AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
purpose: an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions his intent was to provide a new translation good intentions are not enough it was created with the conscious aim of answering immediate needs he made no secret of his designs
intention: (usually plural) the goal with respect to a marriage proposal his intentions are entirely honorable
mind: your intention; what you intend to do he had in mind to see his old teacher the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
cross-purpose: a contrary aim at cross-purposes
sake: the purpose of achieving or obtaining for the sake of argument
view: purpose; the phrase `with a view to' means `with the intention of' or `for the purpose of' he took the computer with a view to pawning it
will: a fixed and persistent intent or purpose where there's a will there's a way
business: an immediate objective gossip was the main business of the evening
occasions: something you have to do he minded his own specialized occasions
point: the object of an activity what is the point of discussing it?
thing: a special objective the thing is to stay in bounds
education: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction it was clear that he had a very broad education
experience: the content of direct observation or participation in an event he had a religious experience he recalled the experience vividly
acculturation: all the knowledge and values shared by a society
meme: a cultural unit (an idea or value or pattern of behavior) that is passed from one person to another by non-genetic means (as by imitation) memes are the cultural counterpart of genes
lore: knowledge gained through tradition or anecdote early peoples passed on plant and animal lore through legend
eruditeness: profound scholarly knowledge
letters: scholarly attainment he is a man of letters
foundation: education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge he lacks the foundation necessary for advanced study a good grounding in mathematics
containment: a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully containment of communist expansion was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975
thatcherism: (England) the political policy of Margaret Thatcher
edification: uplifting enlightenment
disenchantment: freeing from false belief or illusions
dark: an unenlightened state he was in the dark concerning their intentions his lectures dispelled the darkness
ignorantness: ignorance (especially of orthodox beliefs)
inexperience: lack of experience and the knowledge and understanding derived from experience procedural inexperience created difficulties their poor behavior was due to the rawness of the troops
theory: a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses true in fact and theory
theory of gravitation: (physics) the theory that any two particles of matter attract one another with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
occam's razor: the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred
principle of superposition: the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point the principle of superposition is the basis of the wave theory of light
principle of superposition: (geology) the principle that in a series of stratified sedimentary rocks the lowest stratum is the oldest
mass-action principle: (neurology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning
localization of function: (physiology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in some particular part or organ of the body
lateralization: localization of function on either the right or left sides of the brain
preformation: a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell
positivism: the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)
comtism: Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy that metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the top
scientific theory: a theory that explains scientific observations scientific theories must be falsifiable
keynesianism: the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment
malthusianism: Malthus' theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence
stevens' law: (psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to a power of the stimulus intensity
weber's law: (psychophysics) the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus Weber's law explains why you don't notice your headlights are on in the daytime
discipline: a branch of knowledge in what discipline is his doctorate? teachers should be well trained in their subject anthropology is the study of human beings
communications: the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered (as print or radio or television etc.) communications is his major field of study
major: the principal field of study of a student at a university her major is linguistics
region: a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about it was a limited realm of discourse here we enter the region of opinion the realm of the occult
frontier: an undeveloped field of study; a topic inviting research and development he worked at the frontier of brain science
grey area: an intermediate area; a topic that is not clearly one thing or the other
territory: an area of knowledge or interest his questions covered a lot of territory
knowledge domain: the content of a particular field of knowledge
scientific knowledge: knowledge accumulated by systematic study and organized by general principles mathematics is the basis for much scientific knowledge
science: a particular branch of scientific knowledge the science of genetics
mathematics: a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement
elementary geometry: (mathematics) geometry based on Euclid's axioms
euclid's axiom: (mathematics) any of five axioms that are generally recognized as the basis for Euclidean geometry
euclid's first axiom: a straight line can be drawn between any two points
euclid's second axiom: any terminated straight line can be projected indefinitely
euclid's third axiom: a circle with any radius can be drawn around any point
euclid's fourth axiom: all right angles are equal
euclid's fifth axiom: only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to another line
fractal geometry: (mathematics) the geometry of fractals Benoit Mandelbrot pioneered fractal geometry
non-euclidean geometry: (mathematics) geometry based on axioms different from Euclid's non-Euclidean geometries discard or replace one or more of the Euclidean axioms
hyperbolic geometry: (mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel axiom is replaced by the assumption that through any point in a plane there are two or more lines that do not intersect a given line in the plane Karl Gauss pioneered hyperbolic geometry
elliptic geometry: (mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry that regards space as like a sphere and a line as like a great circle Bernhard Riemann pioneered elliptic geometry
analytic geometry: the use of algebra to study geometric properties; operates on symbols defined in a coordinate system
principal axis: a line that passes through the center of curvature of a lens so that light is neither reflected nor refracted in a normal eye the optic axis is the direction in which objects are seen most distinctly
optic axis: in a doubly refracting crystal, the line in the direction of which no double refraction occurs a crystal may have either one or two optic axes
inertial reference frame: a coordinate system in which Newton's first law of motion is valid
space-time: the four-dimensional coordinate system (3 dimensions of space and 1 of time) in which physical events are located
coordinate: a number that identifies a position relative to an axis
cartesian coordinate: one of the coordinates in a system of coordinates that locates a point on a plane or in space by its distance from two lines or three planes respectively; the two lines or the intersections of the three planes are the coordinate axes
projective geometry: the geometry of properties that remain invariant under projection
trigonometry: the mathematics of triangles and trigonometric functions
decomposition: the analysis of a vector field
calculus: the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions
fourier analysis: analysis of a periodic function into a sum of simple sinusoidal components
differential calculus: the part of calculus that deals with the variation of a function with respect to changes in the independent variable (or variables) by means of the concepts of derivative and differential
derived function: the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx
partial derivative: the derivative of a function of two or more variables with respect to a single variable while the other variables are considered to be constant
closed interval: an interval that includes its endpoints
open interval: an interval that does not include its endpoints
group: a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse
galois theory: group theory applied to the solution of algebraic equations
abelian group: a group that satisfies the commutative law
topology: the branch of pure mathematics that deals only with the properties of a figure X that hold for every figure into which X can be transformed with a one-to-one correspondence that is continuous in both directions
applied mathematics: the branches of mathematics that are involved in the study of the physical or biological or sociological world
statistical method: a method of analyzing or representing statistical data; a procedure for calculating a statistic
least squares: a method of fitting a curve to data points so as to minimize the sum of the squares of the distances of the points from the curve
average: a statistic describing the location of a distribution it set the norm for American homes
nonparametric statistic: a statistic computed without knowledge of the form or the parameters of the distribution from which observations are drawn
mean deviation: the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of deviations from the mean of a distribution
mode: the most frequent value of a random variable
median: the value below which 50% of the cases fall
mean: an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n
arithmetic mean: the sum of the values of a random variable divided by the number of values
normal distribution: a theoretical distribution with finite mean and variance
poisson distribution: a theoretical distribution that is a good approximation to the binomial distribution when the probability is small and the number of trials is large
normal curve: a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution
population: (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn it is an estimate of the mean of the population
sample distribution: items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population
stratified sample: the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum
regression: the relation between selected values of x and observed values of y (from which the most probable value of y can be predicted for any value of x)
multiple regression: a statistical technique that predicts values of one variable on the basis of two or more other variables
regression equation: the equation representing the relation between selected values of one variable (x) and observed values of the other (y); it permits the prediction of the most probable values of y
linear regression: the relation between variables when the regression equation is linear: e.g., y = ax + b
regression line: a smooth curve fitted to the set of paired data in regression analysis; for linear regression the curve is a straight line
analysis of variance: a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means; a statistical method that yields values that can be tested to determine whether a significant relation exists between variables
correlation: a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other
curvilinear correlation: any correlation in which the rates of change of the variables is not constant
correlation coefficient: a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary; it can vary from -1 (perfect negative correlation) through 0 (no correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation) what is the correlation between those two variables?
positive correlation: a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and +1
negative correlation: a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1
product-moment correlation coefficient: the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between variables that are linearly related
biserial correlation coefficient: a correlation coefficient in which one variable is many-valued and the other is dichotomous
rank-order correlation coefficient: the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between the ranks of scores on two variables
kendall test: any of several nonparametric measures of correlation (used when the assumptions of standard correlational analysis are not met)
kendall partial rank correlation: a nonparametric measure of partial correlation
tau coefficient of correlation: a nonparametric measure of the agreement between two rankings
phi coefficient: an index of the relation between any two sets of scores that can both be represented on ordered binary dimensions (e.g., male-female)
split-half correlation: a correlation coefficient calculated between scores on two halves of a test; taken as an indication of the reliability of the test
tetrachoric correlation coefficient: a correlation coefficient computed for two normally distributed variables that are both expressed as a dichotomy
binomial distribution: a theoretical distribution of the number of successes in a finite set of independent trials with a constant probability of success
probability theory: the branch of applied mathematics that deals with probabilities
life science: any of the branches of natural science dealing with the structure and behavior of living organisms
biology: the science that studies living organisms
biometrics: a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis
dermatoglyphics: the study of the whorls and loops and arches in the fingertips and on the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet some criminologists specialize in dermatoglyphics
dysgenics: the study of the operation of factors causing degeneration in the type of offspring produced
medicine: the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques
aeromedicine: the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight)
dentistry: the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and development and diseases of the teeth
endodontics: the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the dental pulp
exodontics: the branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth
orthodontics: the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth
periodontics: the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other structures around the teeth
prosthodontics: the branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial devices
forensic medicine: the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes forensic pathology provided the evidence that convicted the murderer
geriatrics: the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people
gynecology: the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women
hematology: the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
hygiene: the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health
immunochemistry: the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)
internal medicine: the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults)
neurology: (neurology) the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders
nosology: the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease
obstetrics: the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother
fetology: the branch of medicine concerned with the fetus in the uterus
pharmacology: the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects
pharmacy: the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines,
psychiatry: the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
psychotherapy: the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods
freudian psychology: the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud
jungian psychology: the psychological theories of Carl Jung
anatomy: the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals
clinical anatomy: the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment
functional anatomy: the study of anatomy in its relation to function
gross anatomy: the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope
regional anatomy: the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region
audiology: the measurement of hearing
pediatrics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children
podiatry: the branch of medicine concerned with the feet
rhinolaryngology: the medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose and throat
surgery: the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School
orthopedics: the branch of medical science concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints
traumatology: the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents
urology: the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system
agronomy: the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production
botany: the branch of biology that studies plants
cryonics: the freezing of a seriously ill or recently deceased person to stop tissues from decomposing; the body is preserved until new medical cures are developed that might bring the person back to life cryonics is more science fiction than serious science
ecology: the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment
exobiology: the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life
entomology: the branch of zoology that studies insects
lepidopterology: the branch of entomology dealing with Lepidoptera
paleontology: the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains
paleoanthropology: the scientific study of human fossils
paleobotany: the study of fossil plants
phycology: the branch of botany that studies algae
paleodendrology: the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees
paleozoology: the study of fossil animals
paleornithology: the paleobiology of birds
genetics: the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
paleobiology: a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms
zymology: the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling)
paleoecology: the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology
zoology: the branch of biology that studies animals
chemistry: the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions
radiochemistry: the chemistry of radioactive substances
physics: the science of matter and energy and their interactions his favorite subject was physics
physics: the physical properties, phenomena, and laws of something he studied the physics of radiation
astronomy: the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole
aeronautics: the theory and practice of navigation through air or space
avionics: science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics avionics has become even more important with the development of the space program
cosmology: the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe
cryogenics: the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures
electromagnetism: the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena
nuclear physics: the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei
particle physics: the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions
atomism: (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus held atomic theories of the universe
holism: the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts holistic theory has been applied to ecology and language and mental states
bohr theory: (physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory; electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be in certain stationary energy states and light is emitted when electrons jump from one energy state to another
rutherford atom: first modern concept of atomic structure; all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are contained in a compact nucleus; a number of electrons (equal to the atomic number) occupy the rest of the volume of the atom and neutralize the positive charge
conservation of charge: the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system
conservation of energy: the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes
conservation of mass: a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system
parity: (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system