Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British-Indian drama movie based on Vikas Swarup's novel Q&A and directed by Danny Boyle. The movie has a different story from the book. It follows a homeless Mumbai resident who becomes a contestant for the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.

Awards
Slumdog Millionaire was nominated for ten Academy Awards. It won the following eight:
 Best Picture, Christian Colson
 Best Director, Danny Boyle
 Best Adapted Screenplay, Simon Beaufoy
 Best Cinematography, Anthony Dod Mantle
 Best Original Score, A. R. Rahman,
 Best Original Song – "Jai Ho", Music by A. R. Rahman, Lyric by Gulzar (lyricist)
 Best Film Editing, Chris Dickens
 Best Sound Mixing, Resul Pookutty, Richard Pryke, and Ian Tapp
It was also the highest-grossing film ever of an Indian film.

Cast
Cast 

 Dev Patel as Jamal Malik
 Ayush Mahesh Khedekar as toddler Jamal
 Tanay Chheda as teenage Jamal
 Freida Pinto as Latika
 Rubina Ali as toddler Latika
 Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar as teenage Latika
 Madhur Mittal as Salim K. Malik, Jamal's elder brother
 Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail as toddler Salim
 Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala as teenage Salim
 Anil Kapoor as Prem Kumar
 Irrfan Khan as Police Inspector
 Saurabh Shukla as Police Constable Srinivas
 Mahesh Manjrekar as Javed Khan
 Ankur Vikal as Maman
 Rajendranath Zutshi as Millionaire show producer
 Sanchita Choudhary as Jamal's mother
 Mia Drake Inderbitzin as Adele, an American tourist
 Siddhesh Patil as Arvind, blind beggar
 Shruti Seth as Call center instructor
 Arfi Lamba as Bardi
 Anjum Sharma as one of the Call center operators

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

2000s coming-of-age movies
2008 romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
British romantic drama movies
2000s Indian movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
2000s English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in India
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Mumbai
Movies directed by Danny Boyle
Sherry is a wine made from grapes. It is produced in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. In Spanish, it is called vino de Jerez.

Kinds of Sherry 

There are many different kinds of Sherry:

 Fino
 Oloroso
 Amontillado
 Cream
 Pedro Ximenez

Wine
Jerez de la Frontera
The Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Conservative Party. The party's policies usually promote conservatism and the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party holds 31 out of 129 seats. The party's leader is Douglas Ross. The Conservatives have six out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

In Scotland, the Conservatives used to be known as the Unionist Party and were Scotland's largest party during the 1950s. However in 1965, the Scottish Unionist Party merged with the Conservative Party which triggered a decline in Conservative support across Scotland. At the 1987 General Election, the Conservatives were reduced from 21 to 10 Scottish seats, and the party lost all of its Scottish seats in 1997.

Other websites
Official website

Political parties in Scotland
Conservative Party (UK)
The Scottish Labour Party is a political party in Scotland. It is part of the British Labour Party. The party's policies usually promote social democracy and democratic socialism. It also supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, it is the third party. It controls 22 out of 129 seats. The party also control 1 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (having previously held 41)  

Following a heavy defeat in Scotland in the United Kingdom general election, 2015, Jim Murphy announced his resignation as party leader on 16 May 2015. On 15 August 2015 Kezia Dugdale was elected leader of the party, with Alex Rowley as her deputy. In 2017 Dugdale resigned and Rowley became acting leader. Richard Leonard was elected as the party's leader on 18 November 2017.
List of leaders since 1999 
 Donald Dewar (1999–2000), 1st First Minister of Scotland, died in office
 Henry McLeish (2000–2001), 2nd First Minister of Scotland, resigned
 Jack McConnell (2001–2007), 3rd First Minister of Scotland, lost Scottish Parliament election
 Wendy Alexander (2007–2008), resigned
 Iain Gray (2008–2011), lost Scottish Parliament election
 Johann Lamont (2011–2014), resigned
 Jim Murphy (2014–2015), resigned following the United Kingdom general election, 2015
 Kezia Dugdale (2015–2017), resigned
 Richard Leonard (2017–2021), resigned
 Anas Sarwar (2021–present)

Representation 
 House of Commons - 1 out of 59 Scottish MPs
 Scottish Parliament - 22 out of 129 seats

Other websites
Official website

1900s establishments in Scotland
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political parties in Scotland
Social democratic parties
Labour Party (UK)
The Scottish Liberal Democrats is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal Democrats. The party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Alex Cole-Hamilton and the party is an opposition party with 4 out of 129 seats. The party has 4 seats out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

References

Other websites
Official website

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Scotland
The Scottish Green Party (also known as the Scottish Greens) is a political party in Scotland that has close relations to the Green Party of England and Wales. The party's policies usually promote green politics, nuclear disarmament, anti-nuclear power, proportional representation, and the creation of an independent Scotland free from the United Kingdom but within the European Union. If Scotland becomes an independent country the party wants the country to be a republic, and no longer be part of the monarchy of the United Kingdom. It also wants an independent Scotland to have its own currency.

In the Scottish Parliament the party is an opposition party with 7 out of 129 seats. It does not have any seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The co-leaders of the party are Patrick Harvie (MSP) and Lorna Slater (MSP).

Other websites
Official website

Political parties in Scotland
Green political parties
The Group 15 elements, also called the pnictogens, Group V elements, or Group VB elements, are a group on the periodic table. They have many different properties. Nitrogen is a colorless unreactive gas that helps us breathe. Phosphorus is a super reactive white or red solid nonmetal. Arsenic is a highly toxic semimetal. Antimony is also a semimetal. Bismuth is a radioactive metal. Moscovium is a man made element that is radioactive. They all have 5 valence electrons but most of them form +5 or -3 chemical compounds.  
 

15
Phosphonium is an ion. It is rare. Its chemical formula is PH4+. It is similar to ammonium. It is almost never found outside of an organic compound. Its molar mass is 35.01 g/mol. 

Phosphorus compounds
Ions
Phosphide is an ion. Its chemical formula is sometimes P3-, but it does not always have that formula. It is a reducing agent. Phosphides (chemical compounds having the phosphide ion in them) react with acids to make phosphine gas.  Sodium phosphide is an example. Some phosphides are semiconductors and are not ionic with P3- ions. They are less reactive. Some metals form alloys with phosphorus to make phosphides. If it is ionic, then the phosphorus is in the -3 oxidation state.

Phosphorus compounds
Ions
Sodium phosphide is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and phosphide ions. Its chemical formula is Na3P.

Properties
Sodium phosphide is a black solid. It is ionic. There are several other sodium phosphides that do not have the formula Na3P. It reacts with acids to make phosphine gas. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting liquid sodium with phosphorus(V) chloride. It can also be made by reacting sodium with phosphorus.

Uses
It is used to make semiconductors. It can also be used as a catalyst.

Safety
Sodium phosphide is flammable, making toxic gases when burned. It also makes toxic flammable gases when reacted with acids.

Related pages
Sodium phosphate
Sodium phosphite
Sodium hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds
Phosphorus(V) chloride, also known as phosphorus pentachloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PCl5. It contains phosphorus and chloride ions. The phosphorus is in the +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Phosphorus(V) chloride is a colorless solid. It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides. Sometimes it is yellowish. It reacts with hot water to make phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a lot of chlorine with phosphorus. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with phosphorus(III) chloride.

Uses
Phosphorus(V) chloride is used to add chloride to other chemical compounds.

Safety
Phosphorus(V) chloride is acidic and toxic. It puts off toxic gases when reacted with water.

Related pages
Phosphorus(III) iodide
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Phosphorus(III) oxide

Phosphorus compounds
Chlorine compounds
Phosphorus chloride can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Phosphorus(III) chloride
Phosphorus(V) chloride
Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a poisonous and psychoactive mushroom, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, this mushroom has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species.
The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented. It has for instance been suggested that the fly agaric was an ingredient of Soma and that it played a role in the Eleusinian Mysteries as well as early Christianity.

Related pages 
Panther cap

Other websites
Other websites 

 Webpages on Amanita species by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang
 Amanita on erowid.org
 Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026) by IPCS INCHEM

Mushrooms
Medicinal fungi
Vulnerable species
Dilma Vana Rousseff (born 14 December 1947) is an economist and politician. She was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until 2016. 

In 2003, in the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, she was the minister of Mines and Energy. She became Lula's Chief of Staff in 2005, after her predecessor, José Dirceu, resigned because of charges of corruption. On 31 October 2010, Rousseff won 55% of the vote. Her main contender was José Serra who won 44%. Serra was the candidate of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. On 1 January 2011, she became the first woman president of the country. In August 2016, she was impeached and removed from office.

Early career
She was against the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985.  In January 1970 she was sent to prison for being a member of a Marxist group which had carried out bank robberies and murders. She was released after three years. She joined the Workers Party in 1986.
Presidency
Rousseff was an important ally of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a labour activist who became President of Brazil. A left wing candidate, Lula was a popular president and Rousseff became his chosen successor. She won the 2010 Presidential election.

As President, Rousseff kept with many of Lula's policies. She also became known for bringing the World Cup and the Olympics to Brazil. Many Brazilians were against this, and felt that the money spent on these events would be better spent on other things. Rousseff was on the board of Petrobras, an oil company, in the 2000s. In 2015, reports of corruption at Petrobras became known. Although not named in the investigation, many people in her government were, and there were large protests against Rousseff's government, including Lula da Silva. She has also been accused of lying about economic numbers during her campaign to be reelected. On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially approved by the Chamber of Deputies.
Impeachment

On 12 May 2016, the impeachment process began when the Senate of Brazil temporarily suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reaches a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged. Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension. Rousseff said she is innocent and that the impeachment is a coup. Rousseff was removed from office on 31 August 2016 when the Brazilian Senate voted 61-20 in favor of impeachment. She was succeeded by Vice President Michel Temer.

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Belo Horizonte
Presidents of Brazil
microSD is a type of removable flash memory card used for storing information. SD is an abbreviation of Secure Digital, and microSD cards are sometimes referred to as µSD, uSD, or mSD. The cards are used in mobile phones, cameras, handheld game systems, and other mobile devices.

It is the smallest memory card that can be bought; at 15 mm × 11 mm × 1 mm (about the size of a fingernail), it is about a quarter of the size of a normal-sized SD card. There are adapters that make the small microSD able to fit in devices that have slots for standard SD, miniSD, Memory Stick Duo card, and even USB. But, not all of the different cards can work together. Many microSD cards are sold with a standard SD adapter, so that people can use them in devices that take standard SD but not microSD cards.
TransFlash and microSD cards are the same (they can be used in place of each other), but microSD has support for SDIO mode. This lets microSD slots support non-memory jobs like Bluetooth, GPS, and Near Field Communication by attaching a device in place of a memory card.

MicroSDHC format is a newer version of the MicroSD which is not backwards compatible. Some older devices cannot use the newer format, although third party firmware is available for some devices.

TransFlash cards are sold in 16MB and 32MB sizes. microSD cards are sold in many sizes, from 64 MB to 32 GB, while microSDHC cards are sold in sizes between 4 GB to 64 GB. Larger ones are microSDXC memory cards, sold in sizes between 8 GB and 1 TB.

History
The microSD format was made by the company SanDisk. It was first called T-Flash, and then TransFlash, before being named microSD when it started to be used by the SD Card Association (SDA). Other flash card formats approved by the SDA include miniSD and standard SD card.
In February 2014, SanDisk announced a new microSD card, the MicroSDXC. At the time, the cards held up to 128GB. To enable this amount of storage capacity on a removable microSD card, SanDisk developed a proprietary technique that allows for 16 memory die to be vertically stacked, each shaved to be thinner than a strand of hair. At the time of their release, these cards had capacities ranging from 8GB to 128GB, with the prices ranging from $29.99 to $199.99.

Power Usage 
Several manufacturers make microSD cards and they consume different amounts of electrical power. Most are in the range of 0-100 mA at a supply voltage of 3.3 V. TwinMOS Technologies Midde East FZE says that the cards carry a maximum of 45 mA during transfer. Toshiba lists 80-100 mA.

Related pages 
 Secure Digital card
 Memory card
 MMCmicro

References

Other websites
 JESD84-C01 - MultiMediaCard (MMC) Card Mechanical Standard

2005
Storage devices
Servius Sulpicius Galba (; ; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69 CE) was a Roman Emperor for seven months from 68 to 69 CE. Galba was an governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was the province near the Pyrenees. He was the first emperor of Year of the Four Emperors.

He was born near Terracina, "On the left as you travel towards Fundi" in the words of Suetonius. Galba was adopted by Livia Ocellina and took her family name until becoming emperor.

References

Other websites

 
 

 
 

 
 

1st-century Roman emperors
0s BC births
69 deaths
Assassinated Roman politicians
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus  {September 24, 15-December 22, AD 69} was later known as Vitellius was an Roman Emperor and general for eight months from 16 April to 22 December 69.
Vitellius was acclaimed emperor following quick succession of previous emperors Galba and Marcus Salvius Otho, in the year of civil war known as Year of the Four Emperors
Vitellius was the first add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name was instead of Caesar upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Roman Emperor Nero.

Portrait

Invading Britain
Vitellius was an Roman military commander of Germania Inferior. In AD 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers Britannia, Aulus Plautius, governor of Britannia. Roman conquest of Britain, and Claudius defeats Caratacus
Rebellion
On 16 April 69 After Marcus Salvius Otho's death in Rome, He became in Roman Emperor of Rome. he was an third emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. He ate a lot  He did a quick succession with Galba and Otho. After Otho's friend Nero's death.

References

1st-century Roman emperors
15 births
69 deaths
Assassinated Roman politicians
Anthonij (Anton) Rudolf Mauve (18 September 1838, Zaandam, North Holland – 5 February 1888, Arnhem) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'.
He had a great influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh.

Mauve mostly painted people and animals shown outdoors. The paining Morning Ride shows well-dressed riders at the coast of the sea, as they ride away from the viewer. One detail which is uncommon, but shows his realism are the horse droppings shown in the foreground of the picture. His best-known paintings show peasants working in the fields, and sheep-herding scenes.

Other websites

1838 births
1888 deaths
Dutch painters
People from Zaanstad
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.
In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.

References

Further reading 
 Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

9 births
79 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors
Titus (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 30 December 39 – 13 September 81) was Roman Emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.

Military service 
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander. He served as a military tribune in Germany and Roman Britain.

It was he who brought the reinforcements after the revolt of Boudicca. Two tribes had destroyed Colchester, London and St Albans, and wiped out a whole legion, but were finally defeated by the Roman governor of Britain.

Judaea 
He served under his father in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War (66–70), where he commanded a legion. The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero in 68, but soon continued in the Year of the Four Emperors.
When Vespasian was declared emperor on 1 July 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion. In 70, he successfully laid siege to Jerusalem. He destroyed the city and Temple in Jerusalem. For this, Titus was awarded a Roman triumph. To this day, the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory circa AD 70.

Rome 
When Vespasian became Emperor, Titus and his brother Domitian received the title of Caesar from the Senate. Titus held seven Roman consulships during Vespasian's reign and acted as his secretary, appearing in the Senate on his behalf.

Under the rule of his father, Titus gained notoriety in Rome as a ruthless Prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

Berenice 
During the Jewish wars, Titus had begun a love affair with Berenice, sister of Agrippa II. The Herodians had collaborated with the Romans during the rebellion, and Berenice herself had supported Vespasian upon his campaign to become emperor.
In 75, she returned to Titus and openly lived with him in the palace as his promised wife. The Romans were wary of her, and disapproved of their relationship. When the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved in to the pressure and sent her away, but his reputation suffered.

Emperor 

Titus ruled to great acclaim after the death of Vespasian in 79. He was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians.

As emperor, he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79 and a fire in Rome in 80.

Because of his supposed vices, many Romans feared he would be another Nero. But Titus proved to be an effective emperor and was well-loved  when people found that he had virtues instead of vices. One of his first acts as an emperor was to stop trials based on treason charges, which had long plagued Rome.
Under Augustus, the law of treason had been revived and applied to cover slander and libel. This led to a long cycle of trials and executions under such emperors as Tiberius, Caligula and Nero. This spawned entire networks of informers who terrorized Rome for decades. Titus put an end to this practice, against himself or anyone else, declaring:

"It is impossible for me to be insulted or abused in any way. For I do naught that deserves censure, and I care not for what is reported falsely".

Consequently, no senators were put to death during his reign; he thus kept to his promise that he would assume the office of Pontifex Maximus "for the purpose of keeping his hands unstained". The informers were publicly punished and banished from the city. Titus then made it unlawful for persons to be tried under different laws for the same offense (double jeopardy|). Finally, when Berenice returned to Rome, he sent her away.
After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81. He was deified (declared a god) by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian.

References 

39 births
81 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors
RTL Television or short RTL is a German television station. It is belongs to the RTL Group. It started on 2 January 1984.

Other websites
 Official website 

1984 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Germany
German television networks
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.
A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

References 

30 births
98 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors
James Bradley McLeod (April 8, 1937 – May 18, 2019) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. McLeod started his career with the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League during the 1972. Later in his career he played in the World Hockey Association for the Chicago Cougars, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and New York Golden Blades.

Other websites

1937 births
2019 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
St. Louis Blues players
World Hockey Association players
Jeffrey Donald 'Jeff' McDill (born March 16, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 NHL season.

Other websites

1956 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Flin Flon Bombers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Maine Mariners (AHL) players
New Haven Nighthawks players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Victoria Cougars (1971–94) players
American Hockey League players
Central Professional Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Murdo John MacKay (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.

Other websites

1917 births
2000 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Philadelphia Ramblers players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Eastern Hockey League players
Bernadette Soubirous (7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879) was a young girl who had religious visions at Lourdes, France. During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times. The Roman Catholic Church later made her a saint, and Lourdes has become one of the most visited places for pilgrims.

References

1844 births
1879 deaths
Christian saints
French Roman Catholics
Marian apparitions
People from Hautes-Pyrénées
Lourdes
19th-century French people
This is a list of political parties in the United Kingdom.

Parties in England 

The most significant political parties in England:

Conservative Party - A centre-right to right wing party which promotes British conservatism and unionism.
Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy and democratic socialism.
Liberal Democrats - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and federalism.
Green Party of England and Wales - A left-wing party which promotes green politics, eco-socialism and republicanism.
Reform UK - A Eurosceptic and right-wing populist party that was originally founded as the Brexit Party in November 2018, before being re-named to Reform UK in January 2021.

Parties in Scotland
There are two types of parties in Scotland; pro-independence parties and British unionist parties. Pro-independence parties want to create an independent Scotland, outside of the United Kingdom and British unionists want to keep Scotland as part of the United Kingdom. Parties represented in the Scottish Parliament and/or in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom are:

Pro-Scottish independence parties 

Scottish National Party (SNP) - A party mainly focused on achieving Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. It is a centre-left party which promotes social democracy.
Scottish Greens - A centre-left to left-wing party which promotes green politics, Scottish independence and Scottish republicanism.
Alba Party - A pro-independence party that runs candidates on the list only, to make an independence “supermajority”.

Pro-union parties
Pro-union parties 

Scottish Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy and democratic socialism.
Scottish Conservative Party - A centre-right party which promotes conservatism and strong unionism.
Scottish Liberal Democrats - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and federalism.

See also: Political parties in Scotland

Parties in Wales 

Parties represented in the Welsh Assembly are:
Welsh Labour Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy and democratic socialism.
Plaid Cymru - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy, democratic socialism and the creation of an independent Wales, free from the United Kingdom.
Welsh Conservative Party - A centre-right party which promotes conservatism and strong unionism.
Welsh Liberal Democrats - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and federalism.
Wales Green Party - A left-wing party that is part of the Green Party of England and Wales and promotes green politics, more power being devolved to Wales and a universal basic income.

Parties in Northern Ireland
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) - A right-wing Protestant party which strongly promotes British unionism.
Sinn Fein (SF) - A left-wing Catholic party which promotes democratic socialism and Irish republicanism.
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) - A centre-left party which promotes Irish republicanism and social democracy.
Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) - A centre-right party which promotes British Unionism and conservatism. Allied to the UK Conservative Party.
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI) - A centrist party which promotes liberalism and an end to sectarianism. It has no opinion on whether or not Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom.
Green Party Northern Ireland (Green Party NI) - A centre-left party which promotes green politics. It has no opinion on whether or not Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom.
People Before Profit (PBP) - A left-wing non-religious party.
Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV) - A right-wing conservative and Eurosceptic party which strongly promotes British unionism.
British National Party - A far-right party which promotes policies of anti-immigration, right-wing populism and Third position economics.
 Northern Independence Party - A party that supports northern England becoming an independent country.
 English Democrats - An England-only party that promotes federalism, conservatism and the separation of England from Scotland and Wales.
 Christian Party - A right-wing party that promotes Christian values and Conservative Christianity.
 Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC) - A left-wing alliance of parties including the Socialist Party of England and Wales, the Socialist Workers Party, Socialist Resistance and Solidarity.
 National Front - A far-right party that promotes fascism, British nationalism and a belief that the UK should only have White people living in it.
 Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing socialist and Eurosceptic party.
 Liberal Party - A centrist party that promotes liberalism and Euroscepticism.
Christian Peoples Alliance - A centrist party that promotes Christian democracy.
 Mebyon Kernow (In English:Sons of Cornwall) - A centre-left party that wants to establish a Cornish Assembly.
 Progressive Unionist Party - A centre-left to left-wing political party only in Northern Ireland which supports British unionism.
 Socialist Alternative - A far-left Trotskyist party.
 Trust Party - A party that campaigned for trust in politicians in wake of the 2009 expenses scandal.
 The Official Monster Raving Loony Party - A party that promotes parties and highlights the stupidity of other more mainstream political parties. 
 Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) - A Scotland-only left-wing party that promotes socialism, environmentalism, Scottish independence and Scottish republicanism.
 Alliance for Green Socialism - A left-wing socialist and environmentalist party.
 Social Democratic Party - A centre-left party which promotes social democracy.
Pirate Party (2009–2020) - A party which promoted reforms on copyright and privacy laws, as well as freedom of speech and freedom of expression.
 Communist Party of Britain - A far-left communist and Marxist–Leninist party.
 UK Independence Party - A right-wing to far-right party that promotes Euroscepticism and right-wing populism.
Economic nationalism is the idea that a state should have control over its economy, labour and how capital is formed. In most cases, this includes taxation of imports. In many cases, economic nationalism is the opposite of globalization, or it questions the use of free trade without restrictions.

Economic policy
Nationalism
The Green Party of England and Wales is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales. The party's policies promote environmentalism and progressive social reform. It wants to create a system of proportional representation for British elections. It has progressive policies on animal rights, LGBT rights and believes in drug policy reform. The party also supports a universal basic income (UBI).

The party has 1 out of 573 English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, three members of the London Assembly and hundreds of elected members of local government. The party is close to the Scottish Green Party and the Green Party of Northern Ireland. The party's first leader was Caroline Lucas from 2008 until 2012. Its current leaders are Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay, who were elected as co-leaders on 1 October 2021.

The Green Party includes several regional parties. The Cornish Green Party supports autonomy for Cornwall.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) is an organic chemical substance. It is a derivative of Piperazine. It is sometimes used as a part of other illegal drugs. It is sometimes used as a replacement for the drug MDMA, or as a component of Ecstasy pills. TFMPP has no known use in the chemical industry.  Its action is si milar to that of MDMDA in many ways. 

Organonitrogen compounds
Psychoactive drugs
Organofluorides
Aliens is an American science fiction-action horror movie released in 1986. It is a science fiction movie because it takes place in outer space and there are alien creatures. It was directed by James Cameron and stars Sigourney Weaver, Michael Biehn and Lance Henriksen. Aliens is a sequel to Alien (1979) and was followed by two more sequels; Alien³ (1992) and Alien: Resurrection (1997).

This one is different than the original movie because instead of it being just a horror movie, it has more action in it and there is more than one alien in it, as said in the title of the movie.

Other websites
 

1986 horror movies
1986 science fiction movies
1986 action movies
1980s monster movies
1980s science fiction horror movies
1980s sequel movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alien movies
American action movies
American monster movies
American sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Movies directed by James Cameron
Movies composed by James Horner
Evolutionary suicide is not a standard term in evolutionary biology. It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.

It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out. The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species. Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often. Evolution cannot foresee the future. This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.
A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod. Cod is caught as fish by humans. The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough. They do, however, mature earlier. Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing. Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level. This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.

References

Evolutionary biology
Territorialism, also known as Statism (but not to be confused with another belief also called statism), was a Jewish political movement related to Zionism. Jewish people wanted some land to live in together. It did not necessarily have to be the Jewish biblical homeland in the land where the state of Israel is today, and it did not necessarily have to be its own country.

Development of territorialism
Before 1905, some Zionist leaders were thinking about making places for Jews to call home other than Palestine. Theodor Herzl's Der Judenstaat argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, "our ever-memorable historic home", or Argentina, "one of the most fertile countries in the world". ("Fertile" means land where it is easy to grow crops.) Many of the socialist Zionist groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as Nachman Syrkin's Zionist Socialist Workers Party (the Z.S.).
Because of this, the Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO) led by Israel Zangwill split off from the Zionist movement. It tried to find land where Jews could settle in different parts of America (e.g. Galveston), Africa, Asia, and Australia, but with little success. The ITO broke up in 1925. 

Apart from the (ITO), within the USSR there was also a Territorialist effort in Ukraine, the Crimea and then in a region around Birobidzhan, where a Jewish Autonomous Region was started in 1934.
As the Holocaust became close and as Nazis were discriminating against Jews in Germany, Isaac Nachman Steinberg started the Freeland League in the United States in 1935. This organization tried, but did not succeed, to start a new Jewish country by getting a large piece of land in places in Ecuador, Australia, or Suriname where not many people lived. One of the more well-known tries was the Kimberley Plan, to get land in Australia. After the State of Israel was created in 1948, Steinberg had criticized the exclusivist politics of the Zionist government and continued his attempts to create a non-nationalist Jewish settlement in some other part of the world. After Steinberg died in 1957, the Freeland League was led by Mordkhe Schaechter, who gradually changed the focus of the organization to more cultural, Yiddishist goals.

References

Other websites
 Israel Zangwill's Challenge to Zionism
 Ber Borochov and Socialist Zionism by Mitchell Cohen (1984)

Jewish history
Political movements
Zionism
Jewish Virtual Library (JVL) is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (the AICE). Established in 1993, it is a comprehensive website covering Israel, the Jewish people, and Jewish culture.

History
The website was first made in the late 1990s. It was first called The Jewish Student Online Research Center (JSOURCE).According to the website, the Library covers material that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, such as information about projects where the United States and Israel worked together, and how Americans were treated during the Holocaust.  It explains that it got permission to use materials from the Library of Congress, from the American Jewish Historical Society, the Anti-Defamation League, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Israeli Foreign Ministry, and Prime Minister’s Office, Rabbi Joseph Telushkin (author of Jewish Literacy), and dozens of other sources.
It has more than 13,000 articles and 6,000 photographs and maps about Jewish history, Israel, U.S.-Israel relations, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Judaism.  The website has all of the words of the Tanakh.  The Jewish Virtual Library also has the Israel advocacy text "Myths and Facts", edited by Mitchell Bard, in several languages.

Critical reception
John Jaeger, in an article published by the Association of College and Research Libraries, said of the Jewish Virtual Library: 
"This library, once it is entered, is more like a living encyclopedia than it is anything else. One has options to click on, such as history, women, biography, politics, Israel, maps, and Judaic Treasures at the Library of Congress, with each launching a person into a different realm. The site is extremely well put together.

Karen Evans of Indiana State University wrote that the site covers many different topics, with "easily accessible, balanced information".
The Jewish Virtual Library has been used as a source by CNN, New York Times, BBC, CBS News, Fox News, The Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Business Week, and Bloomberg, among others.  JVL got awards from Britannica Internet Guide Selection, USA Today Hot Site, and the Best of the Jewish Web from the Jewish Agency for Israel, the Academic Excellence Award from Study Web and others.

Other websites 
 Jewish Virtual Library

References

Jewish literature
Encyclopedia websites
Taio Cruz (born 23 April 1980) is an English R&B singer. He has released three studio albums and his single, "Break Your Heart" which was featured on his Rokstarr album was a number one hit in both the UK and the USA In 2014 his fourth album #Black will be released.

Albums 
Taio Cruz has released 3 studio albums:

Other websites
Taio Cruz's Official website

1980 births
Black British musicians
Brit Award winners
British R&B musicians
Singers from London
Living people
Electropop singers
Martin Lee Truex Jr. (born June 29, 1980 in Mayetta, New Jersey) is an American racecar driver. Truex drives the No. 19 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the NASCAR Cup Series. Truex won the 2004 and 2005 Nationwide Series championships. Truex won the 2017 NASCAR Cup Series Championship in the No. 78 Furniture Row Racing Toyota. Truex's brother Ryan Truex is also a race car driver. Winning his first top 3 series race in 2023 at the Xfinity race at Dover Motor Speedway

References

Other websites
Official website

1980 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from New Jersey
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was a conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the formation of Haiti as the first modern republic ruled by Africans.  It was the biggest slave rebellion since the Zanj rebellion agains the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq, which also lasted 14 years. Its leaders were former slaves who decided to fight for freedom, like Toussaint L'ouverture, Cécile Fatiman, Dutty Boukman, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.  The Haitian Revolution led to Haiti being the second nation in the Americas (after the United States of America) formed from a European colony, and the first one to ban slavery.

References

Wars of independence
History of Haiti
Rebellions in North America
19th-century rebellions
Slave rebellions
1790s in North America 

18th-century rebellions
Revolutions
1800s in North America
Anti-imperialism
GP may refer to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

or to General practitioner
Janenschia (named after Werner Janensch) was a huge, plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and tail. It was a sauropod from the late Jurassic period, about 156 million to 150 million years ago. Janenschia had a small head, blunt teeth, and a short, thick tail; it was about 80 feet (24 m) long. This titanosaurid back may have been covered with bony, armored plates. Fossils have been found in Tanzania, Africa. It is said that this dinosaur was a secondary prey for T-rex.

Dinosaurs of Africa
Titanosaurs
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138.

He is well known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon, Castel Sant'Angelo (originally Hadrian's Tomb) and the Temple of Venus and Roma.

In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and a lover of Greek culture in all his tastes. Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.

Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (near Seville). His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father. Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.
During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire. Hadrian sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.

During his travels, Hadrian met a common-born young man named Antinous, who became his favourite and probable lover. In 130, when travelling through Egypt and sailing on the Nile, Antinous drowned. Hadrian grieved his loss deeply, and did much to preserve his memory, including founding the city of Antinoöpolis and asking the Greeks to diefy Antinous.
Hadrian spent much of his time with the military. He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned. After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.

In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but he died suddenly two years later. In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.

References 

76 births
138 deaths
2nd-century Roman emperors
Civilization III or Civ 3 is a turn based strategy computer game by Firaxis Games from 2001. It is the third part of the successful serial. The game become two expansion sets, Play the World and Conquests. In the game you control a nation from the stone age too the modern age. Civilization III has many new innovations in contrast with Civilization II. There are strategic resources, country borders and the military units will support by the nation, not by the cities.

Related pages
Civilization (series)
Civilization IV

Other websites
 official page 

Civilization series
2001 video games