AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
digital communication: electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers)
asynchronous transfer mode: a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data ATM is used for both LAN and WAN
electronic mail: (computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that can be regenerated at the recipient's terminal when the recipient logs in you cannot send packages by electronic mail
emoticon: a representation of a facial expression (as a smile or frown) created by typing a sequence of characters in sending email :-( and :-) are emoticons
spam: unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk)
messaging: the sending and processing of e-mail by computer
prompt: (computer science) a symbol that appears on the computer screen to indicate that the computer is ready to receive a command
fiber optics: the transmission of light signals via glass fibers
signal detection: the detection that a signal is being received
amplitude modulation: modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave
frequency modulation: modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave
phase modulation: modulation of the phase of the carrier wave
contagion: the communication of an attitude or emotional state among a number of people a contagion of mirth the infection of his enthusiasm for poetry
language: a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols he taught foreign languages the language introduced is standard throughout the text the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written
usage: the customary manner in which a language (or a form of a language) is spoken or written English usage a usage borrowed from French
words: language that is spoken or written he has a gift for words she put her thoughts into words
object language: the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
language unit: one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed
slot: a position in a grammatical linguistic construction in which a variety of alternative units are interchangeable he developed a version of slot grammar
context: discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation
sentence: a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language he always spoke in grammatical sentences
word: a unit of language that native speakers can identify words are the blocks from which sentences are made he hardly said ten words all morning
antonym: a word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in which case the two words are antonyms of each other to him the antonym of `gay' was `depressed'
blend: a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings `smog' is a blend of `smoke' and `fog' `motel' is a portmanteau word made by combining `motor' and `hotel' `brunch' is a well-known portmanteau
cognate: a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language
content word: a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned
contraction: a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds `won't' is a contraction of `will not' `o'clock' is a contraction of `of the clock'
deictic: a word specifying identity or spatial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs; - R.Rommetveit words that introduce particulars of the speaker's and hearer's shared cognitive field into the message
derivative: (linguistics) a word that is derived from another word `electricity' is a derivative of `electric'
dirty word: a word that is considered to be unmentionable `failure' is a dirty word to him
disyllable: a word having two syllables
form: the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
four-letter word: any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive
function word: a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning
guide word: a word printed at the top of the page of a dictionary or other reference book to indicate the first or last item on that page
head: (grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent
headword: a content word that can be qualified by a modifier
heteronym: two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation the word `bow' is an example of a heteronym
holonym: a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part `hat' is a holonym for `brim' and `crown'
hypernym: a word that is more generic than a given word
hyponym: a word that is more specific than a given word
loanblend: a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root)
loanword: a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English
latinism: a word or phrase borrowed from Latin
meronym: a word that names a part of a larger whole `brim' and `crown' are meronyms of `hat'
metonym: a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing Washington is a metonym for the United States government plastic is a metonym for credit card
antigram: an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase `restful' is the antigram of `fluster'
monosyllable: a word or utterance of one syllable
neologism: a newly invented word or phrase
nonce word: a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion
primitive: a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms `pick' is the primitive from which `picket' is derived
plural: the form of a word that is used to denote more than one
singular: the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton
root: (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed thematic vowels are part of the stem
etymon: a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes
citation form: the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary
lexical entry: the entry in a dictionary of information about a word
beatitude: one of the eight sayings of Jesus at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount; in Latin each saying begins with `beatus' (blessed) her favorite Beatitude is `Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth'
calque: an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language `superman' is a calque for the German `Ubermensch'
polysemant: a word having more than one meaning
polysyllable: a word of more than three syllables
quantifier: (logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition
existential quantifier: a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true
retronym: a word introduced because an existing term has become inadequate Nobody ever heard of analog clocks until digital clocks became common, so `analog clock' is a retronym
synonym: two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context
term: a word or expression used for some particular thing he learned many medical terms
terminology: a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline legal terminology biological nomenclature the language of sociology
troponym: a word that denotes a manner of doing something `march' is a troponym of `walk'
vocable: a word that is spoken aloud
syllable: a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme the word `pocket' has two syllables
penult: the next to last syllable in a word
antepenult: the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end
sesquipedalian: a very long word (a foot and a half long)
allomorph: a variant phonological representation of a morpheme the final sounds of `bets' and `beds' and `horses' and `oxen' are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme
free morpheme: a morpheme that can occur alone
bound morpheme: a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns
combining form: a bound form used only in compounds `hemato-' is a combining form in words like `hematology'
ending: the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme) I don't like words that have -ism as an ending
suffix: an affix that is added at the end of the word
inflectional ending: an inflection that is added at the end of a root word
grammatical category: (grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties
substitution class: the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another)
object: (grammar) a constituent that is acted upon the object of the verb
prepositional object: the object governed by a preposition
direct object: the object that receives the direct action of the verb
case: nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence
nominative: the category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb
oblique: any grammatical case other than the nominative
accusative: the case of nouns serving as the direct object of a verb
dative: the category of nouns serving as the indirect object of a verb
genitive: the case expressing ownership
attributive genitive: a word in the genitive case that is used as an attributive adjective an example of the attributive genetive is `John's' in `John's mother'
vocative: the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed
ablative: the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb
constituent: (grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
syntagma: a syntactic string of words that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
construction: a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner
main clause: a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
subordinate clause: a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
relative clause: a clause introduced by a relative pronoun `who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'
nonrestrictive clause: a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
parenthetical expression: an expression in parentheses his writing was full of parentheticals
noun phrase: a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
predicate: one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
predicate: (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula `Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates
pronominal phrase: a phrase that functions as a pronoun
part of speech: one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context
modal auxiliary verb: an auxiliary verb (such as `can' or `will') that is used to express modality
proper noun: a noun that denotes a particular thing; usually capitalized
verbal noun: a noun that is derived from a verb
adnoun: an adjective used as a noun `meek' in `blessed are the meek' is an adnoun
modifier: a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb
intensifier: a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies `up' in `finished up' is an intensifier `honestly' in `I honestly don't know' is an intensifier
descriptive adjective: an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice')
relational adjective: an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument')
positive: the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution
comparative: the comparative form of an adjective or adverb `faster' is the comparative of the adjective `fast' `less famous' is the comparative degree of the adjective `famous' `more surely' is the comparative of the adverb `surely'
superlative: the superlative form of an adjective or adverb `fastest' is the superlative of the adjective `fast' `least famous' is the superlative degree of the adjective `famous' `most surely' is the superlative of the adverb `surely'
dangling modifier: a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us'
determiner: one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases
demonstrative pronoun: a pronoun that points out an intended referent
conjunction: an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences
subordinating conjunction: a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause
number: the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) in English the subject and the verb must agree in number
person: a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party stop talking about yourself in the third person
reciprocal pronoun: a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject The sentence `They cared for each other' contains a reciprocal pronoun
reflexive pronoun: a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent
reflexive verb: a verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at the agent the sentence `he washed' has a reflexive verb `perjure' is a reflexive verb because you cannot perjure anyone but yourself
gender: a grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives; in some languages it is quite arbitrary but in Indo-European languages it is usually based on sex or animateness
present: a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking
past: a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past
future: a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future
participle: a non-finite form of the verb; in English it is used adjectivally and to form compound tenses
phrasal verb: an English verb followed by one or more particles where the combination behaves as a syntactic and semantic unit `turn out' is a phrasal verb in the question `how many turned out to vote?'
past participle: a participle that expresses completed action
transitive verb: a verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in order to be grammatical
doubly transitive verb: a transitive verb that takes both a direct and an indirect object
intransitive verb: a verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object
semantic role: (linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause
affected role: the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
agentive role: the semantic role of the animate entity that instigates or causes the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
benefactive role: the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
instrumental role: the semantic role of the entity (usually inanimate) that the agent uses to perform an action or start a process
locative role: the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the place of the state or action denoted by the verb
recipient role: the semantic role of the animate entity that is passively involved in the happening denoted by the verb in the clause
resultant role: the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause
temporal role: the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or action denoted by the verb
name: a language unit by which a person or thing is known his name really is George Washington those are two names for the same thing
assumed name: (law) a name under which a corporation conducts business that is not the legal name of the corporation as shown in its articles of incorporation
eponym: the name derived from a person (real or imaginary) Down's syndrome is an eponym for the English physician John Down
eponym: the person for whom something is named Constantine I is the eponym for Constantinople
extension: a string of characters beginning with a period and followed by one or more letters; the optional second part of a PC computer filename most applications provide extensions for the files they create most BASIC files use the filename extension .BAS
filename: (computer science) the name given to a computer file in order to distinguish it from other files; may contain an extension that indicates the type of file
patronymic: a family name derived from name of your father or a paternal ancestor (especially with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) added to the name of your father or a paternal ancestor)
matronymic: a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor
street name: the name of a brokerage firm in which stock is held on behalf of a customer all my stocks are held in street name
street name: slang for something (especially for an illegal drug) `smack' is a street name for heroin
street name: an alternative name that a person chooses or is given (especially in inner city neighborhoods) her street name is Bonbon
surname: the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)
first name: the name that precedes the surname
christian name: the first name given to Christians at birth or christening
nickname: a familiar name for a person (often a shortened version of a person's given name) Joe's mother would not use his nickname and always called him Joseph Henry's nickname was Slim
nickname: a descriptive name for a place or thing the nickname for the U.S. Constitution is `Old Ironsides'
alias: a name that has been assumed temporarily
pseudonym: a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role
pen name: an author's pseudonym
writer's name: the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work
appellation: identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others
pet name: a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix) `Billy' is a hypocorism for `William'
title: an identifying appellation signifying status or function: e.g. `Mr.' or `General' the professor didn't like his friends to use his formal title
aga: title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey)
defender of the faith: a title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII and later withdrew; parliament restored the title and it has been used by English sovereigns ever since
don: a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for men that is prefixed to the forename Don Roberto
dona: a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for a woman Dona Marguerita
frau: a German courtesy title or form of address for an adult woman
fraulein: a German courtesy title or form of address for an unmarried woman
hakham: a Hebrew title of respect for a wise and highly educated man
herr: a German courtesy title or form of address for a man
miss: a form of address for an unmarried woman
mister: a form of address for a man
mrs: a form of address for a married woman
ms: a form of address for a woman
rabbi: a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher
reverend: a title of respect for a clergyman
senor: a Spanish title or form of address for a man; similar to the English `Mr' or `sir'
senora: a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman; similar to the English `Mrs' or `madam'
senorita: a Spanish title or form of address used to or of an unmarried girl or woman; similar to the English `Miss'
signora: an Italian title or form of address for a married woman
signorina: an Italian title or form of address for an unmarried woman
very reverend: a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others)
lordship: a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge Your Lordship His Lordship
ladyship: a title used to address any peeress except a duchess Your Ladyship Her Ladyship
title: an appellation signifying nobility `your majesty' is the appropriate title to use in addressing a king
title: the name of a work of art or literary composition etc. he looked for books with the word `jazz' in the title he refused to give titles to his paintings I can never remember movie titles
place name: the name by which a geographical place is known
heading: a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
crossheading: a heading of a subsection printed within the body of the text
headline: the heading or caption of a newspaper article
running head: a heading printed at the top of every page (or every other page) of a book
subheading: a heading of a subdivision of a text
dropline: a headline with the top line flush left and succeeding lines indented to the right
streamer: a newspaper headline that runs across the full page
title: a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with Title 8 provided federal help for schools
title: (usually plural) written material introduced into a movie or TV show to give credits or represent dialogue or explain an action the titles go by faster than I can read
title: a general or descriptive heading for a section of a written work the novel had chapter titles
credit: an entry on a list of persons who contributed to a film or written work the credits were given at the end of the film
caption: brief description accompanying an illustration
pony: a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly)
retroversion: translation back into the original language the teacher translated Latin texts into English which he gave to his students for retroversion
subtitle: translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screen
supertitle: translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage
line of poetry: a single line of words in a poem
alexandrine: (prosody) a line of verse that has six iambic feet
by-line: a line giving the name of the writer of a story or article
written communication: communication by means of written symbols (either printed or handwritten)
transcription: something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation
shorthand: a method of writing rapidly
longhand: rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and are cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper
orthography: a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols
aramaic: an alphabetical (or perhaps syllabic) script used since the 9th century BC to write the Aramaic language; many other scripts were subsequently derived from it