AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
balmoral castle: a castle in northeastern Scotland that is a private residence of the British sovereign
edinburgh: the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth
lothian region: a district in southeast central Scotland (south side of the Firth of Forth) and the location of Edinburgh
glasgow: largest city in Scotland; a port on the Clyde in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world
hebrides: a group of more than 500 islands off the western coast of Scotland
inner hebrides: islands between the Outer Hebrides and the western coast of Scotland
isle of skye: an island of northwestern Scotland noted for its rugged mountain scenery
islay: an island of western Scotland at the southern end of the Inner Hebrides
mull: an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides
staffa: an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides to the west of Mull; site of Fingal's Cave
outer hebrides: a 130-mile long archipelago to the northwest of Scotland
wales: one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria
aberdare: a mining town in southern Wales
bangor: a university town in northwestern Wales on the Menai Strait
cardiff: the capital and largest city of Wales
newport: a port city in southeastern Wales
sealyham: a village in southwestern Wales where the Sealyham terrier was first bred
swansea: a port city in southern Wales on an inlet of the Bristol Channel
anglesey: an island to the northwest of Wales
brunei: a sultanate in northwestern Borneo; became independent of Great Britain in 1984
burkina faso: a desperately poor landlocked country in western Africa; was formerly Upper Volta under French rule but gained independence in 1960
sinai: a peninsula in northeastern Egypt; at north end of Red Sea
egyptian empire: an ancient empire to the west of Israel; centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament
egypt: a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
lower egypt: one of the two main administrative districts of Egypt; consists of the Nile delta
upper egypt: one of the two main administrative districts of Egypt; extends south from Cairo to Sudan
alexandria: the chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt
aswan: an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; two dams across the Nile have been built nearby
cairo: the capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa; a major port just to the south of the Nile delta; formerly the home of the Pharaohs
el alamein: a village to the west of Alexandria on the northern coast of Egypt; the scene of a decisive Allied victory over the Germans in 1942
giza: an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo; site of three Great Pyramids and the Sphinx
memphis: an ancient city of Egypt on the Nile (south of Cairo)
nag hammadi: a town in Upper Egypt
luxor: a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile that is a center for visitors to the ruins of and around Thebes
thebes: an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs
saqqara: a town in northern Egypt; site of the oldest Egyptian pyramids
suez: a city in northeastern Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern end of the Suez Canal
suez canal: a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
india: a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947
assam: state in northeastern India
karnataka: state in southern India; formerly Mysore
manipur: state in northeastern India
hindustan: northern region of India where Hinduism predominates
sikkim: a geographical area and former kingdom in northeastern India in the Himalaya Mountains between Nepal and Bhutan
kanara: a historical region of southwestern India on the west coast
punjab: a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan
new delhi: the capital of India is a division of the old city of Delhi
delhi: a city in north central India
bangalore: an industrial city in south central India (west of Chennai)
jabalpur: an industrial city of central India to the southeast of Delhi
kolkata: the largest city in India and one of the largest cities in the world; located in eastern India; suffers from poverty and overcrowding
mumbai: a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea; India's 2nd largest city (after Calcutta); has the only natural deep-water harbor in western India
agra: a city in northern India; former capital of the Mogul empire; site of the Taj Mahal
hyderabad: a city in south central India in Andhra Pradesh
chennai: a city in Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal; formerly Madras
lucknow: a city in northern India in Uttar Pradesh; during the Indian Mutiny its British residents were besieged by Indian insurgents
mysore: a city in southern India to the southwest of Bangalore
salem: a city in southern India
andhra pradesh: a state of southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal
bihar: a state of northeastern India
goa: a state of southwestern India; a former Portuguese colony
gujarat: an industrialized state in western India that includes parts of Bombay
tamil nadu: a state in southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal (south of Andhra Pradesh); formerly Madras
uttar pradesh: a state in northern India
gujarat: a region of western India to the north of Bombay (bordering the Arabian Sea) where Gujarati is spoken
maharashtra: a historical area in west-central India
orissa: state in eastern India on the Bay of Bengal
nilgiri hills: hills in southern India
west bengal: a state in eastern India
nepal: a small landlocked Asian country high in the Himalayas between India and China
kathmandu: the capital and largest city of Nepal
tibet: an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China; located in the Himalayas
lhasa: the sacred city of Lamaism; known as the Forbidden City for its former inaccessibility and hostility to strangers
indonesia: a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions
java: an island in Indonesia to the south of Borneo; one of the world's most densely populated regions
bali: an island in Indonesia to the east of Java; striking volcanic scenery; culture is known for elaborate dances and rituals and for handicrafts
timor: an island in Indonesia in the Malay Archipelago; the largest and most eastern of the Lesser Sunda Islands
sumatra: a mountainous island in western Indonesia
celebes: a mountainous island in eastern Indonesia
moluccas: a group of island in eastern Indonesia between Celebes and New Guinea; settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands
indonesian borneo: the part of Indonesia on the southern side of the island of Borneo
jakarta: capital and largest city of Indonesia; located on the island of Java; founded by the Dutch in 17th century
bandung: a city in Indonesia; located on western Java (southeast of Jakarta); a resort known for its climate
medan: a city in Indonesia; located in northeastern Sumatra
semarang: a port city is southern Indonesia; located in northern Java
gulf states: the countries in southwestern Asia that border the Persian Gulf
iran: a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil
teheran: the capital and largest city of Iran; located in northern Iran
abadan: a port city in southwestern Iran
bam: an ancient city in southeastern Iran; destroyed by an earthquake in 2003
mashhad: the holy city of Shiite Muslims; located in northeastern Iran
isfahan: city in central Iran; former capital of Persia
rasht: city in northwestern Iran near the Caspian Sea
shiraz: a city in central southwestern Iran; ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby
tabriz: an ancient city in northwestern Iran; known for hot springs
urmia: a city on the western side of Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran
qum: a city in northwestern Iran; a place of pilgrimage for Shiite Muslims
persia: an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC
persepolis: an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire; now in ruins
elam: an ancient country in southwestern Asia to the east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people
iraq: a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq
baghdad: capital and largest city of Iraq; located on the Tigris River Baghdad is one of the great cities of the Muslim world
basra: the second largest city in Iraq; an oil port in southern Iraq
kerbala: a city of central Iraq to the south of Baghdad; a holy city for Shiite Muslims because it is the site of the tomb of Mohammed's grandson who was killed there in 680
kirkuk: a city in northeastern Iraq; the center of a rich oilfield with pipelines to the Mediterranean
mosul: a city in northern Iraq on the Tigris across from the ruins of Nineveh
levant: the former name for the geographical area of the eastern Mediterranean that is now occupied by Lebanon, Syria, and Israel
macedon: the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
philippi: a city in ancient Macedonia that was important in early Christianity
thrace: an ancient country and wine producing region in the east of the Balkan Peninsula to the north of the Aegean Sea; colonized by ancient Greeks; later a Roman province; now divided between Bulgaria and Greece and Turkey
edirne: a city in northwestern Turkey; a Thracian town that was rebuilt and renamed by the Roman Emperor Hadrian
mesopotamia: the land between the Tigris and Euphrates; site of several ancient civilizations; part of what is now known as Iraq
babylon: the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia
babylonia: an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king)
chaldea: an ancient region of Mesopotamia lying between the Euphrates delta and the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert; settled in 1000 BC and destroyed by the Persians in 539 BC; reached the height of its power under Nebuchadnezzar II
sumer: an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq; site of the Sumerian civilization of city-states that flowered during the third millennium BC
ur: an ancient city of Sumer located on a former channel of the Euphrates River
assyria: an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq
assur: an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria; just to the south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq
nineveh: an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known as Iraq
phoenicia: an ancient maritime country (a collection of city states) at eastern end of the Mediterranean
carthage: an ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis; founded by Phoenicians; destroyed and rebuilt by Romans; razed by Arabs in 697
utica: an ancient city on the north coast of Africa (northwest of Carthage); destroyed by Arabs around 700 AD
japan: a string of more than 3,000 islands to the east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean
hokkaido: the second largest of the four main islands of Japan; to the north of Honshu
honshu: the central and largest of the four main islands of Japan; between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean; regarded as the Japanese mainland
kyushu: the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan; contains coal fields
shikoku: the smallest of the four main islands of Japan; to the south of Honshu and to the east of Kyushu; separated from Honshu by the Inland Sea; forested and mountainous
japan: a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building
asahikawa: a city on western Hokkaido that is the center of a fertile agricultural area
tokyo: the capital and largest city of Japan; the economic and cultural center of Japan
nagano: a city in central Honshu to the northwest of Tokyo; site of a Buddhist shrine
nagoya: an industrial city in southern Honshu
omiya: a city of east central Honshu; a suburb of Tokyo
osaka: port city on southern Honshu on Osaka Bay; a commercial and industrial center of Japan
yokohama: port city on southeastern Honshu in central Japan
okinawa: the largest island of the central Ryukyu Islands
naha city: the chief city in the Ryukyu Islands
ryukyu islands: a chain of 55 islands in the western Pacific to the to the southwest of Japan (returned by United States to Japan in 1972)
kobe: a port city in Japan on Osaka Bay in southern Honshu; was damaged by an earthquake in 1995
kyoto: a city in central Japan on southern Honshu; a famous cultural center that was once the capital of Japan
hiroshima: a port city on the southwestern coast of Honshu in Japan; on August 6, 1945 Hiroshima was almost completely destroyed by the first atomic bomb dropped on a populated area
sapporo: a commercial city in northern Japan on western Hokkaido
kitakyushu: a Japanese city on northern Kyushu
fukuoka: a city in southern Japan on Kyushu
nagasaki: a city in southern Japan on Kyushu; a leading port and shipbuilding center; on August 9, 1945 Nagasaki became the second populated area to receive an atomic bomb
toyohashi: a Japanese city in southern Honshu on the Pacific shore
toyonaki: a Japanese city in southern Honshu; main residential suburb of Osaka
toyota: an industrial city of Japan in southern Honshu
asama: a volcano in central Honshu near Nagano; one of the largest volcanoes in Japan (8,340 feet)
volcano islands: a group of Japanese Islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the north of the Marianas
iwo jima: the largest of the Volcano Islands of Japan
jordan: an Arab kingdom in southwestern Asia on the Red Sea
amman: the capital and largest city of Jordan
al aqabah: Jordan's port; located in southwestern Jordan on the Gulf of Aqaba
jericho: a village in Palestine near the north end of the Dead Sea; in the Old Testament it was the first place taken by the Israelites under Joshua as they entered the Promised Land
az zarqa: city in northwestern Jordan
kenya: a republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1963; major archeological discoveries have been made in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya
nairobi: the capital and largest city of Kenya; a center for tourist safaris
kisumu: a port city in western Kenya on the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria; fishing and trading center
mombasa: a port city in southern Kenya on a coral island in a bay of the Indian Ocean
nakuru: a city in western Kenya; commercial center of an agricultural region
kuwait: an Arab kingdom in Asia on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf; a major source of petroleum
kuwait: a seaport on the Persian Gulf and capital of Kuwait
gaul: an ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands
france: a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
paris: the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce
left bank: the region of Paris on the southern bank of the Seine; a center of artistic and student life
montmartre: the highest point in Paris; famous for its associations with many artists
clichy: a northwestern suburb of Paris; the residence of the Merovingian royalty in the 7th century
orly: a southeastern suburb of Paris; site of an international airport serving Paris
quai d'orsay: the street in Paris along the south bank of the Seine known for its governmental ministries
right bank: the region of Paris on the north bank of the Seine
ile-st-louis: island in Paris on the Seine
champs elysees: a major avenue in Paris famous for elegant shops and cafes
avignon: a town in southeastern France on the Rhone River; the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1378 and the residence of antipopes during the Great Schism
bordeaux: a port city in southwestern France; a major center of the wine trade
brest: a port city in northwestern France (in Brittany); the chief naval station of France
calais: a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England; in 1347 it was captured by the English king Edward III after a long siege and remained in English hands until it was recaptured by the French king Henry II in 1558
cannes: a port and resort city on the French Riviera; site of an annual film festival
chablis: a town in north central France noted for white Burgundy wines
chartres: a town in northern France that is noted for its Gothic Cathedral
cherbourg: a port town in northwestern France on the English Channel; site of a naval base
dijon: an industrial city in eastern France to the north of Lyons
dunkirk: a seaport in northern France on the North Sea; scene of the evacuation of British forces in 1940 during World War II
grenoble: a city in southeastern France on the Isere River
le havre: a port city in northern France on the English Channel at the mouth of the Seine
lille: an industrial city in northern France near the Belgian border; was the medieval capital of Flanders
lyon: a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
marseille: a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean
nancy: a city in northeastern France in Lorraine
nantes: a port city in western France on the Loire estuary
nice: a city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean; the leading resort on the French Riviera
orleans: a city on the Loire river in north central France; site of the siege of Orleans by the English (1428-1429)
rheims: a city in northeastern France to the east of Paris; scene of the coronation of most French kings; site of the unconditional German surrender in 1945 at the end of World War II
strasbourg: city on the Rhine in eastern France near the German border; an inland port
toulon: a port city and naval base in southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast
toulouse: a city on the Garonne River in southern France to the southeast of Bordeaux; a cultural center of medieval Europe
tours: an industrial city in western France on the Loire River
valenciennes: a town in northeastern France long noted for its lace industry
versailles: a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century
vichy: a town in central France (south of Paris) noted for hot mineral springs; was capital of the unoccupied part of France during World War II
vienne: a town in south central France where is 1311-1313 the Roman Catholic Church held one of its councils
riviera: a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts
french riviera: the French part of the Riviera
french region: a geographical subdivision of France
alsace: a region of northeastern France famous for its wines
anjou: a former province of western France in the Loire valley
aquitaine: a region of southwestern France between Bordeaux and the Pyrenees
artois: a former province of northern France near the English Channel (between Picardy and Flanders)
auvergne: a region in central France
basse-normandie: a division of Normandy
bourgogne: a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines
bretagne: a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay
centre: a low-lying region in central France
champagne: a region of northeastern France
ardennes: a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II
corse: a region of France on the island of Corsica; birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte
corse: an island in the Mediterranean; with adjacent islets it constitutes a region of France
franche-comte: a former province of eastern France
gascogne: a region of southwestern France
haute-normandie: a division of Normandy
ile-de-france: a region of north central France including Paris and the area around it
languedoc-roussillon: a region in south central France; named after the medieval dialect of French that was spoken there
limousin: a region of central France to the west of the Auvergne mountains
lorraine: an eastern French region rich in iron-ore deposits
martinique: an island in the eastern Caribbean in the Windward Islands; administered as an overseas region of France
mayenne: a department of northwestern France in the Pays de la Loire region
midi: the southern part of France
midi-pyrenees: a region in southwestern France
nord-pas-de-calais: a region in northeastern France
pays de la loire: an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay
picardie: a region of northern France on the English Channel
poitou-charentes: a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay
rhone-alpes: a mountainous region of eastern France drained by the Rhone and Saone and Isere rivers
normandie: a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie
orleanais: a former province of north central France; centered around Orleans
provence: a former province of southeastern France; now administered with Cote d'Azur
lyonnais: a former province of east central France; now administered by Rhone-Alpes
savoy: a geographical region of historical importance; a former duchy in what is now southwestern France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy
gabon: a republic on the west coast of Africa
libreville: the capital of Gabon
gambia: a narrow republic surrounded by Senegal in West Africa
banjul: a port city and capital of Gambia
ghana: a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea Ghana was colonized as the Gold Coast by the British
accra: the capital and largest city of Ghana with a deep-water port
kumasi: a city in southern Ghana
tamale: a city in northern Ghana
grenada: an island state in the West Indies in the southeastern Caribbean Sea; an independent state within the British Commonwealth
st. george's: the capital and largest city of Grenada
guinea: a republic in western Africa on the Atlantic; formerly a French colony; achieved independence from France in 1958
conakry: a port and the capital of Guinea
guinea-bissau: a republic on the northwestern coast of Africa; recognized as independent by Portugal in 1974
bissau: the capital of Guinea-Bissau
guiana: a geographical region of northeastern South America including Guyana and Surinam
guyana: a republic in northeastern South America; formerly part of the British Empire, but it achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966
georgetown: port city and the capital and largest city of Guyana the city was called Stabroek by the Dutch but was renamed Georgetown by the British in 1812
demerara: a former Dutch colony in South America; now a part of Guyana
netherlands: a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level
amsterdam: an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum
apeldoorn: a city of east central Netherlands; a popular tourist center and site of the summer residence of the Dutch royal family
arnhem: a city in the central Netherlands on the lower Rhine River; site of a battle in 1944 during World War II