Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Adventures of Tintin () is a Belgian comic strip, created by Hergé (Georges Remi) starting in the late 1920s and into the 1970s. They were originally written and published in French, but have been translated into many languages and are popular around the world.

Plot and characters 
The stories center around a young reporter from Belgium named Tintin, who travels the world and has many exciting adventures with his dog, a white wire fox terrier named Snowy (Milou, in French) and later (starting with The Crab with the Golden Claws in 1941) his friend, Captain Haddock, a bearded drunk with a temper. Other popular characters include Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol) an absent-minded and mostly deaf (but he insists he's hard of hearing) scientist and inventor, and Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont), two silly detectives.
The Books 
The stories are a mixture of many different genres, including adventure, satire, and social commentary and changed over time. The first story, Tintin in the Land of Soviets came out in 1929, and the last fully completed story, Tintin and the Picaros, came out in 1976. Another story, Tintin in Alph-Art, was never officially finished following the death of Hergé in 1983. There have been many unofficial books, but most of those are parodies or not part of the official series. The books in the official series are:
 Tintin in the Land of the Soviets - (1929-1930)
 Tintin in the Congo - (1930-1931)
 Tintin in America - (1931-1932)
 Cigars of the Pharaoh - (1932-1934)
 The Blue Lotus - (1934-1935)
 The Broken Ear - (1935-1937)
 The Black Island - (1937-1938)
 King Ottokar's Sceptre - (1938-1939)
 The Crab with the Golden Claws - (1940-1941)
 The Shooting Star - (1941-1942)
 The Secret of the Unicorn - (1942-1943)
 Red Rackham's Treasure - (1943-1944)
 The Seven Crystal Balls - (1943-1948)
Prisoners of the Sun - (1946-1949)
 Land of Black Gold - (1948-1950)
 Destination Moon - (1950-1953)
 Explorers on the Moon - (1950-1954)
 The Calculus Affair - (1954-1956)
 The Red Sea Sharks - (1958)
 Tintin in Tibet - (1960)
 The Castafiore Emerald - (1963)
 Flight 714 - (1968)
 Tintin and the Picaros - (1976)
 Tintin and Alph-Art - (finished by someone else in 1986)
Other media 

There have also been plays, films, and animated cartoons based on the stories. Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson have made a movie about Tintin. There are also Tintin Shops in Europe, which sell books, toys, and other items based on the books.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 
 Official site
 Fan site
  Objectif Tintin 

Comic books
Alimentary canal is the term used in zoology for the gut of vertebrates. For humans in particular, see digestive system.

The canal (or tube) carries food through digestion and excretion. Into the tube come various digestive enzymes. Gut flora  help digestion, and the production of vitamins. Muscular movements pass the material down the tube. The gut usually has an exit, the anus, by which the animal disposes of solid wastes. Some small animals have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means, for example through the mouth.

Evolutionary history 
The gut evolved at least twice, an example of convergent evolution. Protostomes develop their mouths first, while deuterostomes develop their mouths second. Protostome include arthropods, molluscs, and annelids, and deuterostomes include echinoderms and chordates, including humans.

References

Anatomy of the digestive system
Animal anatomy
Selenium is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Se and its  atomic number is 34. It has 34 protons and 34 electrons and a mass number of 78.96.

Properties

Physical properties
Selenium (selenium atoms only) has several different forms. They are called allotropes. The most stable of these is a dense gray semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal). The way the atoms are put together is a named a trigonal polymer chain. It lets electricity pass through it better in the light than in the dark. This form is used in photocells. 

Selenium also has many nonconductive forms: a black glass-like substance, as well as several red crystalline forms. In the red form the eight atoms of selenium form ring to make a molecule. These rings then stack together to make the solid red selenium. The way that red seleniums atoms are put together is similar to sulfur.

Chemical properties
Selenium is not very reactive. It does not dissolve in acids except nitric acid.  It also dissolves in alkalis like sodium hydroxide. It reacts with air when powdered to make selenium(IV) oxide. It does not react with many things, so selenium(IV) oxide is what most selenium compounds are made from.

Selenium forms several oxidation states; -2, +2, +4, and +6. The -2 state is in selenides. Selenides are strong reducing agents. They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides. Hydrogen selenide is the acid made from selenide ion. Selenium also reacts with reactive metals to make selenides, such as sodium selenide or aluminium selenide.

The +1 state is found in some selenium compounds, such as selenium(I) chloride. They are the most unreactive selenium compounds.

The +4 state is found in selenites. Selenites and selenous acid are moderate oxidizing agents. It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water and making selenous acid. Then selenous acid is reacted with bases to make selenites.
The +6 state is found in selenates. Selenates and selenic acid are powerful oxidizing agents. Selenic acid can even dissolve gold! They are made by reacting hydrogen peroxide with selenium(IV) oxide to get selenium(VI) oxide, which dissolves in water to make selenic acid. Selenates are more reactive than sulfates.

Most selenium compounds are colorless. Selenium compounds are not common.

Chemical compounds
-2 compounds
Selenides are the most common -2 compounds. Selenides are strong reducing agents.
Selenide, the ion
Aluminium selenide
Hydrogen selenide
Sodium selenide

+1 compounds
Selenium monochloride

+4 compounds
+4 compounds can exist in anions or cations.
Selenium(IV) chloride
Selenium(IV) fluoride
Selenium dioxide
Selenium disulfide

Selenites
Selenites are weak oxidizing agents.
Selenite, the ion
Selenous acid
Sodium selenite

+6 compounds
+6 compounds can exist in anions or cations, too.
Selenium hexafluoride
Selenates
Selenates are powerful oxidizing agents.
Selenate, the ion
Selenic acid
Sodium selenate

Occurrence
Selenium is very rarely found as an element in the ground. Most selenium in soil is in a very tiny amount. It is easily washed away. It is in very small amounts in the human body. Selenium is found most in sulfide ores like pyrite. This selenium is in selenides. Selenium is gotten as a byproduct. Sometimes selenium is concentrated in plants. It can also be leached into rivers when copper is mined. Too much selenium is bad for a river. Some coal has selenium in it.

Preparation
It is made as a byproduct when refining copper and certain other sulfide ores. Selenium is made by oxidizing selenide ores to selenium dioxide. The selenium dioxide is dissolved in acidic water to make selenous acid, which is reacted with sulfur dioxide to make selenium as an element. It is the red form that is made. To make the black form, the red form is heated and melted.

Uses
Uses

In materials
Selenium is used in photocells. The gray metallic form is used, as it changes its electrical conductivity when light shines on it. Selenium is also used as a catalyst. The largest use is to color glass red. It can be used in special brasses instead of lead. It is used in some rectifiers. Most use silicon instead. It is used to tone photographs. It can be used to remove dandruff from hair in the form of selenium sulfide.

In the human body
Selenium is a trace element in the human body. Humans need very small amounts of selenium. Only about 50-200 micrograms are needed. Selenium can be toxic if more than 400 micrograms are taken. Once there was coal that had a large amount of selenium in it. People were getting selenium poisoning from the coal. 

Selenium deficiency is rare. Although selenium has some helpful effects on the human body, it also has some harmful effects and only a very little should be eaten.
Safety
It is toxic in large amounts. Some selenium compounds are very toxic and harmful to things that live in water. Consuming around 5 mg of selenium per day can kill a human being after a certain amount of time.

Related pages
Selenium compounds

References

Nonmetals
Germanium is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Ge. Its atomic number is 32. It was discovered by Clemens Winkler. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms many organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors. Many of the earliest transistors were based on germanium. Most later ones were based on silicon. The sound of germanium-based amplifiers and effect pedals is associated with 1960s-era rock music. Germanium-based guitar pedals are still made and are often used for their classic sound.

Semimetals
Michael Thomas "Tom" Green (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, rapper, director, producer and writer. He was born in Pembroke, Ontario. He had his own comedy program, The Tom Green Show, on MTV. He directed, co-wrote and starred in Freddy Got Fingered. He was also a member of the short lived hip hop group Organized Rhyme where he performed under the stage name "MC Bones".

References

Other websites 
 Tom Green's official site and channel
 

Actors from Ontario
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian rappers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
Comedians from Ontario
Writers from Ontario
1971 births
Living people
The Force is a term from the Star Wars universe. It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have. They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.

The sides of the Force
There are two sides to the Force: the light (or good) side and the dark (or bad) side.

The light side
The light side is used for good things like healing. The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called Jedi.

The dark side
The dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the Star Wars movies. Sith have a lot of anger, fear, hate and aggression. The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have. For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers. The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained.
Sith Lords 
 Darth Maul
 Darth Tyranus/Count Dooku
 Darth Sidious
 Darth Vader

Further reading

Crewe, Dave. "Cinema Science: Using the force of'Star Wars'." Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine 204 (2020): 86-91.

Other websites
 Philosophy and the Force 

Star Wars

de:Star Wars#Die Macht
In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Jedi or  Jedi Knights are members of an old order, who use a power they call The Force.

The Jedi use The Force which gives them psychic powers. Their typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.

The Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life, serving others. They keep and defend the peace of the galaxy.

The opposite of the Jedi are the Sith, who follow the Dark side of the Force (using the force for evil).

Star Wars characters
In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Sith are users of the Dark side of The Force and the opposite of the Jedi. 

The Sith live to dominate all others and to control society throughout the Star Wars galaxy so they can get more power. Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Darth Sidious and Darth Maul. 

They lead the Galactic Empire, the antagonists of the Star Wars series who are known for brutality, being a dictatorship, and having a strong control over peoples lives. The Sith lost power for hundreds of years, before slowly taking over the Republic, or the Jedi Government, and turning it into the Galactic Empire.

Expanded universe 

In the Expanded Universe, The Sith at the start were a different species, looking like Humans, but with red skin and small bones coming out from their heads.
The Sith Species almost all died after the Jedi committed genocide on them thousands of years before the movies. This is why some people think the Sith Empire are the "good guys", who bring law and order to the Galaxy and are just responding to the Jedi actions. 

Star Wars characters
Alex Jones (born February 11, 1971) is a conspiracy theorist. Jones claims that the USA was responsible for the 9/11 attacks. He began as a radio talk show host from Texas. He is described as conservative politically by a mainstream source. He describes himself as a paleoconservative politically, which means that he advocates old or traditional forms of political conservatives, as opposed to the newer forms, i.e. neoconservatives. He also calls himself an "aggressive constitutionalist". He is 
Jones is the host of The Alex Jones Show on Genesis Communications Network.

Biography
Jones was born in Dallas, Texas  and grew up in the suburb of Rockwall. His father is a dentist. He attended Anderson High School in northwest Austin, Texas. Jones was a lineman on his high school's football team.
He began his career in Austin with a live, call-in format Public-access television cable TV program. In 1996, Jones switched format to KJFK, hosting a show named The Final Edition. In 1998, he released his first film, America Destroyed By Design.

In 1998, Jones organized a successful effort to build a new Branch Davidian church as a memorial to those who died during the 1993 fire that ended the government's siege of the original Branch Davidian complex near Waco, Texas. He often featured the project on his Public-access television program and claimed that Koresh and his followers were peaceful people who were murdered by Attorney General Janet Reno and the ATF during the siege.
In 1999, he tied with Shannon Burke for that year's "Best Austin Talk Radio Host" poll as voted by The Austin Chronicle readers. Later that year, he was fired from KJFK-FM. According to the station's operations manager, Jones was fired because his viewpoints made the show hard to sell to advertisers and he refused to broaden his topics. Jones argued: "It was purely political, and it came down from on high [meaning it was ordered by powerful people]", and, "I was told 11 weeks ago to lay off Clinton, to lay off all these politicians, to not talk about rebuilding the church, to stop bashing [slang for criticizing] the Marines, A to Z."
In early 2000, Jones was one of seven Republican candidates for state representative in Texas House District 48, an open seat swing district based in Austin, Texas. Jones stated that he was running, "to be a watchdog [a person who makes sure no wrongdoing is taking place] on the inside." He aborted his campaign and withdrew before the March primary when polls indicated he had little chance of winning.

Works
Jones maintains several websites and has created numerous documentary movies.

Movies

He is also the author of 9-11 Descent into Tyranny.

References

1971 births
Living people
Writers from Austin, Texas
Writers from Dallas
21st-century American people
American Protestants
American YouTubers
American journalists
American movie actors
American movie producers
American political commentators
American political writers
American politicians
Anti-communists
Conspiracy theorists
Evangelicals
Libertarians
Movie directors from Texas
Republicans (United States)

American Christians
Conservatism
Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and raised in Liverpool, England. He was the band's original bassist, but left before they became famous. He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.

Sutcliffe died in 1962, at the age of 21, in Hamburg, Germany from a brain hemorrhage. It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it.

1940 births
1962 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
English painters
The Beatles members
If something is described as beautiful, it means that it has beauty. Beautiful can also mean:

Music 
 "Beautiful" (Ailyn song), a song by Ailyn, from her 2004 album Ya Nada Queda
 "Beautiful" (Athlete song), a song by Athlete, from their 2003 first album Vehicles and Animals
 "Beautiful" (Christina Aguilera song), a song written and produced by Linda Perry, and released by Christina Aguilera on her 2002 album Stripped
 "Beautiful" (Mandalay song), a song by Mandalay, from their 1998 album Empathy
 "Beautiful" (Moby song), a song by Moby, from his 2005 album Hotel
 "Beautiful" (Snoop Dogg song), a song by Snoop Dogg, from his 2002 album Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$
 "Beautiful", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins, from their 1995 album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness
 Beautiful (David Tao album), a 2006 album by David Tao
 Beautiful (On The Make album), a 2004 album by On The Make
 beautiful., a 2001 album by Fantastic Plastic Machine
Movies 
 Beautiful (film), a 2000 drama starring Minnie Driver and Kathleen Turner

Related pages
 Beauty
 Beauty (disambiguation)

Basic English 850 words
George Boole [], (November 2, 1815 – December 8, 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher.

Works
He created Boolean algebra. This is one of the bases of modern-day computer science. Other people, like Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, refined and completed his work. In their times, very few people knew of the work those mathematicians had done. Boolean algebra was rediscovered by Claude Shannon about 75 years after Boole's death. In his doctoral thesis, Shannon showed that boolean algebra was useful. It could simplify the design of electric switches and relays (like those that were used in the telephone switchboards of the time). Shannon also showed that such switches could solve boolean algebra problems. All modern-day digital circuits (mainly computers) use such algebra to solve problems.

Other websites 

Roger Parsons' article on Boole 

George Boole's work as first Professor of Mathematics in University College, Cork, Ireland
1815 births
1864 deaths
19th-century English philosophers
English mathematicians
Boolean algebra
Managua has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua in 1811. Before 1855, León and Granada were the capital cities. The word managua comes from the Nahuatl language mana-ahuac. It means near water. About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.
The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.

Cities in Nicaragua
1811 establishments in North America
National capitals in North America
Flat might mean:
Something that does not curve in any direction
An apartment

In music "flat" can have two (related) meanings:
A flat is a note that has been lowered a semitone (see note (music))
Flat can mean a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too low (see intonation).

Basic English 850 words
A curve is a line that turns or bends. A curved line is never straight, and a curved surface is a surface that is never flat. Some curves can be drawn on paper, but some curves, like a helix, can only be seen in 3-D. A circle is a curve that can be described with the formula x2 + y2 = r2. x and y are used as in a Cartesian coordinate system, and r is the radius of the circle (distance from the center to the outside). Many other curves can also be described with a formula like that.

Related pages
ellipse
parabola
hyperbola

Geometry
The Möbius strip or Möbius band, sometimes called a Mobius strip is a looped surface with only one side and only one edge. It can be made using a strip of paper by gluing the two ends together with a half-twist. The twisting is possible in two directions; so there are two different (mirror-image) Möbius strips.

The Mobius strip is known for its unusual properties. A bug crawling along the center line of the loop would go around twice before coming back to its starting point. Cutting along the center line of the loop creates one longer band, not two.  Cutting one third of the way in from the edge (and parallel to it) produces two Möbius strips, looped together.

The Möbius strip was discovered independently by the German mathematicians August Ferdinand Möbius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858.

Mathematical description 

One way to represent the Möbius strip as a subset of  can be done using the parametrization:
Where 0 ≤ α < 2π and −1 ≤ r ≤ 1. This creates a Möbius strip of width 1 whose center circle has radius 1, lies in the xy plane and is centered at  The parameter u runs around the strip while v moves from one edge to the other.

In cylindrical polar coordinates (r, θ, z), an unbounded version of the Möbius strip can be represented by the equation: 

Topologically, the Möbius strip can be defined as the square [0,1] × [0,1] with its top and bottom sides identified by the relation  for  as in the diagram on the right.

The Möbius strip is a two-dimensional compact manifold (i.e. a surface) with boundary. It is a standard example of a surface which is not orientable. The Möbius strip is also a standard example used to show the mathematical idea of a fiber bundle. Specifically, it is a nontrivial bundle over the circle S1 with a fiber the unit interval, I = [0,1]. Looking only at the edge of the Möbius strip gives a nontrivial two point (or Z2) bundle over S1.
A simple construction of the Möbius strip, which can be used to show it in computer graphics or modeling packages, is as follows:

Take a rectangular strip. Rotate it around a fixed point not in its plane. At every step, also rotate the strip along a line in its plane (the line which divides the strip in two) and perpendicular to the main orbital radius. The surface generated on one complete revolution is the Möbius strip.
Take a Möbius strip and cut it along the middle of the strip.  This will form a new strip, which is a rectangle joined by rotating one end a whole turn.  By cutting it down the middle again, this forms two interlocking whole-turn strips.

Möbius bands in nature and technology
There have been several technical applications for the Möbius strip. Giant Möbius strips have been used as conveyor belts. Such belts last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear. Möbius bands have also been used as continuous-loop recording tapes (to double the playing time).  Möbius strips are common in the making of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons. There, they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly.

A device called a Möbius resistor is an electronic circuit element which has the property of canceling its own inductive reactance. Nikola Tesla patented similar technology in the early 1900s: "Coil for Electro Magnets" was intended for use with his system of global transmission of electricity without wires.

The Möbius strip is the configuration space of two unordered points on a circle.  Consequently, in music theory, the space of all two note chords, known as dyads, takes the shape of a Möbius strip.
In physics/electro-technology: 
as compact resonator with the resonance frequency with half of identically constructed linear coils
as inductionless resistance
as superconductors with high transition temperature

In chemistry/nano-technology: 
as “knot molecules” with special characteristics (Knotane [2], Chirality)
as molecular engines
as graphene volume (nano-graphite) with new electronic characteristics, like helical magnetism
In a special type of aromaticity: Möbius aromaticity
Charged particles, which were caught in the magnetic field of the earth, can move on a Möbius band
The cyclotide (cyclic protein) Kalata B1, active substance of the plant Oldenlandia affinis, contains Möbius topology for the peptide backbone.

Related pages 
 Klein Bottles
 Topology

References

Other websites 
 Möbius strip at cut-the-knot
Knitted version
h2g2 - The Amazing Möbius Strip

Geometry
The Klein bottle is a geometrical object, named after the German mathematician Felix Klein.  He described it in 1882, and named it Klein'sche Fläche (Klein surface). Like the Möbius strip, it only has one surface. Mathematicians call this a non-orientable surface. Klein bottles only exist in four-dimensional space, but a model of a Klein bottle can be made in 3D. This model is different from the original because at some point the shape touches itself. In 3D, part of the shape is "inside" the rest. This is not the case in 4D. Some 3D models use different colors to show the 4th component. The part that lies "inside"  then has a different color.

Because the surface is non-orientable, there is no "inside" or "outside". This means that if a liquid were filled "in the bottle", it would run down its surface. This may not be true for the 3D models of the bottle.

The 2-dimensional version of a Klein bottle is a Möbius strip.
Making a Klein bottle from a rectangle
Join the arrows so that they face the same way, like so:

References

Other websites 

Acme Klein Bottles - Clifford Stoll sells blown-glass immersed Klein bottles.
 Klein bottle construction
Klein Bottle Images by John Sullivan
The Klein bottle 
A modular origami model of the Klein bottle 
A knitted version
Paper klein bottle - make your own
Geodesic klein bottles and some mystic musings
Imaging Maths - The Klein Bottle 

Shapes
The entropy of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from. A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system  smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller – you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).

The word entropy came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study.
Entropy is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread. The meaning of entropy is different in different fields. It can mean:

Information entropy, which is a measure of information communicated by systems that are affected by data noise.
Thermodynamic entropy is part of the science of heat energy. It is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules.

Thermodynamics
Basic physics ideas
In geometry, a side is a straight line that is part of a shape. A shape made of straight lines is called a polygon. The number of sides on a polygon can be written as .

A side can also mean the face of a 3D shape. A 3D shape made of flat faces is called a polyhedron. The number of faces on a polyhedron can be written as .

As an example, the square on the right has four sides. The sides in this picture are made with black straight lines. The four sides are:
 the black straight line from A to B
 the black straight line from B to C
 the black straight line from C to D
 the black straight line from D to A
Other uses
A side may also mean a part of something. For example, on a human body, the right side means the parts of the body that make up the right half of the body.  
Inside and outside are terms use to show where something is. If something is inside, it is in something. For example, the sentence "The cookies are inside of the container." means that the cookies are in the container. The area within the canister is the inside of the canister. The outside is the area not in the canister. Outside is the opposite of inside.

Related pages 

 Area

References 
Geometry
Te Puke is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. 6670 people live there. It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there. Lots of other fruit is grown there too.

Te Puke means the hill in Māori.

Towns in Bay of Plenty Region
Western Bay of Plenty District
A valley is a type of landform.  A valley is a lower part in the land that sits between two higher parts which might be hills or mountains.  Valleys often start as a downward fold between two upward folds in the surface of the Earth, and sometimes as a rift valley.  A valley is made deeper by a stream of water or a river as it flows from the high land to the lower land, and into a lake or sea. Some valleys are made by glaciers which are slow-moving rivers of ice.  Water or ice make a valley deeper or wider by erosion.  Wind can also make valleys larger by erosion.

A valley has a "head" where it begins in the mountains or hills, "sides" where it rises up on either side, a "floor" which is where the valley is most flat. Some valleys have an "entrance" where the valley opening can be seen between two hills or mountains or cliffs. A place where a valley is very narrow and has high walls is sometimes called a "gorge". (This word "gorge" is sometimes used to mean the "throat" on a human body).
Many of the people of the world live in valleys because there is often a river or stream in a valley for fresh water, and there is often good soil in a valley to grow crops.

Types of valleys

Valleys in mountains 
Mountains and hills are made when the layers of rock and soil (called "strata") get folded.   Fault block mountains may have rift valleys.  There are valleys in mountain ranges, between the highest parts which are the "peaks".  People who want to travel to the other side of the mountains usually go by the valleys.  A valley that people use to travel through mountains or hills is called a mountain pass.
Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually made deeper by a stream or small river running fast down the mountainside, from a place where there is lots of rainwater or melting snow, or by a glacier.  The mountain stream winds around the biggest rocks and washes the soil away as it flows.  It cuts a passage for itself through the softest soil and smallest stones.  A small stream can cut a very deep valley.  Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually V-shaped.  There are many valleys like this in hills and mountains all over the world.
Valleys in hilly country 
In country that has hills, but is not very steep, a river or stream runs more slowly. It makes a wider valley that often has some large bends as the river flows around the hills, always following the lowest way. Water running down from the hillsides often carries soil that spreads out across the valley, making flat land that is good for growing food crops and raising cattle and other animals. Many farms are in valleys that are in hilly land. Many towns are built on the sloping sides of valleys. Famous valleys of this type are the Loire Valley and the Lower Rhine Valley in Europe and the Thames Valley in England.
Valleys in flat country 
Some valleys are almost flat, like a large saucer. Valleys of this type often have a very large river with many "tributaries" (streams that are like branches) running through them. The tributaries carry water from the hills or mountains that may be far from the main river. After heavy rain, lots of water rushes into the main river so that it rises and floods over the flat floor of the valley. When the flood waters spread, they drop lots of soil which has washed down from the hills. The soil that drops on the valley floor makes a flat flood plain. Valleys of this type are very useful for growing food crops. The widest valleys in the world are like this. Famous valleys of this type are the Mississippi-Missouri Basin in North America, the Amazon Basin in South America, the Lower Danube in Europe, the Ganges River Valley in India, the Nile River Flood Plain in Africa and the Darling River Basin in Australia.
Valleys made by glaciers 
A glacier is like a frozen river. Many countries do not have any glaciers. A glacier starts in very high mountains where there is snow and ice all the year. The snow and ice starts to move down a valley that has been made by a fast-flowing stream. As the ice starts to slide down the mountainside, it does not flow around the rocks; it pushes the rocks out of the way. As a glacier moves, it picks up more ice and gets bigger and bigger. A big glacier cuts through the soil and softer rock of the valley and piles up the rocks on either side, or pushes them in front of it. When a big glacier melts, it leaves a valley of a deep U-shape. Many valleys like this were made in the Ice Ages. In mountainous countries like Switzerland many people live in the valleys that were made by glaciers. Some of the deepest valleys in the world were made by glaciers. The fjords of Norway and "sounds" of New Zealand are where glaciers went into the sea.
Valleys in plateau country 
A plateau is high land that is flat on top, or gently rolling, not pointed like mountains or rounded like hills. In hilly or mountainous country, the bands of a soil and rock are folded, but in a plateau the strata are in flat layers. The water that makes streams on the top of a plateau cuts down in wide valleys with sides that are steep cliffs and a bottom that is quite flat. Valleys like this are often deep and very narrow. Some valleys like this are very deep and wide. They are called "canyons". Famous valleys of this type are the Grand Canyon in the United States and the Megalong Valley in Australia.
Sunken valleys 
Sometimes a valley has been formed in the hills near the coast of a country. Movement in the Earth's surface may cause the land to sink lower and become flooded by the sea. The shape of the valley can still be seen from the tops of the hills that stick out from the water. Some of the hills may become islands, and others become the shore of a bay. Sunken valleys often make good harbours. The east coast of Australia has many sunken valleys of which the most famous is Sydney Harbour.

Related pages

 Geography
 Landform
 Water
 River
 Lake
 Mountain
 Mountain range
 Flood
 Drought
 Erosion
A manifold is a concept from mathematics.  Making a manifold is like making a flat map of a sphere (the Earth).

The Earth is a sphere, a three dimensional object of geometry. Yet, maps (two-dimensional representations) can be made of the Earth. At the edges of a certain map, the map needs to be changed. That way it is possible to make a two dimensional image of the whole surface of the Earth. There need to be rules, on how to change the maps, and some areas (near the edges of the map) will be on more than one map. It is not possible to make one map only, which would have no edges. This map would either have edges (and overlapping areas), or there would be some places where the paper was torn. Tearing and overlapping isn't allowed.
Other shapes can be manifolds too. For example, a hyperbolic plane is a shape that looks like a saddle or leaf of lettuce. If you try to press it down onto a piece of paper, it will have wrinkles, and it will go on forever past the edges of the paper. But you can make a map of part of it by squishing the edges, just like with the Earth you can make a map by taking part of it and stretching the edges.

Each manifold has a dimension. This is the number of dimensions of the maps, in the example above. It is the same for all maps. 

Differential geometry
Topology
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (formula C21H29N7O17P3) is a coenzyme that carries electrical energy used in cellular processes. When a hydrogen atom is added, NADP becomes charged and is renamed NADPH. NADP is used extensively during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and during glycolysis and in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration
Organonitrogen compounds
Phosphates
The CW Television Network (commonly referred to as simply The CW) is an American television network that is operated by The CW Network, LLC. It launched at the beginning of the 2006–2007 television season and is a joint venture between Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group, the former owner of United Paramount Network (UPN), Warner Bros. Discovery's Warner Bros., former majority owner of The WB Television Network and Nexstar Media Group, the largest affiliation of the network. The "CW" name comes from the first letter of the names of these corporations (CBS and Warner Bros.).

Television

References

Further reading

Other websites

  (Site only accessible from within the United States)

American television networks
Borzoi is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound.

This breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later.  The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a good pet.

The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then.  It is about  tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs from .  Borzois have a long coat. They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.
In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars.  They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".  During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty.  A few were taken from the country.

They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks.

Dog breeds originating in Russia
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian soldier who is best known for the unification of Italy.

Garibaldi led the navy of the breakaway Riograndense Republic in southern Brazil until it was defeated in 1839. He escaped and led the navy of Uruguay to victory. Later, inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini, he fought for Italian unification. He led a group called the Red Shirts through the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to bring different kingdoms in Italy together in 1860.

1807 births
1882 deaths

Italian people
19th century in Italy
Edward III (4 April 1003 — 5 January 1066) nicknamed the Confessor, the Saint, the Pious, and the Faithful was the King of England from 1042 until his death in 1066. During his reign, England experienced peace, stability, and prosperity. The kingdom was also very unstoppable and also, the kingdom's life quality and the standard of living and health care improved as well.

Edward spent many years in Normandy. The Anglo-Saxon nobles invited Edward back to England in 1041. He became part of the household of his half-brother Harthacnut. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle both were sworn in as king together.

Following Cnut II's death on 8 June 1042, Edward ascended the throne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates the popularity he enjoyed at his accession — "before  he (Cnut II) was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London". Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West Saxons on 3 April 1043.
The succession 
Edward's death left England without a clear-cut successor.  Harold Godwinson had led successful raiding parties into Wales in 1063. He negotiated with his inherited rivals in Northumbria in 1065, and in January 1066, upon Edward's death, he was made King Harold II.

The Norman position was that William the Conqueror had been designated the heir, and that Harold had been publicly sent to him as emissary from Edward, to apprise him of Edward's decision. However, William's biographer, William of Poitiers, admitted that the old king had made a deathbed gift of the crown to Harold. On Edward's death, Harold was approved by the Witenagemot which, under Anglo-Saxon law, held the ultimate authority to convey kingship.
Edward also made his great nephew Edgar Ætheling his heir. However, Edgar had no following among the earls: he had lived in Hungary, and was a boy of fifteen. This opened the way for Harold's coronation, and the invasions of two claimants to the throne, the unsuccessful invasion of Harald Hardrada in the north and the successful one of William of Normandy.

Edward was canonized (made a saint) in 1161 by Pope Alexander III, and is commemorated on 13 October.

Related pages
 Harold Godwinson
 William the Conqueror
 Battle of Hastings

References

Other websites 
 England, Anglo-Saxon & Danish Kings (-1066) on Medieval Lands

1003 births
1066 deaths
Christian saints
House of Wessex
People buried in Westminster Abbey
11th century in England
Year 27 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 January 16 – The Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of Augustus. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of Romulus. He is known as Augustus afterwards.
 Augustus becomes consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes consul for the third time.
 Augustus, as consul, returns power to the Senate of Rome.
 Augustus starts a new military reform.
 Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).

Births 

 Emperor Ai of Han (d. 1 BC)

Deaths 

 Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar (b. 116 BC)
Year 899 (DCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Edward the Elder becomes King of England.
 Gorm the Old becomes King of Denmark.
 Regino of Prüm is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.
Gilbertville is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove. There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south. In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi.

Settlements in Ontario

en:Norfolk County, Ontario
World War III is the name given to a possible third world war. It refers to a world war that may happen. It would be the successor to World War II (19391945).

A world war might be fought by multiple countries of the world against one other, sometimes across different continents. An all-out war fought between two or three major superpowers would be a world war.

Because technology and weapons have become so advanced, most people agree that if World War III ever happens, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons may be used. Biological weapons are living things, usually bacteria or viruses. Chemical weapons might not kill quickly but poison people or their land. Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called weapons of mass destruction. Conventional weapons, on the other hand are "normal" weapons like guns or non-nuclear bombs.
Mass destruction could damage much of the Earth, kill many humans, animals and other living things, and cause the collapse of modern civilization. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said: "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones". Einstein might not have actually said this, but other things that he said show that he believed the weapons used in World War III might be so devastating that they would end civilization as we know it.

Actual events called World War III 
Some events, for example the Cold War, have been called "World War III." US President George W. Bush compared the War on Terrorism to World War III.

Neither was even remotely like what a world war would be. The Cold War was not fought on a large scale, and the Iraq War was largely conventional and was mostly contained in one general area. Terrorism is indeed a form of conflict, but it is not a world war.

Related pages 
Eschatology
Nuclear war

References
References

Wars
Eschatology
A shotgun is a type of gun.  To make a shotgun work, gunpowder is lit by a primer inside a shotgun shell.  The gas from the burning gunpowder pushes whatever is being fired out of the barrel (usually a bullet).  Originally, a shotgun shell would have small lead balls called a "buckshot" or "birdshot". Now, instead of lead shots, the cartridges have iron or steel balls, because lead in the environment can poison wildlife. The balls spread out when they are fired. Sometimes a shotgun shell will have bigger shot, of bullet size, called a "slug".
Shotguns can also fire things that do not kill people. Police use small things like rubber balls and beanbags filled with the small metal balls instead, to cause non-deadly injuries.

Other websites
Randy Randall Rudy Quaid (born October 1, 1950) is an American actor. He was born in Houston, Texas and has been in many movies. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid.

References

Other websites 
 

1950 births
Living people
Actors from Houston
American movie actors
American television actors
Oakland is a city in California. It is across the bay from San Francisco.  It is the county seat of Alameda County and the third-largest city in the Bay Area, after San Jose and San Francisco.  At one time, Oakland had many factories that built cars, ships and airplanes.  It is a major seaport and rail junction. It is the home of the Athletics baseball team.

California governor Jerry Brown was once mayor of Oakland. The current mayor is Sheng Thao.

Important people
 Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States, former United States Senator and California Attorney General

References

Other websites

 
County seats in California
A mosquito is a type of fly. It is the common name of a family of flies in the order Diptera.

The females are ectoparasites: they land on warm-blooded animals, pierce a capillary, and inject saliva to stop the blood coagulating. Then they suck up and eat the blood. Deadly microscopic parasites often live in the saliva.

The males are nectar-feeders, and so are the females. However, in preparation for egg-laying the females turn to blood for its protein.

Feeding & reproduction 
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. Hence, only female mosquitoes bites human to suck their blood. In many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.