AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
wurzburg: a city of south central Germany
rhineland: a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river
palatinate: a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine
brandenburg: the territory of an Elector (of the Holy Roman Empire) that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701
prussia: a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states
ruhr: a major industrial and coal mining region in the valley of the Ruhr river in northwestern Germany
thuringia: a historical region of southern Germany
east timor: a former Portuguese colony that was annexed by Indonesia in 1976; voted for independence from Indonesia in 1999 and in May 2002 became an independent nation
ecuador: a republic in northwestern South America; became independent from Spain in 1822; the landscape is dominated by the Andes
guayaquil: the largest city of Ecuador
quito: the capital of Ecuador
galapagos islands: a group of islands in the Pacific off South America; owned by Ecuador; known for unusual animal life
eritrea: an African country to the north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993
asmara: the capital of Eritrea
massawa: a port town in Eritrea on an inlet of the Red Sea
ethiopia: Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia
addis ababa: the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia
fiji islands: a group of more than 800 islands (100 inhabited) in the southwestern Pacific; larger islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) are of volcanic origin surrounded by coral reefs; smaller islands are coral
viti levu: a volcanic island in the Fijis
vanua levu: a volcanic island in the Fijis
fiji: an independent state within the British Commonwealth located on the Fiji Islands
suva: the capital and largest city of Fiji (on Viti Levu island)
finland: republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917
karelia: a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea
helsinki: the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center
espoo: a city in southern Finland
tampere: an industrial city in south central Finland
aland islands: an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control
mariehamn: a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands
greece: a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil
greece: ancient Greece; a country of city-states (especially Athens and Sparta) that reached its peak in the fifth century BCE
achaea: a region of ancient Greece on the north coast of the Peloponnese
aegean island: an island in the Aegean Sea
aegina: an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf
chios: an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece
cyclades: a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean
dodecanese: a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea
doris: a small region of ancient Greece where the Doric dialect was spoken
lesbos: an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry
rhodes: a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos; site of the Colossus of Rhodes
aeolis: an ancient coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos) where the Aeolians founded several cities around 1100 BC
crete: the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC
knossos: an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC
ithaca: a Greek island to the west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king
egadi islands: a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean
athos: an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century
athens: the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess) in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city
areopagus: a hill to the to the west of the Athenian acropolis where met the highest governmental council of ancient Athens and later a judicial court
dipylon gate: a gateway to the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found
actium: an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece
attica: the territory of Athens in ancient Greece where the Ionic dialect was spoken
corinth: the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens
argos: an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC
delphi: an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the oracle of Delphi
mycenae: an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization during the late Bronze Age
sparta: an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC
epirus: an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwestern Greece and southern Albania
laconia: an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta
lycia: an ancient region on the coast of southwest Asia Minor
lydia: an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC
nemea: a valley in southeastern Greece where the Nemean Games were held
ephesus: an ancient Greek city on the western shore of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the Temple of Artemis; was a major trading center and played an important role in early Christianity
patras: a port city in western Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese on an inlet of the Ionian Sea; was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC; commercial importance revived during the Middle Ages
troy: an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War
thebes: an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
boeotia: a district of ancient Greece to the northwest of Athens
plataea: a former town in Boeotia; site of a battle between the Greeks and Persians in 479 BC
thessaloniki: a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece
stagira: an ancient town of Greece where Aristotle was born
thessalia: a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece
cynoscephalae: the fields in Thessaly where in 197 BC the Romans defeated the Macedonians
arcadia: a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese
peloponnese: the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC
lemnos: a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties
olympia: a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; the chief sanctuary of Zeus and the site of the original Olympian Games
middle east: the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century the Middle East is the cradle of Western civilization
mashriq: Arabic name for the Middle East
fertile crescent: a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
israel: an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC
israel: Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine
acre: a town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean
west bank: an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river; populated largely by Palestinians
nablus: an ancient city in the West Bank to the north of Jerusalem; the home of Jacob in biblical times
galilee: an area of northern Israel; formerly the northern part of Palestine and the ancient kingdom of Israel; the scene of Jesus's ministry
nazareth: a historic town in northern Israel that is mentioned in the Gospels as the home of Joseph and Mary
gaza strip: a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt he is a Palestinian from Gaza
golan heights: a fortified hilly area between southern Lebanon and southern Syria artillery on the Golan Heights can dominate a large area of Israel
jerusalem: capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom
bethlehem: a small town near Jerusalem on the West Bank of the Jordan River; early home of David and regarded as the place where Jesus was born
caesarea: an ancient seaport in northwestern Israel; an important Roman city in ancient Palestine
sodom: (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Gomorrah) was destroyed by God for the wickedness of its inhabitants
gomorrah: (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Sodom) was destroyed by God for the vice and depravity of its inhabitants
calvary: a hill near Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified
zion: originally a stronghold captured by David (the 2nd king of the Israelites); above it was built a temple and later the name extended to the whole hill; finally it became a synonym for the city of Jerusalem the inhabitants of Jerusalem are personified as `the daughter of Zion'
cotswolds: a range of low hills in southwestern England
cheviots: a range of hills on the border between England and Scotland
pennines: a system of hills in Britain that extend from the Scottish border in the north to the Trent River in the south; forms the watershed for English rivers
seven hills of rome: the hills on which the ancient city of Rome was built
palatine: the most important of the Seven Hills of Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces
wailing wall: a wall in Jerusalem; sacred to Jews as a place of prayer and lamentation; its stones are believed to have formed part of the Temple of Solomon
tel aviv: the largest city and financial center of Israel; located in western Israel on the Mediterranean
hefa: a major port in northwestern Israel
jaffa: a port in western Israel on the Mediterranean; incorporated into Tel Aviv in 1950
palestine: an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism
palestine: a former British mandate on the east coast of the Mediterranean; divided between Jordan and Israel in 1948
judah: an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center
judea: the southern part of ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ
samaria: an ancient city in central Palestine founded in the 9th century BC as the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel; the site is in present-day northwestern Jordan
philistia: an ancient region on the coast of southwestern Palestine that was strategically located on a trade route between Syria and Egypt; important in biblical times
roman republic: the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar
roman empire: an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire; at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome
byzantine empire: a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395
western roman empire: the western part after the Roman Empire was divided in 395; it lasted only until 476
byzantium: an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul; in 330 Constantine I rebuilt the city and called it Constantinople and made it his capital
italian peninsula: a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea
ticino: an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland
italy: a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD
italian region: Italy is divided into 20 regions for administrative purposes
pompeii: ancient city to the southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius
herculaneum: ancient city; now destroyed
abruzzi: a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic
aquila: the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy
basilicata: a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')
bolzano: an Italian city in Trentino-Alto Adige near the Austrian border; noted as a resort and for its Alpine scenery
brescia: an ancient Italian city in central Lombardy
calabria: a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot')
campania: a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia
ferrara: a city in northern Italy in the 13th century Ferrara was a center of Renaissance learning and the arts
naples: a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region
messina: a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina
capri: an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery
ischia: a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples
emilia-romagna: a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic
bologna: the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy to the east of the Apennines
friuli-venezia giulia: a region in northeastern Italy
latium: an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea
rome: capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
lateran: the site in Rome containing the church of Rome and the Lateran Palace
anzio: a town of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea; the Allies established a beachhead at Anzio in World War II
brindisi: a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages
tivoli: a town twenty miles to the east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls
liguria: region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea
genoa: a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria
lombardy: a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland
cremona: a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins from the 16th to the 18th centuries
la spezia: a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort
milan: the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages
marche: a region in central Italy
molise: a region of south central Italy
papal states: the temporal dominions belonging to the pope (especially in central Italy)
piedmont: the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley
pisa: a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower
syracuse: a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC
turin: capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy
puglia: a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic
bari: capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast
sardinia: an island in the Mediterranean to the west of Italy
sardinia: the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century
sicily: the largest island in the Mediterranean
sicily: the Italian region on the island of Sicily
palermo: the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years
cape passero: a cape that forms the southeastern corner of the island of Sicily
agrigento: a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples
tuscany: a region in central Italy
firenze: a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries
trentino-alto adige: a region of northeastern Italy bordering Austria
trento: a city in northern Italy (northwest of Venice) on the River Adige; the site of the Council of Trent
umbria: a mountainous region in central Italy
valle d'aosta: a region in northwestern Italy
veneto: a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic
padua: a city in Veneto
venice: the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction
grand canal: the major waterway in Venice, Italy
verona: a city in Veneto on the River Adige
etruria: an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC
romania: a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea
brasov: a city in central Romania in the foothills of the Transylvanian Alps
bucharest: national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania
constantina: a Romanian resort city on the Black Sea
transylvania: a historical plateau region in northwestern Romania that is separated from the rest of the country by the Transylvanian Alps; originally part of Hungary; incorporated into Romania at the end of World War I
rwanda: a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony
kigali: the national capital and largest city of Rwanda; located in central Rwanda
yugoslavia: a former country of southeastern Europe bordering the Adriatic Sea; formed in 1918 and named Yugoslavia in 1929; controlled by Marshal Tito as a communist state until his death in 1980 Tito's Yugoslavia included Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro
croatia: a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991
serbia and montenegro: a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro
kosovo: a Serbian province in southern Serbia and Montenegro populated predominantly by Albanians
serbia: a historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries
montenegro: a former country bordering on the Adriatic Sea; now part of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro
belgrade: capital and largest city of Serbia and Montenegro; situated on the Danube
bosnia and herzegovina: a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims
bosnia: the northern part of Bosnia-Herzegovina
sarajevo: capital and largest city of Bosnia; scene of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand in 1914 which precipitated World War I
slovenia: a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991
ljubljana: the capital of Slovenia
dubrovnik: a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center
split: an old Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea
zagreb: the capital of Croatia
dalmatia: a historical region of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea; mountainous with many islands
greenland: the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark
baffin island: the 5th largest island and the largest island of Arctic Canada; lies between Greenland and Hudson Bay
labrador: the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the eastern part of the large Labrador-Ungava Peninsula in northeastern Canada
canada: a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada the border between the United States and Canada is the longest unguarded border in the world
acadia: the French-speaking part of the Canadian Maritime Provinces
laurentian plateau: a large plateau that occupies more than 40% of the land area of Canada; it extends from the Great Lakes northward to the Arctic Ocean
maritime provinces: the collective name for the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island
canadian province: Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposes
alberta: one of the three prairie provinces in western Canada; rich in oil and natural gas and minerals
banff: a popular vacation spot in the Canadian Rockies
calgary: the largest city in southern Alberta; an oil and gas center and a technology center for Alberta and most of western Canada
edmonton: the capital of the province of Alberta
british columbia: a province in western Canada
nanaimo: a town in southwestern British Columbia on Vancouver Island to the west of Vancouver
victoria: capital of the Canadian province of British Columbia on Vancouver Island
vancouver: a port city in southwestern British Columbia on an arm of the Pacific Ocean opposite Vancouver Island; Canada's chief Pacific port and third largest city
vancouver island: an island off southwestern Canada (off the southwestern coast of British Columbia); the largest island off the west coast of North America
manitoba: one of the three prairie provinces in central Canada
winnipeg: the capital and largest city of Manitoba; located in southern Manitoba; known for severe winters
churchill: a Canadian town in northern Manitoba on Hudson Bay; important port for shipping grain
new brunswick: a province in southeastern Canada
fredericton: the provincial capital of New Brunswick
saint john: a port in eastern Canada; the largest city in New Brunswick
newfoundland and labrador: a Canadian province on the island of Newfoundland and on the mainland along the coast of the Labrador Sea; became Canada's 10th province in 1949
newfoundland: an island in the north Atlantic
saint john's: a port and provincial capital of Newfoundland
northwest territories: a large territory in northwestern Canada; part is now Nunavut
nunavut: an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit; includes the eastern part of what was the Northwest Territories and most of the islands of the Arctic Archipelago Nunavut is the homeland of the Inuit people
arctic archipelago: all the islands that lie to the north of mainland Canada and the Arctic Circle
yellowknife: a town in the Northwest Territories in northern Canada on the Great Slave Lake
nova scotia: the Canadian province in the Maritimes consisting of the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island; French settlers who called the area Acadia were exiled to Louisiana by the British in the 1750s and their descendants are know as Cajuns
cape breton island: an island that forms the northeastern part of Nova Scotia
nova scotia: a peninsula in eastern Canada between the Bay of Fundy and the Saint Lawrence River
halifax: provincial capital and largest city of Nova Scotia
ontario: a prosperous and industrialized province in central Canada
ottawa: the capital of Canada (located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa river from Quebec)