AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
lysimachus: Macedonian general under Alexander the Great; with Seleucus he defeated Antigonus and Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus (circa 355-281 BC)
lysippus: Greek sculptor (4th century BC)
lytton: English writer of historical romances (1803-1873)
macarthur: United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964)
macaulay: English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859)
macbeth: king of Scotland (died in 1057)
macdowell: United States composer best remembered as a composer of works for the piano (1860-1908)
macgregor: Scottish clan leader and outlaw who was the subject of a 1817 novel by Sir Walter Scott (1671-1734)
mach: Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916)
machiavelli: a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
mackenzie: Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820)
macleish: United States poet (1892-1982)
macleod: Scottish physiologist who directed the research by F. G. Banting and C. H. Best that led to the discovery of insulin (1876-1935)
madison: 4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836)
madonna: United States pop singer and sex symbol during the 1980s (born in 1958)
maeterlinck: Belgian playwright (1862-1949)
magellan: Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521)
maginot: French politician who proposed the Maginot Line (1877-1932)
magritte: Belgian surrealist painter (1898-1967)
mahan: United States naval officer and historian (1840-1914)
mahler: Austrian composer and conductor (1860-1911)
mailer: United States writer (born in 1923)
maillol: French sculptor of monumental female nudes (1861-1944)
maimonides: Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204)
maintenon: French consort of Louis XIV who secretly married the king after the death of his first wife (1635-1719)
maitland: English historian noted for his works on the history of English law (1850-1906)
major: British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943)
makarios iii: Greek Orthodox bishop and archbishop of Cyprus and the first president of independent Cyprus (1913-1977)
malachi: a Hebrew minor prophet of the 5th century BC
malamud: United States writer (1914-1986)
malcolm x: militant civil rights leader (1925-1965)
malebranche: French philosopher (1638-1715)
malevich: Russian abstract painter (1878-1935)
malinowski: British anthropologist (born in Poland) who introduced the technique of the participant observer (1884-1942)
mallarme: French symbolist poet noted for his free verse (1842-1898)
mallon: United States cook who was an immune carrier of typhoid fever and who infected dozens of people (1870-1938)
malone: English scholar remembered for his chronology of Shakespeare's plays and his editions of Shakespeare and Dryden (1741-1812)
malory: English writer who published a translation of romances about King Arthur taken from French and other sources (died in 1471)
malpighi: Italian anatomist who was the first to use a microscope to study anatomy and was among the first to recognize cells in animals (1628-1694)
malraux: French novelist (1901-1976)
malthus: an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
mamet: United States playwright (born in 1947)
mandela: South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)
mandelbrot: French mathematician (born in Poland) noted for inventing fractals (born in 1924)
mandelstam: Russian poet who died in a prison camp (1891-1938)
manes: a Persian prophet who founded Manichaeism (216-276)
manet: French painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1832-1883)
mann: German writer concerned about the role of the artist in bourgeois society (1875-1955)
mann: United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
mansart: French architect who introduced the mansard roof (1598-1666)
mansfield: New Zealand writer of short stories (1888-1923)
manson: Scottish physician who discovered that elephantiasis is spread by mosquitos and suggested that mosquitos also spread malaria (1844-1922)
mantegna: Italian painter and engraver noted for his frescoes (1431-1506)
mantell: English geologist remembered as the first person to recognize that dinosaurs were reptiles (1790-1852)
mantle: United States baseball player (1931-1997)
manzoni: Italian novelist and poet (1785-1873)
mao: Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)
marat: French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)
marceau: French mime famous for his sad-faced clown (born in 1923)
marciano: United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship in 1952 (1924-1969)
marconi: Italian electrical engineer who invented wireless telegraphy and in 1901 transmitted radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean (1874-1937)
marcuse: United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979)
marie antoinette: queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
marini: Italian poet (1569-1625)
mark: Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel
markova: English ballet dancer (born in 1910)
markov: Russian mathematician (1856-1922)
marks: English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)
marley: Jamaican singer who popularized reggae (1945-1981)
marlowe: English poet and playwright who introduced blank verse as a form of dramatic expression; was stabbed to death in a tavern brawl (1564-1593)
marquand: United States writer who created the Japanese detective Mr. Moto and wrote other novels as well (1893-1960)
marquette: French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley (1637-1675)
marquis: humorist who wrote about the imaginary life of cockroaches (1878-1937)
marsh: New Zealand writer of detective stories (1899-1982)
marsh: United States painter (1898-1954)
marshall: United States jurist; as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835)
marshall: United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959)
marshall: United States actor (1914-1998)
marstan: English playwright (1575-1634)
marti: Cuban poet and revolutionary who fought for Cuban independence from Spain (1853-1895)
martial: Roman poet noted for epigrams (first century BC)
martin: United States singer (1917-1995)
martin: United States actress (1913-1990)
martin: United States actor and comedian (born in 1945)
martin: French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397)
martin v: Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431)
marvell: English poet (1621-1678)
marx: founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)
marx: United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1890-1977)
marx: United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1891-1961)
marx: United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1893-1964)
marx: United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1901-1979)
mary: the mother of Jesus; Christians refer to her as the Virgin Mary; she is especially honored by Roman Catholics
mary i: daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (1516-1558)
mary ii: Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; she was the eldest daughter of James II and ruled jointly with her husband William III (1662-1694)
mary queen of scots: queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567; as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed for sedition (1542-1587)
mary magdalene: sinful woman Jesus healed of evil spirits; she became a follower of Jesus
masefield: English poet (1878-1967)
mason: English writer (1865-1948)
mason: English film actor (1909-1984)
mason: American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)
masoud: Afghan leader of forces opposed to the Taliban; won fame by successfully resisting the Soviets in the 1980s; was assassinated by men posing as journalists (1953-2001)
massasoit: Wampanoag leader who aided the Pilgrims (1580-1661)
massenet: French composer best remembered for his pop operas (1842-1912)
massine: French choreographer and ballet dancer (born in Russia) (1895-1979)
masters: United States poet (1869-1950)
mata hari: Dutch dancer who was executed by the French as a German spy in World War I (1876-1917)
mathias: United States athlete who won Olympic gold medals in the decathlon (born in 1930)
matisse: French painter and sculptor; leading figure of fauvism (1869-1954)
matthew: (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel
maugham: English writer (born in France) of novels and short stories (1874-1965)
mauldin: United States cartoonist noted for his drawings of soldiers in battle (1921-2003)
maupassant: French writer noted especially for his short stories (1850-1893)
mauriac: French novelist who wrote about the conflict between desire and religious belief (1885-1970)
maurois: French writer best known for his biographies (1885-1967)
mauser: German arms manufacturer and inventor of a repeating rifle and pistol (1838-1914)
maxim: English inventor (born in the United States) who invented the Maxim gun that was used in World War I (1840-1916)
maximian: Roman Emperor from 286 until he abdicated in 305; when Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in 286 Maximian became emperor in the west (died in 311)
maxwell: Scottish physicist whose equations unified electricity and magnetism and who recognized the electromagnetic nature of light (1831-1879)
mayakovski: Soviet poet; leader of Russian futurism (1893-1930)
mayer: United States filmmaker (born in Russia) who founded his own film company and later merged with Samuel Goldwyn (1885-1957)
mayer: United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for her research on the structure of the atom (1906-1972)
mays: United States baseball player (born in 1931)
mazzini: Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)
mccarthy: United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)
mccarthy: United States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989)
mccartney: English rock star and bass guitarist and songwriter who with John Lennon wrote most of the music for the Beatles (born in 1942)
mccauley: heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat (1754-1832)
mccormick: United States operatic tenor (born in Ireland) (1884-1945)
mccormick: United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884)
mccullers: United States novelist (1917-1967)
mcgraw: United States baseball player and manager (1873-1934)
mcguffey: United States educator who compiled the McGuffey Eclectic Readers (1800-1873)
mckim: United States neoclassical architect (1847-1909)
mckinley: 25th President of the United States; was assassinated by an anarchist (1843-1901)
mcluhan: Canadian writer noted for his analyses of the mass media (1911-1980)
mcmaster: United States historian who wrote a nine volume history of the people of the United States (1852-1932)
mcpherson: United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)
mead: United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931)
mead: United States anthropologist noted for her claims about adolescence and sexual behavior in Polynesian cultures (1901-1978)
meade: United States general in charge of the Union troops at the Battle of Gettysburg (1815-1872)
meade: English economist noted for his studies of international trade and finance (1907-1995)
meany: United States labor leader who was the first president of the AFL-CIO (1894-1980)
medawar: British immunologist (born in Brazil) who studied tissue transplants and discovered that the rejection of grafts was an immune response (1915-1987)
meiji tenno: emperor of Japan who encouraged the modernization of Japan (1852-1912)
meir: Israeli statesman (born in Russia) (1898-1978)
meissner: German physicist (1882-1974)
meissner: German anatomist (1829-1905)
meitner: Swedish physicist (born in Austria) who worked in the field of radiochemistry with Otto Hahn and formulated the concept of nuclear fission with Otto Frisch (1878-1968)
melanchthon: German theologian and Luther's successor as leader of the Reformation in Germany (1497-1560)
melba: Australian operatic soprano (1861-1931)
melchior: (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus; usually represented as a king of Nubia
melchior: United States operatic tenor (born in Denmark) noted for his Wagnerian roles (1890-1973)
mellon: United States financier and philanthropist (1855-1937)
melville: United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)
menander: comic dramatist of ancient Greece (342-292 BC)
mencken: United States journalist and literary critic (1880-1956)
mendel: Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
mendeleyev: Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907)
mendelsohn: German architect who migrated to Palestine in 1937 (1887-1953)
mendelssohn: German musician and romantic composer of orchestral and choral works (1809-1847)
meniere: French otologist who first described a form of vertigo now known as Meniere's disease and identified the semicircular canals as the site of the lesion (1799-1862)
menninger: United States psychiatrist who with his sons founded a famous psychiatric clinic in Topeka (1862-1953)
menninger: United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1893-1990)
menninger: United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1899-1966)
menotti: United States composer (born in Italy) of operas (born in 1911)
menuhin: British violinist (born in the United States) who began his career as a child prodigy in the 1920s (1916-1999)
mercator: Flemish geographer who lived in Germany; he invented the Mercator projection of maps of the globe (1512-1594)
mercer: British maker of printed calico cloth who invented mercerizing (1791-1866)
merckx: Belgian racing cyclist who won the Tour de France five times (born in 1945)
mercouri: Greek film actress (1925-1994)
meredith: English novelist and poet (1828-1909)
meredith: United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)
mergenthaler: United States inventor (born in Germany) of the Linotype machine (1854-1899)
merlin: (Arthurian legend) the magician who acted as King Arthur's advisor
merman: United States singer who appeared in several musical comedies (1909-1984)
merton: United States sociologist (1910-2003)
merton: United States religious and writer (1915-1968)
mesmer: Austrian physician who tried to treat diseases with a form of hypnotism (1734-1815)
metchnikoff: Russian bacteriologist in France who formulated the theory of phagocytosis (1845-1916)
methuselah: (Old Testament) a patriarch (grandfather of Noah) who is said to have lived 969 years
metternich: Austrian statesman (1773-1859)
meyerbeer: German composer of operas in a style that influenced Richard Wagner (1791-1864)
meyerhof: United States biochemist (born in Germany) who studied the metabolism of muscles (1884-1951)
micah: a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC)
michelangelo: Florentine sculptor and painter and architect; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance (1475-1564)
michelson: United States physicist (born in Germany) who collaborated with Morley in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1852-1931)
michener: United States writer of historical novels (1907-1997)
middleton: English playwright and pamphleteer (1570-1627)
mies van der rohe: United States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969)
milhaud: French composer of works that combine jazz and polytonality and Brazilian music (1892-1974)
mill: English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)
mill: Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836)
millais: Englishman and Pre-Raphaelite painter (1829-1896)
millay: United States poet (1892-1950)
miller: United States playwright (1915-2005)
miller: United States novelist whose novels were originally banned as pornographic (1891-1980)
miller: United States bandleader of a popular big band (1909-1944)
millet: French painter of rural scenes (1814-1875)
millikan: United States physicist who isolated the electron and measured its charge (1868-1953)
mills: United States architect who was the presidentially appointed architect of Washington D.C. (1781-1855)
milne: English writer of stories for children (1882-1956)
miltiades: Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon (540-489)
milton: English poet; remembered primarily as the author of an epic poem describing humanity's fall from grace (1608-1674)
minkowski: German mathematician (born in Russia) who suggested the concept of four-dimensional space-time (1864-1909)
minuit: Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24 (1580-1638)
mirabeau: French revolutionary who was prominent in the early days of the French Revolution (1749-1791)
miro: Spanish surrealist painter (1893-1983)
mitchell: United States dancer who formed the first Black classical ballet company (born in 1934)
mitchell: United States labor leader; president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1898 to 1908 (1870-1919)
mitchell: United States writer noted for her novel about the South during the American Civil War (1900-1949)
mitchell: United States astronomer who studied sunspots and nebulae (1818-1889)
mitchell: United States aviator and general who was an early advocate of military air power (1879-1936)
mitchell: English aeronautical engineer (1895-1937)
mitchum: United States film actor (1917-1997)
mitford: English writer of comic novels (1904-1973)
mitford: United States writer (born in England) who wrote on American culture (1917-1996)
mithridates: ancient king of Pontus who expanded his kingdom by defeating the Romans but was later driven out by Pompey (132-63 BC)
mitterrand: French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996)
mobius: German mathematician responsible for the Mobius strip (1790-1868)
modigliani: Italian painter and sculptor (1884-1920)
mohammed: the Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah (570-632)
mohammed ali: Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)
mohorovicic: Yugoslav geophysicist for whom the Mohorovicic discontinuity was named (1857-1936)
moliere: French author of sophisticated comedies (1622-1673)
molnar: Hungarian playwright (1878-1952)
molotov: Soviet statesman (1890-1986)
mommsen: German historian noted for his history of Rome (1817-1903)
mondrian: Dutch painter whose work (intersecting lines at right angles and planes in primary colors) influenced the development of abstract art (1872-1944)
monet: French impressionist painter (1840-1926)
monk: United States jazz pianist who was one of the founders of the bebop style (1917-1982)
monnet: French economist who advocated a Common Market in Europe (1888-1979)
monod: French biochemist who (with Francois Jacob) explained how genes are activated and suggested the existence of messenger RNA (1910-1976)
monroe: 5th President of the United States; author of the Monroe Doctrine (1758-1831)
monroe: United States film actress noted for sex appeal (1926-1962)
montagu: United States anthropologist (born in England) who popularized anthropology (1905-)
montaigne: French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)
montespan: French noblewoman who was mistress to Louis XIV until he became attracted to Madame de Maintenon (1641-1707)
montesquieu: French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
montessori: Italian educator who developed a method of teaching mentally handicapped children and advocated a child-centered approach (1870-1952)
monteverdi: Italian composer (1567-1643)
montez: Irish dancer (1818-1861)
montezuma ii: the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520)
montfort: an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265)
montgolfier: French inventor who (with his brother Jacques Etienne Montgolfier) pioneered hot-air ballooning (1740-1810)
montgolfier: French inventor who (with his brother Josef Michel Montgolfier) pioneered hot-air ballooning (1745-1799)
montgomery: English general during World War II; won victories over Rommel in North Africa and led British ground forces in the invasion of Normandy (1887-1976)
montgomery: Canadian novelist (1874-1942)
moody: United States evangelist (1837-1899)
moody: United States tennis player who dominated women's tennis in the 1920s and 1930s (1905-1998)
moon: United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920)
moore: British sculptor whose works are monumental organic forms (1898-1986)
moore: United States poet noted for irony and wit (1887-1872)
moore: Irish poet who wrote nostalgic and patriotic verse (1779-1852)
moore: English philosopher (1873-1958)
moore: English actor and comedian who appeared on television and in films (born in 1935)
moore: United States composer of works noted for their use of the American vernacular (1893-1969)
more: English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state
morgan: United States financier and philanthropist (1837-1913)
morgan: soldier in the American Revolution who defeated the British in the battle of Cowpens, South Carolina (1736-1802)
morgan: a Welsh buccaneer who raided Spanish colonies in the West Indies for the English (1635-1688)
morgan: United States biologist who formulated the chromosome theory of heredity (1866-1945)
morgan: United States anthropologist who studied the Seneca (1818-1881)
morley: United States chemist and physicist who collaborated with Michelson in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1838-1923)
mormon: the ancient prophet whose writings were revealed to Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
morris: United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)