Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
New laws have stricter punishment for domestic abuse and driving under the influence. Thousands of human trafficking and slavery cases are reported each year. These are usually connected to sugarcane plantations or, in the cities, illegal immigrants from Asia and the surrounding continent Crime rates change greatly across the country, with a higher amount in metropolitan suburbs and in border zones.

The crime of money laundering was introduced in 1998. The Internet is home to many Brazilian hackers. Online hate speech, heavily punished by Brazilian law, is difficult for officers to catch. Land crimes are a problem.

A continuing problem is the human rights violations during capture and custody of suspects. On the other hand, criminal charges have been described as very easy, allowing violent criminals an early return to society. The justice system is slow. This is largely because of loopholes that allow for numerous appeals. According to the U.S. Department of State, a majority of crimes are not solved.
Express kidnappings, where individuals are taken and forced to withdraw money from automated teller machines, are common in major cities including Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasília, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Salvador and Recife. Petty crimes such as pickpocketing and bag snatching are common. Thieves work in outdoor markets, in hotels and on public transport.

Organized crime is a serious problem in Brazil. It is well established in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Organizations include: Comando Vermelho, Amigos dos Amigos, Terceiro Comando Puro, and Primeiro Comando da Capital. There are groups of punks and skinheads in São Paulo and Curitiba. The illegal drug trade is large. In 2021, at least 25 people were killed in a shootout between police and a gang of drug dealers.

Police brutality and corruption are widespread.
Militias
In some areas, current and former members of the police have formed vigilante gangs. These gangs say they are protecting people but are widely thought to be dangerous criminal gangs. They chase out or kill local drug dealers. They then use protection rackets and tax local businesses of all kinds. Rio de Janeiro "militias" have been responsible for murders of journalists and a judge. Areas under "militia" control tend to see a drop in murder rates but a rise in other forms of violent crime.

Efforts to combat crime

The National Security Force
The National Public Security Force (NPSF) was started in June 2004 by the Ministry of Justice. They are to act in emergency situations. It brings together the best police states and the Federal Police.
BOPE
BOPE (Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais, or Special Police Operations Battalion), is the elite group of the Military Police. Their missions are: Break barricades made by drug traffickers; get out police officers or civilians injured in fighting; serve high-risk arrest warrants; hostage rescues; stop prison rebellions; and conduct special missions in rough terrain such as swamps or mountainous areas.. They chase out or kill local drug dealers

References

Brazil
Brazil
Crime in Bulgaria has been frequent. 

In 2006 the European Commission made goals for Bulgaria to improve its fight against corruption and organised crime.  In 2011 Bulgaria ranked 86th out of 182 countries on how corrupt they are thought to be. They scored a 3.3 with 10 the highest possible.

Human trafficking 
Bulgaria is a source for women and children who are trafficked for prostitution.  Men, women, and children are also used for forced labor.

Crime in Varna
Varna is known to be the main place for Bulgarian organized crime. Some parts of the economy, including gambling, corporate security, tourism, real estate, and professional sports, are believed to be controlled by these groups.

References

Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
The Surgeon General of the United States is in charge of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC). They are the main spokesperson about things dealing with public health in the federal government. The Surgeon General's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General (OSG).

Selection and current office-holder 
The Surgeon General is chosen by the U.S. President and confirmed by the Senate. The Surgeon General serves for a four-year period of time. The Surgeon General is either the highest ranking or second highest ranking uniformed officer of the PHSCC. This depends on if the current Assistant Secretary for Health is a PHSCC commissioned officer or not. The position has the grade of a three-star vice admiral .

Surgeons General of the United States

References
Crocus (plural: crocuses, croci) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family comprising about 80 species of perennials growing from corms. Many are cultivated for their flowers appearing in autumn, winter, or spring. Crocuses are native to woodland, scrub and meadows from sea level to alpine tundra in central and southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, on the islands of the Aegean, and across Central Asia to western China.

Iridaceae
Flowers
A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test. People use it when they want to compare a mean (average) of a measurement from one group A to some theoretical, expected value. People also use it when they want to compare the mean (average) of a measurement of two groups A and B. They want to decide if the mean in group A is different to the theoretical value or to the mean in group B.

Example
For example, pretend there are two groups of people. One group exercises a lot and the other doesn't. Do the people who exercise tend to live longer than those who don't? Then the property of interest is the average life time. Is the average life time of people who exercise different to the average life time of people who don't? A t-test can help answer this question.
When this is used
The t-test is used when the property's variance in the groups is unknown. When people want to do the t-test they have to calculate the variance from the sample (the collection of data). This calculated variance is almost always different to the true variance in the group. The t-test was created to care about this difference.

Statistical tests
Tests
Pakpattan (also called Pākpattan Sharīf) is a city in Punjab (Pakistan).  It is the capital city of Pakpattan District.

References 

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Pakpattan District
The United States Census of 1790 was the first United States Census.  It recorded the population of the United States as of August 2, 1790. In the First Census, the population of the United States was 3,929,214.

Data was collected from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and districts and territories that would become Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Maine.

Reaction
Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington didn't fully believe in the results. They believed that there were more people in the United States than what the census said. A reason why there may be more people would be because of the people living farther apart, bad roads that would go to where people may live, limited technology, and people simply not giving any information.
Loss of information
The records for many states were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830. Almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since the original census.  These include some 1790 data from: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont. The data can still be proven in many secondary sources about the first census.
Data
Census data included the name of the head of the family. They put people into these categories: free white males at least 16 years old (to figure out the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years old, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves. The Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told marshals to get data from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from the Southwest Territory.

17.8% of the people were slaves. This is the highest percentage of slaves in any American census.

City rankings

References

United States Census
1790
1790s in the United States
The United States Census of 1800 was the second Census in the United States. It was done on August 4, 1800.

It showed that 5,308,483 people were living in the United States. 893,602 were slaves. The 1800 Census included the new District of Columbia. The census for the following states were lost: Georgia, Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia.

1800
1800s in the United States
United States Census
The United States Census of 1810 was the third Census in the United States. It was done on August 6, 1810. It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States. 1,191,362 of the total were slaves.

The 1810 Census included one new state: Louisiana. The original census returns for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, Ohio, and Tennessee were lost or destroyed over the years.

References

1810
1810s in the United States
United States Census
The United States Census of 1820 was the fourth census in the United States. It was completed on August 7, 1820. The total population was found to be 9,638,453. 1,538,022 of the total were slaves.

Further reading
Historic US Census data

1820 in the United States
United States Census
The Maken are a caste, or clan of Jat origin   and are claimed to ancest from Jats. They are mostly settled in the Sargodha District of the Punjab (Pakistan).
most of them are  farmers and they are very hard worker. The actively take part in the local sports and are found to be very passionate reagrding Nezabazi and Falconry. Sardar Fateh Khan Maken has been a prominent player in Nezabazi for winning the Asian Championship. Numerous Makens have been a part of provincial politics alongside tribal politics, for example, Punjab. Sardar Asim Sher Maken has been serving as the district council chairman of Sargodha, who was previously the chairman of Kot Pehlwan union council. Sardar Muhammad Yousuf Maken from Wegowal always play a vital role in general elections. Chaudhary Salehon Maken Subedar has been chairman from Mandi Bahaudin multiple times. Sardar Sikandar Hayat Maken and Sardar Fateh Khan Maken have contested and won different elections for a provincial assembly seat. Chaudry Ghulam Mubashir Maken is serving SSP (DPO) D G Khan. Sardar Aamir Habib Ullah Maken Air Vice Marshal (General) in Pakistan Air Force
. Sardar Mujahid Zafar Maken is serving Assistant commissioner Multan. A well known name in electrical distribution systems designing Engineer Hafiz Ghulam Muhammad (Designer of different sectors of  DHA Multan, DHA Peshawar and DHA Quetta) also belongs to Maken family. Hammad Hassan Maken is a serving commander in Pakistan Navy. He was awarded Sitara-e-Basalat for successfully eliminating the terrorists from Pearl Continental Gawadar in a 25 hours operation.[2]
Languages

References 

Punjabi people
Sargodha District
Pakistani tribes
The United States Census  of 1830 was the fifth Census in the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1830. It found the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020. 2,009,043 of the total were slaves. 

The center of population was about 170 miles (274 km) west of Washington, D.C. in Grant County, Virginia.

Further reading
Historic US Census data

1830 in the United States
United States Census
The United States Census of 1840 was the sixth census of the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1840. It found the population of the United States to be 17,069,453. This was an increase of 32.7 percent from the 1830 Census. The total population included 2,487,355 slaves. In 1840, the center of population was about 260 miles (418 km) west of Washington, D.C., near Weston, West Virginia.

1840
1840s in the United States
United States Census
The United States Census of 1850 was the seventh census of the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1850.  It found the population of the United States to be 23,191,876. This was an increase of 35.9 percent from the 1840 Census. The total population included 3,204,313 slaves.

This was the first census where there was an attempt to collect information about every member of every household, including women, children, and slaves. It was also the first census to ask about place of birth.

Hinton Rowan Helper made use of the 1850 census results in his politically notorious book The Impending Crisis of the South.

1850
1850s in the United States
United States Census
The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census in the United States. It was completed after November 1, 1860. It found the population to be 31,443,321. This was an increase of 35.4 percent from the 1850 Census. The total population included 3,953,761 slaves.

1860 in the United States
United States Census
Talokar is the name of a village in the Haripur District of Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province) in Pakistan. It is situated at Latitude 33.9852778 degrees; and Longitude 72.9419444 degrees. It is quite closely situated to Haripur town (approx 2 km) the local area headquarters.

History
It was originally founded during the 12th or 13th century AD by the Talokar khoker Awan tribe. Since then, it has remained the principal seat of a Jagir estate during the British Raj, of a famous aristocratic family which also produced Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, Jemadar Abdul Latif Khan Tarin IDSM, and others.
Population and economy
The approximate population of the main Talokar village at the  time of the last major national census  was about 4800-5000.  and it is primarily an agrarian area. It is well known for its fine vegetables, wheat and maize crops and orchards of loquats, oranges and other fruits. Although the majority of the residents are engaged in farming activities, a fairly large number are also in government and military service and some few working in local industries or working abroad as immigrant labour.

Ethnic groups
The main tribes and ethnic groups include Gurjars, Maliars, Pathans, Syeds, Awans and some others. The principal families and landowners are still mostly Tarin/Tareen Pathans (Pashtuns). In terms of religious practices, the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, mostly of the Sunni Islamic persuasion. The main language spoken here are Hindko, Northern Punjabi language (Chhachi dialect) and some Pashto.
Education
The general level of literacy/education is quite high by Pakistani standards, with schooling for both boys and girls available until high school level and an average literacy rate of 74%. For further education, most students go to colleges in Haripur town or nearby Abbottabad and some even as far as  Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi.

Popular pastimes
Among popular pastimes here are sports such as Cricket, Football (soccer), Field hockey and Volleyball. Many people also engage in hunting, horse riding and the traditional martial art of Gatka.

References

Villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Haripur District
Awan  was the second daughter of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions. Awan was also the sister-wife of Cain. Although Awan was first paired in a sibcestual pairing with Abel, after Abel was killed by her twin Cain, her marriage to him became a twincestual marriage.

References

Abrahamic religions
Dervish, Darvesh, or Darwīsh (from , Darvīsh) in Islam is a type of Sufi. 

It is someone living a Sufi Muslim ascetic way or "Tariqah". They are poor, and live simply. In this respect, dervishes are most similar to mendicant friars in Christianity, or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.

Whirling dervishes 

The whirling dance that is associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the performances of the Mevlevi order in Turkey. It is part of a ceremony known as the Sema. It is also done by other orders. The Sema is only one of many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reach religious ecstasy (majdhb, fana). 

The name Mevlevi comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey.

References 

Sufism
Ritual dances
Simple living
Donald Allan "Don" Dunstan AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999) was a South Australian politician. He was the leader of the state's Labor Party from 1967, and was Premier of South Australia between June 1967 and April 1968, and again between June 1970 and February 1979.

Early life
Dunstan was born in Fiji to a rich Australian couple. He moved to Adelaide when he was a teenager. He moved to go to school on a scholarship. He later studied law and arts at the University of Adelaide.

Career
He entered politics in 1953. He got a seat in the South Australian parliament at the age of 26. He became well known for his campaign against the death penalty during the 1950s, and his status in the Labor Party rose quickly. As a member of the opposition, he was able to get the parliament to pass changes to Aboriginal civil rights. He was also an important figure in his party's abandoning the White Australia Policy.
Dunstan was a socially progressive premier. His government recognised native title over Aboriginal lands, decriminalised (made legal) homosexuality, and abolished the death penalty. Appointed during his term were the first female judge, the first non-British governor, and later, the first indigenous governor. Dunstan also relaxed censorship and drinking laws in the state, created a ministry for the environment, and made laws against discrimination. His nine years in office during the 1970s are remembered as the Dunstan Decade. However, there were also problems: the state's economic growth began to slow down, and led to major infrastructure plans being abandoned. Unemployment in South Australia began to rise, as well as rumours of corruption. Dunstan became strained after the death of his wife, and he suddenly resigned from the premiership in 1979 after collapsing from illness. He lived for another two decades, and remained very outspoken in public about social policies.

References
References

Other websites 
Past Premier profile: SA Parliament 
Don Dunstan Foundation

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1926 births
1999 deaths
Premiers of South Australia
Fijian people
Politicians from Adelaide
Cancer deaths in Australia
Australian Labor Party politicians
University of Adelaide alumni
Dr David Oliver Tonkin AO (20 July 1929 – 2 October 2000) was the 38th Premier of South Australia, from 18 September 1979 to 10 November 1982. He was elected to the South Australian parliament in the 1970 election. He became the state's leader of the Liberal Party in 1975. His party won the state elections in 1979, after Don Dunstan of the Labor Party had resigned as premier.

Tonkin's government focused on the economy while also continuing the socially progressive ideas of the previous government. He developed copper and uranium mining in the state, and made laws against discrimination. He also passed a land rights act through parliament that gave the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people ownership over most of their homeland in South Australia.

Tonkin's party ran for a second term in 1982, but was defeated by the Labor Party, which was led by John Bannon.

References

1929 births
2000 deaths
Premiers of South Australia
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
People from Adelaide
TB may mean:

Tuberculosis
Terabyte
Taco Bell
Kashan is a city in Iran. It is near Isfahan, about  from Tehran. The city is known for its textiles. In the Middle Ages, it was also known for ceramics. As of 2012, about 275,000 people live in the city, about 317,000 in its metropolitan area. The city is along the road from Qom to Kerman. Kashan is located at the edge of a desert, along the first oasis. The city has a desert climate, with hot summers, and cold winters.

Education
There is a university in the city, which offers higher education in medicine.

Industry
Rose water is produced in the city.

In Natanz, about  south of Kashan, there is an uranium enrichment plant. This plant uses gas centrifuges. It is part of the Iranian nuclear program.

Cities in Isfahan Province
The Great Victoria Desert is the largest desert in Australia. It consists of sand dunes, small sandhills, grassland plains, areas with closely packed  pebbles (called desert pavement or gibber plains) and salt lakes. The desert is an Australian IBRA.

The desert covers a large area, about  in the states of Western Australia and South Australia. The distance from east to west is about . It is very dry, getting only between  and  of rain each year. It is surrounded by other very dry areas including the Nullabor Plain to the south, the Gibson Desert to the north, Sturt's Stony Desert to the east. It was named by the explorer Ernest Giles in 1875, after Queen Victoria. Aboriginal people have lived in the desert for more than 24,000 years.

Between 1953 and 1957, the British government exploded nine atomic bombs in the Great Victoria Desert at Maralinga and Emu.
Geography
The area of the Great Victoria Desert is shared roughly equally by the states of South and Western Australia. It is north of the Nullarbor Plain and south of the Musgrave Ranges. The desert is bounded on the west by Laverton and the goldfields and to the east by Coober Pedy and the Stuart Highway.

Environment
The Great Victoria Desert can be very dry and sandy. However, plants and animals still live there. The plants are adapted to the dry, arid climate, otherwise they would not be able to survive. Wallabies, bandy  snakes, lizards, kangaroos and many birds live in the Great Victoria Desert. These animals have also adapted to survive in extreme heat and extreme cold.

References

Deserts of Australia
Ecoregions
Natanz is a city in the arid center of Iran. The city lies in an oasis in the desert. The city is located about  southeast of Kashan. About 12,000 people live in the city. The city is well known for the pears grown there. There are shrines in the area, for example that of Abdas-Samad Esfahani. He was a Sufi who died in Natanz in 1299 CE. King Darius III was killed in the mountains near the city, about 330 BC. The village Abyaneh, near Natanz is a well-known holiday resort today. Before Ismail I made Twelver Islam the state religion, it was a center of Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism originated in Iran, around 1000 BC. 

Around  east of Natanz, there is a mine for Fluorite and Baryte. Southeast of the city, there is an uranium enrichment plant which is part of Iran's nuclear programme.

Cities in Isfahan Province
Kings Canyon is a canyon in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is part of Watarrka National Park, about  southwest of Alice Springs. The walls of Kings Canyon are over 100 metres high, with Kings Creek at the bottom. The rock is sandstone. At the top of the gorge is a maze of weathered rock domes, a lot like those found in Purnululu.

Kings Canyon and the area around it is Aboriginal land. It is part of the Luritja people's traditional country, and title over the land was granted to them in July 2012. Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the damp climate at the bottom of the gorge was an important refuge during droughts. Rock engravings at the base of the canyon date are many hundreds of years old. Many of them are sacred sites for Luritja and are closed to visitors. The name Waṯarrka refers to the area around the sacred Dreaming path that runs through the park; it comes from the Luritja name for the Acacia ligulata tree.

References

Other websites
 General information
Protected areas of the Northern Territory
National parks in Australia
Canyons
Kings Canyon may refer to:
Kings Canyon National Park, in California, United States
Kings Canyon (Australia), in the Northern Territory
Kings Canyon (Utah), in Utah, United States
An Ollie is a basic skateboarding trick. It is when the person riding the board leaps into the air with the board still attached to their feet. No hands are used; the board is moved into the air by kicking the back of the board down so the front is raised. From there it uses a combination of grip and momentum to keep the board with the rider.

Skateboarding
Madagascar is a 2005 computer-animated movie made by Dreamworks. The story is about a group of animals from the zoo in Central Park, New York City. The main characters are Alex the Lion (Ben Stiller), Marty the Zebra (Chris Rock), Melman the Giraffe (David Schwimmer) and Gloria the Hippotamus (Jada Pinkett Smith). With the penguins Skipper (Thomas "Tom" McGrath), Private (Christopher Knights), Kowalski (Chris Miller) and Rico (John DiMaggio) also living in the zoo, they end up in Madagascar with King Julien (Sacha Baron Cohen), Maurice (Cedric the Entertainer) and Mort (Andy Richter). The movie has two sequels: Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, as well as a Christmas special, a spinoff series, and the movie of the same name.

Plot
Alex the lion, Marty the zebra, Skipper the Adelie penguin, Private the Chinstrap penguin, Kowalski the Emperor penguin, Melman the giraffe and Gloria the hippopotamus become best friends and the Dino-Bull-like Monster scare Fossas in the movie.
Video games
A video game titled Madagascar, is an adaptation on the same name of the movie. Release in 2005 for
PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo DS, GameCube, Game Boy Advance and Microsoft Windows.

2005 animated movies
2005 computer-animated movies
American animated movies
2000s family movies
DreamWorks Animation movies
DreamWorks Pictures movies
Movies directed by Eric Darnell
Movies directed by Tom McGrath
Madagascar (franchise)
Movies about animals
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in New York City
2000s English-language movies
Peter Griffin is an animated character in the television comedy Family Guy.

Information 
He is the husband of Lois Griffin. He has three children, Meg, Chris, and Stewie. His main friends are Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson. He is voiced by the shows creator, Seth MacFarlane, who also voices Stewie Griffin and the family's pet dog Brian. 

He was a redesign of the protagonist, Larry, from Seth MacFarlane's animated short films he made a few years before Family Guy.

Peter used to work in a Toy factory, before it was shut down when the manager of the factory died. He then worked on a boat before he started working at "Pawtucket Patriot Brewery".
Peter always believed his full name was Peter Löwenbräu Griffin, however, later in the show, he finds out his actual full name is Justin Peter Griffin, and that he was born in Mexico. He also used to believe that Francis Griffin was his father, however, when Peter visited his father on his deathbed, he and his mother would reveal that his real father is an Irishman called Mickey McFinnigan, whom his mother met while she was in Ireland.

A long-running joke in the show is his relationship with Ernie the Giant Chicken. When Ernie appeared, it was result in a long fight between the two, often taken up to five minutes and randomly happening in an episode.

Peter and Brian Griffin could be said to have originated as Larry and Steve respectively, with the two being introduced in the 1995 short film The Life of Larry, and elaborated and refined upon in Larry & Steve.

References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Family Guy characters
Animated human characters
Herbert Paul Varley (February 8, 1931 – December 15, 2015) is an American academic, historian, author, and Japanologist.  He is a former professor at Columbia University and Sen Sōshitsu XV Professor of Japanese Cultural History at the University of Hawaii.

Career
Varley's early work was influenced by Kan'ichi Asakawa at Yale University.

Among other interests, his research focused on the Kamakura period and Muromachi period in the history of Japan.
Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Varley, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 120+ publications in 6 languages and 8,200+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 The Onin War; history of its origins and background with a selective translation of the Chronicle of Onin, 1967
 A Syllabus of Japanese Civilization, 1968
 Imperial Restoration in Medieval Japan, 1971
 Japanese Culture: a Short History, 1973
 A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1980
 Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales, 1994

Honors
 Order of the Rising Sun, 1969.

Notes

Other websites
  Varley, H. Paul at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

1931 births
2015 deaths
American Japanologists
American historians
Columbia University faculty
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
, also known as , is the 15th in a series of Japanese tea masters of the Urasenke family.

Lineage
Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (iemoto) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.

The first person in this line of the Sen family to use the name Sōshitsu was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan. He was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.

References

Other websites
  Urasenke official home page

1923 births
Living people
Japanese writers
Japanese centenarians
is a traditional name taken on by a series of tea masters of the Uranseke family.

Lineage
Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (iemoto) of one of the three schools of the Japanese tea ceremony

List of Urasenke tea masters 
 Sen Rikyū (1522-1591)
 Shōan Sōjun (1546-1614)
 Genpaku Sōtan (1578-1658)

References

Other websites
 Urasenke official home page

Japanese tea ceremony
Brassica rapa L. (syn. Brassica campestris L.), commonly known as turnip, turnip rape, fast plants, field mustard, or turnip mustard, is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable (see mizuna and napa cabbage), a root vegetable (see turnip), and an oilseed (but not normally rapeseed oil, from a different Brassica species).

The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of Brassica rapa (termed Polish Canola) but mostly the related species Brassica napus and Brassica juncea.

Brassicaceae
Energy transition () is the transition of Germany and several other countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. The final goal is the abolishment of nuclear, coal, and other non-renewable energy sources.

Germany 

The key policy document outlining the Energiewende was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the Fukushima nuclear accident.  Legislative support was passed in 2011.  Important aspects include:

 greenhouse gas reductions : 80–95% reduction by 2050
 renewable energy targets : 60% share by 2050
 energy efficiency : electricity efficiency up by 50% by 2050
 an associated research and development drive

References 
	

Energy
, also known as , is the 4th in a series of Japanese tea masters of the Urasenke family.

Lineage
Senso Sōshitsu was first person in the Sen family to use the name "Sōshitsu". He was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan; and he was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.

Today, Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (iemoto) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.

References

Other websites
 Urasenke official home page

1622 births
1697 deaths
People from Kyoto Prefecture
Metabolic rate is the rate of metabolism, the amount of energy used by an animal per unit of time. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy used daily by animals at rest.

About 70% of a human's total energy use is due to the basal life processes within the organs of the body (see table). About 20% of one's energy use comes from physical activity and another 10% from the digestion of food after eating.

All of these processes require an intake of oxygen to provide energy for survival, usually from macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle produces energy-rich ATP molecules, and gives off carbon dioxide.

Basal metabolism 
Basal metabolism is usually by far the largest component of total energy used.  The release, and using, of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, the heart, lungs, nervous system, kidneys, liver, intestine, sex organs, muscles, and skin.
Biochemistry 
For the BMR, most of the energy is taken in keeping fluid levels up in tissues by osmosis, and only about one-tenth is used for mechanical work, such as digestion, heartbeat, and breathing.

What enables the Krebs cycle to perform metabolic changes to fats, carbohydrates, and proteins is energy, which can be defined as the ability or capacity to do work.

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules – with release of energy – is catabolism. The breakdown of proteins into amino acids is an example of catabolism. Body heat in warm-blooded animals is produced by chemical reactions of the catabolic type.

The building up process is termed anabolism. The formation of proteins from amino acids is an anabolic process.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the intermediate molecule that drives the transfer of energy used in muscle contraction. ATP is a high energy molecule because it stores large amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of the two terminal phosphate groups. The breaking of these chemical bonds in the Krebs cycle provides the energy needed for muscular contraction.

Individual differences 
The metabolic rate varies between individuals. One study of 150 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as 1027 kcal per day (4301 kJ) to as high as 2499 kcal (10455 kJ). The average was 1500 kcal (6279 kJ) per day.

The researchers calculated that 62.3% of this variation was explained by differences in the mass (weight) minus the fat reserves. Other factors were the amount of fat (6.7%), age (1.7%), and experimental error including within-subject difference (2%). The rest of the variation (26.7%) was unexplained.
So there are differences in BMR even when comparing two subjects with the same lean body mass. The top 5% of people are metabolizing energy 28-32% faster than individuals with the lowest 5% BMR. For instance, one study reported an extreme case where two individuals with the same lean body mass of 43 kg had BMRs of 1075 kcal/day (4.5 MJ) and 1790 kcal/day (7.5 MJ). This difference of 715 kcal (67%) is equivalent to one of the individuals completing a 10 kilometer run every day.

Scaling effects 
Metabolic rates vary according to animal size, and this has been discussed for over a century.

The graphs show that :
The metabolic rate of mammals is a regular function of their body size, and
The function is significantly different from a direct function of their body surfaces.
On a log-log scale, the metabolism of mammals as related to their body size forms a straight line with a slope of about 0.75.
Later research showed that similar relationships hold for 'cold-blooded' animals and protists.

References
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis county-level city with about 350,000 residents in the province of Xinjiang in the the far west of China, near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has a population of approximately 4 million. The city's urban area covers , though its administrative area extends for .

Kashgar was the meeting point for the southern and northern ancient Silk Routes for 2000 years because of its situation. The Taklamakan Desert is to the east of the city while westwards are the high mountains of Pamir so camels must be exchanged for yaks (or vice versa). Kashgar remains very much a predominantly Uighur city; its market called Sunday Bazaar  is resorted to by merchants from nearby countries such as Kazakhstan, Tadjikistan, and Kirghizistan and is reputed the largest in Central Asia.

References

Other websites

Official website 
Kashgar Photos

Cities in China
Geography of Xinjiang
Conrad Vernon (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in DreamWorks and Blue Sky Animation animated movies. These include Shrek 2, Monsters vs. Aliens and especially Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.
Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at CalArts. Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's  Cool World, 2 Stupid Dogs, Rocko's Modern Life, Nightmare Ted and Morto the Magician. Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in Antz. After the success of Antz, he became one of the writers for Shrek, where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man. He also appeared in Shrek 4-D and Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas. Conrad also worked in Shrek 2, which was his first work as a director. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award. Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and the The Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Movie. He also co-directed the third Madagascar movie. Vernon also wrote the original story and directed Monsters vs. Aliens, where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus
. He also produced The Annoying Orange and Gumball TV series.
Other websites

1968 births
Living people
People from Lubbock, Texas
American movie directors
American voice actors
Comedians from Texas
Movie producers from Texas
Programming paradigms are a way of grouping programming languages by what they do. Languages can be in more than one paradigm.

Some paradigms look at the way the code is run, such as allowing side effects, or having to do things in a certain order. Other paradigms look at the way that code is grouped, such as putting code into one or two pieces (or instead, many small pieces).  Some other paradigms look at the order and pieces that make the program the way it is.

There are two main groups of paradigms, imperative and declarative. A language can be both at the same time.

Imperative programming 
In imperative programs, programmers give the computer a set of ordered steps that need to be done in order to do something. If someone wanted the computer to draw a cat face, they might give directions like "Draw a circle here, draw two smaller circles there, draw two triangles on top" and so on. Imperative programs sometimes have a lot of side effects.
There are two major imperative paradigms, and a lot of the time a language will have both:

StructuredThe computer is given directions that are always in a certain order. Steps like "go back to step 3" (known as goto statements) are not allowed.
ProceduralThe program lets the programmer give a name to a list of orders, which turns those orders into a "procedure" they can use later. Most structured languages are also procedural.
 Object-OrientedIdeas are explained to the computer using objects, pieces of code that have a set of orders they can be given and some information about them.

Declarative programming 
In declarative paradigms, the programmer tells the computer what to do instead of how to do it. If they wanted the computer to draw a cat face, they might give directions like "Draw a face, draw two eyes, two ears, and a mouth".

The most well-known declarative paradigms are:
FunctionalMost of the work is done by functions with no side effects.
LogicA set of facts are stated, and then one or more "questions" are asked.
Event-drivenPieces of code are set to run when certain things happen (like the computer being turned on).

Other paradigms 
Some paradigms can be found in both imperative and declarative languages. These paradigms are usually found with one of the above paradigms instead of going on their own.

 Parallel: More than one piece of code is run at the same time.
 Meta: Special things in the language let the programmer change the way the language itself acts.

Overview 

Programming languages are grouped by paradigms in the same way that machines might be grouped by what they're used for.

A few languages fit in just one main paradigm, such as:

 Smalltalk (object-oriented)
 Assembly (imperative, but not structured or object-oriented)
 Haskell (functional)
 Prolog (logic)
Most languages, though, are in more than one paradigm. Some of the ones that stand out for having more than just one are:

 Scala (object-oriented, functional, parallel)
 Visual Basic (event-driven, object-oriented)
 Common Lisp (procedural, functional, object oriented, meta)
 Scheme (functional, procedural, meta)
 Perl (functional, procedural, meta, object-oriented, event-driven)
 Python (functional, object-oriented, procedural)
 Ruby (functional, object-oriented, procedural)
 Wolfram Language (functional, procedural, generally declarative)
 Oz (logic, functional, imperative, object-oriented)
 F# (functional, imperative, object-oriented, meta)

Having more paradigms is not always good. One time that having fewer paradigms can be a good thing is when there is a language that is only functional. A function in one of these languages sometimes does less work (like only going over the parts of a group of things it actually needs to) than it might have to if the language was also procedural.
Many programming paradigms are as well known for the things they do not let people do as for those they do let people do. One time where this is true is functional languages. When a functional language is only or mostly functional, it usually will not allow side-effects. Another time where this is true is structured programming: it is different from normal imperative languages because it does not let programmers use "goto statements" (statements telling the program to go to an earlier step). Because of this and other reasons, people sometimes think new paradigms do not allow enough things. It is sometimes okay for the computer to not let people do things, though: it can help people avoid problems with their code, and let the computer make guesses that so it can run code faster, or even check code for problems before the code runs!
Problems with paradigms 
Some people who study programming languages do not like that paradigms are used to group programming languages, such as Harper and Krishnamurthi.  Those people say that a lot of programming languages can't just be grouped into paradigms because languages borrow things and ideas from lots of paradigms.

History 
New paradigms have been created over time, and people either pointed them out at the time, or when looking back. One of the first paradigms that was recognized as a new way of programming was structured programming from the 1960s. The idea of a "programming paradigm" is from 1978 if not earlier, when Robert W. Floyd used it while teaching. The word "paradigm" in the way Robert meant it was first used by Thomas Kuhn in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
Machine code 
The lowest-level (closest to how the computer likes to understand things) and oldest programming paradigm is machine code, an imperative paradigm. The directions in machine code are just a set of numbers in a certain order. Assembly language is a little bit less low-level (and a little bit less old). In assembly language, the directions for the computer are given mnemonics (easier-to-remember names), and memory addresses (directions to find a piece of information in the computer) can be given names. These are sometimes called first- and second-generation languages.
In the 1960s, assembly languages were made better by adding new things like library COPY, macros (bits of "special" code that got transformed to normal code before the program started running), running procedures (sets of directions given a name and saved for later), and variables (items given names and saved for later) from outside the program. This let people use some code in more than one project, and not have to worry about with hardware-specific problems (problems that only happen one one kind of computer) thanks to commands (names for directions) like READ/WRITE/GET/PUT.

Assembly was, and sometimes still is, used in systems where it is important for the code to be fast, and it is also used a lot in embedded systems because lets the user have exact control of what the machine does.
Procedural languages 
In the very late 1960s, people started inventing procedural languages. These third-generation languages (the first few of what we now call high-level languages) had words related to what they were trying to solve. For example,
 COmmon Business Oriented Language (COBOL)uses words like file, move and copy.
 FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN)uses mathematical words and symbols ( shapes used in writing and typing). It was developed mostly for science and engineering.
 ALGOrithmic Language (ALGOL)made for writing algorithms (sets of steps telling the computer what to do). It uses mathematical words and symbols, just like FORTRAN.
 Programming Language One (PL/I)was supposed to be useful to everyone.
 Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)made to help beginners program.
 C a programming language meant to do many things. Dennis Ritchie worked on it from 1969 to 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs.

Object-oriented programming
After many people had started using procedural languages, they invented object-oriented programming languages. In these languages, data and its "methods" (ways of manipulating the data) are put in one "object".  Some programmers, such as Richard Stallman, do not agree that object-oriented languages are better for explaining ideas to a computer than procedural languages.

Because object-oriented programming is a paradigm, not a language, people have made object oriented assembly languages like HLA (High Level Assembly).

Declarative paradigms 
At the same time, some people were making declarative programming languages. A language that is well known for being declarative is SQL (a language for adding and removing things from tables).

Related pages

 Mindset
 Type system
 Turing completeness

References

Other websites

Classification of the principal programming paradigms
How programming paradigms evolve and get adopted?

Computer programming
The Qadiri  or Qadiriyya  tarika or tariqah (Way/Path) is one of the major Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Gillani a Sufi sage and holy man in Baghdad. 

 

Sufic orders
The Suhrawardi or Suhrawardiyya tarika (Way/Path) is one of the main Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by the Sufi sage Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi.

Sufic orders
The Naqshbandi or Naqshbandiyya  tarika (Way/Path/School) of Sufism is a mystic order founded by the Sufi sage, Baha-ud-din Naqshband.

Schools of Islamic law
Sufic orders
The Mevlevi or Mevleviyya order (whirling dervishes) is a  school (tarika) of Sufism was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Mevlana Jalal-ud-din Rumi. He was also sometimes known as Jalal-ud-din Balkhi as he came from Balkh, Afghanistan, and settled in Konya, (modern Turkey). This order is also called the 'Order of the Whirling Dervishes' because of the famous sema whirling/dancing ritual that they practice. 

Schools of Islamic law
Sufic orders
The United States Census of 1870 was the ninth United States Census. It was done by the Census Bureau in June 1870. The 1870 Census was the first census to give detailed information on the black population. The population was 38,555,983 individuals. This was a 22.62% increase since 1860.  

1870
1870s in the United States
United States Census
The United States Census of 1880 was the tenth United States Census.  It was done by the Census Bureau during June 1880. It was the first time that women were allowed to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker.

The 1880 census found the population of the United States to be 50,189,209. This was an increase of 30.2 percent from the 1870 Census.

References

1880
1880s in the United States
United States Census