AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
musgu: a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
gidar: a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
biu-mandara: a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
somrai: a Chadic language spoken in Chad
nancere: a Chadic language spoken in Chad
kera: a Chadic language spoken in Chad
dangla: a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
mokulu: a Chadic language spoken in Chad
sokoro: a Chadic language spoken in Chad
east chadic: a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
masa: an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
chad: a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
afroasiatic: a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
semitic: a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
hebrew: the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
modern hebrew: Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
akkadian: an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
assyrian akkadian: an extinct language of the Assyrians in ancient Mesopotamia
amharic: the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a Semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara have been in close contact
arabic: the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
aramaic: a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia
biblical aramaic: the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
assyrian neo-aramaic: the language of modern Iraq
mandaean: the form of Aramaic used by the Mandeans
maltese: the national language of the Republic of Malta; a Semitic language derived from Arabic but with many loan words from Italian, Spanish, and Norman-French
canaanitic: a group of Semitic languages
canaanite: the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
phoenician: the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
punic: the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
ugaritic: an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
hamitic: a group of languages in northern Africa related to Semitic
egyptian: the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs; written records date back to 3000 BC
demotic: a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script Demotic script was eventually replaced by Greek
coptic: the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
berber: a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
tuareg: the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg
cushitic: a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
somali: the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali
omotic: a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
niger-kordofanian: the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
kordofanian: a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
niger-congo: a family of African language spoken in west Africa
bantu: a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
chichewa: the Bantu language of the Chewa of east central Africa
chimwini: a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
chishona: a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
fang: a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
gikuyu: a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
giriama: a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
herero: a Banto language spoken by the Herero in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola
kamba: a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba in Kenya
kichaga: a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga in northern Tanzania
kinyarwanda: a Bantu language
kiswahili: a Bantu language
kongo: the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
luba: a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Congo
luganda: the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
luyia: a Bantu language
mashi: a Bantu language
mwera: a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
nguni: a group of southern Bantu languages
ndebele: a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
swazi: a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
xhosa: a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
zulu: a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
nyamwezi: a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
pokomo: a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
shona: a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe
sotho: any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
umbundu: a Bantu language spoken in Angola
sesotho: the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
tswana: the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana in Botswana
swahili: the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
tonga: the language of the Tongan people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
gur: a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
west african: a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
fula: a family of languages of the Fulani of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African languages
serer: a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
wolof: the West African language of the Wolof in Senegal; related to Fula
mande: a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
kwa: a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
yoruba: a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria
akan: a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
ewe: a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe in Ghana and Togo and Benin
nilo-saharan: a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
chari-nile: a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
nilotic: a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
dinka: a Nilotic language
luo: a Nilotic language
masai: a Nilotic language
saharan: a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
songhai: a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai in Mali and Niger
artwork: photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book
picture: illustrations used to decorate or explain a text the dictionary had many pictures
figure: a diagram or picture illustrating textual material the area covered can be seen from Figure 2
graph: a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes
frequency-response curve: (electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency
characteristic curve: (electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters
color circle: a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle
bar chart: a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities
profile: an analysis (often in graphical form) representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics a biochemical profile of blood a psychological profile of serial killers
tabulation: information set out in tabular form
drawing: an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7
comic strip: a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book
electrocardiogram: a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
electroencephalogram: a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph
electromyogram: a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions
laffer curve: a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines
radiation pattern: graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle
dramaturgy: the art of writing and producing plays
stage: the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
production: a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television have you seen the new production of Hamlet?
theatrical production: the production of a drama on the stage
dramatic composition: a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc.
play: a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage he wrote several plays but only one was produced on Broadway
fragment: an incomplete piece fragments of a play
grand guignol: a play of a macabre or horrific nature
snatch: a small fragment overheard snatches of their conversation
theater of the absurd: plays stressing the irrational or illogical aspects of life, usually to show that modern life is pointless Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco have written plays for the theater of the absurd
scene: a subdivision of an act of a play the first act has three scenes
script: a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance
promptbook: the copy of the playscript used by the prompter
dialogue: the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction
actor's line: words making up the dialogue of a play the actor forgot his speech
prompt: a cue given to a performer (usually the beginning of the next line to be spoken) the audience could hear his prompting
line: text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen the letter consisted of three short lines there are six lines in every stanza
line: persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress `let me show you my etchings' is a rather worn line he has a smooth line but I didn't fall for it that salesman must have practiced his fast line of talk
spiel: plausible glib talk (especially useful to a salesperson)
string of words: a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
act: a manifestation of insincerity he put on quite an act for her benefit
effusion: an unrestrained expression of emotion
cry: a fit of weeping had a good cry
explosion: a sudden outburst an explosion of laughter an explosion of rage
flare: a sudden outburst of emotion she felt a flare of delight she could not control her flare of rage
farce: a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations
seriocomedy: a comedy with serious elements or overtones
situation comedy: a humorous television program based on situations that could arise in everyday life
special: a television production that features a particular person or work or topic the last of a series of BBC specials on Iran is being shown tonight
situation comedy: a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life
passion play: a play representing the Passion of Christ
play: a theatrical performance of a drama the play lasted two hours
musical: a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing
galanty show: a drama executed by throwing shadows on a wall
puppet show: a show in which the actors are puppets
revue: a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians
ziegfeld follies: a series of extravagant revues produced by Flo Ziegfeld
variety show: a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances
vaudeville: a variety show with songs and comic acts etc.
monophony: music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment)
polyphony: music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments
polytonality: music that uses two or more different keys at the same time
black music: music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses
classical music: traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste
comic opera: opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken
operetta: a short amusing opera
harmony: the structure of music with respect to the composition and progression of chords
harmonization: a piece of harmonized music
reharmonization: a piece of music whose original harmony has been revised
preparation: (music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance
tune: a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence she was humming an air from Beethoven
leitmotiv: a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas)
signature: a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program
theme: (music) melodic subject of a musical composition the theme is announced in the first measures the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it
obbligato: a persistent but subordinate motif
motif: a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music
statement: (music) the presentation of a musical theme the initial statement of the sonata
part: the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music he tried to sing the tenor part
accompaniment: a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts
descant: a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody
bass: the lowest part in polyphonic music
figured bass: a bass part written out in full and accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be played
crossover: the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience a jazz-classical crossover album
religious music: genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies
antiphon: a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response
mass: a sequence of prayers constituting the Christian Eucharistic rite the priest said Mass
mass: a musical setting for a Mass they played a Mass composed by Beethoven
requiem: a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead
shema: a liturgical prayer (considered to be the essence of Jewish religion) that is recited at least twice daily by adult Jewish males to declare their faith as soon as Leonard learned to talk he was taught to recite the first words of the Shema, the creed of Judaism which originated on Sinai with Moses and is recited daily
processional: religious music used in a procession
antiphonary: bound collection of antiphons
hallel: (Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh
hare krishna: a chant to the Hindu god Krishna
plainsong: a liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church
spiritual: a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States
carol: joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ
hymn: a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation)
chorale: a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune
dies irae: the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally `day of wrath')
internationale: a revolutionary socialist anthem
paean: (ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)
magnificat: (Luke) the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning `Magnificat anima mea Dominum')
te deum: an ancient liturgical hymn
musical composition: a musical work that has been created the composition is written in four movements
musical arrangement: a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments
realization: a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer
finale: the closing section of a musical composition
duet: a musical composition for two performers
quartet: a musical composition for four performers
quintet: a musical composition for five performers
sextet: a musical composition written for six performers
septet: a musical composition written for seven performers
octet: a musical composition written for eight performers
cantata: a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text
messiah: an oratorio composed by Handel in 1742
divertimento: a musical composition in several movements; has no fixed form
enigma canon: a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries)
pastorale: a musical composition that evokes rural life
rondo: a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata
symphony: a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra
passage: a short section of a musical composition
phrase: a short musical passage
plagal cadence: a cadence (frequently ending church music) in which the chord of the subdominant precedes the chord of the tonic
movement: a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata the second movement is slow and melodic
symphonic poem: an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales
medley: a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources
nocturne: a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano)
adagio: (music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully) they played the adagio too quickly
song: a short musical composition with words a successful musical must have at least three good songs
study: a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique a study in spiccato bowing
marseillaise: the French national anthem
the star-spangled banner: a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States
arietta: a short aria
ballad: a narrative song with a recurrent refrain
barcarole: a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers
chantey: a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors
refrain: the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singers
tra-la: a set of nonsensical syllables used while humming a refrain
dirge: a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person
folk song: a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
love song: a song about love or expressing love for another person
lullaby: a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep
lyric: the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number his compositions always started with the lyrics he wrote both words and music the song uses colloquial language
oldie: a song that was formerly popular
round: a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time they enjoyed singing rounds
prothalamion: a song in celebration of a marriage
scolion: a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet
shivaree: a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple
jig: music in three-four time for dancing a jig
pavane: music composed for dancing the pavane
rumba: syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba
serialism: 20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition
twelve-tone music: a type of serial music introduced by Arnold Schoenberg; uses a tone row formed by the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale (and inverted or backward versions of the row)
marching music: genre of music written for marching Sousa wrote the best marches
military march: brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade
processional march: a march to be played for processions
funeral march: a slow march to be played for funeral processions
popular music: any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time)
disco: popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s); melodic with a regular bass beat; intended mainly for dancing at discotheques
pop music: music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love
folk music: the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community
country music: a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments
dance music: a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing
ragtime: music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)
gospel: folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)
soul: a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement
bop: an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)
boogie: an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
modern jazz: any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940
rap: genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged
rhythm and blues: a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll
rock 'n' roll: a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of black rhythm-and-blues with white country-and-western rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll.
heavy metal: loud and harsh sounding rock music with a strong beat; lyrics usually involve violent or fantastic imagery
progressive rock: a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing
psychedelic rock: a musical style that emerged in the 1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience
punk rock: rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock
swing: a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz
expressive style: a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper
address: the manner of speaking to another individual he failed in his manner of address to the captain
black humor: the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect
gongorism: an affected elegance of style that was introduced into Spanish literature by the poet Gongora
conceit: an artistic device or effect the architect's brilliant conceit was to build the house around the tree
eloquence: powerful and effective language his eloquence attracted a large congregation fluency in spoken and written English is essential his oily smoothness concealed his guilt from the police
eurobabble: the jargon of European community documents and regulations