AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
propenoate: a salt or ester of propenoic acid
propenoic acid: an unsaturated liquid carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of acrylic resins
propenonitrile: a colorless liquid unsaturated nitrile made from propene
propylene: a flammable gas obtained by cracking petroleum; used in organic synthesis
propyl: the monovalent organic group C3H7- obtained from propane
protease: any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
ptomaine: any of various amines (such as putrescine or cadaverine) formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria
pyrex: a borosilicate glass with a low coefficient of expansion; used for heat-resistant glassware in cooking and chemistry
quinone: any of a class of aromatic yellow compounds including several that are biologically important as coenzymes or acceptors or vitamins; used in making dyes
safranine: any of a class of chiefly red organic dyes
tyrian purple: a red-purple to deep purple dye obtained from snails or made synthetically
vat dye: a water-insoluble dye that is applied by reducing the dye to an alkaline form, applying the dye, then regenerating the insoluble dye by oxidation in the material; used for dyeing cotton
raffia: leaf fibers of the raffia palm tree; used to make baskets and mats etc.
raveling: a bit of fiber that has become separated from woven fabric
red brass: brass with enough copper to give it a reddish tint; used for plumbing pipe and other brass hardware and in cheap jewelry
red lead: a reddish oxide of lead (Pb3O4) used as a pigment in paints and in glass and ceramics
remover: a solvent that removes a substance (usually from a surface) paint remover rust remover hair remover
rennin: an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
restriction endonuclease: any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology
retinene: either of two yellow to red retinal pigments formed from rhodopsin by the action of light
rubber: an elastic material obtained from the latex sap of trees (especially trees of the genera Hevea and Ficus) that can be vulcanized and finished into a variety of products
rubber: any of various synthetic elastic materials whose properties resemble natural rubber
hard rubber: a hard nonresilient rubber formed by vulcanizing natural rubber
para rubber: a type of natural rubber obtained from tropical South American trees
buna: made by polymerizing butadiene
ruddle: a red iron ore used in dyeing and marking
rain: drops of fresh water that fall as precipitation from clouds
seawater: water containing salts the water in the ocean is all saltwater
fresh water: water that is not salty
rochelle salt: a double salt used in Seidlitz powder; acts as a cathartic
seidlitz powder: an effervescing salt containing sodium bicarbonate and Rochelle salt and tartaric acid; used as a cathartic
salicylic acid: a white crystalline substance with a bitter aftertaste; used as a fungicide or in making aspirin or dyes or perfumes
salol: a white powder with a pleasant taste and odor; used to absorb light in sun tan lotions or as a preservative or an antiseptic or a coating for pills in which the medicine is intended for enteric release
paris green: a toxic double salt of copper arsenate and copper acetate
glauber's salt: (Na2SO4.10H2O) a colorless salt used as a cathartic
cream of tartar: a salt used especially in baking powder
bichromate: a salt of the hypothetical dichromic acid
sodium dichromate: a red-orange salt used as a mordant
caulk: a waterproof filler and sealant that is used in building and repair to make watertight
sodium hydroxide: a strongly alkaline caustic used in manufacturing soap and paper and aluminum and various sodium compounds
gunpowder: a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks
smokeless powder: an explosive (trade name Ballistite) that burns with relatively little smoke; contains pyrocellulose and is used as a propellant
nitrogen trichloride: a yellow pungent volatile oil (trade name Agene) formerly used for bleaching and aging flour
dichloride: a compound containing two chlorine atoms per molecule
aluminum chloride: a chloride used as a wood preservative or catalyst
methylene chloride: a nonflammable liquid used as a solvent and paint remover and refrigerant
staple: a natural fiber (raw cotton, wool, hemp, flax) that can be twisted to form yarn staple fibers vary widely in length
sangapenum: a variety of gum
sard: a deep orange-red variety of chalcedony
scale wax: partly refined paraffin wax
scratch pad: pad for preliminary or hasty writing or notes or sketches etc;  is a British term scribbling block
gamma globulin: a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
coagulation factor: any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
fibrinogen: a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
releasing factor: a substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone-releasing factor: a releasing factor that accelerates the secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary body
intrinsic factor: a substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 lack of intrinsic factor can result in pernicious anemia
platelet: tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting
hemoglobin: a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals
oxyhemoglobin: the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body
heme: a complex red organic pigment containing iron and other atoms to which oxygen binds
hemin: a reddish-brown chloride of heme; produced from hemoglobin in laboratory tests for the presence of blood
heterocyclic compound: a compound containing a heterocyclic ring
globin: a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
scleroprotein: a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
hemosiderin: a granular brown substance composed of ferric oxide; left from the breakdown of hemoglobin; can be a sign of disturbed iron metabolism
abo antibodies: blood type antibodies
rh antibody: rhesus factor antibody
antivenin: an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
heterophil antibody: an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
isoantibody: an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
monoclonal antibody: any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules
infliximab: a monoclonal antibody (trade name Remicade) used to treat Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis; administered by infusion; use and dosage must be determined by a physician
immunoglobulin: a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
immunoglobulin a: one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
immunoglobulin d: one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
immunoglobulin e: one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
immunoglobulin g: one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
immunoglobulin m: one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
tetanus immunoglobulin: sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
poison: any substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism
piperin: derived from pepper (especially black pepper); source of the hotness of black and white pepper
fetoprotein: any of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer
alpha fetoprotein: an abnormally large amount of this fetoprotein in the fetus can signal an abnormality of the neural tube (as spina bifida or anencephaly)
anatoxin: a bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin diphtheria toxoid
animal toxin: a toxin resembling bacterial toxins in its antigenic properties that is found in the fluids of certain animals
botulin: potent bacterial toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes botulism; can be used as a bioweapon
neurotoxin: any toxin that affects neural tissues
plant toxin: any substance produced by plants that is similar in its properties to extracellular bacterial toxin
antigenic determinant: the site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself
rhesus factor: a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people; if an Rh-negative person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person it can result in hemolysis and anemia
shark oil: a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks; used for dressing leather and as a source of vitamin A
shetland wool: a wool obtained from sheep of the Shetland islands
shingle: building material used as siding or roofing
shoe polish: a substance used to produce a shiny protective surface on footwear
siderite: iron ore in the form of ferrous carbonate
silicone: any of a large class of siloxanes that are unusually stable over a wide range of temperatures; used in lubricants and adhesives and coatings and synthetic rubber and electrical insulation
silica: a white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2); various forms occur widely in the earth's crust as quartz or cristobalite or tridymite or lechatelierite
simoniz: a brand of car polish
sisal: a plant fiber used for making rope
slag: the scum formed by oxidation at the surface of molten metals
slate: thin layers of rock used for roofing
soapstone: a soft heavy compact variety of talc having a soapy feel; used to make hearths and tabletops and ornaments
sodium carbonate: a sodium salt of carbonic acid; used in making soap powders and glass and paper
sodium lauryl sulphate: a caustic detergent useful for removing grease; although commonly included in personal care items (shampoos and toothpastes etc.) it can irritate skin and should not be swallowed
sodium pyrophosphate: a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents
sodium sulphate: a solid white bitter salt used in manufacturing glass and paper and dyes and pharmaceuticals
sodium phosphate: phosphate of sodium; used as a laxative to cleanse the bowels
solvent: a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances the solvent does not change its state in forming a solution
viricide: an agent (physical or chemical) that inactivates or destroys viruses
alkahest: hypothetical universal solvent once sought by alchemists
spackle: powder (containing gypsum plaster and glue) that when mixed with water forms a plastic paste used to fill cracks and holes in plaster
spiegeleisen: pig iron containing manganese; used as a deoxidizing agent and to raise the manganese content in making steel
spill: liquid that is spilled clean up the spills
staphylococcal enterotoxin b: a form of staphylococcal enterotoxin that has been used as an incapacitating agent in biological warfare
spinel ruby: a spinel used as a gemstone (usually dark red)
balas: a pale rose-colored variety of the ruby spinel
ceylonite: a dark-colored spinel containing iron
solid solution: a homogeneous solid that can exist over a range of component chemicals; a constituent of alloys that is formed when atoms of an element are incorporated into the crystals of a metal
spirits of ammonia: a solution of ammonium carbonate in ammonia water and alcohol
gram's solution: a solution used in staining bacteria by Gram's method; consists of one part iodine and two parts potassium iodide and 300 parts water
stannite: a dark grey mineral with a metallic luster that is a source of tin
starch: a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles
cornstarch: starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener
otaheite arrowroot: a starch obtained from the root of the pia
water vapor: water in a vaporous form diffused in the atmosphere but below boiling temperature
vapor: a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance
soman: a nerve agent easily absorbed into the body; a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor that is highly toxic when inhaled
spindrift: spray blown up from the surface of the sea
stearic acid: a waxy saturated fatty acid; occurs widely as a glyceride in animal and vegetable fats
stellite: a very hard alloy of cobalt and chromium with cobalt as the principal ingredient; used to make cutting tools and for surfaces subject to heavy wear
sternutator: a chemical substance that causes sneezing and coughing and crying police used a sternutatory to subdue the mob
nonsteroid: an organic compound that does no contain a steroid
sterol: any of a group of natural steroid alcohols derived from plants or animals; they are waxy insoluble substances
cholesterol: an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues
hdl cholesterol: the cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins; the `good' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to lower the risk of coronary artery disease
ldl cholesterol: the cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins; the `bad' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to be related to various pathogenic conditions
oxidized ldl cholesterol: LDL cholesterol that has been bombarded by free radicals; it is thought to cause atherosclerosis
bilge: water accumulated in the bilge of a ship
cardiac glycoside: obtained from a number of plants and used to stimulate the heart in cases of heart failure
digitalis: a powerful cardiac stimulant obtained from foxglove
sucrose: a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
jaggery: unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap
sulfanilic acid: a crystalline acid made from aniline and used as a dye
sulfate: a salt or ester of sulphuric acid
sulfide: a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive
sulfur oxide: any of several oxides of sulphur
sulfur dioxide: a colorless toxic gas (SO2) that occurs in the gases from volcanoes; used in many manufacturing processes and present in industrial emissions; causes acid rain
sulfur hexafluoride: a colorless gas that is soluble in alcohol and ether; a powerful greenhouse gas widely used in the electrical utility industry
sunstone: a translucent quartz spangled with bits of mica or other minerals
superoxide: the univalent anion O2- much of the O2 supporting cellular respiration is reduced to the superoxide anion O2-
superoxide dismutase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes
swedish iron: wrought iron of high purity made in Sweden
sylvanite: a silver-white mineral consisting of silver gold telluride; a source of gold in Australia and America
sylvite: a mineral consisting of native potassium chloride; an important ore of potassium that is found in sedimentary beds
tabun: the first known nerve agent, synthesized by German chemists in 1936; a highly toxic combustible liquid that is soluble in organic solvents and is used as a nerve gas in chemical warfare
talc: a fine grained mineral having a soft soapy feel and consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate; used in a variety of products including talcum powder
french chalk: a soft white compact talc used to mark cloth or to remove grease stains
tannin: any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin; used in tanning and in medicine
tear gas: a gas that makes the eyes fill with tears but does not damage them; used in dispersing crowds
tenderizer: a substance (as the plant enzyme papain) applied to meat to make it tender
tetryl: a yellow crystalline explosive solid that is used in detonators
thickening: any material used to thicken starch is used in cooking as a thickening
prothrombin: a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
thromboplastin: an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
calcium ion: ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
proaccelerin: a coagulation factor
proconvertin: a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
antihemophilic factor: a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
christmas factor: coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
prothrombinase: coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
plasma thromboplastin antecedent: coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
hageman factor: coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
fibrinase: in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
thymine: a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine
deoxycytidine: a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of cytosine and deoxyribose
deoxyguanosine: a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of guanine and deoxyribose
deoxythymidine: a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of thymine and deoxyribose
thymol: a colorless crystalline solid used in perfume or preserving biological specimens or in embalming or medically as a fungicide or antiseptic
melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the degree of pigmentation in melanocytes
thyrotropin: anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland
thyrotropin-releasing hormone: hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
tile: a thin flat slab of fired clay used for roofing
till: unstratified soil deposited by a glacier; consists of sand and clay and gravel and boulders mixed together
tissue: a soft thin (usually translucent) paper
toilet tissue: a soft thin absorbent paper for use in toilets
toluene: a colorless flammable liquid obtained from petroleum or coal tar; used as a solvent for gums and lacquers and in high-octane fuels
tombac: an alloy of copper and zinc (and sometimes arsenic) used to imitate gold in cheap jewelry and for gilding
topaz: a yellow quartz
transaminase: a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound)
transferrin: a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron
transparent substance: a material having the property of admitting light diffusely; a partly transparent material
triamcinolone: a synthetic corticosteroid (trade names Aristocort or Aristopak or Kenalog) used as an anti-inflammatory agent
trichloroacetic acid: a strong acid made by chlorinating acetic acid
margarin: a glyceryl ester of margaric acid
triolein: a naturally occurring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils
tripalmitin: a triglyceride of palmitic acid
trisodium phosphate: the tertiary phosphate of sodium used as a builder in soaps and detergents
tristearin: a triglyceride of stearic acid
tryptophan: an amino acid that occurs in proteins; is essential for growth and normal metabolism; a precursor of niacin
tungsten steel: a very hard heat-resistant steel containing tungsten
turquoise: a blue to grey green mineral consisting of copper aluminum phosphate blue turquoise is valued as a gemstone
typewriter paper: writing paper suitable for use in a typewriter
tyramine: amino acid derived from tyrosine; has a sympathomimetic action; found in chocolate and cola drinks and ripe cheese and beer patients taking MAOIs should avoid foods containing tyramine
ubiquinone: any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration
ultramarine: blue pigment made of powdered lapis lazuli
french blue: ultramarine pigment prepared artificially
unleaded gasoline: gasoline that has not been treated with a lead compound
uracil: a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine
uraninite: a mineral consisting of uranium oxide and trace amounts of radium and thorium and polonium and lead and helium; uraninite in massive form is called pitchblende which is the chief uranium ore
uranyl: the bivalent radical UO2 which forms salts with acids
urea: the chief solid component of mammalian urine; synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide and used as fertilizer and in animal feed and in plastics
tophus: a deposit of urates around a joint or in the external ear; diagnostic of advanced or chronic gout
linseed: the seed of flax used as a source of oil
linseed oil: a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints
tung oil: a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree
vanadium pentoxide: any of various oxyacids of vanadium; known mostly in the form of its salts
very low density lipoprotein: large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
vesuvianite: a green or yellow or brown mineral consisting of a hydrated silicate; it occurs as crystals in limestone and is used a gemstone
vinyl: a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene
vinyl polymer: a thermoplastic derived by polymerization from compounds containing the vinyl group
visual purple: a red photopigment in the retinal rods of vertebrates; dissociates into retinene by light
vitamin a: any of several fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal vision; prevents night blindness or inflammation or dryness of the eyes
vitamin a1: an unsaturated alcohol that occurs in marine fish-liver oils and is synthesized biologically from carotene
vitamin a2: a viscous alcohol that is less active in mammals than is vitamin A1
provitamin a: an orange isomer of an unsaturated hydrocarbon found in many plants; is converted into vitamin A in the liver
b-complex vitamin: originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins
vitamin b1: a B vitamin that prevents beriberi; maintains appetite and growth
vitamin b12: a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia
vitamin b2: a B vitamin that prevents skin lesions and weight loss
vitamin b6: a B vitamin that is essential for metabolism of amino acids and starch
vitamin bc: a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction
niacin: a B vitamin essential for the normal function of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract
vitamin d: a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets
vitamin e: a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body
biotin: a B vitamin that aids in body growth