AbstractPhil/geometric-vocab-256d huggingface dataset:
narrowness: a restriction of range or scope the problem with achievement tests is the narrowness they impose on students the attraction of the book is precisely its narrowness of focus frustrated by the narrowness of people's horizons
rule: (mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
algorithm: a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem
stemmer: an algorithm for removing inflectional and derivational endings in order to reduce word forms to a common stem
heuristic: a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem
guidepost: a rule or principle that provides guidance to appropriate behavior
cy pres: a rule that when literal compliance is impossible the intention of a donor or testator should be carried out as nearly as possible
working principle: a rule that is adequate to permit work to be done
property: a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished self-confidence is not an endearing property
quality: a characteristic property that defines the apparent individual nature of something each town has a quality all its own the radical character of our demands
texture: the essential quality of something the texture of Neapolitan life
feature: a prominent attribute or aspect of something the map showed roads and other features generosity is one of his best characteristics
feature of speech: (linguistics) a distinctive characteristic of a linguistic unit that serves to distinguish it from other units of the same kind
aspect: a distinct feature or element in a problem he studied every facet of the question
attraction: a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts flowers are an attractor for bees
badge: any feature that is regarded as a sign of status (a particular power or quality or rank) wearing a tie was regarded as a badge of respectability
centerpiece: the central or most important feature education was the centerpiece of the Democratic Party's political platform
contour: a feature (or the order or arrangement of features) of anything having a complex structure the contours of the melody it defines a major contour of this administration
excellence: an outstanding feature; something in which something or someone excels a center of manufacturing excellence the use of herbs is one of the excellencies of French cuisine
external: outward features he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion
peculiarity: an odd or unusual characteristic
calling card: a distinguishing characteristic or behavior bombs are a terrorist's calling cards
side: an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) he was on the heavy side he is on the purchasing side of the business it brought out his better side
downside: a negative aspect of something that is generally positive there is a downside even to motherhood
hand: one of two sides of an issue on the one hand..., but on the other hand...
sector: a particular aspect of life or activity he was helpless in an important sector of his life
department: a specialized sphere of knowledge baking is not my department his work established a new department of literature
surface: a superficial aspect as opposed to the real nature of something it was not what it appeared to be on the surface
attention: a general interest that leads people to want to know more She was the center of attention
foil: anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities pretty girls like plain friends as foils
abstraction: a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance he loved her only in the abstract--not in person
absolute: something that is conceived or that exists independently and not in relation to other things; something that does not depend on anything else and is beyond human control; something that is not relative no mortal being can influence the absolute
teacher: a personified abstraction that teaches books were his teachers experience is a demanding teacher
thing: a special abstraction a thing of the spirit things of the heart
term: any distinct quantity contained in a polynomial the general term of an algebraic equation of the n-th degree
zero: the point on a scale from which positive or negative numerical quantities can be measured
value: a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed the value assigned was 16 milliseconds
eigenvalue: (mathematics) any number such that a given square matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has a zero determinant
average: an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual he is about average in height the snowfall this month is below average
vote: the total number of voters who participated they are expecting a large vote
variable: a quantity that can assume any of a set of values
independent variable: (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables
correlate: either of two or more related or complementary variables
dependent variable: (statistics) a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends on the independent variable if f(x)=y, y is the dependent variable
constant: a quantity that does not vary
parameter: a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves
product: a quantity obtained by multiplication the product of 2 and 3 is 6
factorial: the product of all the integers up to and including a given integer 1, 2, 6, 24, and 120 are factorials
multiple: the product of a quantity by an integer 36 is a multiple of 9
double: a quantity that is twice as great as another 36 is the double of 18
lowest common multiple: the smallest multiple that is exactly divisible by every member of a set of numbers the least common multiple of 12 and 18 is 36
sum: a quantity obtained by the addition of a group of numbers
first degree: a degree of one all of the terms in a linear equation are of the first degree
polynomial: a mathematical function that is the sum of a number of terms
biquadratic: a polynomial of the fourth degree
quadratic: a polynomial of the second degree
convergence: the approach of an infinite series to a finite limit
divergence: an infinite series that has no limit
fourier series: the sum of a series of trigonometric expressions; used in the analysis of periodic functions
random variable: a variable quantity that is random
vector product: a vector that is the product of two other vectors
scalar product: a real number (a scalar) that is the product of two vectors
vector sum: a vector that is the sum of two or more other vectors
be-all and end-all: the essential factor; the all-important element; the supreme aim profit is the be-all and end-all of business
mcguffin: (film) a plot element that catches the viewers' attention or drives the plot the McGuffin was a key element of Alfred Hitchcock's films
point: a geometric element that has position but no extension a point is defined by its coordinates
attractor: (physics) a point in the ideal multidimensional phase space that is used to describe a system toward which the system tends to evolve regardless of the starting conditions of the system
strange attractor: an attractor for which the approach to its final point in phase space is chaotic
intersection: a point where lines intersect
metacenter: (shipbuilding) the point of intersection between two vertical lines, one line through the center of buoyancy of the hull of a ship in equilibrium and the other line through the center of buoyancy of the hull when the ship is inclined to one side; the distance of this intersection above the center of gravity is an indication of the stability of the ship
part: one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole the written part of the exam the finance section of the company the BBC's engineering division
beginning: the first part or section of something `It was a dark and stormy night' is a hackneyed beginning for a story
middle: an intermediate part or section; - Aristotle A whole is that which has beginning, middle, and end
end: a final part or section we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end
high point: the most enjoyable part of a given experience the trumpet solo was the high point of the concert
component: an abstract part of something jealousy was a component of his character two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony the grammatical elements of a sentence a key factor in her success humor: an effective ingredient of a speech
leaven: an influence that works subtly to lighten or modify something his sermons benefited from a leavening of humor
whole: all of something including all its component elements or parts Europe considered as a whole the whole of American literature
unit: a single undivided whole an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
one: a single person or thing he is the best one this is the one I ordered
complex: a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts the complex of shopping malls, houses, and roads created a new town
hybrid: a composite of mixed origin the vice-presidency is a hybrid of administrative and legislative offices
syndrome: a complex of concurrent things every word has a syndrome of meanings
law: a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society
dictate: a guiding principle the dictates of reason
fundamentals: principles from which other truths can be derived first you must learn the fundamentals let's get down to basics
logic: the principles that guide reasoning within a given field or situation economic logic requires it by the logic of war
pleasure principle: (psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the id; the principle that an infant seeks gratification and fails to distinguish fantasy from reality
principle: a basic truth or law or assumption the principles of democracy
rudiment: the elementary stages of any subject (usually plural) he mastered only the rudiments of geometry
law: a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature the laws of thermodynamics
principle: a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system the principle of the conservation of mass the principle of jet propulsion the right-hand rule for inductive fields
archimedes' principle: (hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
avogadro's law: the principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules
bernoulli's law: (statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics
benford's law: a law used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers; applies to any population of numbers derived from other numbers Benford's law holds that 30% of the time the first non-zero digit of a derived number will be 1 and it will be 9 only 4.6% of the time
bose-einstein statistics: (physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply)
boyle's law: the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume
coulomb's law: a fundamental principle of electrostatics; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them; principle also holds for magnetic poles
dalton's law: (chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature
maxwell-boltzmann distribution law: (physics) a law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium
equilibrium law: (chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction
fechner's law: (psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity; based on early work by E. H. Weber
fermi-dirac statistics: (physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies)
gay-lussac's law: (physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature
gestalt law of organization: a principle of Gestalt psychology that identifies factors leading to particular forms of perceptual organization
henry's law: (chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases
hooke's law: (physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced
hubble's law: (astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer
kepler's law: (astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler
kepler's first law: a law stating that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus of the ellipse
kepler's second law: a law concerning the speed at which planets travel; a line connecting a planet to the sun will sweep out equal areas in equal times Kepler's second law means that a planet's orbital speed changes with its distance from the sun
kepler's third law: a law stating that the ratio of the square of the revolutionary period (in years) to the cube of the orbital axis (in astronomical units) is the same for all planets
kirchhoff's laws: (physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero
law of constant proportion: (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight
law of equivalent proportions: (chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together
law of gravitation: (physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
law of multiple proportions: (chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation
le chatelier's principle: the principle that if any change is imposed on a system that is in equilibrium then the system tends to adjust to a new equilibrium counteracting the change
gresham's law: (economics) the principle that when two kinds of money having the same denominational value are in circulation the intrinsically more valuable money will be hoarded and the money of lower intrinsic value will circulate more freely until the intrinsically more valuable money is driven out of circulation; bad money drives out good; credited to Sir Thomas Gresham
mendel's law: (genetics) one of two principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel on the basis of his experiments with plants; the principles were limited and modified by subsequent genetic research
naegele's rule: rule for calculating an expected delivery date; subtract three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven days to that date
newton's law of motion: one of three basic laws of classical mechanics
first law of motion: a body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
second law of motion: the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force
third law of motion: action and reaction are equal and opposite
