AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
activation energy: the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction
aerodynamic lift: the component of the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil that opposes gravity
affinity: the force attracting atoms to each other and binding them together in a molecule basic dyes have an affinity for wool and silk
air pocket: a local region of low pressure or descending air that causes a plane to lose height suddenly
slipstream: the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller
alluvial fan: a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out
alpha radiation: the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay
alpha rhythm: the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed; occurs with a frequency of 8-12 hertz
alternating current: an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally In the US most household current is AC at 60 cycles per second
alternation of generations: the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal
metagenesis: alternation of sexual and asexual generations
annual ring: an annual formation of wood in plants as they grow
apparent motion: an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object the cinema relies on apparent motion the succession of flashing lights gave an illusion of movement
atomic energy: the energy released by a nuclear reaction
atomic power: nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use)
attraction: the force by which one object attracts another
repulsion: the force by which bodies repel one another
aureole: the outermost region of the sun's atmosphere; visible as a white halo during a solar eclipse
aurora australis: the aurora of the southern hemisphere
aurora borealis: the aurora of the northern hemisphere
bad luck: an unpredictable outcome that is unfortunate if I didn't have bad luck I wouldn't have any luck at all
beam: a column of light (as from a beacon)
beam: a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation
beta radiation: radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay
beta rhythm: the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert; occurs with a frequency between 12 and 30 hertz
binding energy: the energy required to separate particles from a molecule or atom or nucleus; equals the mass defect
bise: a dry cold north wind in southeastern France
atmospheric pressure: the pressure exerted by the atmosphere
black-body radiation: the electromagnetic radiation that would be radiated from an ideal black body; the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of a black body depends only on temperature and is determined by Planck's radiation law
blood pressure: the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person's health adult blood pressure is considered normal at 120/80 where the first number is the systolic pressure and the second is the diastolic pressure
arterial pressure: the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries arterial pressure is the product of cardiac output and vascular resistance
brainwave: (neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph
calm air: wind moving at less than 1 knot; 0 on the Beaufort scale
breeze: a slight wind (usually refreshing) the breeze was cooled by the lake as he waited he could feel the air on his neck
breath: a slight movement of the air there wasn't a breath of air in the room
brownian movement: the random motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid
candlelight: the light provided by a burning candle
capacitance: an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored
elastance: the reciprocal of capacitance
capillarity: a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries
catastrophe: a sudden violent change in the earth's surface
charge: the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons the battery needed a fresh charge
chemical bond: an electrical force linking atoms
cross-link: a side bond that links two adjacent chains of atoms in a complex molecule
ionic bond: a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion
coordinate bond: a covalent bond in which both electrons are provided by one of the atoms
peptide bond: the primary linkage of all protein structures; the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide
chinook: a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies
coriolis force: (physics) a force due to the earth's rotation; acts on a body in motion (airplane or projectile) in a rotating reference frame; in a rotating frame of reference Newton's second law of motion can be made to apply if in addition to the real forces acting on a body a Coriolis force and a centrifugal force are introduced
freeze: weather cold enough to cause freezing
corona discharge: an electrical discharge accompanied by ionization of surrounding atmosphere
cosmic background radiation: (cosmology) the cooled remnant of the hot big bang that fills the entire universe and can be observed today with an average temperature of about 2.725 kelvin
mushroom: a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb)
counterglow: a faint spot of light in the night sky that appears directly opposite the position of the sun; a reflection of sunlight by micrometeoric material in space
fohn: a warm dry wind that blows down the northern slopes of the Alps
santa ana: a strong hot dry wind that blows in winter from the deserts of southern California toward the Pacific Coast
high wind: a very strong wind rain and high winds covered the region
katabatic wind: a wind caused by the downward motion of cold air
current: a flow of electricity through a conductor the current was measured in amperes
cyclosis: the circulation of cytoplasm within a cell
death: the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism the animal died a painful death
decay: the organic phenomenon of rotting
delta rhythm: the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep; occurs with high voltage and low frequency (1 to 4 hertz)
deposit: the phenomenon of sediment or gravel accumulating
desquamation: loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales
exfoliation: the peeling off in flakes or scales of bark or dead skin exfoliation is increased by sunburn
mother lode: the main vein of ore in a deposit
lode: a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks
condensation: atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold
sweat: condensation of moisture on a cold surface the cold glasses were streaked with sweat
direct current: an electric current that flows in one direction steadily
drift: a force that moves something along
dust storm: a windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand it was the kind of duster not experienced in years
east wind: a wind from the east
northwest wind: a wind from the northwest
southwester: a strong wind from the southwest
southeaster: a strong wind from the southeast
elastic energy: potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed (as in a coiled spring)
electrical power: the product of voltage and current
electricity: energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor they built a car that runs on electricity
electromagnetic radiation: radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
hertzian wave: an electromagnetic wave generated by oscillations in an electric circuit
energy: any source of usable power the DOE is responsible for maintaining the energy policy
energy: (physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs energy can take a wide variety of forms
energy level: a definite stable energy that a physical system can have; used especially of the state of electrons in atoms or molecules according to quantum theory only certain energy levels are possible
work: (physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force work equals force times distance
flood: the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land plains fertilized by annual inundations
flash flood: a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration
floodhead: a wall of water rushing ahead of the flood we were lucky to be safe when the floodheads hit
noah's flood: (Biblical) the great deluge that is said in the Book of Genesis to have occurred in the time of Noah; it was brought by God upon the earth because of the wickedness of human beings
focus: a point of convergence of light (or other radiation) or a point from which it diverges
food web: (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
fair weather: moderate weather; suitable for outdoor activities
field: the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it
line of force: an imaginary line in a field of force; direction of the line at any point is the direction of the force at that point
fine structure: the presence of groups of closely spaced spectrum lines observed in the atomic spectrum of certain elements the fine structure results from slightly different energy levels
force: (physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity force equals mass times acceleration
forked lightning: a form of lightning that moves rapidly in a zigzag path with one end divided (fork-like)
friar's lantern: a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground
friction: the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another
fringe: one of the light or dark bands produced by the interference and diffraction of light
grinding: the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind or ice
grip: the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road)
cold front: the front of an advancing mass of colder air
occluded front: (meteorology) a composite front when colder air surrounds a mass of warm air and forces it aloft
greenhouse effect: warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere; caused by atmospheric gases that allow sunshine to pass through but absorb heat that is radiated back from the warmed surface of the earth
frost heave: upthrust of ground or pavement caused by the freezing of moist soil
moderate gale: wind moving 32-38 knots; 7 on the Beaufort scale
storm: a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning
northeaster: a storm blowing from the northeast
gamma radiation: electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength
radiance: the amount of electromagnetic radiation leaving or arriving at a point on a surface
good luck: a stroke of luck
gravity: (physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface; ; ; --Albert Einstein the more remote the body the less the gravity the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them gravitation cannot be held responsible for people falling in love
solar gravity: the gravity of the sun solar gravity creates extreme pressures and temperatures
gust: a strong current of air the tree was bent almost double by the gust
heat: a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
histocompatibility: condition in which the cells of one tissue can survive in the presence of cells of another tissue a successful graft or transplant requires a high degree of histocompatibility
ice fog: a dense winter fog containing ice particles
ice storm: a storm with freezing rain that leaves everything glazed with ice
incandescence: the phenomenon of light emission by a body as its temperature is raised
incidence: the striking of a light beam on a surface he measured the angle of incidence of the reflected light
induction: an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current
infrared: electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves
interreflection: reciprocal reflection between two reflecting surfaces there was interreflection between the two surfaces of the lens
juice: electric current when the wiring was finished they turned on the juice
kinetic energy: the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion
latent heat: heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure
heat of condensation: heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses into a liquid the heat of condensation is equal to the heat of vaporization
heat of fusion: heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature the heat of fusion is equal to the heat of solidification
heat of vaporization: heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature
leverage: the mechanical advantage gained by being in a position to use a lever
life: the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones there is no life on the moon
biology: characteristic life processes and phenomena of living organisms the biology of viruses
light: (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation the light was filtered through a soft glass window
jet: atmospheric discharges (lasting 10 msec) bursting from the tops of giant storm clouds in blue cones that widen as they flash upward
lorentz force: the force experienced by a point charge moving along a wire that is in a magnetic field; the force is at right angles to both the current and the magnetic field the Lorentz force can be used to suspend a current-carrying object between two magnets
sprites: atmospheric electricity (lasting 10 msec) appearing as globular flashes of red (pink to blood-red) light rising to heights of 60 miles (sometimes seen together with elves)
magnetic field: the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle
nuclear magnetic resonance: resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field
magnetism: attraction for iron; associated with electric currents as well as magnets; characterized by fields of force
electromagnetism: magnetism produced by an electric current electromagnetism was discovered when it was observed that a copper wire carrying an electric current can magnetize pieces of iron or steel near it
sound: mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them
trajectory: the path followed by an object moving through space
ballistics: the trajectory of an object in free flight
mass defect: the amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent particles
thaw: warm weather following a freeze; snow and ice melt they welcomed the spring thaw
magnetic dipole moment: (physics) a current loop gives rise to a magnetic field characteristic of a magnetic dipole An orbiting electron in an atom will have a magnetic dipole moment
magnetic moment: the torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field
meteor: a streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode
bolide: an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding)
moonbeam: a ray of moonlight
moonlight: the light of the Moon moonlight is the smuggler's enemy the Moon was bright enough to read by
sunlight: the rays of the sun the shingles were weathered by the sun and wind
sunbeam: a ray of sunlight
ion beam: a beam of ions moving in the same direction at the same speed
necrobiosis: (physiology) the normal degeneration and death of living cells (as in various epithelial cells)
apoptosis: a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival
necrosis: the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply)
brain death: death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops
solar halo: a luminous halo parallel to the horizon at the altitude of the sun; caused by ice crystals in the atmosphere
parhelion: a bright spot on the parhelic circle; caused by diffraction by ice crystals two or more parhelia are usually seen at once
north wind: a wind that blows from the north
el nino: (oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time
el nino southern oscillation: a more intense El Nino that occurs every few years when the welling up of cold nutrient-rich water does not occur; kills plankton and fish and affects weather patterns
north equatorial current: an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just north of the equator
south equatorial current: an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just south of the equator
gulf stream: a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean
japan current: a warm ocean current that flows northeastwardly off the coast of Japan into the northern Pacific ocean
peruvian current: a cold ocean current that flows north along the Pacific Coast of South America before turning west
radiopacity: opacity to X-rays or other radiation
pea soup: a heavy thick yellow fog
piezoelectricity: electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rochelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal
polarization: the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration
depolarization: a loss of polarity or polarization
polymorphism: (chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound
single nucleotide polymorphism: (genetics) genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species
electric potential: the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
evoked potential: the electrical response of the central nervous system produced by an external stimulus he measured evoked potentials with an electroencephalogram
potential energy: the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy
precipitation: the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
pressure: the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
head: the pressure exerted by a fluid a head of steam
overpressure: a transient air pressure greater than the surrounding atmospheric pressure the overpressure of the blast kills by lethal concussion
intraocular pressure: pressure exerted by the fluids inside the eyeball; regulated by resistance to the outward flow of aqueous humor glaucoma can result from increased intraocular pressure
radiation pressure: the minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave
sound pressure: the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point
prevailing wind: the predominant wind direction the prevailing wind is from the southwest
puff: a short light gust of air
pull: the force used in pulling the pull of the moon the pull of the current
push: the force used in pushing the push of the water on the walls of the tank the thrust of the jet engines
reaction: (mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body every action has an equal and opposite reaction
corpuscular radiation: a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (e.g. alpha particles) or negatively (e.g. beta particles) or not at all (e.g. neutrons)
radio wave: an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m
radio spectrum: the entire spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies used for communications; includes frequencies used for radio and radar and television
carrier wave: a radio wave that can be modulated in order to transmit a signal
rain: water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
line storm: a violent rainstorm near the time of an equinox
downpour: a heavy rain
drizzle: very light rain; stronger than mist but less than a shower
shower: a brief period of precipitation the game was interrupted by a brief shower
recognition: (biology) the ability of one molecule to attach to another molecule that has a complementary shape molecular recognition drives all of biology, for instance, hormone and receptor or antibody-antigen interactions or the organization of molecules into larger biologically active entities
reflection: the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface
double refraction: splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly
electric resistance: a material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms
acoustic resistance: opposition to the flow of sound through a surface; acoustic resistance is the real component of acoustic impedance and acoustic reactance is the imaginary component
drag: the phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid
sonic barrier: the increase in aerodynamic drag as an airplane approaches the speed of sound
rejection: (medicine) an immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign rejection of the transplanted liver
rejuvenation: the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored the annual rejuvenation of the landscape
resolving power: the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
scattering: a light shower that falls in some locations and not others nearby
shear: (physics) a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves the shear changed the quadrilateral into a parallelogram
meteor shower: a transient shower of meteors when a meteor swarm enters the earth's atmosphere
simoom: a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa
smoke: a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas
snow: precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals
flurry: a light brief snowfall and gust of wind (or something resembling that) he had to close the window against the flurries there was a flurry of chicken feathers
snowflake: a crystal of snow
ice crystal: small crystals of ice
blizzard: a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds