Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
EJB QL or EJB-QL is a portable database query language for Enterprise Java Beans. It can run on any database. It is used in J2EE applications. It is more complex but less powerful than SQL.

History
The language has been inspired by the native Hibernate Query Language HQL.

Differences
EJB QL is a database query language similar like SQL. The used queries are somewhat different from relational SQL. It uses a so-called "abstract schema" of the enterprise beans, not the relational model. In other words, EJB QL queries do not use tables and their components. They use enterprise beans, their persistent state, and their relationships. The result of an SQL query is a set of rows with a fixed number of columns. The result of an EJB QL query is either a single object, a collection of entity objects of a given type, or a collection of values retrieved from CMP fields. One has to understand the data model of enterprise beans in order to write effective queries.

Related pages
HQL
SQL

References
References

Computer science
Query languages
Enterprise Java Beans is a framework that allows one to develop Enterprise applications more easily using Java Enterprise Edition. It does this by using standard components. These components specify how an application works. This is usually called business logic.

There are different kinds of Beans:

Session beans help to implement the main business logic. They are either Stateful (remembers things), Stateless (remembers nothing) or Singleton (only one of those exists). An example of a session bean might be the piece of code that tells how to store items in a database.
Message-driven beans allow a system to work asynchronously. They help to make different systems talk to each other by sending messages. Sometimes they are used to talk to legacy systems.

Other websites 
 Sun's EJB Product main page
 EJB 3.0 API Javadocs
 The EJB 3.0 Specification
 Sun's EJB 3.0 Tutorial
 EJB (3.0) Glossary
 JSR 318 (EJB 3.1)
 JSR 220 (EJB 3.0)
 JSR 153 (EJB 2.1)
 JSR 19 (EJB 2.0)
EJB 2 example based tutorial issa 

Software
is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player.

In 2012, he is part of the Sanfrecce Hiroshima team.

Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Brummel Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1997||17||1||1||0||0||0||18||1
|-
|1998||21||1||4||1||4||0||29||2
|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||26||2||2||1||2||1||30||4
|-
|2000||19||0||0||0||1||0||20||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||3||0||3||0||3||1||9||1
|-
|2004||16||0||1||0||5||0||22||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||11||1||2||0||5||1||18||2
|-
|2006||26||1||1||0||7||1||34||2
|-
|2007||27||0||1||0||2||0||30||0
|-
|2008||13||0||1||0||3||1||17||1
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||30||0||2||0||6||1||38||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
209||6||18||2||38||6||265||14
209||6||18||2||38||6||265||14
|}

References

Other websites

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
Tomáš Rosický (born 4 October 1980) is a Czech football player. He plays for Arsenal and Czech Republic national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|1999/00||24||5||||||||||||||24||5
|-
|2000/01||14||3||||||||||||||14||3

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||15||0||||||||||||||15||0
|-
|2001/02||30||5||||||||||8||1||38||6
|-
|2002/03||30||4||||||||||7||2||37||6
|-
|2003/04||19||2||||||||||4||0||23||2
|-
|2004/05||27||4||||||||||0||0||27||4
|-
|2005/06||28||5||||||||||0||0||28||5

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||3||4||2||1||0||6||1||37||6
|-
|2007/08||18||6||1||0||0||0||5||1||24||7
|-
|2008/09||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
41||8||||||||||||||41||8
149||20||||||||||19||3||168||23
44||9||5||2||1||0||11||2||61||13
234||37||5||2||1||0||30||5||270||44
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||10||2
|-
|2002||6||3
|-
|2003||7||1
|-
|2004||13||3
|-
|2005||8||6
|-
|2006||9||2
|-
|2007||7||2
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||71||19
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Arsenal F.C. players
Czech footballers
Sportspeople from Prague
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Ueno was born in Saitama on April 21, 1973. After dropped out from Waseda University, he joined J1 League club Yokohama Marinos (later Yokohama F. Marinos) in 1994. Initially, he played as offensive midfielder. In 1997, he was converted to defensive midfielder and became a regular player. The club won the champions in 2001 J.League Cup, 2003 and 2004 J1 League. He retired end of 2007 season.

On June 6, 2000, Ueno debuted for the Japan national team against Jamaica.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="5"|J1 League||15||1||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|1995||5||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||2
|-
|1996||16||0||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|1997||30||2||2||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||37||3
|-
|1998||32||3||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||37||3
|-
|1999||rowspan="9"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="9"|J1 League||28||3||3||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||36||4
|-
|2000||23||1||3||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||32||2
|-
|2001||25||4||1||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2002||30||2||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|-
|2003||4||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2004||22||3||0||0||6||0||3||0||31||3
|-
|2005||26||2||2||0||3||0||3||1||34||3
|-
|2006||25||0||0||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2007||6||1||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||9||1
287||24||23||0||60||5||6||1||376||30
287||24||23||0||60||5||6||1||376||30
|}

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
David Bisconti (born 22 September 1968) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="5"|Rosario Central||rowspan="5"|Primera División||33||2||||||||||33||2
|-
|1989/90||35||5||||||||||35||5
|-
|1990/91||36||12||||||||||36||12
|-
|1991/92||38||10||||||||||38||10
|-
|1992/93||12||1||||||||||12||1

|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||27||8||3||1||5||1||35||10
|-
|1994||25||11||4||1||3||1||32||13
|-
|1995||48||27||0||0||colspan="2"|-||48||27
|-
|1996||21||7||0||0||13||4||34||11

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Universidad Católica||rowspan="2"|Primera División||29||23||||||||||29||23
|-
|1998||11||2||||||||||11||2

|-
|1998/99||Badajoz||Segunda División||13||2||||||||||13||2

|-
|1999/00||Gimnasia y Esgrima Jujuy||Primera División||21||3||||||||||21||3
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||12||6||0||0||0||0||12||6
|-
|2001||5||3||0||0||2||0||7||3
|-
|2002||J. League 2||15||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||4
|-
|2002||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||24||10||2||6||colspan="2"|-||26||16
175||33||||||||||175||33
177||76||9||8||23||6||209||90
40||25||||||||||40||25
13||2||||||||||13||2
405||136||9||8||23||6||437||150
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||5||1
|-
!Total||5||1
|}

References

1968 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
People from Rosario, Argentina
Jun Suzuki (born 17 August 1961) is a former Japanese football player.

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Miyagi Prefecture
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Natsuka was born in Funabashi on October 7, 1969. After graduating from Narashino High School, he joined Fujita Industries (later Bellmare Hiratsuka) in 1988. In 1994, the club won 1994 Emperor's Cup and he was selected Best Eleven. In Asia, the club also won 1995 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. However, he left the club end of 1998 season due to financial strain. In 1999, he moved to J2 League club Consadole Sapporo. The club won the champions in 2000 and was promoted to J1 League from 2001. He retired end of the 2001 season.

On May 22, 1994, Natsuka debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. In 1994, he played full time in all matches included 1994 Asian Games. In 1995, he also played at 1995 King Fahd Cup. He played 11 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1995.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="6"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||10||0||||||0||0||10||0
|-
|1989/90||8||0||||||4||0||12||0
|-
|1990/91||22||2||||||1||0||23||2
|-
|1991/92||24||3||||||3||0||27||3
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||18||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||22||2
|-
|1993||18||2||1||0||6||0||25||2
|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||41||1||5||0||1||0||47||1
|-
|1995||45||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||47||2
|-
|1996||14||0||0||0||13||2||27||2
|-
|1997||32||3||3||0||6||0||41||3
|-
|1998||27||0||2||0||2||0||31||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J2 League||32||3||0||0||2||0||34||3
|-
|2000||29||3||2||0||1||0||32||3
|-
|2001||J1 League||18||0||1||0||1||0||20||0
338||20||20||1||40||2||398||23
338||20||20||1||40||2||398||23
|}

|-
|1994||9||1
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||11||1
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Shonan Bellmare players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
Nobuo Kawaguchi (born 10 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||rowspan="8"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||20||3||3||0||5||3||colspan="2"|-||28||6
|-
|1999||18||1||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
|-
|2000||20||3||3||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||5
|-
|2001||23||0||0||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2002||23||3||3||1||7||1||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2003||19||1||3||2||6||0||colspan="2"|-||28||3
|-
|2004||8||0||4||1||5||0||3||0||20||1
|-
|2005||8||1||1||0||0||0||5||1||14||2
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||24||3||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||32||3
|-
|2007||14||0||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2008||7||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
184||15||20||6||50||5||8||1||244||37
184||15||20||6||50||5||8||1||244||37
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Niigata Prefecture
Carles Puyol (born 13 April 1978) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Barcelona and the Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="11"|Barcelona||rowspan="11"|La Liga||24||0||5||0||8||0||37||0
|-
|2000/01||17||0||2||0||5||0||24||0
|-
|2001/02||35||2||1||0||15||0||51||2
|-
|2002/03||32||0||0||0||14||0||46||0
|-
|2003/04||27||0||4||0||7||0||38||0
|-
|2004/05||36||0||1||0||8||0||45||0
|-
|2005/06||35||1||5||0||12||0||52||1
|-
|2006/07||35||1||9||0||9||1||54||2
|-
|2007/08||30||0||7||0||10||1||47||1
|-
|2008/09||28||1||6||0||11||0||45||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
299||5||40||0||99||2||438||7
299||5||40||0||99||2||438||7
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||10||0
|-
|2006||10||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||14||1
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||14||1
|-
|2011||4||0
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
|2013||1||0
|-
!Total||100||3
|}

References
References 

1978 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
FC Barcelona players
Luis Javier García Sanz (born 24 June 1978) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Racing Santander.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1999/00||Real Valladolid||La Liga||6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||Toledo||Segunda División||17||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||17||4
|-
|2000/01||Tenerife||Segunda División||40||16||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||16
|-
|2001/02||Real Valladolid||La Liga||25||7||4||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||10
|-
|2002/03||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||30||9||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||9
|-
|2003/04||Barcelona||La Liga||25||4||6||1||colspan="2"|-||7||3||38||8

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Liverpool||rowspan="3"|Premier League||29||8||0||0||3||0||12||5||44||13
|-
|2005/06||31||7||3||1||1||0||13||3||48||11
|-
|2006/07||17||3||1||0||1||0||7||3||26||6
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||30||2||||||||||5||1||35||3
|-
|2008/09||19||0||||||||||2||0||21||0
|-
|2009/10||Racing Santander||La Liga||||||||||||||||||||
192||42||13||4||0||0||14||4||219||50
77||18||4||1||5||0||32||11||118||30
269||60||17||5||5||0||46||15||337||80
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2005||6||3
|-
|2006||12||1
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||20||4
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
FC Barcelona players
A habitable zone (HZ) in astronomy is a region of space where conditions are best for life to form as on Earth. Planets in these areas are the most likely to have extraterrestrial life.

The habitable zone may also be called the "life zone", "comfort zone", "green belt" or "Goldilocks zone". One in five stars has an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24824007 One in five suns has habitable world. BBC News Science & Environment]</ref> However, it is not known what proportion would have conditions suitable for life.

 Goldilocks planet 
The Goldilocks principle or 'Goldilocks effect' is that something must be within limits: "not too hot, not too cold, but just right".
It is taken from a children's story "The Three Bears" in which a little girl named Goldilocks finds a house owned by three bears. Each bear has their own preference of food, beds, etc. After testing each of the three items, Goldilocks determines that one of them is always too much in one extreme (too hot, too large, etc.), one is too much in the opposite extreme (too cold, too small, etc.), and one is "just right".

In astrobiology, the Goldilocks zone refers to the habitable zone around a star. A planet must neither be too far away from, nor too close to a star and galactic centre to support life. Either extreme would prevent a planet evolving life. 
Such a planet is colloquially called a "Goldilocks planet".

 Methodology 
 Circumstellar habitable zone 
In a solar system, astronomers believe a planet must be in the habitable zone to have life. The circumstellar habitable zone is an area around a star where a planet would be able to have liquid water. Liquid water may be necessary for all forms of life.
Planets are evaluated on these seven criteria:
Earth Similarity Index (ESI) — Similarity to Earth on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being the most Earth-like. ESI depends on the planet's radius, density, escape velocity, and surface temperature.
Standard Primary Habitability (SPH) — Suitability for vegetation on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being best-suited for growth. SPH depends on surface temperature (and relative humidity if known).
Habitable Zone Distance (HZD) — Distance from the center of the star's habitable zone, scaled so that –1 represents the inner edge of the zone, and +1 represents the outer edge. HZD depends on the star's luminosity and temperature and the size of the planet's orbit.
Habitable Zone Composition (HZC) — Measure of bulk composition, where values close to zero are likely iron–rock–water mixtures. Values below –1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of iron, and values greater than +1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of gas. HZC depends on the planet's mass and radius.
Habitable Zone Atmosphere (HZA) — Potential for the planet to hold a habitable atmosphere, where values below –1 represent bodies likely with little or no atmosphere, and values above +1 represent bodies likely with thick hydrogen atmospheres (e.g. gas giants). Values between –1 and +1 are more likely to have atmospheres suitable for life, though zero is not necessarily ideal. HZA depends on the planet's mass, radius, orbit size, and the star's luminosity.
Planetary Class (pClass) — Classifies objects based on thermal zone (hot, warm, or cold, where warm is in the habitable zone) and mass (asteroidan, mercurian, subterran, terran, superterran, neptunian, and jovian).
Habitable Class (hClass) — Classifies habitable planets based on temperature: very cold (< −50 °C);  cold; mesoplanets (M) = medium-temperature (0–50 °C); thermoplanets = hot; very hot (> 100 °C). Mesoplanets would be ideal for complex life, whereas class hP or hT would only support extremophilic life. Non-habitable planets are simply given the class NH.
Galactic habitable zone 
This concept is not so widely used. It is the idea that a solar system must also be in a suitable place inside a galaxy for life to form.
Some areas of galaxies are better suited to life than others. The Solar System in which we live, in the Orion Spur, on the Milky Way galaxy's edge is a life-favorable spot, since we are there.
 It is not in a globular cluster where immense star densities are inimical to life, given excessive radiation and gravitational disturbance. Globular clusters are also primarily composed of older, probably metal-poor, stars. Furthermore, in globular clusters, the great ages of the stars would mean a large amount of stellar evolution by the host or other nearby stars, which due to their proximity may cause extreme harm to life on any planets, provided that they can form.
 It is not near an active gamma ray source.
 It is not near the galactic center where once again star densities increase the likelihood of ionizing radiation (e.g., from magnetars and supernovae). A supermassive black hole is also believed to lie at the middle of the galaxy which might prove a danger to any nearby bodies.
Overview 
The habitable zone is the region around a star where a planet has sufficient atmospheric pressure to keep liquid water on its surface.

A habitable planet candidate implies a terrestrial planet within the zone, and with conditions roughly comparable to those of the Earth (i.e. an Earth analog) and thus potentially favourable to life.

Only about a dozen planets have been confirmed in the habitable zone, but the Kepler spacecraft has identified a further 54 candidates. Estimates suggest that there are "at least 500 million" such planets in the Milky Way.

 List of habitable planet candidates 
The table can be sorted by clicking the up or down arrows.

KeyDistance from Earth in light-years (ly)Mass in Earth mass multiples (M🜨)Radius'' in Earth radii (R🜨)

Related pages
 Life
 Planets
 Solar system

References 

Extraterrestrial life
Space
Ernst Julius Gunther Röhm (28 November 1887 ; in Munich,Bavaria,Germany– 1 July 1934 ; in Munich, Bavaria, Germany) was a leader and co-founder of the German Sturmabteilung, the Stormtroopers. He also was a member of the German Reichstag, where he was a minister from 1933 to 1934. He was murdered during the Night of the Long Knives, in 1934. Adolf Hitler gave the order to murder Röhm. He was gay.

During the First World War, Röhm fought as an officer. He was awarded the Iron Cross First Class.

Early life 
Ernst Röhm was born in Munich on 28 November 1887. He was the third child of a chief train inspector, Julius Röhm, and his wife, Emilie Röhm. He had one older brother and one older sister. His sister's son was Bernhard Lippert, a German diplomat.

In 1906, after his Abitur (school exams) in Munich, Röhm joined the Bavarian army as a Fanjunkare. Two years later he became a Lieutenant.
First World War 
In 1914, at the beginning of the First World War, he was an adjutant and fought on the Western Front. He was wounded three times, and was awarded the Iron Cross First Class. He was badly hurt in that year and lost a piece of his nasal bone. He worked for the Bavarian government in the War Department for the first time. Two years later, in 1918, he was given the rank of a captain (German: Hauptmann).

After the First World War, Röhm went to the Freikorps (Free Corps) of Franz Ritter von Epp. He wanted to fight against the Communists in Munich. With this group, he went to fight against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. In July 1919, the Freikorps became part of the Reichswehr.

Involvement in the Nazi Party
In 1919, Röhm joined the German Workers' Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (DAP)). This was the precursor of the Nazi party. One year later, he became a member of the German Nazi Party. He received the membership number 623. Röhm helped Hitler establish relationships with the Bavarian politicians and the industrialists. Two years later, Röhm and Hitler started the Sturmabteilung (SA), attracting many men from the Freikorps. It was founded as a paramilitary group for the German Nazi Party. Hitler made Röhm the leader of the SA.

Röhm took a part in the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. The Nazi Party tried to overthrow the government, but failed. Röhm was arrested and charged with high treason. The judges decided he was guilty on 1 April 1924. Röhm went to prison for five months and lost his job in the army. Following the court trial, both the Nazi Party and the Sturmabteilung became illegal.
In 1924, Röhm helped start the Frontbann, an alternative to the Sturmabteilung. After an argument with Adolf Hitler, Röhm retired as leader of the SA. He said that he was only a soldier and not a politician. Between 1928 and 1930, he worked for the Bolivian military as an advisor.

Leader of the Sturmabteilung
On 1 November 1930, he went back to Germany and joined the Nazi Party a second time. In January 1931, Adolf Hitler placed Röhm in charge of the Sturmabteilung. In just over a year, he expanded it from 70,000 to 170,000 members. In April 1932, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning banned the SA again. Franz von Papen, who was chancellor after Heinrich Brüning, annulled the ban in June. In 1933, Ernst Röhm became a Reichsminister, a minister of the Reichstag. In 1934, the SA had over 4,500,000 members. The power of the SA increased. Because of this, Adolf Hitler and the Schutzstaffel (SS) started a new dispute with Röhm. The SA was about 20 times greater in membership than the Reichswehr; Röhm was dreaming to take over the Reichswehr.
Hitler was afraid of Röhm's power. Röhm wanted to merge the Sturmabteilung with the general army, with him as leader. He also wanted a "second Nazi revolution" to make Germany more socialist. He was an anticapitalist, and at this time, Hitler was trying to befriend Germany's industrialists. Hitler planned to kill Röhm.

Night of the Long Knives 
Röhm arranged with Hitler that the Sturmabteilung would get four weeks holiday during the summer of 1934. The holiday started on 1 July 1934. Röhm wanted to go to Bad Wiessee for rest. On 29 June 1934, Röhm was arrested, yet had no trial. He was given the choice by Theodor Eicke: to commit suicide or be killed. On 1 July, Theodor Eicke shot Röhm as instructed by Hitler. Röhm was buried in the Munich western cemetery.
Many Sturmabteilung leaders were killed on that same night, mostly by the Schutzstaffel and Gestapo. It was called the "Night of the Long Knives". The next day the German parliament passed a law with only one paragraph making the murders at the Night of the Long Knives legal.

References

Other websites 

 

1887 births
1934 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
Gay men
German LGBT people
Assassinated German politicians
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
LGBT politicians
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Murders by firearm in Germany
Politicians from Munich
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
The Shell Rock River is a tributary of the Cedar River in Iowa and Minnesota.  It is 102 miles long. It is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.

Related pages
List of rivers of Iowa
List of rivers of Minnesota

References 

Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Minnesota
The Blue Earth River is a tributary of the Minnesota River.  It is 108 miles (174 km) long and can be found in the southern part of Minnesota and the northern part of Iowa in the United States.  It has two headwaters: the Middle Branch Blue Earth River and the West Branch Blue Earth River.  The Blue Earth River is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.  The river was named for old deposits of bluish-green clay that could be seen along the banks of the river.  However, you are no longer able to see these deposits.  It was called Makato Osa Watapa by the Dakota Indians.  This had the meaning "the river where blue earth is gathered."

Related pages
List of rivers of Iowa

References 

Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Minnesota
Mankato is a city in Blue Earth and Nicollet counties of Minnesota in the United States.  It is the county seat of Blue Earth County.  About 32,400 people were living in Mankato as of 2000.  It can be found by the Minnesota River where it meets up with the Blue Earth River.  It has a sister city called North Mankato.  The city of Skyline can be found inside of Mankato.

References

Other websites 
 ci.mankato.mn.us — City of Mankato

Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota
1852 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Minnesota Territory
Skyline is a city in Blue Earth County, Minnesota in the United States. 1,049 people were living in Skyline as of 2020.  Skyline has an area of 0.2 square miles.

References

Other websites 
Skyline — City-Data.com information

Cities in Minnesota
A feud () (also called blood feud or vendetta) is a long-running argument or fight between parties. In most cases it involves whole familles or clans. People are seen as guilty, not because they did something, but because they were seen with other people (who are considered guilty). This is called guilt by association.

Feuds start because one party thinks they were attacked, insulted, or otherwise harmed by the other party. Intense feelings of resentment trigger the initial revenge, which causes the other party to feel the same way. The dispute is then fueled by a long-running cycle of retaliatory violence. This ongoing cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it very difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds frequently involve the original parties' family members and/or associates. They can last for generations.
Up to the early modern period, feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments. The state or ruler even made laws for certain aspects of feuds. Once modern centralizing states asserted and enforced a monopoly on legitimate use of force, feuds became illegal and the concept acquired its current negative connotation.

Blood feuds/vendetta 

A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored. The wronged person then wants vengeance and kills the culprits or  punishes them in other ways. If he cannot get the culprits, he does this to their relatives. Historically, the word vendetta has been used to mean a blood feud. The word is Italian, and originates from the Latin vindicta, "vengeance." In modern times, the word also means any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed.

Vendetta history
Vendetta history

Originally, a vendetta was a blood feud between two families. Kinsmen of the victim wanted to take revenge for his or her death by killing either those responsible for the killing or some of their relatives. Usually, the closest male relative of the person killed or wronged  maintains the vendetta, but other members of the family may do so as well. If the culprit had disappeared or was already dead, the vengeance could extend to other relatives.

Vendetta is typical of societies with a weak rule of law or in those where the state does not consider itself responsible for helping with this kind of dispute. In such societies, family and kinship ties are the main source of authority. An entire family is considered responsible for whatever one of them has done. Sometimes even two separate branches of the same family could come to blows over some matter.

Today, the practice of vendetta has almost disappeared in societies where  law enforcement works. There, criminal law punishes lawbreakers.
In ancient Homeric Greece, the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vendetta . . . Vendetta is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of vendettas; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods".

The Ancient Hebrew tribes considered it to be the duty of the individual and family to avenge evil in God's name. The person who put the initial aggressive killer to death was given a special name: go'el haddam, the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer (Num. 35: 19, etc.). Six cities of refuge were made to provide a "cooling off" phase as well as due process for the accused. As the Oxford Companion to the Bible states: "Since life was viewed as sacred (Gen. 9.6), no amount of blood money could be given as recompense for the loss of the life of an innocent person; it had to be 'life for life'" (Exod. 21.23; Deut. 19.21)".
According to medievalist Marc Bloch, "The Middle Ages, from beginning to end, and particularly the feudal era, lived under the sign of private vengeance. The onus, of course, lay above all on the wronged individual; vengeance was imposed on him as the most sacred of duties ... The solitary individual, however, could do but little. Moreover, it was most commonly a death that had to be avenged. In this case the family group went into action and the faide (feud) came into being, to use the old Germanic word which spread little by little through the whole of Europe--'the vengeance of the kinsmen which we call faida''', as a German canonist expressed it. No moral obligation seemed more sacred than this ... The whole kindred, therefore, placed as a rule under the command of a chieftain, took up arms to punish the murder of one of its members or merely a wrong that he had suffered" (Marc Bloch, trans. L. A. Manyon, Feudal Society, Vol. I, 1965, p. 125-126).
The Celtic phenomenon of the blood feud demanded "an eye for an eye," and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between clans might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland. Due to the Celtic heritage of many whites living in Appalachia, a series of prolonged violent engagements in late- nineteenth-century Kentucky and West Virginia were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth-century popularity of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott, authors who both wrote semihistorical accounts of blood feuds. These incidents, the most famous of which was the Hatfield-McCoy feud, were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the 1880s and the early twentieth century. Although they were interpreted as such at the time, there is little reason to believe that these American incidents had any correlation to "feuding" in Europe centuries earlier.
Chariot racing in the Byzantine Empire also included the racing clubs. The Blues and the Greens were more than simply sports teams. They gained influence in military, political, and theological matters. The Blue-Green rivalry often erupted into gang warfare, and street violence had been on the rise in the reign of Justin I. Riots culminated in the Nika riots of 532 AD during the reign of Justinian I, with nearly half the city being burned or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed.

The Central Asian plateau (north of China) at the time of Genghis Khan's youth was divided into several nomadic tribes or confederations—among them Naimans, Merkits, Uyghurs, Tatars, Mongols, and Keraits—that were all prominent in their own right and often unfriendly toward each other, as evidenced by frequent raids, revenges, and plundering.
In Japan's feudal past the Samurai class upheld the honor of their family, clan, or their lord by katakiuchi (), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the  47 Ronin, others were given official permission with specific targets.

At the Holy Roman Empire's Reichstag at Worms in 1495 the right of waging feuds was abolished. The Imperial Reform proclaimed an "eternal public peace" (Ewiger Landfriede) to put an end to the abounding feuds and the anarchy of the robber barons and it defined a new standing imperial army to enforce that peace. However, it took a few more decades until the new regulation was universally accepted. In 1506, for example, knight Jan Kopidlansky killed somebody in Prague and the Town Councillors sentenced him to death and had him executed. Brother Jiri Kopidlansky revenged himself by continuing atrocities.
More than a third of the Ya̧nomamö males, on average, died from warfare. The accounts of missionaries to the area have recounted constant infighting in the tribes for women or prestige, and evidence of continuous warfare for the enslavement of neighboring tribes such as the Macu before the arrival of European settlers and government.

The Clan Gordon was at one point one of the most powerful clans in middle Scotland. Clan feuds and battles were frequent, especially with the Clan Cameron, Clan Murray, Clan Forbes, and the Chattan Confederation.

In Corsica, vendetta was a social code that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. It has been estimated that between 1683 and 1715, nearly 30,000 out of 120,000 Corsicans lost their lives to vendetta.
Throughout history, the Maniots—one of Greece's toughest populations—have been known by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice blood feuds. Some vendettas went on for months and sometimes years. The families involved would lock themselves in their towers and when they got the chance would murder members of the opposing family.

The Basque Country in the Late Middle Ages was ravaged by bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In Navarre, these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In Biscay, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. (Cf. the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, sometimes by royal decree.
Leontiy Lyulye, an expert on conditions in the Caucasus, wrote in the mid-19th century: "Among the mountain people the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the Dagestani aul Kadar, one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans lasted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century till the 1860s.

An alternative to feud was blood money (or weregild in the  Norse culture), which demanded payment of some kind from those responsible for a wrongful death (even an accidental one). If these payments were not made or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud would ensue.
Vendetta is reputedly still practiced in some areas in France (especially Corsica) and Italy (especially Sicily, Sardinia, Campania, Calabria, Apulia, and other areas of Southern Italy), in Crete (Greece), among Kurdish clans in Iraq and Turkey,In Turkey, a lone peacemaker ends many blood feuds, csmonitor
.com in northern Albania, among Pashtuns in Afghanistan, among Somali clans, over land in Nigeria, in India (a caste-related feuds among rival Hindu groups),Broken People: Caste Violence Against India’s “Untouchables”, (Human Rights Watch Report, 1999) between rival tribes in the north-east Indian state of Assam, among rival clans in China and Philippines, among the Arab Bedouins and Arab tribes inhabiting the mountains of Yemen and between Shiites and Sunnis in Iraq, in southern Ethiopia,No guns at Ethiopian peace talks, BBC News among the highland tribes of New Guinea,  in Svaneti, in the mountainous areas of Dagestan, many northern areas of Georgia and Azerbaijan, a number of republics of the northern Caucasus and essentially among Chechen teips where those seeking retribution do not accept or respect the local law enforcement authority.  Vendettas are generally abetted by a perceived or actual indifference on behalf of local law enforcement.
In Albania, the blood feud has returned in rural areas after more than 40 years of being abolished by Albanian communists led by Enver Hoxha. More than 5,500 Albanian families are currently engaged in blood feuds. There are now more than 20,000 men and boys who live under an ever-present death sentence because of blood feuds. Since 1992, at least 10,000 Albanians have been killed due to blood feuds.

Mutual vendetta may develop into a vicious circle of further killings, retaliation, counterattacks, and all-out warfare that can end in the mutual extinction of both families. Often the original cause is forgotten, and feuds continue simply because it is perceived that there has always been a feud.

There is a scene in The Godfather, in which Michael Corleone, hiding from U.S. police in Sicily, walks through a village with his two bodyguards. Michael asks, "Where are all the men?" The bodyguard replies, "They're all dead from vendettas."
In the game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories by Rockstar, one of the main themes in the plot are continuous rivalries and vendettas between Italian Mafia families in Liberty City (based on New York City).

Some of the gang wars between organized crime groups are effectively forms of vendetta, where the criminal organization (like the Mafia "family") has taken the place of blood relatives.

 Literature 
 Jonas Grutzpalk: Blood Feud and Modernity. Max Weber's and Émile Durkheim's Theory.'' In: Journal of Classical Sociology 2 (2002); p. 115-134.

Related pages
Clan
Mafia
Violence

References
Other websites
BBC: In pictures: Egypt vendetta ends May, 2005, One of the most enduring and bloody family feuds of modern times in Upper Egypt has ended with a tense ceremony of humiliation and forgiveness. Police are very edgy. After lengthy peace talks, no one knows if the penance - and a large payment of blood money - will end the vendetta which began in 1991 with a children's fight.
Blood feud in Caucasus 
Blood feuds tearing Gaza apart
Albania: Feuding families…bitter lives 
Blood feuds blight Albanian lives
Thousands fear as blood feuds sweep Albania 
Blood feud in Medjugorje, 1991-1992
Chad: Clan Feuds Creating Tinderbox of Conflict
Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge
Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war 
Bedouin family feud
A "Yakuza War" has started in Central Tokyo
Gangs clash in Nigerian oil city
NZ authorities fear retaliatory attacks between rival gangs
Gang mayhem grips LA
Mafia feuds bring bloodshed to Naples' streets
Blood in the Streets: Subculture of Violence
Mexico drugs cartels feud erupts
State Attorney: Problems Posed By Haitian Gangs Growing
Calabrian clan feud suspected in slayings
Violent ethnic war looms between Filipino and Vietnamese gangs
Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonesia's Papua 
Crow Creek Massacre
BBC News, July 2008 - Family Feud in Ireland Involves 200 rioters
The Chinese Wikipedia (In Chinese: /) is the Chinese-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 24, 2002.  The Chinese Wikipedia can show the same article in many different scripts, in both Simplified and Traditional script.

It is the 15th largest edition by article count.

As of August 8, 2020, it had 1,135,768 articles.

Basic information

Name origin
Name origin 

In the English language, "Wikipedia" is a portmanteau word made by "Wiki" (A technology that allows many people working together) and "encyclopedia". At first, "Wikipedia" did not have a Chinese name. The site was called "Zhongwen Wikipedia" (中文Wikipedia, Chinese Wikipedia). On October 21, 2003, Wikipedia's Chinese name "Weiji Baike" (维基百科/維基百科, meaning Weiji Encyclopedia) was decided by the Chinese wiki community (13 people voted). The pronunciation of "Weiji" is like the pronunciation of "Wiki". "Wei" (维/維) means rope that can link things, or net. "Ji" (基) means basic, or base. So "Weiji Baike" means "the encyclopedia on the Internet that covers human's all basic knowledge".

Autoconfirmation 

Unlike other Wikipedias, users who register an account on the Chinese Wikipedia need to make at least 50 edits and have an account for more than 7 days before being autoconfirmed, which allows the user to edit semi-protected pages.

References

Other websites 

 Chinese Wikipedia main page
Wikipedias
Websites established in 2002
Keymer  is a village in West Sussex, England. It can be found on the B2116 road 2.4 miles south of Burgess Hill.

Keymer used to be a village on its own until it was merged into the modern day village of Hassocks. Keymer's records go back as far as The Domesday Book. Keymer is situated just to the east of Hassocks and is only a matter of a few hundred yards from the boundary with East Sussex. It has a fine parish church unusually called St Cosmas and St Damian Church. The oldest part of Keymer can be found in the area of this church and the Greyhound Pub.

To the north-east of Keymer can be found Oldland Mill dating from the 17th Century. It is one of the few remaining windmills still standing in the south-east. The new burial ground that is now run by Hassocks Parish Council can be found located to the east of the Greyhound Pub.

References

Villages in West Sussex
Montmirail can be one of the following:

 Montmirail, in the Marne département
 Montmirail, in the Sarthe département
Montmirail is a commune of the Marne department in the northeastern part of France.

Related pages

Communes of the Marne department

Communes in Marne
The following is a list of communes of the Marne department in France, by letter:

Marne
In mathematics, the empty set is the set that has nothing in it. It is often written as , , . For example, consider the set of integer numbers between two and three. Since there is no integer between two and three, the set of integer numbers between them is empty.

Any statement about all elements of the empty set is automatically true. For example, all integers between two and three are greater than seven. This only makes sense because there are no integers between two and three. This kind of truth is called vacuous truth.

Note that the symbol  comes from the Latin letter Ø, and not the Greek letter φ. The empty set is also sometimes called the null set.

Related pages 

 Zero

References 

Set theory
The 2009 Victorian bushfires (also called the Black Saturday bushfires) were more than 400 bushfires that started in Victoria, Australia on February 7, 2009. It ended on the March 14, 2009. The fires lasted for around 2 mouths. The fires caused Australia's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire. Police say that 173 people died, and 414 people were taken to hospitals with bad burns. At first the death toll was thought to be 210, but forensic tests have shown there were 173 people killed and the death toll was revised.
Weather
Most of the fires began and spread on a day of some of the worst bushfire weather ever recorded. The temperature in Victoria reached 46 degrees Celsius and wind speed was more than 100 km/h. The wind blew the fires over large distances and areas, creating large firestorms. North-east of Melbourne, a single firestorm killed 120 people. A cool change came to the state in the early evening. It had gale force south-westerly winds of more than 120 km/h. This change in wind direction caused the long eastern sides of the fires to become wide fire fronts. These burned quickly towards towns that were not in the bushfires yet.

Start and the end
Many of the fires were started by fallen or clashing power lines or were deliberately lit. Some were also caused by lightning, cigarette butts, and sparks from a power tool. A ten-year drought made the land and forests very dry. They burnt quickly. In March, the weather changed and the fire fighters were able to put out the fires.

Background

Heat wave
Heat wave

Starting at the end of January, south east Australia had days of very hot weather, called a heatwave. The heatwave was caused by a slow moving high-pressure system over the Tasman Sea, a big tropical cyclone off the north west Australian coast, and a monsoon trough over northern Australia. This caused hot tropical air to travel down over south eastern Australia.

The February fires started on the hottest day ever in Victoria, where temperature records have been kept since 1859. On 6 February 2009 (the day before the fires) Premier of Victoria John Brumby told people that very hot weather was coming, and that there was a big danger of bushfires. He told people to be very careful. Premier Brumby also said that it would be the "worst day of fire conditions in the history of the state".

Gippsland fires
Gippsland fires

At the end of January, there were fires in the Gippsland area of Victoria. These included a small tree fire  near Delburn, Victoria and one which nearly burnt a pine tree plantation.
There were two small grass fires near the city of Sale, Victoria, which were deliberately lit.

On 29 January, over 500 firemen fought the two fires at Delburn which had joined together into one big fire. The fires had burnt  near Boolarra and Darlimurra, south of the city of Morwell. No buildings were burnt. A cool change in the weather on 30 January made it easier to fight the fires, but also made it windy, which led to spot fires (new, small fires from burning plants blown ahead). On the evening of 31 January, fire crews worked to stop the fire spreading to the north. They fought to protect the main power transmission lines taking electricity to Melbourne from the Latrobe Valley. The fire was also close to the Hazelwood Power Station, Victoria.
By February 1, firemen had made fire breaks (clear areas) around the Boolarra fire, although it was still burning out of control. The fire had burned through  and destroyed 29 houses, farm buildings and animals. Police believed Delburn and Boolarra fires were deliberately lit. They offered a $100,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of people who lit the fires.

On February 2, lightning started 23 new fires. This included three in the Bunyip State Park, and fires near Drouin West and Leongatha. However, increased humidity helped stop the fires spreading. On February 3, the Country Fire Authority grouped the fires into six areas. Five fires were under control, but one, near Mirboo North, was not.

The major fires include:

North and central

Kinglake fires

The Kinglake fire, was named when two fires joined together after the wind changed direction on February 7 and 8. The fire had burned over  by February 8. 147 people died in the Kinglake fire.
The first of the two fires started at Kilmore East, Victoria, on the afternoon February 7 2009, and burned  south-east towards St. Andrews through Wandong and Clonbinane. The fire destroyed 30 houses at Wandong and Heathcote Junction on February 7. By February 8, 150 houses had been destroyed at Wandong, and four people killed. The fire closed the Seymour railway line, and parts of the Hume Highway near Kilmore. The north west winds blew the front of the fire towards St Andrews, before the weather changed about 7.30pm, changing the wind to the south west. The wind change turned the long, narrow fire, into a wide fire front that moved north east to Kinglake and Strathewen.

By the evening of February 8, 100 people who had escaped the Kilmore fire, were sheltering in a basketball stadium at Wallan. Many of them were unable to go back to their homes because the police had closed the roads.
The second fire destroyed the town of Marysville, Victoria. It started north of Marysville, and at first people thought it would go around the town, but within minutes the town was an inferno. At about 5.00pm, electric power was lost, and the wind stopped. Minutes later the wind came back from a different direction, bringing the fire up the valley with it. Damage to the water treatment plant at Marysville made the water unsafe to drink. On February 11, it was said that 100 people of the town's population of 500 were believed to have died, and that only a few buildings were left. Premier Brumby said: "There's no activity, there's no people, there's no buildings, there's no birds, there's no animals, everything's just gone." These numbers were later revised, but 40 people did die, and nearly every building in the town was damaged or destroyed.

About 95% of the houses in Narbethong were destroyed. Other towns affected by the same fire included Taggerty and Buxton.