AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
grozny: the capital of Chechnya in southwestern Russia; center of extensive oil fields
kaluga: a city of central Russia to the south of Moscow
khabarovsk: an administrative territory in Russia on the eastern coast of Siberia
khabarovsk: a city on the Amur River on the border of China and the capital of Khabarovsk
kursk: a city of southwestern Russia
siberia: a vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters
soviet socialist republic: one of the states that formerly made up the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)
russia: a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state
european russia: the part of Russia that is part of Europe
asian russia: the Russia that is part of Asia
soviet russia: formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia
nizhnyi novgorod: an industrial city in the European part of Russia; birthplace of Maksim Gorky
kazan: an industrial city in the European part of Russia
st. petersburg: a city in the European part of Russia; 2nd largest Russian city; located at the head of the Gulf of Finland; former capital of Russia
murmansk: a port city in northwestern Russia on the Kola Peninsula; the largest city to the north of the Arctic Circle; an important supply line to Russia in World War I and World War II
nalchik: a city in southwestern Russia in a valley of the Caucasus Mountains; an industrial center and health resort
novgorod: a city in northwestern Russia on the Volkhov River; Russia's oldest city and an important trading center in the Middle Ages
perm: a city in the European part of Russia
rostov: a seaport on the Don River near the Sea of Azov in the European part of Russia
saratov: an industrial city in the European part of Russia
smolensk: a city in western Russia on the Dnieper River; scene of severe fighting in World War II
ufa: a city in the European part of Russia
volgograd: a city in the European part of Russia on the Volga; site of German defeat in World War II in the winter of 1942-43
novosibirsk: a city in the Asian part of Russia on the Ob river; largest city in Siberia
chelyabinsk: a city in the Asian part of Russia
omsk: a city in the Asian part of Russia
vladivostok: a seaport in the Asian part of Russia
novaya zemlya: two islands in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia; site of a test center for nuclear warheads
kola peninsula: a peninsula in northwestern Russia projecting eastward between the Barents Sea and the White Sea
belarus: a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet
minsk: the capital of Belarus and of the Commonwealth of Independent States
homyel: industrial city of Belarus to the southeast of Minsk
pinsk: a city of southwestern Belarus
lubavitch: a town in Belarus that was the center of the Chabad movement for a brief period during the 19th century
baltic state: European countries bordering the Baltic Sea
estonia: a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea
tallinn: a port city on the Gulf of Finland that is the capital and largest city of Estonia
tartu: a city of southeastern Estonia that was a member of the Hanseatic League
livonia: a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia
latvia: a republic in northeastern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea
riga: a port city on the Gulf of Riga that is the capital and largest city of Latvia; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League
liepaja: a city of southwestern Latvia on the Baltic Sea
daugavpils: a city of southeastern Latvia
lithuania: a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea
klaipeda: a city in western Lithuania on the Baltic Sea; formerly an important trading town of the Hanseatic League
vilnius: the capital and largest city of Lithuania; located in southeastern Lithuania
kaunas: a city in central Lithuania
moldova: a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet but achieved independence in 1991
kishinev: the capital of Moldova
ukraine: a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century
crimea: a Ukrainian peninsula between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov
colchis: (Greek mythology) a region on the Black Sea to the south of the Caucasus that was the site of an ancient country where (according to Greek mythology) Jason sought the Golden Fleece
kyyiv: capital and largest city of the Ukraine; a major manufacturing and transportation center
donetsk: an industrial city in the Donets Basin
donets basin: an industrial region in the Ukraine
chernobyl: a city in north central Ukraine; site of a major disaster at a nuclear power plant (26 April 1986)
dneprodzerzhinsk: port city and industrial center in east central Ukraine on the Dnieper River
dnipropetrovsk: city in east central Ukraine on the Dnieper River; center of metallurgical industry
kharkov: a city in northeastern Ukraine; former capital of the Ukraine
odessa: a port city of south central Ukraine on an arm of the Black Sea
sebastopol: a city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea
yalta: a resort city in Crimea in the southern Ukraine on the Black Sea; site of the Allied conference between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill in February 1945
armenia: a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet; modern Armenia is but a fragment of ancient Armenia which was one of the world's oldest civilizations; throughout 2500 years the Armenian people have been invaded and oppressed by their neighbors
yerevan: capital of Armenia
azerbaijan: a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet
baku: a port city on the Caspian Sea that is the capital of Azerbaijan and an important center for oil production
iberia: an ancient geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains that corresponded approximately to the present-day Georgia
georgia: a republic in Asia Minor on the Black Sea separated from Russia by the Caucasus mountains; formerly an Asian soviet but became independent in 1991
tbilisi: the capital and largest city of Georgia on the Kura river
abkhaz: an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea; a strong independence movement has resulted in much instability
adzhar: an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea
kazakhstan: a landlocked republic to the south of Russia and to the northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991
astana: remote city of Kazakhstan that (ostensibly for security reasons) was made the capital in 1998
almaty: the largest city in Kazakhstan and the capital until 1998
kyrgyzstan: a landlocked republic in west central Asia bordering on northwestern China; formerly an Asian soviet but became independent in 1991
bishkek: the capital of Kyrgyzstan (known as Frunze 1926-1991)
tajikistan: a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia to the north of Afghanistan; formerly an Asian soviet
dushanbe: the capital of Tajikistan; formerly Stalinabad 1926-1991
turkmenistan: a republic in Asia to the east of the Caspian Sea and to the south of Kazakhstan and to the north of Iran; an Asian soviet from 1925 to 1991
ashkhabad: the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan
kamchatka peninsula: a peninsula in eastern Siberia; between Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk
taimyr peninsula: a peninsula in northern Siberia
uzbekistan: a landlocked republic in west central Asia; formerly an Asian soviet
tashkent: the capital of Uzbekistan
samarkand: city in southern Uzbekistan; Tamerlane's opulent capital in the 14th century
latin america: the parts of North America and South America to the south of the United States where Romance languages are spoken
andorra: a small republic in the eastern Pyrenees between Spain and France
spain: a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power
madrid: the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum
balearic islands: an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain
majorca: the largest of the Balearic Islands
canary islands: a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces
barcelona: a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean; 2nd largest Spanish city and the largest port and commercial center; has been a center for radical political beliefs
cadiz: an ancient port city in southwestern Spain
cartagena: a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean
cordoba: a city in southern Spain; center of Moorish culture
granada: a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moors in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction
jerez: a city in southwestern Spain that is famous for making sherry
leon: a city in northwestern Spain at the foot of the Cantabrian Mountains
logrono: a city in northern Spain on the Ebro River
malaga: a port city and resort in Andalusia in southern Spain on the Mediterranean
oviedo: a city in northwestern Spain near the Cantabrian Mountains
san sebastian: a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border; a fashionable seaside resort
sevilla: a city in southwestern Spain; a major port and cultural center; the capital of bullfighting in Spain
toledo: a city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century
aragon: a region of northeastern Spain; a former kingdom that united with Castile in 1479 to form Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella I)
zaragoza: an ancient city on the Ebro River in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon
castile: a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479
catalonia: a region of northeastern Spain
galicia: a region (and former kingdom) in northwestern Spain on the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay
leon: a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain
valencia: a city in eastern Spain on the Mediterranean Valencia is the third largest city in Spain
tenerife: a Spanish island in the Atlantic off the northwestern coast of Africa; the largest of the Canary Islands
gibraltar: location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules
sudan: a region of northern Africa to the south of the Sahara and Libyan deserts; extends from the Atlantic to the Red Sea
sudan: a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956
darfur: an impoverished region of western Sudan Darfur was a semi-independent sultanate until 1917 and is ethnically distinct from central Sudan
kordofan: a mountainous province of central Sudan
khartoum: the capital of Sudan located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile
nyala: city in Sudan
port sudan: port city in Sudan on the Red Sea
omdurman: a city of Sudan; located in the central Sudan on the White Nile opposite Khartoum
suriname: a republic in northeastern South America on the Atlantic; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1975
paramaribo: the capital and largest city and major port of Surinam
swaziland: a landlocked monarchy in southeastern Africa; member of the commonwealth that achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1968
mbabane: capital of Swaziland; located in northwestern Swaziland
switzerland: a landlocked federal republic in central Europe
swiss canton: one of the cantons of Switzerland
bern: the capital of Switzerland; located in western Switzerland
basel: a city in northwestern Switzerland
geneva: a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations
interlaken: a popular resort town in the Alps in west central Switzerland
lausanne: a city in western Switzerland; cultural and commercial center
zurich: the largest city in Switzerland; located in the northern part of the country Zurich is the center of the German-speaking part of Switzerland
syria: an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization
aram: the biblical name for ancient Syria
dimash: an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus
halab: a city in northwestern Syria
al ladhiqiyah: a seaport on the western coast of Syria
tanzania: a republic in eastern Africa
dar es salaam: the capital and largest port city of Tanzania on the Indian Ocean
dodoma: a city in the center of Tanzania that has been designated as the future capital
tanganyika: a former state in East Africa; united with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania
zanzibar: an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa; part of the United Republic of Tanzania
mbeya: a city in southwestern Tanzania
mwanza: a city in northern Tanzania on Lake Victoria
tabora: a city in western Tanzania
tanga: a port city in northeastern Tanzania on the Indian Ocean
serengeti: a vast plain in Tanzania to the west of the Great Rift Valley known for its wildlife
serengeti national park: a national park in Tanzania created in 1951 to protect the wildlife
thailand: a country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsula Thailand is the official name of the former Siam
bangkok: the capital and largest city and chief port of Thailand; a leading city in southeastern Asia; noted for Buddhist architecture
tonga: a monarchy on a Polynesian archipelago in the South Pacific; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1970
tunisia: a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956 southern Tunisia is mostly desert
tunis: the capital and principal port of Tunisia
ariana: city in Tunisia
ehadhamen: city in Tunisia
gafsa: a city in west central Tunisia
sfax: the second largest city in Tunisia; located in eastern Tunisia near a phosphate region
sousse: a port city in eastern Tunisia on the Mediterranean
ottoman empire: a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe; created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire
kurdistan: an extensive geographical region in the Middle East to the south of the Caucasus
iraqi kurdistan: the part of Kurdistan that is in northwestern Iraq
turkey: a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the Young Turks, led by Kemal Ataturk, established a republic in 1923
abydos: an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander
adana: a city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River
ankara: the capital of Turkey; located in west-central Turkey; it was formerly known as Angora and is the home of Angora goats
antalya: a port city in southwestern Turkey on the Gulf of Antalya
antioch: a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity
chalcedon: a former town on the Bosporus (now part of Istanbul); site of the Council of Chalcedon
dardanelles: the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey
halicarnassus: an ancient Greek city on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the mausoleum at Halicarnassus
istanbul: the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
bursa: a city in northwestern Turkey
izmir: a port city in western Turkey
pergamum: an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; the technique of preparing sheepskins as parchment was developed here
sardis: an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; as the capital of Lydia it was the cultural center of Asia Minor; destroyed by Tamerlane in 1402
ionia: region of western Asia Minor colonized by ancient Greeks
uganda: a landlocked republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962
buganda: a state of Uganda and site of a former Bantu kingdom
entebbe: a town in southern Uganda on Lake Victoria; site of an international airport (where in 1976 Israeli commandos rescued hostages held aboard a plane by Palestinian hijackers)
jinja: a city in Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria
kampala: the capital and largest city of Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria
gulu: a city in northern Uganda
united arab emirates: a federation of seven Arab emirates on the eastern Arabian peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; rich in oil reserves
abu dhabi: a sheikhdom of eastern Arabia and capital of the United Arab Emirates
dubai: port city in the United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf
united states: North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776
east coast: the eastern seaboard of the United States (especially the strip between Boston and Washington D.C.)
west coast: the western seaboard of the United States from Washington to southern California
colony: one of the 13 British colonies that formed the original states of the United States
new england: a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut
mid-atlantic states: a region of the eastern United States comprising New York and New Jersey and Pennsylvania and Delaware and Maryland
gulf states: a region of the United States comprising states bordering the Gulf of Mexico; Alabama and Florida and Louisiana and Mississippi and Texas
confederacy: the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
south: the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line
deep south: the southeastern region of the United States: South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana; prior to the American Civil War all these states produced cotton and permitted slavery
old south: the South of the United States before the American Civil War
sunbelt: states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative
tidewater: the coastal plain of the South: eastern parts of Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina and Georgia
piedmont: the plateau between the coastal plain and the Appalachian Mountains: parts of Virginia and North and South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama
union: the United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War) he has visited every state in the Union Lee hoped to detach Maryland from the Union the North's superior resources turned the scale
north: the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line
carolina: the area of the states of North Carolina and South Carolina
dakota: the area of the states of North Dakota and South Dakota
alabama: a state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
montgomery: the state capital of Alabama on the Mobile River
birmingham: the largest city in Alabama; located in northeastern Alabama
decatur: a town in northern Alabama on the Tennessee River
gadsden: an industrial town in north central Alabama
huntsville: a city in northern Alabama; center for space research
mobile: a port in southwestern Alabama on Mobile Bay
selma: a town in central Alabama on the Alabama river; in 1965 it was the center of a drive to register Black voters
tuscaloosa: a university town in west central Alabama
tuskegee: a town in eastern Alabama
alaska: a state in northwestern North America; the 49th state admitted to the union Alaska is the largest state in the United States
juneau: the state capital of Alaska
anchorage: a city in south central Alaska Anchorage is the largest city in Alaska
nome: a town in western Alaska on the southern coast of the Seward Peninsula; an important center of an Alaskan gold rush at the beginning of the 20th century
sitka: a town in southeastern Alaska that was the capital of Russian America and served as the capital of Alaska from 1867 until 1906
skagway: a town in southeastern Alaska at the northern end of the Inside Passage; a gateway to the Klondike during the Alaskan gold rush
valdez: a port on Alaska's southern coast from which oil is shipped to markets around the world
seward peninsula: a peninsula in western Alaska that projects westward into the Bering Sea just below the Arctic Circle
alexander archipelago: a group of islands off southeastern Alaska
admiralty island: an Alaskan island in the Alexander Archipelago near Juneau
arizona: a state in southwestern United States; site of the Grand Canyon
flagstaff: a town in north central Arizona; site of an important observatory
mesa: a city in Arizona just to the east of Phoenix; originally a suburb of Phoenix
nogales: a town in Arizona on the Mexican border opposite Nogales, Mexico
phoenix: the state capital and largest city located in south central Arizona; situated in a former desert that has become a prosperous agricultural area thanks to irrigation
prescott: a town in central Arizona
sun city: a residential suburb of Phoenix
tucson: a city in southeastern Arizona ringed by mountain ranges; long known as a winter and health resort but the population shift from industrial states to the Sunbelt resulted in rapid growth late in the 20th century
yuma: a town in southwestern Arizona on the Colorado River and the California border
arkansas: a state in south central United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
fayetteville: a university town in northwestern Arkansas in the Ozarks
fort smith: a town in western Arkansas on the Arkansas River at the Oklahoma border
hot springs: a town in west central Arkansas; a health resort noted for thermal springs
jonesboro: a town in northeast Arkansas
little rock: the state capital and largest city of Arkansas in the central part of Arkansas on the Arkansas River
pine bluff: a town in southeast central Arkansas on the Arkansas River
texarkana: a town in southwest Arkansas on the Texas border adjacent to Texarkana, Texas
california: a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes
anaheim: a city in southern California (southeast of Los Angeles); site of Disneyland
disneyland: an amusement park in Anaheim created in 1955 by Walt Disney
bakersfield: a city in south central California at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley
barstow: a town in southeastern California
berkeley: a city in California on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay; site of the University of California at Berkeley
beverly hills: a city in southwestern California surrounded by Los Angeles; home of many Hollywood actors
chula vista: an industrial city in southern California (south of San Diego) near the Mexican border
eureka: a town in northwest California on an arm of the Pacific Ocean
fresno: a city in south central California in the San Joaquin Valley; center of an important agricultural area and gateway to the Sierra Nevada Mountains
long beach: a city in southern California located on 8.5 miles of Pacific beachfront; was a resort until oil was discovered in 1921
los angeles: a city in southern California; motion picture capital of the world; most populous city of California and second largest in the United States
hollywood: a district of Los Angeles long associated with the American film industry