Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Draper, J.W. “Falstaff and the Plautine Parasite,” The Classical Journal 33 (1938), pp. 390–401.
 Duckworth, G.E. “The Unnamed Characters in the Plays of Plautus,” Classical Philology 33.2 (1938), pp. 167–282.
 Echols, E.C. “The Quid-Greeting in Plautus and Terence,” The Classical Journal 45.4(1950), pp. 188–190.
 Ed. Dorey, T.A. and Dudley, D.R. Roman Drama, (New York, 1965).
 P. E. Easterling, Philip Hardie, Richard Hunter, E. J. Kenney Plautus' Casina 1976 Cambridge University Press 
 Fantham, E. "The Curculio of Plautus: An Illustration of Plautine Methods in Adaptation," The Classical Quarterly 15.1 (1965), pp. 84–100.
 Goldberg, S.M. “Plautus on the Palatine,” The Journal of Roman Studies 88 (1998), pp. 1–20.
 Goldberg, S.M. “Act to Action in Plautus’ Bacchides,” Classical Philology 85.3 (1990), pp. 191-201.
 Halporn, J. "Roman Comedy and Greek Models," in Theater and Society in the Classical World, ed. Ruth Scodel (Ann Arbor, 1993), pp. 191–213.
Hammond, M., A.M. Mack, W. Moskalew. “Introduction: The Stage and Production,” in Miles Gloriosus. Ed. M. Hammond, A. Mack, W. Moskalew. (London and Cambridge 1997 repr.), pp. 15–29.
 Hanson, J.A. Roman Theater – Temples (Princeton 1959).
 Harsh, P.W. “Position of Archaic Forms in the Verse of Plautus,” Classical Philology 35.2(1940), pp. 126–142.
 Harsh, P.W. “The Intriguing Slave in Greek Comedy,” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 86 (1955), pp. 135 –142.
 Hodgman, A.W. “Adjectival Forms in Plautus,” The Classical Review 16.9(1902), pp. 446–452.
 Hodgman, A.W. “Adverbial Forms in Plautus,” The Classical Review 17.6(1903), pp. 296–303.
 Hodgman, A.W. “Noun Declension in Plautus,” The Classical Review 16.6(1902), pp. 294–305.
 Hodgman, A.W. “Verb Forms in Plautus (continued),” The Classical Quarterly 1.2(1907), pp. 97–134.
 Hodgman, A.W. “Verb Forms in Plautus,” The Classical Quarterly 1.1(1907), pp. 42–52.
Hoffmann, M.E. “Conversation Openings in the Comedies of Plautus,” in Latin Linguistics and Linguistic Theory: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics. Ed. H. Pinkster. (Amsterdam 1981), pp. 217–226.
 Hough, J.N. “The Development of Plautus’ Art,” Classical Philology 30.1(1935), pp. 43-57.
 Hough, J.N. “The Reverse Comic Foil in Plautus,” The American Philological Association 73 (1942), pp. 108–118.
 Jocelyn, H.D. “Gods, Cult, and Cultic Language in Plautus’ Epidicus,” in Studien zu Plautus’ Epidicus. Ed. U. Auhagen. (Tübingen 2001), pp. 261–296.
 Juniper, W.H. “Character Portrayals in Plautus,” The Classical Journal 31 (1936), pp. 276–288.
 Krauss, Amanda Neill Untaming the Shrew: Marriage, Morality and Plautine Comedy  2004
 Lindsay, W.M. The Syntax of Plautus. (London 2002 repr.).
 Lloyd, R. F. "Two Prologues: Menander and Plautus," The American Journal of Philology 84.2 (1963), pp. 146–161.
Lowe, J. C. B. “The Virgo Callida of Plautus, Persa,” The Classical Quarterly 39.2(1989), pp. 390–399
 Lowe, J.C.B. "Aspects of Plautus’ Originality in the Asinaria," The Classical Quarterly 42 (1992), pp. 152-175.
 Marples, M. "Plautus," Greece & Rome 8.22 (1938), pp. 1–7.
 McCarthy, K. Slaves, Masters, and the Art of Authority in Plautine Comedy. (Princeton 2000).
 Moore, T. J. Theater of Plautus: Playing to the Audience. (Austin 1998).
 Moore, T.J. “Palliata Togata: Plautus, Curculio 462-86,” The American Journal of Philology 112.3 (1991), pp. 343–362.
 Moore, T.J. “Seats and Social Status in the Plautine Theater,” The Classical Journal 90.2 (1995), pp. 113–123.
 Nyman, M.A. “Where Does Latin Sum Come From?,” Language 53.1(1977), pp. 39–60.
 Owens, W. M. "The Third Deception in Bacchides: Fides and Plautus' Originality," The American Journal of Philology 115 (1994), pp. 381–407.
Packman, Z.M. “Feminine Role Designations in the Comedies of Plautus,” The American Journal of Philology 120.2 (1999), pp. 245–258.
 Prescott, H.W. "Criteria of Originality in Plautus," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 63 (1932), pp. 103–125.
 Rosivach, V.J. “Plautine Stage Settings,” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 101 (1970), pp. 445–461.
 Rudd, N. The Classical Tradition in Operation. (Toronto 1994), pp. 32–60.
 Ryder, K.C. “The ‘Senex Amator’ in Plautus,” Greece & Rome 31.2 (1984), pp.181-189.
 Seaman, W.M. "The Understanding of Greek by Plautus’ Audience," Classical Journal 50 (1954), pp. 115-119.
 Sedgwick, W.B. “The History of a Latin Comedy,” The Review of English Studies 3.11 (1927), 346-349.
 Segal, E. Roman Laughter: The Comedy of Plautus. (Cambridge 1968).
 Slater, N.W. Plautus In Performance: The Theatre of the Mind. (Princeton 1985).
 Stace, C. "The Slaves of Plautus," Greece & Rome 15 (1968), pp. 64–77.
Sutton, D. F. Ancient Comedy: The War of the Generations (New York 1993).
 Waite, S. “Word Position in Plautus: Interplay of Verse Ictus and Word Stress,” in The Computer in Literary and Linguistic Studies. Ed. A. Jones & R.F. Churchhouse. (Cardiff 1976), pp. 92–105.
 Watt, H. A. “Plautus and Shakespeare: Further Comments on Menaechmi and The Comedy of Errors.” The Classical Journal 20 (1925), pp. 401–407.
 Wiles, D. “Recent Critical Approaches to Plautus,” in Farce. Ed. J. Redmond. (Cambridge 1988), pp. 261–272.
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Other websites

 
 Biographical material on Plautus.
 Works by Plautus

250s BC births
184 BC deaths
Ancient Roman playwrights
Mount Edziza is a dormant volcano in British Columbia, Canada.

The volcano is 38 km southeast of Telegraph Creek in an area of potentially active volcanos in the Stikine Volcanic Belt. It is a shield volcano that began erupting about 10 million years ago with continued activity until about 1,340 years ago.

Edziza is made up of a lot of cinder cones and blocky lava flows that still keep their first forms. This is the second biggest area of volcanic activity in the northern Stikine Volcanic Belt as well as in Canada. The complex includes the Mount Edziza Plateau, a big volcanic plateau (65 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide) made of mostly basaltic lava flows with four big stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau.
A lot of eruptions have happened in the last 10,000 years including: Desolation, Mess Lake, Snowshoe lava fields, Kana Cone, Eve Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, and Walkout Creek. Many of the volcanic features in the volcanic complex are protected as part of Mount Edziza Provincal Park one of the bigger provincial parks in British Columbia.

References

Mountains of British Columbia
Volcanoes of British Columbia
Omar Khayyām () or Omar Khayyam (b. May 18 1048 Nishapur, (Iran) – d. December 4 1131) was a Persian, mathematician, astronomer and poet.

In mathematics he contributed to the theory of equations, to the understanding of the parallel axiom, and possibly to the generalization of the binomial theorem. As an astronomer he contributed to a calendar reform when Sultan Malik-Shah decided that the calendar needed some adjusting. He is best known for his agnostic and sceptic poetry, largely because of the publication in 1859 of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by the translator Edward Fitzgerald.

References 
 E.G. Browne. Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and 25 years in the writing). 1998. 
 Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968.

Related pages
 List of Persian poets and authors

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 The Persian Poet (http://www.omar-khayyam.org ) - Contains the translations by Edward FitzGerald and a biography.
 The Rubaiyat 
 On Omar's solutions to cubic equations 
 Khayyam, Umar. A biography by Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
 
 The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam 

1048 births
1131 deaths
Persian mathematicians
Persian poets
Iranian Muslims
Asian Sufis
Sir Robert William "Bobby" Robson  (18 February 1933 – 31 July 2009) was an English association footballer and manager. As a player, he played almost 600 games and scored over 100 goals. He also played for the England national team. He scored four goals in 20 games for them.

Robson managed Fulham F.C. and Ipswich Town F.C.. He then managed the England national football team for eight years, from 1982 to 1990.  He led England to the semi-finals of the World Cup in 1990.  He left England to manage other football teams in Europe.  These included clubs from The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.  Robson came back to England to manage Newcastle United F.C. in 1999.

Robson was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2007. It was described as terminal. He died in 2009.

Early life 
Robson was born in Sacriston, County Durham, England in 1933.  He was the fourth of five brothers.  As a young child he often went to St James' Park with his father to watch Newcastle United F.C.
When he was only 15, Robson played football in a local team of boys aged 18.  He became an apprentice electrician but still played football.  In 1950, the Fulham F.C. manager, Bill Dodgin, Sr., visited Robson's home.  He offered Robson a contract to play professional football.  Robson signed the contract and moved to London.

Playing career
Playing career

Club football 
Robson played in his first professional football game for Fulham F.C. in 1950.  He spent six years at the club before moving to West Bromwich Albion for £25,000.  He played for Albion for six years. During that time, he played in nearly 250 games, scoring over 50 goals.  Albion said no when Robson asked for a bigger salary, and he moved back to Fulham.  Fulham sold some important players after Robson came back to the team.  This led Robson to think he would not win any trophies. He left Fulham in 1967 and joined the Vancouver Royals in Canada as both a player and a manager. However, he had to share the management role with someone else.  Robson did not like this and moved back to England in 1968.  He started to manage Fulham.
International football 
Robson was selected for England while at West Bromwich Albion.  He played for England in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He was selected for the 1962 FIFA World Cup.  Due to injury in a friendly against Chile, Robson had to leave from the squad.  In total, he played 20 times for his country.

Managerial career

Early club management 

Robson started his career as a manager at Fulham F.C.  The team were relegated in his first season there. Robson was sacked the following season.  In 1969 he became manager of Ipswich Town F.C.  However he won no major competitions or trophies during his first four years in charge.  In 1973 Ipswich won the Texaco Cup.
Over the next nine seasons in the First Division, only once did Ipswich finish lower than the sixth place. This was the 1977–78 season however the club then went on to win the FA Cup, beating Arsenal F.C. 1–0 at Wembley.  Three years later, Robson led Ipswich to victory in the UEFA Cup. The club beat Dutch team AZ Alkmaar 5–4 over two games.  Robson moved on to manage the England national football team in 1982.

England national team 
Robson managed the England team 95 times, with 47 victories.  In the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, he led the team to the quarter-finals where they lost to Argentina 2–1.  Both Argentina goals were scored by Diego Maradona, including the famous "Hand of God" goal.  Four years later, in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Robson led England into the semi-finals.  This time they lost to West Germany in a penalty shoot-out.  After this World Cup, Robson's contract was not extended by the Football Association.
European club management 
Robson joined Dutch club P.S.V. Eindhoven in 1990.  They won the league in his first two seasons.  However, they did not win any European competitions and in 1992 Robson lost his job.  Robson joined Portuguese club Sporting Clube de Portugal in July 1992.  He led them to third place in the league in his first season.  Defeat in Europe meant Robson lost his job again, in December 1994.  He was quickly offered the manager's job by F.C. Porto. He led the team to victory in the Portuguese Cup and they won the league for two seasons in a row.

In the summer of 1996, Robson became manager at FC Barcelona.  In his short time at the club, he signed Ronaldo and led the club to win the Spanish Cup, Spanish Super Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup.  The next season Robson took a more administrative position before going back to the Netherlands to manage P.S.V. Eindhoven for one season.
The next year,  Robson went back to England to work for the Football Association.  Soon after his return, Newcastle United F.C. manager Ruud Gullit left, and Robson took the manager's job at St James' Park.  He managed the club until 2004 without winning any major trophies or competitions.

International consultant 
On 13 January 2006, Steve Staunton was selected as manager of the Republic of Ireland national team. Robson was named in a support role as "International Football Consultant". Because of health problems, Robson left this position on 17 November 2007.

Life outside football 
Robson was married to his wife Elsie from 1955 until his death. They had three sons: Andrew, Paul and Mark.

Health
Health 

In 1991, Robson was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, from which he recovered the following year. His ill health affected his work. While at Porto, for example, Robson suffered from malignant melanoma. This meant he missed the first months of the 1995–96 season. He had many operations, including one in 2006 for a brain tumour. 
On 17 October 2006, Robson was given the all-clear. He was set to complete his contract as consultant to the Irish team. In May 2007, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died of lung cancer on 31 July 2009 at his Durham home.

Other activities 
Robson was in some advertisements, including Carlsberg's "Best Pub Side" television advertisement.  He also worked on ITV during the 2002 World Cup and the 2004 European Championship. He also wrote a weekly column for The Mail on Sunday.
Honours 
Bobby Robson was given several honours for his work in football. In 1990, after his eight years as England manager, he was awarded a CBE.  In 2002, he was knighted. Both awards were for services to football. That year he was awarded the freedom of Newcastle upon Tyne.  He also received the UEFA President's Award for 'services to football'.  He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2005, Robson was made an Honorary Freeman of Newcastle.  Robson said, in his autobiography, it was "the proudest moment of my life".
Robson also won the 1992 Football Writers' Association Tribute Award for an "outstanding contribution to the national game". In 2001 he was awarded the British Sports Writers' Association Pat Besford Trophy for Outstanding Achievement. In 2005, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Sports Coach UK Awards. He also received the Eircom International Personality of the Year in 2006. On 9 December 2007, Robson received the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award.

In May 2008 was the 30th anniversary celebrations of Ipswich Town's 1978 FA Cup win.  During this, Robson was granted the Freedom of Ipswich by the Lady Mayor. On 8 December 2008, he was given the Freedom of the City of Durham.

Playing career statistics 
The following sections describe Robson's club and international career statistics.

Club career statistics
|-
|1950/51||rowspan="6"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|First Division||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1951/52||16||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||3
|-
|1952/53||rowspan="4"|Second Division||35||19||1||0||colspan="2"|-||36||19
|-
|1953/54||33||13||1||1||colspan="2"|-||34||14
|-
|1954/55||42||23||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||23
|-
|1955/56||25||10||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||10
|-
|1955/56||rowspan="7"|West Bromwich Albion||rowspan="7"|First Division||10||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|-
|1956/57||39||12||2||1||colspan="2"|-||41||13
|-
|1957/58||41||24||7||3||colspan="2"|-||48||27
|-
|1958/59||29||4||1||1||colspan="2"|-||30||5
|-
|1959/60||41||6||3||0||colspan="2"|-||44||6
|-
|1960/61||40||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||5
|-
|1961/62||39||4||4||0||colspan="2"|-||43||4
|-
|1962/63||rowspan="5"|Fulham||rowspan="5"|First Division||34||1||2||0||2||1||38||2
|-
|1963/64||39||1||2||0||1||0||42||1
|-
|1964/65||42||1||2||0||3||1||47||2
|-
|1965/66||36||6||0||0||3||0||39||6
|-
|1966/67||41||0||3||0||3||0||47||0
583||133||32||7||12||1||627||141
583||133||32||7||12||1||627||141
|}
International career statistics 

|-
|1957||1||2
|-
|1958||4||0
|-
|1959||0||0
|-
|1960||6||0
|-
|1961||8||2
|-
|1962||1||0
|-
!Total||20||4
|}

Managerial statistics

Performance by club

Managerial honours

Further reading 
 Time On The Grass, Bobby Robson, (Arthur Barker 1982), .
 Bobby Robson: An Autobiography, Bobby Robson, (Hutchinson 1990), .
 Football Against the Enemy, (Chapter 11), Simon Kuper, (Orion Publishing Group 1996), .
 High Noon: A Year at Barcelona, Steve Dickson, (Virgin Books 1997), .
 Bobby Robson: An Englishman Abroad, Bobby Robson with Bob Harris, (Macmillan Publishers 1998), .
 Sir Bobby Robson: Living the Game, Bob Harris, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2004), .

References
References 

1933 births
2009 deaths
British autobiographers
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
England national football team managers
English football managers
English footballers
Knights Bachelor
Sportspeople from County Durham
Eredivisie managers
FC Barcelona managers
England at the 1958 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1962 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1986 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 1988
England at the 1990 FIFA World Cup
The subfamily Deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently.  They are sometimes called Acomyinae, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, Deomys ferugineus, is part of the clade.  Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.

Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though.  This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations.  These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.
Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger.  Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis.  There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.

All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there.  The spiny mice, Acomys spp. are also found in Asia.

There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

List of Genera
Subfamily Deomyinae
Genus Acomys - spiny mice
Genus Deomys - link rat
Genus Lophuromys - brush-furred mice
Genus Uranomys - Rudd's mouse

References
Chevret, P., C. Denys, J.-J. Jaeger, J. Michaux, AND F. M. Catzeflis. 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (Acomys) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
The term spiny mouse refers to any species of rodent within the genus Acomys. They are usually called spiny mice in English.  They look like mice of the genus Mus. Spiny mice are small mammals with bare, scaled tails.  Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog. These stiff hairs are why they are called the spiny mouse.

Even though they look like members of the genus Mus, scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.
Spiny mice as exotic pets
African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa. They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice.  Though these animals are like pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate.  The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury.

Housing
Because of their desert origin, spiny mice need warm temperatures and should be kept around 80 degrees Fahrenheit.  These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible.  As spiny mice are prone to obesity (getting too fat), it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise. They need constant attention and should NEVER be housed in a cage smaller than 4X4 ft.
Reproduction
Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days.  Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter.  Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups.  Pups are born with their eyes open and covered in fur. They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age.  Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks.  A female can become pregnant at any time in the year and may have up to 12 litters in a year.  Spiny mice can live for 4 to 5 years.

Other websites 

List of Rodent/Lagomorph Scientific Names  - Includes several species of African spiny mouse

References

Rodents
Anglicanism is a denomination within Christianity. It is made up of the Church of England and the Anglican Communion (a group of Anglican churches from many other countries). The term Anglicanism includes those who have accepted the English Reformation as embodied in the Church of England or in the offshoot Churches in other countries that have followed closely to its doctrines and its organisation.

In the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, deacons, and most of the doctrine and liturgy. The event that led to the Anglican Church was the outright rejection of the Pope. This meant they also rejected the Catholic Church as an organisation.

It is sometimes seen as being the middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. That is why it is not always thought of as Protestantism.
The term Anglican comes from the phrase ecclesia anglicana. This is a Medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246. It means 'the English Church'. The noun Anglican is used to describe the people, institutions, churches, traditions and ideas developed by the state established Church of England and the Anglican Communion, a theologically broad and often divergent affiliation of thirty-eight provinces that are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Worship 
Anglicans can have many different beliefs. For example, there are a range of beliefs about Holy Communion. Some Anglicans believe that the bread and wine becomes the actual Body and Blood of Christ. Other Anglicans think that Holy Communion is about remembering the life of Jesus Christ and his death on the Cross. The first ('High Church') is in the minority. It is similar to the belief of Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The second (the majority 'Low Church') is like the belief of most Protestants. It is fundamentally a Protestant church because the Bible is the source of authority, not the Pope.
Origin 
The name Anglican for this Church comes from the Latin word for English because the Church started in England. In the British Isles, Anglicanism has been the official or State religion in all parts at one time or another. Anglican Church leaders, and the State, worked together in what is called the alliance of Throne and Altar or Church and State. Together, they tried to make the Anglican denomination as broad and welcoming as possible to a wide range of Christian believers.

They did this to try to get as many citizens as they could to worship in the official church.
Origin in Britain 
When Henry VIII wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the Pope refused to divorce him. As a result, King Henry split from the Roman Catholic Church and started the Church of England. The English Parliament, through the Act of Supremacy, declared King Henry VIII to be the "Supreme Head of the Church of England" in order to fulfill the "English desire to be independent from continental Europe religiously and politically." This act said that the king, not the pope was the head of the Church of England. With this act, Henry VIII was not only free to divorce his wife and remarry, he also made England free from the interference of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
Although now separate from Rome, the English Church, at this point in history, continued to maintain the Roman Catholic theology on many things, such as the sacraments. Over time the Church of England was reformed even more, in what is known as the English Reformation, which it gained a number of characteristics which has finally formed the modern day Anglican Communion.

In the British Isles, and early British colonies, this was done to try to defeat both the followers of the Roman Catholic Church and all the kinds of Protestants too by including their best ideas, traditions, and practices in the Anglican Church. Now, the only place in the United Kingdom where Anglicanism is still the official religion is England, where the monarch, King Charles III is the Supreme Governor on Earth of the Church of England. The effective government of the Church is by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the legal Church Parliament known as the General Synod.
Spread of Influence 
In the rest of the world, Anglicanism was spread by overseas colonisation, settlement, and missionary work. It functions there as an ordinary denomination of Christianity without special status. Anglicans around the world join together in a group of national churches in countries where there are Anglican Churches to make the world-wide Anglican Communion. There are more than 80 million Anglicans in the world today. Most live in Africa and Asia and are not of British ethnic heritage anymore.

Issues 
The Anglican Communion is struggling today with questions about the role of women and gay people in the Church. As the Anglican Communion deals with these serious issues, some have split into liberal and conservative groups. Already, there are Anglicans who have broken from the main Churches to form their own separate groups of believers. Some use the term Anglican combined with the word Catholic, Christian, Reformed, or Episcopal.
At the same time, leaders from the Anglican Communion hold talks with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches to try to work toward Christian unity. At times, there has been some progress. Also, the Anglican and Lutheran Churches have agreed to a high level of shared beliefs, leadership, and practices called intercommunion.

Related pages
 History
 Protestantism
 Catholicism
 English Reformation
 Movements and denominations
 Methodism
 Prominent Anglican Thinkers
 T. S. Eliot
 C. S. Lewis
 John Wesley

References

Bibliography 
 Hein, David, ed. (1991) Readings in Anglican Spirituality. Cincinnati: Forward Movement.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Anglican Communion - The official site of the Anglican Communion.
 What it means to be an Anglican: Official Church of England site
 Anglican Historical Texts
 Anglicans Online - An unofficial site of the Anglican Communion. One of the biggest resources of Anglicanism in the world.
 Anglicanism: ReligionFacts.com  - Articles on Anglican history, ritual, and organisation, plus an image gallery of people and places.
Khayyam could mean:

 Khayyam, Iran
 Mohammed Zahur Khayyam (20th century), Indian music composer
 Kerry Thornley (1938-1998), co-founder of Discordianism, who wrote as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst
 Omar Khayyám (1048-1131), Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
 Omar Khayam (born 1983),British protester who dressed as a Suicide bomber

Surnames
The Cumshots is a heavy metal band from Norway. The band was formed in 1999 by Kristopher Schau and Ole Petter Andreassen.

Other websites 
Official website 

Norwegian heavy metal bands
The pocket gophers are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae.  These are the "true" gophers. Several ground squirrels of the family Sciuridae are often called gophers as well. They are not true gophers,though.  The name "pocket gopher" on its own is used for a number of subspecies of the family. Pocket gophers, despite being largely a pest, are a symbol of the U.S. state of Minnesota, sometimes called "the Gopher State".

Distribution
Pocket gophers are widely distributed in North America, extending into Central America.
Appearance
Gophers are heavily built, and most are moderately large. They usually  weigh a few hundred grams.  A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg.  Most gophers have brown fur which often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live.  Their most characteristic feature is their large cheek pouches. The pocket in their name comes from these pouches. These pouches are fur-lined, and can be turned inside out.  They extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. They have small eyes and a short, hairy tail which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards.
Behavior
All pocket gophers are burrowers. They are larder hoarders, and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows.  Gophers can collect large hoards. Their presence is unambiguously announced by the appearance of mounds of fresh dirt about 20 cm in diameter.  These mounds will often appear in vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil.  They also enjoy feeding on vegetables.  For this reason, some species are considered agricultural pests. They may also damage trees in forests.  Although they will attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth.

Classification 
There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognised as full species. There are about 37 species in six genera.
Other websites 
Article on the Animal Diversity Web site 
eNature flashcard with image (southeastern pocket gopher) 
eNature flashcard with image (western pocket gopher) 

Geomyoid rodents
Mammals of North America
Geomyoidea is a superfamily of rodents that contains the pocket gophers (Geomyidae), the kangaroo rats and mice (Heteromyidae), and their fossil relatives.

Characteristics 
Although they do not look similar, gophers are joined with kangaroo rats into a common superfamily. This is widely agreed. Overall morphology, the fossil record, sequence analysis, and biogeography all support this relationship.

Modern geomyoids are mostly restricted to North America, but some have extended their range into South America since the Great American Interchange. Fossil taxa are known from throughout Laurasia.

Relation to other rodents 
Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels, beavers, and mountain beavers.

Other authorities consider geomyoids may be related to mice, jerboas, and perhaps dormice.

References 
McKenna, Malcolm C. and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York. 

Geomyoid rodents
The family of rodents that include kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice and rock pocket mice is the Heteromyidae family. Most heteromyids live in complex burrows in the deserts and grasslands of western North America. Some species within the Heteromys and Liomys genera are also found in forests and can be found down as far as northern South America. They feed mostly on seeds and other plant parts, which they carry in their cheek pouches to their burrows.

Although they are very different in physical appearance, the closest relatives of the heteromyids are pocket gophers in the Geomyidae family.

Taxonomy
Family Heteromyidae
Subfamily Heteromyinae
Genus Heteromys
Genus Liomys
Subfamily Dipodomyinae - Kangaroo rats and mice
Genus Dipodomys - Kangaroo rat
Genus Microdipodops - Kangaroo mouse
Subfamily Perognathinae - Pocket mice
Genus Perognathus - Silky pocket mouse
Genus Chaetodipus - Pocket mouse (uncertain where to put it)
References
Alexander, L. F. and B. R. Riddle. 2005. Phylogenetics of the New World rodent family Heteromyidae. Journal of Mammalogy, 86:399-379.

Other websites 
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heteromyidae.html

Geomyoid rodents
A kangaroo mouse is either one of the two species of jumping mouse (genus Microdipodops) native to the deserts of the Southwestern United States. Most of them can be found in the state of Nevada.  The name "kangaroo mouse" refers to the species' extraordinary jumping ability, as well as its habit of bipedal locomotion.  The two species are:
Pale Kangaroo Mouse - Microdipodops pallidus
Dark Kangaroo Mouse - Microdipodops megacephalus
Both species of kangaroo mouse live in sandy desert ecosystems. They forage for seeds and vegetation amongst the scrub brush of their native habitat.  The Dark Kangaroo Mouse is also known to feed occasionally on insects and carrion.  Interestingly, the mouse never drinks water, instead deriving it metabolically from the foods it eats.  The kangaroo mouse collects food and maintains large stocks in their burrows. These burrows are excavated to a length of between 3 and 8 feet (1 to 2.5 meters).  The burrow, the entrance to which the mouse covers during daylight hours, is also used to raise litters of between 2 and 7 young.  The Pale Kangaroo Mouse burrows only in fine sand, while the Dark Kangaroo Mouse prefers fine, gravelly soils but may also burrow in sand or sandy soil.  Kangaroo mice are nocturnal, and are most active in the two hours following sunset.  They are believed to hibernate during cold weather.
The kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats, which belong to the same subfamily, Dipodomyinae.

Kangaroo mice in pop culture
In Frank Herbert's classic science fiction series Dune, the protagonist Paul Atreides acquires the name Muad'Dib. In the Fremen language of Chakobsa, the name means kangaroo mouse. On the planet Arrakis, kangaroo mice are known as "instructor-of-boys,"  due to their great survival abilities.

References
Brylski, P. "Pale Kangaroo Mouse" . California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved July 9, 2005.
Brylski, P. "Dark Kangaroo Mouse" . California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved July 9, 2005.
"Microdipodops" (TSN 180251). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

Other websites

Geomyoid rodents
Mammals of North America
The silky pocket mouse (Perognathus flavus) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae.  Like other members of the heteromyid family, they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.

Characteristics
The silky pocket mice are small animals with soft fur, long tails, and small feet compared to other heteromyids.  They have long claws which they use for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds.  They have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats' dens.   They store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches.  They are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats.  They are not true hibernators, but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time.

Further reading 
Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp.

References

Rodents
Mammals of North America
Chaetodipus is a genus of pocket mouse. Like other members of their family such as pocket mice in the genus Perognathus, they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.

Characteristics
Members of this genus range in size from 80 to 125 mm (head and body) and weigh 15-47 grams (Nowak, 1999). Unlike the silky pocket mice (genus Perognathus), most species of the genus Chaetodipus have harsh pelage with some bordering on spiny hair. They tend to be found in arid habitats where they feed on seeds, vegetation, and insects (Nowak, 1999). Females give birth to a litter of 2-9 young after a gestation period of just under a month. The longest recorded lifespan is 8 years and 4 months (Nowak, 1999).

Sometimes members of the genus Chaetodipus are placed in the genus Perognathus.
References
 Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. 
 Patton, J. L. 2005. Family Heteromyidae. pp. 844–858 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Geomyoid rodents
Zarbon (ザーボン, Zābon) is a character in Dragonball Z.

Appearance
Zarbon is a powerful warrior who values beauty and his looks above all else. He first shows up in the Namek saga, and is shown to be one of Frieza's top two henchmen. Little is known about the character other than his pride, and his long history with Vegeta. His long, green braided hair, tiara and earrings might mean he was a high-class prince. He also wears a very long cape as well as leg and arm-warmers. Along with his choice of clothing, he wears the common armor that most of Frieza's men have, including the shoulder pads and a blue scouter.  He is very vain and he considers himself to be of high standard.
Zarbon has the ability to transform into a reptilian beast. With brute strength and ferocity, his second form is much uglier than his first form. Upon transforming, his size increases as well as his muscular build and his skin becomes covered with what appear to be scales, like a reptile. It's clear that he finds this transformation ugly, as it not only offends his general love of beauty but also takes away his attractive form. In essence, he is both a beauty and a beast.

Storyline
In a speculative storyline written for the made-for-television Dragon Ball Z Special 1: Bardock- The Father of Goku set before the events of the Dragonball series, Zarbon appears to have acted primarily as Frieza's advisor. It was Zarbon who is shown to have advised Frieza that it would be wise to wipe out the entire Saiyan race before they posed a threat. He is depicted as being beside Frieza as the latter killed King Vegeta and destroyed Planet Vegeta.
After returning to Frieza, he is ordered to go back and retrieve Vegeta because he had hidden a Dragonball. Zarbon does this, bringing Vegeta to Frieza's medics for treatment of his wounds. However, Vegeta soon escapes with Frieza's dragonballs after being healed. Ordered to find the Saiyan Prince or face death himself, Zarbon again sets out in search of Vegeta. This time the Prince finds him, and the two battle while Krillin and Bulma look on. Zarbon eventually transforms, but his power is not enough to defeat a healed Vegeta, and he is killed in the battle.

Appearances in other media
Zarbon has appeared as a playable character in numerous video games, some of which include Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi, Dragon Ball Z: Budokai, and Ultimate Battle 22.  In Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2, he is a support-type character.
He is not only a playable character in Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2 but he has his own storyline (A What-if scenario added to the game to show Zarbon's love for his own beauty) in the main story mode of the game entitled "Beautiful Treachery." Upon hearing of the power of the Dragon Balls, he hatches a plan to steal them and wish for eternal beauty. This plan mainly revolves around forcing Krillin to assist him, killing Dodoria, and distracting Frieza with a surprise visit from his brother, Cooler. He even gets to fight alongside Goku when his plan goes wrong. In the end, the battle between Frieza and Cooler destroys the planet, tragically taking Zarbon, despite the effects of his wish, with it.

In an issue of Beckett Anime, a Beckett magazine publication, Zarbon was voted as one of the top five greatest henchmen of all anime, and was the only character from Dragon Ball Z on the list.

Related pages
Dragonball Z manga and anime

 

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
Dodoria (ドドリア, Dodoria) is a character in Dragonball Z.

Appearance
Dodoria is a large, round alien warrior, appearing to be overweight by human standards. He has protruding spikes on his arms and head. He also wears the common armor that most of Lord Frieza's men have, including the shoulder pads and a green scouter.

Storyline
Before the events of Dragon Ball Z, Dodoria was always by Frieza's side along with Zarbon. He witnessed the killing of King Vegeta and the destruction of planet Vegeta. Before the destruction of Planet Vegeta, he and a group of his elites were sent to eradicate Bardock and his team of fighters. He was successful in killing most of the team, but left Bardock alive after using a powerful mouth blast on him. Both Frieza and Zarbon looked down upon him for carelessly leaving him alive.
Dodoria accompanied his master Frieza and his comrade in battle, Zarbon, to the green Planet Namek in search of the Namek Dragonballs. While searching in a village for a Dragonball, Dodoria killed a few villagers, but before he could kill Dende, he was attacked by Krillin and Gohan. He pursued them, but they escaped after Krillin used a blinding attack called Solar Flare. Dodoria then launched an attack over a large area, which lead him to believe that he had killed them. On his way back, he was ambushed by Vegeta who easily overpowered him. Dodoria tried to bargain with Vegeta by telling him the secret of the destruction of Planet Vegeta, but he did not care. Vegeta killed him during his attempted escape. He only cameos again during the movie Fusion Reborn and in the Super Android 17 Saga when people from Hell are able to escape. He is killed again both times. In addition he also loses his scouter while searching for Vegeta.
Abilities
Dodoria uses his brute force to overwhelm his opponents. He has the generic powers that many other Dragon Ball characters share, including the ability to throw numerous exceptionally powerful rapid blasts. He can also emit blasts from his mouth as well, most commonly known as mouth blasts. The most noticeable trait that Dodoria has is his ability to throw his weight around. He is extremely fast in spite of his weight. He can perform multiple spins and aerial strikes regardless of his size.

Video game appearances
Dodoria has appeared as a playable character in many video games, some of which include Dragon Ball Z: Budokai, Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi, and Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2. He is also in Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2 but only as a support-type character.

References
 Everything here comes exactly from the English dubs, not the manga
 
Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
Perognathinae is a subfamiliy of rodents. It contains the silky pocket mouse and the pocket mouse

References

Rodents
Frieza (フリーザ, Furīza) is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga and the second major villain in the Dragon Ball Z anime.

Frieza is one of the strongest aliens in Dragon Ball Z. He enjoys invading other planets. Frieza is a very mean person who thinks he is very strong. He has destroyed planets, without mercy. He will even kill his own servants if he wishes to. Frieza is always trying to get more power. Because of this, he ends up fighting the heroes of Dragon Ball Z so he can get the Dragon Balls. The Dragon Balls are magical balls that can grant wishes to whoever collects all 7.

Frieza is what the creator, Akira Toriyama, thought monsters looked like in his childhood.
Name pun and debate 
Frieza's name is a pun on all things relating to the cold, with family members introduced later following his example. As his name ends in a short "a" vowel (rather than the long "ā" which usually signifies "er" in kana spellings on English words), the character's name is typically spelled with an "a" at the end (as opposed to "Freezer"). However, during FUNimation's dubbing of Dragon Ball Z, the English writers went with the spelling of "Frieza". This has led to some conjecture over it: U.S. released video games and the English dub use "Frieza", while the Japanese language subtitles on FUNimation's DVDs and the Viz translation of the manga uses "Freeza."
Planet Namek takeover 
Frieza spies on Vegeta during his mission on Earth and learns that there are Dragon Balls on Planet Namek. He wants to get them and wish for Immortality, so Frieza and his soldiers try and steal the Dragon Balls from the Namekians. After Cui, Dodoria and Zarbon; three of Frieza's soldiers, are beaten by Vegeta, he sends the Ginyu Force, his strongest men, to get the Dragon Balls and destroy the Saiyan enemy. They almost win, but Goku comes to Namek and quickly defeats them.

While trying to learn how to summon Porunga, the namekian dragon, Frieza is confronted by Nail, the strongest of the Namek warriors. Frieza defeats Nail effortlessly, leaving him to die after discovering that dende has run to the Z-fighters to tell Krillin and Gohan how to use the dragon balls. Enraged, the great tyrant follows in pursuit of the heroes only to be faced with a much more powerful Vegeta who is now capable of matching Frieza's current strength.
Having difficulty contending with Piccolo, Frieza again transformed, unlocking more of his power and enabling him to lay waste to his opponent. Finally he unveiled his true form, stressing that he intended to give his foes the pleasure of observing it before they died. As his first act, Frieza murders Dende, who had been healing the heroes, before brutally beating Vegeta. Just as Frieza was about to slay Vegeta, the healed Goku arrives on the battlefield, ready to fight Frieza. Vegeta, believing (incorrectly) that Goku had finally become a full-fledge Super Saiyan, taunts Frieza, even though, he, Vegeta, is too badly beaten to even stand. Frieza, proud of his past accomplishments, smirks before sending a Death Beam through the Saiyan Prince's heart. Teetering on the brink of death, Vegeta is able to tell the newly healed Goku of Frieza's genocide of the Saiyan race, imploring him to take revenge on behalf for all Saiyans. As Vegeta finishes his plea to Goku, he dies
. Goku, saddened by Vegeta's death, buries him and vows to finish Frieza. Goku and Frieza then spar, with Frieza realizing that his opponent is the son of the Saiyan that gave him such trouble years before. Goku and Frieza are an even match for a while, until Frieza reveals that he had only been fighting at a mere fraction of his full power. Frieza then increases to 50%, and easily gains the upper hand against Goku, with Goku struggling to keep up.
Goku is eventually able to heavily wound Frieza using a Spirit Bomb, calling on the energies of the entire planet Namek.

Believing the warlord dead, the heroes take the time to relax, not noticing that Frieza had emerged from the blast's crater. Frieza retaliates by mortally wounding Piccolo and murdering Krillin. Already bordering on the edge of his rage, Frieza killing Krillin, pushes Goku over it, his rage exploding, causing Frieza to inadvertently create what he had always feared: A Super Saiyan.
Death of a great tyrant 
Unbeknownst to Goku, Frieza survived the destruction of Namek. Able to do nothing more than breathe, Frieza floated in the planet's debris, kept company only by his thoughts of how the universe's conqueror had been thoroughly beaten by a Saiyan. His father, King Cold, had crews search the area, not believing his son to have been killed by something as insignificant as the explosion of a planet. What could be found of Frieza was salvaged, his missing limbs and face reconstructed with cybernetic enhancements. Scarred and bitter - though feeling stronger than he had before. Frieza's first thought upon rehabilitation is revenge on those who sullied him.