AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
oblique vein of the left atrium: a tributary of the coronary sinus; on the posterior wall of the left atrium
obturator vein: a vein formed by the union of tributaries that drain the hip joints and thigh muscles; empties into the internal iliac vein
occipital vein: a vein that drains the occipital region
ophthalmic vein: either of two veins that serve the eye; empties into the cavernous sinus
ovarian vein: one of the veins that drain the ovaries; the right opens into the inferior vena cava; the left opens into the left renal vein
palatine vein: a vein that drains the region of the palate and empties into the facial vein
pancreatic vein: veins draining the pancreas and emptying into the superior mesenteric and splenic veins
paraumbilical vein: small veins arising in skin around the navel; terminate as accessory portal veins
pectoral vein: veins that drain the pectoral muscles and empty into the subclavian vein
perforating vein: veins that accompany the perforating arteries; drain leg muscles; empty into the deep femoral vein
pericardial vein: several small veins from the pericardium
peroneal vein: accompany the peroneal arteries; arising in the heel and running up the back of the leg to join the posterior tibial veins of the popliteal vein
pharyngeal vein: veins from the pharyngeal plexus that empty into the internal jugular vein
phrenic vein: either of two veins that drain the diaphragm
popliteal vein: a vein arising in the knee and ascending to become the femoral vein
portal vein: a short vein that carries blood into the liver
posterior vein of the left ventricle: arises near the apex of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus
prepyloric vein: a tributary of the right gastric vein
pudendal vein: vein of the pudendum
pulmonary vein: any of four veins that carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
inferior pulmonary vein: either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the inferior lobes of the lungs
superior pulmonary vein: either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the superior lobes of the lungs
pyloric vein: receives veins from the upper surfaces of the stomach and empties into the portal vein
radial vein: superficial veins ascending the radial side of the forearm; combines with the ulnar veins to form the brachial vein
renal vein: veins that accompany renal arteries; open into the vena cava at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
retromandibular vein: posterior branch of the facial vein; formed by temporal veins in front of the ear
sacral vein: vein of the sacral region
saphenous vein: either of two chief superficial veins of the leg that drain blood from the foot
long saphenous vein: the longest vein in the body; runs from foot to the groin where it joins the femoral vein
scleral veins: tributaries of the anterior ciliary veins that drain the sclera of the eye
scrotal vein: veins passing from the scrotum to the pudendal veins
sigmoid vein: tributaries of the inferior mesenteric vein; drains the sigmoid colon
spinal vein: veins that drain the spinal cord
splenic vein: a vein formed by several small veins on the surface of the spleen; joins the superior mesenteric to form the portal vein
sternocleidomastoid vein: drains the sternocleidomastoid muscle; empties into the internal jugular vein
stylomastoid vein: a vein that drains the tympanic cavity and empties into the retromandibular vein
subclavian vein: a continuation of the axillary vein; joins the internal jugular to form the brachiocephalic vein
sublingual vein: a tributary of the lingual vein
supraorbital vein: drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supratrochlear vein to form the angular vein
supratrochlear vein: drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supraorbital vein to form the angular vein
temporal vein: any of several veins draining the temporal region
testicular vein: a vein from the testicles
thoracoepigastric vein: a vein arising from the region of the superficial epigastric vein and opening into the axillary vein or thoracic vein
inferior thalamostriate vein: tributaries to the basal vein
thoracic vein: veins that drain the thoracic walls
thyroid vein: any of several small veins draining blood from the thyroid area
tibial vein: veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein
tracheal vein: several small veins from the trachea
ulnar vein: any of several veins of the forearm
umbilical vein: a vein in the umbilical cord; returns nutrient blood from the placenta to the fetus
gallbladder: a muscular sac attached to the liver that stores bile (secreted by the liver) until it is needed for digestion
haversian canal: any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone
inguinal canal: oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall; in males it is the passage through which the testes descend into the scrotum and it contains the spermatic cord; in females it transmits the round ligament of the uterus
common bile duct: a duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts; opens into the duodenum
heart: the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs; its rhythmic contractions move the blood through the body he stood still, his heart thumping wildly
pacemaker: a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat
cusp: a thin triangular flap of a heart valve
cardiac muscle: the muscle tissue of the heart; adapted to continued rhythmic contraction
papillary muscle: any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves the papillary muscles contract during systole to prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria
atrioventricular bundle: a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract
purkinje fiber: a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that is part of the Purkinje network
purkinje network: a network of Purkinje fibers that carry the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles of the heart and causes them to contract
ventricle: a chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries
auricle: a small conical pouch projecting from the upper anterior part of each atrium of the heart
auricula: a pouch projecting from the top front of each atrium of the heart
chamber: an enclosed volume in the body the chambers of his heart were healthy
cranial cavity: the cavity enclosed by the cranium
atrium cordis: the upper chamber of each half of the heart
right atrium: the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
left atrium: the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
mitral valve: valve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle
tricuspid valve: valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts
heart valve: a valve to control one-way flow of blood
valvule: a small valve
stomach: an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion
lymphatic system: the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body
lymph vessel: a vascular duct that carries lymph which is eventually added to the venous blood circulation
vessel: a tube in which a body fluid circulates
liquid body substance: the liquid parts of the body
extracellular fluid: liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid the body normally has about 15 quarts of extracellular fluid
juice: any of several liquids of the body digestive juices
colostrum: milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition
amniotic fluid: the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion before a woman gives birth her waters break
blood: the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products the ancients believed that blood was the seat of the emotions
arterial blood: blood found in arteries except for the pulmonary artery the arterial blood is rich in oxygen
blood group: human blood cells (usually just the red blood cells) that have the same antigens
a: the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen
b: the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen
ab: the blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens
o: the blood group whose red cells carry neither the A nor B antigens people with type O blood are universal donors
rh-positive blood type: the blood group (approximately 85% of people) whose red cells have the Rh factor (Rh antigen)
rh-negative blood type: the blood group whose red cells lack the Rh factor (Rh antigen)
bloodstream: the blood flowing through the circulatory system
clot: a lump of material formed from the content of a liquid
blood clot: a semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells
menorrhea: flow of blood from the uterus; occurs at roughly monthly intervals during a woman's reproductive years
venous blood: blood found in the veins except in the pulmonary vein venous blood is rich in carbon dioxide and poor in oxygen
whole blood: blood that has not been modified except for the addition of an anticoagulant whole blood is normally used in blood transfusions
serum: an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates
plasma: the colorless watery fluid of the blood and lymph that contains no cells, but in which the blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) are suspended
semen: the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract
lacrimal secretion: saline fluid secreted by lacrimal glands; lubricates the surface of the eyeball
tear: a drop of the clear salty saline solution secreted by the lacrimal glands his story brought tears to her eyes
perspiration: salty fluid secreted by sweat glands sweat poured off his brow
digestive juice: secretions that aid digestion
gastric juice: digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase
bile: a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats
black bile: a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholy
yellow bile: a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the liver and to cause irritability and anger
hormone: the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect
noradrenaline: a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses
adrenocorticotropic hormone: a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
epinephrine: a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action
gastrointestinal hormone: hormones that affect gastrointestinal functioning
gonadotropin: hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity
lente insulin: trade names for forms of insulin that are used to treat diabetes mellitus
recombinant human insulin: a form of insulin (trade name Humulin) made from recombinant DNA that is identical to human insulin; used to treat diabetics who are allergic to preparations made from beef or pork insulin
oxytocin: hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin); stimulates contractions of the uterus and ejection of milk
parathyroid hormone: hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body and functions in neuromuscular excitation and blood clotting
releasing hormone: any of several hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones; each of these hormones causes the anterior pituitary to secrete a specific hormone
somatotropin: a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans
protropin: trade name of a synthetic human growth hormone given to children deficient in the hormone; use by athletes and weightlifters is banned
calcitonin: thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone
thyroxine: hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells thyroxine is 65% iodine
triiodothyronine: thyroid hormone similar to thyroxine but with one less iodine atom per molecule and produced in smaller quantity; exerts the same biological effects as thyroxine but is more potent and briefer
vasopressin: hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
autacoid: any physiologically active internal secretion especially one of uncertain classification
synovia: viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc.
mucus: protective secretion of the mucus membranes; in the gut it lubricates the passage of food and protects the epithelial cells; in the nose and throat and lungs it can make it difficult for bacteria to penetrate the body through the epithelium
phlegm: expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness
saliva: a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth; moistens the mouth and starts the digestion of starches
drool: saliva spilling from the mouth
pus: a fluid product of inflammation
leukorrhea: discharge of white mucous material from the vagina; often an indication of infection
vein: a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart all veins except the pulmonary vein carry unaerated blood
venation: (zoology) the system of venous blood vessels in an animal
inferior vena cava: receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins
superior vena cava: receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins
venae labiales anteriores: veins from the labia majora to the external pudendal vein
venae labiales posteriores: veins that pass posterior from the labia majora to the internal pudendal vein
venter: the womb `in venter' is legal terminology for `conceived but not yet born'
ventral root: one of two the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes ventrally from the spinal cord and that consists of motor fibers
vertebral vein: a vein that goes through the foramina of the cervical vertebrae and forms a plexus around the vertebral artery; empties into the brachiocephalic vein
vesical vein: veins that drain the vesical plexus and join the internal iliac veins
vestibular vein: veins that drain the saccule and utricle
vortex vein: a vein formed by branches from the back surface of the eye and the ciliary body; empties into the ophthalmic veins
capillary: any of the minute blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules
venule: a minute vein continuous with a capillary
membrane: a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants
ganglion cell: a nerve cell whose body is outside the central nervous system damage to ganglion cells in the retina may play a role in the development of glaucoma
peritoneal cavity: the interior of the peritoneum; a potential space between layers of the peritoneum
bursa omentalis: an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach
epicardium: the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium
pericardial cavity: the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement
greater omentum: part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines
lymph node: the source of lymph and lymphocytes
peyer's patch: any of several lymph nodes in the walls of the intestines near the junction of the ileum and colon
somatic cell: any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells; a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes somatic cells are produced from preexisting cells
energid: a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts
zygote: (genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell)
protoplasm: the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus)
cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism
hyaloplasm: the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell
golgi body: a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)
nucleoplasm: the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell
nucleus: a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
nucleolus: a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis
nucleolus organizer: the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division
germ plasm: the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes
sex chromatin: chromatin found only in female cells the presence or absence of sex chromatin in cells obtained by amniocentesis makes it possible to determine the sex of a fetus
chromatin: the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes
gene: (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity genes were formerly called factors
dominant gene: gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical the dominant gene for brown eyes
allele: (genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character some alleles are dominant over others
dominant allele: an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different
recessive allele: an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical
homeobox: one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development
linkage group: any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together the genes of Drosophila fall into four linkage groups
modifier: a gene that modifies the effect produced by another gene
cystic fibrosis transport regulator: the gene that is mutated in cystic fibrosis
oncogene: a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells
recessive gene: gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical the recessive gene for blue eyes
regulatory gene: a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene
suppressor: a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene)
x-linked gene: a gene located on an X chromosome
y-linked gene: a gene located on a Y chromosome
chromosome: a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes
x chromosome: the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females human females normally have two X chromosomes
xx: (genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female
xxx: (genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female
xxy: (genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome
xy: (genetics) normal complement of sex hormones in a male
xyy: (genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male who has two Y chromosomes
y chromosome: the sex chromosome that is carried by men human males normally have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
sex chromosome: (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual mammals normally have two sex chromosomes
autosome: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa
centromere: a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape the centromere is difficult to sequence
mitochondrion: an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
organelle: a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ the first organelle to be identified was the nucleus
ribosome: an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
centrosome: small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules
sclera: the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball
embryonic cell: a cell of an embryo
osteoblast: a cell from which bone develops
blood cell: either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets
akaryocyte: a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte)
megalocyte: abnormally large red blood cell (associated with pernicious anemia)
leukocyte: blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system
packed cells: a preparation of blood cells separated from the liquid plasma packed cells are given to severely anemic patients in order to avoid overloading the circulatory system with too much fluid
phagocyte: a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms
lymphocyte: an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection
b cell: a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens
t cell: a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus; it orchestrates the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells
helper t cell: T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus
killer t cell: T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it
plasma cell: a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen; found in bone marrow and sometimes in the blood
basophil: a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains
neutrophil: the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes
eosinophil: a leukocyte readily stained with eosin
red blood cell: a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus
fovea: area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute