AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
red-eyed vireo: of northern North America having red irises and an olive-grey body with white underparts
solitary vireo: of eastern North America having a bluish-grey head and mostly green body
blue-headed vireo: common vireo of northeastern North America with bluish slaty-grey head
bombycillidae: a family of birds of the suborder Oscines
bombycilla: waxwings
cedar waxwing: widely distributed over temperate North America
bohemian waxwing: large waxwing of northern North America; similar to but larger than the cedar waxwing
raptores: term used in former classifications; erroneously grouped together birds of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes
bird of prey: any of numerous carnivorous birds that hunt and kill other animals
falconiformes: chiefly diurnal carnivorous birds having hooked beaks and long talons with opposable hind toe: falcons; hawks; eagles; ospreys; caracaras; vultures
accipitriformes: in some classifications an alternative name for the Falconiformes
accipitridae: hawks; Old World vultures; kites; harriers; eagles
tiercel: male hawk especially male peregrine or gyrfalcon
accipiter: type genus of the family Accipitridae
goshawk: large hawk of Eurasia and North America used in falconry
sparrow hawk: small hawk of Eurasia and northern Africa
cooper's hawk: bluish-grey North American hawk having a darting flight
chicken hawk: nontechnical term for any hawks said to prey on poultry
buteo: broad-winged soaring hawks
redtail: dark brown American hawk species having a reddish-brown tail
rough-legged hawk: large hawk of the northern hemisphere that feeds chiefly on small rodents and is beneficial to farmers
red-shouldered hawk: North American hawk with reddish brown shoulders
buzzard: the common European short-winged hawk
pernis: a common European bird of prey; dull brown with white-streaked underparts
honey buzzard: Old World hawk that feeds on bee larvae and small rodents and reptiles
milvus: a genus including the common European kits
black kite: dark Old World kite feeding chiefly on carrion
elanoides: a genus of kites
swallow-tailed kite: graceful North American black-and-white kite
elanus: a genus of small kites of both Old and New Worlds
white-tailed kite: grey-and-white American kite of warm and tropical regions
circus: a genus of haws comprising the harriers
marsh harrier: Old World harrier frequenting marshy regions
montagu's harrier: brownish European harrier
marsh hawk: common harrier of North America and Europe; nests in marshes and open land
circaetus: harrier eagles
harrier eagle: any of numerous large Old World hawks intermediate in some respects between typical hawks and typical eagles
falconidae: a family of birds of the order Falconiformes
falco: a genus of Falconidae
peregrine: a widely distributed falcon formerly used in falconry
falcon-gentle: female falcon especially a female peregrine falcon
gyrfalcon: large and rare Arctic falcon having white and dark color phases
kestrel: small Old World falcon that hovers in the air against a wind
sparrow hawk: small North American falcon
pigeon hawk: small falcon of Europe and America having dark plumage with black-barred tail; used in falconry
hobby: small Old World falcon formerly trained and flown at small birds
polyborus: a genus of Falconidae
audubon's caracara: widespread from southern United States to Central America; rusty black with black-and-white breast and tail
carancha: South American caracara
eagle: any of various large keen-sighted diurnal birds of prey noted for their broad wings and strong soaring flight
harpia: a genus of Accipitridae
harpy: large black-and-white crested eagle of tropical America
aquila: a genus of Accipitridae
golden eagle: large eagle of mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere having a golden-brown head and neck
tawny eagle: brownish eagle of Africa and parts of Asia
haliaeetus: a genus of Accipitridae
bald eagle: a large eagle of North America that has a white head and dark wings and body
kamchatkan sea eagle: found on coasts of the northwestern Pacific
ern: bulky greyish-brown eagle with a short wedge-shaped white tail; of Europe and Greenland
fishing eagle: of southeast Europe and central Asia
pandionidae: ospreys
pandion: type genus of the Pandionidae
osprey: large harmless hawk found worldwide that feeds on fish and builds a bulky nest often occupied for years
aegypiidae: in some classifications considered the family comprising the Old World vultures which are more often included in the family Accipitridae
old world vulture: any of several large vultures of Africa and Eurasia
gyps: a genus of Accipitridae
griffon vulture: large vulture of southern Europe and northern Africa having pale plumage with black wings
gypaetus: in some classifications the type genus of the family Aegypiidae
bearded vulture: the largest Eurasian bird of prey; having black feathers hanging around the bill
neophron: a genus of Accipitridae
egyptian vulture: small mostly white vulture of Africa and southern Eurasia
aegypius: a genus of Accipitridae
black vulture: of southern Eurasia and northern Africa
sagittariidae: secretary birds
sagittarius: type genus of the Sagittariidae
secretary bird: large long-legged African bird of prey that feeds on reptiles
cathartidae: condors; turkey buzzards; king vultures
new world vulture: large birds of prey superficially similar to Old World vultures
cathartes: type genus of the Cathartidae: turkey vultures
buzzard: a New World vulture that is common in South America and Central America and the southern United States
vultur: a bird that is usually restricted to the Andean condor
andean condor: large vulture of the high Andes having black plumage and white neck ruff
gymnogyps: containing solely the California condor
california condor: North American condor; chiefly dull black; almost extinct
coragyps: a genus of Cathartidae
black vulture: American vulture smaller than the turkey buzzard
sarcorhamphus: usually containing only the king vulture
king vulture: large black-and-white vulture of South America and Central America; have colorful wattles and wartlike protuberances on head and neck
strigiformes: owls
owl: nocturnal bird of prey with hawk-like beak and claws and large head with front-facing eyes
strigidae: a family of nocturnal birds of the order Strigiformes
athene: a genus of Strigidae
little owl: small European owl
bubo: a genus of Strigidae
great horned owl: brown North American horned owl
strix: owls lacking ear tufts
great grey owl: large dish-faced owl of northern North America and western Eurasia
tawny owl: reddish-brown European owl having a round head with black eyes
barred owl: large owl of eastern North America having its breast and abdomen streaked with brown
otus: a genus of Strigidae
screech owl: small North American owl having hornlike tufts of feathers whose call sounds like a quavering whistle
spotted owl: a large owl of North America found in forests from British Columbia to central Mexico; has dark brown plumage and a heavily spotted chest
old world scops owl: European scops owl
oriental scops owl: Asian scops owl
surnia: a genus of hawk-like owls
hawk owl: grey-and-white diurnal hawk-like owl of northern parts of the northern hemisphere
asio: a genus of European owls
long-eared owl: slender European owl of coniferous forests with long ear tufts
sceloglaux: a genus of Strigidae
laughing owl: almost extinct owl of New Zealand
tytonidae: comprising only the barn owls
tyto: type and only genus of the family Tytonidae
barn owl: mottled buff and white owl often inhabiting barns and other structures; important in rodent control
amphibia: the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water; frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians
hynerpeton: earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Pennsylvania
hynerpeton bassetti: fossil amphibian of the Devonian having well-developed forelimbs; found in Pennsylvania
genus ichthyostega: second earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Greenland
ichyostega: early tetrapod amphibian found in Greenland
urodella: salamanders; newts; congo snakes
urodele: amphibians that resemble lizards
salamandridae: salamanders
salamandra: type genus of the Salamandridae
european fire salamander: a kind of European salamander
spotted salamander: European salamander having dark skin with usually yellow spots
alpine salamander: ovoviviparous amphibian of the Alps
newt: small usually bright-colored semiaquatic salamanders of North America and Europe and northern Asia
triturus: chiefly aquatic salamanders
common newt: small semiaquatic salamander
notophthalmus: newts
red eft: red terrestrial form of a common North American newt
taricha: Pacific newts
pacific newt: any of several rough-skinned newts found in western North America
rough-skinned newt: newt of humid coast from Alaska to southern California
california newt: newt that is similar to Taricha granulosa in characteristics and habitat
ambystomatidae: New World salamanders
ambystoma: type genus of the Ambystomatidae
ambystomid: small to moderate-sized terrestrial or semiaquatic New World salamander
mole salamander: brownish-black burrowing salamander of southeastern United States
spotted salamander: glossy black North American salamander with yellow spots
tiger salamander: widely distributed brown or black North American salamander with vertical yellowish blotches
axolotl: larval salamander of mountain lakes of Mexico that usually lives without metamorphosing
cryptobranchidae: large aquatic salamanders: hellbenders; giant salamanders
cryptobranchus: type genus of the Cryptobranchidae
hellbender: large salamander of North American rivers and streams
megalobatrachus: giant salamanders; in some classifications included in the genus Cryptobranchus
giant salamander: large (up to more than three feet) edible salamander of Asia
proteidae: mud puppies
proteus: type genus of the Proteidae
olm: European aquatic salamander with permanent external gills that lives in caves
necturus: a genus of Proteidae
mud puppy: aquatic North American salamander with red feathery external gills
dicamptodontidae: large and small highly aquatic salamanders
genus dicamptodon: type genus of the Dicamptodontidae
dicamptodon: salamanders found near cold streams throughout the year
pacific giant salamander: large (to 7 inches) salamander of western North America
rhyacotriton: olympic salamanders
olympic salamander: small large-eyed semiaquatic salamander of the United States Northwest
plethodontidae: small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults
plethodon: type genus of the Plethodontidae
lungless salamander: mostly terrestrial salamanders that breathe through their thin moist skin; lay eggs in moist places on land; rarely enter water
eastern red-backed salamander: common salamander of eastern North America
western red-backed salamander: salamander of the Pacific coast of North America
desmograthus: an amphibian genus of Plethodontidae
aneides: climbing salamanders
arboreal salamander: yellow-spotted brown salamander of California woodlands
batrachoseps: slender salamanders
slender salamander: any of several small slim salamanders of the Pacific coast of the United States
hydromantes: web-toed salamanders
shasta salamander: primarily a cave dweller in the Mount Shasta area
limestone salamander: similar to Shasta salamander; lives in cliff crevices and taluses
amphiumidae: congo snakes
genus amphiuma: congo snakes
amphiuma: aquatic eel-shaped salamander having two pairs of very small feet; of still muddy waters in the southern United States
sirenidae: sirens
genus siren: a genus of Sirenidae
salientia: frogs, toads, tree toads
frog: any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping; semiaquatic and terrestrial species
ranidae: a family nearly cosmopolitan in distribution: true frogs
rana: type genus of the Ranidae
true frog: insectivorous usually semiaquatic web-footed amphibian with smooth moist skin and long hind legs
wood-frog: wide-ranging light-brown frog of moist North American woodlands especially spruce
leopard frog: common North American green or brownish frog having white-edged dark oval spots
bullfrog: largest North American frog; highly aquatic with a deep-pitched voice
green frog: similar to bullfrog; found in or near marshes and ponds; of United States and Canada
cascades frog: mountain frog found near water; of United States Northwest to California
goliath frog: largest living frog; up to a foot and weighing up to 10 lbs; Africa
pickerel frog: a meadow frog of eastern North America
tarahumara frog: Mexican frog found within a jump or two of water
grass frog: a common semiterrestrial European frog
leptodactylidae: New World frogs; in some classifications essentially coextensive with the family Bufonidae
leptodactylid frog: toothed frogs: terrestrial or aquatic or arboreal
eleutherodactylus: completely terrestrial robber frogs
hylactophryne: barking frogs
barking frog: of southwest United States and Mexico; call is like a dog's bark
leptodactylus: type genus of the Leptodactylidae; in some classifications placed in the family Bufonidae
crapaud: large toothed frog of South America and Central America resembling the bullfrog
polypedatidae: Old World tree frogs
polypedates: type genus of the Polypedatidae
tree frog: any of various Old World arboreal frogs distinguished from true frogs by adhesive suckers on the toes
ascaphidae: family of one species of frog: tailed frog
ascaphus: type genus of the Ascaphidae; in some classifications included in the family Leiopelmatidae
tailed frog: western North American frog with a taillike copulatory organ
leiopelmatidae: primitive New Zealand frogs
leiopelma: type and sole genus of the family Leiopelmatidae
liopelma hamiltoni: primitive New Zealand frog with four unwebbed toes on forefeet and five on hind feet
bufonidae: true toads
genus bufo: type genus of the Bufonidae; common toads of New and Old Worlds
agua: largest known toad species; native to Central America; valuable destroyer of insect pests
european toad: common toad of Europe
natterjack: common brownish-yellow short-legged toad of western Europe; runs rather than hops
american toad: common toad of America
eurasian green toad: Eurasian toad with variable chiefly green coloring
american green toad: small green or yellow-green toad with small black bars and stripes
yosemite toad: of high Sierra Nevada meadows and forest borders
texas toad: nocturnal burrowing toad of mesquite woodland and prairies of the United States southwest
southwestern toad: a uniformly warty stocky toad of washes and streams of semiarid southwestern United States
western toad: of a great variety of habitats from southern Alaska to Baja California west of the Rockies
discoglossidae: family of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue
alytes: midwife toads
obstetrical toad: European toad whose male carries the fertilized eggs wrapped around its hind legs until they hatch
midwife toad: similar in habit to Alytes obstetricians
bombina: fire-bellied toads
fire-bellied toad: toad of central and eastern Europe having red or orange patches mixed with black on its underside
pelobatidae: the amphibian family of spadefoot toads
scaphiopus: New World spadefoot toads
spadefoot: a burrowing toad of the northern hemisphere with a horny spade-like projection on each hind foot
western spadefoot: this spadefoot toad live in California
southern spadefoot: this spadefoot toad lives in the southwestern United States
plains spadefoot: this spadefoot toad lives in plains and hills and river bottoms in areas of low rainfall east of the Rocky Mountains
hylidae: the amphibian family of tree frogs
tree toad: arboreal amphibians usually having adhesive disks at the tip of each toe; of southeast Asia and Australia and America
hyla: the type genus of the Hylidae; tree toads
spring peeper: a small brown tree toad having a shrill call heard near wetlands of eastern United States and Canada in early spring
pacific tree toad: the most commonly heard frog on the Pacific coast of America
canyon treefrog: a small chiefly ground dweller that stays within easy jumping distance of water; of United States southwest and northern Mexico
acris: cricket frogs
northern cricket frog: a cricket frog of eastern and central United States
eastern cricket frog: a cricket frog of eastern United States
pseudacris: chorus frogs
pternohyla: burrowing tree frogs
lowland burrowing treefrog: terrestrial burrowing nocturnal frog of grassy terrain and scrub forests having very hard upper surface of head; of the United States southwest
microhylidae: narrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs; some burrow and some are arboreal; found worldwide
gastrophryne: primarily tropical narrow-mouthed toads
western narrow-mouthed toad: small secretive toad with smooth tough skin of central and western North America
eastern narrow-mouthed toad: small toad of southeastern United States
hypopachus: sheep frogs
pipidae: tongueless frogs
pipa: type genus of the Pipidae
surinam toad: a South American toad; incubates its young in pits in the skin of its back
xenopodidae: in some classifications the family of the genus Xenopus which is otherwise included in the family Pipidae
xenopus: an African clawed frog; in some classifications made the type genus of a separate family Xenopodidae
african clawed frog: a tongueless frog native to Africa; established in the United States as result of release of laboratory and aquarium animals
south american poison toad: a South American toad
gymnophiona: an order of amphibians including caecilians
caeciliidae: coextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians
caecilian: any of the small slender limbless burrowing wormlike amphibians of the order Gymnophiona; inhabit moist soil in tropical regions
labyrinthodontia: extinct amphibians typically resembling heavy-bodied salamanders or crocodiles and having a solid flattened skull and conical teeth; Devonian through Triassic
stereospondyli: formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; amphibia having vertebrae whose component elements are fused into a single piece most vertebrates are stereospondylous
stegocephalia: in former classifications a division of class Amphibia comprising all pre-Jurassic and some later extinct large salamandriform amphibia
temnospondyli: formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; large Carboniferous and Permian amphibians having vertebrae in which some elements remain separate
reptilia: class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals
reptile: any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, and extinct forms
anapsida: oldest known reptiles; turtles and extinct Permian forms
anapsid: primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull; all extinct except turtles
diapsid: reptile having a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye
diapsida: used in former classifications to include all living reptiles except turtles; superseded by the two subclasses Lepidosauria and Archosauria
chelonia: tortoises and turtles
chelonian: a reptile of the order Chelonia
cheloniidae: green turtles; hawksbills
sea turtle: any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers; widely distributed in warm seas
chelonia: green turtles
green turtle: large tropical turtle with greenish flesh used for turtle soup
caretta: loggerhead turtles
loggerhead: very large carnivorous sea turtle; wide-ranging in warm open seas
lepidochelys: ridleys
atlantic ridley: grey sea turtle of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America
pacific ridley: olive-colored sea turtle of tropical Pacific and Indian and the southern Atlantic oceans
eretmochelys: hawksbills
hawksbill turtle: pugnacious tropical sea turtle with a hawk-like beak; source of food and the best tortoiseshell
dermochelyidae: sea turtles
dermochelys: type genus of the Dermochelyidae: leatherback turtles
leatherback turtle: wide-ranging marine turtle with flexible leathery carapace; largest living turtle
chelydridae: snapping turtles
chelydra: snapping turtles
common snapping turtle: large-headed turtle with powerful hooked jaws found in or near water; prone to bite
macroclemys: includes the alligator snapping turtle
alligator snapping turtle: large species having three ridges on its back; found in southeastern United States
kinosternidae: mud turtles; musk turtles
kinosternon: type genus of the Kinosternidae
sternotherus: musk turtles
musk turtle: small freshwater turtle having a strong musky odor
emydidae: box and water turtles
malaclemys: American terrapins
diamondback terrapin: of marshes along Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States
pseudemys: sliders; red-bellied terrapin
red-bellied terrapin: freshwater turtle of Chesapeake Bay tributaries having red markings on the lower shell
slider: freshwater turtle of United States and South America; frequently raised commercially; some young sold as pets
cooter: large river turtle of the southern United States and northern Mexico
terrapene: box turtles
box turtle: chiefly terrestrial turtle of North America; shell can be closed tightly
western box turtle: primarily a prairie turtle of western United States and northern Mexico
chrysemys: painted turtles
painted turtle: freshwater turtles having bright yellow and red markings; common in the eastern United States
testudinidae: land tortoises
testudo: type genus of the Testudinidae
european tortoise: small land tortoise of southern Europe
geochelone: giant tortoises
gopherus: gopher tortoises
gopher tortoise: burrowing edible land tortoise of southeastern North America
xerobates: possible new genus for desert and Texas tortoises based on recent research
desert tortoise: burrowing tortoise of the arid western United States and northern Mexico; may be reclassified as a member of genus Xerobates
texas tortoise: close relative to the desert tortoise; may be reclassified as a member of genus Xerobates
trionychidae: soft-shelled turtles
soft-shelled turtle: voracious aquatic turtle with a flat flexible shell covered by a leathery skin; can inflict painful bites
trionyx: type genus of the Trionychidae
spiny softshell: river turtle of western United States with a warty shell; prefers quiet water
smooth softshell: river turtle of Mississippi basin; prefers running water
lepidosauria: diapsid reptiles: lizards; snakes; tuataras
rhynchocephalia: tuataras; extinct forms from middle Triassic
sphenodon: coextensive with the order Rhynchocephalia: tuataras
tuatara: only extant member of the order Rhynchocephalia of large spiny lizard-like diapsid reptiles of coastal islands off New Zealand
squamata: diapsid reptiles: snakes and lizards
sauria: true lizards; including chameleons and geckos
gekkonidae: geckos
ptychozoon: flying geckos
flying gecko: a gecko that has membranous expansions along the sides of its body and limbs and tail that enable it to glide short distances
coleonyx: banded geckos
pygopodidae: Australian and Tasmanian lizards
pygopus: type genus of the Pygopodidae; snake-shaped pleurodont lizard with no forelimbs and only rudimentary hind limbs
iguanidae: New World lizards
iguanid: lizards of the New World and Madagascar and some Pacific islands; typically having a long tail and bright throat patch in males
genus iguana: type genus of the Iguanidae
common iguana: large herbivorous tropical American arboreal lizards with a spiny crest along the back; used as human food in Central America and South America
amblyrhynchus: marine iguanas
marine iguana: shore-dwelling seaweed-eating lizard of the Galapagos Islands
dipsosaurus: desert iguanas
desert iguana: small long-tailed lizard of arid areas of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
sauromalus: chuckwallas
chuckwalla: a herbivorous lizard that lives among rocks in the arid parts of southwestern United States and Mexico
callisaurus: zebra-tailed lizard
zebra-tailed lizard: swift lizard with long black-banded tail and long legs; of deserts of United States and Mexico
uma: fringe-toed lizard
fringe-toed lizard: with long pointed scales around toes; of deserts of United States and Mexico
holbrookia: earless lizards
crotaphytus: collared lizards
gambelia: leopard lizards
sceloporus: spiny lizards