AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
european larch: tall European tree having a slender conic crown, flat needlelike leaves, and hairy cone scales
siberian larch: medium-sized larch of northeastern Russia and Siberia having narrowly conic crown and soft narrow bright-green leaves; used in cultivation
pseudolarix: one species: golden larch
golden larch: Chinese deciduous conifer resembling a larch with golden yellow leaves
abies: true firs
fir: any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas
amabilis fir: medium to tall fir of western North America having a conic crown and branches in tiers; leaves smell of orange when crushed
european silver fir: tall timber tree of central and southern Europe having a regular crown and grey bark
white fir: medium to tall fir of central to western United States having a narrow erect crown and soft wood
balsam fir: medium-sized fir of northeastern North America; leaves smell of balsam when crushed; much used for pulpwood and Christmas trees
fraser fir: small fast-growing but short-lived fir of southern Alleghenies similar to balsam fir but with very short leaves
lowland fir: lofty fir of the Pacific coast of northwestern America having long curving branches and deep green leaves
alpine fir: medium-tall timber tree of the Rocky Mountains having a narrowly conic to columnar crown
santa lucia fir: a pyramidal fir of southwestern California having spiny pointed leaves and cone scales with long spines
cedrus: true cedars
cedar: any cedar of the genus Cedrus
cedar: durable aromatic wood of any of numerous cedar trees; especially wood of the red cedar often used for cedar chests
cedar of lebanon: cedar of Lebanon and northwestern Syria that attains great age and height
deodar: tall East Indian cedar having spreading branches with nodding tips; highly valued for its appearance as well as its timber
atlas cedar: tall Algerian evergreen of Atlas mountains with blue-green leaves; widely planted as an ornamental
picea: a genus of temperate and Arctic evergreen trees (see spruce)
norway spruce: tall pyramidal spruce native to northern Europe having dark green foliage on spreading branches with pendulous branchlets and long pendulous cones
weeping spruce: medium-sized spruce of California and Oregon having pendulous branches
engelmann spruce: tall spruce of Rocky Mountains and British Columbia with blue-green needles and acutely conic crown; wood used for rough lumber and boxes
white spruce: medium-sized spruce of northeastern North America having short blue-green leaves and slender cones
black spruce: small spruce of boggy areas of northeastern North America having spreading branches with dense foliage; inferior wood
siberian spruce: tall spruce of northern Europe and Asia; resembles Norway spruce
sitka spruce: a large spruce that grows only along the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada; has sharp stiff needles and thin bark; the wood has a high ratio of strength to weight
oriental spruce: evergreen tree of the Caucasus and Asia Minor used as an ornamental having pendulous branchlets
colorado spruce: tall spruce with blue-green needles and dense conic crown; older trees become columnar with lower branches sweeping downward
red spruce: medium-sized spruce of eastern North America; chief lumber spruce of the area; source of pulpwood
tsuga: hemlock; hemlock fir; hemlock spruce
hemlock: an evergreen tree
eastern hemlock: common forest tree of the eastern United States and Canada; used especially for pulpwood
carolina hemlock: medium-sized evergreen of southeastern United States having spreading branches and widely diverging cone scales
mountain hemlock: large evergreen of western United States; wood much harder than Canadian hemlock
western hemlock: tall evergreen of western North America; commercially important timber tree
pseudotsuga: douglas fir; closely related to genera Larix and Cathaya
green douglas fir: lofty douglas fir of northwestern North America having short needles and egg-shaped cones
big-cone spruce: douglas fir of California having cones 4-8 inches long
genus cathaya: one species; related to Pseudotsuga and Larix
cathaya: Chinese evergreen conifer discovered in 1955; not yet cultivated elsewhere
cupressaceae: cypresses and junipers and many cedars
cedar: any of numerous trees of the family Cupressaceae that resemble cedars
cupressus: type genus of Cupressaceae
cypress: any of numerous evergreen conifers of the genus Cupressus of north temperate regions having dark scalelike leaves and rounded cones
gowen cypress: small sometimes shrubby tree native to California; often used as an ornamental; in some classification systems includes the pygmy cypress and the Santa Cruz cypress
pygmy cypress: rare small cypress native to northern California; sometimes considered the same species as gowen cypress
santa cruz cypress: rare California cypress taller than but closely related to gowen cypress and sometimes considered the same species
arizona cypress: Arizona timber tree with bluish silvery foliage
guadalupe cypress: relatively low wide-spreading endemic on Guadalupe Island; cultivated for its bluish foliage
monterey cypress: tall California cypress endemic on Monterey Bay; widely used for ornament as well as reforestation and shelterbelt planting
mexican cypress: tall spreading evergreen found in Mexico having drooping branches; believed to have been introduced into Portugal from Goa
italian cypress: tall Eurasian cypress with thin grey bark and ascending branches
athrotaxis: a genus of gymnosperm
king william pine: evergreen of Tasmanian mountains having sharp-pointed leaves that curve inward
austrocedrus: one species; formerly included in genus Libocedrus
chilean cedar: a small South American evergreen having coppery bark and pretty foliage
callitris: evergreen monoecious coniferous trees or shrubs: cypress pines
port jackson pine: Australian cypress pine having globular cones
black cypress pine: Australian tree with small flattened scales as leaves and numerous dark brown seed; valued for its timber and resin
white cypress pine: small tree or shrub of southern Australia
stringybark pine: Australian cypress pine with fibrous inner bark
calocedrus: tall evergreens of western North America and eastern Asia; formerly included in genus Libocedrus
incense cedar: tall tree of the Pacific coast of North America having foliage like cypress and cinnamon-red bark
chamaecyparis: a genus of Chamaecyparis
southern white cedar: slow-growing medium-sized cedar of east coast of the United States; resembles American arborvitae
oregon cedar: large timber tree of western North America with trunk diameter to 12 feet and height to 200 feet
port orford cedar: the wood of the Port Orford cedar tree
yellow cypress: tall evergreen of the Pacific coast of North America often cultivated for ornament
cryptomeria: Japanese cedar; sugi
japanese cedar: tall evergreen of Japan and China yielding valuable soft wood
juniperus: junipers
pencil cedar: any of several junipers with wood suitable for making pencils
eastern red cedar: small juniper found east of Rocky Mountains having a conic crown, brown bark that peels in shreds, and small sharp needles
bermuda cedar: ornamental densely pyramidal juniper of Bermuda; fairly large for a juniper
east african cedar: tropical African timber tree with fragrant wood
southern red cedar: juniper of swampy coastal regions of southeastern United States; similar to eastern red cedar
dwarf juniper: procumbent or spreading juniper
common juniper: densely branching shrub or small tree having pungent blue berries used to flavor gin; widespread in northern hemisphere; only conifer on coasts of Iceland and Greenland
ground cedar: a procumbent variety of the common juniper
creeping juniper: low to prostrate shrub of Canada and northern United States; bronzed purple in winter
mexican juniper: small tree of western Texas and mountains of Mexico having spreading branches with drooping branchlets
libocedrus: cypresses that resemble cedars
kawaka: New Zealand timber tree resembling the cypress
pahautea: evergreen tree of New Zealand resembling the kawaka
taxodiaceae: coniferous trees; traditionally considered an independent family though recently included in Cupressaceae in some classification systems
genus metasequoia: genus of deciduous conifers comprising both living and fossil forms; 1 extant species: dawn redwood of China; variously classified as member of Pinaceae or Taxodiaceae
metasequoia: large fast-growing Chinese monoecious tree having flat bright-green deciduous leaves and small globular cones; commonly cultivated in United States as an ornamental; known as a fossil before being discovered in China
genus sequoia: redwoods; until recently considered a genus of a separate family Taxodiaceae
sequoia: either of two huge coniferous California trees that reach a height of 300 feet; sometimes placed in the Taxodiaceae
california redwood: lofty evergreen of United States coastal foothills from Oregon to Big Sur; it flourishes in wet, rainy, foggy habitats
sequoiadendron: giant sequoias; sometimes included in the genus Sequoia; until recently placed in the Taxodiaceae
giant sequoia: extremely lofty evergreen of southern end of western foothills of Sierra Nevada in California; largest living organism
taxodium: bald cypress; swamp cypress
bald cypress: common cypress of southeastern United States having trunk expanded at base; found in coastal swamps and flooding river bottoms
pond cypress: smaller than and often included in the closely related Taxodium distichum
montezuma cypress: cypress of river valleys of Mexican highlands
ahuehuete: Mexico's most famous tree; a giant specimen of Montezuma cypress more than 2,000 years old with a girth of 165 feet at Santa Maria del Tule some say the Tule tree is the world's largest single biomass
tetraclinis: sandarac tree
sandarac: large coniferous evergreen tree of North Africa and Spain having flattened branches and scalelike leaves yielding a hard fragrant wood; bark yields a resin used in varnishes
sandarac: a brittle and faintly aromatic translucent resin used in varnishes
sandarac: durable fragrant wood; used in building (as in the roof of the cathedral at Cordova, Spain)
thuja: red cedar
western red cedar: large valuable arborvitae of northwestern United States
american arborvitae: small evergreen of eastern North America having tiny scalelike leaves on flattened branchlets
oriental arborvitae: Asiatic shrub or small tree widely planted in United States and Europe; in some classifications assigned to its own genus
thujopsis: one species; has close similarity to genus Thuja
hiba arborvitae: slow-growing medium-large Japanese evergreen used as an ornamental
genus keteleeria: a genus of keteleeria
araucariaceae: tall evergreen cone-bearing trees of South America and Australia with broad leathery leaves; in some classifications included in the Pinaceae
wollemi pine: newly discovered (1994) pine thought to have been long extinct; Australia; genus and species names not yet assigned
genus araucaria: a genus of the araucaria family
monkey puzzle: large Chilean evergreen conifer having intertwined branches and bearing edible nuts
norfolk island pine: evergreen of Australia and Norfolk Island in the South Pacific
new caledonian pine: very tall evergreen of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides similar to norfolk island pine
bunya bunya: Australian conifer bearing two-inch seeds tasting like roasted chestnuts; among the aborigines the tree is hereditary property protected by law
hoop pine: pine of Australia and New Guinea; yields a valuable light even-textured wood
agathis: kauri pine
kauri pine: any of various trees of the genus Agathis; yield dammar resin
kauri: tall timber tree of New Zealand having white straight-grained wood
amboina pine: native to the Moluccas and Philippines; a source of dammar resin
dundathu pine: Australian timber tree resembling the kauri but having wood much lighter in weight and softer
red kauri: New Zealand tree with glossy leaves and scaly reddish-brown bark
cephalotaxaceae: a family of Cephalotaxaceae
cephalotaxus: the genus of Cephalotaxus (see plum-yews)
torreya: nutmeg-yews
california nutmeg: California evergreen having a fruit resembling a nutmeg but with a strong turpentine flavor
stinking cedar: rare small evergreen of northern Florida; its glossy green leaves have an unpleasant fetid smell when crushed
phyllocladaceae: a family of Phyllocladaceae
phyllocladus: celery pine
celery top pine: medium tall celery pine of Tasmania
tanekaha: medium tall celery pine of New Zealand
alpine celery pine: small shrubby celery pine of New Zealand
yellowwood: any of various trees having yellowish wood or yielding a yellow extract
podocarpaceae: gymnosperms with simple persistent needlelike or scalelike leaves
podocarpus: evergreen trees or shrubs; sometimes classified as member of the family Taxaceae
yacca: West Indian evergreen with medium to long leaves
brown pine: large Australian tree with straight-grained yellow wood that turns brown on exposure
cape yellowwood: South African tree or shrub having a rounded crown
south-african yellowwood: erect or shrubby tree of Africa having ridged dark grey bark and rigid glossy medium to long leaves
alpine totara: low wide-spreading coniferous shrub of New Zealand mountains
totara: valuable timber tree of New Zealand yielding hard reddish wood used for furniture and bridges and wharves
afrocarpus: dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs; equatorial to southern and southeastern Africa: yellowwood; similar to trees or genus Podocarpus
common yellowwood: medium-sized tree of South Africa
dacrycarpus: evergreen coniferous shrubs or trees of New Zealand to Malaysia and Philippines
kahikatea: New Zealand evergreen valued for its light easily worked wood
dacrydium: Australasian evergreen trees or shrubs
rimu: tall New Zealand timber tree
tarwood: New Zealand silver pine of conical habit with long slender flexuous branches; adapted to cold wet summers and high altitudes
falcatifolium: sickle pines: dioecious evergreen tropical trees and shrubs having sickle-shaped leaves; similar to Dacrycarpus in habit; Malaysia and Philippines to New Guinea and New Caledonia
common sickle pine: small tropical rain forest tree of Indonesia and Malaysia
yellow-leaf sickle pine: a rain forest tree or shrub of New Caledonia having a conic crown and pale green sickle-shaped leaves; host species for the rare parasite yew
halocarpus: dioecious trees or shrubs of New Zealand; similar in habit to Dacrydium
tarwood: New Zealand shrub
lagarostrobus: genus of dioecious evergreen trees of New Zealand and Tasmania; similar to genus Dacrydium
westland pine: timber tree of New Zealand having shiny white wood
huon pine: Tasmanian timber tree with yellow aromatic wavy-grained wood used for carving and ship building; sometimes placed in genus Dacrydium
lepidothamnus: small usually shrubby conifers
chilean rimu: about the hardiest Podocarpaceae species; prostrate spreading shrub similar to mountain rimu; mountains of southern Chile
mountain rimu: low-growing to prostrate shrub with slender trailing branches; New Zealand
microstrobos: 2 species of small evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania
tasman dwarf pine: small shrub or Tasmania having short stiff branches
nageia: small genus of Asian evergreen trees having columnar crowns and distinguished by leaves lacking a midrib; eastern Asia including India and Philippines and New Guinea
nagi: medium-sized tree having glossy lanceolate leaves; southern China to Taiwan and southern Japan
parasitaxus: one species: parasite yew
parasite yew: rare and endangered monoecious parasitic conifer of New Caledonia; parasitic on Falcatifolium taxoides
prumnopitys: mostly dioecious evergreen conifers; leaves are softer than in Podocarpus
miro: New Zealand conifer used for lumber; the dark wood is used for interior carpentry
matai: conifer of Australia and New Zealand
plum-fruited yew: South American evergreen tree or shrub
retrophyllum: small genus of tropical evergreen dioecious shrubs or trees of Oceania and tropical South America
saxe-gothea: one species: Prince Albert's yew
prince albert yew: small yew having attractive foliage and partially weeping branches cultivated as an ornamental; mountains of southern Chile
sundacarpus: one species
sundacarpus amara: a large fast-growing monoecious tropical evergreen tree having large glossy lanceolate leaves; of rain forests of Sumatra and Philippines to northern Queensland
sciadopityaceae: family comprising a single genus that until recently was considered part of Taxodiaceae
sciadopitys: type and sole genus of Sciadopityaceae; Japanese umbrella pines
japanese umbrella pine: tall evergreen having a symmetrical spreading crown and needles growing in whorls that resemble umbrellas at ends of twigs
taxopsida: yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
taxales: coextensive with the family Taxaceae: yews
taxaceae: sometimes classified as member of order Taxales
taxus: yews
old world yew: predominant yew in Europe; extraordinarily long-lived and slow growing; one of the oldest species in the world
pacific yew: small or medium irregularly branched tree of the Pacific coast of North America; yields fine hard close-grained wood
japanese yew: shrubby hardy evergreen of China and Japan having lustrous dark green foliage; cultivated in the eastern United States
florida yew: small bushy yew of northern Florida having spreading branches and very narrow leaves
austrotaxus: a gymnosperm genus having one species: New Caledonian yew
new caledonian yew: large yew native to New Caledonia; cultivated in eastern Australia and New Zealand and Hawaii
pseudotaxus: one species
white-berry yew: yew of southeastern China, differing from the Old World yew in having white berries
ginkgopsida: ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class and in others as a subdivision; used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
ginkgoales: coextensive with the family Ginkgoaceae: plants that first appeared in the Permian and now represented by a single surviving species; often included in Coniferales
ginkgoaceae: constituting the order Ginkgoales; includes the genus Ginkgo and extinct forms
genus ginkgo: sole surviving genus of the Ginkgoaceae
ginkgo: deciduous dioecious Chinese tree having fan-shaped leaves and fleshy yellow seeds; exists almost exclusively in cultivation especially as an ornamental street tree
pteropsida: used in former classifications to include all ferns and flowering plants and divided into the three classes Filicinae and Gymnospermae and Angiospermae
angiospermae: comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)
angiosperm: plants having seeds in a closed ovary
dicotyledones: comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae
dicot: flowering plant with two cotyledons; the stem grows by deposit on its outside
magnoliidae: a group of families of trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants; contains 36 families including Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
monocotyledones: comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae
monocot: a monocotyledonous flowering plant; the stem grows by deposits on its inside
alismatidae: one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 500 species in 14 families of aquatic and semiaquatic herbs
arecidae: one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones; comprises about 6400 species in 5 families of trees and shrubs and terrestrial herbs and a few free-floating aquatics including: Palmae; Araceae; Pandanaceae and Lemnaceae
commelinidae: one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 19,000 species in 25 families of mostly terrestrial herbs especially of moist places including: Cyperaceae; Gramineae; Bromeliaceae; and Zingiberaceae
flower: reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts
floret: a diminutive flower (especially one that is part of a composite flower)
bloomer: a flower that blooms in a particular way a night bloomer
wildflower: wild or uncultivated flowering plant
ray flower: small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower
catkin: a cylindrical spikelike inflorescence
cornstalk: the stalk of a corn plant
funicle: the stalk of a plant ovule or seed
stoma: a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass
marginal placentation: with ovules borne on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple ovary
testa: protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants
cone: cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts
nectary: a gland (often a protuberance or depression) that secretes nectar
pericarp: the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary
epicarp: outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits as the skin of a peach or grape
stone: the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking
silique: narrow elongated seed capsule peculiar to the family Cruciferae
cotyledon: embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
monocarp: a plant that bears fruit once and dies
megasporangium: a plant structure that produces megaspores
megaspore: larger of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in ovule into a female gametophyte
archespore: primitive cell or group of cells from which a mother cell develops
daughter cell: a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell anthrax grows by dividing into two daughter cells that are generally identical
mother cell: cell from which another cell of an organism (usually of a different sort) develops a sperm cell develops from a sperm mother cell
bonduc nut: hard shiny grey seed of a bonduc tree; used for making e.g. jewelry
job's tears: hard pearly seeds of an Asiatic grass; often used as beads
oilseed: any of several seeds that yield oil
hypanthium: the cuplike or ringlike or tubular structure of a flower which bears the sepals and stamens and calyx (as in Rosaceae)
petal: part of the perianth that is usually brightly colored
corolla: (botany) the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth we cultivate the flower for its corolla
epicalyx: a group of bracts simulating a calyx as in a carnation or hibiscus
perianth: collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils
ranales: herbs, shrubs and trees: includes families Ranunculaceae; Annonaceae; Berberidaceae; Magnoliaceae; Menispermaceae; Myristicaceae; Nymphaeaceae; Lardizabalaceae; Lauraceae; Calycanthaceae; Ceratophyllaceae; Cercidiphyllaceae
annonaceae: chiefly tropical trees or shrubs
annona: type genus of the Annonaceae; tropical American trees or shrubs
custard apple: any of several tropical American trees bearing fruit with soft edible pulp
cherimoya: small tropical American tree bearing round or oblong fruit
ilama: tropical American tree grown in southern United States having a whitish pink-tinged fruit
soursop: small tropical American tree bearing large succulent slightly acid fruit
bullock's heart: small tropical American tree bearing a bristly heart-shaped acid tropical fruit
sweetsop: tropical American tree bearing sweet pulpy fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds