AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
solar energy: energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy
solar flare: a sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface; associated with sunspots and radio interference
sound spectrum: the distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source
sunspot: a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere; associated with a strong magnetic field
south wind: a wind from the south
discharge: electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field
distortion: a change (usually undesired) in the waveform of an acoustic or analog electrical signal; the difference between two measurements of a signal (as between the input and output signal) heavy metal guitar players use vacuum tube amplifiers to produce extreme distortion
nonlinear distortion: distortion that occurs when the output signal does not have a linear relation to the input signal
projection: the acoustic phenomenon that gives sound a penetrating quality our ukuleles have been designed to have superior sound and projection a prime ingredient of public speaking is projection of the voice
conduction: the transmission of heat or electricity or sound
doppler effect: change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other
red shift: (astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum); generally interpreted as evidence that the universe is expanding
dynamic electricity: a flow of electric charge
stress: (physics) force that produces strain on a physical body the intensity of stress is expressed in units of force divided by units of area
tension: (physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body the direction of maximum tension moves asymptotically toward the direction of the shear
streamer: light that streams streamers of flames
interaction: (physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by gauge bosons
strong interaction: (physics) the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms; mediated by gluons
supertwister: the most powerful tornado which can create enormously devastating damage supertwisters are fortunately rare
weak interaction: (physics) an interaction between elementary particles involving neutrinos or antineutrinos that is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay; mediated by intermediate vector bosons
interfacial tension: surface tension at the surface separating two non-miscible liquids
tempest: (literary) a violent wind a tempest swept over the island
theta rhythm: the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy; occurs with low frequency and low amplitude
thunderbolt: a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder
thunderstorm: a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning
tornado: a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground
torsion: a twisting force
tossup: an unpredictable phenomenon it's a toss-up whether he will win or lose
trade wind: steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator they rode the trade winds going west
antitrade wind: winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics
tramontane: a cold dry wind that blows south out of the mountains into Italy and the western Mediterranean
transparency: permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation
turbulence: unstable flow of a liquid or gas
sea: turbulent water with swells of considerable size heavy seas
ultraviolet: radiation lying in the ultraviolet range; wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays
sunray: a ray of artificial ultraviolet light from a sunray lamp
draft: a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle)
van der waal's forces: relatively weak attraction between neutral atoms and molecules arising from polarization induced in each particle by the presence of other particles
vapor pressure: the pressure exerted by a vapor; often understood to mean saturated vapor pressure (the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form)
visible spectrum: the distribution of colors produced when light is dispersed by a prism
voltage: the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts
life force: (biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms
wave: a persistent and widespread unusual weather condition (especially of unusual temperatures) a heat wave
weather: the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation they were hoping for good weather every day we have weather conditions and yesterday was no exception the conditions were too rainy for playing in the snow
elements: violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements) they felt the full fury of the elements
west wind: wind that blows from west to east
prevailing westerly: the winds from the west that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth
wind: air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure trees bent under the fierce winds when there is no wind, row the radioactivity was being swept upwards by the air current and out into the atmosphere
wind generation: power derived from the wind (as by windmills)
x ray: electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target
x-ray diffraction: the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal; the diffraction pattern shows structure of the crystal
chop: the irregular motion of waves (usually caused by wind blowing in a direction opposite to the tide) the boat headed into the chop
flotation: the phenomenon of floating (remaining on the surface of a liquid without sinking)
tyndall effect: the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path; it makes a beam of light visible; the scattered light is mainly blue
heliocentric parallax: the parallax of a celestial body using two points in the earth's orbit around the sun as the baseline
geocentric parallax: the parallax of a celestial body using two points on the surface of the earth as the earth rotates
plantae: (botany) the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants
endemic: a plant that is native to a certain limited area it is an endemic found only this island
thallophyta: used only in former classifications: comprising what is now considered a heterogeneous assemblage of flowerless and seedless organisms: algae; bacteria; fungi; lichens
cap: a fruiting structure resembling an umbrella or a cone that forms the top of a stalked fleshy fungus such as a mushroom
cleistothecium: closed spore-bearing structure of some fungi (especially Aspergillaceae and Erysiphaceae) from which spores are released only by decay or disintegration
tracheophyta: in former classifications: comprising plants with a vascular system including ferns and fern allies as well as seed plants
bryophyta: a division of nonflowering plants characterized by rhizoids rather than true roots and having little or no organized vascular tissue and showing alternation of generations between gamete-bearing forms and spore-bearing forms; comprises true mosses (Bryopsida) and liverworts (Hepaticopsida) and hornworts (Anthoceropsida)
bryophyte: any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta
anthoceropsida: hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
anthocerotales: hornworts; liverworts having a thalloid gametophyte; in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
anthocerotaceae: hornworts
anthoceros: hornworts
bryopsida: true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales
acrocarp: a moss in which the main axis is terminated by the archegonium (and hence the capsule)
pleurocarp: a moss having the archegonium or antheridium on a short side branch rather than the main stalk
andreaeales: comprises a single genus: Andreaea
andreaea: brown or blackish Alpine mosses having a dehiscent capsule with 4 longitudinal slits
bryales: category used in some classification systems for mosses having the spore case separated from the capsule wall by a hollow intercellular space
dicranales: widely distributed order of mosses with erect gametophores and sporophytes at the tips of stems
dicranaceae: mosses having costate leaves and long-stalked capsules with cleft peristome
dicranum: type genus of Dicranaceae
eubryales: mosses with perennial erect gametophores and stems with rows of leaves and drooping capsules
bryaceae: a family of acrocarpous mosses
bryum: type genus of the Bryaceae: mosses distinguished by mostly erect and tufted gametophytes and symmetrical short-necked capsules
mniaceae: family of erect mosses with club-shaped paraphyses and the hexagonal cells of the upper leaf surface; sometimes treated as a subfamily of Bryaceae
mnium: mosses similar to those of genus Bryum but larger
sphagnales: coextensive with the genus Sphagnum; in some classifications isolated in a separate subclass
genus sphagnum: a large genus constituting the order Sphagnales: atypical mosses of temperate bogs with leaves that can hold much water
sphagnum: any of various pale or ashy mosses of the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains form peat
hepaticopsida: liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales
liverwort: any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses
jungermanniales: large order of chiefly tropical liverworts
leafy liverwort: moss-like liverwort with tiny scalelike leaves; usually epiphytic
jungermanniaceae: comprising the leafy members of the order Jungermanniales
marchantiales: liverworts with gametophyte differentiated internally
marchantiaceae: liverworts with prostrate and usually dichotomously branched thalli
marchantia: type genus of Marchantiaceae; liverworts that reproduce asexually by gemmae and have stalked antheridiophores
hepatica: a common liverwort
sphaerocarpales: small order sometimes included in the order Jungermanniales
sphaerocarpaceae: liverworts with bilaterally symmetrical gametophytes; sometimes placed in the order Jungermanniales
sphaerocarpus: type genus of Sphaerocarpaceae; liverworts with small many-lobed usually orbicular thallus
pteridophyta: containing all the vascular plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns; in some classifications considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta
genus pecopteris: genus of Carboniferous fossil ferns
pteridophyte: plants having vascular tissue and reproducing by spores
spore: a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion a sexual spore is formed after the fusion of gametes
conidium: an asexually produced fungal spore formed on a conidiophore
sporocarp: specialized leaf branch in certain aquatic ferns that encloses the sori or clusters of sporangia
spermatophyta: seed plants; comprises the Angiospermae (or Magnoliophyta) and Gymnospermae (or Gymnospermophyta); in some classification systems Spermatophyta is coordinate with Pteridophyta (spore producing plants having vascular tissue and roots) and Bryophyta (spore producing plants lacking vascular tissue and roots)
phanerogamae: in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all seed-bearing plants; superseded by the division Spermatophyta
cryptogamia: in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi
spermatophyte: plant that reproduces by means of seeds not spores
monocot family: family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed
monocot genus: genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed
dicot family: family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination
dicot genus: genus of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination
gymnospermae: plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida)
gnetopsida: gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as a class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta)
gnetales: chiefly tropical or xerophytic woody plants; practically unknown as fossils but considered close to the ancestral line of angiosperms
gnetaceae: plants having small unisexual flowers and fleshy or winged fruit: in some classifications includes the genera Ephedra and Welwitschia as well as genus Gnetum
genus gnetum: type genus of the Gnetaceae; small trees or shrubs usually with climbing jointed stems and terminal spikes of flowers with orange-red seeds clustered in rough cones
gnetum: small tropical tree with tiered branches and divaricate branchlets having broad glossy dark green leaves; exploited for its edible young leaves and seeds that provide a fine flour
ephedraceae: ephedras: in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae
catha: a genus of African evergreen shrubs characterized by thick leaves and white flowers
catha edulis: a shrub that is cultivated by Arabs for its leaves which are chewed or used to make tea
genus ephedra: type and sole genus of Ephedraceae: tropical and subtropical evergreen shrubby or creeping plants native to dry and inhospitable regions
ephedra: jointed and nearly leafless desert shrub having reduced scalelike leaves and reddish fleshy seeds
mahuang: Chinese ephedra yielding ephedrine
welwitschiaceae: in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae
genus welwitschia: type and sole genus of Welwitschiaceae
welwitschia: curious plant of arid regions of southwestern Africa having a yard-high and yard-wide trunk like a turnip with a deep taproot and two large persistent woody straplike leaves growing from the base; living relic of a flora long disappeared; some may be 700-5000 years old
cycadopsida: palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta)
cycadales: primitive tropical gymnosperms abundant in the Mesozoic, now reduced to a few scattered tropical forms
cycadaceae: ancient palmlike plants closely related to ferns in that fertilization is by means of spermatozoids
cycas: type genus of Cycadaceae: genus of widely distributed Old World evergreen tropical trees having pinnate leaves and columnar stems covered with persistent bases of old leaves
sago palm: dwarf palmlike cycad of Japan that yields sago
false sago: southeastern Indian cycad with palmlike foliage
zamiaceae: a family of cycads often included in the family Cycadaceae: zamias
genus zamia: genus of small evergreen tropical and subtropical American cycads
coontie: small tough woody zamia of Florida and West Indies and Cuba; roots and half-buried stems yield an arrowroot
genus ceratozamia: small genus of Mexican cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae
genus dioon: small genus of arborescent cycads of Mexico and Central America; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae
genus encephalartos: genus of arborescent African cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae
kaffir bread: South African cycad; the farinaceous pith of the fruit used as food
genus macrozamia: genus of large evergreen Australian cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae
burrawong: large attractive palmlike evergreen cycad of New South Wales
bennettitales: fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous
bennettitaceae: a family of fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous
bennettitis: type of the Bennettitales
pteridospermopsida: extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies
cycadofilicales: fossil gymnospermous trees or climbing plants from the Devonian: seed ferns
pteridospermae: used in some classification systems: a group of extinct fossil gymnosperms coextensive with the order Cycadofilicales
lyginopteris: genus of fossil seed ferns of the Carboniferous
seed fern: an extinct seed-producing fernlike plant of the order Cycadofilicales (or group Pteridospermae)
coniferopsida: cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian)
cordaitales: extinct plants having tall arborescent trunks comparable to or more advanced than cycads; known from the Pennsylvanian period; probably extinct since the Mesozoic era
cordaitaceae: chiefly Paleozoic plants; Cordaites is the chief and typical genus
cordaites: tall Paleozoic trees superficially resembling modern screw pines; structurally intermediate in some ways between cycads and conifers
pinopsida: most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
coniferales: profusely branching and chiefly evergreen trees and some shrubs having narrow or needlelike leaves
pinaceae: a family of Pinaceae
pinus: type genus of the Pinaceae: large genus of true pines
pine: a coniferous tree
pinon: any of several low-growing pines of western North America
pinon pine: a small two-needled or three-needled pinon of Mexico and southern Texas
rocky mountain pinon: small compact two-needled pinon of southwestern United States; important as a nut pine
single-leaf: pinon of southwestern United States having solitary needles and often many stems; important as a nut pine
bishop pine: two-needled or three-needled pinon mostly of northwestern California coast
california single-leaf pinyon: very small tree similar to Rocky mountain pinon but having a single needle per fascicle; similar to Parry's pinyon in range
parry's pinyon: five-needled pinon of southern California and northern Baja California having (sometimes three-needled or four-needled showing hybridization from Pinus californiarum)
spruce pine: large two-needled pine of southeastern United States with light soft wood
black pine: large two-needled timber pine of southeastern Europe
pitch pine: large three-needled pine of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada; closely related to the pond pine
pond pine: large three-needled pine of sandy swamps of southeastern United States; needles longer than those of the northern pitch pine
stone pine: medium-sized two-needled pine of southern Europe having a spreading crown; widely cultivated for its sweet seeds that resemble almonds
swiss pine: large five-needled European pine; yields cembra nuts and a resinous exudate
cembra nut: the seed of the Swiss pine
swiss mountain pine: low shrubby pine of central Europe with short bright green needles in bunches of two
ancient pine: small slow-growing pine of western United States similar to the bristlecone pine; chocolate brown bark in plates and short needles in bunches of 5; crown conic but becoming rough and twisted; oldest plant in the world growing to 5000 years in cold semidesert mountain tops
american white pine: tall-growing pine of eastern North America; bark is brown with longitudinal fissures when mature; valued as a timber tree
western white pine: tall pine of western North America with stout blue-green needles; bark is grey-brown with rectangular plates when mature
southwestern white pine: medium-size pine of northwestern Mexico; bark is dark brown and furrowed when mature
limber pine: western North American pine with long needles and very flexible limbs and dark-grey furrowed bark
whitebark pine: small pine of western North America; having smooth grey-white bark and soft brittle wood; similar to limber pine
ponderosa: common and widely distributed tall timber pine of western North America having dark green needles in bunches of 2 to 5 and thick bark with dark brown plates when mature
jeffrey pine: tall symmetrical pine of western North America having long blue-green needles in bunches of 3 and elongated cones on spreading somewhat pendulous branches; sometimes classified as a variety of ponderosa pine
shore pine: shrubby two-needled pine of coastal northwestern United States; red to yellow-brown bark fissured into small squares
sierra lodgepole pine: tall subspecies of lodgepole pine
loblolly pine: tall spreading three-needled pine of southeastern United States having reddish-brown fissured bark and a full bushy upper head
jack pine: slender medium-sized two-needled pine of eastern North America; with yellow-green needles and scaly grey to red-brown fissured bark
longleaf pine: large three-needled pine of southeastern United States having very long needles and gnarled twisted limbs; bark is red-brown deeply ridged; an important timber tree
shortleaf pine: large pine of southern United States having short needles in bunches of 2-3 and red-brown bark when mature
red pine: pine of eastern North America having long needles in bunches of two and reddish bark
scotch pine: medium large two-needled pine of northern Europe and Asia having flaking red-brown bark
scrub pine: common small shrubby pine of the eastern United States having straggling often twisted or branches and short needles in bunches of 2
monterey pine: tall California pine with long needles in bunches of 3, a dense crown, and dark brown deeply fissured bark
bristlecone pine: small slow-growing upland pine of western United States (Rocky Mountains) having dense branches with fissured rust-brown bark and short needles in bunches of 5 and thorn-tipped cone scales; among the oldest living things some over 4500 years old
table-mountain pine: a small two-needled upland pine of the eastern United States (Appalachians) having dark brown flaking bark and thorn-tipped cone scales
knobcone pine: medium-sized three-needled pine of the Pacific coast of the United States having a prominent knob on each scale of the cone
japanese red pine: pine native to Japan and Korea having a wide-spreading irregular crown when mature; grown as an ornamental
japanese black pine: large Japanese ornamental having long needles in bunches of 2; widely planted in United States because of its resistance to salt and smog
torrey pine: medium-sized five-needled pine of southwestern California having long cylindrical cones
larix: larches
larch: any of numerous conifers of the genus Larix all having deciduous needlelike leaves
american larch: medium-sized larch of Canada and northern United States including Alaska having a broad conic crown and rust-brown scaly bark
western larch: tall larch of western North America have pale green sharply pointed leaves and oblong cones; an important timber tree
subalpine larch: medium-sized larch of the Rocky Mountains; closely related to Larix occidentalis