AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
macula: a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision
blind spot: the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light
cone: a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color
rod: a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light
fat cell: cells composed of fat
reproductive cell: a spermatozoon or an ovum; a cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation
sperm: the male reproductive cell; the male gamete a sperm is mostly a nucleus surrounded by little other cellular material
ovum: the female reproductive cell; the female gamete
muscle cell: an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body
leydig cell: a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone
sertoli cell: elongated cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis; apparently they nourish the spermatids
striated muscle cell: an elongated contractile cell in striated muscle tissue
myofibril: one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber
smooth muscle: a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)
reticuloendothelial system: a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells
mononuclear phagocyte system: a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow
muscular structure: the muscular system of an organism
nervous system: the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells
center: a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process in most people the speech center is in the left hemisphere
nerve fiber: a threadlike extension of a nerve cell
medullated nerve fiber: a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin
ranvier's nodes: small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons
medullary sheath: a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers
neurolemma: thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber
schwann cell: any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath
nerve cell: a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses
golgi's cell: a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matter
purkinje cell: a large densely branching neuron that is the characteristic cell of the cerebellar cortex
end-plate: the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle
motor neuron: a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord
sensory neuron: a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord
neuroglia: sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system
neurogliacyte: a cell of the neuroglia
astroglia: tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells
oligodendroglia: tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers
axon: long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron
nerve ending: the terminal structure of an axon that does not end at a synapse
pacinian corpuscle: a specialized bulblike nerve ending located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin; occurs abundantly in the skin of palms and soles and joints and genitals
process: a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant a bony process
caruncle: an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds
wattle: a fleshy wrinkled and often brightly colored fold of skin hanging from the neck or throat of certain birds (chickens and turkeys) or lizards
condylar process: the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull
coronoid process: a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone
spicule: small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals
papilla: a small nipple-shaped protuberance concerned with taste, touch, or smell the papillae of the tongue
synapse: the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle nerve impulses cross a synapse through the action of neurotransmitters
neuromuscular junction: the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies
nerve: any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body
motor nerve: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands
motor fiber: a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the muscles or glands
sensory nerve: a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system
sensory fiber: a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system
lemniscus: a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus
fiber bundle: a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers)
nerve pathway: a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain
depressor: any nerve whose activity tends to reduce the activity or tone of the body part it serves
peduncle: a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain
hemisphere: either half of the cerebrum
left hemisphere: the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body
pyriform area: pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon
right hemisphere: the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body
rhinencephalon: a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior
olfactory nerve: a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa
optic nerve: the cranial nerve that serves the retina
oculomotor: supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye
trochlear: either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes
trigeminal: the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication
abducent: a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
facial: cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles
acoustic nerve: a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea
glossopharyngeal nerve: sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion
vagus: a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera
accessory nerve: arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve
hypoglossal: supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles
central nervous system: the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
brain: that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord
neencephalon: the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts
neopallium: the cortical part of the neencephalon
archipallium: the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum
paleencephalon: the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex
dura mater: the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges
arachnoid: the middle of the 3 meninges
neuropil: the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded
grey matter: greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons
white matter: whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths
pituitary: the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain
anterior pituitary: the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature
pars distilis: the anterior part of the anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary: the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature
pineal gland: a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin
islands of langerhans: cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones
vermis: the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres
cerebral cortex: the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
cortical area: any of various regions of the cerebral cortex
association area: cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information
lateral geniculate body: a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
medial geniculate body: a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
auditory area: the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body
broca's area: the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people
brodmann's area: one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytoarchitecture
language area: a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language
motor area: the cortical area that influences motor movements
sensorimotor area: an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions
visual area: the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
wernicke's area: the auditory word center; located in the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution in most people
pyramidal tract: any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord
fold: a folded part (as in skin or muscle)
gyrus: a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain
lobe: (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part ear lobe
frontal lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead
prefrontal lobe: the anterior part of the frontal lobe
parietal lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head
occipital lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head
striate cortex: the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision
temporal lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head
medulla oblongata: lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata) the medulla oblongata is the most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning
amygdala: an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior
forebrain: the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube
cingulate gyrus: a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system
diencephalon: the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon
caudate nucleus: a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain
lenticular nucleus: a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum
pallidum: the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus
limbic system: a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior
corpus striatum: a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus
midbrain: the middle portion of the brain
substantia nigra: a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease
hindbrain: the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem
pons: a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain
brainstem: the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus
neural network: any network of neurons or nuclei that function together to perform some function in the body
reticular formation: a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone
reticular activating system: the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function
cerebral aqueduct: a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles
spinal cord: a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region
spinal fluid: clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
autonomic nervous system: the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
radial nerve: largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles
parasympathetic nervous system: originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels
brachial plexus: a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder
cardiac plexus: a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures
carotid plexus: a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery
cervical plexus: a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle
choroid plexus: a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure
coccygeal plexus: a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves
hypogastric plexus: a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera
lumbar plexus: a plexus of nerves formed by the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves
lumbar plexus: a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels
mesenteric plexus: a plexus of autonomic nerves
myenteric plexus: a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines
periarterial plexus: an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery
pulmonary plexis: one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung
sacral plexus: a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves; supplies the pelvic region and lower limbs
solar plexus: a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach
pit of the stomach: a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus)
reproductive system: organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring
urogenital system: the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine
respiratory system: the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing
respiratory tract: the passages through which air enters and leaves the body
circulatory system: the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body
fetal circulation: the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus
bladder: a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)
introitus: entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube (especially the vaginal opening) the introitus of the vagina
urethral orifice: the orifice through which urine is discharged
reproductive organ: any organ involved in sexual reproduction
genitalia: external sex organ
female genitalia: external female sex organs in England `fanny' is vulgar slang for female genitals
male genitalia: external male sex organs
cisterna: a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid
pouch: (anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican)
vesicle: a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)
blister: (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid
graafian follicle: a vascular body in a mammalian ovary enclosing a developing egg
fallopian tube: either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus
uterus: a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus
cervical canal: a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina
umbilical cord: membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta
vagina: the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus the vagina receives the penis during coitus the vagina is elastic enough to allow the passage of a fetus
cunt: obscene terms for female genitals
hymen: a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin
mons: a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women
pudendal cleft: the fissure between the labia majora
clitoris: a female sexual organ homologous to the penis
cowper's gland: either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra; homologous to Bartholin's gland in the female
bartholin's gland: either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus; homologous to Cowper's gland in the male
cervical glands: mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix
gonad: a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced
testis: one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens she kicked him in the balls and got away
undescended testis: a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops undescended testicles have an increased risk for cancer
vas deferens: a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
penis: the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism)
cock: obscene terms for penis
micropenis: an abnormally small penis
prepuce: a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
prepuce: a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris
alveolus: a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways
pharyngeal tonsil: a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx) hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils is called adenoids enlarged adenoids may restrict the breathing of children
larynx: a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech
arytenoid: either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached
thyroid cartilage: the largest cartilage of the larynx
vocal cord: either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx
false vocal cord: either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization
true vocal cord: either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them
bronchus: either of the two main branches of the trachea
trachea: membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
alimentary canal: tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination
sublingual gland: a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva); in human beings it is located on either side of the mouth under the tongue
submaxillary gland: a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue
esophagus: the passage between the pharynx and the stomach
intestine: the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus
cecum: the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens the appendix is an offshoot of the cecum
sigmoid colon: the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum
appendix: a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch
arse: vulgar slang for anus
head: the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains he stuck his head out the window
attic: informal terms for a human head
pate: the top of the head
scalp: the skin that covers the top of the head they wanted to take his scalp as a trophy
calvaria: the dome of the skull
cranium: the part of the skull that encloses the brain
frontal bone: the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: includes the upper part of the orbits
mastoid: process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull
tuberosity: a protuberance on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle or ligament
suture: an immovable joint (especially between the bones of the skull)
synovial joint: a joint so articulated as to move freely
sphenoid fontanelle: the irregularly shaped area on either side of the cranium where the frontal bone and the anterior tip of the parietal bone and the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone meet; corresponds to the pterion when bones have ossified
coronal suture: the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
frontal suture: the suture between two halves of the frontal bone (usually obliterated by the age of 6)
intermaxillary suture: the suture between the two maxillae of the upper jawbone
internasal suture: the suture between the two nasal bones
lamboid suture: the suture between the occipital and parietal bones
sagittal suture: the suture uniting the two parietal bones
fontanelle: any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus
foramen: a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure
interventricular foramen: the small opening (on both the right and left sides) that connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere
chop: a jaw I'll hit him on the chops
neck: the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body he admired her long graceful neck the horse won by a neck