AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
lule burgas: the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks
lutzen: a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed
macedonian war: one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province
magenta: a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
maldon: a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem
manila bay: a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet
mantinea: the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC
marathon: a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians
marengo: a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians
marston moor: a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert
metaurus river: a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy
meuse: an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11
midway: naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands
minden: a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French
monmouth court house: a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces
naseby: a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists
navarino: a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships
okinawa: a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans
omdurman: a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese
operation desert storm: the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)
orleans: a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429
panipat: battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761
passero: a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)
petersburg: the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee
pharsalus: Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC
philippi: Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC
philippine sea: a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte
plassey: the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal
plataea: a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC
plevna: the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days
poitiers: the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French
port arthur: a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese
battle of puebla: a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862
pydna: a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom
ravenna: a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512
rocroi: a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders
rossbach: a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria
saint-mihiel: a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France
saipan: US forces captured the island from the Japanese in July 1944; it was an important air base until the end of World War II
salerno: a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943
santiago: a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape
saratoga: a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated
sempatch: the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386
shiloh: the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory
soissons: a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure
solferino: an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
somme: battle in World War I (1916)
somme: battle of World War II (1944)
battle of the spanish armada: in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England
spotsylvania: a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign
syracuse: the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse
syracuse: the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)
tannenberg: a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians
tarawa: battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting
tertry: a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis
teutoburger wald: a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions
tewkesbury: the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians
thermopylae: a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece
trafalgar: a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)
trasimeno: a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC
tsushima: a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait
valmy: the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)
verdun: a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped
vicksburg: a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered
wagram: a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians
battle of wake: in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines
waterloo: the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon
wilderness campaign: American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses
yalu river: a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back
yorktown: in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution
ypres: battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others
ypres: battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient
ypres: battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery
zama: the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
american civil war: civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865
american revolution: the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783
arab-israeli war: tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East
arab-israeli war: Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt
balkan wars: two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe
boer war: either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)
chinese revolution: the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912
crimean war: a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856
cuban revolution: the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959
english civil war: civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648
english revolution: the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)
franco-prussian war: a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871
french and indian war: a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760
french revolution: the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799
hundred years' war: the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453
iran-iraq war: a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution
korean war: a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953
mexican revolution: a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)
mexican war: after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000
napoleonic wars: a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815
norman conquest: the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066)
peloponnesian war: a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC
persian gulf war: a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991
punic war: one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC
restoration: the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660
russian revolution: the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
russian revolution: the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
russo-japanese war: Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria
seven years' war: a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it
spanish-american war: a war between the United States and Spain in 1898
spanish civil war: civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939
thirty years' war: a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain
trojan war: (Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground the story of the Trojan War is told in Homer's Iliad
vietnam war: a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
war of greek independence: the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)
war of the austrian succession: Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748
war of the grand alliance: an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)
war of the spanish succession: a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power
war of the roses: struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
war of 1812: a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France
world war i: a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918
world war ii: a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945
animalia: taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals
pest: any unwanted and destructive insect or other animal that attacks food or crops or livestock etc. he sprayed the garden to get rid of pests many pests have developed resistance to the common pesticides
darter: a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly squirrels are darters
denizen: a plant or animal naturalized in a region denizens of field and forest denizens of the deep
homeotherm: an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature
poikilotherm: an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals
vermin: any of various small animals or insects that are pests; e.g. cockroaches or rats cereals must be protected from mice and other vermin he examined the child's head for vermin boys in the village have probably been shooting vermin
varmint: any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote
bottom-feeder: a fish that lives and feeds on the bottom of a body of water
beast of burden: an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work
pack animal: an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads
domestic animal: any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment
feeder: an animal that feeds on a particular source of food a bark feeder a mud feeder
head: a single domestic animal 200 head of cattle
molter: an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair)
stayer: a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance the horse that won the race is a good stayer
marine animal: any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals
by-catch: unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species thousands of dolphins and porpoises and whales are killed as part of the by-catch each year
young: any immature animal
baby: a very young mammal baby rabbits
pup: young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf
wolf pup: a young wolf
cub: the young of certain carnivorous mammals such as the bear or wolf or lion
kit: young of any of various fur-bearing animals a fox kit
thoroughbred: a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses
animalcule: microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium
survivor: an animal that survives in spite of adversity only the fittest animals were survivors of the cold winters
carnivore: any animal that feeds on flesh Tyrannosaurus Rex was a large carnivore insectivorous plants are considered carnivores
herbivore: any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants horses are herbivores the sauropod dinosaurs were apparently herbivores
microorganism: any organism of microscopic size
hybrid: (genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species a mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey
relative: an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus)
arbovirus: a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis
junin virus: the RNA virus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice
lassa virus: the RNA virus that causes Lassa fever
machupo virus: the RNA virus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice
bunyaviridae: a large family of arboviruses that affect a wide range of hosts (mainly vertebrates and arthropods)
filoviridae: a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees)
ebola virus: a filovirus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon
marburg virus: a filovirus that causes Marburg disease; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon
togaviridae: a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods
flaviviridae: a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods
west nile virus: the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis
arenaviridae: a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods
rhabdoviridae: a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods
reoviridae: a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods
variola virus: the virus that causes smallpox in humans; can be used as a bioweapon
variola major: a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent
variola minor: a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent
tobacco mosaic virus: the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic; it was the first virus discovered (1892)
viroid: the smallest of viruses; a plant virus with its RNA arranged in a circular chromosome without a protein coat
bacteriophage: a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria phage uses the bacterium's machinery and energy to produce more phage until the bacterium is destroyed and phage is released to invade surrounding bacteria
human t-cell leukemia virus-1: retrovirus causing T-cell leukemia
human immunodeficiency virus: the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells
hepatitis a virus: the virus causing hepatitis A
coxsackievirus: enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis
herpes: any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin
herpes simplex: a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system
herpes simplex 1: a herpes virus that causes oral herpes
herpes simplex 2: a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes
herpes zoster: a herpes virus that causes shingles
herpes varicella zoster: a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles
epstein-barr virus: the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; associated with specific cancers in Africa and China
cytomegalovirus: any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems
polyoma: a virus the can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice
parvovirus: any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease
slow virus: a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear kuru is caused by a slow virus
monera: prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions
moneran: organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
division archaebacteria: in some classifications considered a kingdom
archaebacteria: considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae
halophile: archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival
halobacteria: halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats
bacteria: (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants
acidophil: an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment