Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The popular British TV program Doctor Who is about an alien who has adventures by time travelling in a space time machine grown and built on Gallifrey.  Another TV show about time travel is the series Charmed.  Instead of using machines and science, this one uses magic to go to other times and places, Quantum Leap is another show which features "leaping" a form of time travel that allows a person to "relive events of another in history" it is similar to "Assassin's Creed" but in Quantum leap you can actually change history not just merely relive and shape it.

Some series that are not mainly about time travel have episodes about it, for example Star Trek and Stargate and The Flash.

Related pages
 General relativity
 Special relativity

Fiction
Physics
A disciple is a follower and student of a mentor, teacher, or other figure.  It can refer to:

Religion
 Disciple (Christianity), a student of Jesus Christ
 Twelve Apostles of Jesus, sometimes called the Twelve Disciples
 The ten principal disciples of Buddha
 Disciples of Confucius
A dock is a structure built above water along the shore where boats can be tied. Docks are often held up by pilings which are often poles driven into the sea floor or riverbed.

References 

Transport buildings and structures
Ports and harbours‎

lb:Hafebaseng
They Might Be Giants are an alternative rock band that live in Brooklyn, New York. The five original band members, John Flansburgh, John Linnell, Dan Miller, Danny Weinkauf and Brian Doherty, officially formed the band in 1982.

The band has been given two Grammy Awards, one for the children's album Here Comes the 123s and the other for the theme song of Malcolm in the Middle.

Charting singles

References

Other websites 
 Official homepage
 Official page for their podcast
 A website to buy their music
 Their website for kids 

1982 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups established in 1982
Solomon is a figure from Abrahamic religions. He was a King of Israel, the son of King David. His name means "Peace". He is written about in the Qur'an, the Bible (2 Samuel) and other scriptures. He is said to be the author of several Old Testament books. He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs. He is famous for building the First Temple, having lots of wisdom, being very rich, and having many wives. Because of his wives, his kingdom became divided right after his death. His wives worshipped idols of gods because many of them were not of Jewish lineage.

Related pages 
 Solomonid dynasty

Other websites 

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
Old Testament people
10th-century BC people
A proverb is a wise saying. Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.
A proverb is basically a wise saying.

Examples of proverbs

Cultural anthropology
Literature
Oral tradition
Phrases
Santiago, Chile (also known as Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country. It has a population of around 7 million people, about 35.9 percent of the population of Chile. In Chile, people call the city Gran Santiago (Big Santiago) or Santiago. It has 26 comunas (municipalities). 

With its geographical conditions, because it is located in a valley surrounded by the Andes mountains, Santiago has a large amount of air pollution.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Municipality homepage
 Santiago Tourist  - An Independent Travel Guide

 
Capitals of Chilean regions
1541 establishments
1540s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Chile
Psalms (, Tehillim, or "praises") is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Bible. The Book of Psalms is the first Ketuvim and part of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and it is also in the Old Testament of the Christian translations. People traditionally believe that many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God. Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd". Psalm 23 is often used for funerals. In the Qur'an, the Arabic word ‘Zabur’ is used for the Psalms of David. 

There are 150 Psalms in the Biblical canon of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, but there are also more poems that these religions do not think are holy. Psalm 151 is part of canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Name 
The names "Psalms" and "Psalter" come from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament). There, they were about stringed instruments (for example, the harp, lyre and lute), then to songs sung with them. The traditional Hebrew title is tehillim. Tehillim means "praises", though many of the psalms are tephillot ("prayers"). One of the first collections in the book was titled "the prayers of David son of Jesse" (72:20, NIV).

Literary features 

The Psalter is poetry, though it has many prayers and not all Old Testament prayers were poetic. In fact, not all praise was poetic either. The Psalms are full of images, comparisons and metaphor. The Hebrew text often plays with words and repeats the same words, adding synonyms (words with the same meaning) to fill out the description. Important words show the main themes in the prayer or song.

References 

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
A television program (British spelling: programme) or television show or television series, is something that people watch on television.  Several different kinds are made: 

 A series of fictional programs with the same title and characters (a television series). Each television series is made as a series of programs. These individual programs are called episodes. Most series have between 12 and 24 episodes in each season. Some with fewer are called miniseries.
 A single show (episode) from a television series.
 An ongoing series of non-fiction shows that use the same title, for example: local and network news shows.
 A single program, for example a sporting event or an awards ceremony such as the Academy Awards.
Television broadcasting presents many different television programs, one after another. In between television programs, a channel may use an announcer to tell the audience what the next program will be. On many channels in many countries, advertisements are shown for short periods of time during and between program screenings. These advertisements are not a part of the television program.

Other websites

References
A fatwa (; plural fatāwa), is a legal pronouncement in Islam. A mufti (a scholar capable of making judgments on Sharia (Islamic law)) pronounces it. Usually, a fatwa is made to clarify a question where "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) is unclear. Usually a judge or other person requests it.

Islamic law
Reginald Fils-Aime (born March 25, 1961) is the former president of Nintendo of America. Before that, he was Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Nintendo of America.

References

1961 births
Living people
Businesspeople from New York City
Nintendo people
William Morris "Billy" Hughes (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister during World War I. He tried to introduce conscription but the public did not want it. His party, Labor, kicked him out and he formed a new party with the opposition called the Nationalist Party. He was Prime Minister for over 7 years which was the most of anyone at the time. He was forced to resign by the Country Party in 1923 but he stayed in Parliament until he died.

Before serving as Prime Minister, Hughes was Minister for External Affairs under Chris Watson. He was Attorney-General in Andrew Fisher's three Labor governments in 1908–09, 1910–13 and 1914–15.

References
References

1862 births
1952 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from London
Australian Labor Party politicians
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Nationalist Party of Australia politicians
United Australia Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Attorneys General of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Maid Marian was the female companion of the outlaw Robin Hood. She appears in English folktales, though not in the oldest ones.

Other websites 
, a book

Robin Hood
Fictional British people
Graphite, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon. They are very similar to each other but the different structures of the molecule affect the chemical and physical properties. Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms. These layers can slide over each other very easily. This means that it is very soft. It is a dull gray in appearance. Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.

Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure. Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure. This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.

Most graphite comes from mines in northeastern China. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Canada and the United States. It is also called Lead Black because it looks like the metal lead. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.
It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother. The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.

High-purity graphite is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as RBMKs and AGRs.

Related pages
 Carbon

Allotropes of carbon
Allotropy (or allotropism) is when a chemical element can exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state or phase. These different forms are called allotropes. Therefore, an allotrope is a different structure in which an element appears. This happens when the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different way.

For example, the allotropes of carbon include:
 diamond, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in a four-cornered lattice arrangement;
 graphite, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a six-sided lattice;
 graphene, single sheets of graphite; and
 fullerenes, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in spheres, cylinders or egg-shaped formations
Only some elements have allotropes.
The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same state (i.e., different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered examples of allotropy.

References

Chemistry
Physical chemistry
A covalent bond is a chemical bond between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O). 

A full outer shell (or electron shell) usually has eight electrons, or two in the case of hydrogen or helium. Valence electrons are the electrons held comparatively loosely in the outer shell of the atom. (The structure of electron shells is determined by quantum mechanics.)

The number of electrons in an atom is decided by the number of protons in the atom. Electrons orbit atomic nuclei, and they are like fuzzy orbital paths around an atomic nucleus. The first layer has up to two electrons. The layers after that usually contain up to eight. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing valence electrons.
If for example, an atom had nine electrons, the first two  orbit very close to the nucleus, the next seven  orbit a little farther away. The outer seven electrons  are less tightly held than the inner two electrons because they are further away from the positively charged nucleus. If this atom gets close to another atom, with a loosely held electron in its outer shell, a new orbital will become available to the loosely held electron. This new electron orbital is bound to both atomic nuclei and has a lower energy level than the original electron orbital. The electron can spontaneously jump to it and emit a photon with the excess energy. Now we have an electron orbiting both atoms which results in the atom that provided the electron having a small net positive charge and the other atom having a small net negative charge. The two atoms are now held together by the electromagnetic force of attraction between positive and negative charges. This is called a covalent bond
. To break this bond needs the same amount of energy as was released when it was formed.
A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms held together by a covalent bond. In this case the oxygen atom shares one electron with each hydrogen atom. This means that the oxygen atoms has a small net positive charge and the hydrogen atom has a small net negative charge. As a result, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other due to the electromagnetic force. Because of this the water molecule is a polar molecule: its charge is not evenly distributed.

Types of covalent bond
Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) make different types of covalent bonds: 
Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds. They have head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms. A single bond is usually a σ bond. 
Pi (π) bonds are weaker (and are due to lateral overlap between p (or d) orbitals). 
A double bond between two given atoms has one σ and one π bond, and 
a triple bond has one σ and two π bonds.
Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds, and have a lower melting point. They are also generally poor conductors of electricity and heat.

Bond length 

In chemistry, bond length is the measure of the size of a covalent bond. Because molecules are very small, they are measured in picometers, or about one millionth of a billionth of a meter.

The chemistry of molecules is explained mostly by their bonds, and their bonds are caused by their structure of electrons.

Related pages 
Valency
Uses of bond, bonds, bonded, and bonding:

Financial bonds 
 Bond (finance), in finance, a debt security, issued by Issuer
 Government bond, a bond issued by a national government
 Bond market, a financial market for bonds
 Investment bond, a life assurance based single premium investment
 A surety bond is a three party contract, where the surety promises to pay the obligee for non-performance or dishonesty by the principal.  Workers in many jobs must be bonded.   
 A performance bond is a surety bond for completion of work under a contract
 A bail bond is a surety bond for return of a person to a court
 Tenancy bond (or damage deposit), a deposit taken by a landlord in relation to rental of a property
 Catastrophe bond (or cat bond), a form of reinsurance
 Bonded labor (or debt bondage) is a system of servitude where someone must work to pay off a debt
Physical sciences 
 Bond number, in fluid mechanics, a dimensionless number expressing the ratio of gravitational forces to surface tension forces
 Chemical bond, the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by attraction of atoms
 Covalent bond, a chemical bond between two non-metals
 Ionic bond, bonding of a non-metal and a metal
 Metallic bond, bonding between atoms and metals
 Bond albedo is a measure of electromagnetic radiation of an astronomical body
 A bond graph is a graphical description of a physical dynamic system

Social sciences 

 In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between the male and female in a breeding pair.
 Psychological bond, a form of relationship
 Human bonding
 Maternal bond
 Paternal bond
 Male bonding
 Female bonding
 Affectional bond
 Capture-bonding, the psychological mechanism behind Stockholm syndrome.
 In anthropology, acephalous societies are categorized as village-bonded, land-bonded, and lineage-bonded
Manufacturing, construction and electronics 
 In manufacturing, bonding may be done via adhesives, welding, or fasteners (such as screws, bolts, nails, rivets)
 Bond is the manner in which the bricks overlap as they are laid in brickwork
 Bond paper, a high quality durable writing paper
 Bonded Leather (or reconstituted leather)
 Bottled in bond refers to a type American whiskey
 Wire bonding, a method of making interconnections between a microchip and the outside world as part of semiconductor device fabrication
 Channel bonding (or modem bonding), an arrangement in which two or more network interfaces on a host computer are combined
 Electrical bonding, concept in electricity distribution
Company and product names 
 Bonds (company) an Australian clothing company
 Bonds was formerly the name of a department store in Norwich, England, now called John Lewis Norwich
 Bonds was formerly the name of a department store in Chelmsford, Essex, now called Debenhams Chelmsford
 Bond Cars Ltd a small scale car manufacturer between 1949 and 1971 manufacturer of the Bond bug and Bond 875 three-wheeled motor cars
 BOND, RAD Software tool
 Gold Bond medicated powder
 Bond Street brand of cigarette
 Eaton's Corrasable Bond was a brand of erasable typing paper
 Bond Guitars manufactured the Bond Electraglide electric guitar

Organizations 
 Afrikaner Bond, a political party in the Cape Colony in the 19th century
 bonding-studenteninitiative e.V., a German student organisation
 Church of the Universal Bond, a British religious group
Entertainment 
 James Bond, a fictional secret agent created by Ian Fleming
 Bond 22 is the working title of a future James Bond film
 bond is an Australian/British string quartet
 The Bond a film by Charlie Chaplin supporting Liberty Bonds
 "The Bonding", a third-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 Any Bonds Today?, a propaganda film for War Bonds during World War II

Other uses 
 Peace-bonding is something which makes a weapon unusable as a weapon
 A peace bond is a protection order from a Canadian court

Places 
 Bond Street, a major shopping street in the West End of London
 Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
 Bond South Africa, South African campus of Bond University
 Bonds in New York City
 Bond, Colorado
 Bond Hill, Ohio
 Bond Falls, a waterfall in the Ontonagon River
 Mount Bond, a mountain in Grafton County, New Hampshire
 Bond Head, Ontario
 Bond County, Illinois

Related pages
 Barry Bonds
 Bondage
 Bonde
An ionic bond is the electrostatic forces of attraction between a non-metal and a metal ion in a giant ionic crystal lattice. This occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract. This happens after a metal atom loses one or more of its electrons to the non-metal atom. The greater the difference in charge between the metal and non-metal ion, the stronger the ionic bond. A maximum of three electrons can be transferred in the process. 
  
A metal atom becomes a positive cation because it loses electron(s). A non-metal atom becomes a negative anion as it gains electron(s). This occurs, for example, when sodium and chlorine join to form common table salt, NaCl. First, sodium atoms (Na) oxidize and lose an electron to form positively charged sodium ions (Na+). Chlorine atoms gain the electrons from the sodium atoms to form negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). Both ions are now oppositely charged and they are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
Features of compounds with ionic bonding 
Three dimensional ionic structure called a giant ionic crystal lattice structure.
 Ionic compounds are soluble in water as the ions form favorable interactions with water molecules which release sufficient energy to break away from the lattice.
In a solid state they do not conduct electricity. However, in a liquid state or when dissolved in water, they will conduct electricity well because the ions are free to move and can carry charge.
They contrast to the characteristics of covalent bonds.
covalent bonds may be stronger than the attraction between two ions, but in ionic compounds there are attractions in all directions.
Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling point due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction, which require a large amount of heat energy to overcome.

References 

Chemical bonding
Chloride is an ion of chlorine. It occurs when chlorine gets reduced, gaining an electrons and becoming an ion. Chloride is necessary for life. It is normally found in the salt sodium chloride, which is very common in diets.

Related pages
Fluoride
Bromide
Iodide

Chlorine compounds
Ions
The Bauhaus was a design school that operated from 1919 to 1933 in Germany. It is widely regarded as the most influential art school of the 20th century. It promoted modernism. It is most well known for teaching painting, photography, advertising, weaving, architecture and the design of furniture and household products. The work that it produced and its teaching methods had a world-wide influence on art, design, photography, architecture and art education.

It was formally called the "Staatliches Bauhaus" from 1919 to 1932 because it was state funded in that period. From 1919 to 1925 it was in Weimar, in the state of Thuringia and from 1926 to 1932 it was in Dessau, in the state of Sachsen-Anhalt. It operated as privately funded school in Berlin from the end of 1932 until April 1933.
Its staff included some of the most famous artists and architects of the 20th century, including: Walter Gropius, who founded the school, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Marcel Breuer, Josef Albers, Anni Albers, Oskar Schlemmer and Hannes Meyer.   

Its former buildings in Weimar and Dessau were jointly made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

References

Architecture
Art movements
Design
Schools in Germany
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Intelligence refers to certain mental powers. There is no general agreement on which mental powers are intelligent or part of intelligence. The idea comes from a Latin word: intelligo meaning to choose between different options. A part of intelligence allows people to solve problems. These problems may be easy to solve. They may also be difficult to solve, and involve abstract thought. For some, intelligence is a property, or characteristic of the mind. For others, it is simply the working of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex.

If an answer is found to a problem, it can be remembered. That way, the problem is solved more quickly when it comes up again.  This is what is called learning.

There is disagreement about which has more influence on intelligence, genetics or environment.  Also, intelligent behaviour is possibly learned when an organism (a living thing) reacts enough to a stimulus.
Scientists believe that intelligence can be measured or tested. A type of intelligence test would be solving many problems in a very short time. Most of the problems have to do with seeing things, or telling what a rotated shape would look like. Some are also related to mathematics: for example to tell what number would come next in a row. Other tests have to do with words or the understanding of language.  After giving such a test to a person, a number would be calculated to give an approximation of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Intelligent machines 
Computer engineers try to build machines that act as if they were intelligent. This is related to computer science and is called Artificial intelligence (man-made "intelligence"). Artificial intelligence uses logic, and often combines it with machine learning. This means that similar to living organisms, the machine has to be trained to solve a problem. After training, it will solve the problem faster.

Intelligence in animals and plants
Intelligence is not limited to humans. Many animals also show signs of intelligence: animals also need to solve problems, and remembering how a problem is solved is useful to them.  Many animals use tools to solve problems. These animals include the Great Apes, dogs, dolphins, elephants, rats and mice, and some birds. All these animals are vertebrates, but tool use isn't limited to these: Even cephalopods and arthropods show signs of intelligence. To  be able to compare the behaviours of different species, scientists need to adapt the notion of intelligence. 

It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent: they are able to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their morphology, physiology and phenotype accordingly to ensure self-preservation and reproduction. A counter argument is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories.
Opposed to this are computations that only occur once, and that do not involve learning. If this is accepted as part of the definition, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of "machine learning", but excludes those purely autonomic sense-reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory-motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of 'learning' (registering memories) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated cost–benefit analysis and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control the diverse environmental stressors.

Related pages 

 Military intelligence
 Human capital
 Intellectual disability

References 

 
Basic English 850 words
Saale is the name of two rivers in Germany: Saale in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sächsische Saale) and the Saale in Northern Bavaria (German: Fränkische Saale). The larger, and better known Sächsische Saale springs out of the Fichtelgebirge at 728 m and joins the Elbe in Saxony-Asshalt. It is 413 km long.

Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Geography of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany
Go Fish is a game with playing cards.  2 to 10 people can play.

Every player gets five cards.  The rest of the cards (the deck) are put face down where all the players can get them.  Cards that are the same number are called pairs.  If a player has a pair, they put it face up in front of them so everybody can see it.  The player to the left of the player who gave everybody their cards goes first.  When it is a player's turn, they ask another player for a card that is the same color and number as one they already have.  They can ask any player.  If the other player has the card, they give it to the one that asked, and the one that asked puts the pair in front of them and gets to go again.
If the other player does not have the card, then they say "Go Fish", and the player that asked takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If a player has no cards when it is time for him to go, then he just takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If there are no cards in the deck and the player has no cards, then that player does not get to go.  The game ends when all the cards are face up in pairs.  The winner is the player with the most pairs.

Card games
Track or Tracks may refer to:

 Trail, a walking path
 Track (music), a recorded piece of music
 Track and field athletics, a group of sports
 Race track, a course build for racing
 Railway track, metal tracks on which trains ride
 Animal tracks, marks left on the ground when an animal walks
The Chicago White Sox are a Major League Baseball team who play on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The club is in the Central Division of the American League. They are managed by Pedro Grifol since 2023.

The White Sox won the 2005 World Series sweeping the Houston Astros in 4 games.   They won the World Series before in 1906 and 1917 before going into an 88-year championship drought.

The Chicago White Sox finished 2006 with a 90-72 record, four games out of first place after taking two of three from the Minnesota Twins in the final week of the season at the Metrodome in Minneapolis. 

The Sox began major league play in 1901. They took their name from the original name of the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had first been known as the Chicago White Stockings. By 1901, they were being called the Colts. That allowed the new American League team to adopt the old National League team colors.
The Sox first played at South Side Park. In mid-season 1910, they opened Comiskey Park, which was just a few blocks north of South Side Park. They played at Comiskey for over 80 years. In 1991 they opened a park now known as Guaranteed Rate Field, just across the street to the south of Comiskey Park, and have played their home games there ever since.

Other websites
Official Website

 
1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Pollination is part of sexual reproduction in plants. It describes how the pollen grains get to the female parts of a plant. Pollen grains, which contain the male gametes, need to get to where the female gamete(s) are.

What happens is basically the same as sexual reproduction in animals. Each pollen grain is haploid: it has half of the DNA (genetic information) that is needed to make a new plant. During fertilization this combines with the DNA that is in the egg of the female part and a zygote is formed. In seed plants a seed is started.

Ways of pollinating 
In flowering plants, pollen has to get from one flower to another. There are two main ways that this can happen: by non-living things like wind or water, or by living things such as insects or birds.
Maize and the wind
Maize (called corn in some parts of the world) is pollinated by wind. The male anthers let go of their pollen and it blows over to a nearby female flower on another corn plant. Most of the flowers are either male or female on a corn plant (monoecious), rather than both sexes in one flower (hermaphrodite).

Maize flowers have evolved (changed over time) to use wind for pollination. They do not need pretty petals. The pollen is light so it can blow around, and the ends of the female parts (stigma) are fluffy to catch all the tiny pollen grains.

 Tomatoes and bees
With tomato plants, bees move the pollen from the male parts of one flower (anthers), to the female parts of another flower (stigma). The bee moves between flowers as it collects the nectar that the flowers make. The bees take the nectar and some pollen back to their hive, and the tomato plants get to reproduce (make new tomato plants).
Because the tomato flowers have evolved to attract bees, they have spread-out petals and are white to human eyes (bees, like most insects, can see into the ultraviolet range as well as our visual range of wavelengths). The pollen is often stuck together in clumps called pollinia, which in turn get stuck to the bee. Bees are extremely hairy, and carry tiny electric charges which attract the pollen onto their bodies. Honey bees have special pollen baskets, usually on their rear legs; they groom the pollen off their bodies into these pockets.

Much of the pollen gets taken back to the nest or hive, where it is used as a source of protein, most needed by the larvae. Some gets rubbed off on the next flower, where the female stigma is sticky. A pollen tube grows down to permit the male gamete to fertilize an egg and make a seed.

90% of flowering plants are pollinated by animals, and only 10% use abiotic (non-living) pollination. Of these abiotic pollinations, 98% is done by wind and just 2% by water.
What happens after pollination 

What happens after pollination is fertilisation. In plants it is a double fertilisation in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the plant ovary. One of these is a normal fertilisation, which produces the embryo. The other is a unique kind of fertilisation which produces the seed endosperm.

The process begins when a pollen grain sticks to the stigma of the pistil (female reproductive structure). Then it germinates, and grows a long pollen tube. While this pollen tube is growing, a haploid cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. This cell divides by mitosis into two haploid sperm cells.

As the pollen tube grows, it makes its way from the stigma, down the style and into the ovary. Here the pollen tube reaches the ovule and releases its contents (which include the sperm cells). One sperm makes its way to fertilize the egg cell, producing a diploid (2n) zygote. The second sperm cell fuses with two cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3n) cell.
As the zygote develops into an embryo, the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply. The ovary now will develop into a fruit and the ovule will develop into a seed.

Gymnosperms 
There is evidence that some gymnosperms were insect-pollinated in the Triassic period, but pollination by animals is not the main method in this group. Most are wind-pollinated. Some gymnosperms and their insect pollinators are co-evolved for pollination. The best-known examples are members of the order Cycadales and their associated species of beetle.
Families of flowering plants 
Really widespread and specialised animal pollination came with the Angiosperms (flowering plants). Different families of flowering plants usually specialise in a particular pollination method. Sometimes a few genera shift from one method to another.p53
Ranunculaceae: pollinated by insects. Only one genus is pollinated by wind.
Compositae (Asteraceae): this, the largest family, is almost entirely pollinated by insects. Two groups of genera have changed to wind pollination.
Cyperaceae: almost entirely wind-pollinated. One genus is insect-pollinated.
Moraceae: this, the mulberry family, is the best example of a widespread change from wind to insect pollination. All its related families (Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae, Urticaceae) are wind pollinated. 
Gramineae (Poaceae): the grasses have extreme adaptations for wind pollination. Only two genera have changed to insect pollination.
Pollination syndrome 
Pollination syndrome is the set of adaptive traits which help flowers to get pollinated.

Wind pollination 
Wind pollinated flowers are usually small and inconspicuous (not showy). They do not have a scent or produce nectar. The anthers may produce a large number of pollen grains, while the stamens are generally long and stick up out of the flower. Their stigmas may be large and feathery to catch the pollen grains. Insects may visit them to collect pollen; there are some examples of flowers which are both wind and insect pollinated.
Animal pollination 
Beetle pollination
Beetle-pollinated flowers are usually large, greenish or off-white in color and heavily scented. Scents may be spicy, fruity, or similar to decaying organic material. Most beetle-pollinated flowers are flattened or dish shaped, with pollen easy to get at. They may have traps to keep the beetle longer. The plant's ovaries are usually well protected from the biting mouthparts of the beetles. Beetles are important pollinators in some parts of the world, such as dry areas of southern Africa and southern California, and the montane grasslands of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.

Fly pollination

Some flies feed on nectar and pollen as adults (particularly bee flies and hoverflies). The flowers they visit often have a strong scent, and tend to be purple, violet, blue, and white.
On the other hand, male fruit flies are attracted to some wild orchids which do not produce nectar. Instead, they produce a precursor of the fly's sex pheromone. Flies which normally visit dead animals or dung are attracted to flowers that mimic these smelly items. They get no reward and would quickly leave, but the plant may have traps to slow them down. These plants have a strong, unpleasant odor, and are brown or orange in colour.

Their sheer numbers and the presence of some flies throughout the year make them important pollinators for many plants. Flies tend to be important pollinators in high-altitudes and high-latitudes where they are numerous, and other insect groups may be lacking.
Bee pollination
Bee-pollinated flowers tend to be yellow or blue, often with ultraviolet nectar guides and scent. Nectar and/or pollen are offered as rewards in varying amounts. The sugar in the nectar tends to be mostly sucrose. There are different types of bees which differ in size, tongue length and behaviour (some solitary, some colonial). Some plants can only be pollinated by bees because their anthers release pollen internally, and it must be shaken out by buzzing ("sonication"). Bumblebees are the only animals that do this.

Bee pollination from mobile beehives is of great economic value for orchards such as apple or almond.

Wasp pollination
Wasps are also responsible for the pollination of several plants species, being important pollen vectors and, in some cases, even more efficient pollinators than bees.
Lepidoptera pollination
Butterfly-pollinated flowers tend to be large and showy, pink or lavender in colour, often have a landing area, and are usually scented. Since butterflies do not digest pollen (with one exception), more nectar is offered than pollen. The flowers have simple nectar guides with the nectaries usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs, reached by the long tongue of the butterflies.

Among the more important moth pollinators are the hawk moths (Sphingidae). Their behaviour is similar to hummingbirds: they hover in front of flowers with rapid wingbeats. Most are nocturnal or twilight feeders. So moth-pollinated flowers tend to be white, night-opening, large and showy with tubular corollas and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night or early morning. A lot of nectar is produced to fuel the high metabolic rates needed to power their flight.
Other moths fly slowly and settle on the flower. They do not need as much nectar as the fast-flying hawk moths, and the flowers tend to be small (though they may be aggregated in heads).

Bird pollination
Hummingbirds are the most familiar nectar-feeding birds for North Americans, there are analogous species in other parts of the world. Flowers attractive to hummingbirds, which hover in front of the flower, tend to be large red or orange tubes with a lot of dilute nectar produced during the day. Since birds do not have a strong response to scent, they tend to be odourless. Perching birds need a substantial landing platform, so sunbirds, honeyeaters, and the like are less associated with tubular flowers.

Bat pollination
Bat pollination

Bat-pollinated flowers tend to be large and showy, white or light coloured, open at night and have strong odours. They are often large and bell-shaped. Bats drink the nectar, and these plants typically offer nectar for long periods. Sight, smell, and echo-location are used to initially find the flowers, and excellent spatial memory is used to visit them repeatedly. In fact, bats can identify nectar-producing flowers using echolocation. Bat-pollinated plants have bigger pollen than their relatives.

Honey guides 

Honey guides, nectar guides or floral guides are markings on flowers which tell insects where to go for nectar (many insects can see in the ultraviolet range). Most of these guides are invisible to humans unless seen in ultraviolet light. The benefit to the plant is that the guides increase the supply of pollinators at a relatively low cost.

History 

A full understanding of pollination is quite recent.
In 1672 Nehemiah Grew had some idea that pollen was the means of fertilisation in higher plants. Using a microscope, he was the first to describe pollen in detail. This led to the discovery that all pollen grains in a species were alike. The study of pollen grains is called palynology. It is much used in micropaleontology. Sex in plants was discovered in 1694, when Rudolf Camerarius put his discovery into a letter.

In 1793 Christian Sprengel (1750–1816) published a work on the pollination of flowers by insects which made all the main points. Unfortunately, "his work was so far outside the standard thinking and interests of the period that it was almost completely ignored".

Two lines of work solved the main issues. One was done by studies of how the pollen cells worked to fertilise the ovum, and the other was to recognise the coevolution of the animal pollinators and the flowering plants. Both these lines of work became essentially 'modern' in the middle of the nineteenth century.

References
References 

Plants
Biological reproduction
Coevolution
Bees
Botany
Gulls, also called seagulls, is a common name that refers to any type of bird. They form the family Laridae, in the order Charadriiformes.

There are many different types of gull but most of them are white, with grey or black wings, a yellow beak and are about the size of a chicken (but some are smaller). Gulls can eat most types of food but like meat more than anything else. They look around for discarded food and dead animals to eat as well as hunting and have learned how to live and breed in the same places as people. Most types of seagull are awake during the day and sleep at night. They like to sleep on beaches  but will also sleep on water, like lakes or the sea when the water is calm.
Gulls used to be found only near the sea, as they are water birds with webbed feet for swimming. They are more common inland these days because they can find food wherever people live, often on garbage dumps or in the streets of towns and cities. Seagulls are intelligent compared to other birds. They have a complicated system of noises and body movements which they use to communicate with other seagulls.

Most types of seagull breed once a year and have two or three chicks (babies). Mother gulls are very protective of their eggs and chicks and will sometimes fight to the death to defend them.

Gulls are not usually eaten by people.

Related pages 

Herring gull
Lesser black-backed gull
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

Charadriiformes
Seabirds
The Warriors is a 1979 movie directed by Walter Hill. It is about a gang called "The Warriors", who are from Coney Island and must return to their home and clear their name after they are accused of killing the leader of another gang at a rally for all the gangs in New York City. The movie has become a cult classic and inspired a video game which came out in 2005.

1979 action movies
1979 drama movies
American action movies
American drama movies
Cult movies
Movies set in New York City
English-language movies
Movies directed by Walter Hill
Coney Island is a peninsula (formerly an island) in Brooklyn, New York. It is famous for its beaches, amusements like the Cyclone wooden roller coaster, Parachute Jump, and Wonder Wheel ferris wheel, boardwalk, and hot dogs. It became a seaside resort in the 19th century. 

It is unsure how Coney Island got its name. It may be because when the Dutch people arrived in New Netherland, this island had many rabbits, so they named it 'Konijn Island', which became 'Coney Island', using the archaic term for rabbit in English. It also may have been named by an Irish pirate, for islands in Sligo bay!

Islands of New York (state)
Brooklyn
Neighborhoods of New York City
Ferris wheels (sometimes called big wheels in the United Kingdom ), are large, round, revolving structures with gondolas where people sit. They are popular at amusement parks and fairs. They are named after George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., who made the first modern wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. When he built it, it was 264 feet tall. They called it the "Chicago Wheel" after Chicago, Illinois where it was on display.

References
The four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) is a bovine even-toed ungulate. It is also called by its Hindi name chousingha. It is different from other bovines because it has four horns instead of two.

Four-horned antelope are about 0.60 meters high, and they weigh about 20 kilograms. They have a light yellowish-brown fur with a white underside. They have a black stripe down their forelegs. Males have four horns. The back horns are about 10 centimeters long, and the front horns are up to 4 centimeters long.

Four-horned antelope live in India and Nepal. They live in forests. Four-horned antelopes live alone. They eat grass.

Four-horned antelope are hunted by trophy-hunters because of their four horns, but they are also hunted for their meat. Because of the hunting and also because of habitat loss, there are now fewer than 10,000 four-horned antelopes.

Today, four-horned antelope do not live in Africa, but their ancestors probably did.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
The New Orleans Privateers college sports teams for the University of New Orleans (UNO). They play in the NCAA Division I for intercollegiate athletics. The schools teams are a part of the Sun Belt Conference. The University of New Orleans does not currently have a football team.

Sports
The university has teams in the following sports:
 Baseball (Men's)
 Basketball (Men's and women's teams)
 Golf (Men's) 
 Swimming and diving
 Tennis (Men's and women's teams) 
 Volleyball (Women's)

The school did have a football team from 1965 until 1970. During that time, the team had a record of 12 wins, 10 losses and 1 tie. They also won 3 district championships.

Other websites
 UNOPrivateers.com (Official website)

Sports in New Orleans
Colleges and universities in Louisiana
Stanley Melbourne Bruce (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia from February 1923 until October 1929. He became Prime Minister when the Country Party asked Billy Hughes to resign. His government won elections in 1925 and 1928 but lost the 1929 election and Bruce became the first sitting Prime Minister to lose his seat. He was made a Viscount after he left politics.

Bruce was born in Melbourne. He served in the British Army before starting in politics. He fought in World War I, and in 1917 was badly injured while fighting in France. Returning home, he soon became involved in recruiting people for the Army. In 1918, however, he got involved in politics and was elected to the House of Representatives as the member for Flinders, which is near Melbourne. He was appointed Treasurer (finance minister) in 1921.
Bruce was also a diplomat. He served as Minister for External Affairs whilst also serving as Prime Minister. After resigning from Parliament in 1933, he worked in London as Australia's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Other websites 

1883 births
1967 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
Nationalist Party of Australia politicians
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Australian military people
James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was the ninth Prime Minister of Australia from October 1929 until January 1932. He became Prime Minister two days before the Great Depression began. His government could not stop the effects of the Depression. His government suffered a big defeat at the December 1931 election. Scullin stayed as leader of the Labor Party but was again defeated at the 1934 election.

1876 births
1953 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Treasurers of Australia
People from Ballarat
World music is the recognition of music from around the world. This genre of music is increasingly used in popular culture. World music is often included into mainstream music. World music can also be part of exhibitions, performances, and shows that travel the world. World music is typically music that describes its own origin by its well-known sound features.

In Western countries it may describe a set of (music) market products collected from traditional music or folk music which were found in different parts of the world. In sampled world music collections the music is sung or played by people who traditionally live in the area. World music can be anything from a short song to a long Indian raga. Hindi music is a very popular genre in the category of world music - made even more famous by Bollywood movies.
World music artists can provide accompaniment, feature, background, or lead. World music groups have traveled the world. World music mixing and jamming is a popular activity among musicians. Some genres of world music have become known in a music category of their own. For example, reggae has achieved near to world-wide recognition. 

Some music contests would considered to be world music in foreign audiences. Eurovision has grown in world popularity since it's beginnings. 

Some songs are sung for international use. Each FIFA World Cup has a song.  K'Naan sung a popular song called "Wave your flag" for the tourney in South Africa. These attributed songs have a 'world music' appeal.

References