AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
pius ii: Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464)
pius v: Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572)
pius vi: Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799)
pius vii: Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823)
pius ix: Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
pius x: pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914)
pius xi: pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939)
pius xii: pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958)
pizarro: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
planck: German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947)
plath: United States writer and poet (1932-1963)
plato: ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)
plautus: comic dramatist of ancient Rome (253?-184 BC)
pliny: Roman author of an encyclopedic natural history; died while observing the eruption of Vesuvius (23-79)
pliny: Roman writer and nephew of Pliny the Elder; author of books of letters that commented on affairs of the day (62-113)
plotinus: Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270)
plutarch: Greek biographer who wrote Parallel Lives (46?-120 AD)
pocahontas: a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)
poe: United States writer and poet (1809-1849)
poitier: United States film actor and director (born in 1927)
polk: 11th President of the United States; his expansionism led to the Mexican War and the annexation of California and much of the southwest (1795-1849)
pollack: United States filmmaker (born in 1934)
pollock: United States artist famous for painting with a drip technique; a leader of abstract expressionism in America (1912-1956)
polo: Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)
polycarp: Greek bishop of Smyrna who refused to recant his Christian faith and was burned to death by pagans (circa 69-155)
pompadour: French noblewoman who was the lover of Louis XV, whose policies she influenced (1721-1764)
pompey: Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)
ponce de leon: Spanish explorer who accompanied Columbus on his second trip in 1493; in 1513 he discovered Florida while searching for the legendary Fountain of Youth (1460-1521)
pons: United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976)
ponselle: United States soprano (1897-1981)
pontiac: famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)
pope: English poet and satirist (1688-1744)
popper: British philosopher (born in Austria) who argued that scientific theories can never be proved to be true, but are tested by attempts to falsify them (1902-1994)
porter: United States writer of short stories whose pen name was O. Henry (1862-1910)
porter: United States composer and lyricist of musical comedies (1891-1946)
porter: United States writer of novels and short stories (1890-1980)
post: United States manufacturer of breakfast cereals and Postum (1854-1914)
post: United States female author who wrote a book and a syndicated newspaper column on etiquette (1872-1960)
post: United States aviator who in 1933 made the first solo flight around the world (1899-1935)
potemkin: a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791)
poulenc: French pianist and composer (1899-1963)
pound: United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972)
poussin: French painter in the classical style (1594-1665)
powell: English physicist who discovered the pion (the first known meson) which is a subatomic particle involved in holding the nucleus together (1903-1969)
powell: United States general who was the first African American to serve as chief of staff; later served as Secretary of State under President George W. Bush (born 1937)
powhatan: Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia; father of Pocahontas (1550?-1618)
powys: British writer of novels about nature; one of three literary brothers (1872-1963)
powys: British writer of allegorical novels; one of three literary brothers (1875-1953)
powys: British writer of essays; one of three literary brothers (1884-1939)
presley: United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)
priam: (Greek mythology) the last king of Troy; father of Hector and Paris and Cassandra
price: United States operatic soprano (born 1927)
priestley: English chemist who isolated many gases and discovered oxygen (independently of Scheele) (1733-1804)
prokhorov: Russian physicist whose research into ways of moving electrons around atoms led to the development of masers and lasers for producing high-intensity radiation (1916-2002)
prokofiev: Russian composer of ballets and symphonies and operas (1891-1953)
proudhon: French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865)
proust: French novelist (1871-1922)
ptolemy: Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance
ptolemy i: the king of Egypt who founded the Macedonian dynasty in Egypt; a close friend and general of Alexander the Great who took charge of Egypt after Alexander died (circa 367-285 BC)
ptolemy ii: son of Ptolemy I and king of Egypt who was said to be responsible for the Septuagint (circa 309-247 BC)
puccini: Italian operatic composer noted for the dramatic realism of his operas (1858-1924)
pugin: English architect who played a prominent role in the 19th century revival of Gothic architecture (1812-1852)
pulitzer: United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)
purcell: English organist at Westminster Abbey and composer of many theatrical pieces (1659-1695)
purkinje: Bohemian physiologist remembered for his discovery of Purkinje cells and the Purkinje network (1787-1869)
pusey: English theologian who (with John Henry Newman and John Keble) founded the Oxford movement (1800-1882)
pushkin: Russian poet (1799-1837)
putin: Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000; formerly director of the Federal Security Bureau (born in 1952)
pyle: United States writer and illustrator of children's books (1853-1911)
pynchon: United States writer of pessimistic novels about life in a technologically advanced society (born in 1937)
pyrrhus: king of Epirus; defeated the Romans in two battles in spite of staggering losses (319-272 BC)
pythagoras: Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC)
qaddafi: Libyan leader who seized power in a military coup d'etat in 1969; deposed the Libyan monarchy and imposed socialism and Islamic orthodoxy on the country (born in 1942)
qin shi huang ti: the first Qin emperor who unified China, built much of the Great Wall, standardized weights and measures, and created a common currency and legal system (died 210 BC)
quincy: American patriot who presented the colonists' grievances to the English king (1744-1775)
quine: United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001)
rabelais: author of satirical attacks on medieval scholasticism (1494-1553)
rachel: (Old Testament) the second wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph and Benjamin
rachmaninoff: composer and piano virtuoso born in Russia (1873-1943)
racine: French advocate of Jansenism; tragedian who based his works on Greek and Roman themes (1639-1699)
radhakrishnan: Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975)
raffles: British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826)
rain-in-the-face: a chief of the Sioux; he was with Sitting Bull and others at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when General Custer's troops were massacred (1835-1905)
raleigh: English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)
rameau: French composer of operas whose writings laid the foundation for the modern theory of harmony (1683-1764)
rameses: any of 12 kings of ancient Egypt between 1315 and 1090 BC
rameses ii: king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments
ramon y cajal: Spanish histologist noted for his work on the structure of the nervous system (1852-1934)
rand: United States writer (born in Russia) noted for her polemical novels and political conservativism (1905-1982)
rankin: leader in the women's suffrage movement in Montana; the first woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives (1880-1973)
raphael: Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)
rask: Danish philologist whose work on Old Norse pioneered in the field of comparative linguistics (1787-1832)
rasmussen: Danish ethnologist and Arctic explorer; led expeditions into the Arctic to find support for his theory that Eskimos and North American Indians originally migrated from Asia (1879-1933)
rasputin: Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy (1872-1916)
rattigan: British playwright (1911-1977)
ravel: French composer and exponent of Impressionism (1875-1937)
rayleigh: English physicist who studied the density of gases and discovered argon; made important contributions to acoustic theory (1842-1919)
reagan: 40th President of the United States (1911-2004)
reaumur: French physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer (1683-1757)
rebecca: (Old Testament) wife of Isaac and mother of Jacob and Esau
red cloud: leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)
redford: United States actor and filmmaker who starred with Paul Newman in several films (born in 1936)
reed: United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902)
reed: United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920)
rehnquist: United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)
reich: United States composer (born in 1936)
reich: Austrian born psychoanalyst who lived in the United States; advocated sexual freedom and believed that cosmic energy could be concentrated in a human being (1897-1957)
reichstein: a Swiss chemist born in Poland; studied the hormones of the adrenal cortex
reid: Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796)
reiter: German bacteriologist who described a disease now known as Reiter's syndrome and who identified the spirochete that causes syphilis in humans (1881-1969)
rembrandt: influential Dutch artist (1606-1669)
renoir: French impressionist painter (1841-1919)
respighi: Italian composer remembered for his symphonic poems (1879-1936)
reuben: (Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel
revere: American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)
reynolds: English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792)
rhine: United States parapsychologist (1895-1980)
rhodes: British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902)
ricardo: English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)
rice: United States playwright (1892-1967)
rice: English lyricist who frequently worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber (born in 1944)
richard i: son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199; a leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him in 1194 (1157-1199)
richard ii: King of England from 1377 to 1399; he suppressed the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 but his reign was marked by popular discontent and baronial opposition in British Parliament and he was forced to abdicate in 1399 (1367-1400)
richard iii: King of England from 1483 to 1485; seized the throne from his nephew Edward V who was confined to the Tower of London and murdered; his reign ended when he was defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) at the battle of Bosworth Field (1452-1485)
richards: English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979)
richardson: British stage and screen actor noted for playing classic roles (1902-1983)
richardson: United States architect (1838-1886)
richelieu: French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642)
richler: Canadian novelist (born in 1931)
rickenbacker: the most decorated United States combat pilot in World War I (1890-1973)
rickover: United States admiral who advocated the development of nuclear submarines (1900-1986)
riemann: pioneer of non-Euclidean geometry (1826-1866)
riesman: United States sociologist (1909-2002)
riley: United States poet (1849-1916)
rilke: German poet (born in Austria) whose imagery and mystic lyricism influenced 20th-century German literature (1875-1926)
rimbaud: French poet whose work influenced the surrealists (1854-1891)
rimsky-korsakov: Russian composer of operas and orchestral works; often used themes from folk music (1844-1908)
ringling: United States showman whose song-and-dance troop evolved into a circus (1863-1926)
rittenhouse: United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America; also the first director of the United States Mint (1732-1796)
ritz: Swiss hotelier who created a chain of elegant hotels (1850-1918)
rivera: socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)
robbins: United States choreographer who brought human emotion to classical ballet and spirited reality to Broadway musicals (1918-1998)
robert: United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)
roberts: a Welsh pirate credited with having taken more than 400 ships (1682-1722)
roberts: United States writer remembered for his historical novels about colonial America (1885-1957)
roberts: United States evangelist (born 1918)
roberts: United States biochemist (born in England) honored for his discovery that some genes contain introns (born in 1943)
robertson: United States basketball guard (born in 1938)
robeson: United States bass singer and an outspoken critic of racism and proponent of socialism (1898-1976)
robespierre: French revolutionary; leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)
robinson: United States film actor noted for playing gangster roles (1893-1973)
robinson: United States poet; author of narrative verse (1869-1935)
robinson: United States baseball player; first Black to play in the major leagues (1919-1972)
robinson: United States historian who stressed the importance of intellectual and social events for the course of history (1863-1936)
robinson: Irish playwright and theater manager in Dublin (1886-1958)
robinson: United States prizefighter who won the world middleweight championship five times and the world welterweight championship once (1921-1989)
robinson: English chemist noted for his studies of molecular structures in plants (1886-1975)
rochambeau: French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807)
rock: United States gynecologist and devout Catholic who conducted the first clinical trials of the oral contraceptive pill (1890-1984)
rockefeller: United States industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business and gave half of it away (1839-1937)
rockingham: English statesman who served as prime minister and who opposed the war with the American colonies (1730-1782)
rockwell: United States illustrator whose works present a sentimental idealized view of everyday life (1894-1978)
rodgers: United States composer of musical comedies (especially in collaboration with Oscar Hammerstein II and with Lorenz Hart) (1902-1979)
rodin: French sculptor noted for his renderings of the human form (1840-1917)
roebling: United States engineer (born in Germany) who designed and began construction of the Brooklyn bridge (1806-1869)
roentgen: German physicist who discovered x-rays and developed roentgenography (1845-1923)
rogers: United States psychologist who developed client-centered therapy (1902-1987)
rogers: United States dancer and film actress who partnered with Fred Astaire (1911-1995)
rogers: United States humorist remembered for his homespun commentary on politics and American society (1879-1935)
