AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
butyric acid: an unpleasant smelling fatty acid found especially in butter
cacodyl: the univalent group derived from arsine
cacodyl: a poisonous oily liquid with a garlicky odor composed of 2 cacodyl groups; undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air
calcium-cyanamide: a compound used as a fertilizer and as a source of nitrogen compounds
calcium oxide: a white crystalline oxide used in the production of calcium hydroxide
calcium stearate: an insoluble calcium salt of stearic acid and palmitic acid; it is formed when soap is mixed with water that contains calcium ions and is the scum produced in regions of hard water
carboxyl: the univalent radical -COOH; present in and characteristic of organic acids
cannabin: a resin obtained from the hemp plant; thought to be the active narcotic agent in marijuana
capric acid: a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats; has an unpleasant smell resembling goats
caproic acid: a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats or made synthetically; smells like goats
carbohydrate: an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
carboloy: an alloy based on tungsten with cobalt or nickel as a binder; used in making metal-cutting tools
carbonado: an inferior dark diamond used in industry for drilling and polishing
carbon black: a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink
diethylaminoethyl cellulose: used for chromatography
cellulose nitrate: a nitric acid ester; used in lacquers and explosives
pyroxylin: highly flammable nitrocellulose used in making collodion and plastics and lacquers
glycogen: one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
carbolic acid: a toxic white soluble crystalline acidic derivative of benzene; used in manufacturing and as a disinfectant and antiseptic; poisonous if taken internally
activated carbon: powdered or granular carbon used for purifying by adsorption; given orally (as a slurry) it is an antidote for some kinds of poisons
graphite: used as a lubricant and as a moderator in nuclear reactors
pencil: graphite (or a similar substance) used in such a way as to be a medium of communication the words were scribbled in pencil this artist's favorite medium is pencil
carbon dioxide: a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
chokedamp: the atmosphere in a mine following an explosion; high in carbon dioxide and incapable of supporting life
carbon monoxide: an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon
carbon paper: a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon); used to transfer characters from the original to an under sheet of paper
carbon tetrachloride: a colorless nonflammable liquid used as a solvent for fats and oils; because of its toxicity its use as a cleaning fluid or fire extinguisher has declined
mercury fulminate: a fulminate that when dry explodes violently if struck or heated; used in detonators and blasting caps and percussion caps
abrasive: a substance that abrades or wears down
cardboard: a stiff moderately thick paper
cocarboxylase: a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle
coenzyme a: a coenzyme present in all living cells; essential to metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and some amino acids
corrugated board: cardboard with corrugations (can be glued to flat cardboard on one or both sides)
paperboard: a cardboard suitable for making posters
carnelian: a translucent red or orange variety of chalcedony
carrageenin: a colloidal extract from carrageen seaweed and other red algae
stainless steel: steel containing chromium that makes it resistant to corrosion
damascus steel: a hard resilient steel often decorated and used for sword blades
steel wool: a mass of woven steel fibers used as an abrasive
cationic detergent: a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the cation
cement: concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement they stood on the grey cement beside the pool
reinforced concrete: concrete with metal and/or mesh added to provide extra support against stresses
hydraulic cement: a cement that hardens under water; made by heating limestone and clay in a kiln and pulverizing the result
cementite: a chemical compound that is a constituent of steel and cast iron; very hard and brittle
chaff: material consisting of seed coverings and small pieces of stem or leaves that have been separated from the seeds
chalcedony: a milky or greyish translucent to transparent quartz
chemical: material produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules
serotonin: a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory
acyl anhydrides: organic compounds that react with water to form an acid
acyl halide: organic compounds containing the group -COX where X is a halogen atom
acetyl chloride: colorless liquid acyl chloride (CH3COCl) that has a pungent odor
chloropicrin: a heavy colorless insoluble liquid compound that causes tears and vomiting; used as a pesticide and as tear gas
chrome-nickel steel: Elinvar is a trademark for a kind of steel used for watch springs because its elasticity is constant over a wide range of temperatures
windsor green: a light chrome green pigment
hooker's green: green pigment consisting of Prussian blue mixed with gamboge
cigarette paper: a strong tissue paper that burns evenly and is sufficiently porous to control the burning of the tobacco in a cigarette
pipeclay: fine white clay used in making tobacco pipes and pottery and in whitening leather
kitty litter: granulated clay; placed in a container where it absorbs the waste products of a cat or dog
potter's clay: clay that does not contain any iron; used in making pottery or for modeling
anthracite: a hard natural coal that burns slowly and gives intense heat
bituminous coal: rich in tarry hydrocarbons; burns readily with a smoky yellow flame
lignite: intermediate between peat and bituminous coal
clorox: a commercial bleaching agent
coagulant: an agent that produces coagulation
cod-liver oil: an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes; taken orally as a source of vitamins A and D
lanolin: a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics
combustible: a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power
complementary dna: single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase
dscdna: double-stranded cDNA
complex: a compound described in terms of the central atom to which other atoms are bound or coordinated
compound: (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
allomorph: any of several different crystalline forms of the same chemical compound calcium carbonate occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite
conjugate solution: a mixture of two partially miscible liquids A and B produces two conjugate solutions: one of A in B and another of B in A
constantan: an alloy of copper and nickel with high electrical resistance and a low temperature coefficient; used as resistance wire
semiconductor: a substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature and in the presence of impurities
insulator: a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity
contaminant: a substance that contaminates
coolant: a fluid agent (gas or liquid) that produces cooling; especially one used to cool a system by transferring heat away from one part to another he added more coolant to the car's radiator the atomic reactor used a gas coolant lathe operators use an emulsion of oil and water as a coolant for the cutting tool
copper sulfate: a copper salt made by the action of sulfuric acid on copper oxide
coral: the hard stony skeleton of a Mediterranean coral that has a delicate red or pink color and is used for jewelry
phellem: (botany) outer tissue of bark; a protective layer of dead cells
alumina: any of various forms of aluminum oxide occurring naturally as corundum
aluminum hydroxide: white crystalline compound that occurs naturally as the mineral gibbsite
cottonseed cake: the solid matter remaining after oil has been pressed from cottonseeds
coumarone-indene resin: a thermoplastic resin obtained by polymerization of indene and coumarone; used in coatings and paint and asphalt tile
creatine: an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates both in the free form and as phosphocreatine; supplies energy for muscle contraction
creosote: a dark oily liquid obtained by distillation of coal tar; used as a preservative for wood
cresol: any of three poisonous colorless isomeric phenols; derived from coal or wood tar; used as a disinfectant
crepe: paper with a crinkled texture; usually colored and used for decorations
cyanamide: a weak soluble dibasic acid (the parent acid of cyanamide salts)
cyano group: the monovalent group -CN in a chemical compound
nitrile: any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN
cytosine: a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with guanine
deoxyadenosine monophosphate: one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)
deoxycytidine monophosphate: one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)
deoxyguanosine monophosphate: one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)
deoxythymidine monophosphate: one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose)
deoxyribonucleic acid: (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information DNA is the king of molecules
exon: sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures exons are interspersed with introns
intron: sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein
junk dna: stretches of DNA that do not code for genes most of the genome consists of junk DNA
recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid: genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
transposon: a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole)
ribonuclease: a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid: (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses
messenger rna: the template for protein synthesis; the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell
nuclear rna: ribonucleic acid found in the nucleolus of the cell
transfer rna: RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA)
desert soil: a type of soil that develops in arid climates
dew: water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight from water vapor in the air in the morning the grass was wet with dew
diamond: very hard native crystalline carbon valued as a gem
dilutant: a diluting agent
dimpled chad: a chad that has been punched or dimpled but all four corners are still attached
diol: any of a class of alcohols having 2 hydroxyl groups in each molecule
distillate: a purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapor during distilling; the product of distilling
exhaust: gases ejected from an engine as waste products
dressed ore: the desired mineral that is left after impurities have been removed from mined ore
drill steel: carbon steel used for rock drills and dowels
dopamine: a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension
drilling mud: a mixture of clays and chemicals and water; pumped down the drill pipe to lubricate and cool the drilling bit and to flush out the cuttings and to strengthen the sides of the hole
duralumin: an aluminum-based alloy
particulate: a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant)
chalk dust: dust resulting from writing with a piece of chalk chalk dust covered the teacher's hands
dust: fine powdery material such as dry earth or pollen that can be blown about in the air the furniture was covered with dust
dust: free microscopic particles of solid material astronomers say that the empty space between planets actually contains measurable amounts of dust
element: one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe the alchemists believed that there were four elements
air: a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of air pollution a smell of chemicals in the air open a window and let in some air I need some fresh air
breath: the air that is inhaled and exhaled in respiration his sour breath offended her
halitus: exhaled breath
compressed air: air at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere compressed air is often used to power machines
earth: the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface they dug into the earth outside the church
diatomaceous earth: a light soil consisting of siliceous diatom remains and often used as a filtering material
bister: a water-soluble brownish-yellow pigment made by boiling wood soot
ocher: any of various earths containing silica and alumina and ferric oxide; used as a pigment
sinopis: a red ocher formerly used as a pigment
yellow ocher: pigment consisting of a limonite mixed with clay and silica
soil: the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock
soil conditioner: a chemical substance used to improve the structure of the soil and increase its porosity gypsum can be used as a soil conditioner
caliche: crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions
water: binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent
quintessence: the fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water; was believed to be the substance composing all heavenly bodies
ground water: underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks
eleostearic acid: a crystalline unsaturated fatty acid
electrolyte: a solution that conducts electricity the proper amount and distribution of electrolytes in the body is essential for health
fehling's solution: a liquid solution of copper sulfate and potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide that is used to test for sugar in the urine; solution turns reddish when sugar is present
formalin: a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water; used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens
gargle: a medicated solution used for gargling and rinsing the mouth
infusion: a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water)
injection: any solution that is injected (as into the skin)
isotonic solution: a solution having the same osmotic pressure as blood
emery paper: stiff paper coated with powdered emery or sand
emery stone: a mixture of emery dust and a binder; can be molded into grindstones
ethane: a colorless odorless alkane gas used as fuel
ethylene: a flammable colorless gaseous alkene; obtained from petroleum and natural gas and used in manufacturing many other chemicals; sometimes used as an anesthetic
trichloroethylene: a heavy colorless highly toxic liquid used as a solvent to clean electronic components and for dry cleaning and as a fumigant; causes cancer and liver and lung damage
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning
ethylene glycol: a sweet but poisonous syrupy liquid used as an antifreeze and solvent
propylene glycol: a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid and also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects
euphorbium: an acrid brown gum resin now used mainly in veterinary medicine
discharge: a substance that is emitted or released
exudate: a substance that oozes out from plant pores
transudate: a substance that transudes
body waste: waste matter (as urine or sweat but especially feces) discharged from the body
fecal matter: solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels
crap: obscene terms for feces
droppings: fecal matter of animals
cow pie: fecal matter of a cow
melena: abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood (usually from gastrointestinal bleeding)
urine: liquid excretory product there was blood in his urine the child had to make water
vomit: the matter ejected in vomiting
waste: any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted they collect the waste once a week much of the waste material is carried off in the sewers
filth: any substance considered disgustingly foul or unpleasant
sewage: waste matter carried away in sewers or drains
effluent: water mixed with waste matter
garbage: food that is discarded (as from a kitchen)
rubbish: worthless material that is to be disposed of
scrap metal: discarded metal suitable for reprocessing he finally sold the car for scrap metal
debris: the remains of something that has been destroyed or broken up
slop: (usually plural) waste water from a kitchen or bathroom or chamber pot that has to be emptied by hand she carried out the sink slops
toxic waste: poisonous waste materials; can cause injury (especially by chemical means)
fallout: the radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion
fencing material: material for building fences
fertilizer: any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile
gallamine: neuromuscular blocking agent (trade name Flaxedil) used as a muscle relaxant in the administration of anesthesia
organic: a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter
sodium nitrate: (NaNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive
potassium bicarbonate: a crystalline salt (KHCO3) that is used in baking powder and as an antacid
potassium chloride: salt of potassium (KCl) (trade names K-Dur 20, Kaochlor and K-lor and Klorvess and K-lyte); taken in tablet form to treat potassium deficiency
potassium nitrate: (KNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive
producer gas: a gas made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and nitrogen; made by passing air over hot coke
proprionamide: the amide of propionic acid (C2H5CONH2)
propionic acid: a liquid fatty acid found in milk and sweat and in fuel distillates
pudding stone: a composite rock made up of particles of varying size
pyroligneous acid: a red-brown liquid formed in distillation of wood which contains acetic acid, methanol, acetone, wood oils, and tars
fat: a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides) pizza has too much fat
leaf fat: fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard
feldspar: any of a group of hard crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates of potassium or sodium or calcium or barium
plagioclase: any of a series of triclinic feldspars that form rocks
albite: a widely distributed feldspar that forms rocks
fiberglass: a covering material made of glass fibers in resins
fiber: a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn
fibril: a very slender natural or synthetic fiber
filling: any material that fills a space or container there was not enough fill for the trench
fire opal: an opal with flaming orange and yellow and red colors
fish-liver oil: a fatty oil obtained from the livers of various fish
fixing agent: a chemical compound that sets or fixes something (as a dye or a photographic image)
cotton: soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state
fluosilicic acid: an unstable poisonous corrosive acid known primarily in the form of its salts
formaldehyde: a colorless poisonous gas; made by the oxidation of methanol
formulation: a substance prepared according to a formula the physician prescribed a commercial preparation of the medicine
frankincense: an aromatic gum resin obtained from various Arabian or East African trees; formerly valued for worship and for embalming and fumigation
free radical: an atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule in the body free radicals are high-energy particles that ricochet wildly and damage cells
freon: any one or more chlorofluorocarbons (or related compounds) that are used as an aerosol propellant, organic solvent, or refrigerant
fructose: a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits
fuel: a substance that can be consumed to produce energy more fuel is needed during the winter months they developed alternative fuels for aircraft
fulvic acid: a yellow to yellow-brown humic substance that is soluble in water under all pH conditions they measured the fluvial fulvic acid
furan: a colorless toxic flammable liquid used in the synthesis of nylon
furfural: a liquid aldehyde with a penetrating odor; made from plant hulls and corncobs; used in making furan and as a solvent
galactose: a simple sugar found in lactose
galbanum: a bitter aromatic gum resin that resembles asafetida
greenhouse gas: a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation
liquefied petroleum gas: hydrocarbon gases, usually propane or butane, kept under pressure
ghatti: an Indian gum from the dhawa tree; used as a substitute for gum arabic
kraft: strong wrapping paper made from pulp processed with a sulfur solution
quartz glass: colorless glass made of almost pure silica
opal glass: a milky white translucent or opaque glass
optical crown: optical glass of low dispersion and low refractive index
optical flint: optical glass of high dispersion and high refractive index
safety glass: glass made with plates of plastic or resin or other material between two sheets of glass to prevent shattering
soluble glass: a viscous glass consisting of sodium silicate in solution; used as a cement or as a protective coating and to preserve eggs
tiffany glass: a kind of opalescent colored glass that was used in the early 1900s for stained-glass windows and lamps
enantiomorph: either one of a pair of compounds (crystals or molecules) that are mirror images on each other but are not identical
dextrose: an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits
blood sugar: glucose in the bloodstream
glutamic oxalacetic transaminase: an enzyme involved in transamination
glyceraldehyde: a sweet crystalline aldehyde formed by the breakdown of sugars