AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
halite: naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloride
columbite-tantalite: a valuable black mineral combining niobite and tantalite; used in cell phones and computer chips
corundom: very hard mineral used as an abrasive
cryolite: a white mineral consisting of fluorides of aluminum and sodium; a source of fluorine
dolomite: a light colored mineral consisting of calcium magnesium carbonate; a source of magnesium; used as a ceramic and as fertilizer
emulsion: (chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids an oil-in-water emulsion
erythrite: a reddish mineral consisting of hydrated cobalt arsenate in monoclinic crystalline form and used in coloring glass; usually found in veins bearing cobalt and arsenic
fluorite: a soft mineral (calcium fluoride) that is fluorescent in ultraviolet light; chief source of fluorine
gadolinite: a mineral that is a source of rare earths; consists of silicates of iron and beryllium and cerium and yttrium and erbium
almandite: a deep red garnet consisting of iron aluminum silicate
goethite: a red or yellow or brown mineral; an oxide of iron that is a common constituent of rust
greaves: the residue that remains after animal fat has been rendered
greenockite: ore of cadmium; a rare yellowish mineral consisting of cadmium sulphide in crystalline form
heavy spar: a white or colorless mineral (BaSO4); the main source of barium
hemimorphite: a white mineral; a common ore of zinc
kyanite: a grey or greenish-blue mineral consisting of aluminum silicate in crystalline form; occurs in metaphoric rock, used as a refractory
maltha: a thick black tar intermediate between petroleum and asphalt
meerschaum: a white clayey mineral
mica: any of various minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium etc. that crystallize in forms that allow perfect cleavage into very thin leaves; used as dielectrics because of their resistance to electricity
nepheline: a whitish mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate or potassium aluminum silicate in crystalline form; used in the manufacture of ceramics and enamels
niobite: a black mineral that is an ore of niobium and tantalum
charcoal: a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air
diesel oil: a heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines
fire: fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking put the kettle on the fire barbecue over an open fire
fuel oil: a petroleum product used for fuel
gasoline: a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines
leaded gasoline: gasoline treated with a lead compound to reduce motor knocks combustion of leaded gasoline released lead into the air where it could cause lead poisoning
kerosene: a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters
methanol: a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol
oroide: alloy of copper and tin and zinc; used in imitation gold jewelry
osmiridium: a hard and corrosion resistant mineral that is a natural alloy of osmium and iridium (usually containing small amounts of rhodium and platinum); used in needles and pen nibs etc.
paraldehyde: a colorless liquid (a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde) that is used as a sedative and a solvent
periclase: a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase; a source of magnesium
proenzyme: any of a group of compounds that are inactive precursors of enzymes and require some change (such as the hydrolysis of a fragment that masks an active enzyme) to become active
propellant: any substance that propels
rocket fuel: an explosive charge that propels a rocket
pyrite: a common mineral (iron disulfide) that has a pale yellow color
pyromorphite: a mineral consisting of lead chloride and phosphate; a minor source of lead
pyrrhotite: a brownish iron sulfide mineral (FeS) having weak magnetic properties
rock crystal: a clear quartz used in making electronic and optical equipment
cairngorm: a smoky yellow or brown quartz
regur: a rich black loam of India
residual soil: the soil that is remaining after the soluble elements have been dissolved
topsoil: the layer of soil on the surface
subsoil: the layer of soil between the topsoil and bedrock
ricin: a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent; can be used as a bioweapon one milligram of ricin can kill an adult
rock: material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust that mountain is solid rock stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries
marlite: metamorphic rock with approximately the same composition as marl
gravel: rock fragments and pebbles
hornfels: a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the action of heat on clay rocks
bank gravel: gravel as found in natural deposits
gem: a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry he had the gem set in a ring for his wife she had jewels made of all the rarest stones
pumice: a light glass formed on the surface of some lavas; used as an abrasive
grit: a hard coarse-grained siliceous sandstone
mosaic gold: a yellow pigment sometimes suspended in lacquer
sonora lac: resembling lac; secreted by a scale living on twigs of certain Mexican shrubs; used locally as medicine
adhesive material: a substance that unites or bonds surfaces together
birdlime: a sticky adhesive that is smeared on small branches to capture small birds
glue: cement consisting of a sticky substance that is used as an adhesive
crazy glue: a commercial brand of epoxy glue
paste: an adhesive made from water and flour or starch; used on paper and paperboard
sealant: a kind of sealing material that is used to form a hard coating on a porous surface (as a coat of paint or varnish used to size a surface)
lute: a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid
size: any glutinous material used to fill pores in surfaces or to stiffen fabrics size gives body to a fabric
adenine: (biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA
adenosine deaminase: an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia ADA deficiency can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease the gene encoding ADA was one of the earlier human genes to be isolated and cloned for study
adenosine monophosphate: a nucleotide found in muscle cells and important in metabolism; reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP
adenosine diphosphate: an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage
adenosine triphosphate: a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
alar: a chemical sprayed on fruit trees to regulate their growth so the entire crop can be harvested at one time
ethyl alcohol: the intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors; used pure or denatured as a solvent or in medicines and colognes and cleaning solutions and rocket fuel; proposed as a renewable clean-burning additive to gasoline
isopropyl alcohol: alcohol used as antifreeze or a solvent
ethyl: the univalent hydrocarbon radical C2H5 derived from ethane by the removal of one hydrogen atom
acetaldehyde: a colorless volatile water-soluble liquid aldehyde used chiefly in the manufacture of acetic acid and perfumes and drugs
acetamide: a colorless solid amide of acetic acid used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds
acrylamide: a white crystalline amide of propenoic acid can damage the nervous system and is carcinogenic in laboratory animals they claimed that acrylamide is produced when certain carbohydrates are baked or fried at high temperatures
aldol: an oily colorless liquid obtained by the condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde; contains an alcohol group (-OH) and an aldehyde group (-CHO)
alkali metal: any of the monovalent metals of group I of the periodic table (lithium or sodium or potassium or rubidium or cesium or francium) the hydroxides of the alkali metals are strongly alkaline
alkaline earth: any of the bivalent metals of group II of the periodic table (calcium or strontium or barium or magnesium or beryllium)
alkene: any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
ergonovine: an alkaloid derived from ergot (trade name Ergotrate Maleate) that is less toxic than ergot; induces muscular contraction of the uterus and is administered after childbirth or abortion
epsilon toxin: a bacterial toxin produced by clostridium perfringens; causes intense abdominal cramps and diarrhea that begins 8-22 hours after consumption of foods containing large numbers of these bacteria
turkish tobacco: a dark aromatic tobacco of eastern Europe that is used in cigarettes
alloy iron: cast iron containing alloying elements (usually nickel or chromium or copper or molybdenum) to increase the strength or facilitate heat treatment
alnico: trade name for an alloy used to make high-energy permanent magnets; contains aluminum and iron and nickel plus cobalt or copper or titanium
amalgam: an alloy of mercury with another metal (usually silver) used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth; except for iron and platinum all metals dissolve in mercury and chemists refer to the resulting mercury mixtures as amalgams
monel metal: an alloy of nickel and copper and other metals (such as iron and/or manganese and/or aluminum)
white metal: an alloy (often of lead or tin base) used for bearings
allyl alcohol: an unsaturated primary alcohol present in wood spirit; use to make resins and plasticizers and pharmaceuticals
alpha-beta brass: a brass that has more zinc and is stronger than alpha brass; used in making castings and hot-worked products
xanthophyll: yellow carotenoid pigments in plants and animal fats and egg yolks
aluminum bronze: an alloy of copper and aluminum with high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion
catalyst: (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
sensitizer: (chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction
heavy water: water containing a substantial proportion of deuterium atoms, used in nuclear reactors
protein: any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes a diet high in protein
gelatin: a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
conjugated protein: a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
albumin: a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
c-reactive protein: a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
keratin: a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves
filaggrin: the main protein of the keratohyalin granules the specific target of the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis is filaggrin
nerve growth factor: a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells
iodoprotein: a protein that contains iodine
angiotensin converting enzyme: proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
prostate specific antigen: a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
tumor necrosis factor: a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
cyclooxygenase: either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
cyclooxygenase-1: an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys an unfortunate side effect of NSAIDs is that they block Cox-1
cyclooxygenase-2: an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever the beneficial effects of NSAIDs result from their ability to block Cox-2
amine: a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals
sebacic acid: a dicarboxylic acid used to make resins
valeric acid: a clear liquid carboxylic acid used in perfumes and drugs
omega-3 fatty acid: a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond three carbons from the beginning
omega-6 fatty acid: a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond six carbons from the beginning
margaric acid: a colorless crystalline synthetic fatty acid
amino plastic: a plastic (synthetic resin) made from amino compounds; used as an adhesive and as a coating for paper and textiles
ammonia water: a water solution of ammonia
ammoniac: the aromatic gum of the ammoniac plant
ammonium: the ion NH4 derived from ammonia; behaves in many respects like an alkali metal ion
ammonium chloride: a white salt used in dry cells
phytohormone: (botany) a plant product that acts like a hormone
kinin: any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and delay the senescence of leaves
steroid hormone: any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs
progesterone: a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
megestrol: a synthetic progestational compound used to treat endometrial carcinoma
norethindrone: a synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis
medroxyprogesterone: a progestin compound (trade name Provera) used to treat menstrual disorders
progestin: any of a group of steroid hormones that have the effect of progesterone
androgen: male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics
nandrolone: an androgen (trade names Durabolin or Kabolin) that is used to treat testosterone deficiency or breast cancer or osteoporosis
follicle-stimulating hormone: a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form sperm
human chorionic gonadotropin: hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test
luteinizing hormone: a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in female mammals and stimulates androgen release in male mammals
prolactin: gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; in females it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition
estrogen: a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics
diethylstilbestrol: a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry
estradiol: the most powerful female hormone that occurs naturally; synthesized and used to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer
estriol: a naturally occurring estrogenic hormone; a synthetic form is used to treat estrogen deficiency
estrone: a naturally occurring weak estrogenic hormone secreted by the mammalian ovary; synthesized (trade name Estronol) and used to treat estrogen deficiency
corticosteroid: a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response adrenal cortical steroids are used to treat many different conditions
hydrocortisone: an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
cortisone: a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex; is converted to hydrocortisone
prednisolone: a glucocorticoid (trade names Pediapred or Prelone) used to treat inflammatory conditions
prednisone: a dehydrogenated analogue of cortisol (trade names Orasone or Deltasone or Liquid Pred or Meticorten); used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of arthritis and as an immunosuppressant
dexamethasone: a corticosteroid drug (trade names Decadron or Dexamethasone Intensol or Dexone or Hexadrol or Oradexon) used to treat allergies or inflammation
spironolactone: a synthetic corticosteroid (trade name Aldactone) used to treat hypertension
aniline: oily poisonous liquid amine obtained from nitrobenzene and used to make dyes and plastics and medicines
anil: a blue dye obtained from plants or made synthetically
bilirubin: an orange-yellow pigment in the bile that forms as a product of hemoglobin; excess amounts in the blood produce the yellow appearance observed in jaundice
urobilinogen: a chromogen formed in the intestine from the breakdown of bilirubin; yields urobilins on oxidation; some is excreted in the feces and some is resorbed and excreted in bile or urine
dentine: a calcareous material harder and denser than bone that comprises the bulk of a tooth
ivory: a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses
bone: the porous calcified substance from which bones are made
whalebone: a horny material from the upper jaws of certain whales; used as the ribs of fans or as stays in corsets
mother-of-pearl: the iridescent internal layer of a mollusk shell
parchment: skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on
hide: the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)
russia leather: a smooth leather tanned with willow, birch, or oak, and scented on the flesh side with birch oil
caffeine: a bitter alkaloid found in coffee and tea that is responsible for their stimulating effects
calf: fine leather from the skin of a calf
white leather: a leather that has been treated with alum and/or salt
cassava: a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics
chamois: a soft suede leather formerly from the skin of the chamois antelope but now from sheepskin
cowhide: leather made from the hide of a cow
crushed leather: leather that has had its grain pattern accentuated
kid: soft smooth leather from the hide of a young goat kid gloves
levant: a heavy morocco often used in bookbinding
sheepskin: tanned skin of a sheep with the fleece left on; used for clothing
golden fleece: in Greek mythology, a fleece of gold owned by the king of Colchis and guarded in a sacred grove by a dragon; recovered by Jason and the Argonauts
suede: leather with a napped surface
fur: the dressed hairy coat of a mammal
beaver: the soft brown fur of the beaver
persian lamb: the fur of a karakul lamb
lapin: the fur of a rabbit
muskrat: the brown fur of a muskrat
seal: the pelt or fur (especially the underfur) of a seal a coat of seal
anime: any of various resins or oleoresins
nitric acid: acid used especially in the production of fertilizers and explosives and rocket fuels
aqua regia: a yellow fuming corrosive mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid that dissolves metals (including gold)
arsenic: a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer
asafetida: the brownish gum resin of various plants; has strong taste and odor; formerly used as an antispasmodic
mineral wool: a light fibrous material used as an insulator
gentian violet: a green crystal (violet in water) used as a dye or stain or bactericide or fungicide or anthelmintic or burn treatment
methylene blue: a dark green dye used as a stain, an antiseptic, a chemical indicator, and an antidote in cyanide poisoning
phenothiazine: a compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites
babbitt metal: an alloy of tin with some copper and antimony; a lining for bearings that reduces friction
bactericide: any chemical agent that destroys bacteria
barbituric acid: a white crystalline acid derived from pyrimidine; used in preparing barbiturate drugs
barium sulphate: a white insoluble radiopaque powder used as a pigment
basic dye: a dye that is considered to be a base because the chromophore is part of a positive ion
battery acid: dilute sulfuric acid used in storage batteries
beebread: a mixture of nectar and pollen prepared by worker bees and fed to larvae
benzene: a colorless liquid hydrocarbon; highly inflammable; carcinogenic; the simplest of the aromatic compounds
benzene formula: a closed chain of 6 carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached
benzoate of soda: a white crystalline salt used as a food preservative and antiseptic
bicarbonate: a salt of carbonic acid (containing the anion HCO3) in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate
bicarbonate of soda: a white soluble compound (NaHCO3) used in effervescent drinks and in baking powders and as an antacid
binder's board: a cardboard used by bookbinders to make covers for books
active agent: chemical agent capable of activity
alka-seltzer: a commercial antacid that contains aspirin; tablets dissolve in water to give an effervescent solution
brioschi: an antacid
bromo-seltzer: an antacid
lansoprazole: antacid (trade name Prevacid) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach
maalox: an antacid
mylanta: an antacid
omeprazole: antacid (trade name Prilosec) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach
pepto-bismal: an antacid
rolaids: an antacid
tums: an antacid
antacid: an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (especially in the stomach)
bleaching agent: an agent that makes things white or colorless
desiccant: a substance that promotes drying (e.g., calcium oxide absorbs water and is used to remove moisture)
oxidant: a substance that oxidizes another substance
reducing agent: a substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized; used in photography to lessen the density of a negative or print by oxidizing some of the loose silver
bleaching clay: an adsorbent clay that will remove coloring from oils
bleaching powder: a white powder comprised of calcium hydroxide and chloride and hypochlorite and used to bleach and/or disinfect
hydrogen peroxide: a viscous liquid with strong oxidizing properties; a powerful bleaching agent; also used (in aqueous solutions) as a mild disinfectant and (in strong concentrations) as an oxidant in rocket fuels
bloodstone: green chalcedony with red spots that resemble blood
blotting paper: absorbent paper used to dry ink
blow gas: the gas leaving a generator during a blow period
blue vitriol: hydrated blue crystalline form of copper sulfate
bond: a superior quality of strong durable white writing paper; originally made for printing documents
bone oil: dark-colored ill-smelling oil obtained by carbonizing bone; used especially in sheep dips and in denaturing alcohol
boric acid: any of various acids containing boron and oxygen
boric acid: a white or colorless slightly acid solid that is soluble in water and ethanol; used in the manufacture of glass and paper and adhesives and in detergents and as a flux in welding; also used as an antiseptic and food preservative
brushwood: the wood from bushes or small branches they built a fire of brushwood
brimstone: an old name for sulfur
britannia metal: an alloy similar to pewter
phosphate buffer solution: a solution containing a phosphate buffer
butylene: any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8; all used in making synthetic rubbers
polybutylene: a polymer of butylene; used in lubricants and synthetic rubber
animal fat: any fat obtained from animals animal fat is high in saturated fatty acids
cabinet wood: moderately dense wood used for cabinetwork teak and other heavy cabinet wood
butanone: colorless soluble flammable liquid ketone used as a solvent for resins and as a paint remover and in lacquers and cements and adhesives and cleaning fluids and celluloid
butyl alcohol: a flammable alcohol derived from butanes and used for solvents