Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
ZX Spectrum+, (1984-1985)

 ZX Spectrum 128k, (1985-1987)

 ZX Spectrum+2, (1987-1990)

 ZX Spectrum+2A, (1988-1990)

 ZX Spectrum+3, (1988-1990)

ZX Spectrum ancestors 

 ZX80

 ZX81

Timex ZX based computers 

 TS1000, (1982-1983), based on ZX81

 TS1500, (1983), based on ZX81

 TS2068, (1983)

 TC2068,

 TC2048

Other websites 

 Sinclair Research , Sir Clive Sinclairs company website of new and unusual inventions
 The World of Spectrum, a complete reference site for ZX Spectrums and a collection of almost all the ZX software (these old games can now be played on any PC computer with the emulators on the website)
 Old Computers , ZX page in a museum of old computers
 Z80 Website, the microchip in the ZX

References 

Historical computers‎
Video game consoles
A home computer is the name given to early personal computers made in the 1970s and 1980s that could be plugged into a television set. They were used for playing video games and doing school work and were usually owned by teenagers. At that time, most adults did not own a computer at all.

Typically, home computers can produce colored graphics, have several sound channels and a keyboard. They use a tape recorder or floppy disk drive to load and store programs. Optionally, home computers may be used with a printer, a game cartridge, a modem, joysticks and a mouse. Many of them display an interactive BASIC prompt at start-up.

Home computers were made possible through the introduction of the microprocessor in the early 1970s. It made computers small, affordable, reliable and power efficient enough that they could be used in homes.
In contrast to home computers, computers used by businesses were either bulky minicomputers or gigantic mainframes. Those computers came with much more memory, with hard disks, one or more computer terminals and a proper operating system.  However, such machines needed a lot of space, were very noisy and also were far too expensive for private consumers at the time.

Makers of home computers 
 Commodore
 Atari
 Apple (popular in the US)
 Tandy (popular in the US)
 Sinclair Research Ltd (popular in Europe)
 Amstrad (popular in Europe)
 ASCII Corporation and Microsoft (creators of the MSX, popular in the East Asia and Southeast Asia)
 North Star Computers (active in the US)
 Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (Altair 8800)
Electronics
Computer science
The Z80 microchip was one of the  most popular CPU microchips for computers in the 1980s. The Z80 was created by the Zilog company in 1976. Zilog made less than 50% of all Z80s. They are made by Sharp (company), Toshiba, NEC and many other manufacturers around the world. As of 2010, it is still manufactured for use in embedded systems.

Other websites
Z80 website

Computer processors
Computer science
Caldwell County is a county in the state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 77,415 people lived there.  Its county seat is Lenoir.

History
The county was made in 1841 from parts of Burke County and Wilkes County.

In 1847 parts of Caldwell County, Iredell County, and Wilkes County were put together to make Alexander County.  In 1849 parts of Caldwell County, Ashe County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County were put together to make Watauga County.  In 1861, parts of Caldwell County, Burke County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were put together to make Mitchell County.  And in 1911 parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County were put together to make Avery County.

Government 
Caldwell County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.
Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Caldwell County:
Watauga County, North Carolina - north
Wilkes County, North Carolina - northeast
Alexander County, North Carolina - east
Catawba County, North Carolina - southeast
Burke County, North Carolina - south
Avery County, North Carolina - northwest

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Caldwell County:
Blowing Rock
Cajah's Mountain
Cedar Rock
Collettsville
Gamewell
Granite Falls
Hudson
Lenoir
Sawmills
Northlakes

Other websites 
Caldwell County government official website 

North Carolina counties
1840s establishments in North Carolina
1841 establishments in the United States
Sinclair Research Ltd. is a business company who sells inventions. They are known for making new technology for a low price. They specialise in transport devices like wheelchairs, scooters and underwater scooters. They invented a wheelchair that can raise the passenger up on two wheels and climb up stairs.

Famous Sinclair products 

 ZA20 Wheelchair Drive Unit, a special wheelchair drive unit that can balance on two wheels and climb stairs

 Segway technology, a sort of scooter on two wheels based on their wheelchair technology

 ZX Spectrum computers, one of the most popular computers in Europe in the 1980s

 Folding scooters, Sinclair Research Ltd has produced some of the smallest scooters in the world

Other websites 

 Sinclair Research Ltd. 

Electronics companies
Computer science
Companies of the United Kingdom
Glenn Thomas Jacobs (born April 26, 1967), better known by the ring name Kane is an American politician and professional wrestler. He has been signed to WWE since 1995. Jacobs was made a member of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2021. He has also been the Republican Mayor of Knox County, Tennessee since 2018. As a wrestler, he is a former holder of multiple WWE championships. He has held the WWE title (once), Intercontinental (twice), Hardcore (once), World Heavyweight (once), ECW (once) and Tag Team (11 times between Raw and Smackdown ) championships. His most recent championship was an eight-month run with the WWE Tag Team Championship in 2012 and 2013 with Daniel Bryan. He is also known as "The (Big Red) Monster", "The Big Red Machine" and "The (Devil's Favorite) Demon".

WWE
WWE 

Kane has worked for WWE since 1995 when he used to wrestle as Dr. Isaac Yankem DDS, Jerry Lawler's private dentist. During this time he also used to wrestle as Fake Diesel. In 1997, he became Kane and started to feud with other superstars such as Mankind, Ahmed Johnson and The Undertaker. In 1999, Kane became a face and started to team with X-Pac. The pair was together until X-Pac attacked Kane in 2000. The rivalry ended at WrestleMania 2000 where Kane beat X-Pac in a tag team match with Rikishi and Road Dogg.  Kane then started feuding with Chris Jericho and he beat him twice at Armageddon and Rebellion, but lost to him at Survivor Series. Later, he teamed with The Undertaker and they faced off against teams including Edge and Christian, Rikishi and Haku, as well as Triple H and Steve Austin. Kane won his first Intercontinental title against Triple H at Judgment Day.
SmackDown, World Heavyweight Champion, and WWE Tag Team Champion (2009–2013)
At the 2009 WWE Draft, Kane beat SmackDown's The Brian Kendrick to win a draft pick for Raw, and later in the night, Kane himself would be traded back to SmackDown. Later in the year, Kane had a rivalry with Chris Jericho, saying that he was the co-captain for Team SmackDown at Bragging Rights which Team SmackDown won. Kane faced Chris Jericho in a #1 Contenders match for an chance to face World Heavyweight Champion the Undertaker and Big Show in a triple threat match at Survivor Series, but lost. On the November 13th episode of SmackDown, Kane turned face after he rescued The Undertaker from "Jeri-Show". That same week, Kane also defeated Zack Ryder and Eric Escobar on ECW and SmackDown, respectively.
At the Money In The Bank PPV, Kane won the Smackdown Money In The Bank ladder match. Less than an hour later, Kane cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on Rey Mysterio, beating him after a chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver, becoming a three time world champion, and also making him the first person ever to have held the WWE, ECW and World Heavyweight Championships within World Wrestling Entertainment.

In 2012, he and Daniel Bryan began a storyline which involved both enrolling in an anger management class and then forming a tag team. On September 16, 2012 at Night of Champions, less than a week after their first official match as a team, they won the WWE Tag Team Championship by defeating R-Truth and Kofi Kingston. They held the belts for eight months before losing to Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns at Extreme Rules on May 19, 2013.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 

1967 births
Living people
Politicians from Tennessee
Sportspeople from Tennessee
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
Actors from Tennessee
American movie actors
Hipparchus was the first Greek whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. To do this, he used the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia. He had a trigonometric table. It looks like he  solved some problems of spherical trigonometry with the table. With his solar and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he was perhaps the first to develop a reliable method to predict solar eclipses.  His other well-known achievements include the discovery of precession, and the compilation of the Hipparchus Catalog, the first comprehensive star catalog of the western world.

He might also have invented the astrolabe, and the armillary sphere which first appeared during his century and which he used in making the star catalog. It would be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus' synthesis of astronomy would make the work of Hipparchus obsolete; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.
Craters on the Moon and on Mars are named for Hipparchus, as are an asteroid and the Hipparcos satellite.

190 BC births
2nd-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek astronomers
Greek geographers
The Battle of Verdun was a battle of the First World War.  It started when the German Fifth Army attacked French positions, near Verdun, on February 21, 1916.  It ended on December 18 of that year but the front line had not changed very much.  Both sides lost about 337,000 soldiers each.  Never before was industrialisation so visible in war.  They also speak about the Hell of Verdun or the Blood pump.  The Battle of Verdun is considered the biggest and longest in world history.
Never before or since has there been such a long battle, involving so many men, fought on such a tiny piece of land.  There were many attacks and counterattacks; one small village changed hands 16 times.  The battle, which lasted from 21 February 1916 until 19 December 1916, caused over an estimated 700,000 casualties (dead, wounded and missing).  About 300,000 died. The battlefield was not even a square ten kilometres.  From a strategic point of view, there can be no justification for these terrible losses.  The battle lowered into a matter of prestige for the two nations, and started being fought for the sake of fighting and honor, according to German command Paul Von Hindenburg.
The French commander, Marshall Philippe Pétain, used a system of rotation by which every division in France fought for a short time at Verdun.  After the battle the landscape was left as one of the worst battlegrounds on all of France, filled with craters of the artillery, the trenches, the odor left by the dead, etc.  During the battle the chief of the German General Staff, Erich Von Falkenhayn, was relieved from duty and sent to lead a joint Austrian, German and Bulgarian attack on Romania, leaving Paul Von Hindenburg as Chief of Staff.

References 

Verdun
1916 in France
Verdun
The Bank of America Tower is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is 452.4 meters (1,484 feet) tall and has 101 floors.  It was built in 2003. It is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Bank of America Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Bank of America Tower

Skyscrapers in New York City
2003 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
The New York Times Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is  tall and has 52 floors.  It was built in 2007 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. The architect of the building is Renzo Piano.

Related pages 
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

Other websites 
 Official Website 
 Emporis.com – New York Times Building
 SkycraperPage.com – New York Times Building

Skyscrapers in New York City
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
A GameShark is a cheating device for console video game systems and Microsoft Windows computers. It lets the player of a video game do things that the game does not normally let players do, like walk through walls or have unlimited items. To use it, players load cheat codes through a disk or cartridge, then load the game to use them.

Video game technology
70 Pine Street (also the American International Building) is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is a 67-floors, 952-foot (290 m) office building located at the corner of Pearl Street and running to Cedar Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. It was built in 1932 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

References

 . (Excerpt).

Other websites 

 70 Pine Street  on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
 Gallery of photographs
 American International Building at Emporis.com
 American International Building  at in-Arch.net
 American International Building on Skyscraperpage.com

Skyscrapers in New York City
1932 establishments in North America
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
The king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) is a type of penguin. It is the second largest species of penguin, as it is smaller and shorter than the emperor penguin.

Appearance 
King penguins are usually 70 centimeters (0.7 meters/30 inches) tall and weigh 9 to 15 kilograms (20 to 30 pounds). They have silvery-grey backs, black heads, and bright orange patches of feathers on the sides of their necks. While they look like emperor penguins, they are different in the fact that king penguins have longer beaks, orange coloration on their chest, and are thinner than the emperor penguin. Males and females of the species look the same.

Life 
The king penguin eats krill, small fish, squid, and plankton. In particular, they seem to enjoy eating lanternfish, which makes up most of their diet. They are able to dive to almost 300 meters (about 985 feet) for up to 15 minutes in order to catch their food. King penguins can also swim at 10 kilometers (6 miles) per hour, and their special eyesight helps them see in the dark.
Unlike most penguins, the king penguin cannot hop, but can only use its feet to walk or run. However, they also use their feet to warm their children, instead of a nest.

Baby king penguins are dark brown and fluffy. They are usually raised in a crèche, or group of penguin children kept together for protection.

The king penguin's main predators, or creatures that eat it, are the leopard seal and killer whale. Other birds may attack the penguin's breeding, or nesting, grounds and take away eggs or young penguin chicks.

Other websites 

 Penguin World
 King Penguins – Wildlife of Antarctica 
 Nature.ca

References 

Penguins
Animals of Antarctica
Citigroup Center is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is 279 meters (915 feet) tall and has 59 floors.  It was built in 1977 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

Other websites
 Emporis.com - Citigroup Center
SkycraperPage.com – Citigroup Center

Skyscrapers in New York City
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Industrial engineering is a type of engineering. It is one of the fastest growing areas of engineering. It looks at what makes organizations work best. An industrial engineer tries to find the right combination of human and natural resources, technology, equipment, information and finance to do the work best. Industrial engineering is important to finding the answers to many important problems in manufacturing, distribution of goods and services, health care, utilities, transportation, entertainment, and the environment. Industrial engineers design and change how things are done to increase quality, safety and productivity.

Related pages
Systems engineering

Engineering disciplines
Trump World Tower is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is 262 meters (861 feet) tall and has 72 floors.  It was built in 2001 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

Other websites 

 Official Website
 Emporis.com - Trump World Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Trump World Tower

Skyscrapers in New York City
Donald Trump
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
30 Rockefeller Plaza is a skyscraper at Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City, United States. It was known in the past as the RCA Building, the GE Building, and the Comcast Building. 30 Rockefeller Plaza is  tall and has 69 floors.  It was built in 1933 and was one of the tallest buildings in the world when it opened.

History
Raymond Hood, the architect, made the plans for Rockefeller Center. He talked with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to make a large place for mass media. RCA owned the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) companies. The first plan for 30 Rockefeller Plaza was made in March 1930. By May 1930, RCA, NBC, and RKO said they would move to 30 Rockefeller Center. The last plan for the building was done in March 1931.

Workers started making the building in March 1932. 30 Rockefeller Plaza opened in May 1933. It was the first building at Rockefeller Center to be opened.  It was one of the tallest buildings in the world.
Companies
NBC was one of the first companies in 30 Rockefeller Plaza. It had 35 television studios in the building. People could go on tours of the NBC Studios every day. The biggest studio was Studio 8H, which could have 1,400 people inside it.

The Standard Oil Company moved into 30 Rockefeller Plaza in 1934. The New York Museum of Science and Industry moved to the bottom floors because other companies did not want to move there. Westinghouse Electric Corporation was on the 14th through 17th floors. The Rockefeller family also moved into a lot of the floors in the building. The family had an office called Room 5600 on the 56th floor. Room 5600 became bigger after World War II. The family went to another building in 2014.
People wanted to use the roof of the building for entertainment. The 67th, 69th, and 70th floors have places where people can look at the city from high above. The highest one is the "Top of the Rock" Observation deck. These places were opened in July 1933 and many people went there. A restaurant called the Rainbow Room is on the 65th floor. The Rainbow Room opened on October 3, 1934.

Building design
30 Rockefeller Plaza is  tall. 30 Rockefeller Plaza was built to be only one structure that takes up all of the space in the block between Sixth Avenue and Rockefeller Plaza. 

30 Rockefeller Plaza's architecture has a limestone facade and Gothic-like four-leafed spandrels. This affected the design of the rest of the complex (a group of related buildings).

Photo gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

References

Books
References

Books

Other websites
 Official Website of the GE Building Observation Deck
 Emporis.com - GE Building
SkycraperPage.com – GE Building

Skyscrapers in New York City
1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Art Deco buildings
Roger Brooke Taney (March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1836 until his death in 1864. He came after John Marshall and despite the many influential things done by his predecessor, still was able to write several major opinions. His decision in Dred Scott to send a slave living in a free state back to his master in a slave state canceled out several compromises that had been keeping the Union together. When president Abraham Lincoln began using powers not normally given to the presidency to put certain rights on hold, Taney kept on trying to overrule him. These attempts were ignored and rumored to have almost led to Taney's arrest.

When Taney County, Missouri was officially organized in 1837, it was named in his honor. At the time Abraham Lincoln became president, Taney swore in Lincoln.

References

1777 births
1864 deaths
Chief justices of the United States
Politicians from Maryland
United States Attorneys General
Lawyers from Maryland
Political issues 
Many, like the Supreme Court of the United States, at times become involved in political issues. These include the Supreme Courts of Egypt, Pakistan, Israel, India and Kuwait.  One of the most controversial political decisions was Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), a United States Supreme Court decision that resolved the dispute surrounding the 2000 United States presidential election. There has been a good deal of controversy over the European Court of Justice reviewing decisions made by member state governments. The president of the Supreme Court of Israel, Aharon Barak, has been criticized for, along with others, dominating the government of Israel.

See also 

 List of supreme courts by country

References

Other websites 
 U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations, New York Times
 Constitutional courts versus supreme courts
 The Relationship between National Supreme Courts and Supranational Courts in Europe

 
International law
Lee Chaolan is a video game character in Tekken. The first time he was in Tekken was the first Tekken game.

Character
Lee Chaolan was an orphan before the first game started, but was adopted as a child by Heihachi Mishima.

Kazuya Mishima, Heihachi's son, was Lee's arch nemesis since they were children. Kazuya always won against Lee. Lee is now in a world of hate because of this experience. He holds a constant grudge against Kazuya. 

Lee Chaolan's fighting style uses mostly feet. Using his long legs and quick feet, he can take down any foe that comes his way. Kazuya uses a balanced force of fist and foot to take down his foes. Balance is Kazuya's key to victory over his rival Lee.

He turned 48 in Tekken 5 but the creators made him look younger. 

Tekken characters
A scooter is a bicycle or tricycle with very small wheels. Some scooters have a motor, some have pedals, and some are pushed with the foot. Scooters with motors are called motor scooters. There are many different kinds of scooters. They include motor scooters and kick scooters.

Some scooters have four wheels. People who don't have much balance can drive that kind.

In some places, riders of motor scooters need a driver's license for driving a motorcycle. In other places, they only need a licence for driving a moped. Some scooters can hold two people.

Land vehicles
Cycling
A tricycle is a vehicle with three wheels. It can be also called a trike. Tricycles can have pedals, an electric motor or a petrol engine.

Human powered 
A child's tricycle is best known, but adult tricycles are becoming more common.  The adult trikes will have a chain, gears and are recumbent (the feet are in front of the body).  They come in two main styles: tadpole with two wheels up front and one in back and delta with two wheels in the back and one wheel in the front.  Almost always the front wheel or wheels steer the bike, and power goes to the back wheel or wheels.

Some trikes are fully faired (covered in a shell to cut wind resistance).  These are called velomobiles.

Other trikes are built to carry cargo or passengers (also called a cycle rickshaw or pedicabs).

Motor driven 
Motorcycles also come in three wheeled versions.  Some people like them for better balance or more room.

Related pages
 Tandem trike

References

Human-powered vehicles
Cycling
Motorcycles
The Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world championship in Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1994 through 2001 and World Wrestling Entertainment from 2006 through 2010.

Other websites 
 Title History at WWE.com

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
The following is a list of rivers in China, by where they flow into:

Arabian Sea
 Indus (印度河)

Bay of Bengal
 Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra) (雅鲁藏布江) (joins the Ganges)

Andaman Sea
 Salween (萨尔温江 or 怒江)

South China Sea
 Mekong (湄公河)
 Red River (Vietnam) (红河, a.k.a. 元江)
 Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) (珠江)
 Beijiang (Bei) (北江)
 Dongjiang (Dong) (东江)
 Han (韩江)
 Mei (梅江)
 Ning (宁江)
 Ting (汀江)
 Dajing (大靖河)  
 Xijiang (Xi) (西江)
 Yujiang (Yu) (鬱江)
 Yongjiang (Yong) (邕江）)
 Zuojiang (Zuo) (左江)
 Youjiang (You) (右江)
 Xunjiang (Xun) (浔江）
 Qiangjiang (Qiang) (黔江)
 Rongjiang (Rong)（融江）
 Hongshui (Red River) (红水河）
 Beipan (北盘江)
 Nanpan (南盘江)
 Ba (灞水 or 灞河)
 Guijiang (Gui) (桂江)
 Lijiang (Li) (漓江)

Taiwan Strait
 Min (Fujian) (闽江)
East China Sea
 Qiantang River, Qian River (钱塘江 or 钱江, upper reach known as 新安江)
 Huangpu River (黃浦江)
 Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) (长江, upper reach known as 金沙江)
 Tongtian River
 Yalong River (雅砻江）
 Min (Sichuan) (岷江)
 Wu (乌江）
 Jialing (嘉陵江)
 Bailong (白龙江)
 Baishui (白水)
 Qujiang (渠江)
 Fujiang (涪江)
 Xiang (湘江)
 Xiaoshui (瀟水)
 Zhengshui (蒸水)
 Lishui (Li) (澧水)
 Yuanjiang (Yuan) (沅江)
 Wu River (巫水)
 Zijiang (Zi) (资江)
 Hanshui  (汉江 or 汉水)
 Gan (赣江)
 Zhang (章江)
 Gongshui (貢水)
 Mei (梅河)
 Xiang (Jiangxi) (湘水)

Yellow Sea
 Huai (淮河)
 Shaying (沙颖河)
 Yi (沂河)
 Shu (沭河)
 Si (泗河)
 Jiao (胶河)
 Yalu (鸭绿江) - Korea Bay

Bohai Sea
 Wei (潍河) 
 Xiaoqing (小清河, formerly known as 济河) 
 Yellow River (Huang He) (黃河) 
 Daxia (大峡河)
 Fen (汾河)
 Wei (渭河)
 Jing (泾河)
 Luo (洛河)
 Hai (海河) 
 Wei (卫河)
 Zhang (漳河)
 Yongding (永定河)
 Luan (滦河) 
 Liao (辽河)

Sea of Japan
 Tumen River (图们江)
 Heilong Jiang (Heilongjiang) (黑龙江)
 Songhua River (松花江)

Arctic Ocean
 Irtysh (额尔齐斯河) - Gulf of Ob (joins Ob River)

Canals
Grand Canal of China (大运河)
Rivers that do not flow into any larger body of water
 Muzat River - tributary of the Tarim River
 Tarim River - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
 Ili river - ends in Lake Balkhash
 Karakash (Black Jade River) (黑玉江) - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
 Yurungkash (White Jade River) (白玉江) - ends in the Taklamakan Desert

References 

China
This is a list of rivers in Idaho:

Bear River
Big Wood River
Blackfoot River
Boise River
Bruneau River
Coeur d'Alene River
Clark Fork (river)
Clearwater River (Idaho)
Fall River
Henrys Fork
Jarbidge
Kootenai River
Lemhi River
Little Salmon River
Little Weiser River
Little Wood River
Lochsa River
Lost River/Big (Idaho)
Lost River/East Fork (Idaho)
Lost River/Little (Idaho)
Lost River/North Fork (Idaho)
Malad River
Moyie River
North Fork Owyhee River
Owyhee River
Pack River
Palouse River
Pahsimeroi River
Payette River 
Pend Oreille River
Portneuf River
Potlatch River
Priest River (Idaho)
Raft River
Sailor River
St. Joe River
Salmon River
Selway River
South Fork Snake River
Snake River
South Fork Owyhee River
Teton River (Idaho)
Warm River
Weiser River

Idaho

Idaho-related lists
This is a list of rivers in Illinois:

Apple to Fox
Apple River
Big Muddy River
Beaucoup Creek
Boneyard Creek
Bonpas Creek
Cache River
Calumet River
Casey Creek, also known as Casey Fork Creek
Chicago River
Des Plaines River
DuPage River
Edwards River
Elm River
Embarras River
Fox River, northern Illinois
Fox River (Little Wabash tributary), southern Illinois

Galena to Lusk
Galena River
Grand Calumet River
Green River
Henderson Creek
Illinois River
Iroquois River
Kankakee River
Kaskaskia River
Kishwaukee River
Kyte River
La Moine River
Leaf River
Little Calumet River
Little Embarras River
Little Mackinaw River
Little Marys River
Little Menominee River
Little Muddy River
Little Vermilion River (Illinois)
Little Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary)
Little Wabash River
Lusk Creek
Mackinaw to Rock
Mackinaw River
Macoupin Creek
Marys River
Mazon River
Menominee River
Middle Fork Vermilion River
Mississippi River
Ohio River
Palmer Creek (Columbia, IL)
Panther Creek (Mackinaw watershed)
Pecatonica River
Piscasaw Creek
Plum River
Red River
Rock River

Saline to Wood
Saline River
Salt Fork Vermilion River
Salt Creek (Des Plaines River Tributary)
Salt Creek (Sangamon River Tributary)
Salt Creek (Little Wabash River Tributary)
Sangamon River
Sinsinawa River
Skillet Fork
Skokie River
Somonauk Creek
Spoon River
Sugar Creek (Sangamon River tributary)
Sugar River
Thorn Creek
Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary)
Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)
Wabash River
West Okaw River
Wood River

Illinois

rivers
Anderson River
Black River (Owensville – New Harmony)
Big Blue River
Blue River
Calumet Riversystem
Cedar Creek
Deep River
Driftwood River
Eel River (Cass/Miami/Wabash/Kosciusko/Whitley/Allen Counties) 
Eel River (Greene/Owen/Clay/Putnam/Parke Counties) 
Elkhart River
Fall River
Fawn River
Flatrock Creek
Flatrock River
Fourteen Mile Creek
Galena River
Iroquois River
Kankakee River
Little Blue River
Little Elkhart River
Little Flatrock River 
Little Kankakee River
Little Pigeon River
Little River also called Little Wabash River
Little Vermilion River 
Maumee River
Mississinewa River
Muscatatuck River
Ohio River
Patoka River
Pigeon River also called Pigeon Creek, Turkey Creek
Pigeon River also called Pigeon Creek
St. Joseph River (Maumee River tributary)
St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)
St. Marys River (Maumee River tributary)
Salamonie River
Sand River
Sugar Creek
Sugar River also called Sugar Creek, Rock River
Tippecanoe River
Vermilion River
Wabash River
White River
Whitewater River
Whitewater River
Wildcat River also called Wildcat Creek
Yellow River
The Golden Compass is a fantasy movie, which was released on December 5, 2007 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. The movie is based on the book Northern Lights (also known as The Golden Compass), the first novel in Philip Pullman's trilogy His Dark Materials.

The cast includes Dakota Blue Richards, Nicole Kidman, Ian McKellen, Christopher Lee, Daniel Craig, Ian McShane, and Sam Elliott.

Plot
Lord Asriel has found something called "dust" that separates us and another universe.  People do not believe this idea.  The Magistrate, a very large and strong group, try to kill him by poisoning his drink.  Lyra, his niece, was playing, heard someone coming, hid, and saw a priest try to poison the drink.  She then ran out and saved Asriel before he could drink.  Asriel later goes to the North Pole to find this dust.

Lyra is also given something called a golden compass.  The person says that it's the only one in the world and that only a few people know how to use it.
A woman named Mrs. Coulter then tries to get Lyra in with her.  She promises her that they will go to the North Pole.

2007 fantasy movies
British fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies based on books
An independent body is a group employed to give a view without bias. Independent bodies are mainly employed to review public services. Some news groups claim to be independent bodies. In the United States, they are called an independent agency or an independent regulatory agency.

Public services
The Limbourg brothers, or in Dutch Gebroeders van Limburg (Herman, Paul, and Johan; fl. 1385 – 1416), were famous Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy.  They created what is certainly the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.

Dutch painters
Nijmegen
Renaissance
Anthony Stewart Head (born 20 February 1954) is an English actor and musician who has appeared in theatre, television and movies. He is most well known for his role as Rupert Giles in the American television drama series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as the Prime Minister in the British comedy show Little Britain, as Dr. Frank N Furter in the London revival of The Rocky Horror Show and for a series of coffee adverts in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is credited by his full name on American television, and sometimes as Tony Head elsewhere. He also played Phil Norton in 5 episodes of the first season Howards' Way.

Other websites 

 Official website

1954 births
Living people
English movie actors
Musical theater actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Whedonverse
Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback and located in Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. This is a holy place for some Aboriginal Australians. It is in the Western Desert, in the middle of Australia. It was listed as a World Heritage site in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. It was the second place in the world to be listed as culturally significant, and it is one of the few places in the world to have two listings.

History 
The Anangu people believe that Uluru, and the rest of Central Australia, was formed by ancestral beings at the beginning of time. The Anangu are directly descended from these ancestors.
Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than 40,000 years They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s. This was a nomadic life, moving around to hunt and gather food according to the seasons. They have a complex ceremonial life based around Uluru. They are one of the oldest human societies on earth.

The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and   named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century.

Geography 

See geography of Uluru and Kata Tjuta.

References 

Mountains of the Northern Territory
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Pitjantjatjara
The Elapidae, or elapids, are a family of venomous snakes. These snakes can be found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They can also be found in  the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. They are characterized by a set of hollow, fixed fangs through which they inject venom.  There are snakes of different sizes,  from only 18 cm (Drysdalia) up to 6 m in length (King Cobra). Currently, 61 genera with 231 species are known.

Description

On land
Those elapids that live on land look a lot like the colubrids: almost all have long and slender bodies with smooth scales, a head that is covered with large shields and not always distinct from the neck, and eyes with round pupils. In addition, their behavior is usually quite active and most are oviparous. There are exceptions to all these generalizations: For example, the death adders (Acanthophis) include short and fat, rough-scaled, very broad-headed, cat-eyed, live-bearing, sluggish ambush predators with partly fragmented head shields.
Some species spend most of their lives in trees or bushes; this is called arboreal (African Pseudohaje and Dendroaspis, Australian Hoplocephalus). Many others are  specialised burrowers (e.g. Ogmodon, Parapistocalamus, Simoselaps, Toxicocalamus, Vermicella). Some species have very generalised diets. Others  have specialised on a certain kind of prey. They have also adapted themselves, to better be able to feed on other snakes, certain lizards, squamate eggs, mammals, birds, frogs, fish, etc.
In the water 
Sea snakes, which are also elapids, have adapted to a marine way of life in different ways. All have evolved their tails so they can be used for swimming. They can also excrete salt. Most also have changed bodies, better suited for swimming. Ventral scales are much smaller, the nostrils of the snakes are located dorsally and without scales between them. They give birth to live young (ovoviviparous). In general they have the ability to breathe through their skin; experiments with the yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platurus, have shown that this species can satisfy about 20% of its oxygen requirements in this manner. This makes it possible to stay underwater longer. The sea kraits (Laticauda sp. ), are the least well-adapted to an aquatic life. They spend much of their time on land where they also lay their eggs (oviparous). They have wide ventral scales, the tail is not as well-developed for swimming, and their nostrils are separated by scales.
All elapids have a pair of proteroglyphous fangs that are used to inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws. The fangs are the first two teeth on each maxillary bone, which are enlarged and hollow, and usually only one is in place on each side at any time. The maxilla is intermediate in length and mobility between typical colubrids (long, less mobile) and viperids (very short, highly mobile). When the mouth is closed, the fangs fit into grooved slots in the buccal floor; in the longest-fanged elapids (e.g. Acanthophis, Oxyuranus) it is common for the fangs to pierce right through the intermandibular skin, which does not seem to endanger the snake. The fangs are usually below the front edge of the eye and are angled backwards; due to this construction, most elapids must actually bite in order to envenomate. This action is therefore not as quick as with the viperids, that can envenomate with only a quick, stabbing motion
. Some elapids (Acanthophis, Oxyuranus, and especially Dendroaspis) have long fangs on quite mobile maxillae (the prefrontal and ectopterygoid contacts are nearly as close together as in viperids), and can therefore make very fast stabbing strikes like viperids. A few species are capable of spraying their venom from forward facing holes at the tips of their fangs as a means of defense. Elapids use their venom both to immobilize their prey and in self-defense.
Venom
All elapids are venomous and many are potentially deadly. The venoms are mostly neurotoxic and are considered more dangerous than the mainly proteolytic viper venoms. Members include the black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), a species many regard as the world's most dangerous snake, the fierce snake (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which is the most venomous land snake to mice, and Hydrophis belcheri, a sea snake and the most toxic venom of all snakes.

References
A colubrid (from Latin coluber, snake) is a snake that is a member of the Colubridae family. Colubridae is the largest snake family, and includes about two-thirds of all known living snake species. However, colubrids are certainly not a natural group, and many are more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other. This family has classically been a dumping ground for snakes that do not fit anywhere else. There is on-going mitochondrial DNA research which will sort out the familial relations within this group.

A colubrid's body is almost completely covered in scales. Most colubrids are not venomous and are normally harmless. A few groups, such as genus Boiga, can produce medically significant bites. In addition, the Boomslang and African twig snake have both caused human fatalities. The venom-injecting fangs associated with venomous colubrids are almost always in the back of the mouth, in contrast to vipers and elapids.
Selected species 
 Boomslang
 Brown tree snake
 Dice snake
 Garter snake
 Kingsnake
 Rat snake
 Smooth snake
 Water snake
 Mussurana

References
Central Finland, Keski-Suomi, is a region of Finland with about 270,000 inhabitants. Neighbouring regions are Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia and Päijänne Tavastia.

Municipalities
There are 27 municipalities in Central Finland. Cities and towns are marked in bold.

Central Finland
A Sea snake, or "coral reef snake", is a venomous elapid snake. They live in marine environments for most or all of their lives. At present, 17 genera are described as sea snakes, with 62 species.

They evolved from snakes that lived on the land. Some sea snakes still have some of the behaviour and traits of their ancestors, such as Laticauda, which can move a little on land. Most sea snakes are unable to move on the ground at all, but they are well adapted to living in the water.

Sea snakes are found in warm coastal waters from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. They live in the tropical and warm regions, but not in the Atlantic Ocean, or the North American coast above the Gulf of California.
Description
Most sea snakes grow to sizes between 1.2m and 1.4m, some can reach 2m or more. Hydrophis cyanocinctus reach 2.5m to 3m. They reach a weight of about 0.8 -1.3 kg, at a size of 1.8m. In most cases, females are larger than males.All sea snakes have paddle-like tails  and many have laterally compressed bodies – they look somewhat like eels. However, unlike fish, they do not have gills and must come to the surface regularly to breathe. Nevertheless, they are among the most completely aquatic of all air-breathing vertebrates. Among this group are species with some of the most potent venoms of all snakes. Some have gentle dispositions and bite only when provoked, while others are much more aggressive.
All snakes are good swimmers, but only real sea snakes live their whole lives in the ocean. Not only do they live there, they eat there and even have their young right inside the water. Most cannot live at all on land. If they get forced onto land by a storm or powerful currents, they are unable to move. Sea snakes have no scutes (special scales on snakes' bellies that help them grip and slither across the ground), so if a sea snake ends up on a beach, it is unable to slither back out to sea. Instead, sea snakes have a paddle-shaped tail. With its tail, the snake can swim well.
Sea snakes have special nostrils that can close when they go underwater and open when they come up to breathe, like the blowhole of a whale (scientists call these valved nostrils). The nostrils are found high up on the head so that the entire snake can stay under the water when they come up to breathe. In its search for food, a sea snake may remain under water for a long time. To do this, sea snakes have evolved a single lung that almost is as long as the whole body.
Most sea snakes are able to breathe through their skin. This is unusual for reptiles, because their skin is normally thick and scaly. Experiments with the black-and-yellow sea snake, Pelamis platurus (a pelagic species), have shown that this species can get about 20% of its oxygen in this manner, which allows for longer dives.

Like other land animals that have adapted to life in a marine environment, sea snakes swallow considerably more salt than their relatives living on land. They do this through their diet and when they inadvertently swallow sea water. Kidney function in birds and reptiles is too weak to remove enough salt. In birds, such as penguins, salt is removed through nasal glands. The marine iguanas of the Galapagos Islands use the same mechanism. Sea turtles have lacrimal glands that allow them to produce very salty tears. But in sea snakes, glands under and around the tongue let them expel salt with their tongue action.

Venom
Venom

Natural function 
Most sea snakes prey on fish, especially eels. The latter stiffens and dies within seconds when bitten. One species prefers molluscs and crustaceans, such as prawns. Some reef dwelling species have small heads and thin necks, making it possible for them to get small eels from the soft bottom where they hide.

Effect of venom on humans 
Pelamis platurus has a venom more potent than any other terrestrial snake species in Costa Rica. The snake is very common in the waters of the western coast of Costa Rica. Despite this, few human deaths have been reported. Nevertheless, all sea snakes should be handled with great caution.
When bites occur, only a small amount of venom is injected. The symptoms caused by the venom may seem slight at first.   There is usually little or no swelling involved, and it is rare for any nearby lymph nodes to be affected. The most important symptoms are a rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue and paralysis. Early symptoms include headache, a thick-feeling tongue, thirst, sweating, and vomiting. Symptoms that can occur after 30 minutes to several hours after the bite include generalized aching, stiffness, and tenderness of muscles all over the body. This is followed later on by symptoms typical of other elapid attacks: a progressive paralysis of muscles. Paralysis of muscles involved in swallowing and respiration can be fatal. After three to eight hours, myoglobin may start to show up in the blood plasma. This is a result of muscle breakdown. It can cause the urine to turn a dark reddish, brown, or black in color, and eventually lead to kidney failure
. After six to twelve hours, severe hyperkalemia can lead to cardiac arrest. The hyperkalemia is also the result of muscle breakdown.
The attacked person may experience nausea, vomiting, thick tongue, difficulty in speaking and swallowing, blurred vision, weakness, numbness, or stiffness.
 More severe symptoms may include paralysis, drooping eyelids, dark brown urine, lockjaw, difficulty breathing, and blue lips and tongue. Sometimes, death may occur.

References

Elapidae
The title of Archduke (feminine: Archduchess) (German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) is a rank above Duke and under King. It is very rare. It was used only by males of the House of Habsburg.

Ruler style
The English word is recorded only since 1530, derived from Middle Latin archidux, from arch(i)- (primary or chief) + dux 'duke' .
 
Archduke (Erzherzog) is a title distinct from Grand Duke (Großherzog or Großfürst) that is used in some other German royal houses and still in sovereign Luxemburg.

Fictional archdukes
 Poggle the Lesser was the Archduke of Geonosis, a planet from the Star Wars universe.

Famous archdukes and duchesses

Empress Maria Theresa was Archduchess of Austria. 
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria is better known as "Marie Antoinette" and was a daughter of Maria Theresa and the wife of Louis XVI of France.
Maria Teresa of Austria was the wife of Louis XIV of France and is better known as "Marie Thérèse".

Related pages 

 Grand Duke
Grand Duke

Other websites 
EtymologyOnLine
Use of the title "archduke" in contemporaneous documents 

Austrian nobility
Titles
Holy Roman Empire
Trench warfare is a war tactic, or way of fighting. It was commonly used on the Western Front in the First World War. It has also been used in other wars, like the Iran-Iraq War.

In trench warfare, the two sides fighting each other dug trenches in a battlefield. These trenches had many different parts, such as places for sleeping, for headquarters, for storage, and for artillery and machine guns. Between the front trenches, on the battlefield, was an area called "no man's land". This area was often covered with barbed wire and land mines. Soldiers on each side would try to cross no man's land to get to the enemy's trench and attack. Tanks were commonly used to cross this land.

Armies used trench warfare because it gave soldiers cover while defending themselves against attack. It also gave soldiers bunks to sleep in, although the bunks were very unclean and uncomfortable.

In World War I (1914 - 1918)