AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
chaplin: English comedian and film maker; portrayed a downtrodden little man in baggy pants and bowler hat (1889-1977)
chapman: United States pioneer who planted apple trees as he traveled (1774-1845)
chain: British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979)
capet: King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)
cattell: American psychologist and editor (1860-1944)
cattell: American psychologist (born in England) who developed a broad theory of human behavior based on multivariate research (1905-1998)
charcot: French neurologist who tried to use hypnotism to cure hysteria (1825-1893)
charlemagne: king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)
charles: French physicist and author of Charles's law which anticipated Gay-Lussac's law (1746-1823)
charles: the eldest son of Elizabeth II and heir to the English throne (born in 1948)
charles: son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland; was deposed and executed by Oliver Cromwell (1600-1649)
charles: King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)
charles: as Charles II he was Holy Roman Emperor and as Charles I he was king of France (823-877)
charles: King of France who began his reign with most of northern France under English control; after the intervention of Jeanne d'Arc the French were able to defeat the English and end the Hundred Years' War (1403-1461)
charles: King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)
chase: United States politician and jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1808-1873)
chateaubriand: French statesman and writer; considered a precursor of the romantic movement in France (1768-1848)
chaucer: English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)
chavez: United States labor leader who organized farm workers (born 1927)
chavez: Mexican composer of nationalistic works using themes from Indian folk music (1899-1978)
cheever: United States writer of novels and short stories (1912-1982)
chekhov: Russian dramatist whose plays are concerned with the difficulty of communication between people (1860-1904)
cherubini: Italian composer of church music and operas (1760-1842)
chesterfield: suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773)
chesterton: conservative English writer of the Roman Catholic persuasion; in addition to volumes of criticism and polemics he wrote detective novels featuring Father Brown (1874-1936)
chevalier: French actor and cabaret singer (1888-1972)
chiang kai-shek: Chinese military and political figure; in the Chinese civil war that followed World War II he was defeated by the Chinese communists and in 1949 was forced to withdraw to Taiwan where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death (1897-1975)
chippendale: a British cabinetmaker remembered for his graceful designs (especially of chairs) which influenced his contemporaries (1718-1779)
chirico: Italian painter (born in Greece) whose deep shadows and barren landscapes strongly influenced the surrealists (1888-1978)
chomsky: United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)
chopin: French composer (born in Poland) and pianist of the romantic school (1810-1849)
chopin: United States writer who described Creole life in Louisiana (1851-1904)
christie: prolific English writer of detective stories (1890-1976)
christopher: Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers (3rd century)
churchill: British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953 (1874-1965)
churchill: English general considered one of the greatest generals in history (1650-1722)
ciardi: United States poet and critic (1916-1986)
cicero: a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)
cimabue: painter of the Florentine school; anticipated the move from Byzantine to naturalistic art (1240-1302)
cincinnatus: Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue; he twice was called to assume dictatorship of Rome and each time retired to his farm (519-438 BC)
clark: Canadian politician who served as prime minister (1939-)
clark: United States psychologist (born in Panama) whose research persuaded the Supreme Court that segregated schools were discriminatory (1914-2005)
clark: United States general who was Allied commander in Africa and Italy in World War II and was commander of the United Nations forces in Korea (1896-1984)
clark: United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River; Clark was responsible for making maps of the area (1770-1838)
claudius: Roman Emperor after his nephew Caligula was murdered; consolidated the Roman Empire and conquered southern Britain; was poisoned by his fourth wife Agrippina after her son Nero was named as Claudius' heir (10 BC to AD 54)
clausewitz: Prussian general and military theorist who proposed a doctrine of total war and war as an extension of diplomacy (1780-1831)
clay: United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)
clay: United States general who commanded United States forces in Europe from 1945 to 1949 and who oversaw the Berlin airlift (1897-1978)
cleanthes: ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC)
clemenceau: French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)
clemens: United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)
clement iii: Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100)
clement vii: Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534)
clement xi: Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility
clement xiv: Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774)
cleopatra: beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)
cleveland: 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1837-1908)
cline: American geneticist who succeeded in transferring a functioning gene from one mouse to another (born in 1934)
clinton: United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)
clinton: 42nd President of the United States (1946-)
clinton: wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-)
clive: British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774)
clovis: king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis' (466-511)
coca: United States comedienne who starred in early television shows with Sid Caesar (1908-2001)
cochise: Apache leader of the resistance to United States troops in Arizona (1812-1874)
cochran: United States aviator who held several speed records and headed the women's Air Force pilots in World War II (1910-1980)
cockcroft: British physicist who (with Ernest Walton in 1931) first split an atom (1897-1967)
cocteau: French writer and film maker who worked in many artistic media (1889-1963)
cody: United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917)
cohan: United States songwriter and playwright famous for his patriotic songs (1878-1942)
cohn: German botanist who is generally recognized as founding bacteriology when he recognized bacteria as plants
coleridge: English romantic poet (1772-1834)
colette: French writer of novels about women (1873-1954)
collins: English writer noted for early detective novels (1824-1889)
columbus: Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
comenius: Czech educational reformer (1592-1670)
compton: United States physicist noted for research on x-rays and gamma rays and nuclear energy; his observation that X-rays behave like miniature bowling balls in their interactions with electrons provided evidence for the quantal nature of light (1892-1962)
comstock: United States reformer who led moral crusades against art and literature that he considered obscene (1844-1915)
comte: French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study
conan doyle: British author who created Sherlock Holmes (1859-1930)
condorcet: French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794)
confucius: Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC)
congreve: English playwright remembered for his comedies (1670-1729)
connolly: United States tennis player who was the first woman to win the United States, British, French, and Australian championships in the same year (1953) (1934-1969)
connors: outstanding United States tennis player (born in 1952)
conrad: English novelist (born in Poland) noted for sea stories and for his narrative technique (1857-1924)
constable: English landscape painter (1776-1837)
constantine: Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)
cook: English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)
cooke: United States financier who marketed Union bonds to finance the American Civil War; the failure of his bank resulted in a financial panic in 1873 (1821-1905)
cooke: United States journalist (born in England in 1908)
coolidge: elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)
cooper: United States novelist noted for his stories of American Indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)
cooper: United States film actor noted for his portrayals of strong silent heroes (1901-1961)
cooper: United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive; founded Cooper Union in New York City to offer free courses in the arts and sciences (1791-1883)
copernicus: Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
copland: United States composer who developed a distinctly American music (1900-1990)
copley: American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)
coppola: United States filmmaker (born in 1939)
corbett: United States heavyweight boxing champion (1866-1933)
corday: French revolutionary heroine (a Girondist) who assassinated Marat (1768-1793)
cordoba: Spanish explorer who discovered Yucatan (1475-1526)
corelli: Italian violinist and composer of violin concertos (1653-1713)
corneille: French tragic dramatist whose plays treat grand moral themes in elegant verse (1606-1684)
cornell: United States businessman who unified the telegraph system in the United States and who in 1865 (with Andrew D. White) founded Cornell University (1807-1874)
cornell: United States actress noted for her performances in Broadway plays (1893-1974)
cornwallis: commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence; was defeated by American and French troops at Yorktown (1738-1805)
corot: French painter of Italian landscapes (1796-1875)
correggio: Italian painter noted for his use of chiaroscuro and perspective (1494-1534)
cortes: Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
cosimo de medici: Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464)
coue: French psychotherapist who claimed that if one imagined one was getting better, one would get better (1857-1926)
coulomb: French physicist famous for his discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism; formulated Coulomb's Law (1736-1806)
couperin: French composer of music for organ and a member of a family of distinguished organists (1668-1733)
courbet: French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877)
court: Australian woman tennis player who won many major championships (born in 1947)
cousteau: French underwater explorer (born in 1910)
coward: English dramatist and actor and composer noted for his witty and sophisticated comedies (1899-1973)
cowper: English poet who wrote hymns and poetry about nature (1731-1800)
cowper: English surgeon who discovered Cowper's gland (1666-1709)
craigie: English lexicographer who was a joint editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (1872-1966)
crane: United States poet (1899-1932)
crane: United States writer (1871-1900)
crawford: United States film actress (1908-1977)
crawford: United States neoclassical sculptor (1814-1857)
crazy horse: a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)
crichton: Scottish man of letters and adventurer (1560-1582)
crick: English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (1916-2004)
crispin: patron saint of shoemakers; he and his brother were martyred for trying to spread Christianity (3rd century)
crockett: United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836)
croesus: last king of Lydia (died in 546 BC)
crohn: United States physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines; he was the first to describe regional ileitis which is now known as Crohn's disease (1884-1983)
cromwell: English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
cronyn: Canadian actor who frequently played character parts with his wife Jessica Tandy (1911-2003)
crookes: English chemist and physicist; discovered thallium; invented the radiometer and studied cathode rays (1832-1919)
crosby: United States singer and film actor (1904-1977)
crouse: United States playwright (1893-1966)
culbertson: United States authority on contract bridge whose books helped to popularize the game (1891-1955)
cumberland: English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)
cummings: United States writer noted for his typographically eccentric poetry (1894-1962)
cunningham: United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1922)
curie: French chemist (born in Poland) who won two Nobel prizes; one (with her husband and Henri Becquerel) for research on radioactivity and another for her discovery of radium and polonium (1867-1934)
curie: French physicist; husband of Marie Curie (1859-1906)
curl: American chemist who with Richard Smalley and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1933)
currier: United States lithographer who (with his partner James Ives) produced thousands of prints signed `Currier & Ives' (1813-1888)
curtis: English botanical writer and publisher (1746-1799)
curtiss: United States industrialist and aviation pioneer (1878-1930)
cushing: United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing's syndrome (1869-1939)
custer: United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)
cuvier: French naturalist known as the father of comparative anatomy (1769-1832)
cynewulf: Anglo-Saxon poet (circa 9th century)
cyrano de bergerac: a French soldier and dramatist remembered chiefly for fighting many duels (often over the size of his nose); was immortalized in 1897 in a play by Edmond Rostand (1619-1655)
cyril: Greek missionary; the invention of the Cyrillic alphabet is attributed to him (826-869)
cyrus: Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC)
cyrus ii: king of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire (circa 600-529 BC)
czerny: Austrian virtuoso pianist and composer of many works for the piano; studied with Beethoven and was a teacher of Liszt (1791-1857)
da gamma: Portuguese navigator who led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497; he sighted and named Natal on Christmas Day before crossing the Indian Ocean (1469-1524)
daguerre: French inventor of the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype (1789-1851)
daimler: German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine (1834-1900)
dali: surrealist Spanish painter (1904-1989)
dalton: English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures; gave the first description of red-green color blindness (1766-1844)
damocles: the Greek courtier to Dionysius the Elder who (according to legend) was condemned to sit under a naked sword that was suspended by a hair in order to demonstrate to him that being a king was not the happy state Damocles had said it was (4th century BC)
damon: the friend of Phintias who pledged his life that Phintias would return (4th century BC)
daniel: (Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection when thrown into a den of lions (6th century BC)
dante: an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
danton: French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)
darius i: king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)
darius iii: king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great; his murder effectively ended the Persian Empire (died in 330 BC)
darrow: United States lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes (1857-1938)
darwin: English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
daumier: French painter best known for his satirical lithographs of bourgeois society (1808-1879)
david: (Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites; as a young shepherd he fought Goliath (a giant Philistine warrior) and killed him by hitting him in the head with a stone flung from a sling; he united Israel with Jerusalem as its capital; many of the Psalms are attributed to David (circa 1000-962 BC)
david: French neoclassical painter who actively supported the French Revolution (1748-1825)
david: patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)
davis: United States film actress (1908-1989)
davis: United States tennis player who donated the Davis Cup for international team tennis competition (1879-1945)
davis: American statesman; president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889)
davis: United States jazz musician; noted for his trumpet style (1926-1991)
davis: United States painter who developed an American version of cubism (1894-1964)
davy: English chemist who was a pioneer in electrochemistry and who used it to isolate elements sodium and potassium and barium and boron and calcium and magnesium and chlorine (1778-1829)
davys: English navigator who explored the Arctic while searching for the Northwest Passage (1550-1605)
dawes: American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)
day: United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935)
dayan: Israeli general and statesman (1915-1981)
dean: United States film actor whose moody rebellious roles made him a cult figure (1931-1955)
de bakey: United States heart surgeon who in 1966 implanted the first artificial heart in a human patient (born in 1908)
debs: United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926)
debussy: French composer who is said to have created Impressionism in music (1862-1918)
decatur: United States naval officer remembered for his heroic deeds (1779-1820)
decius: Emperor of Rome who was proclaimed emperor against his will; his reign was notable for his severe persecution of Christians (201-251)
deere: United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)
defoe: English writer remembered particularly for his novel about Robinson Crusoe (1660-1731)
de forest: United States electrical engineer who in 1907 patented the first triode vacuum tube, which made it possible to detect and amplify radio waves (1873-1961)
degas: French impressionist painter (1834-1917)
de gaulle: French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)
dekker: English dramatist and pamphleteer (1572-1632)
de kooning: United States painter (born in the Netherlands) who was a leading American exponent of abstract expressionism (1904-1997)
delacroix: French romantic painter (1798-1863)
de la mare: English poet remembered for his verse for children (1873-1956)
delbruck: United States biologist (born in Germany) who studied how viruses infect living cells (1906-1981)
delibes: French composer of operas (1836-1891)
delilah: (Old Testament) the Philistine mistress of Samson who betrayed him by cutting off his hair and so deprived him of his strength
delius: English composer of orchestral works (1862-1934)
delorme: French royal architect who built the Tuileries Palace and Gardens in Paris for Catherine de Medicis (1515-1570)
demetrius: son of Antigonus Cyclops and king of Macedonia; he and his father were defeated at the battle of Ipsus (337-283 BC)
de mille: United States dancer and choreographer who introduced formal dance to a wide audience (1905-1993)
demille: United States film maker remembered for his extravagant and spectacular epic productions (1881-1959)
democritus: Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC)
demosthenes: Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC)
dempsey: United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983)
deng xiaoping: Chinese communist statesman (1904-1997)
de niro: United States film actor who frequently plays tough characters (born 1943)
depardieu: French film actor (born in 1948)
de quincey: English writer who described the psychological effects of addiction to opium (1785-1859)
derain: French painter and exponent of fauvism (1880-1954)
derrida: French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004)
de saussure: Swiss linguist and expert in historical linguistics whose lectures laid the foundations for synchronic linguistics (1857-1913)
descartes: French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)
de sica: Italian film maker (1901-1974)
de valera: Irish statesman (born in the United States); as president of the Irish Free State he was responsible for the new constitution of 1937 that created the state of Eire (1882-1975)
devries: Dutch botanist who rediscovered Mendel's laws and developed the mutation theory of evolution (1848-1935)
dewar: Scottish chemist and physicist noted for his work in cryogenics and his invention of the Dewar flask (1842-1923)
dewey: United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)
dewey: a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War
dewey: United States librarian who founded the decimal system of classification (1851-1931)
diaghilev: Russian ballet impresario who founded the Russian ballet and later introduced it to the West (1872-1929)