local tax; as, parish rates; town rates.-order; arrangement.-ratification; approval.-the gain or loss of a timepiece in a unit of time; as, daily rate; hourly rate; etc.-the order or class to which a war vessel belongs, determined according to its size, armament, etc.; as, first rate, second rate, etc.-the class of a merchant vessel for marine insurance, determined by its relative safety as a risk, as a1, a2, etc.-to set a certain estimate on; to value at a certain price or degree.-to assess for the payment of a rate or tax.-to settle the relative scale, rank, position, amount, value, or quality of; as, to rate a ship; to rate a seaman; to rate a pension.-to ratify.-to be set or considered in a class; to have rank; as, the ship rates as a ship of the line.-to make an estimate.
ratel: any carnivore of the genus mellivora, allied to the weasels and the skunks; -- called also honey badger.
rath: a hill or mound.-a kind of ancient fortification found in ireland.-alt. of rathe-alt. of rathe
rathe: coming before others, or before the usual time; early.-early; soon; betimes.
rather: prior; earlier; former.-earlier; sooner; before.-more readily or willingly; preferably.-on the other hand; to the contrary of what was said or suggested; instead.-of two alternatives conceived of, this by preference to, or as more likely than, the other; somewhat.-more properly; more correctly speaking.-in some degree; somewhat; as, the day is rather warm; the house is rather damp.
ratification: the act of ratifying; the state of being ratified; confirmation; sanction; as, the ratification of a treaty.
ratify: to approve and sanction; to make valid; to confirm; to establish; to settle; especially, to give sanction to, as something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty, or contract; to ratify a nomination.
ratio: the relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind. it is expressed by the quotient of the division of the first by the second; thus, the ratio of 3 to 6 is expressed by / or /; of a to b by a/b; or (less commonly) the second term is made the dividend; as, a:b = b/a.-hence, fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; rate; proportion; as, the ratio of representation in congress.
ratiocination: the process of reasoning, or deducing conclusions from premises; deductive reasoning.
ratiocinative: characterized by, or addicted to, ratiocination; consisting in the comparison of propositions or facts, and the deduction of inferences from the comparison; argumentative; as, a ratiocinative process.
ration: a fixed daily allowance of provisions assigned to a soldier in the army, or a sailor in the navy, for his subsistence.-hence, a certain portion or fixed amount dealt out; an allowance; an allotment.-to supply with rations, as a regiment.
rational: relating to the reason; not physical; mental.-having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; endowed with reason or understanding; reasoning.-agreeable to reason; not absurd, preposterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like; wise; judicious; as, rational conduct; a rational man.-expressing the type, structure, relations, and reactions of a compound; graphic; -- said of formulae. see under formula.-a rational being.
rationale: an explanation or exposition of the principles of some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, or the like; also, the principles themselves.
rationalism: the doctrine or system of those who deduce their religious opinions from reason or the understanding, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation.-the system that makes rational power the ultimate test of truth; -- opposed to sensualism, or sensationalism, and empiricism.
rationalist: one who accepts rationalism as a theory or system; also, disparagingly, a false reasoner. see citation under reasonist.
rationality: the quality or state of being rational; agreement with reason; possession of reason; due exercise of reason; reasonableness.
rationalize: to make rational; also, to convert to rationalism.-to interpret in the manner of a rationalist.-to form a rational conception of.-to render rational; to free from radical signs or quantities.-to use, and rely on, reason in forming a theory, belief, etc., especially in matters of religion: to accord with the principles of rationalism.
ratitae: an order of birds in which the wings are small, rudimentary, or absent, and the breastbone is destitute of a keel. the ostrich, emu, moa, and apteryx are examples.
ratlins: the small transverse ropes attached to the shrouds and forming the steps of a rope ladder.
ratoon: same as rattoon, n.-a rattan cane.-same as rattoon, v. i.
rattan: one of the long slender flexible stems of several species of palms of the genus calamus, mostly east indian, though some are african and australian. they are exceedingly tough, and are used for walking sticks, wickerwork, chairs and seats of chairs, cords and cordage, and many other purposes.
ratten: to deprive feloniously of the tools used in one's employment (as by breaking or stealing them), for the purpose of annoying; as, to ratten a mechanic who works during a strike.
ratter: one who, or that which, rats, as one who deserts his party.-anything which catches rats; esp., a dog trained to catch rats; a rat terrier. see terrier.
ratting: of rat-the conduct or practices of one who rats.  see rat, v. i., 1.-the low sport of setting a dog upon rats confined in a pit to see how many he will kill in a given time.
rattle: to make a quick succession of sharp, inharmonious noises, as by the collision of hard and not very sonorous bodies shaken together; to clatter.-to drive or ride briskly, so as to make a clattering; as, we rattled along for a couple of miles.-to make a clatter with the voice; to talk rapidly and idly; to clatter; -- with on or away; as, she rattled on for an hour.-to cause to make a rattling or clattering sound; as, to rattle a chain.-to assail, annoy, or stun with a rattling noise.-hence, to disconcert; to confuse; as, to rattle one's judgment; to rattle a player in a game.-to scold; to rail at.-a rapid succession of sharp, clattering sounds; as, the rattle of a drum.-noisy, rapid talk.-an instrument with which a rattling sound is made; especially, a child's toy that rattles when shaken.-a noisy, senseless talker; a jabberer.-a scolding; a sharp rebuke.-any organ of an animal having a structure adapted to produce a rattling sound.-the noise in the throat produced by the air in passing through mucus which the lungs are unable to expel; -- chiefly observable at the approach of death, when it is called the death rattle. see r/le.
rattlebox: a toy that makes a rattling sound; a rattle.-an american herb (crotalaria sagittalis), the seeds of which, when ripe, rattle in the inflated pod.-any species of crotalaria, a genus of yellow-flowered herbs, with inflated, many-seeded pods.
rattlesnake: any one of several species of venomous american snakes belonging to the genera crotalus and caudisona, or sistrurus. they have a series of horny interlocking joints at the end of the tail which make a sharp rattling sound when shaken. the common rattlesnake of the northern united states (crotalus horridus), and the diamond rattlesnake of the south (c. adamanteus), are the best known. see illust. of fang.
rattoon: one of the stems or shoots of sugar cane of the second year's growth from the root, or later. see plant-cane.-to sprout or spring up from the root, as sugar cane from the root of the previous year's planting.
raucity: harshness of sound; rough utterance; hoarseness; as, the raucity of a trumpet, or of the human voice.
raucous: hoarse; harsh; rough; as, a raucous, thick tone.
raught: imp. & p. p. of reach.-imp. & p. p. of reck.-of reach
ravage: desolation by violence; violent ruin or destruction; devastation; havoc; waste; as, the ravage of a lion; the ravages of fire or tempest; the ravages of an army, or of time.-to lay waste by force; to desolate by violence; to commit havoc or devastation upon; to spoil; to plunder; to consume.
rave: imp. of rive.-one of the upper side pieces of the frame of a wagon body or a sleigh.-to wander in mind or intellect; to be delirious; to talk or act irrationally; to be wild, furious, or raging, as a madman.-to rush wildly or furiously.-to talk with unreasonable enthusiasm or excessive passion or excitement; -- followed by about, of, or on; as, he raved about her beauty.-to utter in madness or frenzy; to say wildly; as, to rave nonsense.
ravehook: a tool, hooked at the end, for enlarging or clearing seams for the reception of oakum.
ravel: to separate or undo the texture of; to take apart; to untwist; to unweave or unknit; -- often followed by out; as, to ravel a twist; to ravel out a stocking.-to undo the intricacies of; to disentangle.-to pull apart, as the threads of a texture, and let them fall into a tangled mass; hence, to entangle; to make intricate; to involve.-to become untwisted or unwoven; to be disentangled; to be relieved of intricacy.-to fall into perplexity and confusion.-to make investigation or search, as by picking out the threads of a woven pattern.
ravelin: a detached work with two embankments which make a salient angle. it is raised before the curtain on the counterscarp of the place. formerly called demilune, and half-moon.
raveling: of ravel-the act of untwisting or of disentangling.-that which is raveled out; esp., a thread detached from a texture.
raven: a large black passerine bird (corvus corax), similar to the crow, but larger. it is native of the northern parts of europe, asia, and america, and is noted for its sagacity.-of the color of the raven; jet black; as, raven curls; raven darkness.-rapine; rapacity.-prey; plunder; food obtained by violence.-to obtain or seize by violence.-to devour with great eagerness.-to prey with rapacity; to be greedy; to show rapacity.
ravener: one who, or that which, ravens or plunders.-a bird of prey, as the owl or vulture.
ravening: of raven-eagerness for plunder; rapacity; extortion.-greedily devouring; rapacious; as, ravening wolves.
ravenous: devouring with rapacious eagerness; furiously voracious; hungry even to rage; as, a ravenous wolf or vulture.-eager for prey or gratification; as, a ravenous appetite or desire.
ravine: food obtained by violence; plunder; prey; raven.-see raven, v. t. & i.-a torrent of water.-a deep and narrow hollow, usually worn by a stream or torrent of water; a gorge; a mountain cleft.
raving: of rave-talking irrationally and wildly; as, a raving lunatic.
ravish: to seize and carry away by violence; to snatch by force.-to transport with joy or delight; to delight to ecstasy.-to have carnal knowledge of (a woman) by force, and against her consent; to rape.
ravishment: the act of carrying away by force or against consent; abduction; as, the ravishment of children from their parents, of a ward from his guardian, or of a wife from her husband.-the state of being ravished; rapture; transport of delight; ecstasy.-the act of ravishing a woman; rape.
raw: not altered from its natural state; not prepared by the action of heat; as, raw sienna; specifically, not cooked; not changed by heat to a state suitable for eating; not done; as, raw meat.-hence: unprepared for use or enjoyment; immature; unripe; unseasoned; inexperienced; unpracticed; untried; as, raw soldiers; a raw recruit.-not worked in due form; in the natural state; untouched by art; unwrought.-not distilled; as, raw water-not spun or twisted; as, raw silk or cotton-not mixed or diluted; as, raw spirits-not tried; not melted and strained; as, raw tallow-not tanned; as, raw hides-not trimmed, covered, or folded under; as, the raw edge of a piece of metal or of cloth.-not covered; bare.-bald.-deprived of skin; galled; as, a raw sore.-sore, as if by being galled.-disagreeably damp or cold; chilly; bleak; as, a raw wind.-a raw, sore, or galled place; a sensitive spot; as, to touch one on the raw.
rawhead: a specter mentioned to frighten children; as, rawhead and bloodybones.
rawhide: a cowhide, or coarse riding whip, made of untanned (or raw) hide twisted.
rawly: in a raw manner; unskillfully; without experience.-without proper preparation or provision.
ray: to array.-to mark, stain, or soil; to streak; to defile.-array; order; arrangement; dress.-one of a number of lines or parts diverging from a common point or center, like the radii of a circle; as, a star of six rays.-a radiating part of a flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius. see radius.-one of the radiating spines, or cartilages, supporting the fins of fishes.-one of the spheromeres of a radiate, especially one of the arms of a starfish or an ophiuran.-a line of light or heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point; a single element of light or heat propagated continuously; as, a solar ray; a polarized ray.-one of the component elements of the total radiation from a body; any definite or limited portion of the spectrum; as, the red ray; the violet ray. see illust. under light.-sight; perception; vision; -- from an old theory of vision, that sight was something which proceeded from the eye to the object seen.-one of a system of diverging lines passing through a point, and regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions. see half-ray.-to mark with long lines; to streak.-to send forth or shoot out; to cause to shine out; as, to ray smiles.-to shine, as with rays.-any one of numerous elasmobranch fishes of the order raiae, including the skates, torpedoes, sawfishes, etc.-in a restricted sense, any of the broad, flat, narrow-tailed species, as the skates and sting rays. see skate.
ray grass: a perennial european grass (lolium perenne); -- called also rye grass, and red darnel. see darnel, and grass.
rayless: destitute of rays; hence, dark; not illuminated; blind; as, a rayless sky; rayless eyes.
raze: a shakespearean word (used once) supposed to mean the same as race, a root.-to erase; to efface; to obliterate.-to subvert from the foundation; to lay level with the ground; to overthrow; to destroy; to demolish.
razee: an armed ship having her upper deck cut away, and thus reduced to the next inferior rate, as a seventy-four cut down to a frigate.-to cut down to a less number of decks, and thus to an inferior rate or class, as a ship; hence, to prune or abridge by cutting off or retrenching parts; as, to razee a book, or an article.
razor: a keen-edged knife of peculiar shape, used in shaving the hair from the face or the head.-a tusk of a wild boar.
razor-backed: having a sharp, lean, or thin back; as, a razor-backed hog, perch, etc.
razorbill: a species of auk (alca torda) common in the arctic seas. see auk, and illust. in appendix.-see cutwater, 3.
razure: the act of erasing or effacing, or the state of being effaced; obliteration. see rasure.-an erasure; a change made by erasing.
razzia: a plundering and destructive incursion; a foray; a raid.
re: a syllable applied in solmization to the second tone of the diatonic scale of c; in the american system, to the second tone of any diatonic scale.
re-: a prefix signifying back, against, again, anew; as, recline, to lean back; recall, to call back; recede; remove; reclaim, to call out against; repugn, to fight against; recognition, a knowing again; rejoin, to join again; reiterate; reassure. combinations containing the prefix re- are readily formed, and are for the most part of obvious signification.
re-collect: to collect again; to gather what has been scattered; as, to re-collect routed troops.
re-demption: the act of redeeming, or the state of being redeemed; repurchase; ransom; release; rescue; deliverance; as, the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the redemption of a ship and cargo.-the liberation of an estate from a mortgage, or the taking back of property mortgaged, upon performance of the terms or conditions on which it was conveyed; also, the right of redeeming and reentering upon an estate mortgaged. see equity of redemption, under equity.-performance of the obligation stated in a note, bill, bond, or other evidence of debt, by making payment to the holder.-the procuring of god's favor by the sufferings and death of christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of god's violated law.
re-form: to give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge.
re-formation: the act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as, the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square.
re-presentation: the act of re-presenting, or the state of being presented again; a new presentation; as, re-presentation of facts previously stated.
reabsorb: to absorb again; to draw in, or imbibe, again what has been effused, extravasated, or thrown off; to swallow up again; as, to reabsorb chyle, lymph, etc.; -- used esp. of fluids.
reach: to retch.-an effort to vomit.-to extend; to stretch; to thrust out; to put forth, as a limb, a member, something held, or the like.-hence, to deliver by stretching out a member, especially the hand; to give with the hand; to pass to another; to hand over; as, to reach one a book.-to attain or obtain by stretching forth the hand; to extend some part of the body, or something held by one, so as to touch, strike, grasp, or the like; as, to reach an object with the hand, or with a spear.-to strike, hit, or touch with a missile; as, to reach an object with an arrow, a bullet, or a shell.-hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; to penetrate to; to pierce, or cut, as far as.-to extend to; to stretch out as far as; to touch by virtue of extent; as, his land reaches the river.-to arrive at; to come to; to get as far as.-to arrive at by effort of any kind; to attain to; to gain; to be advanced to.-to understand; to comprehend.-to overreach; to deceive.-to stretch out the hand.-to strain after something; to make efforts.-to extend in dimension, time, amount, action, influence, etc., so as to touch, attain to, or be equal to, something.-to sail on the wind, as from one point of tacking to another, or with the wind nearly abeam.-the act of stretching or extending; extension; power of reaching or touching with the person, or a limb, or something held or thrown; as, the fruit is beyond my reach; to be within reach of cannon shot.-the power of stretching out or extending action, influence, or the like; power of attainment or management; extent of force or capacity.-extent; stretch; expanse; hence, application; influence; result; scope.-an extended portion of land or water; a stretch; a straight portion of a stream or river, as from one turn to another; a level stretch, as between locks in a canal; an arm of the sea extending up into the land.-an artifice to obtain an advantage.-the pole or rod which connects the hind axle with the forward bolster of a wagon.
react: to act or perform a second time; to do over again; as, to react a play; the same scenes were reacted at rome.-to return an impulse or impression; to resist the action of another body by an opposite force; as, every body reacts on the body that impels it from its natural state.-to act upon each other; to exercise a reciprocal or a reverse effect, as two or more chemical agents; to act in opposition.
reaction: any action in resisting other action or force; counter tendency; movement in a contrary direction; reverse action.-the mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each other, or the action upon such chemical agents of some form of energy, as heat, light, or electricity, resulting in a chemical change in one or more of these agents, with the production of new compounds or the manifestation of distinctive characters. see blowpipe reaction, flame reaction, under blowpipe, and flame.-an action induced by vital resistance to some other action; depression or exhaustion of vital force consequent on overexertion or overstimulation; heightened activity and overaction succeeding depression or shock.-the force which a body subjected to the action of a force from another body exerts upon the latter body in the opposite direction.-backward tendency or movement after revolution, reform, or great progress in any direction.
reactionary: being, causing, or favoring reaction; as, reactionary movements.-one who favors reaction, or seeks to undo political progress or revolution.
read: rennet. see 3d reed.-of read-to advise; to counsel.-to interpret; to explain; as, to read a riddle.-to tell; to declare; to recite.-to go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or recite to one's self inaudibly; to take in the sense of, as of language, by interpreting the characters with which it is expressed; to peruse; as, to read a discourse; to read the letters of an alphabet; to read figures; to read the notes of music, or to read music; to read a book.-hence, to know fully; to comprehend.-to discover or understand by characters, marks, features, etc.; to learn by observation.-to make a special study of, as by perusing textbooks; as, to read theology or law.-to give advice or counsel.-to tell; to declare.-to perform the act of reading; to peruse, or to go over and utter aloud, the words of a book or other like document.-to study by reading; as, he read for the bar.-to learn by reading.-to appear in writing or print; to be expressed by, or consist of, certain words or characters; as, the passage reads thus in the early manuscripts.-to produce a certain effect when read; as, that sentence reads queerly.-saying; sentence; maxim; hence, word; advice; counsel.  see rede.-reading.-imp. & p. p. of read, v. t. & i.-instructed or knowing by reading; versed in books; learned.