ohm's law: electric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; I = E/R
pascal's law: pressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions; the force acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid the hydraulic press is an application of Pascal's law
pauli exclusion principle: no two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers
periodic law: (chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
planck's law: (physics) the basis of quantum theory; the energy of electromagnetic waves is contained in indivisible quanta that have to be radiated or absorbed as a whole; the magnitude is proportional to frequency where the constant of proportionality is given by Planck's constant
planck's radiation law: (physics) an equation that expresses the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of an ideal black body
big-bang theory: (cosmology) the theory that the universe originated sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature
steady state theory: (cosmology) the theory that the universe maintains a constant average density with matter created to fill the void left by galaxies that are receding from each other the steady state theory has been abandoned in favor of the big bang theory
hypothesis: a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
hypothetical: a hypothetical possibility, circumstance, statement, proposal, situation, etc. consider the following, just as a hypothetical
fact: a concept whose truth can be proved scientific hypotheses are not facts
model: a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systems
copernican system: (astronomy) Copernicus' astronomical model in which the Earth rotates around the sun
ptolemaic system: (astronomy) Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center
m-theory: (particle physics) a theory that involves an eleven-dimensional universe in which the weak and strong forces and gravity are unified and to which all the string theories belong
audit program: a listing of audit procedures to be performed in completing an audit
outline: a schematic or preliminary plan
speculation: a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence) speculations about the outcome of the election he dismissed it as mere conjecture
assumption: a hypothesis that is taken for granted any society is built upon certain assumptions
prerequisite: something that is required in advance Latin was a prerequisite for admission
requirement: required activity the requirements of his work affected his health there were many demands on his time
essential condition: a prerequisite
given: an assumption that is taken for granted
basic assumption: an assumption that is basic to an argument
fallacy: a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning
petitio principii: the logical fallacy of assuming the conclusion in the premises; begging the question
post hoc: the logical fallacy of believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation
sophism: a deliberately invalid argument displaying ingenuity in reasoning in the hope of deceiving someone
error: a misconception resulting from incorrect information
self-deception: a misconception that is favorable to the person who holds it
mistake: an understanding of something that is not correct he wasn't going to admit his mistake make no mistake about his intentions there must be some misunderstanding--I don't have a sister
illusion: something many people believe that is false they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
bubble: an impracticable and illusory idea he didn't want to burst the newcomer's bubble
will-o'-the-wisp: an illusion that misleads
delusion: a mistaken or unfounded opinion or idea he has delusions of competence his dreams of vast wealth are a hallucination
infantile autism: a rare but serious syndrome of childhood characterized by withdrawal and lack of social responsiveness or interest in others and serious linguistic deficits there is considerable dispute among specialists concerning infantile autism
apparition: something existing in perception only a ghostly apparition at midnight
unidentified flying object: an (apparently) flying object whose nature is unknown; especially those considered to have extraterrestrial origins
flying dutchman: a phantom ship that is said to appear in storms near the Cape of Good Hope
ghost: a mental representation of some haunting experience he looked like he had seen a ghost it aroused specters from his past
disorientation: a wild delusion (especially one induced by a hallucinogenic drug)
plan: a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished they drew up a six-step plan they discussed plans for a new bond issue
program: a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need he proposed an elaborate program of public works working mothers rely on the day care program
master plan: a long-term outline of a project or government function the zoning board adopted a master plan for the new development
apollo program: a program of space flights undertaken by US to land a man on the Moon the first lunar landing was achieved by the Apollo program on July 20, 1969
gemini program: a program of space flights undertaken by US in 1965 and 1966 under the Gemini program each crew had two astronauts
mercury program: a program of rocket-powered flights undertaken by US between 1961 and 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the earth under the Mercury program each flight had one astronaut
defense program: a program for defending a country against its enemies
superfund program: the federal government's program to locate and investigate and clean up the worst uncontrolled and abandoned toxic waste sites nationwide; administered by the Environmental Protection Agency some have intimated that the Superfund's money may have turned into a political slush fund
tax program: a program for setting taxes
policy: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group it was a policy of retribution a politician keeps changing his policies
beggar-my-neighbor policy: a policy of promoting oneself at the expense of others; used especially of national policy the United States has pursued a beggar-my-neighbor policy
blueprint: something intended as a guide for making something else a blueprint for a house a pattern for a skirt
system: a procedure or process for obtaining an objective they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
bail: the legal system that allows an accused person to be temporarily released from custody (usually on condition that a sum of money guarantees their appearance at trial) he is out on bail
voting system: a legal system for making democratic choices
uninominal system: based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district
list system: based on the principle of proportional representation; voters choose between party lists, the number elected from each list being determined by the percentage cast for each list out of the total vote
tactic: a plan for attaining a particular goal
scheme: an elaborate and systematic plan of action