Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
incomplete application of Service Bulletin 52-37;
 incorrect modifications and adjustments which led, in particular, to insufficient protrusion of the lock pins and to the switching off of the flight deck visual warning light before the door was locked;
 the circumstances of the closure of the door during the stop at Orly, and, in particular, the absence of any visual inspection, through the view port, to verify that the lock pins were effectively engaged, although at the time of the accident inspection was rendered difficult by the inadequate diameter of the view port.

Finally although there was apparent redundancy of the flight control systems, the fact that the pressure relief vents between the cargo compartment and the passenger cabin were inadequate and that all the flight control cables were routed beneath the floor placed the aircraft in grave danger in the case of any sudden depressurization causing substantial damage to that part of the structure.
All these risks had already become evident, nineteen months earlier, at the time of the Windsor accident, but no efficacious corrective action had followed.

Passengers and Crew

Of the 346 people on-board, 

177 passengers came from the United Kingdom,

48 came from Japan,

45 passengers and 11 crew members came from Turkey, 

25 came from the United States, 

16 came from France, 

10 were from Italy, 

9 from Thailand,

7 from Austria,

6 from China, 

5 each from Hong Kong and Brazil, 

4 from Canada,

3 each from Argentina, Portugal, Taiwan, and Yugoslavia, 

2 each from Australia, Hungary, India, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, 

and 1 each from Belgium, Cyprus, West Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Ireland, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and South Vietnam.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Plane Crash Turkish Airlines flight 981 Dc 10; YouTube

1974 in Europe
1974 in Europe

1970s in France
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1970s

Oise
Cuttack is the former capital of the state of Odisha in East India. It is the headquarters of the Cuttack district. Cuttack is nicknamed the "Millennium City" and the "Silver City". Cuttack has over 1000 years of history, and has a famous silver jewelry works. The High Court of Odisha is located in Cuttack. Cuttack is also called as the commercial capital of Odisha. This is due to the large number of trading and business houses in the city.

Cuttack and Bhubaneswar are often called the Twin-Cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities has a population of 1.68 million in 2014. Cuttack is a Tier-II city as per the ranking system used by Government of India.

Reference

Odisha
Cities in India
Deomali is a mountain peak in the Chandragiri-Pottangi subrange of the Eastern Ghats. It is located near Koraput town in the Koraput district of southern Odisha, India.At 1672 m Deomali is the highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha. It is also one of the tallest peaks of the Eastern Ghats. The peak has a good surrounding scenery.

Reference

Mountains of India
The Danish Football Union (; DBU) is the leading body of football in Denmark. It is the organization of the Danish football clubs and runs the professional Danish football leagues and the Denmark national football team for men and women. It is founding member of both FIFA and UEFA. It was established in 1889 and is on of the oldest associations in world football.

DBU competitions

Men's 
Leagues
Superliga
1. Division
2. Division 
3. Division
Danmarksserien (4 groups)
Cups
DBU Pokalen

Women's 
Elite Divisionen
First Division 
Danish Series  (3 groups)
Danish Women's Cup

UEFA Five years ranking 2021/22
18th place

Other websites 
Official web site in Danish and English

References

1889 establishments in Europe
Football in Denmark
Association football governing bodies in Europe
Organizations based in Denmark
Mörel-Filet is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Filet and Mörel merged into the new municipality of Mörel-Filet.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Raron
Niedergesteln is a municipality in the district Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Raron
Tryptophan (Trp or W) is encoded by the codon UGG. It is an α-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins. 

Tryptophan has an α-amino group (which is in the –NH3+ form under biological conditions), and an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions). It also has a side chain indole, which makes it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is essential to humans: the body cannot synthesize it, so it must be got from the diet.

Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin.

People get tryptophan by eating protein-rich foods like meat, eggs, and dairy products.

References 

Amino acids
Saint-Dizier is a commune of France, and a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.

Geography
The city of Saint-Dizier is on the northern part of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France near the Meuse and the Marne departments.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Saint-Dizier is surrounded by the communes Trois-Fontaines-l'Abbaye, Chancenay, Bettancourt-la-Ferrée, Ancerville (Meuse department), Chamouilley, Eurville-Bienville, Troisfontaines-la-Ville, Humbécourt, Laneuville-au-Pont, Moëslains, Valcourt, Hallignicourt and Villiers-en-Lieu.

Two rivers flow through the city: the Ornel and the Marne. The city is at about  from Lac du Der-Chantecoq, the largest man-made lake of Western Europe.
Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Saint-Dizier is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb". The average amount of precipitation for the year is  and the average temperature for the year  is .

Population
The inhabitants of Saint-Dizier are known, in French, as Bragards (women: Bragardes) or Bragars (women: Bragares).

The city of Saint-Dizier has a population, in 2014, of 25,505; it is the commune of Haute-Marne with more people living in it, even more than Chaumont (22,560 inhabitants) that is the prefecture of the department. Its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Saint-Dizier

Saint-Dizier forms, with other five communes, the urban area of Saint-Dizier with a population of 32,086 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Saint-Diziert, formed by 43 communes, with a population of 53,790 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
Administration 
Saint-Dizier is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Saint-Dizier and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
 Saint-Dizier-1 formed by 10 communes and part of Saint-Dizier, with 12,406 inhabitants (2014).
 Saint-Dizier-2 formed by a part of Saint-Dizier, with 11,674 inhabitants (2014).
 Saint-Dizier-3 formed by 2 communes and part of Saint-Dizier, with 11,798 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Saint-Dizier, Der et Blaise ().

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Saint-Dizier
 Communes of the Haute-Marne department

References

Other websites

 Site officiel de la ville de Saint-Dizier 
 Office de Tourisme Saint-Dizier, Der & Blaise 

Communes in Haute-Marne
Subprefectures in France
Adam Ries was a mathematician from Bad Staffelstein in Bavaria. Ries lived in the 16th century. He was born in 1492 or 1493, and died in 1559.

Ries became known for a work on how to calculate. His first work was about a "calculating board", which was widely used at the time. It worked rather like an abacus. Ries showed that Roman numerals were impractical for calculation.
Ries wrote in German, and not in Latin, as orher mathematicians of his time. 
German mathematicians
A robot lawyer is an artificial intelligence (AI) computer program. It is designed to ask the same questions as a real lawyer about certain legal issues.

Robot lawyers are being used in many countries around the world including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Holland.

References

Artificial intelligence
Law
Cheryl [ sher-uhl ] is a female given name. It is very common in English-speaking countries. It is an English version of the French name Cherie. Cheryl is a moniker that has enjoyed widespread popularity for numerous decades. This name carries significant significance and history. Of French extraction, Cheryl signifies "beloved" or "darling." Although it has been bestowed upon both genders, it is more frequently bestowed upon female offspring.

The name appeared in the early 20th century. It was most popular during the Cold War period. In North America, it was popular between the 1940s and 1980s. In the United Kingdom, it was popular from the 1950s to 1990s. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Famous people with the name Cheryl include Cheryl Ladd and Cheryl Hines.

People 
 Cheryl Gillan,British politician
 Cheryl Ladd,American actress, singer, and author
 Cheryl Hines,American actress
 Cheryl Studer, American dramatic soprano

References

Given names
Al-Masih ad-Dajjal ( , "the false messiah", or "the deceiver") is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. He is to appear, pretending to be al-Masih (i.e. the Messiah), before Yawm al-Qiyamah (the Day of Resurrection). According to Islamic belief, at the end of days he will gather together everyone he has deceived into a great army. His army will then confront the Messiah and his army. The Dajjal is not mentioned directly in the Qur'an. This may be because he is only human and is mentioned in the future.

References 

Islam
Asian mythology
The Australian impact structure is also called the "massive Australian Precambrian/Cambrian impact structure" or MAPCIS.

It is thought to be the remains of a huge meteorite strike. Its centre is in the Northern Territory, about halfway between Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Mount Conner. The crater is about 600 km (370 mi) in diameter. There is a wider ring 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) in diameter which may be related to the impact. If it is confirmed, MAPCIS would be the largest impact structure on Earth. It is not confirmed at present.

The age of this hypothetical impact is about 545 mya. This puts it just before the Cambrian period.

References 

Impact craters
Geography of Australia
Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society () is a charitable organization in Azerbaijan. It is a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It was established on March 10, 1920. Its headquarters are in Baku. Their mission is "to serve vulnerable people by mobilizing the capacity of Azerbaijan Red Crescent and the power of humanity."

References

Other websites
Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society Official Website 
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Official Website  

Red Cross
Baku
Charities
1920 establishments in Azerbaijan
The Shoemaker crater in Western Australia (formerly known as Teague Ring) is an obvious impact crater, the remains of an ancient meteorite strike. Later research gave clear evidence for this, including the presence  of shatter cones and shocked quartz.

It is in dry central Western Australia, about  north-northeast of Wiluna. It is named after planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker.

It was dated to 1630 million years ago. More recent dating by K–Ar methods give ages as young as 568 ± 20 mya. This age could date the impact event or represent tectonic activity.

References 

Impact craters
Geography of Western Australia
Immortals is a 2011 American adventure-fantasy movie directed by Tarsem Singh. It is loosely based on the myths of Theseus, the Minotaur and the Titanomachy. The movie it stars Henry Cavill, Freida Pinto and Mickey Rourke. It was released on November 11, 2011. The reviews were mixed to negative. But it was a commercial success.

Plot
Before the age of man or beast, the immortals wage war on each other in the heavens. The winners become the gods. The losers become the Titans who were imprisoned in Mount Tartarus. During the war, a powerful weapon called the Epirus Bow was lost. In 1228 B.C., the Heraklion king Hyperion (Mickey Rourke), lays waste to Greece searching for the bow. With it he can free the Titans and destroy the gods who failed to save his wife and children from dying of disease. Hyperion captures the virgin oracle Phaedra (Freida Pinto), in the hopes that her psychic visions will help him locate the bow.
Meanwhile, the people of a village prepare to flee to Mount Tartarus to escape from Hyperion's soldiers. One of them is the warrior Theseus (Henry Cavill). He was mentored by a mysterious old man (John Hurt). Theseus and his mother Aethra (Anne Day-Jones) are considered as outcasts as he is the product of Aethra being raped. They are forced to stay behind by soldiers from Athens including Lysander (Joseph Morgan).  Theseus beats off multiple opponents until the Athenian officer Helios (Peter Stebbings) has Lysander dismissed for his actions. Lysander travels to Hyperion offering him his service the location of the village. The king accepts but labels Lysander a traitor and, to punish him, has his testicles hammered, so he is unable to produce children. Hyperion's soldiers attack the village and, after murdering Aethra and the villagers, take Theseus captive.
It is revealed that the old man in Zeus  (Luke Evans). He warns his fellows gods Athena (Isabel Lucas), Poseidon (Kellan Lutz), Ares (Daniel Sharman), Heracles (Steve Byers) and Apollo (Corey Sevier) not to interfere with mortal affairs unless the Titans are freed and they must have faith in the humans to defeat Hyperion.

Theseus is enslaved alongside the thief Stavros (Stephen Dorff). Phaedra, who is being held prisoner nearby, sees a vision of Theseus and organizes a riot, and Theseus uses the chaos to escape with Stavros and the other slaves. Theseus attempts to pursue Hyperion by hijacking a boat, but he and his allies are attacked by Hyperion's soldiers. Poseidon deliberately disobeys Zeus by diving into the sea from Olympus and causing a tidal wave which drowns Hyperion's men. When Phaedra sees a vision of Theseus standing near a shrouded corpse, she determines he must return to bury his mother. Despite Theseus's scepticism, his mother believed in the gods and therefore must receive a proper burial.
While laying Aethra to rest in the village labyrinth, Theseus discovers the bow embedded in rock. He frees it, but Hyperion's henchman Minotaur attacks him; though he succeeds in killing the monster, Theseus collapses from poisoned wounds. Phaedra heals Theseus, and later falls in love with him. The two have sex, stripping her of the prophecies she deemed a curse.

As Hyperion's forces gather at Mount Tartarus, the party travel to Phaedra's temple, and Theseus loses the bow in an ambush. Outnumbered by Hyperion's men, Ares, going against Zeus's orders, directly intervenes by fighting the soldiers, and Athena provides Theseus and Stavros with horses to reach Tartarus. Zeus arrives and angrily kills Ares for his defiance, letting his death be a warning to the gods, and that the mortals will no longer receive divine support, and must justify the faith he has in Theseus, before leaving with Athena. The stolen bow is brought to Hyperion.
Years later, Theseus's story has become legend, and Phaedra is raising his son Acamas, who has inherited her gift of prophecy. The boy is visited by Zeus as an old man, who informs him he will become a warrior like his father and mustn't fear his visions. Acamas has a vision of Theseus leading an army of gods in a battle in the sky with the Titans.

Cast
Henry Cavill as Theseus, a mortal chosen by Zeus to fight evil.
 Robert Naylor as Young Theseus.
 Stephen Dorff as Stavros, a cunning slave and master thief who joins Theseus on his quest.
 Luke Evans as Zeus, god of the sky and king of the gods.
 John Hurt as Old Man, a disguise used by Zeus to interact with mortals.
 Isabel Lucas as Athena, goddess of wisdom.
 Kellan Lutz as Poseidon, god of the sea.
 Freida Pinto as Phaedra, an Oracle priestess who joins Theseus on his quest.
 Mickey Rourke as King Hyperion, the King of Heraklion.
 Joseph Morgan as Lysander, a traitorous Athenian soldier who joins King Hyperion after being discharged.
 Peter Stebbings as Helios, an Athenian general.
 Daniel Sharman as Ares, god of war.
 Anne Day-Jones as Aethra, mother of Theseus.
 Greg Bryk as Nycomedes, a monk in service to Phaedra.
 Corey Sevier as Apollo, god of light.
 Steve Byers as Heracles, the god who forged the Epirus Bow.
Robert Maillet as The Minotaur, Hyperion's powerful henchman who wears a metal bull mask.
 Romano Orzari as Icarus, an Athenian soldier.
 Alan van Sprang as Dareios, a slave who joins Theseus on his quest.
 Stephen McHattie as Cassander, the King of the Hellenics.
 Mark Margolis as The New Priest, a monk.
 Gage Munroe as Acamas, son of Theseus and Phaedra.
 Tamas Menyhart as Heraklion
References

Other websites 
 Immortals Movie Clip "Zeus's Wrath" Official 2011 [HD - Henry Cavill; YouTube]

2011 movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a tool for figuring out risk of stock profit or losses (called returns). 

It makes an assumption, which is that investors care only about two things: the average returns of stocks over, for example, ten years, and the volatility of annual returns around that average during the same period. 

The main result of the model is that the return of a stock can be broken down in the sum of two things: a risk-free rate and a risk premium. This risk premium can be seen as the product of two things: a measure of the risk of the stock (called the "beta") and the average reward for risk in the market (the "equity risk premium", which is the return of the market over and above the risk-free rate).

Economics
Soldiers
Approximately 1 in 9 residents (regardless of age, sex or qualification for service) served in the army. In turn, half the eligible voters served. Wisconsin was the only state to organize replacements for troops that had already been sent to war. This led northern generals to prefer having Wisconsin regiments in their command if possible.

A number of Wisconsin regiments were distinguished, including three that served in the celebrated "Iron Brigade"&mdash. These were the 2nd Wisconsin, 6th Wisconsin, and 7th Wisconsin. All were noted for their hard fighting and dashing appearance. They were among the only troops in the Army of the Potomac to wear Hardee hats and long frock coats. They suffered severely at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. The 8th Wisconsin, another hard-fighting regiment, was often accompanied into battle by its mascot, Old Abe, a bald eagle.
In a January 1863 letter to his sister, Union soldier Chauncey Herbert Cooke, a private from Company G of the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, gave his reasons for fighting for the Union in the war, stating that "I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot go free."

Women during the war
While men were fighting, many women needed to learn how to farm and do other manual labor. Besides having to tend to the home and children while the men were away at war, women also contributed supplies. Quilts and blankets were often given to soldiers. Other items women often sent included: shirts, sheets, pillows, pillowcases, coats, vests, trousers, towels, handkerchiefs, socks, bandages, canned fruits, dried fruits, butter, cheese, wine, eggs, pickles, books, and magazines. At one point, after the Battle of Resaca in Georgia, women sent every wounded man within a certain distance a fresh orange or lemon. These fruits were to quench the strong thirst that was known to accompany a wound.
Related pages 
 List of Wisconsin Civil War units

References

Other websites 
 Wisconsin in the Civil War
 Civil War changed Wisconsin 
 The Civil War Home Front

 
19th century in Wisconsin
John Howard Northrop (July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987) was an American biochemist. He shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley.

Northrop was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949. He was employed by the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961.  In 1949 he was appointed Professor of Bacteriology and later, Professor of Biophysics at the University of California, Berkeley.

References 

1891 births
1987 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Rockefeller University faculty‎
University of California, Berkeley faculty
From statehood to the Civil War
When California was admitted as a state under the Compromise of 1850, Californians had already decided it was to be a free state. The constitutional convention of 1849 unanimously abolished slavery. As a result, Southerners in Congress voted against admission in 1850 while Northerners pushed it through, pointing to its population of 93,000 and its vast wealth in gold. Northern California, which was dominated by mining, shipping, and commercial elites of San Francisco, favored becoming a state. In the United States presidential election, 1856, California gave its electoral votes to the winner, James Buchanan.
Southern California's attempts at secession 
Following California's admission to the Union, Californios and pro-slavery Southerners in lightly populated, rural Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller and approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.

In 1860 Lincoln won 38,733 popular votes, only 32% of the total. But it was enough to win all four of California's electoral votes.
California volunteers called up 
On July 24, 1861, the Secretary of War called on the Governor of California for enlisted volunteer to guard the overland mail route from Carson City to Salt Lake City. They were also to guard Fort Laramie. The initial call was for five companies of cavalry plus one regiment of Infantry. On August 14,  four more regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry were requested. They were to report to General Edwin Vose Sumner. These volunteers replaced the regular troops transferred to the east before the end of 1861. California would have to protect itself using its own manpower during the Civil War.
The fight for California 
Both the Union and the Confederacy wanted California's gold. Ulysses S. Grant once said "I do not know what we would do in this great national emergency if it were not for the gold sent from California." The Confederates also needed ports that were not being blockaded by the Union Navy. If they could get control of Southern California it would give them the ports it badly needed. Southern California had a number of Southerners who moved to California during the Gold Rush. While they were a minority, they wanted Southern California to secede from the Union and join the Confederate states. At the time, Northern California was very pro-Union. A number of pro-Confederate groups were organized in Southern California. These included the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles and chapters of the Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret pro-slavery organization.
The pro-Union state militias and Union forces used a number of forts and camps in California. One of the best known is Alcatraz Island. Before it was a federal prison, it was a prisoner of war camp for Confederate prisoners. The last army fort still standing is the Drum Barracks. It was the headquarters of the Union Army in Southern California and the Arizona Territory.

References 

 
19th century in California
Quassel IRC, or Quassel, is an IRC client, introduced in 2008. It is released under the GNU General Public License for GNU and Unix-like operating systems, OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Since the release of Kubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) Quassel is Kubuntu's default IRC client. Quassel uses the Qt application framework.

References

IRC clients
Palisade cells are special cells in the leaves of plants. They are the main place where photosynthesis takes place. They absorb light so photosynthesis can take place. 

They have the largest number of chloroplasts per cell of any plant tissue. They convert the light to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. The cells are just below the epidermis and cuticle.

References 

Plant anatomy
Plant physiology
Extermination through labour is a way of torturing and killing prisoners.  In a system of extermination by labour, prisoners are forced to do very heavy work without enough food or medical care.  Eventually, prisoners die from malnutrition, illness, or injury.

Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union both had systems of extermination through labor.  Some people describe North Korea's prison system as a system of extermination through labor.

Use as a term
The term "extermination through labor" was first used during World War II.  Most of the Nazi SS did not use the term (Vernichtung durch Arbeit in German).  However, Albert Bormann, Joseph Goebels, Otto Georg Thierack, and Heinrich Himmler used the term during the fall of 1942, while talking about moving prisoners to concentration camps. Thierack and Goebbels specifically used the term. The phrase was used again during the Nuremberg Trials after World War II ended.
In the 1980s and 1990s, historians have argued over whether this term is appropriate. For example, Falk Pingel believed the phrase should not be applied to all Nazi prisoners.  On the other hand, Hermann Kaienburg and Miroslav Kárný believed "extermination through labour" was one of the SS's specific goals. More recently, Jens-Christian Wagner has also argued that not all Nazi prisoners were targeted with death, so "extermination through labor" might not be the best way to describe the Nazis' goals for those prisoners.

In Nazi Germany

Victims

During the Holocaust, the Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, persecuted, tortured, and killed millions of people because of differences in race, ethnicity, politics, religion, sexual orientation, and disability.
The Nazis also persecuted people who were "German-blooded," but who the Nazis thought of as "social misfits" (aisoziale).  The Nazis said these people led useless "ballast-lives" (Ballastexiltenzen).  These people included:
 Families with many children who depended on welfare
 People accused of being "vagrant" or "transient" (homeless)
 Alcoholics
 Prostitutes
 Homosexuals
The Nazis lists of these people and persecuted them in many ways.  For example, some were forced to be sterilized.  Many were eventually sent to prison camps for "extermination through labor."  Along with them, anyone who spoke out against the Nazi regime (like communists, social democrats, democrats, and conscientious objectors) were sent to prison camps. Many of them did not survive.

Extermination through labor was an important part of the Nazis' Final Solution - their plan to kill all the Jews in Europe.

Concentration camps

Conditions
Conditions

In the Nazi prison camps, prisoners were treated like slaves:
 They were not paid in any way
 Workers were constantly watched to prevent escape or rest
 Work was physically very hard (for example, building roads, working on farms, and working in factories, especially making weapons)
 Working hours were long (often 10–12 hours per day)
 Workers were fed very little
 Workers had very little hygiene, medical care, or needed clothing

Abuse and Torture

Workers were also tortured and physically abused.  For example, victims of Torstehen ("Gate Hanging") had to stand outside naked with their arms raised – like a gate hanging on its hinges. When they collapsed or passed out, they would be beaten until they re-assumed the position. Victims of Pfahlhängen ("Post Attachment") were tied with their hands behind their back and were hung by their hands on a tall stake. This would dislocate the prisoner's arm joints, and the pressure would be kill them within hours.
During the Holocaust, the Nazis built concentration camps and then extermination camps to imprison their victims.  These "camps" were not just prisons.  Their goal was not just to keep people locked up.  Their goal was to torture and destroy people.  All parts of camp life came along with humiliation and harassment.  Forced labour was a part of this.  Prisoners were whipped and treated like animals.  Some forced labor was meant to help the German war machine grow.  However, other prisoners were forced to do pointless heavy labor just to wear them down.  There were "no limits to working hours," according to official Nazi policy.

Death rates

A slave worker on a work assignment usually lived less than four months, on average.  Up to 25,000 of the 35,000 prisoners forced to work for IG Farben at Auschwitz concentration camp died.  Some died from exhaustion or disease.  Others were killed after the Nazis decided they were not healthy enough to work any more.
Some work assignments were deadlier than others.  Some prisoners were assigned to dig tunnels for German weapons factories during the last months of the war.  About 30% of them died.  In the satellite camps, which were near mines and industrial firms, death rates were even higher.  In these satellite camps, the supplies were often even less adequate than in the main camps.

The phrase "Arbeit macht frei" ("work shall set you free") appeared on the entry gates at Auschwitz and other Nazi labor camps.

In the Soviet Union 

Some historians call the Soviet Gulag a system of death camps, particularly in post-Communist Eastern European politics. Other historians argue that this trivializes the Holocaust (makes the Holocaust seems like it was not so bad) because, at least after the war ended, a very large majority of people who entered the Gulag left alive.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn introduced the expression camps of extermination by labour in his non-fiction work The Gulag Archipelago.  In the book, Solzhenitsyn argues that the Soviet Union beat its enemies by making them work as prisoners on big state-run projects (like the White Sea-Baltic Canal, quarries, remote railroads, and urban development projects) under terrible conditions. Roy Medvedev comments: "The penal system in the Kolyma and in the camps in the north was deliberately designed for the extermination of people." Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev writes that Stalin was the "architect of the gulag system for totally destroying human life."
According to formerly secret internal Gulag documents, some 1.6 million people must have died in the period between 1935 and 1956 in Soviet forced labour camps and colonies.  This does not include people who died in prisoner-of-war camps.  Most (about 900,000) of these deaths fell between 1941 and 1945.  At that time, World War II was ongoing, and food supplies were low in the entire country.

Russian historian Oleg Khlevniuk writes that about 500,000 people died in the camps and colonies from 1930 to 1941.  However, these figures do not include people who died in transport (on their way to the camps).  It also does not include the number of people who died shortly after their release due to the harsh treatment in the camps (there were many of these people, according to both archives and memoirs).

Historian J. Otto Pohl estimates that 2,749,163 prisoners died in the labour camps, colonies, and special settlements.  He says this figure is incomplete.
In 2010, Stanford historian Norman Naimark wrote a book called Stalin's Genocides.  Naimark said scholars should change the word genocide so that it also meant killing people because they were in a social class or had political beliefs so that Stalin's killings would count as genocide.

In North Korea 

It is believed that similar camps are operating in North Korea, and killed at least 20,000 political prisoners in 2013 alone, with at least 130,000 held therein.

Related pages
 Forced labour of Germans after World War II
 Hunger Plan, a German plan to starve the Slavic and Jewish populations
 Penal labour

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Lemo Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager  
 Frauen im Gulag, Deutschlandradio, May 11, 2003  

The Holocaust
GN-z11 is a galaxy. It was the oldest known galaxy and farthest-known galaxy from Earth until 2022. It is located 32 billion light years (302.74 sextillion km) away from us.

Related pages 
 Nature timeline

Galaxies
Konversation is an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. It is built on the KDE Platform. It is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License. It is the default IRC client in many Linux distributions, such as openSUSE, the KDE spin of Fedora, and Kubuntu.

References

IRC clients
The Lagerordnung (the "Disciplinary and Penal Code") was a set of rules for punishing prisoners at Dachau concentration camp in Nazi Germany.  On January 1, 1934, the Lagerordnung became the official rules of every concentration camp in Nazi Germany.

Also known as the Strafkatalog (Punishment Catalogue), it set out the rules the prisoners had to follow.  SS guards were told to report to the camp commandant when a prisoner broke a rule.

The Concentration Camps Inspectorate was in charge of carrying out punishment.  They did this without making sure the prisoner had actually broken the rule.  Once they were accused, prisoners had no way of proving themselves innocent.

Evolution of a new penal system
At first, the Nazis had built temporary concentration camps, like Kemna concentration camp.  These earlier camps did not have common, agreed-upon rules.  Instead, they took the Lagerordnung from rules that were often used in police departments and prisons at the time.
There was not much difference between the rules at the early concentration camps.  Some did not allow smoking; others allowed prisoners to receive food parcels or visits from family members. The rules were still based on existing laws, and the camps were patterned after ordinary prisons. The early camps had penalties like having privileges taken away, or for more severe cases, solitary confinement, a hard bed, not being given food, or being left in solitary confinement in a darkened cell.  However, there was no corporal punishment. The early camps were primarily controlled by the SA or the Gestapo.
However, Dachau was under the control of the SS.  Sometime in May 1933, SS camp commandant Hilmar Wäckerle wrote the first Lagerordnung for a concentration camp.  It gave all legal powers to the camp commandant.  The Dachau Lagerordnung allowed prisoners to be executed based on a decision from two SS men who had been chosen by the commandant.  The accused prisoner would no longer have a defense.  The executive, judicial, and legislative parts of government were all placed together under the camp commandant's power.  There would be no system of checks and balances.  The threat of the death penalty was always there, which created a constant state of emergency for Dachau's inmates.
The first legalized murders took place at Dachau.  (There would never be as many political murders in any of the other, earlier concentration camps than there were in Dachau's first few months.)  Sophie Handschuh, the mother of one of the murdered prisoners, filed a formal complaint to find out what had really happened to her son. The resulting prosecution forced Himmler to replace Wäckerle.  Himmler chose Theodor Eicke, a fanatical SS-Oberführer who had, in March 1933, been committed for evaluation at a psychiatric clinic at the University of Würzburg due to extremely violent behavior. Himmler arranged for Eicke to be released, asking his doctor, Werner Heyde, to talk to Eicke and get him to promise to control himself.
Expanded to all camps
Six months later, on October 1, 1933, Commandant Eicke wrote a second edition of the Lagerordnung, adding the Postenpflicht and introducing corporal punishment (flogging). The Lagerordnung established a "state within a state." The second edition established an orderly system in which "legally" arrested political opponents could be tortured and executed.

From this point on, all SS concentration camps were to follow the Dachau model and become a "state within a state": shielded centers of terror with their own laws and judges, without legal defense, and with their own executable violence.

After January 1, 1934, all subsequent versions of the Lagerordnung were effective for all SS-run concentration camps.

The Disciplinary and Penal Code
[Translator's note: The sometimes odd phrasing, inconsistencies of capitalization, and style itself are from the source, not the translator.]

Dachau Concentration Camp
Office of the Commandant, October 1, 1933
Disciplinary and Penal Code for the Detention Camp

Introduction

The following penalties are issued within the scope of existing camp regulations, to maintain order and discipline on the grounds of Dachau concentration camp, 
These regulations apply to all prisoners of the DCC from the time of admission on, till the hour of discharge.

These rules are added on to the list of rules Dachau already has.  Its goal is to keep order and discipline at Dachau.  They apply to all prisoners, all the time.
The consummate authority of punishment is in the hands of the camp commandant, who is personally responsible to the political police commander for the implementation of the rules as issued.
[The camp commandant has complete and total authority to punish prisoners.  He is in charge of implementing these rules.]
Tolerance means weakness. Realizing this, there will be a ruthless grip there, where, in the interests of the fatherland, it appears necessary. The decent, incited [sic] Volksgenosse will not come into contact with these penalties. But to the politicizing rabble-rouser and intellectual agitator — regardless of which direction — let it be said, beware, that you're not nabbed, otherwise you'll be grabbed by the neck and after your own recipe, [sic] made to hold your peace.

["Tolerance means peace."  People who speak out against Germany will be punished badly.  People who mind their own business and do not question Germany will not be punished this way.  But people who try to cause trouble by getting people upset about politics will be forced to be quiet.]

§1

§5

To be punished with 8 days of hard time and with several weeks of punitive labor:
1. Whoever shirks his work or feigns physical deficiency or disease with the aim of being idle.

2. Whoever leaves a work place or workshop without command, prematurely backs in, fails [at quitting time] to check out with the supervising SS man, checks out at quitting time with a fellow prisoner.

§6

To be punished with 8 days of hard time and be flogged 25 times with a stick at the beginning and end of the punishment:

1. whoever makes derogatory or sarcastic remarks to an SS member, deliberately neglects the mandatory salute, or by his manner otherwise indicates that he will not submit to the compulsory discipline and order,

2. whoever as prisoner-sergeant, as prisoner-corporal or as foreman exceeds the powers as "Ordnungsmann", assumes the rights of a superior with respect to other prisoners, maneuvers preferred work or any other advantage for politically like-minded prisoners, bullies politically otherwise-minded fellow prisoners, makes false reports about them or in some way discriminates.

§7
§7

Will be punished with 14 days of severe time

1. Whoever exchanges his assigned housing with another, unauthorized without the order of the commander of the company, or incites or misleads fellow prisoners,

2. whoever attaches forbidden or camp-made items in outgoing laundry packages, hides or sews in clothing items etc.,

3. whoever enters or leaves barracks, housing, or other buildings outside the stipulated entry ways, crawls through windows or existing openings,

4. whoever smokes in the barracks, toilets and in flammable atmospheres, or stores or sets flammable items down in such areas. If a fire occurs as a result of disregarding this ban, then sabotage will be assumed.

§8

Will be punish with 14 days of severe time and be flogged 25 times with a stick at the beginning and end of the punishment:

1. Whoever leaves or enters the prison camp without escort, whoever follows a work column marching out of the camp, unauthorized,
2. whoever in letters or other communication makes derogatory remarks about National Socialist leaders, the state and government, authorities and establishments, exalts Marxist or liberal leaders or "November parties", communicates goings-on in the concentration camp,
 
3. whoever keeps prohibited items, tools, batons and knives in his room or in straw sacks

§9

Will be punished with 21 days of severe time

Whoever carts off government-owned items, of whatever sort, from said location to another, deliberately damages, destroys, squanders, alters or uses for any other than purpose than prescribed; apart from the penalty, according to circumstances, is liable to some or all of the prisoners for any losses incurred.

§10

Will be punished with 42 days of severe time or lengthy detention in solitary confinement:

1. Whoever accumulates sums of money in the camp, finances prohibited efforts in or outside of the camp, or brings fellow prisoners to heel or binds them to secrecy through money,
2. whoever has sent to himself sums of money which come from prohibited Rote Hilfe collections, or distributes to fellow prisoners,

3. clergy who make announcements that lie outside the framework of pastoral care, slip letters or messages to be passed on, [whoever] seeks the clergy to achieve forbidden objectives,

4. the symbols of the National Socialist state or the pillars of same, makes contemptible, curses, or in other ways disregards,

§11
Whoever in the camp, at work, in the barracks, in kitchens and workshops, lavatories and rest areas, for the purpose of agitating, politicizes, gives provocative speeches, meets with others for this purpose, forms cliques, or gads about, gathers true or untrue news to further the goals of the opposition's atrocity-propaganda [sic] about the concentration camp or its institutions, receives, buries, passes along to foreign visitors or others, smuggles outside the camp using a secret message or other means, in writing or verbally gives released or transferred [prisoners], hides in articles of clothing or other items, using rocks, etc
. throws over the camp wall, or draws up ciphers; moreover, whoever for the purpose of inciting, climbs up on barracks roofs or trees, gives or seeks connection outside [the camp] through light signals or other means, or whoever induces others to escape or commit a crime, and to this end, gives advice or supports through other means, by dint of revolutionary justice, will be hanged as an agitator!
§12

Whoever assaults a guard or SS man, refuses to obey him or refuses to work at a work site, calls on  or leads others for the purpose of mutiny or the same assault, as mutineer leaves a marching column or workshop, calls on others during a march or at work to hoot, shout, agitate or gives speeches, will be shot on the spot as a mutineer or hanged afterwards.

§13

Whoever deliberately causes in the camp, in the barracks, workshops, work sites, in kitchens, warehouses etc. a fire, an explosion, water or some other damage to property, moreover whoever carries out actions on the wire hindrance, on a power line in a switching station, on telephone or water lines, on the camp wall or other security installation, on heating or boiler plants, on machines or vehicles, which do not meet the order given, will be punished with death for sabotage. If the action happened because of negligence, then the guilty party will be held in solitary confinement. In cases of doubt, sabotage will nevertheless be assumed.

§14
§14

Whoever offers gifts to an SS man or guard, seeks to win him over with gifts, money or other means, carries out actions for the purpose of subverting the SS troops, enters into a political discussion in the presence of a guard or SS man, about Marxism or other November Party or glorifies their leaders, makes derogatory remarks about the SS, SA, the National Socialist state, its leader and its institutions, or appears otherwise insubordinate, moreover whoever at the camp produces or passes along to others forbidden items for the purpose of smuggling secret messages or for purposes of attack, will be held for community perilousness in perpetual solitary confinement. Release for such persons is out of the question.

§15
§15

Whoever repeatedly avoids work, despite previous warning stays away from roll calls for work assignments or head counts, constantly reports to the doctor or dentist without reason, feigns physical suffering or disability doesn't march [out to work], constantly acts lazy and sluggish, was unclean, writes obnoxious letters, steals from fellow prisoners, hits, bullies [others] for their attitude, derides or ridicules, will be punished for incorrigibility with continuous punitive labor, detention, with punitive exercise or be flogged.

§16

Whoever after the onset of curfew moves outside his quarters, forms a crowd with others, on the order of an SS man does not disperse at once, after the onset of the alarm does not immediately seek out his own quarters or during an extended alarm leave the station or the windows open [sic], will be shot at by the nearest SS man or guard.

§17
§17

Whoever keeps forbidden items (tools, knife, files, etc.) or wears civilian clothing unauthorized, can be held in solitary confinement for suspicion of escape.

§18

Whoever as stubenältester, as foreman or as prisoner suspects or becomes aware of the intent to commit sedition, mutiny, sabotage or some other punishable act, if he does not immediately report his knowledge, will be punished as a perpetrator. The informer will not be held responsible for filing a false report, if, through special circumstances, he was misled.

§19
§19

Hard time will be carried out in a cell with a hard bed and bread and water. Every 4th day, the inmate will receive a warm meal. Punitive labor involves hard physical or particularly dirty work, which will be carried out under special supervision.
Supplementary punishments that may be considered:
punishment exercise, corporal punishment, withholding of mail, withholding of food, hard bed, strappado, reprimand and warnings. All punishments will be kept on file. Hard time and punitive labor lengthen the protective custody a minimum of 8 weeks; addition of a supplementary punishment lengthens the protective custody a minimum of 4 weeks. Prisoners kept in solitary confinement will not be released in the foreseeable future.

The Kommandant of the Concentration Camp

(signed) SS-Oberführer Eicke

Related pages
Procedures for punishing violations
Kazimierz Piechowski

Footnotes

References

The Holocaust
Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) also known as elephant-ear tree or devil's ear is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is native to tropical regions of the Americas. It is the national tree of Costa Rica.

Common names in some other languages are:
 , árbol de las orejas, parota
 , oreille d'éléphant
 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum, the scientific name of the guanacaste tree was given by August Grisebach to this plant in 1864.

Synonyms 
 Albizia longipes Britton & Killip
 Enterolobium cyclocarpa (Jacq.) Griseb.
 Feuilleea cyclocarpa (Jacq.) Kuntze
 Inga cyclocarpa' (Jacq.) Willd.
 Mimosa cyclocarpa Jacq.
 Mimosa parota Sesse & Moc.
 Pithecellobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Mart.
 Prosopis dubia Kunth
 Prosopis dubia'' Guill. & Perr.

Description

The guanacaste is a large tree, growing to  tall, with a trunk up to  in diameter. The bark is light gray. The crown (the upper part of tree) is broad and widely spreading. Leaves are  long, alternate and compound.