Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nimbaphrynoides is a genus of true toads.  They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.

The two species are viviparous.  This means they have internal fertilisation. The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets. Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.

Species

References

 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Nimbaphrynoides access date: 2008-04-17
 eol - Encyclopedia of Life at  Taxon  Nimbaphrynoides
 
 GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility at   Taxon Nimbaphrynoides

Toads
Frogs of Africa
Oreophrynella (bush toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in southern Venezuela, Guyana and far northern Brazil.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Oreophrynella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Oreophrynella. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  taxon Oreophrynella at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Oreophrynella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  Taxon Oreophrynella at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm 

Toads
Frogs of South America
The black-knobbed map turtle (Graptemys nigrinoda) is a species of aquatic turtles. Their skin is light gray and have spikes on their shell. They are part of the Graptemys genus and were once called the black-knobbed sawback turtle. They live in rivers in the Mobile Bay in Alabama and Mississippi.

References

Other websites

 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996.  Graptemys nigrinoda .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Turtles of North America
Amazonas is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899 km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.

The state capital is Puerto Ayacucho. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.

Municipalities and Municipal Seats

Geography

Rivers 

In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud. Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo,  Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí,  Manipitare,  Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.

National parks 

The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.
 Parima Tapirapeco National Park. 
 Serranía La Neblina National Park. 
 Yapacana National Park. 
 National Park Duida Marahuaca.

Natural monuments
Natural monuments

 Piedra del Cocuy.
 Cerro Autana.
 Piedra de la Tortuga.
 Piedra Pintada.

Fauna
The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.
 Mammals: puma, jaguar, tapir, monkey, anteater, & fox.
 Reptiles: Orinoco crocodile, baba, turtle, tortoise, snakes, anaconda, tragavenado,  cuaima, & mapanare.
 Fish: Sapoara, shaker or electric eel, bay, caribbean, piranha, catfish, and guabina.
 Birds: eagle, harpy eagle, hawk, macaw,  katana, carpenter, helmeted,  & toucan.

References

Other websites

 Governor's page 

States of Venezuela
Osornophryne (Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Colombia and Ecuador.

Species

Other websites

 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Osornophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 05, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Osornophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 05, 2008). 
  taxon Osornophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Osornophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 05, 2008).
  Taxon Osornophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Frogs of South America
Pedostibes (Asian Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in South India, Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra. They have horizontal pupils and webbed fingers and toes.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Pedostibes. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Pedostibes. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
  taxon Pedostibes at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Pedostibes at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
  Taxon Pedostibes at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm 

Toads
Frogs of Asia
Pelophryne (Flathead Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Hainan Island, China.

Species

References

 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Pelophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Pelophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 
  taxon Pelophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Pelophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 07, 2008).
  Taxon Pelophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Frogs of Asia
Pseudobufo subasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Pseudobufo.  They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia.  They live in subtropical or tropical swamps. They are threatened by habitat loss.

This toad can only be found in peat swamps. They have fully webbed back feet.

References
 van Dijk, P.P., Iskandar, D. & Inger, R. 2004. Pseudobufo subasper. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Other websites
 Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Pseudobufo subasper 

Toads
Frogs of Asia
Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo.  Some people call it its own genus.  It has 71 species of true toads.  They live in Central and South America.

Species

Note: Species below are shown as species of Rhinella.  They are treated as species of Bufo by many authors.

References
 . 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Rhinella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 07, 2008).
Toads
Frogs of North America
Frogs of South America
The African red toad or African split-skin toad (Schismaderma carens) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Schismaderma.

It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Lesotho.
It lives in many habitats.  These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.

References
 Poynton, J.C., Howell, K., Minter, L. & Tandy, M. 2004. Schismaderma carens . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Frogs of Africa
Truebella is a genus of true toads.  They live in Peru at the Ayacucho and Junín regions.

Species

References
 , 1995. A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa . Herpetologica, 51(2), 105-131.

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Truebella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 08, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Truebella. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 08, 2008). 
  taxon Truebella at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Truebella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 08, 2008).

Toads
Frogs of South America
Werneria (smalltongue toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.

Species

References
 , 2004 Revision of the genus Werneria Poche, 1903, including the descriptions of two new species from Cameroon and Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) Zootaxa 720: 1–28

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (October 10, 2007). Werneria. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 8, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Werneria. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 8, 2008). 
  taxon Werneria at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Werneria at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 8, 2008).
  Taxon Werneria at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Frogs of Africa
Wolterstorffina (Wolterstorff Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Nigeria and Cameroon.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (October 10, 2007). Wolterstorffina. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 9, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Wolterstorffina. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 9, 2008). 
  taxon Wolterstorffina at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Wolterstorffina at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 9, 2008).
  Taxon Wolterstorffina at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Frogs of Africa
The common toad or European toad (Bufo bufo) is an amphibian.  They are found in most of Europe, except for Ireland, Iceland and some Mediterranean islands. The toad usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump.  It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.

The toads in this genus are known as true toads.  They have no teeth, a dry warty skin and horizontal pupils to the eyes.

Description
The common toad can grow to about  in length. Females grow larger than males. Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north. The head is broad with a wide mouth.  The nose has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The large, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin.  It is used to keep away predators. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck. There is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat. The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers.  These are to hold the female. The back legs are short and the back feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small warts. The colour is brown, olive-brown or greyish-brown.  Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic
. The females are browner and the males greyer.
Common toads can live for many years.  They have lived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be found by counting the number of yearly growth rings in the bones of their phalanges.

Behaviour
Behaviour

The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs. It spends the day hiding.  It comes out at dusk.  It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base.  It may live in the same place for several months. It has a large appetite and eats woodlice, slugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, worms and even small mice. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue. Larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It will try to eat any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving  piece of black paper as if it were prey. It would ignore a larger moving piece. On occasion, the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces. The skin is then eaten.
When attacked, the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered. Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion. It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators. Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include hedgehogs, rats and mink, and even domestic cats. Birds that feed on toads include herons, crows and birds of prey. The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include dragonfly larvae, diving beetles and water boatmen. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.

A parasitic fly, Lucilia bufonivora, attacks adult common toads. It lays its eggs on the toad's skin. When these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh.

Reproduction
Reproduction

The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring.  Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds. The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour. Adults use the same pond year after year. Over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned.

The males arrive first and stay for several weeks.  The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn. Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads use the pitch of their voice. Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess. Fights do sometimes happen. Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds.
The males mount on the females' backs.  They hold the females with their front limbs in a grip called amplexus. The males are very enthusiastic.  They will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount on the backs of other males. Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base. It is a stressful period and deaths are high among breeding toads. A successful male stays in amplexus for several days. The female lays a long, double string of small black eggs.  He fertilises them with his sperm. The egg strings may have 3,000 to 6,000 eggs and be  in length.  They get tangled in plant stalks.
The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size. Small tadpoles hatch out after two to three weeks. At first they hold onto the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly. They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming. The tadpoles look like those of the common frog (Rana temporaria).  They are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below. They can be told apart from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils. Over a few weeks their legs develop and their tail slowly gets reabsorbed. By twelve weeks of age, they are small toads measuring about  long and ready to leave the pond.

The common toad reaches maturity at three to seven years.
Conservation
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says the common toad is of Least Concern. This is because it lives in many areas and is common in those areas. It is not threatened very much by habitat loss.  It can live in many different areas. Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in Spain and the United Kingdom.  This may affect some populations.

Cultural significance
The toad has long been thought to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to the other world. This may be because it is at home both on land and in the water. It may cause people to not like it because of its blackish, warty skin, its slow movements and the way it comes from some dark hole.
One of the earliest references to toads as being linked to the forces of darkness was when Zoroaster said in 600 BC that all toads should be killed. In Europe in the Middle Ages, the toad was associated with the Devil, whose coat-of-arms has three toads on it. It was thought that the toad could poison people.  It was also thought that it was the witch's familiar and thus had magical powers. In France it was thought that witches could be found because they were marked by a toad's foot somewhere on their body. In Dorset it was believed that if one found a toad in the house it should be removed without harming it or the householder would face the wrath of the witch whose familiar it was. In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was seen as evidence that a witch was present. The saliva of the toad was thought to be poisonous.  It was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire. It was thought unlucky for a toad to jump over one's foot and in some regions, this was a sign of death
.  Toads were associated with devils and demons and in "Paradise Lost".  John Milton showed Satan as a toad when he poured poison into Eve's ear. The First Witch in Shakespeare's Macbeth gave instructions on using a toad in the making of spells:
The toad is also associated with female fecundity. Models of toads were left at shrines by women who wanted to conceive. In Romania it was believed that someone who killed a toad was able to kill their own mother. In Scottish folklore it was said that the tongue of a toad, carried by a man in his breast pocket, would let him have his way with any woman. It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head called a "toadstone".  It was said that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in As you like it:

Touching a toad has long been thought to cause warts. This has been shown to be a myth and warts are actually caused by the human papillomavirus.  They are transferred by direct contact from person to person.
Mr. Toad Esq. is one of the main characters in the children's novel, The Wind in the Willows, by Kenneth Grahame. This has been dramatized by several authors including A. A. Milne who called his play Toad of Toad Hall. Mr Toad is a very conceited,anthropomorphic toad.

References

Other websites

Amphibians of Europe
 BBC nature on the common toad 

Toads
Frogs of Europe
The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs, the Pelobatidae.  There is only one living genus, called Pelobates.  It has four species. They live in Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa and western Asia.

The European spadefoot toads are small to large sized frogs.  They grow up to  in length. They burrow in sandy soils. They have a hardened growth on their feet to help in digging. They will come out from the ground during times of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.

All of the species from this family have free-living, aquatic tadpoles. The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate.  The tadpole stage is very short.  They grow to adult form in as little as two weeks. To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.
Taxonomy
Family Pelobatidae
 Genus †Elkobatrachus
 †Elkobatrachus brocki
 Genus Pelobates
 Western Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates cultripes)
 Common Spadefoot  (Pelobates fuscus)
 Eastern Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates syriacus)
 Moroccan Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates varaldii)

References

Frogs of Asia
Frogs of Africa
Frogs of Europe
Archaeobatrachia is a suborder of Anura.  It has various primitive frogs and toads. As the name literally suggests, these are the most primitive frogs. Many of the species (28 in total) show certain body features which are not in other frogs and toads. They are mostly found in Eurasia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Borneo. 

In addition, the family Ascaphidae is found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.  They are only represented by two species.

References

Frogs of Oceania
Frogs of Asia
Frogs of Europe
Mesobatrachia is the second largest of the Anura suborders of amphibians. It has 6 families, 20 genera and 168 species. The name suggests they are moderately old.

Mesobatrachia are a newer group.  They were identified in 1993.

References

Frogs
Anthony David "Tony" Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was a British movie director. He was the younger brother of movie director Ridley Scott.

Early life
Scott was born in North Shields, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott. Scott was educated at the Royal College of Art and at the University of Sunderland.

Career
His movies include The Hunger, Top Gun, Beverly Hills Cop II, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, Crimson Tide, Enemy of the State, Spy Game, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123 and Unstoppable. In 2010, the Scott brothers produced The A-Team of the television series. Scott's film, Unstoppable, again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), the movie was released in November 2010.

Personal life
Scott was married to Gerry Scott from 1967 until they divorced 1974. Second he married 1986 until they divorced in 1987. Lastly he married Donna W. Scott from 1994 until his death in 2012. He had 2 children.
Death
On 19 August 2012, Scott had committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro, Los Angeles, port district of Los Angeles, California. A memorial service was held and celebrities also attended; Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda, and Keira Knightley where some that attended the memorial service.

Actors

References

Other websites
 
 

1944 births
2012 deaths
BAFTA Award winning directors
British cinematographers
British movie editors
Emmy Award winning directors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English screenwriters
English television directors
English television producers
Suicides by jumping in the United States
James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 – June 19, 2013) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Tony Soprano in the HBO television series, The Sopranos. He won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the role.

Early life
Gandolfini was born on September 18, 1961 in Westwood, New Jersey. He was of Italian ancestry. He was raised in New Jersey. Gandolfini studied at Paramus Catholic High School.

He grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey. Gandolfini graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979. He played basketball and acted in school plays. He won the title "Class Flirt" in his senior yearbook. Gandolfini earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University. While at Rutgers University, Gandolfini worked as a bouncer at local school pub. He also worked as a bartender and club manager not including his acting career. He first got his acting job as a young man living in New York City.

Career
Career

Gandolfini became famous for his role as Tony Soprano, a New Jersey Mafia boss and family man who was the lead character in the HBO drama The Sopranos. The series started in 1999 and ran until 2007. He won three Emmy Awards for "Best Actor in a Drama" for his role as Soprano. Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time.
Gandolfini earned fame for this role, winning both the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series three times. With a career span of 20 years, Gandolfini's other roles include Virgil in True Romance, Bobby Dougherty in Crimson Tide, Bear in Get Shorty, and Carol in Where the Wild Things Are. In 2012, Gandolfini appeared in two major movies, Killing Them Softly and in Zero Dark Thirty. He starred in the main role in the 2013 movie Enough Said. It was released three months after his death. Gandolfini's last movie was the 2014 movie The Drop.

Personal life

Gandolfini was married to Marcy Wudarski from 1999 until they divorced in 2002. He was then married to Deborah Lin from 2008 until his death in 2013. With Wudarski he had a son named Michael (born 1999). He had one daughter with Lin, named Liliana Ruth (born 2012).
Incidents
A fan of motorcycles, Gandolfini owned a Harley-Davidson and a Vespa scooter. On May 4, 2006, he was riding the Vespa in New York City traffic when it was hit by a taxi cab. Gandolfini had knee surgery because of the accident. The incident caused the production for The Sopranos to stop shooting for three months. The accident happened when Gandolfini was filming of the final Sopranos episodes.

On October 31, 2009, Gandolfini was in New York City when a photographer wanted to take a picture of him. Gandolfini lost his temper and punched the photographer. A year before the incident, Gandolfini punched a paparazzi at the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.
Death
On June 19, 2013, Gandolfini died suddenly while vacationing in Rome. Ambulance staff arrived around 10:40pm and tried to save Gandolfini's life. It was said that Gandolfini was still alive at the hotel but died on the way to the hospital. Early reports thought the cause of death was either a heart attack or stroke. Later on June 20, 2013, hospital official said that Gandolfini died from cardiac arrest. It wasn't until on June 21 an autopsy was performed on Gandolfini. It was confirmed that he had died of a heart attack. The Sopranos creator David Chase called Gandolfini "a genius" and "his partner and brother". New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said he was "a New Jersey treasure".

Gandolfini's body was returned to the United States on June 23. Broadway dimmed theater marquee lights on the night of Wednesday, June 26 in Gandolfini's honor. His funeral was held at Saint John the Divine cathedral in Manhattan, New York on June 27. His remains were later cremated and given to his family.
Reaction
Word of his death spread quickly with many of Gandolfini's friends. Former co-stars, many fans throughout the entertainment business along with politicians such as John McCain and Chris Christie taking to the internet to respond to his sudden death. Christie ordered all State buildings to fly flags at half-staff on June 24, to honor Gandolfini.

The day following his death, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, which features Gandolfini's Sopranos co-star Steven Van Zandt on guitar, gave a full album performance of their 1975 classic Born to Run. His performance was dedicated it to Gandolfini.

At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Edie Falco honored the career and life of Gandolfini.

References

Other websites
1961 births
2013 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Park Ridge, New Jersey
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Sleep hygiene is a set of of practices and changes in behavior that make it easier to get restful sleep. The concept of sleep hygiene was developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia. 

Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting up a sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, reducing stress, reducing nighttime activity, and limiting bed use if not sleeping, to name a few. Other recommendations include avoiding alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime, and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment.

Doctors study the sleep hygiene of people who present with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment.

References

Sleep
Parupalli Kashyap () (born 8 September 1986), also known as Kashyap Parupalli, is an Indian athlete.  He is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Early life
Parupalli trained at Hyderabad.

International competitions
In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, Parupalli reached quarter-finals in the badminton tournament.

References

Other websites

  Kashyap Parupalli at London2012.com 

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India
Badminton players
Indian Olympians
|}

Sushil Kumar is an Indian sportsman.  He is best known as a wrestler who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

International competitions
In the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing, Kumar won a bronze medal in wrestling.

He won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References 

1983 births
Living people
Indian wrestlers
2008 Summer Olympics
Indian Olympic bronze medalists
2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian sportsman.  His is best known as an shooter (marksman) who competed in three Summer Olympic Games.

Early life
He was born in Chennai on 6 May 1983 and his ancestors belonged to Samalkha in Panipat district in Haryana.
Gagan was born in Madras in Tamil Nadu. He was raised in Hyderabad.

International competitions
Gagan Narang is a gold medalist in the Afro Asian games, 2003 in Hyderabad on October 26, 2003 in Men's 10m air rifle competition.
He also won gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2006 and 2010.

Gagan Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics

ISSF World Medal Tally

World record

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References 

1983 births
Living people
2012 Summer Olympics
Indian Olympic bronze medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Indian sport shooters
Sportspeople from Chennai
Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India
Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall  (née Phillips; born 15 May 1981) is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Tindall is the second child, and only daughter, of Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Mark Phillips. She is married to Mike Tindall, who used to be a rugby player for England. She is better known by her maiden (old name before marriage) name. In the line of succession, she is called "Mrs Michael Tindall".

She was given an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) honour in the 2007 New Year's Honours List, by her grandmother for her services to equestrianism. In 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at a racecourse in Cheltenham.

She won a silver medal at London 2012.

Early life
Tindall was born at St Mary's Hospital in London. She is the eldest granddaughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. When she was born, she was sixth in line to the throne. She is now 18th in line.
She has an older brother, Peter Phillips (born 15 November 1977). She has two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born in 1985 after her father had an affair) and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997, from her father's second marriage.

The children of the Princess Royal do not hold a title. It is thought their mother did not want them to have one.

Marriage and family
On 21 December 2010, Buckingham Palace said she was engaged to Mike Tindall MBE. She got a diamond and platinum engagement ring from Tindall. They married in 2011. Her first daughter and child, Mia Grace Tindall, was born on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucestershire. Her second daughter and child, Lena Elizabeth Tindall was born on 18 June 2018 in Stroud Maternity Hospital at Stroud. A son, Lucas Philip Tindall, was born March 24, 2021 at Gatcombe Park in Gloucestershire.

References
References

1981 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Exeter
British Olympic silver medalists
British equestrians
Royalty from London
Sportspeople from London
Jean-Georges Noverre (29 April 1727 – 19 October 1810) was a French dancer and ballet master (choreographer). He is considered the creator of the ballet d'action. He performed or held posts across Europe. His first great success was the ballet Les Fêtes Chinoises. Other ballets include Jason et Médée, La Toilette de Venus, Les Jalousies du sérail, La dour corsaire and Le Jaloux sans rival. He expressed his views on dance in the book Lettres sur la danse et les ballets in 1756 (published in 1760). The French Revolution reduced Noverre to poverty. He died in 1810.

1727 births
1810 deaths
French choreographers
French ballet dancers
French writers
People from Lyon
A ballet blanc (literally, white ballet) is a ballet in the style of the 19th century romantic ballet. The ballerinas and the female members of the corps de ballet wear bell-shaped, calf-length, white ballet tutus. The second acts of La Sylphide and Giselle are representatives of the ballet blanc. Fokine's Les Sylphides is a 20th-century homage to the ballet blanc.

Ballet terminology
Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a politician from Luxembourg. Juncker studied Law. He was one of the people who designed the Maastricht Treaty. Junker was Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013. In 2014, he was elected President of the European Commission.

1954 births
Living people
European Commissioners
Government ministers of Luxembourg
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
Outsider art is art that is non-commercial and that lives outside the usual art galleries.

Usually it is created by people who have little or no artistic training in art schools. Some may have a mental illness like schizophrenia. People who do outsider art are called outsider artists. They create their art from their own inner experience, not caring or knowing what other artists maybe doing. The term outsider art was first used by art critic Roger Casement in 1972. These artists often create buildings with strange architecture they build alone. Some of them also do more conventional arts like painting, sculpture.

References

Art
William Windom (September 28, 1923 – August 16, 2012) was an American movie, radio, stage, voice, and mostly television actor who's career has lasted for 56 years. Windom is mostly known for his roles in popular television series such as; Matt Decker in Star Trek, as Dr. Seth Hazlitt in Murder, She Wrote, Glen Morley in The Twilight Zone, and is also known for his voice as Puppetino in Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night.

Early life
Windom was born on September 28, 1923 in New York City, New York to Isobel Wells (née Peckham) and Paul Windom.

Personal life
Windom was married to Carol Keyser from 1947 until they divorced in 1955. Secondly he married Barbara Joyce from 1958 until they divorced in 1963. Thirdly he married Barbara Goetz from 1963 until they divorced in 1968. Fourthly he married Jacqulyn Hopkins from 1969 until they divorced in 1974. Lastly he married Patricia Tunder from 1975 until his death in 2012.
Death
Windom died on August 16, 2012 from congestive heart failure in his home in Woodacre, California, he was 88 years old.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure 
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Emmy Award winning actors
is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team. Her brother Genki Nagasato and sister Yuki Nagasato are footballers.

Biography
Nagasato was born in Atsugi on January 24, 1989. She joined Nippon TV Beleza from the youth team in 2007. In 2012 season, she was selected Best Eleven. In 2013, she moved to German Bundesliga club Turbine Potsdam. In 2016, she retired.

In November 2008, Nagasato was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2008 U-20 World Cup. She scored two goals including a winner against Germany. On July 29, 2009, Nagasato debuted for the Japan national team against Germany. She was a member of Japan for 2015 World Cup. She played 11 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2015.

Statistics

References

Other websites

Japan Football Association

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kurume, Fukuoka Prefecture.

History
Kōra taisha was founded in the fifth century.  It is mentioned in the Engishiki.

It was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Chikugo Province and it is one of four in Fukuoka Prefecture.

In 1915, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto.  It was one of six most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or .

References

Other websites

 Kōra Taisha homepage 

Shinto shrines in Fukuoka Prefecture
Kokuhei Taisha
Ichinomiya
Soja shrines
Taisha
The very first issue of Gamepro was originally published in April 1989. It was a monthly magazine and had its last headquarters based in Oakland, California from June 2002 through May 2015. The official website of the magazine launched in 1998. It was updated daily and had included several game articles, news, previews, reviews, game screenshots and gaming videos on various video games, video game console system platform hardware and video game software development upon in the entertainment gaming industry. The official website also included various user forums, game reviews and other interesting game blogs as well. The official website's headquarters was then and formerly based in San Francisco from May 1998 through May 2002.

Gamepro is currently now-defunct as a magazine and a website.
Gamepro would only then now become part of the PC World website, covering on the latest and most recently developed video games in the entertainment video gaming industry, and to which is now currently being run by the new PC World staff.

Other websites 
 Gamepro.com: Official Gamepro website

American monthly magazines
1989 establishments in California
2015 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Video game magazines
This is a list of magazines that focuses on music. Topics included in these magazines are about the music industry and news related to musicians, musical instruments, upcoming or newly released albums and songs.

A
Alternative Press
Artrocker

B
Bass Player
Big Cheese
The Big Takeover
Billboard
Black Velvet
Blender
Blunt
Blues Revue
bma
Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles
Blitz
Blue Jean
Beat Magazine

C
Cadence
Circus
Chamber Music America (magazine)
Clash
CMJ New Music Monthly
CMJ New Music Report
Country Weekly
Creem
Cross Rhythms
Cyclic Defrost

D
Decibel
Diapason
DJ Magazine
Drum Media

E
Electronic Musician

F
Filter
The Fly

G
Gamut: The Journal of the Music Theory Society of the Mid-Atlantic
Goldmine
Guitar Player
Guitar World
Guitarist

H
Hit Parader
HM, formerly Heaven's Metal
huH

I
ILikeMusic
Industrialnation
Instrumentalist

J
Journal of Music Theory

K
Kickass Music Women
Kerrang!
Keyboard
Kmag

L
 Limelight

M
Magnet
Metal Hammer
Mixmag
Mojo

N
New Musical Express (NME)

O
Outlaw
OffBeat
Orkus
P
Paste
Perspectives of New Music

Q
Q

R
Ray Gun
Relix
Resident Advisor
Revolver
Rhythm
Rock-A-Rolla
Rock Sound
Rolling Stone
RSQ

S
Screamer
Sandman
Shindig!
The Score Magazine
Select
Signal to Noise
The Situation
Smash Hits
Sonic Seducer
Sound on Sound
Sounds
Spex
SPIN
The Source

T
Terrorizer
Theory and Practice
Top 40 Music Magazine
Top of the Pops
Total Guitar
Trouser Press

U
Uncut
URB
Under the Radar

V
Vibe

W
Wax Poetics
The Wire

X
XLR8R
XXL

Z
Zillo

Music-related lists
This is a list of magazines that are of interest to men. Topics included in these magazines are men's health, fashion and style, new technology and gadgets, sports, and magazines that features women on their cover such as pornographic magazines for men. There are also LGBT-related magazines for gay men.

General male audience

Ethnic men's magazines

African/Afro-Caribbean American men's magazines
Black Enterprise
King (U.S.)
Smooth (U.S.)

Latin American men's magazines
Hombre
Open Your Eyes
Donjuan (magazine) (Colombia)
Soho (magazine) (Colombia)

Arab men's magazine
 Arrajol

Gay male magazines

Lads' mags

Pornographic magazines

Sports magazines
Sportsnet
Sports Illustrated 
Runner's World
Guns and Ammo
Outdoors
Hiker's World
Nature's World

Magazines
Lists
In physics and mathematics (particularly in differential calculus), the second derivative is the derivative of the derivative of a function, say . The second derivative has many real-life applications, especially in the study of mathematical optimization and acceleration. Second derivatives can be notated in several ways, some of which are

,    or  

Other notations are used, but the above two are the most commonly used.

Power Rule for Finding the Second Derivative 
If we have a function , then the second derivative of the function can be found using the power rule for second derivatives. That is,

Related pages 

 Second derivative test

References 

Calculus
Horatio Alger, Jr. (January 13, 1832 – July 18, 1899) was an American writer. He wrote magazine stories and poems, a few novels for adults, and 100 plus boys' books. His boys' books were hugely popular.

Alger was born in Massachusetts, and attended Harvard College. He became a Unitarian minister, but his career as a clergyman was brief. It ended when his congregation charged him with child molestation. Criminal charges were not placed against him, but his career in the church was finished.

He moved to New York City to become a professional writer. In 1868, Alger found his place in the literary world with his fourth boys' book, Ragged Dick. This book is about a poor shoe shine boy in New York City who rises to middle class comfort and security through hard work, honesty, and a little luck. The book was a great success.
Alger continued to write boys' books. They were similar to Ragged Dick in theme and other details. Characters such as the poor but honest boy, the snobbish youth, and the greedy lawyer appeared in one book after another.  Details changed from book to book, but the essentials remained the same. Boys loved the books.

By the 1870s, boys' tastes had changed. They wanted cowboys, hunters, and Indians. Alger headed west to gather material for future books. The trip had little impact on his writing however. He wrote four books set in the west called the "Pacific Series", but they were stuck in Alger's rags-to-riches rut.

In the last decades of the 19th century, boys' tastes changed again. They wanted violence, murder, and other sensational themes. Alger gave them what they wanted. Public librarians did not like these books. They wondered whether children should be reading them. They began throwing Alger's books away.
Alger passed his last years quietly. He went to the theatre, visited old friends, and kept in touch with the boys he had helped over the years. He based new books on those of his past. He died at his sister's home in South Natick, Massachusetts, in 1899.

Biography

Boyhood
Horatio Alger, Jr. was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts on January 13, 1832. His parents were Horatio Alger, a Unitarian clergyman, and his wife Olive Augusta Fenno Alger. Horatio was the eldest of the couple's five children. He was a descendant of several Plymouth Pilgrims, a brigadier general of the American Revolution, and a member of the Constitutional Convention.

Horatio was a sickly child. He had asthma and myopia. He was timid and shy. He was bullied by the bigger boys in the neighborhood. His father decided Horatio would become a clergyman. He taught the boy Greek and Latin.  He took Horatio along with him on parish house calls to give the boy a sense of a minister's duties.

Education
Education

In 1842, Horatio entered the Chelsea Grammar School. He was a good student. His father had money troubles about this time. He took a better paying job in Marlborough, Massachusetts, a farming community about 25 miles west of Boston. The Alger family moved there in December 1844.

In Marlborough, Horatio went to a prep school called Gates Academy. He began writing poems and short stories. He sent his writings to local newspapers. The family's money troubles made a lasting impression on Horatio. Money ills like foreclosure and bankruptcy became themes in his books. He had fond memories of Marlborough, despite the family's woes. Quiet country villages are settings in many of his boys' books.
Alger entered Harvard College in 1848.  He became a professional writer the following year when he sold two essays and a poem to a Boston magazine. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, a fraternity for outstanding scholars. He graduated in 1852, ranking eighth in a class of eighty-eight. He went to Harvard Divinity School in 1853. He quit the same year to take a job as an assistant editor with a Boston magazine. He hated editing, and quit in 1854.

He taught briefly in two New England boys' boarding schools. In 1856 he published Bertha's Christmas Vision, a book of short stories and poems. He returned to the Harvard Divinity School in 1857, and graduated in 1860. His health was poor. He was rejected for military service during the American Civil War, but wrote for the Union cause instead. His first boys' book Frank's Campaign was published in 1864.
Alger's ministry
On December 8, 1864, Alger became pastor of the First Unitarian Church and Society in Brewster, Massachusetts. The people of Brewster liked him. He was a good speaker. He played ball games with the boys, and took walks with them. He kept writing stories, and sent them to a boys' magazine in Boston called Student and Schoolmate. He wrote another boys' book, Paul Prescott's Charge. It was published in September 1865. The critics gave it good reviews.

Early in 1866, the people of Brewster accused Alger of sexually molesting two boys. These boys were 13 and 15 years old. Three men of the church discovered that this was true. Alger said that he had been "unwise", and quit his job with the Brewster church. He left town quickly, and went to his parents' home in South Natick, Massachusetts.
His father got in touch with Unitarian church authorities in Boston. He promised them that his son would never take a job in the church again. These authorities were satisfied. Further action was not taken. This was probably done so Alger's father would not be publicly embarrassed. Some members of the Brewster church wanted Alger put to death as the Bible ordered. Alger never mentioned his days in Brewster again.

Life in New York City 

In April 1866, Alger moved to New York City to become a professional writer. In the summer of 1866, he wrote "John Maynard". This is a poem about a real shipwreck on Lake Erie. It brought Alger the notice of other writers when it was published in Student and Schoolmate in January 1868. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, for example, sent a letter of compliments to Alger. Children loved the poem and read it aloud in classrooms for many years.