Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Minor results
Even perfect numbers have a very precise form; odd perfect numbers are rare, if indeed they do exist. There are a number of results on perfect numbers that are actually quite easy to prove but nevertheless superficially impressive; some of them also come under Richard Guy's Strong Law of Small Numbers:
Every odd perfect number is of the form 12m + 1 or 4356m + 1089 or 468m + 117 or 2916m + 729 (Roberts 2008).
An odd perfect number is not divisible by 105 (Kühnel 1949).
Every odd perfect number is the sum of two squares (Stuyvaert 1896).
A Fermat number cannot be a perfect number (Luca 2000).
The only even perfect number of the form　  is 28 (Makowski 1962).
By dividing the definition through by the perfect number N,  the reciprocals of the factors of a perfect number N must add up to 2:
For 6, we have ;
For 28, we have , etc.
 The number of divisors of a perfect number (whether even or odd) must be even, since N cannot be a perfect square.
Related concepts
The sum of proper divisors gives various other kinds of numbers.  Numbers where the sum is less than the number itself are called deficient, and where it is greater than the number, abundant. These terms, together with perfect itself, come from Greek numerology. A pair of numbers which are the sum of each other's proper divisors are called amicable, and larger cycles of numbers are called sociable. A positive integer such that every smaller positive integer is a sum of distinct divisors of it is a practical number.

By definition, a perfect number is a fixed point of the restricted sum-of-divisors function s(n) = σ(n) − n, and the aliquot sequence associated with a perfect number is a constant sequence.

References
Graeme L. Cohen, On the largest component of an odd perfect number, Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, vol. 42 (1987), no. 2, pp. 280–286.
 Euclid, Elements, Book IX, Proposition 36. See D.E. Joyce's website for a translation and discussion of this proposition and its proof.
 Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, Odd perfect numbers have a prime factor exceeding 108. Preprint, 2006. Available from Takeshi Goto's webpage "Largest prime factor of an odd perfect number ".
 Otto Grün, Über ungerade vollkommene Zahlen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, vol. 55 (1952), pp. 353–354.
 Kevin Hare, New techniques for bounds on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number.  Preprint, 2005. Available from his webpage .
 Douglas E. Iannucci, The second largest prime divisor of an odd perfect number exceeds ten thousand, Mathematics of Computation, vol. 68 (1999), no. 228, pp. 1749–1760.
Douglas E. Iannucci, The third largest prime divisor of an odd perfect number exceeds one hundred, Mathematics of Computation, vol. 69 (2000), no. 230, pages 867–879.
 H.-J. Kanold, Untersuchungen über ungerade vollkommene Zahlen, Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, vol. 183 (1941), pp. 98–109.
 Ullrich Kühnel, Verschärfung der notwendigen Bedingungen für die Existenz von ungeraden vollkommenen Zahlen, "Mathematische Zeitschrift", vol. 52 (1949), 201—211.
 Florian Luca, The anti-social Fermat number, Amer. Math. Monthly 107 (2000), pp. 171–173.
 W. L. McDaniel, The non-existence of odd perfect numbers of a certain form, Archiv der Mathematik (Basel), vol. 21 (1970), pp. 52–53.
 Pace P. Nielsen, "An upper bound for odd perfect numbers," Integers, vol. 3 (2003), A14, 9 pp.
 Pace P. Nielsen, Odd perfect numbers have at least nine different prime factors, Mathematics of Computation, in press, 2006.
T. Roberts, "On the Form of an Odd Perfect Number", Australian Mathematical Gazette, 35:4 (2008), p244.
 R. Steuerwald, Verschärfung einer notwendigen Bedingung für die Existenz einer ungeraden vollkommenen Zahl, S.-B. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1937, pp. 69–72.
 Tomohiro Yamada, Odd perfect numbers of a special form, Colloq. Math. vol. 103 (2005), pp. 303–307.
Other websites 

 David Moews: Perfect, amicable and sociable numbers
 Perfect numbers - History and Theory
 Perfect Number - from MathWorld
 List of Perfect Numbers  at the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
List of known Perfect Numbers  All known perfect numbers are here.
OddPerfect.org  A projected distributed computing project to search for odd perfect numbers.

Number theory
Integer sequences
StarCraft is a real-time strategy game for the PC. It was created in 1998 by Blizzard Entertainment. Starcraft is 14 years old and is still played by many people, in many countries around the world. It is very popular in countries like Korea and the United States.

StarCraft and its expansion pack StarCraft: Brood War sold more than 1.5 million copies in 1998, making it the best selling game of the year.  In 1998, StarCraft won an Origins Award for best computer game.

On May 19, 2007 Blizzard announced that they are making StarCraft II. Also, they have held some events for South Korean StarCraft pro-gamers to help them create the game.

Plot
Plot 

The story is set in the future, where humans (called Terrans) get stuck in a war between two alien species, the Zerg and the Protoss. The Zerg look like monsters, and are all controlled by a very powerful Zerg called the Overmind. They fly around the universe and invade planets. The Protoss, who have very advanced technology, look for the planets that the Zerg have taken over. When they find a Zerg planet, they burn it so that the Zerg on that planet cannot spread to others. In the original series human protagonist Jim Raynor and several Protoss allies attack and defeat the Overmind. In Starcraft: Brood War Jim's ex-partner Sarah Kerrigan uses deceit and trickery to manipulate the Terran and Protoss into helping her take control of the entire Zerg brood, making her the strongest force in the galaxy.

Gameplay
Gameplay 

StarCraft players can choose to play as Protoss, Zerg, or Terran races. Each race has different soldiers and buildings. Players can choose to play one-player or multiplayer games. In both, the player must gather resources, and use them to build a base and make soldiers to attack the enemy. The player wins when they destroy all the enemies buildings.

In one-player mode, there is the Campaign mode, and Custom mode. In Campaign mode, the player goes through a series of missions, which tell the story. Custom mode lets a player choose what race they want to be, what area they want to play on, and what race they will fight against (all enemies are controlled by the computer).
During a game, the player must use workers to gather minerals and vespene gas. Minerals appear as blue crystals in the ground and vespene gas comes from a geyser that has green smoke coming out of it. To gather vespene gas, the player needs to build a refinery building to be built on the geyser. The player uses minerals and vespene gas they have gathered to construct buildings and create units to fight the enemy. Buildings are structures that are used to create different kinds of units to fight the enemy. In order to create units, players must build special structures or units that provide supply. If the player does not have enough supply, they cannot create more units. Each player has a supply limit of 200 units. When the player has reached 200 units, they can not make more units.
There are many different buildings the player can construct. Most of the buildings are used to build units. There are other buildings that are used for research to upgrade units, making them more powerful. Players can also make defensive buildings that are used to defend against attacking enemy units.

Each race have different types of units. The Protoss have powerful warriors and machinery that cost lots of minerals and gas to build. The Zerg use many fast and low cost units to defeat their enemies. Terran units mix between Protoss and Zerg units. They have strong, but easy to kill units that are powerful when used in formation. No race in StarCraft is more powerful than another race. Blizzard has released many small updates to the game that keep all the races balanced.
To win, players must gather and use resources wisely, and use smart strategies. To become very skilled at the game, players also need to become good at micromanagement and macromanagement. Macromanagement means collecting resources, building new bases, and making units to fight. Micromanagement means moving units so they can use their abilities to protect each other and fight the enemy. Players with better micromanagement will win fights against enemies who are not as good at micromanagement. This makes StarCraft different from many newer games, because the newer games often do much of the micromanagement without the player having to do it.
StarCraft in South Korea 
StarCraft is especially popular in South Korea. In Korea, StarCraft sold 4.5 million copies, which is 40% of the total copies sold in the world.  Also, there are many pro gamers and pro gaming teams, so StarCraft games are broadcasted on TV and the internet.  The game was sold in Korea by LG Soft. Even though the game wasn't translated into Korean, it was still very popular. This problem was solved in 2005, with a new update to StarCraft.

References

Other websites 
 StarCraft website 
 Brood War website 
 StarCraft Compendium 
 StarCraft News 
 News about StarCraft and StarCraft II 
 StarCraft 2 Forum  is a place where StarCraft 2 enthusiasts can gather and discuss all aspects of StarCraft 2.
 starcraft 2 replays

1998 video games
Real-time strategy video games
StarCraft
Windows games
MacOS games
Acid rain is rain that is unusually acidic and  highly corrosive in nature. It is rain with high levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It may be defined as "rain water having pH less than 5.6".

Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. It is caused when gaseous compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur are released into the atmosphere. The wind carries the gases high into the sky. There the compounds react with the water in the atmosphere and acids are made. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith showed the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester. He coined the term "acid rain" in 1872.

Causes 
Acid rain is caused by acids mixing with air. The largest source of acid is sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen also make acid in the atmosphere. These chemicals are both natural and artificial.
There are various natural causes, such as gases from volcanoes. However, it is thought that air pollution by people now causes most acid rain. People started producing more acidic gases when they started building factories and power stations. These buildings as well as houses and vehicles burn coal or oil that have sulphur in them. This releases gases into the air that produce acid rain. Governments have tried since the 1970s to reduce the amount of sulphur being released into the Earth's atmosphere, and have had good results so far. However, it is expensive to clean the smoke from factories and power stations. In 2001 Great Britain still produced about five million tons of these gases every year; and China produced 18 million tons. The United States produced more than 20 million tons then, which declined to 8.1 million in 2010.

Trees are destroyed by acid rain. Fish are also killed by acid rain.
Acid rain can also be caused naturally. For example, acids can be made by nitrogen compounds made by lightning, and volcanic eruptions can release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.

Acid rain has a devastating impact on forests, freshwater and soil. It kills insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causes damage to buildings and having impacts on human health. Due to the corrosive nature of the acids it damages both non-living things as well as living organisms.

Impact 
Acid rain poisons rivers and lakes. Fish and other animals cannot live in acid water. It is also bad for buildings as the acid damages calcium carbonate stone. The acid dissolves it. Many buildings and monuments have been damaged by acid rain.

Consequences 
An acid rain involves deposition of aqueous acids, acidic gases and acidic salts.

Acid deposition has 2 parts: wet and dry.

✓ Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog & snow.

✓ Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles.
✓ Half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition.

Acid rain is a regional air pollution problem. Canada and North Western USA are worst affected. The average pH of rainfall recorded in Toronto in Feb. 1979 was 3.5. In 1989 fog in Los Angeles had a pH as low as 2.2. However till now the record of having the most acidic rain is with US in Wheeling West Virginia where the pH was as low as 1.5.

References

Precipitation
Water pollution
Charlie Parker (August 29, 1920 in Kansas City, Missouri – March 12, 1955 in New York City), also known as "Bird" or "Yardbird", was considered one of the greatest jazz saxophonists, specifically alto saxophonist. Parker was thought to have created bebop.

Parker died in New York City at the age of 34 from cirrhosis, internal bleeding and pneumonia caused by a heart attack.

1920 births
1955 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from cirrhosis
American jazz musicians
Grammy Award winners
American saxophonists
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Mount Price (sometimes Price Mountain) is a volcanic mountain in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, in British Columbia, Canada.

It is 2,049 meters (6,722 feet) tall. The mountain was formed 1.2 million years ago and is made of lava. It is not known to have been active in thousands of years, but it could be active again. If it did, it could cause problems for people who live nearby. There are teams that are prepared to help people if Mount Price becomes active.

Other websites 
Mount Price information from Natural Resources Canada 

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mountains of British Columbia
A bun is a type of food made out of bread.

A bun can be either savoury (like a hot dog) or sweet (like a hot cross bun or a bun with icing and a cherry on top).

Breads
Goldfinger is an American punk band. It was founded in 1994. They released their self-titled first album in 1996. They were named after the Ian Fleming book and 1964 movie Goldfinger, based on the James Bond franchise.

Their line-up is as follows:

John Feldmann - vocals, guitar 
Charlie Paulson - gibson, fender, camel 
Dangerous Darrin Pfeiffer - drums, vocals 
Simon Williams - bass, vocals

Studio albums 

 Goldfinger - 1996
 Hang ups - 1997
 Stomping ground - 1999
 Open your eyes - 2002
 Disconnection notice - 2005
 Hello destiny - 2008

References 

American punk bands
Pop punk bands
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Salamanca is a city in central Spain. It is the capital city of the province with the same name. 
The city has a very important university started in 1218. It has two cathedrals and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century.

Frogs are a mascot of Salamanca.  Souvenirs of frogs can be found in almost every shop in the Plaza Mayor.

The Battle of Salamanca was an important defeat for France in the Napoleonic Wars.

Images

Other websites 

 Official Tourist Information Office
 Wiki of the city of Salamanca
 General information on Salamanca
 General information about events in Salamanca
 Salamanca travel guide
 Salamanca: Spain's answer to Oxford by The Guardian
 Salamanca city guide at HitchHikers Handbook 

Museums
 Art Nouveau and Art Decó Museum Casa Lis
 Car History Museum
 Cathedral Museum

Capital cities in Spain
The 1440s was a decade that began on 1 January 1440 and ended on 31 December 1449.

Events 
The Coptic Church of Ethiopia contacts the Roman Catholic Church for the first time.
The empire of the Maya breaks up into many little kingdoms.
 The Ottoman Empire starts to become weak.
 The Korean alphabet, the Hangul, is invented.

Births 
 King Ivan III of Russia
 King Edward IV of England
Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England
Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter 
Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia, king in the Solomonid dynasty.

Deaths 
Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan 
Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
The Tudor dynasty was a series of kings and queens of England.  This line of rulers started in 1485 and lasted until 1603.

The dynasty started when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field.  This was the final stage of the Wars of the Roses and made him King Henry VII of England.  Arthur, Prince of Wales, was the oldest son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He married Catherine of Aragon. She was the daughter of Ferdinand II of Argon and Isabella I of Castle). Arthur died in 1502 and did not become King.

Henry VIII 
When Henry VII died in 1509, Arthur's brother, Henry VIII married Catherine and became king. 

During her marriage to Henry VIII, Catherine had six children.  Only one of these children, Mary, survived.  When Catherine became too old to have any more children, Henry divorced her.  He then married a new wife, Anne Boleyn.   Henry and Boleyn also had a daughter, Elizabeth.  Anne Boleyn was executed in 1536.
Shortly after, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour of England.  She had one son, Edward VI of England, who would later become king himself at the age of 9.  Jane died in 1537.  Her death was caused by medical problems caused by Edward's birth. 

Henry married three other wives before his death in 1547. Edward, his only living son, became King after Henry died.

In 1553, Edward became ill. He created the "Device for Succession.". He said that his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, would be Queen after he died. Lady Jane was only queen for nine days. 

Henry's daughter, Mary I of England, was the next ruler of the Tudor dynasty. Mary was a strong believer in Catholicism. As Queen, Mary did many things against hundreds of Protestants. Because of all the executions while she was Queen, she was given the nickname "Bloody Mary", which is a name for a modern cocktail today.
After Mary's death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I of England became queen. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was a Protestant. Elizabeth never married or had children. Because she never married, Elizabeth is often called the "Virgin Queen".

The dynasty ended when Elizabeth died. She had not named a person to be ruler after her death. When she died, James I became King of England. He was the son of Elizabeth's cousin, Mary Stuart. This started the Stuart dynasty.
Religion in England 
During the Tudor period, there were many changes in religion. Henry VIII was a Catholic. When the Pope said he could not divorce Catherine, Henry left Catholicism and named himself as head of the Church. The Church of England was now Protestant.  Edward VI was raised a Protestant. He closed all Catholic churches. Mary I was a strong Catholic and heavily influenced by her Spanish mother Catherine of Aragon. She closed the Protestant churches and burnt about 300 people for being Protestant. Those people were later called martyrs. Elizabeth was Protestant. When she became queen, the Anglican Church was started.

Rulers of the Tudor dynasty
This is a list of the rulers of the Tudor dynasty:
 Henry VII of England (1485-1509)
 Henry VIII of England (1509-1547)
 Edward VI of England (1547-1553)
 Lady Jane Grey (uncrowned) (1553) (deposed, died 1554)
 Mary I of England (1553-1558)
 Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603)
Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician. She was the first female doctor in the United States and Europe.

She was born in Bristol, England, on 3 February 1821.  When she was young, her family moved to America.  At first, she was a teacher.  She became a doctor in 1849.  She founded her own hospital in New York. In 1874 she started a medical school for women in London with Sophie Jex-Blake and promoted women's rights.

She never married and opposed slavery.

In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research.

Elizabeth Blackwell lost sight in one eye in 1851.
Blackwell wrote many books including Medicine as a Profession for Women and Address on the Medical Education for women.
Other websites 
An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
An online biography  of Elizabeth Blackwell, with links to more articles on Blackwell and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Internet
Biography from the National Institutes of Health

1821 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American people
American physicians
British medical doctors
People from Somerset
Doom is a first-person shooter video game made by id Software in 1993. It is one of the first games to use three-dimensional levels. The game is about killing demons and zombies in order to stop an invasion. Doom has traps, including crushing ceilings, radiation pools, and exploding barrels, that can kill the player. Doom was also the first game with multiplayer deathmatch. This means you can fight with other players instead of the demons and zombies. The game was made with a computer language called C using some new techniques created by John Carmack.

It has five sequels: Doom 2 that came out in 1994, Final Doom that came out in 1996, Doom 3 that came out in 2004, Doom (2016), and Doom Eternal.
Doom is split into three basic components, the engine, the Iwad file, and the optional Pwad file. The engine contains the code needed to run the game on a computer. The Iwad file contains the default levels, sounds, pictures, and other components. Pwad files contain custom levels. The source code to the Doom engine was released in 1997 and can be downloaded for free. The full 3-episode and 4-episode Iwad files have not been released for free and must still be purchased.

Doom is a shareware game of three episodes, each having eight standard levels and one secret level. The secret level in each episode is accessed by finding a secret exit in one of the normal levels. The episodes are Knee-Deep In The Dead, The Shores Of Hell and Inferno. In the shareware version the only episode that can be played is Knee-Deep In The Dead. The expansion pack of Doom is Ultimate Doom, which has the fourth episode, Thy Flesh Consumed.
In Doom, the player can carry and use many different weapons. Each have their own special features and strengths. They are your Fists, the Pistol, Shotgun, Chaingun, Rocket Launcher, Plasma Gun, BFG-9000, and Chainsaw. The player gets new weapons by finding them in the level. Most weapons can be found in more than one level. Some weapons share ammo. For example, both the Pistol and Chaingun use bullets, and the Plasma Gun and BFG both use energy cells. The player must be careful not to waste ammo because if he or she does, there may be more than one weapon that cannot be used. The Fists and Chainsaw do not have ammo limits, so the player can use them as long as they want.

Doom was also made for the SNES, Sega 32X, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, 3DO, Atari Jaguar, and Game Boy Advance. It can also be downloaded online for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch. 

1993 video games
DOS games
Sega 32X games
Sega Saturn games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Doom video games
The Jam was an English rock band formed in Woking, Surrey in 1972. The members were Paul Weller (guitar, vocals), Bruce Foxton (bass guitar, vocals), and Rick Buckler (drums). Having come out of from the short Punk movement they went on to become one of the UK's top bands. They had four number one hits which were Going Underground, Start!, Town Called Malice and Beat Surrender.