roget: English physician who in retirement compiled a well-known thesaurus (1779-1869)
rollo: Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931)
romberg: United States composer (born in Hungary) who composed operettas (1887-1951)
rommel: German field marshal noted for brilliant generalship in North Africa during World War II (1891-1944)
roosevelt: 26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration;  (1858-1919) Theodore Roosevelt said `Speak softly but carry a big stick'
roosevelt: 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945)
roosevelt: wife of Franklin Roosevelt and a strong advocate of human rights (1884-1962)
ross: American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836)
ross: a politician in Wyoming who was the first woman governor in the United States (1876-1977)
ross: British physician who discovered that mosquitos transmit malaria (1857-1932)
ross: British explorer of the Arctic and Antarctic; located the north magnetic pole in 1831; discovered the Ross Sea in Antarctica; nephew of Sir John Ross (1800-1862)
ross: Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856)
rossetti: English poet and painter who was a leader of the Pre-Raphaelites (1828-1882)
rossini: Italian composer remembered for his operas (1792-1868)
rostand: French dramatist and poet whose play immortalized Cyrano de Bergerac (1868-1918)
roth: United States writer whose novels portray middle-class Jewish life (born in 1933)
rothko: United States abstract painter (born in Russia) whose paintings are characterized by horizontal bands of color with indistinct boundaries (1903-1970)
rothschild: any of family of powerful Jewish bankers in Europe
rous: United States pathologist who discovered viruses that cause tumors (1879-1970)
rousseau: French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)
rousseau: French primitive painter (1844-1910)
rubens: prolific Flemish baroque painter; knighted by the English king Charles I (1577-1640)
rubinstein: Russian composer and pianist (1829-1894)
rubinstein: United States pianist (born in Poland) known for his interpretations of the music of Chopin (1886-1982)
rundstedt: German field marshal in World War II who directed the conquest of Poland and led the Ardennes counteroffensive (1875-1953)
runyon: United States writer of humorous stylized stories about Broadway and the New York underground (1884-1946)
rupert: English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682)
rush: physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813)
rushdie: British writer of novels who was born in India; one of his novels is regarded as blasphemous by Muslims and a fatwa was issued condemning him to death (born in 1947)
ruskin: British art critic (1819-1900)
russell: English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970)
russell: Irish writer whose pen name was A.E. (1867-1935)
russell: United States astronomer who developed a theory of stellar evolution (1877-1957)
russell: United States entertainer remembered for her roles in comic operas (1861-1922)
russell: United States basketball center (born in 1934)
russell: English film director (born in 1927)
russell: United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)
ruth: the great-grandmother of king David whose story is told in the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament
ruth: United States professional baseball player famous for hitting home runs (1895-1948)
rutherford: British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937)
rutherford: British chemist who isolated nitrogen (1749-1819)
rutledge: United States jurist and second chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; he was appointed by George Washington and briefly served as chief justice but was ultimately rejected by the United States Senate (1739-1800)
saarinen: United States architect (born in Finland) (1910-1961)
saarinen: Finnish architect and city planner who moved to the United States in 1923; father of Eero Saarinen (1873-1950)
sabin: United States microbiologist (born in Poland) who developed the Sabin vaccine that is taken orally against poliomyelitis (born 1906)
sacagawea: the Shoshone guide and interpreter who guided the Lewis and Clark expedition part of the way
sacco: United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927)
sadat: Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)
sade: French soldier and writer whose descriptions of sexual perversion gave rise to the term `sadism' (1740-1814)
saint-saens: French pianist and composer (1835-1921)
sakharov: Soviet physicist and dissident; helped develop the first Russian hydrogen bomb; advocated nuclear disarmament and campaigned for human rights (1921-1989)
saladin: sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)
salinger: United States writer (born 1919)
salk: United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914)
salome: woman whose dancing beguiled Herod into giving her the head of John the Baptist
salomon: American financier and American Revolutionary War patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution (1740?-1785)
samson: (Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah