AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
sorbent: a material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption
absorbent material: a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance
adsorbent: a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance
acaricide: a chemical agent used to kill mites
acaroid resin: an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper
acetic acid: a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals
acetate: a salt or ester of acetic acid
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane: an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans; banned in the United States since 1972
tetraethyl lead: a clear oily poisonous liquid added to gasoline to prevent knocking
acetone: the simplest ketone; a highly inflammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics
acetylene: a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis
agent orange: a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas
alkyl halide: organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane
amino acid: organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids
chlorofluorocarbon: a fluorocarbon with chlorine; formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans the chlorine in CFCs causes depletion of atmospheric ozone
chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile: a tear gas that is stronger than CN gas but wears off faster; can be deployed by grenades or cluster bombs; can cause skin burns and fatal pulmonary edema
chloroacetophenone: a tear gas that is weaker than CS gas but lasts longer
dopa: amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain
l-dopa: the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease
gamma aminobutyric acid: an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
glutamic acid: an amino acid occurring in proteins; important in the nitrogen metabolism of plants; used in monosodium glutamate to enhance the flavor of meats
alpha-naphthol test: biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid
cerotic acid: a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax)
hexanedioic acid: a carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of nylon
hmg-coa reductase: a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
hydrazoic acid: a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling
hydriodic acid: (HI) a colorless or yellow aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide hydriodic acid is a strong acid
hydrochlorofluorocarbon: a fluorocarbon that is replacing chlorofluorocarbon as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans; considered to be somewhat less destructive to the atmosphere
hydrocyanic acid: a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compounds
hypophosphorous acid: a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2)
pyrogallol: a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer
methacrylic acid: an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plastics
suberic acid: a dicarboxylic acid found in cork
sulfonic acid: an acid derived from sulphuric acid
titanium dioxide: a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability
adulterant: any substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance it is necessary to remove the adulterants before use
alkyl: any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons
allyl: the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene
amino: the radical -NH2
anionic detergent: a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions
base: any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water bases include oxides and hydroxides of metals and ammonia
base metal: a metal that is common and not considered precious lead, iron, copper, tin, and zinc are base metals
chelate: a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions
bromoform: colorless liquid haloform CHBr3
fluoroform: colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform)
iodoform: sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3
azido group: the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid
azo group: the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups
group: (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule
buckminsterfullerene: a spheroidal fullerene; the first known example of a fullerene
carbon nanotube: a fullerene molecule having a cylindrical or toroidal shape
benzyl: the univalent radical derived from toluene
benzoyl group: the univalent radical derived from benzoic acid
chemical element: any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
allotrope: a structurally different form of an element graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon
noble gas: any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table
rare earth: any element of the lanthanide series (atomic numbers 57 through 71)
metallic element: any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.
actinium: a radioactive element of the actinide series; found in uranium ores
aluminum: a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite
alum: a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the potassium double sulfate of aluminum
alum: a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the ammonium double sulfate of aluminum
americium: a radioactive transuranic metallic element; discovered by bombarding uranium with helium atoms
antimony: a metallic element having four allotropic forms; used in a wide variety of alloys; found in stibnite
argon: a colorless and odorless inert gas; one of the six inert gases; comprises approximately 1% of the earth's atmosphere
arsenic: a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar
astatine: a highly unstable radioactive element (the heaviest of the halogen series); a decay product of uranium and thorium
atrazine: a synthetic compound derived from triazine that is widely used as an agricultural herbicide atrazine is thought to cause cancer and is banned in some European countries
barium: a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group; found in barite
barium monoxide: an oxide of barium; a whitish toxic powder
barium dioxide: a white toxic powder obtained by heating barium oxide in air
berkelium: a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding americium with helium
beryllium: a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent metallic element
bismuth: a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals
bohrium: a transuranic element
boron: a trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder
bromine: a nonmetallic heavy volatile corrosive dark brown liquid element belonging to the halogens; found in sea water
cadmium: a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element; occurs in association with zinc ores
calcium: a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals
californium: a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles
carbon: an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds
radiocarbon: a radioactive isotope of carbon
cerium: a ductile grey metallic element of the lanthanide series; used in lighter flints; the most abundant of the rare-earth group
cesium: a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal
chlorine: a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water)
chromium: a hard brittle multivalent metallic element; resistant to corrosion and tarnishing
cobalt: a hard ferromagnetic silver-white bivalent or trivalent metallic element; a trace element in plant and animal nutrition
copper: a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor
curium: a radioactive transuranic metallic element; produced by bombarding plutonium with helium nuclei
darmstadtium: a radioactive transuranic element
dubnium: a transuranic element
dysprosium: a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; forms compounds that are highly magnetic
einsteinium: a radioactive transuranic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons
erbium: a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs with yttrium
europium: a bivalent and trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group
fermium: a radioactive transuranic metallic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons
fluorine: a nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens; usually a yellow irritating toxic flammable gas; a powerful oxidizing agent; recovered from fluorite or cryolite or fluorapatite
francium: a radioactive element of the alkali-metal group discovered as a disintegration product of actinium
gadolinium: a ductile silvery-white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group
gallium: a rare silvery (usually trivalent) metallic element; brittle at low temperatures but liquid above room temperature; occurs in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores
germanium: a brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors; occurs in germanite and argyrodite
gold: a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element; occurs mainly as nuggets in rocks and alluvial deposits; does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine and aqua regia
24-karat gold: 100 per cent gold
hafnium: a grey tetravalent metallic element that resembles zirconium chemically and is found in zirconium minerals; used in filaments for its ready emission of electrons
hassium: a radioactive transuranic element
helium: a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas)
holmium: a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs together with yttrium; forms highly magnetic compounds
hydrogen: a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe
acidic hydrogen: a hydrogen atom in an acid that forms a positive ion when the acid dissociates
deuterium: an isotope of hydrogen which has one neutron (as opposed to zero neutrons in hydrogen)
indium: a rare soft silvery metallic element; occurs in small quantities in sphalerite
iodine: a nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks)
iridium: a heavy brittle metallic element of the platinum group; used in alloys; occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium
iron: a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood
krypton: a colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; occurs in trace amounts in air
lanthanum: a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth
lawrencium: a radioactive transuranic element synthesized from californium
lead: a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element; bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes readily to dull grey the children were playing with lead soldiers
lithium: a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals
lutetium: a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; usually occurs in association with yttrium
magnesium: a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element; in pure form it burns with brilliant white flame; occurs naturally only in combination (as in magnesite and dolomite and carnallite and spinel and olivine)
manganese: a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals
meitnerium: a radioactive transuranic element
mendelevium: a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles (Md is the current symbol for mendelevium but Mv was formerly the symbol)
mercury: a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
molybdenum: a polyvalent metallic element that resembles chromium and tungsten in its properties; used to strengthen and harden steel
neodymium: a yellow trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs in monazite and bastnasite in association with cerium and lanthanum and praseodymium
neon: a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts
neptunium: a radioactive transuranic metallic element; found in trace amounts in uranium ores; a by-product of the production of plutonium
nickel: a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion; used in alloys; occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite
niobium: a soft grey ductile metallic element used in alloys; occurs in niobite; formerly called columbium
nitrogen: a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues
nobelium: a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding curium with carbon ions; 7 isotopes are known
osmium: a hard brittle blue-grey or blue-black metallic element that is one of the platinum metals; the heaviest metal known
oxygen: a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust
liquid oxygen: a bluish translucent magnetic liquid obtained by compressing gaseous oxygen and then cooling it below its boiling point; used as an oxidizer in rocket propellants
palladium: a silver-white metallic element of the platinum group that resembles platinum; occurs in some copper and nickel ores; does not tarnish at ordinary temperatures and is used (alloyed with gold) in jewelry
phosphorus: a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms
platinum: a heavy precious metallic element; grey-white and resistant to corroding; occurs in some nickel and copper ores and is also found native in some deposits
plutonium: a solid silvery grey radioactive transuranic element whose atoms can be split when bombarded with neutrons; found in minute quantities in uranium ores but is usually synthesized in nuclear reactors; 13 isotopes are known with the most important being plutonium 239
weapons plutonium: plutonium 239 that is recovered when nuclear weapons are disassembled; it is stored in plutonium pits
polonium: a radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellurium and bismuth; occurs in uranium ores but can be produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons in a nuclear reactor
potassium: a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite
praseodymium: a soft yellowish-white trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an ion-exchange process
promethium: a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group having no stable isotope; was discovered in radioactive form as a fission product of uranium
protactinium: a short-lived radioactive metallic element formed from uranium and disintegrating into actinium and then into lead
radium: an intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores
radon: a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health
rhenium: a rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys; is obtained as a by-product in refining molybdenum
rhodium: a white hard metallic element that is one of the platinum group and is found in platinum ores; used in alloys with platinum
roentgenium: a radioactive transuranic element
rubidium: a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali metal group; burns in air and reacts violently in water; occurs in carnallite and lepidolite and pollucite
ruthenium: a rare polyvalent metallic element of the platinum group; it is found associated with platinum
rutherfordium: a radioactive transuranic element which has been synthesized
samarium: a grey lustrous metallic element of the rare earth group; is used in special alloys; occurs in monazite and bastnasite
scandium: a white trivalent metallic element; sometimes classified in the rare earth group; occurs in the Scandinavian mineral thortveitite
seaborgium: a transuranic element
selenium: a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores (as pyrite)
silicon: a tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors
silver: a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography
sodium: a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt)
strontium: a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element of the alkali metal group; turns yellow in air; occurs in celestite and strontianite
sulfur: an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions)
tantalum: a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite
technetium: a crystalline metallic element not found in nature; occurs as one of the fission products of uranium
tellurium: a brittle silver-white metalloid element that is related to selenium and sulfur; it is used in alloys and as a semiconductor; occurs mainly as tellurides in ores of copper and nickel and silver and gold
terbium: a metallic element of the rare earth group; used in lasers; occurs in apatite and monazite and xenotime and ytterbite
thallium: a soft grey malleable metallic element that resembles tin but discolors on exposure to air; it is highly toxic and is used in rodent and insect poisons; occurs in zinc blende and some iron ores
thorium: a soft silvery-white tetravalent radioactive metallic element; isotope 232 is used as a power source in nuclear reactors; occurs in thorite and in monazite sands
thorium-228: radioactive isotope of thorium with mass number 228
thulium: a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group; isotope 170 emits X-rays and is used in small portable X-ray machines; it occurs in monazite and apatite and xenotime
tin: a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide
titanium: a light strong grey lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong lightweight alloys (as for airplane parts); the main sources are rutile and ilmenite
tungsten: a heavy grey-white metallic element; the pure form is used mainly in electrical applications; it is found in several ores including wolframite and scheelite
ununbium: a radioactive transuranic element
ununhexium: a radioactive transuranic element
ununpentium: a radioactive transuranic element
ununquadium: a radioactive transuranic element
ununtrium: a radioactive transuranic element
uranium: a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element; occurs in many isotopes; used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons
vanadium: a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including carnotite and vanadinite
xenon: a colorless odorless inert gaseous element occurring in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts
ytterbium: a soft silvery metallic element; a rare earth of the lanthanide series; it occurs in gadolinite and monazite and xenotime
yttrium: a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys
zinc: a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs naturally as zinc sulphide in zinc blende
zirconium: a lustrous grey strong metallic element resembling titanium; it is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber; it occurs in baddeleyite but is obtained chiefly from zircon
ader wax: a waxy mineral that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and occurs in association with petroleum; some varieties are used in making ceresin and candles
alabaster: a hard compact kind of calcite
arsenopyrite: a silver-white or grey ore of arsenic
asphalt: a dark bituminous substance found in natural beds and as residue from petroleum distillation; consists mainly of hydrocarbons
bastnasite: a yellow-to-brown mineral that is a source of rare earth elements
bone black: black substance containing char in the form of carbonized bone; used as a black pigment
bornite: a mineral consisting of sulfides of copper and iron that is found in copper deposits
cerussite: a mineral consisting of lead carbonate that is an important source of lead
chalcocite: a heavy grey mineral that is an ore of copper
chalcopyrite: a yellow copper ore (CuFeS2) made up of copper and iron sulfide
china clay: a fine usually white clay formed by the weathering of aluminous minerals (as feldspar); used in ceramics and as an absorbent and as a filler (e.g., in paper)
cobalt blue: greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of cobalt oxide and alumina
sodium chloride: a white crystalline solid consisting mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl)