Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Airbus A330 is a two engine, wide-body passenger airplane made by Airbus. It was designed at the same time as the Airbus A340, so it has the same body and wings.

It first flew in 1991 and the first one was delivered to Air Inter in 1994. It was a 300 series. Just after this, Airbus made the shorter 200 series. Airbus has made a freighter version, first made in 2001, and a tanker version, first made in 2007 (which carries additional fuel so it can give some to other planes).

There are also 394 A330s that need to be made and given to airlines. Most of these are the smaller 200 series version.

Design and building

Airlines wanted a new airplane to replace their McDonnell Douglas DC-10 airplanes which were getting old. So, Airbus started a new project in November 1987: the A330 and A340 programs. In the end, it was found that the A330 is almost 38% more fuel efficient than the DC-10.
Airbus designed the A330 to be in the market for ETOPS airplanes. This market already had planes like the Boeing 767. In November 2009, the A330 was the first airplane to get the ETOPS-240 approval, which means that the plane is allowed to fly up to 240 minutes away from any airport. This means it can fly over large oceans or places like the Antarctic where there are no airports nearby.

The A330's body and wings are nearly exactly the same as the smaller versions of the A340's wings and body, but they have different engines. The A330's body is also similar to the older Airbus A300, and the computers and systems (like the fly-by-wire system) are similar to the Airbus A320 family of airplanes. Also, both the A330 and A340 are built at the same place: Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in Toulouse in France.

The 1000th A330 was ordered at the 2008 Farnborough Air Show by Cathay Pacific.

Airbus thinks that it will keep building the A330 until at least 2015.
Types of A330
There are two main types of Airbus A330: the 200 series and the 300 series. There is also the freighter version, which carries cargo instead of people, and the tanker version which carries lots of fuel (usually to give to other planes).

A330-200

The A330-200 was made to compete with Boeing's 767-300ER. It is a shorter version of the A330-300 and is like the A340-200.

In the 1990s, Airbus was not selling very many A340-200s (only 28 were built). So, Airbus used the body of the A340-200 and took the wings and engines of the A330-300. This made the plane much more efficient and the A330-200 was much more popular than the A340-200.

The tail fin (called the rudder) of the A330-200 is a little bit taller than the 300 version to produce the same torque as the A330-300.

It has the same MTOW (Maximum Take-Off Weight) as the A330-300, so it can take more fuel than the A330-300. This means the A330-200 can fly further than the A330-300. It has a range of 12,500 km which is the same as 6,750 nmi.
The A330 has three engine choices for airlines to choose from: two General Electric CF6-80E engines, two Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines or two Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines.

A330-200HGW
In May 2009, Airbus said they have plans to make a version of the A330-200 that can take off with a higher weight. This is because they want to compete with Boeing and their 787-8 aircraft.

It will have a new MTOW of 238 tons and a new range of 13,300 km which is 7,200 nmi. Airbus thinks that the 787-8 will have a range of 6,720 nmi (12,450 km) which is about 1000 nmi (1,900 km) less than what Boeing said it would be.

Korean Air will be the first airline to have the A330-200HGW. It ordered the airplanes on 27 February 2009 and will get the first one in 2010.
A330-200F
Because the Airbus A300-600F and Airbus A310F were getting old and companies had stopped ordering them, Airbus decided to make a new freighter plane to replace them. It started offering the airplane around the years 2000–2001. The airplane was talked about again at the 2006 Farnborough Airshow. Airbus got permission to sell the plane in January 2007 and the first plane came out of the factory on 20 October 2009. The aircraft first flew on 5 November 2009.

It can fly 64 tonnes of cargo over 4,000 nmi (7,400 km) or 69 tonnes over 3,200 nmi (5,930 km). The airplane was designed to use a new loading system that can use two different ways of holding cargo: containers or pallets (either smaller side by side pallets or larger single row pallets).
It has a new front landing gear system. Normally the A330-200 points slightly downwards when it is on the ground. This is good because the pilots can see the ground better but it makes loading the cargo harder. With this new gear, the aircraft sits straight so it is easier to load the cargo. It works by making the point where the plane attaches to the gear lower. This means that the nose has a bubble on the bottom to make sure the gear fits properly.

Airbus has 67 orders for the A330-200F. The customer who ordered the most planes is Intrepid Aviation Group who have ordered 20.

A330 MRTT

This version is a tanker aircraft, which means that it carries a lot of jet fuel to give to other planes. It also has a few seats so that it can be used to carry passengers. It is used by the military.

The plane has been ordered by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), the UK's Royal Air Force (RAF), the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.
The plane was also offered to the U.S. Air Force as a replacement for some of their Boeing KC-135 'Stratotankers'. Eventually in 2002, they chose Boeing's offering: the KC-767. But this order was cancelled after a lot of political controversy. In 2006, the Air Force started again. Boeing again offered the KC-767 and Airbus teamed up with Northrop Grumman to make the KC-30. This time, they chose the KC-30 and renamed it the KC-45A. But Boeing complained that the ruling was not fair and the US Government Accountability Office agreed with Boeing. The bid was cancelled again. Northrop Grumman has decided not to offer the KC-45A again.

A330-300

The A330-300 started working in 1986. It was the first type of A330. It competes with Boeing's 777-200 and 767-400ER. It was made as a replacement for the Airbus A300. It has a similar body to the A300-600, but it has new wings and systems.

It carries 295 passengers in three classes or 335 in two classes or 440 in one class. It can fly up to 5,650 nmi (10,500 km).
It has either two General Electric CF6-80E engines, two Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines or two Rolls Royce Trent 700 engines. All the engines are ETOPS rated at ETOPS-180 which means that the A330-300 can fly up to 180 minutes away from an airport that it can land at.

A330neo
The Airbus A330neo(new engine option) is a variant of the A330 that has 14% better fuel economy per seat.

Orders and deliveries
80 airlines or companies currently use the A330. The ones with the most A330s are Cathay Pacific from Hong Kong who have 32, Delta Air Lines from the United States of America who have 32, Emirates Airline from the United Arab Emirates who have 29, Qatar Airways from Qatar who have 29 and Air China and China Eastern Airlines who are both in China and have 20 each.
Crashes and problems
The A330 has had ten accidents: two hull-loss accidents (crashes where the plane cannot be fixed and cannot be used any more). There has been a total of 235 fatalities in the accidents.
 On 30 June 1994, an A330 which was owned by Airbus crashed just after it took off from Toulouse-Blagnac Airport. It was testing an engine failure on take-off.
 On 15 March 2000, an A330-300 which was owned by Malaysia Airlines was damaged by a corrosive liquid that was being taken as cargo on a passenger flight from Beijing in China to Kuala Lumpur. The liquid was accidentally labelled as a non-toxic solid. The liquid made five workers at the airport in Kuala Lumpur very ill because they took the liquid off the airplane. The company that owned the liquid (China National Chemical Construction Corp) was made to pay US$65 million to Malaysia Airlines because of the incident.
On 25 May 2000, a A330-300 owned by Philippine Airlines as flight 812 was hijacked by a man called Reginald Chua. The pressure of the air on the aircraft was let out so Chua could open the door. He then jumped out of the plane. Chua was killed by the fall but all the crew and passengers survived. The plane was also fine.
 On 24 July 2001, two A330-200s which were both owned by Sri Lankan Airlines were destroyed at Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka by an attack by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (also known as LTTE or the Tamil Tigers).  They wanted a new, independent state for the Tamil people. They did not get what they wanted. They also destroyed an Airbus A320, an Airbus A340 and some military aircraft. They damaged an Airbus A320 and an Airbus A340, but these planes were fixed.
On 24 August 2001, an A330-200 owned by Air Transat as flight 236 flew across the Atlantic Ocean. The plane had a fuel leak in the right wing and all the fuel fell out of the aircraft. Without fuel, the engines stopped working and so they lost most of the power for the plane. A small air turbine came out of the bottom of the plane. It spun in the wind and made a bit of electricity for the plane. By using this, the pilots were able to fly the plane for another 19 minutes to Lajes Air Base in the Azores. The plane landed with no fatalities, but two passengers received serious injuries.
 On 18 July 2003, an A330-300 owned by Dragonair came across very heavy turbulence caused by Tropical Depression Koni over the South China Sea. Ten crew members and two passengers received minor injuries, two crew members got more serious injuries, with no fatalities recorded. The airplane landed safely at Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong.
On 7 October 2008, an A330-300 owned by Qantas and running as flight 72 encountered a computer error. The error made the airplane's nose point down suddenly twice. This caused 92 people to have small injuries and 14 people to have more serious injuries. The pilots landed at Learmonth in Australia.
On 1 June 2009, an A330-200 owned by Air France and running as flight 447 was flying from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil to Paris in France over the Atlantic Ocean. Air traffic control did not hear from the aircraft for a long time and started to get worried. Soon after, a search party was launched but it took nearly six days to find the plane. The plane was destroyed and everyone on the plane was killed. The crash was caused by the co-pilot unintentionally placing the plane into a nose up stall during night flying conditions. It is believed the co-pilot became disorientated and no longer trusted his ADI (Artificial Horizon) Investigators blamed Air France for improperly training their pilots how to properly identify and deal with a stall.
On 25 December 2009, an A330-300 owned by Northwest Airlines (now Delta Air Lines) running as Northwest Airlines Flight 253 was almost blown up with a bomb when it was flying from Amsterdam in The Netherlands to Detroit in Michigan in the United States of America. The terrorist was named Umar Farouk Abdulmuttalab. The bomb he had on him did not explode properly. He was stopped by the passengers and the crew on the airplane.
Specifications

Related pages
 Airbus A300
 Airbus A340
 Airbus A350
 Boeing 767
 Boeing 777
 Boeing 787
 McDonnell Douglas MD-11

Notes

References

Airbus aircraft
Germination occurs when a spore or seed starts to grow. It is a term used in botany. When a spore or seed germinates, it produces a shoot or seedling, or (in the case of fungi) a hypha. The biology of spores is different from seeds.

A spore germinates if and when conditions are right. It has a very limited lifespan. The method of spore-bearers, which are lower plants such as mosses, ferns and also fungi, is to produce vast numbers of spores, of which only a small percentage germinate.

Seeds contain an embryo, a store of food (the endosperm), and a protective coat. Seed plants include Gymnosperms (such as conifers) and Angiosperms (such as flowering plants). Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind.p98
Seeds do not germinate until their requirements are met, and these needs differ from species to species.
 The dormancy period must be over. Dormancy is governed by changes inside the seed. Each species has its own dormancy period, and will not germinate until that period is over.
 Their hibernation must be over. The hibernation is ended when events in the environment trigger germination. Sometimes this is just temperature and water, sometimes fire, sometimes the seed must go through a long cold spell.

The requirements for fruits is the same as for seeds. A fruit is just a seed with one or more extra layers derived from parts of the flower.

References 

Botany
Plant physiology
A fractal is any pattern, that when seen as an image, produces a picture, which when zoomed into will still make the same picture. It can be cut into parts which look like a smaller version of the picture that was started with. The word fractal was made by Benoît Mandelbrot in 1975 from the Latin word fractus, which means "broken" or "fractured". A simple example is a tree that branches into smaller branches, and those branches into smaller branches and so on. Fractals have many practical applications.

Examples 
There are many types of fractals, made in a large variety of ways. One example is the Sierpinski triangle, where there are an infinite number of small triangles inside the large one. Another example is the Mandelbrot set, named for Benoît Mandelbrot. The Sierpinksi triangle is constructed using patterns, but the Mandelbrot set is based on an equation.

There are also many natural examples of fractals in nature including trees, snowflakes, some vegetables and coastlines.

The Koch Curve
The Koch Curve 

The Koch Curve is a simple example of a fractal. First, start with part of a straight line - called a straight line segment. Cut the line into 3 same-sized pieces. Get rid of the middle of those pieces, and put in the top part of a triangle with sides which are the same length as the bit to cut out. We now have 4 line segments which are touching at the ends. We can now do what we just did to the first segment to each of the 4 bits. We can now do the same thing again and again to all the bits we end up with. We now do this forever and look at what we end up with.

The length of the Koch Curve is infinity, and the area of the Koch Curve is zero. This is quite strange. A line segment (with dimension 1) could have a length of 1, but it has an area of 0. A square of length 1 and width 1 (with dimension 2) will have area 1 and length of infinity.
Similarity dimension 
So, the Koch Curve seems to be bigger than something of dimension 1, and smaller than something of dimension 2. The idea of the similarity dimension is to give a dimension which gives a better idea of length or area for fractals. So, for a Koch Curve, we want a dimension between 1 and 2.

The Koch Curve can be cut into four pieces, each of which are  of the size of the original. We call the number of pieces that a fractal can be cut into , and we call the size difference . We put those into the equation:

Where  is the logarithm of a number. This number is the Hausdorff Dimension of the fractal. In the Koch Curve, this is  as we wanted.

The Koch Curve is one of the simplest fractal shapes, and so its dimension is easy to work out. Its similarity dimension and Hausdorff dimension are both the same. This is not true for more complex fractals.

Koch snowflake
Koch snowflake 

The Koch snowflake (or Koch star) is the same as the Koch curve, except it starts with an equilateral triangle instead of a line segment.

Uses 
Fractals have many applications e.g. in biology (lung, kidneys, heart rate variability, etc...), in earthquakes, in finance where it is related to the so called heavy tail distributions and in physics. This indicates that fractals should be studied to understand why fractals are so frequent in nature.

Some fractals exist only for artistic reasons, but others are very useful. Fractals are very efficient shapes for radio antennas and are used in computer chips to efficiently connect all the components. Also, coastlines can be thought of as fractals.

Related pages 
Iteration

References

Other websites 
 

Fractals
A main line is a railway line that is a main trunk route and connects large cities.

Railway lines
Newark North Gate train station is a train station that serves the town of Newark in Nottinghamshire, England. It is served by east coast trains and East Midland trains. East coast does intercity trains from King's Cross to Leads, Newcastle, York, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.

Railway stations in England
Buildings and structures in Nottinghamshire
Keidran Jones (born 15 April 1987), better known by his stage name Iyaz, is a singer, songwriter and rapper. His song "Replay" reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2009. In December 2009, "Replay" was number one on the Billboard Pop Songs chart. It also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on January 10, 2010. He made a song with Miley Cyrus called "Gonna Get This" for Hannah Montana.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References 

http://www.andpop.com/2009/11/08/iyaz-and-replay-climbing-to-the-top/

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Iyaz at Facebook
 
 

1987 births
Living people
Singers
British Virgin Islands people
Community is an American comedy series on NBC.  Community first aired on September 17, 2009, at 9:30 PM (EST). However, it was moved to 8:00 PM (EST) by its fourth episode.

The show is about the lives of students at a community college in the fictional city of Greendale, Colorado.

Community's sixth and final season concluded on June 2, 2015.

Cast 
 Joel McHale as Jeff Winger
 Gillian Jacobs as Britta Perry
 Danny Pudi as Abed Nadir
 Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bennett
 Alison Brie as Annie Edison
 Donald Glover as Troy Barnes
 Ken Jeong as Señor Ben Chang
 Chevy Chase as Pierce Hawthorne

References 

2009 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2010s American sitcoms
College television series
NBC network shows
Television series set in Colorado
English-language television programs
The Orchestre de Paris is a French orchestra based in Paris which was started in 1967. The orchestra's music director is Christoph Eschenbach and most of its concerts are performed at the Salle Pleyel.

Music directors 
 1967-1968 Charles Munch
 1969-1971 Herbert von Karajan (Musical advisor)
 1972-1975 Sir Georg Solti
 1975-1989 Daniel Barenboim
 1989-1998 Semyon Bychkov
 1998-2000 Christoph von Dohnányi (Artistic advisor)
 2000-present Christoph Eschenbach

Other websites 
 l'Orchestre de Paris official website 

Orchestras
The Staatskapelle Berlin is a German orchestra.  It is the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera (Berliner Staatsoper Unter den Linden).

The history of the orchestra goes back to 1570, when the Elector of Brandenburg started an orchestra at his court.  By the mid 18th century it was linked to the Royal Court Opera, started in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Famous musicians who have played with the orchestra include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz

Giacomo Meyerbeer became Kapellmeister (Music Director), from 1842.  The orchestra started a series of public concerts.  They were the first orchestra to play the first performances of many famous pieces of music by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai.
The orchestra's music director is called the "Staatskapellmeister".  He is also the music director of the Berlin State Opera.  Today the music director is Daniel Barenboim, who has had the job since 1992.  In 2000 Barenboim was given the title of "conductor for life".  Barenboim and the orchestra have made several recordings.

Conductors/Music Directors

Other websites
Berlin Staatskapelle website

German orchestras
Steven Joshua Sondheim (March 22, 1930 – November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist.

Personal life 
Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He was openly gay. In 2017, he married Jeffrey Romley.

Sondheim died on November 26, 2021 from heart disease in Roxbury, Connecticut at the age of 91.

Career 
Sondheim wrote the words for songs in Gypsy and West Side Story. Of American composers still living, he had won the most awards. He won:
Multiple Grammy Awards
9 Tony Awards (more than any other composer)
A Lifetime Achievement Tony
An Academy Award
A Pulitzer Prize.

Sondheim wrote both the music and the words to his musicals.
 
Many critics like his work, but some people do not like it. Sweeney Todd is very different from the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein.
Some of Sondheim's musicals 
A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum
Follies
A Little Night Music
Sunday in the Park with George
Into The Woods
Sweeney Todd

References

Other websites 

1930 births
2021 deaths
American composers
American television writers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Gay Jews
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
LGBT composers
LGBT people from New York (state)
American LGBT writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Tony Award winners
Writers from New York City
Writers from Pennsylvania
The Berlin State Opera, known in Germany as Staatsoper Unter den Linden is a world famous German opera company. Its permanent home is the Opera House on the Unter den Linden boulevard in Berlin.

Early history
The opera house was opened on 7 December 1742. It was the beginning of a 250-year co-operation between the Staatsoper and the orchestra called Berlin Staatskapelle.  Famous conductors and composers associated with the opera house include Gaspare Spontini, Giacomo Meyerbeer and Richard Strauss.

On 18 August 1843 the Linden Opera was destroyed by fire. The new building was built a year later.  It was called Königliches Opernhaus (Royal Opera House), and it opened with a performance of Meyerbeer's Ein Feldlager in Schlesien.

In 1821, the Berlin Opera gave the first performance of Weber's Der Freischütz. In 1849, it gave the first performance of Otto Nicolai's The Merry Wives of Windsor, conducted by the composer himself.
20th century
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Royal Court Opera, Berlin, had many famous conductors. They included Felix von Weingartner, Karl Muck, Richard Strauss, and Leo Blech.

After the collapse of the German Empire in 1918, the Opera was renamed Staatsoper unter den Linden and the Königliche Kapelle became Kapelle der Staatsoper.

In the 1920s, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Erich Kleiber, Otto Klemperer, Alexander von Zemlinsky, Bruno Walter 
conducted. In 1925, Alban Berg's Wozzeck, was given its first performance conducted by Erich Kleiber with the composer in the audience.

After having had many repairs and improvements, the Linden Opera reopened in April 1928 with a new production of Die Zauberflöte. In the same year, the famous Russian bass Feodor Chaliapin and Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes with conductor Ernest Ansermet were guest performers. In 1930 Erich Kleiber conducted the first performance of Darius Milhaud's Christoph Columbus.
In 1934, when symphonic pieces from Alban Berg's Lulu were performed by Kleiber, the Nazis created a scandal and Kleiber had to go into exile.

When Hitler came to power all the Jews in the orchestra had to leave.  Many went into exile, including the conductors Otto Klemperer and Fritz Busch. During the Third Reich, Robert Heger,  Herbert von Karajan (1939-1945) and Johannes Schüler were the "Staatskapellmeister". 

In 1945 The Lindenoper was once again destroyed on 3 February. The second rebuilding took a long time. From 1945, the opera company played in the former Admiralspalast (today's Metropoltheater). From 1949, the company served as state opera of the GDR. It moved back to its original home after the rebuilding in 1955. The newly rebuilt opera house was opened, again, with Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, the Opera continued to perform music from the classical and romantic periods together with contemporary ballet and operas.
After the Germany Reunification, the Linden Opera had links again with the operatic world.  In the 1990s, the opera was officially renamed "Staatsoper Unter den Linden".

In 1992, the Argentine-Israeli conductor Daniel Barenboim was appointed Music Director. In 2000, the orchestra (according to its official website) gave Barenboim the title "conductor for life." During the 2002 Festtage, he led a Wagner cycle in ten parts.

Musical directors

Related pages
 Berlin Staatskapelle

Other websites 
 Berlin State Opera website

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Opera houses in Germany
The order Peramelemorphia includes the bandicoots and bilbies. They are small  marsupial omnivores. This order of mammals consists of some lesser known marsupials. They are native to New Guinea and Australia.

Marsupials of Australia
Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is a type of dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain.

Brain cells need a good supply of blood to stay healthy and function properly. The blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia.

References

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Dementia
West End theatre refers to stage productions in the West End of London. It is like New York's Broadway, where musicals and plays are shown at number of theatres. In 2007, 13.6 million people went to see a show at the West End. The shows that were on in 2007 included: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, The Sound of Music, Dirty Dancing, Billy Elliot, Hairspray, Spamalot, Avenue Q, Wicked, Equus, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello and Grease.

References 

Theatres in the United Kingdom

English culture
Ann Coulter (born December 8, 1961) is from the United States. She is a writer and is known for her controversial opinions about politics. She was asked to go on television, radio and speaks at public and private events. Coulter has described herself as a "polemicist" or someone who tells the truth even if it will cause problems. She does not want to "pretend to be impartial or balanced."

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Official Twitter account

1961 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Cornell University alumni
Republicans (United States)
American political commentators
American writers
West End might mean:

 West End of London, an area of London
 West End theatre, theatre productions in that area
The No Child Left Behind Act is a United States law that was to help students meet higher standards. This law started during President George W. Bush's time in the White House. President Bush made the law official on January 8, 2002. Schools around the US now have to test their students. If they don't, the schools risk losing funds given to them by the federal government. Some parts of this rule include bilingualism standards. All students must be on at least a proficient level (B+) by the 2013-14 school year. 

Since the law started, Congress gave more money to schools from $42.2 billion in 2001 to $54.4 billion in 2007. No Child Left Behind received a 40.4% increase from $17.4 billion in 2001 to $24.4 billion. The funding for reading quadrupled from $286 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion.

References 

Education in the United States
United States federal legislation
2002 in the United States
Resource room is a place where special education students attend daily classes. These students are usually included in the general classroom and just need more support. Students are taught individually and in small groups.  The number of students in a resource room is at most five students per teacher.  Mainstreaming in education typically includes this service.  Students in separate classes generally do not need the resource room because all the support they need is in the self-contained classroom.
Special education teachers in resource rooms focus on the goals set by an Individualized Education Program.  These goals are based on the individual student's need to develop executive skills, complete their homework and behave. The programs can help students with language-based learning disabilities like dyslexia. Visuo-motor perception, arithmetic, spelling and overall self-perception improve after time in the resource room classroom.  The small-group instructional model leads to achievement in students with a multitude of educational disabilities.

Their peers also benefit when the concepts they learned in general education are reinforced in resource rooms.

References

Other websites 
http://specialed.about.com/od/idea/a/resourceroom.htm 

Education
Learning
Disability
Peanut butter is a type of moist paste that is made of crushed roasted peanuts. There are two kinds of peanut butter: crunchy/chunky peanut butter and smooth/creamy peanut butter. It can be eaten, for example on bread, usually with jelly to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a peanut butter sandwich with only peanut butter. Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the real inventor, not George Washington Carver.

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day.

Health 
Peanut butter can protect people from cardiovascular sickness. Peanut butter (and peanuts) have lots of protein, E, magnesium, folate, food fiber, and arginine. However, some people with peanut allergies can have a shock or allergic reaction from eating or smelling it, which has made some schools decide not to let their students eat peanut butter in their schools. Some oils put inside peanut butter to make it easier to spread can also make people have heart disease. Peanut butter can also carry salmonella and make people sick because of it.
Peanut butter has around 188 calories, with there being 71 percent of fat, 14 percent of protein, and 15 percent of carbohydrate. Other peanut butter types may have 616 or 195 calories. Although peanut butter has some fat, it may help with losing weight.

Ingredients 
Peanuts
Sugar
Salt
Vegetable Oil

References

Other websites 
 The National Peanut Board
 The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.
 The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)  (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
 How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter (Last accessed 16 October 2009)

Peanuts
Nut butters
The War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California is home to the second largest opera company in the United States. It was built in 1932 and seats 3123 people. Its interior is in the Beaux-Arts design.

Opera
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Music in San Francisco
1932 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in California
La Garde is a city in the south of France. La Garde is the capital of the canton of La Garde.

Geography
La Garde is on the east of Toulon between Marseille and Nice. It's area land is 15.54 km²

Cities in France
Communes in Var
The End–Ordovician extinction event is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the Hirnantian stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician. 

1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were anoxic (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.

2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.

3. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.
Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families became extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families. 

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO2 into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

Related pages 
List of extinction events

References 

Extinction events
Palaeozoic
Ningaloo Reef is one of the largest coral reefs in the world. It is off the North West Cape in Western Australia. It is about  long. 

Ningaloo has about 200 species of hard coral and 50 species of soft coral. More than 520 species of fish live on the reef. Species that can be found at the reef include whale sharks, manta rays, humpback whales, dugongs, and Potato Cod. There are also six of the world's seven sea turtles including the Green turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Hawksbill turtle and Flatback turtle.

Marine Park
The Ningaloo Reef Marine Park covers an area of about 5000 square kilometers. 

The reef is popular with people from all over the world who come to go scuba diving and snorkeling.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

  Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) website 

Protected areas of Western Australia
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Reefs
Codesharing is a type of partnership that airlines have. Airlines agree to sell each other's tickets on some routes. This means that both airlines sell more tickets.

Sometimes, airlines join groups (called alliances) which all agree to sell each other's tickets. For example, both United Airlines and Lufthansa are part of Star Alliance. This means that Lufthansa can sell tickets for United Airlines and United Airlines can sell Lufthansa's tickets.

Because airlines sell each other's tickets, some flights will have more than one flight number.

Airlines
Le Pradet is a commune in the south of France.

Communes in Var
The Canton of La Garde is a French canton near Toulon, in the department of Var. It is made up of La Garde and Le Pradet.

References

La Garde
Var
Command Responsibility is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazis in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences
. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out.
References 
 Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law HTML version by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, September 15, 2004

Military
Nikos Sampson (December 16, 1935 – May 9, 2001) was a Cypriot politician. He was the leader of Cyprus for eight days in 1974. He had been active in EOKA before Cyprus became independent from the United Kingdom. EOKA wanted Cyprus and Greece to become a single country, and fought with the Turks in Cyprus. Afterwards, he became active in EOKA-B, which was a continuation of EOKA. In 1974, EOKA-B overthrew the government of Cyprus, and chose Nikos Sampson as President. Soon afterward, Turkey invaded Cyprus, and Nikos Sampson resigned from office. Afterward, he was tried for treason, and sent to prison for twenty years. Nikos Sampson died in 2001.

References
References 

 ^ "Nicos Sampson : Smiling Killer "
 ^ "EOKA shooters and bombers "
 ^ James Ker-Lindsay, "Britain and the Cyprus Crisis 1963-64" (2004)
 ^ Mallinson, William (June 30, 2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris. p. 81. . https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81
 ^ "Mr Nicos Sampson denies he knew coup was coming". The Times Digital Archive (Reuters). July 26, 1974.

1935 births
2001 deaths
Cancer deaths in Cyprus
Presidents of Cyprus
Nicosia
Bitola () is the second-largest city in North Macedonia. It is located in the southwestern part of the country.

Cities in North Macedonia
Arlington County is a county in Virginia. It has so many buildings that it looks like a city. It is one of the smallest counties in the United States by area. It is across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., and parts of it were once part of Washington. 210,000 people live there. It is where many U.S. government offices are, such as The Pentagon. It is also the location of Arlington National Cemetery, which was built at the former plantation of Robert E. Lee, and the Ronald Reagan National Airport. ANC is where John F. Kennedy and many American soldiers are buried. Several battles of the American Civil War were fought in and around Arlington.

The District of Columbia was made with land contributed by Virginia and Maryland. In 1846, Congress agreed to give the land south of the Potomac back to Virginia. Most of the returned land became Arlington.

Notable People 

 John Glenn, Astronaut
 Al Gore, Bill Clinton's vice president
 Ilhan Omar, US Congresswoman
Roman law is the name used for a system of laws used by the Roman Empire. It started with the twelve tablets of civil law, . After the law code ordered by  it continued as Byzantine law. Roman law is the foundation of most legal systems in Europe, and its former colonies, and it influenced many other countries.

Ancient Roman law
The Flag of the State of Arizona has 13 rays of red and gold (the conquistador colors and of the flag of Spain) on the top half, representing the 13 first counties of Arizona (there are 15 counties today), as well as telling of Arizona's picturesque sunsets. There is a copper colored star in the center representing Arizona's copper-mining company. The rest of the flag is colored blue, representing liberty.

In 1910, Colonel Charles W. Harris, head of the Arizona National Guard, made a flag for the Arizona Rifle Team when they attend the National Matches at Camp Perry. Arizona had been the only team in past matches to compete without a flag.

Arizona
Arizona
Chef salad (sometimes called chef's salad) is a type of salad. It usually includes a bed of leaf vegetables or lettuce, which can be served with hard boiled eggs, strips of meat (such as ham, roast beef, or turkey), cheese, cucumbers, croutons, and tomatoes. Chef salad is usually topped with Thousand Island dressing, but can be served with any type of dressing.

Salads
Pinchas Zukerman  (, (born July 16, 1948 in Tel Aviv) is a famous Israeli violinist, violist, and conductor. Since 1971 he has conducted many orchestras.

Career
Pinchas Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv.  His parents were Jews who had survived the Nazi  concentration camps and had moved from Poland to Israel in 1947.  By the time he was eight he showed great musical promise and started to learn music at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv.  When the violinist Isaac Stern heard him play he was so impressed that he helped him to go to the Julliard School of Music in New York.  There he studied with Ivan Galanian.
In 1967 Zukerman shared a joint first prize in the Leventritt International Competition with Kyung Wha Chung.  Then Stern became ill and could not play in some concerts, so Zukerman played instead.  This made him famous.
After hearing Daniel Barenboim conduct the English Chamber Orchestra he became interested in conducting.  He started to conduct orchestras while playing the solo parts of works by Bach and Vivaldi.  This conducting (leading) from the concertmaster’s chair had been the tradition in the 17th and 18th centuries.  In 1974 he conducted the English Chamber Orchestra.  Then he got opportunities to conduct New York Philharmonic, the National Symphony, Boston Symphony, and Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras.  In the 1980s he was the musical director of the St Paul Chamber Orchestra.  For many years he continued to appear as soloist with some of the best orchestras in the world.  He won many awards, including two Grammy Awards. 

In April 1998, he became music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa.  He took them on a tour of Europe in 1990.
In recent years Zukerman has worked hard to help young musicians.  As music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, he started the  Young Artists Program, a summer training program for talented young classical musicians. It soon became popular, with students from all over the world.

Although he had a lot of work in Ottawa  he also found time to be music director of the Ilona Feher Music Center in Holon, Israel, which he started.  He became chairman of the Pinchas Zukerman Performance Program at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He was also artist in residence of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra.

Personal life
In 1968 he married Eugenia Rich.  They had two daughters.  Later they divorced.  In 1985 he married the actress Tuesday Weld.  They later divorced.

Other websites
 http://www.answers.com/topic/pinchas-zukerman

1948 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Israeli conductors
Jewish Israeli musicians
Musicians from Tel Aviv
Israeli violinists
The National Arts Centre Orchestra is an orchestra in Ottawa, Canada's capital.  Since 1998 their conductor (musical director) has been Pinchas Zukerman.   The orchestra was started in 1969.  It has made more than 40 recordings and toured widely throughout the world.

Other websites
 National Arts Centre Orchestra

Related pages

Ottawa, Ontario

Orchestras
Organizations based in Ottawa
Canadian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in Canada
Christian de Quincey, Ph.D., is an author and philosopher who teaches cosmology and spirituality at colleges in the United States and Europe. He is an internationally known author and speaker on consciousness. He is on the faculty of several U.S. universities and think tanks, and at Schumacher College, Devon, England. He has written 5 books on consciousness.

Books
Radical Nature: Rediscovering the Soul of Matter (Invisible Cities Press, 2002)
Radical Knowing: Understanding Consciousness through Relationship (Park Street Press, 2005)
Deep Spirit: Cracking the Noetic Code  (Casablanca Press, 2008)
Consciousness from Zombies to Angels: The Shadow and the Light of Knowing Who You Are (Park Street Press, 2009)
Radical Nature: The Soul of Matter (2nd edition) (Park Street Press, 2010)
The Scientific Exploration of Consciousness (co-author with Willis Harman) (Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1996).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
The velvet worms (Onychophora — literally "claw bearers") are a minor panarthropod phylum. 

There are two families and about 200 species. All living species live on land, in moist or wet tropical areas.

The two living families are the Peripatidae and the Peripatopsidae. They show a peculiar distribution, with the peripatids being mainly equatorial and tropical, while the peripatopsids are all found in what used to be Gondwana.

The segmented worm-like organisms have tiny eyes, "fur", antennae, multiple pairs of legs, and, slime glands. The group is thought to be related to arthropods. They prey on smaller animals such as insects, which they catch by squirting a sticky slime.
Possible fossil history 
Fossils from the early Cambrian bear a striking resemblance to the velvet worms. These fossils, known as the lobopods, were marine. They were a clade from which arthropods, tardigrades, and Onychophora arose.<ref name="Cite doi|10.1038/nature13576">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature13576 | pmid = 25132546 | journal = Nature | volume = 514 | issue = 7522 | pages = 363–366 | last = Smith M.R. & Ortega Hernández J. 2014 | title = Hallucigenia'''s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda | year = 2014 | bibcode = 2014Natur.514..363S | s2cid = 205239797 | url = http://rdcu.be/bKoD }}</ref> They are found in the Cambrian, Ordovician (possibly), Silurian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

Historically, all fossil Onychophora and lobopods were lumped into the taxon Xenusia. However, few of the Cambrian fossils have features that definitely unite them with the Onychophora. The exceptions are Hallucigenia and Collinsium ciliosum'', which have distinctly onychophoran-like claws.
References 

Minor phyla
Invertebrates
Tardigrades ('water bears') are microscopic, segmented animals. They live in water. They are members of the tactopod phylum Tardigrada, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. They are also known as water bears or moss piglets. 

Tardigrades were first described in 1773. Their name means "slow stepper". There are more than 1000 different species of tardigrade.

Tardigrades have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each with two legs. Each leg has little claws. The biggest adults may reach a body length of 1.2 mm, the smallest below 0.1 mm. Freshly hatched larvae may be smaller than 0.05 mm. Tardigrades feed on plant cells by penetrating the cell wall and eating what is inside. Some tardigrades are carnivores.

Tardigrades are eutelic: all adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells. Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.
Tardigrades can be found in many habitats: in moss, freshwater, the Himalayas, and the ocean. They are one of the few animals that can be found on the highest mountains and the deepest seas. About 83% of the known species live on land, the other 17% live in water.

Survivability 
Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. 

In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. This meant living in a vacuum with severe radiation. 

Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water. Tardigrades can survive extreme temperatures. They can live for a few hours in temperatures close to absolute zero and above boiling point. They can survive a few minutes in temperatures as high as . Some tardigrades can survive being frozen for over 30 years.

Tardigrades can also survive radiation at hundreds of times a level that would be deadly to humans. They can also survive in toxic environments and during impact events.
In 2019, a lander with Tardigrades on board crashed on the moon. It is believed that the Tardigrades survived and could live for a few years on the moon.

The tardigrades slow their metabolism to survive these environments.  Rotifers have a similar agility to survive.

References 

Minor phyla
Extremophiles
Invertebrates