Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James is a popular pilgrimage route in Eastern Europe. This particular route was created in Poland. It starts in the city of Sandomierz, and end in the city of Krakow began in medieval times when many pilgrims travelled through Europe to Santiago de Compostela. The other places on The Lesser Polish Way are: Klimontów, Szczaworyż, Wiślica, and Więcławice.

Other websites 
 Website of parish of St. James in Więcławice with description of the route in Polish
 Possible accommodation 
 Facebook Funpage

Poland
Carnarvon is a coastal town about 900 kilometres north of Perth, Western Australia. It is at the mouth of the Gascoyne River on the Indian Ocean.  The popular Shark Bay World Heritage Site lies to the south of the town. In 2006, there were 5,283 people living in Carnarvon.

History 
The town began in 1883, as a port and supply centre for the surrounding region. It is the administrative centre for the Shire of Carnarvon, the town site was officially listed on 4 June 1891.  It was named after Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Tramways
Carnarvon has had three tramways.
 The first, shown on a Public Works Department map of 1884, ran from a landing site on the river, across Olivia Terrace to a shed on the other side of the road. This was only a very short distance. The trolley used on this tramway was hand powered, using a lever attached to crank on two of the wheels. However, there is a reference to the use of wind-power.
 The second tramway, built between 1886 and 1887, ran west from Cleaver Terrace in a straight line to the jetty, which was half way between Mangrove Point and Conspicuous Clump. It was pulled by horses.
The third tramway was completed on 9 November 1900. It runs from the town, across Babbage Island to the deep-sea jetty. It was built with a rail gauge of . It was  long. Due to the heavy loads of wool being carried on what was a very light railway, it was decided to change the tramway to  gauge in 1908-1909. This tramway used a steam locomotive. The tramway closed in 1965. The Carnarvon Light Railway Association now operates trains along restored tracks on the jetty.
Climate 
Carnarvon has a warm to hot dry climate. Average yearly rainfall is  with the rainiest months being in May and June. Occasionally tropical cyclones will influence Carnarvon and bring very heavy rain, high temperatures and strong winds. Apart from possible cyclones, summers are usually dry. Temperatures range from an average maximum of  in February to  in July. Average minimums are  and  respectively.

Main industries 
Main industries of the area include:

 mining, at a salt mine on nearby Lake MacLeod and at inland mines.
 agriculture, particularly bananas, as well as tomatoes, wool, cattle, sheep and goats.
 fishing (especially prawns)
 tourism.

During the 1960s, NASA set up the Carnarvon Tracking Station to support the Gemini and Apollo space program. The tracking station was closed in the mid 1970s. Only the foundations of this historical site remain.

Radio Australia had a shortwave relay station (built during the 1970s) that used to relay programming to Europe, South Asia and South East Asia.
Education 
There are five schools in the town, three government-run and two independent. These schools are: St Mary's Star of the Sea Catholic School which was built in 1906, Carnarvon Senior High School, East Carnarvon Primary School, Carnarvon Primary School, Carnarvon Christian School and Carnarvon School of the Air.

Rocketry 
In 1964 and 1965, 12 rockets were launched from Carnarvon to a maximum altitude of .

Korean Star
On 20 May 1988, the bulk carrier Korean Star ran aground in bad weather near Cape Cuvier, within the port limits of Carnarvon. Around 600 tonnes of fuel oil were spilled into the ocean. Damage was limited to  of remote beaches and coastline. The ship was left grounded, however very little of the wreck remains to be seen.

References

Other websites
 Shire of Carnarvon
 Australian Places - Carnarvon

Towns in Western Australia
Postcodes are used in Australia to sort and send mail to the correct address. All postcodes in Australia have four numerals and are placed at the end of the address. Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post.

Postcodes are published in small books that can be collected from your nearest post offices, or online at the Australia Post website.

On envelopes and postcards there are often four square boxes printed in orange ink at the bottom right for the postcode numerals. These are used when addressing mail by hand.

History
Postcodes were started in Australia in 1967 by the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG), now called Australia Post. They replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbourne's letter and number codes (e.g., N3, E5) and a similar system once used in rural and regional New South Wales.

Format
Australian Postcodes are four digits, and written after the name of the city, suburb, or town, and the state or territory:

Mr John Smith
200 Flinders Street
MELBOURNE VIC 3000
When writing an address by hand, a row of four boxes (pre-printed on the lower right hand corner of many envelopes) is usually used.

Geography
Australian postcodes are sorting information. They are often linked with one area (e.g. 6160 belongs only to Fremantle, Western Australia). But sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas (e.g. 2570 belongs to twenty-two towns and suburbs around Camden, New South Wales). The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people. This means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong.  Some postcodes cover large populations (e.g., postcode 4350 serving some 100,000 people in the City of Toowoomba), while other postcodes have much smaller populations, even in urban areas. The postcode numbers range from as low as 0200 (for the Australian National University) to 9729 (mail addressed to the Gold Coast City Council).
Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes—one for street deliveries and one for [post office box]es. For instance, a street address in the Sydney suburb of Parramatta would be written like this:

Mr John Smith
99 George Street
PARRAMATTA NSW 2150

But mail sent to a PO Box in Parramatta would be addressed:

Mr John Smith
PO Box 99
PARRAMATTA NSW 2124

Many big businesses, government departments and other institutions receive large volumes of mail. They can have their own postcode as a Large Volume Receiver (LVR), e.g. the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital has the postcode 4029. More postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s.

Allocation
Allocation

Australia States and territories
The first one or two numerals usually show the state or territory to which the postcode belongs
                          
{| cellspacing="7px">
|-
!State/Territory!!Abbreviation!!Postcode range
|-
|New South Wales||NSW||1000–1999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)2000–25992619–28982921–2999
|-
|Australian Capital Territory||ACT||0200–0299 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)2600–26182900–2920
|-
|Victoria||VIC||3000–39998000–8999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)
|-
|Queensland||QLD||4000–49999000–9999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|-
|South Australia||SA||5000–57995800–5999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|-
|Western Australia||WA||6000–67976800–6999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)s
|-
|Tasmania||TAS||7000–77997800–7999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|-
|Northern Territory||NT||0800–08990900–0999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|}

Sometimes near the state and territory borders, Australia Post finds it easier to send mail through a nearby post office that is across the border:
These are postcodes that do not follow the above rule. 
2406
MUNGINDI, NSW
WEEMELAH, NSW:MUNGINDI, QLD
2540
HMAS CRESWELL, ACT
JERVIS BAY, ACT
many other suburbs in NSW

2611
BIMBERI,NSW
BRINDABELLA,NSW
COOLEMAN,NSW
URIARRA,NSW
many other suburbs in ACT
4380
MINGOOLA, NSW
other suburbs in QLD
4377
MARYLAND, NSW
GLEN NIVEN, QLD
THE SUMMIT, QLD
3691
LAKE HUME VILLAGE, NSW
other suburbs in VIC

Some or all of the postcodes above may cover two states. For example postcode 2620 covers both a suburb in NSW (Gundaroo) as well as a suburb in the ACT (Hume) - the postcode is within the ACT range.

Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a separate territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, with which it shares a postcode. Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT.
The numerals used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the same numerals as the first numerals for postcodes in that state, e.g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria, etc. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than 40 years.

External territories
Australia's external territories are also included in Australia Post's postcode system. While these territories do not belong to any state, they are addressed as such for mail sorting:

{| class=wikitable
|-
!External territory!!Postal state'''!!Postcode
|-
|Norfolk Island||NSW||2899
|-
|Christmas Island||WA||6798
|-
|Cocos (Keeling) Islands||WA||6799
|}

Three scientific bases in Antarctica operated by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions share a postcode with the isolated sub-Antarctic island of Macquarie Island (part of Tasmania):
State and territory capital cities
Each state's capital city ends with three zeroes, while territorial capital cities end with two zeroes. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs and PO Boxes were made available. The last numeral can usually be changed from "0" to "1" to get the postcode for General Post Office boxes in any capital city (though Perth now uses a different range of postcodes for its GPO Boxes):

Allocation within states
While the first numeral of a postcode usually shows the state or territory, the second numeral usually shows a region within the state. However, postcodes with the same second numeral are not always next to each othera. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–0001 are split between the southern suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales.
Postcodes with a second numeral of "0" or "1" are almost always located within the metropolitan area of the state's capital city. Postcodes with higher second numerals are usually located in rural and regional areas. Common exceptions are where towns were  rural when postcodes were first introduced in 1967, but have since been suburbanised and incorporated into metropolitan areas, e.g. Penrith, New South Wales has the postcode 2750 and Petrie, Queensland has the postcode 4502.

Within each region with the same second numeral, postcodes usually get bigger the further one travels from the state's capital city along major highways and railways. For instance, heading north on the North Coast railway in New South Wales away from Sydney:
Major towns and cities
Major towns and cities tend to have "0" as the last numeral or last two numerals, e.g. Rockhampton, Queensland has the postcode 4700 and Ballarat, Victoria has the postcode 3350. There are exceptions; the major town of Ipswich, Queensland has the postcode 4305, while Goodna, a suburb of Ipswich, is allocated 4300.

Postcode squares
Post Office Preferred envelopes sold in Australia have four boxes in the bottom right corner of the front of the envelope. These boxes or squares, which by Australia Post calls postcode squares'', have the postcode for hand-addressed mail. This is for the purpose of Australia Post's automated mail-sorting equipment, which uses optical character recognition software. Postcode squares were introduced in 1990.

Australia Post says that postcode squares should not be used for machine-addressed mail, or mail going overseas.
Other uses 
Many other organisations now use postcodes. Insurance companies often use postcodes when working out the cost of car and house insurance. The NSW Ministry of Transport uses postcodes to give specific numbers for each bus stop in Greater Sydney.  The stop number is five to seven numbers: the first four are the postcode, and the others show the bus stop (sometimes written with a space in between, e.g. "2000 108"). Many companies that produce metropolitan street maps also list the postcodes for each suburb, both in indexes on the maps themselves.

Mechanised sorting 
To improve mechanised sorting, each address now has a sorting number which is printed on the letter as an orange coloured barcode. This number might be 12 numbers long. This system enables the post office to place items in delivery order.
Other websites
Australia Post Postcode Tool. (updated Monthly)
Matthew Proctor's Australian Post code dataset  (Updated Regularly)
Australia Post All branches. (updated Regularly) 
 ↑ (Failed attempt of archiving)
Transport in Australia
Australia
To monitor or monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system. Below are some examples:
 to observe a situation for any changes which may occur over time, using a monitor or a measuring device of some kind:
Baby monitor, medical monitor, Heart rate monitor
Biomonitoring
Cure monitoring for composite materials manufacturing
Deformation monitoring
Election monitoring
Mining monitoring
Natural hazard monitoring
Network monitoring
Structural monitoring
System monitoring
Website monitoring
Futures monitoring, Media monitoring
 to observe the behaviour or communications of individuals or groups (see: surveillance)
 Clinical monitoring, for use of new medical drugs
The Medical Journal of Australia is a peer-reviewed medical journal. It is the official journal of the Australian Medical Association and began in 1914. It is published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company Proprietary Limited (AMPCo). 

The journal publishes editorials, articles, case reports, and letters. The full text of every issue since January 2002 is available on their website.

Related pages
 British Medical Journal
The Lancet

References

Other websites
 

Medical journals
Newspapers published in Australia
A statistician is someone who works with theoretical or applied statistics. The profession exists in both the private and public sectors. The core of that work is to measure, interpret, and describe some events in the world and spot patterns within them. The field shares much common history with social science, but often with a greater view on complex mathematical methods. Statisticians commonly have higher college degrees or other credentials as proof that they are qualified for the job.

It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other subjects. The applications are varied. Statisticians apply their knowledge to production, research, finance, medicine, insurance, census-taking, government, etc. They often are employed to support managerial decisions or to supervise quality control in manufacturing.
Nature of the work
According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2008, there were 22,600 jobs listed as statistician in the United States. Of these people, approximately 30% worked for governments (federal, state, or local). Additionally, there are substantial numbers of persons who use statistics in their work but have job titles other than statistician. The job of statistician is considered a profession. Most statisticians work in offices and have regular working hours and can therefore be considered to be white-collar workers. A lower number of statisticians are self-employed as statistical consultants.

Most employment as a statistician requires a minimum of a masters degree in statistics or a related field. Many professional statisticians have a PhD.
History
Civilizations have used the work of statisticians for thousands of years. Statistics was employed in ancient Egypt in censuses of population and cattle. Typical work might involve developing a model and sampling plans, analyzing survey results, or making agricultural or econometric forecasts.

Related pages
Statistical Process Control

References

Other websites
Statistician entry, Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
Careers Center, American Statistical Association 
Careers information, Royal Statistical Society  (UK)  
Listing of tasks and duties - The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)
 Listings of nature of work etc - O*NET
 
Science occupations
Kung Fu Panda 2 (also known as Kung Fu Panda: The Kaboom of Doom) is a 2011 American computer-animated china action comedy movie and the second movie in the series. A sequel to 2008's Kung Fu Panda, Jack Black again played the main character. In the movie, Po is now the Dragon Warrior, and is fighting with his fellow kung fu masters, the Furious Five: Tigress, Viper, Monkey, Mantis and Crane. They go on a quest in Gong-men City to stop Lord Shen, an evil albino peacock from using a weapon to destroy kung fu. The film is directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson, who previously worked as a storyboard artist in Kung Fu Panda. It received critical acclaim and is the highest-grossing movie to be directed by a woman.
Plot
Po (voiced by Jack Black) is now the Dragon Warrior and a Kung Fu master protecting the Valley of Peace together with his friends, the Furious Five, but must now find inner peace. Master Shifu (voiced by Dustin Hoffman) then sends him on a journey with the Furious Five to Gongmen City and stop Lord Shen (voiced by Gary Oldman), an evil albino peacock who has made a new weapon that can stop Kung Fu. Po has trouble on his journey because he's worried about what happened to his real parents. An old soothsayer (voiced by Michelle Yeoh) helps Po remember that his parents sent Po away as a baby to protect him when their village was attacked by Lord Shen many years ago because Shen learned he would be defeated by Po, the foretold warrior of black and white. Now knowing where he came from, Po finds inner peace, destroys Shen's cannons by throwing the cannonballs back at them, defeats Shen (who also gets killed and crushed by his own cannon), and accepts Mr. Ping (voiced by James Hong) as his dad.

Characters
Characters

Old characters
 Po, a panda. He is the Dragon Warrior, Kung Fu master, and hero of the film. Jack Black reprises his role.
 Shifu, a red panda. He is Po's Kung Fu teacher and sifu. Dustin Hoffman reprises his role.
 Tigress, a Southern China tiger. She is a member of the Furious Five and Po's best friend (eventually love interest). Angelina Jolie reprises her role.
 Viper, a green tree viper. She is a member of the Furious Five. Lucy Liu reprises her role.
 Monkey, a golden langur. He is a member of the Furious Five. Jackie Chan reprises his role.
 Mantis, a northern praying mantis. He is a member of the Furious Five. Seth Rogen reprises his role.
 Crane, a red crowned crane. He is a member of the Furious Five. David Cross reprises his role.
 Mr. Ping, a swan goose. He is Po's adoptive father. James Hong reprises his role.
New characters
 Shen, a villainous albino peacock. He is voiced by Gary Oldman.
 Soothsayer, a goat. She predicts Shen will be defeated. Michelle Yeoh voices this character.
 Storming Ox, an ox. He tries to protect Gongmen City from Lord Shen. Dennis Haysbert voices this character.
 Croc, a Oriental alligator. He tries to protect Gongmen City from Lord Shen. Jean-Claude Van Damme voices this character.
 Thundering Rhino, a javan rhinoceros. He tries to protect Gongmen City from Lord Shen. Victor Garber voices this character.
 Panda Dad, a panda. He is Master Po's biological father and the headman of his village. Fred Tatasciore voices this character.

Reception
Reception

Critical Response
Kung Fu Panda 2 was acclaimed by critics. It holds a rating of 85% in Rotten Tomatoes and a rating of 7 out of 10. The consensus is "the story arc may seen a tad familiar to fans of the original, but Kung Fu Panda 2 offers enough action, comedy and visual sparkle to compensate". Just like in the original film, the animation, voice acting and character development were praised.

Box Office
The film became a box office success. It grossed $667,692,281 on a $150 million budget. It is the highest grossing animated film of 2011, the 9th highest grossing animated film ever released, the 53rd highest-grossing film of all time and the 6th highest-grossing film of 2011. It is also the highest grossing animated film directed by a woman (Jennifer Yuh Nelson).

Awards and nominations

Soundtrack
Soundtrack

Kung Fu Panda 2 is the soundtrack of the film of the same, scored by Hans Zimmer and John Powell and released on May 24, 2011. Just like the movie, the soundtrack received positive reviews from music critics.

Track listing

 Songs
 Pump It - The Black Eyed Peas
 Kung Fu Fighting - Cee Lo Green ft Jack Black
 Forgiven - Skillet
 I'll be Missing You - P. Diddy Feat. Faith Evans & 112

Sequel
After the success of Kung Fu Panda 2, DreamWorks Animation confirmed that there will be 6 movies in the franchise. Kung Fu Panda 3 is confirmed to be released in 2016, with Jennifer Yuh Nelson returning to direct and Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger returning to write the script. The original cast will return in the movie, and Kung Fu Panda 3 will be the first American animated movie to ever be co-produced by a Chinese firm.

References
References

2011 animated movies
2011 comedy movies
2010s 3D movies
2010s action comedy movies
American animated movies
American action comedy movies
Computer-animated movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Kung Fu Panda
Movies about bears
Movies about animals
Movies set in forests
Movies set in China
Christian Klien (born 7 February 1983 in Hohenems, Vorarlberg) is an Austrian Formula One racing driver. In total he has scored 14 points in Formula One.

Racing career 

Klien started his motorsport career in his early teens. He raced in karting championships in both Austria and Switzerland. He moved up to Formula BMW. He won several titles in lower Formula series. Klien moved into Formula One in . He drove for  the Jaguar Racing team, alongside Mark Webber. At the end of 2004, Jaguar sold its Formula One team to Red Bull. The team was renamed Red Bull Racing. Klien shared a race seat with Italian Vitantonio Liuzzi. He stayed at Red Bull for  season. 

In , Klien was replaced by Mark Webber. He was the test driver for Honda. For  and , he was the reserve and test driver for BMW Sauber.
In , Klien moved to become the test driver for HRT. For the Singapore Grand Prix Kling replaced Sakon Yamamoto. HRT reported that Yamamoto was sick from food posining. For the Brazilian Grand Prix, HRT announced that  Klien would race in place of Yamamoto. No reason was given.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress

Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

References 
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
 Official Formula 1 Website. Archive: Results for 2004 – Present seasons www.formula1.com Retrieved 6 June 2006

Other websites 

 Christian Klien Official website
 Christian Klien profile and statistics 
 Christian Klien statistics
 Christian Klien statistics at Driver Database. (includes pre-F1 career)

1983 births
Living people
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Austrian racecar drivers
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
People from Vorarlberg
Doabi, which means "the land between two rivers", is one of the Punjabi dialects spoken in Indian Punjab. This dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej. It includes the districts of Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr (now known Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar).

Languages of India
Punjabi language
Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 – 14 January 2016) was an English actor and theatre director. He was a well known stage actor in modern and classical productions and he used to be a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Rickman was known for being in movies.

Personal life
Rickman was born on 21 February 1946 in Acton, London. He studied in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. Rickman married his partner of 50 years, Rima Horton, in 2012. He lived in London and in Los Angeles, California.

Rickman died in a hospital in London from pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69. He was cremated in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green on February 3, 2016. His widow, Rima Horton, kept his ashes.
Movie roles
 Hans Gruber in Die Hard
 Severus Snape in the Harry Potter movie series
 Eamon de Valera in Michael Collins
 Phil Allen in Blow Dry
 Alexander Dane in Galaxy Quest
 Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility
 Harry in Love Actually
 Judge Turpin in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
 Absolem the Caterpillar in Alice in Wonderland and in Alice Through the Looking Glass
 Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
 President Ronald Reagan in The Butler
Harry Potter
In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Sorcerer's Stone) Rickman portrays Severus Snape, a cold and angry professor in Hogwarts who hates Harry. This is because Severus hated James Potter, Harry's father, because James and his best friend Sirius bullied him when they were both in Hogwarts in their younger years and he sees qualities of his father in Harry. Another reason he hated Harry's father is because he loved a girl called Lily who James took and later becomes Harry's mother. However, in Deathly Hallows Part 2, it is revealed that Snape is in fact a hero. He sacrifices himself to save the wizarding world. Harry recognises this and names a child after him in honour of his bravery.

References

Other websites

 Alan Rickman at Emmys.com
1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Aram Ilyich Khachaturian (,  in Tiflis – 1 May 1978 in Moscow) was a significant Soviet-Armenian composer. He studied the cello in the 1920s and went to the Moscow Conservatory in 1929. He composed several symphonies and a ballet called Gayane. His music was largely influenced by the folk music of Armenia. His most popular piece, the "Sabre Dance" from Gayane, has been used extensively in popular culture and has been covered by a number of musicians worldwide.

References 

1903 births
1978 deaths
Russian composers
Musicians from Tbilisi
Composers from Georgia (country)
The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was a psychology experiment to see the effects of becoming a prisoner or a prison guard on human behaviour and psychology. The experiment ran from 15-21 August 1971, led by Dr Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. In the experiment, 24 student volunteers were assigned to be either a ‘guard’ or a ‘prisoner’ in a fake prison at the flip of a coin, and Zimbardo was the prison superintendent. They were paid 15$ a day. The experiment was intended to run for 2 weeks, but some of the guards quickly became authoritarian and began psychologically torturing the prisoners, and the experiment had to be stopped after only 6 days. 5 prisoners left the experiment early, after having severe psychological stress. Zimbardo concluded that certain situations can cause good people to behave in a way that they normally would not have predicted.
The Stanford Prison Experiment is used in many introductory psychology textbooks to show the impact of power and authority on human behaviour. The experiment is controversial for a few reasons: demand characteristics, which causes the participants to behave in the way they think the researcher wants them to behave. There are other ethical issues with the SPE, and Zimbardo has been criticised for interpreting the results to fit his previous expectations.

Psychological themes
The experiment also had certain problems:
Prisoners were anonymous; they were referred to by a number
Rules were very important; they were also an important means to guide behaviour
Cognitive dissonance
Peer pressure
Methods 
Zimbardo and his colleagues made an advert in the Palo Alto City newspaper for a study of the psychological effects of prison life on college students. The participants were to be paid 15$ a day. They did psychological tests and interviews to make sure that the participants were psychologically healthy, with no history of crime or drug abuse or any medical disabilities. The 24 participants were randomly assigned to either be a ‘guard’ or a ‘prisoner’ based on a coin flip.  

They made the fake prison in the basement of the Stanford Psychology Department building. There was a closet which they called ‘the hole’, which served as solitary confinement. There were no windows or clocks, which meant the 'prisoners' had time-altering experiences. Three 'prisoners' were in each of the three cells (offices).
The ‘prisoners’ were arrested and held in the detention cells of the Palo Alto Police Department, then escorted to the ‘Stanford County Jail’. Upon arrival, they were stripped naked, deloused, and given a uniform. The uniform was a dress with no underclothes, a chain around their ankle, stocking caps to mimic a prisoner’s shaved head, and they were each assigned a prison number which became their new 'name'. The 'guards' had a uniform of khaki, a baton, reflective sunglasses (to make them more anonymous), and a whistle around their neck.

The 'guards' worked on eight hour shifts, with three 'guards' working at any one time. The 'prisoners' had to perform 'counts' several times a day and night, where they had to call their prison number out loud, to enforce the feeling of authority from the guards. The experiment was intended to run for two weeks, but after 6 days had to be abandoned because the guards became more abusive towards the prisoners.

Criticism and response
Demand characteristics 
The SPE has been criticised for having strong demand characteristics, which is where participants act the way they think the researchers want them to act. In an experiment to test the extent of the demand characteristics in the SPE, Banauzzi and Mohavedi asked 150 students to predict the results of the SPE, and 89.9% predicted that the 'guards' would act in an oppressive, hostile nature towards the 'prisoners'. So, the participants in the experiment could also have predicted how they were supposed to act, and act in this way, to please the researchers.
In his book, The Lucifer Effect, Zimbardo explained that he told the participants how they were supposed to behave:We can create boredom. We can create a sense of frustration. We can create fear in them, to some degree. We can create a notion of the arbitrariness that governs their lives, which are totally controlled by us, by the system, by you, me.…They’ll have no privacy at all, there will be constant surveillance—nothing they do will go unobserved. They will have no freedom of action. They will be able to do nothing and say nothing that we don’t permit. We’re going to take away their individuality in various ways.…In general, what all this should create in them is a sense of powerlessness. We have total power in the situation. They have none. (pp
. (pp. 55)The fact that Zimbardo was both the head researcher and the prison superintendent added to the demand characteristics because the 'guards' wanted to please the 'superintendent', and the overlap between the superintendent and the head psychologist means the participants would have have followed demand characteristics more strongly.
Peter Gray publicly stated why he hasn’t included the SPE in his introductory psychology textbooks, explaining that by remaining silent when the guards abused the prisoners, Zimbardo was approving of their methods of intimidation. And the guards who were less assertive were instructed to be ‘tougher’- For example, Warden Jaffe (one of Zimbardo’s student research associates) said to one of the ‘nicer’ guards,“The guards have to know that every guard has to be what we call a ‘tough guard.’ The success of this experiment rides on the behavior of the guards to make it seem as realistic as possible” (pp. 65)There was direct instruction to behave more assertively, and approval of the behaviour of the 'tough guards'.

Situationist interpretation of results 
About a third of the guards became sadistic, authoritarian guards. 2/3 of the 11 guards acted in a humane way, which critics argue goes against Zimbardo's interpretation of the results that good people can turn evil in the right environment.
Movies about the events
There has been a lot of interest for the events in the media. At least the following movies were made:
A German movie (Das Experiment/The Experiment), of 2001; based on a book by Mario Giordano
A US movie of 2010 (also called The Experiment)

References

Imprisonment and detention
Stanford University

Psychology experiments
Wonderwall may mean one of the following:

Wonderwall (movie), a 1968 movie.
Wonderwall Music, George Harrison's soundtrack to the Wonderwall movie.
"Wonderwall" (song), a song by the  band Oasis, from their 1995 album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?.
Wonderwall (band), a German pop band.
"The Wonderwall", the bonus round on the game show Winning Lines.
A computer-animated movie based on the characters was released in 2007, called Alvin and the Chipmunks. It had three sequels: one in 2009, one in 2011 and one in 2015. The actors Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney performed the talking voices of the Chipmunks. Bagdasarian, Jr. and Karman performed the singing voices for Alvin, Theodore and the Chipettes, but Steve Vining does Simon's singing voice. The project has earned five Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Reel Award, and three Kids' Choice Awards, and has been nominated for three Emmy awards.

Television series
The Alvin Show (1961-1962)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983-1990)
ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks (2015-)
Main characters
 David "Dave" Seville is the adoptive father of the Chipmunks. He is a human. He was played by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. and later Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. In the movies, he is played by Jason Lee.
 Ian Hawke is the Chipmunks and Chipettes former nemesis and Dave's former arch-rival, he is played by David Cross.
 Alvin is the lead singer of the Chipmunks. He is the oldest of his brothers. He was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. and later by Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. In the movies, he is voiced by Justin Long. His singing voice is done by Ross Bagdasarian Jr.
 Simon is the second oldest brother. He is a very intelligent chipmunk. He was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. and later by Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. Matthew Gray Gubler voiced Simon in the movie series. His singing voice is done by Steve Vining.
 Theodore is the youngest of his brothers. He was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. and later by Janice Karman. In the movies, he is voiced by Jesse McCartney. His singing voice is done by Janice Karman
The Chipettes is a girl group of chipmunks. It is made up of Brittany (voiced by Christina Applegate in the movies), Jeanette (voiced by Anna Faris) and Eleanor (voiced by Amy Poehler in the second and third films and Kaley Cuoco in a fourth film).
 Agent James Suggs is the Chipmunks nemesis of U.S. Air Marshal, he is played by Tony Hale.
Other characters
 Claire Wilson, played by Cameron Richardson
 Gail, played by Jane Lynch
 Toby Seville, played by Zachary Levi
 Zoe, played by Jenny Slate
 Simone, voiced by Alan Tudyk
 Samantha, played by Kimberly Williams-Paisley
 Ashley Grey, played by Bella Thorne
 Miles, played by Josh Green

Other websites
 Chipmunks.com, Bagdasarian Productions' official site

Anthromophic characters
1950s American music groups
Children's musical groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from California
1958 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 1958
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
1972 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in California
1970s disestablishments in California
American Music Awards
 
Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s
The fictional animated singing group Alvin and the Chipmunks created by Ross Bagdasarian have appeared in eight feature-length movies since their debut.

Movies

Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007)
In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), the mischievous troublemaker, Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler), the smart one in the trio, and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) the chubby sweethearted chipmunk, find their tree cut down and are transported to Los Angeles. Once there, they meet frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent. Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs. While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all. However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys. Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)
Pop sensations Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) end up in the care of Dave Seville (Jason Lee)'s twenty-something cousin Toby (Zachary Levi). The boys must put aside music super stardom to return to school, and are tasked with saving the school's music program by winning the $25,000 prize in a battle of the bands. But the Chipmunks unexpectedly meet their match in three singing chipmunks known as The Chipettes—Brittany (Christina Applegate), Jeanette (Anna Faris) and Eleanor (Amy Poehler). Romantic and musical sparks are ignited when the Chipmunks and Chipettes square off.

Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)

Dave (Jason Lee), the Chipmunks, and the Chipettes enjoy fun and mischief on a luxury cruise before their seafaring vacation takes an unexpected detour to an uncharted island. Now, the harder Alvin (Justin Long) and friends search for a way back to civilization, the more obvious it becomes that they aren't alone on this secluded island paradise.
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip (2015)

Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them. They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.

 
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Acanthaceae is one of 23 families in the mint order of flowering plants containing approximately 230 genera and nearly 3,500 species distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The greater part of the Acanthaceae family are herbs or shrubs, but climbers (vines) and trees occur as well. The range of habitats extends from marshes to extremely dry situations, but most of these plants are found in damp tropical forests.

Acanthaceae
Gesneriaceae is a one of 23 families in the order Lamiales of flowering plant, consisting of 147 genera and about 3,200 species of mostly tropical and subtropical herbaceous or slightly woody plants. Many are of economic importance as horticultural ornamentals. Among these are the African violets and gloxinias.

Lamiales
Plant families
A novella is a book shorter than a novel, but longer than a short story. Sometimes it is also called a novellette.

Examples
Flatland by Edwin A. Abbot (1884)
Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck (1937)
Bignoniaceae or the Trumpet creeper or catalpa family of the mint order of flowering plants. It contains about 112 genera and more than 725 species of trees, shrubs, and, most commonly, vines, chiefly of tropical America, tropical Africa, and the Indo-Malayan region. They form an important part of the tropical forest vegetation because of the numerous climbing vines. A few are found in temperate regions, notably the catalpa tree (Catalpa), the trumpet creeper (Campsis), and the cross vine (Bignonia).
Super Aguri F1 was a Formula One racing team that competed from  to . The team was founded by former F1 driver Aguri Suzuki. They were based in Tokyo, Japan. They operated from the former Arrows factory in Leafield, UK. The cars were called Super Aguri-Honda because they used Honda engines. The team was, to some degree, an unofficial Honda second-team. In Japan, public pressure convinced Honda to help its former driver Takuma Sato to continue in Formula One. This lead to the start of Super Aguri F1, and the engine supply from Honda. The team competed two full years, and part of the third year. After four races in the  season, the team withdrew due to financial problems.
Team creation 
The team started in September 2005. on 1 November 2005, the team told the FIA its wanted to enter the  Formula One World Championship. The FIA did not approved Super Aguri's entry. It was reported that the team failed to give the required $48 million entry bond on time. Super Aguri applied for entry again in 2006. Because they missed the initial registration, the team needed the existing ten teams to agree to its entry. The other teams gave the required unanimous agreement. Super Aguri was confirmed by the FIA on 26 January 2006.

Racing History 

In 2006, the chassis, Super Aguri SA05, was based on the 2002 Arrows A23. The Arrows chassis was bought from ex-Minardi principal Paul Stoddart.Stoddart had bought them when the Arrows team went bankrupt. Super Aguri updated their old chassis to become the Super Aguri SA06. They were used from the German Grand Prix to the end of the year.
Takuma Sato and Yuji Ide were the initial race drivers for the team in the 2006 season. Franck Montagny as the third driver. On 4 May, after four races, the team announced that Montagny would be replacing Ide as race driver. Ide's Super Licence had been revoked after a clash with Christijan Albers.

For , Super Aguri announced Takuma Sato and Anthony Davidson would be driving for the team.

When the new SA07 car was first tested by the FIA, it failed the crash test. It was less than 48 hours before the first practice session for the Australian Grand Prix that the SA07 chassis was ready. At the Spanish Grand Prix the team scored its first point. Takuma Sato finished in 8th place. At the Canadian Grand Prix, the team scored its highest finish.  Sato finishing in sixth place and earned three points.
For , Super Aguri kept their drivers Takuma Sato and Anthony Davidson following the acquisition of an unspecified portion of the team by the Magma Group became a part owner of the team. The team did not attend the final pre-season tests. Not all the parts had arrived. Magma canceled their proposed purchase, leaving Super Aguri's future in doubt. Super Aguri's equipment was denied entry to Istanbul Park for the Turkish Grand Prix. Honda Racing's CEO Nick Fry reportedly told the race organizers that Super Aguri would not be taking part. On 6 May 2008, team founder and principal Aguri Suzuki announced that they were withdrawing from the 2008 World Championship due to financial problems. He said the breach of contract by SS United Group Oil & Gas Company resulting in the loss of financial backing. The team was in financial difficulties.
A team of corporate recovery partners were appointed to seek a buyer for Super Aguri. The team's assets were bought by a German businessman named Franz Hilmer. Hilmer unsuccessfully to enter the  season under the Brabham name.

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

 Team withdrew from championship after race 4. They did not field any drivers or cars in any further races that season.

References

Other websites 

Official site on 2 May, 2008 from Internet Archive
Magma Group 

Formula One constructors
Polite society, often shortened to society, is a euphemism for the upper class.

It can also refer to:

Polite society, the etiquette of the upper class
Polite society, the manners of the upper class
Polite Society, a 1995 novel by Melanie Sumner, winner of that year's Whiting Writers' Award
The Polite Society, an American organization that holds shooting events
To compromise is to make a deal where one person gives up part of his or her demand. In arguments, compromise is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms, while often involving variations from an original goal or desire. 
Extremism is often considered as antonym to compromise, which, depending on context, may be associated with concepts of balance or tolerance. In the negative connotation, compromise may be referred to as capitulation, referring to a "surrender" of objectives, principles, or material, in the process of negotiating an agreement. In human relationships, "compromise" is frequently said to be an agreement that no party is happy with, this is because the parties involved often feel that they either gave away too much or that they received too little.
Studies in compromise 
Defining and finding the best possible compromise is an important problem in fields like game theory and the voting system.

Research has indicated that less-than-optimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party, and hence, they settle for suboptimal agreements. Mutually-better outcomes can often be found by careful study of both parties' interests, especially if done early in negotiations.

Related pages
 Three-Fifths Compromise (USA)
 Missouri Compromise (USA)
 Compromise of 1850 (USA)
 Compromise of 1867 (Austria-Hungary)
 Constitution

References

Human communication
Defined broadly, a visionary, is one who can envision the future.  For some groups, this can involve the supernatural or use of mind-altering drugs.

A visionary state can be achieved via meditation, drugs, lucid dreams, daydreams, or art. One example is Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th century artist/visionary and Catholic saint. Other visionaries in religion are Mohammed (who had a vision of and communed with the Angel Gabriel), St. Bernadette (who had a vision of contact with the Blessed Virgin), and Joseph Smith (who had a vision of contact with the Angel Moroni).

Extended meanings 

A vision can be political, religious, environmental, social, or technological in nature. By extension, a visionary can also be a person with a clear, distinctive and specific (in some details) vision of the future, usually connected with advances in technology or social/political arrangements. For example, Ted Nelson or U.S. Vice President Al Gore is referred to as a visionary in connection with the Internet.
Other visionaries simply imagine what does not yet exist but might some day, as some forms of visioning (or gazing) can provide a glimpse into the possible future. Therefore, visioning can mean seeing in a utopian way what does not yet exist on earth, but might exist in another realm, such as the ideal or perfect realm as imagined or thought. Examples are Buckminster Fuller in architecture and design, and some of the pioneers of personal computing such as Steve Wozniak. Some people use mathematics to make visionary discoveries in the nature of the universe. In that sense, a visionary may also function as a secular prophet. Some visionaries emphasize communication, and some assume a figurehead role in organizing a social group.
In art 
Artists may produce work loosely categorized as visionary art for its luminous content and/or for its use of artistic techniques that call for the use of extended powers of perception in the viewer: (e.g. Gustave Moreau, Samuel Palmer, Jean Delville, Ernst Fuchs, the French Symbolist Odilon Redon, Brion Gysin, Max Ernst, Stanley Spencer, Edward Burne Jones, Adolf Wolfli, Fred Sandback, William Blake, Hieronymus Bosch, and Henry Darger).

Visionary art can be incorrectly defined as a category of primitive art (art of those not formally trained) rather than describing people who have used their visions (or dreams) to create their paintings. Salvador Dali is one artist who would exemplify visionary art that is neither religious nor primitive.

Notes

References