The Jam disbanded in 1982. Lead singer Paul Weller went on to have hits with The Style Council during the remainder of the 1980s. During the 1990s he had a successful solo career.

References

1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
1982 disestablishments in Europe
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English punk bands
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
Musical groups established in 1972
New wave bands
Organisations based in Surrey
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Alchemy is the very old study and philosophy of how to change basic substances (such as metals) into other substances. It also studied how substances (and how they are changed into other substances) were related to magic and astrology. People who studied alchemy were called alchemists. Some things alchemists tried to do were change lead or mercury into gold, make the philosopher's stone, and make the "elixir of life," which they thought could cure (make better) any disease and make someone young again.

Alchemists believed that substances, mind, philosophies, religion, magic and astrology were related to each other. They tried to find connections between them. They tried to understand one by understanding the other. Some alchemists used metals (like gold or silver) to represent spiritual or occult ideas. People in many different countries studied alchemy.
In the 1600s and 1700s, people started to study only the properties of substances without trying to relate them to secret, old knowledge. They did experiments and wrote down what they discovered so other people could learn from them. One of the important people who did these experiments was Robert Boyle. People called the new study of substances chemistry.

Scientists have since discovered how to change one kind of element (the simplest kind of chemical substance) into another. In 1980, an American scientist named Glenn Seaborg discovered how to change a very tiny amount of bismuth into gold with a nuclear reactor. Making gold this way is much more difficult and expensive (costs a lot of money) than mining or recycling it.

References

Alchemy
Goldfinger is a 1964 spy movie based on the seventh James Bond book written by Ian Fleming. Goldfinger is the third James Bond movie in the series. It is also third to star Sean Connery as the British Secret Service agent James Bond. Shirley Bassey sings the title song of the movie.

Plot
In this movie, the main bad guy is named Auric Goldfinger, and he likes gold a lot. In the movie, James Bond tries to find out what Goldfinger's bad plan is, and in the end James Bond wins and stops Goldfinger.  His plan is to blow up Fort Knox so that the price of gold will go up.  Goldfinger has a sidekick called Oddjob who throws his metal hat at people.

It is noted for the character with the unusual name Pussy Galore, played in the movie by Honor Blackman.
Cast 
 Sean Connery as James Bond
 Gert Fröbe as Auric Goldfinger
 Honor Blackman as Pussy Galore
 Harold Sakata as Oddjob
 Cec Linder as Felix Leiter
 Shirley Eaton as Jill Masterson
 Tania Mallet as Tilly Masterson
 Desmond Llewelyn as Q
 Bernard Lee as M
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
 Burt Kwouk as Mr. Ling
 Martin Benson as Mr. Solo
 Raymond Joung as Sierra
 Nadja Regin as Bonita
 Alf Joint as Capungo
 Michael Mellinger as Kisch
 Margaret Nolan as Dink
 Bill Nagy as Mr. Midnight
 Hal Galili as Mr. Strap

James Bond movies
1964 movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by Guy Hamilton
Movies set in Switzerland
Movies set in the United States
Movies set in Kentucky
Movies set in London
Movies set in Florida
Movies about the illegal drug trade
Movies composed by John Barry
Scar tissue is composed of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces, but the fiber composition of the protein is different; instead of a random basketweave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue, in fibrosis the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction. This collagen scar tissue alignment is usually of inferior functional quality to the normal collagen randomised alignment. For example, scars in the skin are less resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and sweat glands and hair follicles do not grow back within scar tissues. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, causes scar formation in the heart muscle, which leads to loss of muscular power and possibly heart failure. However, there are some tissues (e.g. bone) that can heal without any structural or functional deterioration.

References

Dermatology
Warcraft is a series of computer games made by Blizzard Entertainment. The games in this series are real-time strategy games, where players play as their characters and gain experience to level up.

Series 
The different games from the series are Warcraft: Orcs and Humans, Warcraft 2: Battle.net edition (with an expansion pack) and Warcraft 3 and its expansion pack, The Frozen Throne. The most successful game of the series is The Frozen Throne expansion pack, which sold more than 12 million copies. The MMORPG World of Warcraft is based on these games. Blizzard Entertainment also created World of Warcraft, which was published by Vivendi Games.

References

Other websites 
 The History of Warcraft
 Warcraft series official website

Blizzard video games
Video game series
Real-time strategy video games
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for standardization.  

It publishes on average 2,000 standards per year in almost all fields of technology and increasingly in non-technical fields (e.g. services).

Example of DIN standards
DIN 476: international paper sizes (now ISO 216 or DIN EN ISO 216). Specifies the System where the paper size DIN A4 is from. In short, there are different series (A,B,C,..). Each series has a number of different sizes. If you go up one with the number, you halve the size. DIN A3 is as large as two pages of DIN A4. The biggest in that series is DIN A0. See Paper size for more.
DIN 1301: International System of Units (better known as the SI System of units)
DIN 5007: Rules for sorting words alphabetically. Also tells what to do with special characters, like ä or ß.
DIN 5008: Rules for writing a (German) letter. Specifies how the letter as a whole should look. Also looks at things like correctly writing a date, or a time.
DIN 72552: electric terminal numbers in automobiles
DIN 31635: transliteration of the Arabic language.

Organisations based in Germany
Paper comes in different sizes. There are names for the different sizes of paper. In different parts of the world, different sizes and names are used.

There are also envelope sizes made to fit different kinds of paper. Envelope sizes are normally wider to fit the paper inside.

International sizes 
In most of the world an international system of paper sizes is used. The normal size of paper is called A4. It is measured in metric units. It is 210 millimetres wide and 297 millimetres long. This is about the size of US letter, but it is a little narrower, and a little longer. The Deutsches Institut für Normung chose this standard in 1922 and other countries soon followed. 

The other common size of paper in Europe is called B5. It is 176 millimetres wide by 250 millimetres long. This is about the same as executive size in the United States. It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.

There are also many other paper sizes used for writing notes, for big posters, for books, and for other things.
In the international paper size system, the sizes are based on mathematical formulas. A0 is the biggest at 1 square metre. A1 is half as big as A0. A2 is half as big as A1, and so on. The sizes with "B" and "C" in their name are in between the "A" sizes.

Sizes in North America 
In the United States, Mexico and Canada the normal size of paper is called letter size, or sometimes US letter. It is  inches wide and 11 inches long (216 × 279 mm).

The other common size of paper in the US is called legal, or sometimes US legal. It is also  inches wide, but it is 14 inches long. It is similar to the size called foolscap in Britain.

Another size is called executive. It is  inches wide by  inches long. It is not very common. It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.

There is also a size called tabloid. It is 11 inches wide, and 17 inches long. That is the same size as two pieces of letter size put next to each other.
There are also many other paper sizes used for writing notes, for big posters, for books, and for other things.

Paper sizes and computer printers 
Most printers used with computers are designed to fit US letter and A4, and smaller paper sizes. Sometimes they can fit US legal also. For larger paper sizes, printers at professional printing businesses may be needed.

Details 
Below are charts showing all the different sizes of paper that are usually made, listed in increasing order of size. Dimensions are shown width first, then length.

If a company wants to make something with a different size of paper than these, they have to have it specially cut for them.

Paper
An envelope is a form of packing. Envelopes are used for sending letters or documents using regular postal mail. Envelopes are usually made of paper or hardened paper.

An envelope may be small enough to make you need to fold the paper going into it, or it can be as large as the paper so that you do not need to fold it. A large envelope is called a manila envelope, usually colored a color in between yellow and orange, and is used to send several pages of papers when a regular envelope would be too small. Another reason a manila envelope would be used would be to send important papers (e.g. birth certificates) that are better left unfolded.

To pay to send the mail, a stamp is usually attached to the envelope.

Related pages 
 Electronic mail
 Letter (paper)
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram

Other websites 

 

Stationery
Paper
Francis Hutcheson (born August 8, 1694, died August 8, 1746) was an Irish philosopher and one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Irish philosophers
1694 births
1746 deaths
Yasser Arafat  (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004) is best known as the first modern leader of the Palestinian people. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004. In 1993, he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority (PA).

Arafat was born in Jerusalem, Gaza or Cairo. He studied civil engineering at Cairo University. He worked as an engineer in Kuwait.

In 1994, Yasser Arafat won the Nobel Peace Prize along with two others. They got the prize for their peace efforts in the Middle East when Palestinian National Authority was formed.

The views of him are somewhat divided. Some people see him as a hero, who fought for the cause of the Palestinian people. Others see him as a terrorist, who promoted the use of violence to reach his goals. Still others think he was a charismatic leader, but he made too many concessions to the Israeli government.
Yasser died in Paris from a cerebral hemorrhage. The next day he was buried at his compound, with a hasty funeral in Ramallah on November 12. He was reburied on November 13, about 3:30 am. He was buried in a special casket, with the hope of being reburied in Jerusalem one day when an independent State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital would be established.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Life in Palestine after Arafat, Situation worse, not what Bush and Sharon planned 
 The Real Obstacle to Peace was Ariel Sharon, not Yasser Arafat
 Death of Arafat, burial and reburial November 13 2004

1929 births
2004 deaths
Asian military people
Civil engineers
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Presidents of the Palestinian National Authority
Politicians from Cairo

Presidents (government)
Time People of the Year
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Presidents of the State of Palestine
An antidote is a chemical or medicine that will reverse the effects of some poisons.  An antidote will make some or all of the effects of the poison go away.

Each antidote only works for certain poisons.

Not every poison has an antidote.  For example, the poison aconitine has no known antidote.  Aconitine is a very poisonous toxin that comes from the Aconitum plant.  If enough of the poison enters a person's body, the person often dies.

Examples of antidotes

Activated charcoal
Activated charcoal can be used as an antidote for many poisons, but only poisons that were swallowed.  For example, activated charcoal can be used for some drug overdoses, and for some poisonings.  The charcoal attaches to the poison and keeps it from being taken into the bloodstream through the stomach.

Activated charcoal will not work for every kind of poison.  For example, it will not work for alcohol, strong acids, and products made of petroleum (like paint thinner and fuel oil).
Antivenoms
Antivenoms will fight the poisonous effects of bites from venomous animals (animals that make venom), like some snakes and spiders.
 
To create some antivenoms, a little bit of venom is injected into an animal, like a horse.  That animal's immune system will create antibodies which signal other cells in the immune system to destroy the venom.  Then, those antibodies can be taken out of the animal's blood to make an antivenom.  Then, when that antivenom is given to a person who has been poisoned by that venom, the person's immune system will already "know" to kill the venom.

Atropine
Sometimes, antidotes are poisons themselves. For example, atropine, which is found in deadly nightshade, is very poisonous. However, because of the way it reacts with the body, atropine is used as an antidote against some insecticides and certain kinds of nerve gas.  Atropine is carried on many ambulances because it has other uses.  For example, it can help restart a heart that is not beating.
There is a product called DuoDote that combines atropine with a medicine called pralidoxime chloride (also called 2-PAM).  Both medicines are antidotes against some insecticides and nerve gases.  DuoDote is given by injection (through a needle into the thigh muscle).  It comes in an auto-injector, which looks like a large pen.  When its safety cap is taken off and the auto-injector is pushed against the thigh, it will automatically send the needle into the thigh and deliver the medicines.  DuoDote is not carried on many ambulances, but some special teams that specialize in treating poisons carry them.

Cyanide antidotes
There are a few different antidotes to cyanide.  Some of them need to be given together in order to work.
Often, the first thing that medical professionals will do for cyanide poisoning is to give amyl nitrate or sodium nitrate.  These work by making the cyanide attach (stick) to a chemical called methemoglobulin.  When it is stuck to methemoglobulin, cyanide is not as dangerous.  However, methemoglobulin will only stick to cyanide for a while.  Eventually, it will not stick any more.  This is why another medicine is needed.

That medicine is called sodium thiosulfate.  This medicine sticks to cyanide, and never un-sticks.  It helps make cyanide into another chemical that is not poisonous.  This new chemical can easily be removed from the body by the kidneys, through urination.

Some ambulances carry cyanide antidote kits for firefighters who have breathed in too much smoke.  (Smoke from a fire has cyanide in it.)  These antidote kits are auto-injectors like the DuoDote.
Ethanol
Ethanol - drinking alcohol - can actually be used as an antidote.  It works for people who have been poisoned by drinking ethylene glycol.  Ethylene glycol is used in antifreeze.  Because ethylene glycol tastes very sweet, children and animals sometimes drink a lot of it without realizing that it is poison.

Ethanol also works as an antidote for methanol poisoning.  Methanol is sometimes called "wood alcohol."  It is also used in antifreeze, fuel, and solvents.  People can get methanol poisoning accidentally by getting methanol on their skin or breathing it in.  Methanol is also poisonous if it is drunk.

Ethanol works as an antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol by sticking to those poisons.  Once the ethanol is stuck onto the poisons, the kidneys urinate out the poisons.

A medicine called fomepizole is also an antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning.  It works the same way as ethanol.
Naloxone (Narcan)
Naloxone is an antidote for overdoses on opiates, like heroin, oxycodone (OxyContin), and other prescribed painkillers.  The most common brand name for the naloxone antidote is Narcan.

Opiates cause changes in the body by sticking to special opiate receptors (like landing spots) in the brain.  If they are not attached to these receptors, they cannot cause any changes in the body.  Naloxone works by pushing the opiates off their landing spots.  Narcan sticks to those landing spots instead and keeps opiates from attaching to them.

Naloxone should not be confused with naltrexone, which is a different medicine.

Oxygen
100% (pure) oxygen is an antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning.  When pure oxygen is not enough, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can also be used.
HBOT is done in a special tube or room that can handle high pressures (called a hyperbaric chamber).  100% pure oxygen is sent into the room for the patient to breathe.  However, the air pressure is increased to three times more than the normal air pressure.  This helps the lungs get more oxygen than they could if the patient were breathing at normal air pressure.  It also makes it easier for the blood to carry more oxygen to the entire body.

Vitamin K 
Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) poisoning.  Warfarin is a medicine which makes the blood thinner.  It is used to prevent blood clots.  However, if a person is given too much warfarin, their blood can get too thin.  When the blood is too thin, it cannot clot.  This can cause serious bleeding problems.  

The blood needs vitamin K to be able to clot.  When a person has warfarin poisoning, giving them vitamin K can make their blood able to clot again.
It takes vitamin K four to six hours to reverse warfarin poisoning.  Because of this, if a person with warfarin poisoning is bleeding, doctors may also give fresh frozen plasma.  This will work more quickly to make the blood less thin.

References

Drugs
Poisons
Yitzhak Rabin (March 1, 1922 – November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was born in Jerusalem. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel from 1974 until 1977 and again from 1992 until his assassination in 1995 by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who had strongly opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords and to peace with Palestine. He was the first local-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only Israeli Prime Minister to be killed and the second to die in office (following Levi Eshkol).
Yitzhak Rabin was one of the three recipients of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.  The others were Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.

Death 
Yitzhak Rabin was shot dead in Tel Aviv on November 4, 1995. He was buried Helkat Gdolei Ha'uma in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1922 births
1995 deaths
Assassinated people
Burials at Mount Herzl
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Israeli political leaders
Israeli generals
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish military people
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Murders by firearm
Politicians from Jerusalem
Prime Ministers of Israel
Time People of the Year
General is a word with many meanings:

 The military rank of General officer, also in paramilitary, etc.
 The equivalent ecclesiastical position of general superior.
 Of or relating to a genus.
 A blue-collar worker who does many different services, often called simple a "General" or "General Employee".  This is most often found in food service careers.
 The corrupt leader of military regime in Capcom's Mega Man X4.
 General snus is a brand of snus manufactured in Sweden by Swedish Match
 General (Freeware game), a freeware strategic game developed by Russian NewGame Software
 General Tire, a brand of tire owned by German tire manufacturer Continental AG
 General Records, a record label
 The second strongest piece in Stratego.

Basic English 850 words
Pleasure is an emotion. It is the opposite of pain. Humans and many other mammals feel pleasure. People feel pleasure when they do something that is fun or that feels good.

Pleasure in neuroscience
Pleasure is studied in neuroscience. Neuroscientists have mapped pleasure "hotspots" in the brain. Pleasure is important for a person's mental health and well-being. The loss of pleasure is common in people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, and addiction.

Pleasure in psychology
Pleasure is studied in positive psychology. How much pleasure someone feels changes from person to person. Pleasure depends how special something is. There is no rule that says what pleasure is for every person. 

Sigmund Freud wrote about the "pleasure principle" in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle. According to Freud, the pleasure principle is what drives people to do things that give them a feeling of immediate gratification.
Pleasure in philosophy
The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus said that people feel the most pleasure possible when they have no suffering.

Hedonism is another philosophy that is focused on pleasure. It says that pleasure is good. In Hedonism, people focus on pleasure and avoid pain. 

Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on pleasure. It says that morality requires that people do what has the most utility for the most people.

Related pages
Happiness

References 

Emotions
After might mean"
After (novel), a book by Francine Prose
After... (visual novel), a visual novel
After... (movie), a 2006 thriller film about urban exploration

Basic English 850 words
A kettle is a type of pot that is used in a kitchen. It is used to make water hot or to boil water. It comes from the Latin word catillus ("deep pan or dish for cooking").

In the past, kettles were made of metal bins like copper. Kettles were put on a rack or a hook above the fire to become hot. Now, metal kettles are put on the stove or rangetop. Sometimes they are made of ceramic or clay.  

Now, some people have electric kettles. These kettles plug into the wall and use electricity to generate heat. They are usually plastic or metal. They heat water faster than kettles on a stove. Kettles are often used to make tea. 

They are more common in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth than in other places like the United States.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Nerve gas or nerve agent is the name of a family of chemical poisons. Usually people call them nerve agents (they are not always gases).  They work by changing the way the nerves work in the human body.  They stop messages from the brain from getting sent to the muscles and organs.

Nerve agents are organic chemicals that have phosphorus in them (organophosphates).  Many organophosphates are pesticides, and have the same effects as nerve agents if people are exposed to them.  However, these pesticides are not used against people as weapons like nerve agents are.

Since they are chemical weapons, nerve agents are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687. Since 1993, making or stockpiling them has been against international law.

Nerve agents have long-lasting effects.  People who survive nerve agent poisoning almost always have chronic damage to the brain and nerves.  This damage can also cause mental health problems.
How they work
Nerve agents work by blocking communication between the brain and the body.  Usually, a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger) called acetylcholine gives the signal for the muscles to tighten up.  It also keeps them from relaxing.  However, when it is time for the muscles to relax, an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine, and another neurotransmitter tells the muscles to relax.

Nerve agents work by blocking acetyl-cholinesterase.  Too much acetylcholine builds up, because it is not getting destroyed by acetylcholinesterase.  The muscles keep getting more and more signals to tighten up.  Basically, the brain loses control over the body's muscles.  It cannot make the muscles relax.  This leads to many of the unique signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning.