Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Electrical engineering is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.

Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.

History
Early universities taught philosophy and later science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new items.
When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it.  These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.

Other websites 
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE Virtual Museum
EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources   

Electrical engineering
Design is the visual appearence or shape given to an object. Design aims to make things prettier, more comfortable, or better in some way by making them work well and look good.

Good design decisions can make a space, for example, a hospital or an airport, more accessible or an image more attractive for advertisements, adding value in the market.

Designers use knowledge and rules from geometry and art to create their designs.

Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories, including graphic design, interior design, vehicle design, furniture design, product design, type design, fashion design and web design, to name a few.

Design doesn't always lead to physical objects; it can involve applications, websites, prototypes, presentations, or serve as a plan for creating something else.

Design is also a concept used to create an object (virtual or not). Design is picturing things using the imagination; as to using perception or memory.

Related pages 
 Universal design
Star Trek is an American media franchise owned by Paramount and CBS, as well as various spin-offs. 

The main parts of the Star Trek franchise are:
 Seven television series (first shown from 1966 to today) and
 Thirteen movies (shown in theaters from 1980 to 2016). 
Other parts of the franchise are: books (both fiction and non-fiction), magazines, comics, action figures, model toys and computer video games.

Star Trek was created as a TV series in 1966 by Gene Roddenberry. He and the other authors of Star Trek have, over time, developed a whole fictional universe set in the future. Following this fictional universe is the way they have chosen to maintain continuity between the various TV series and the movies.

Trekkies or Trekkers may refer to the many fans who love the series and support this Star Trek Universe. Many conventions and newsletters exist to serve these fans. There are even amateur movies made by the fans.

Creation
Creation 

In the 1960s, Gene Roddenberry created Star Trek. He sold it as a western (a television genre about cowboys), but in space, and compared it to the television show Wagon Train. He also based it on Gulliver's Travels. After two pilots (test episodes), Star Trek was first shown on television in 1966.

History of Star Trek 

In 2053, World War III ended on Earth. In 2063 Zefram Cochrane, invented the warp drive, a way to travel faster than the speed of light. Because of this invention, Vulcans came to Earth to meet the humans. This is shown in Star Trek: First Contact. The Vulcans helped humans fight disease and hunger. In 2150 humans created a United Earth Government that combined all the old governments into one.

A war between Earth and the Romulans made species from different planets work together, and the Coalition of Planets was started in 2156. In 2161, the planets Vulcan, Earth, Andoria and Tellar started the United Federation of Planets.

Television series

The Original Series (1966–1969)
Star Trek: The Original Series is sometimes abbreviated to TOS. In it, the starship Enterprise travels through space to discover new places - "to boldly go where no man has gone before". The show was set in the 23rd century.

The main characters are:
 Captain James Tiberius Kirk, acted by William Shatner
 Spock, acted by Leonard Nimoy
 Dr. Leonard McCoy, acted by DeForest Kelley
 Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, acted by James Doohan
 Uhura, acted by Nichelle Nichols
 Hikaru Sulu, acted by George Takei
 Pavel Chekov, acted by Walter Koenig

It was shown on television for three years, and was cancelled in 1969.

The Animated Series (1973–1974) 

Star Trek: The Animated Series is also called TAS. It is an animated version of The Original Series. The crew are the same, and most are voice-acted by the same actors. Because it was animated, the planets and species could look more interesting.
Gene Roddenberry asked for the stories in TAS to be removed from Star Trek'''s canon (the official history of Star Trek that is the same in all series). It is still argued about if they are part of canon or not, but usually agreed that they are not. The official Star Trek website has added some things from TAS to their library.

 The Next Generation (1987–1994) Star Trek: The Next Generation is also called TNG. It is set 70 years after The Original Series, in the 24th century. The crew travel on a new starship called the "Enterprise-D". The stories are also about exploring, and often about fighting hostile (violent or angry) ships. The crew has many different races.
The main characters are:
 Captain Jean-Luc Picard, acted by Patrick Stewart
 Commander William Riker, acted by Jonathon Frakes
 Data (an android), acted by Brent Spiner
 Dr. Beverly Crusher, acted by Gates McFadden
 Worf (a Klingon), acted by Michael Dorn
 Geordi La Forge, acted by LeVar Burton
 Counselor Deanna Troi, acted by Marina Sirtis
 Wesley Crusher, acted by Wil Wheaton

It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1987 to 1994.

 Deep Space Nine (1993–1999) Star Trek: Deep Space Nine is also sometimes called DS9. It is set in the late 24th century, at the end of The Next Generations time line and the start of Voyager's. It is not like TOS and TNG because it is set on a space station and is not about exploring. This means it has more soap opera elements (lots of stories about the characters). Most of the stories are about the Cardassian race and the war with the Dominion.
The main characters are:
 Captain Benjamin Sisko (Commander for seasons 1 to 3), acted by Avery Brooks
 Major Kira Nerys, acted by Nana Visitor
 Odo, acted by Rene Auberjonois
 Jadzia Dax, acted by Terry Farrell
 Ezri Dax, acted by Nicole de Boer
 Worf, acted by Michael Dorn
 Miles O'Brien, acted by Colm Meaney
 Quark, acted by Armin Shimerman

It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1993 to 1999.

 Voyager (1995–2001) 

Star Trek: Voyager is set in the late 24th century. It is different from the other series because it takes place in the Delta Quadrant. The ship Voyager was trapped there after a chase by the Maquis (Starfleet rebels). The stories are about them trying to find their way home. This is a long journey, and will take them 75 years.
The main characters are:
 Captain Kathryn Janeway, acted by Kate Mulgrew
 Chakotay, acted by Robert Beltran
 Tuvok, acted by Tim Russ
 B'Elanna Torres, acted by Roxann Dawson
 Tom Paris, acted by Robert Duncan McNeill
 Harry Kim, acted by Garrett Wang
 The Doctor, acted by Robert Picardo
 Seven of Nine, acted by Jeri Ryan

It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001. It was made to help start a new television channel, UPN.

 Enterprise (2001–2005) 

Star Trek: Enterprise is set in the 22nd century, which means it is before all the other series on the Star Trek timeline. It is about the humans and the Vulcans working together after first contact. The ship, Enterprise, was the first Warp 5 ship made by the humans (with some Vulcan assistance). The first season famously had many continuity errors (events and technology that did not match what happens in the other series).
The main characters are:
 Captain Jonathan Archer, acted by Scott Bakula
 T'Pol, acted by Jolene Blalock
 Charles "Trip" Tucker, acted by Connor Trinneer
 Malcolm Reed, acted by Dominic Keating
 Hoshi Sato, acted by Linda Park
 Travis Mayweather, acted by Anthony Montgomery
 Dr. Phlox, acted by John Billingsley

It was shown on television for four seasons, from 2001 to 2005.

 Discovery (2017-) 

Star Trek: Discovery is the newest Star Trek series. It is set in the 23rd century, ten years before the original Star Trek series. The first season is about a war between the Federation and the Klingons.

The main characters of the first season are:
 Michael Burnham, acted by Sonequa Martin-Green
 Captain Gabriel Lorca, acted by Jason Isaacs
 Commander Saru, acted by Doug Jones
 Paul Stamets, acted by Anthony Rapp
 Sylvia Tilly, acted by Mary Wiseman
 Ash Tyler, acted by Shazad Latif
The first season was streamed online starting in 2017 on CBS' online streaming service in the United States, and on Netflix outside of the United States. There will be another season premiering in late 2018.

 Other Star Trek Series 
Since Discovery was added here, other series have been produced and released.  In no particular order, they are:
 Strange New Worlds
 Lower Decks
 Short Treks
 Very Short Treks (described as "anything but canon" in its own trailers)
 Prodigy

 Movies 

 Culture 

The Star Trek franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry (a very large business). It has influenced (affected) many things in real life.

 Trekkies 

Star Trek has a large following of fans who are very enthusiastic (care a great deal) about the show. They are usually called Trekkies. The word was first used by Arthur W. Saha when he saw people wearing fake Vulcan ears at a convention (an event where lots of people interested in the same thing organise to meet) in 1967. Some fans like to be known as Trekkers' instead.
Two documentaries (factual television shows) have been made about them, called Trekkies and Trekkies 2.

 Enterprise 

In 1976, NASA made a prototype (test) space shuttle. It was first going to be called Constitution, but Star Trek fans wrote letters to NASA asking for it to be called Enterprise instead. Enterprise was used for flight tests, although it was never sent into space. It is now displayed (put on show) at the Smithsonian Institution.

 Parodies and tributes 

The movie Galaxy Quest is a Star Trek parody, which means it was made to be like Star Trek in a funny way.

There have been parodies on television in the cartoons Futurama, The Simpsons and Family Guy.

The video games company Blizzard Entertainment puts references to Star Trek in many of its games, like Starcraft and World of Warcraft.

Fans of the show made a new episode, Pilgrim of Eternity, in 2013. The crew were also professional film and TV people.
Themes Star Trek episodes often tell a moral story. philosophical and moral questions are common. In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Tuvix", a transporter accident puts two characters, Tuvok and Neelix, into one body. This makes a new person, Tuvix, who has his own personality. The crew of the Voyager must decide what to do: they can kill Tuvix by separating him back into Tuvok and Neelix, or they can kill Tuvok and Neelix by letting Tuvix live. In the end, Captain Janeway decides to save Tuvok and Neelix, although the Doctor thinks this is wrong.Star Trek episodes also often reflect (copy) what is happening in the real world. One example is the episode "A Private Little War" in Star Trek: The Original Series. This is said to be like the Vietnam War. In the episode, the Klingons threaten innocent people. Captain Kirk has to decide whether to give the people guns so that they can defend themselves. The episode asks whether you can fight evil without doing evil yourself.
One focus of all the Star Trek franchises is a Federation law called "The Prime Directive." The Prime Directive states that advanced civilizations should not change more primitive ones; societies should be allowed to develop on their own. The Prime Directive often makes for a moral conflict—for example, the Prime Directive might forbid using advanced technology to save an intelligent race.

 References 

 Other websites 

StarTrek.com—The Official Star Trek website	
Memory Alpha—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information only from canon (official history)
Memory Beta—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information from both'' canon and non-canon sources

 
Fictional universes
Science fiction
Media franchises
A tunnel is an underground passage. Some tunnels are used for cars, and others are used for trains. Sometimes, a tunnel is used for movement of ships. Some tunnels are built for communication cables and some are built for electricity cables. Other tunnels are built for animals.

Tunnels are dug in different kinds of grounds, from soft sand to hard rock. The way of digging is chosen by the type of ground. There are two additional ways of digging : quarry and 'cut and cover'. In quarry, the tunnel path is drilled in a horizontal way.
This system requires a deep tunnel that's built in a firm rock. In the 'cut and cover' system, a tunnel is dug in the ground and, afterwards, a roof is built above the tunnel. This system fits tunnels that are close to the ground like road tunnels and infrastructure.

Building tunnels is a large civil engineering project that could cost very high sums of money. The planning and building of a long tunnel may take many years.
The Channel Tunnel between France and England is one of the longest tunnels in the world. It is 50 kilometers long. The longest tunnel in the world, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, is being dug in Switzerland.
Reasons to build a tunnel 
 A subway is based on a network of tunnels that are dug underground so the trains will not disturb and will not be disturbed by the local transport.
 On the path of a railroad track or a road a tunnel is dug when the lane encounters an obstacle such as a mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle.
 A tunnel is built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a replacement for building a bridge above it.
 A tunnel is built to connect between military posts so the movement between them will not be visible for the enemy.
 A tunnel is built for infrastructure like electricity cables, water, communication and sewerage to avoid damage and disruption above ground.
 Some tunnels are used by prisoners to escape jail.
 Sometimes tunnels are used by criminals to do a bank robbery (e.g. in Brazil, Summer 2005).

Cut-and-cover
Cut-and-cover

Cut-and-cover is a simple way of making hollow tunnels where a trench is hollowed out and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel.
Two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunneling are available:
 Bottom-up method: A trench is hollowed out, with ground support when needed, and the tunnel is built in it. In earliest days bricks were used. The trench is then carefully filled and the surface is reinstated.
 Top-down method: Side support walls and capping beams are made from ground level by such methods as slurry walling or neighbouring bored piling. Only a hollowed out excavation is needed to construct the tunnel roof using beams or in situ concrete sitting on the walls. The surface is then remade except for access openings. This allows early recreation of roadways, services, and other surface features. Excavation then takes place under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base slab is made.

Notes
Notes

Books 
 
 Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997, .
 Sullivan, Walter. Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels, New York Times, 24 June 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian organization William and Catherine Booth founded it in the East End of London, England in 1865. It was called the Christian Mission to start with, but in 1878, the name was changed. The Booths came from a Methodist tradition, but today the teachings of the movement are mainstream Protestant. They focus on preaching, and on helping those in need. They also actively help in disaster relief.

Overview 
The Salvation Army operates in over 100 countries today. Its members devote themselves to teaching Christian morals, helping those in need, like the homeless, the sick, the poor, and others. It operates facilities like shelters, , orphanages, , and a , and offers Sunday church services. It is one of the largest charitable organisations in the world, which means that it relies on people to give it money to use.

Worldwide outreach
1865 - England
 1874 - Wales
 1879 - Jersey, Scotland
 1880 - Australia, Ireland, United States of America
 1881 - France
 1882 - Alderney, Canada, Guernsey, India, Sweden, Switzerland
 1883 - Isle of Man, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka
 1884 - St Helena
 1886 - Germany, Newfoundland
 1887 - Denmark, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands
 1888 - Norway
 1889 - Belgium, Finland
 1890 - Argentina, Uruguay
 1891 - Zimbabwe, Zululand
 1894 - Åland (until 1950), Hawaii, Indonesia
 1895 - Gibraltar (until 1968), Guyana, Iceland, Japan
 1896 - Bermuda, Malta (until 1972)
 1898 - Alaska, Barbados
 1901 - Trinidad & Tobago
 1902 - Grenada, Saint Lucia
 1903 - Antigua and Barbuda, St Vincent & the Grenadines
 1904 - Panamá
 1907 - Costa Rica
 1908 - Korea
 1909 - Chile
 1910 - Paraguay, Perú
 1913 - Russia (until 1923)
 1915 - Belize, Myanmar
 1916 - China (until 1951), Mozambique, St Kitts
 1917 - U.S. Virgin Islands
 1918 - Cuba
 1919 - Czechoslovakia (until 1950)
 1920 - Bolivia, Nigeria
 1921 - Kenya
1921 - Kenya
 1922 - Brazil, Ghana, Zambia
 1923 - Latvia (until 1939)
 1924 - Faroe Islands, Hungary (until 1949)
 1926 - Suriname
 1927 - Austria, Estonia (until 1940), Curaçao (until 1980)
1930 - Hong Kong
 1931 - Bahamas, Uganda
 1933 - French Guiana (until 1952), Tanzania, Yugoslavia (until 1948)
 1934 - Algeria (until 1970), Congo (Kinshasa), Manchukuo (until 1945)
 1935 - Singapore
 1936 - Egypt (until 1949)
 1937 - Congo (Brazzaville), Mexico, Philippines
 1938 - Malaysia
 1950 - Haïti
 1956 - Papua New Guinea
 1960 - Swaziland
 1962 - Puerto Rico
 1965 - Taiwan
 1967 - Malaŵi
 1969 - Lesotho
 1970 - Bangladesh
 1971 - Portugal, Spain
 1972 - Venezuela
 1973 - Fiji
 1976 - Guatemala
 1978 - Canary Islands
 1980 - French Guiana (recommenced)
 1985 - Angola, Colombia, Ecuador, Marshall Islands
 1986 - Tonga
 1988 - Liberia
 1989 - El Salvador, Thailand (until 1993)
 1990 - Czech Republic (recommenced), Hungary (recommenced), Latvia (recommenced)
 1991 - Russia (recommenced)
 1992 - Belarus (until 1996), Somalia (until 1995)
 1993 - Georgia, Ukraine
 1994 - Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova
 1995 - Dominican Republic, Estonia (recommenced)
 1996 - Rwanda
 1997 - Botswana
1997 - Botswana
 1999 - St Maarten
 2000 - Macau
 2004 - Lithuania, Romania
 2005 - Falkland Islands, Poland
 2007 - Burundi, Greece
Eurovision Song Contest 
People from the Swiss branch of the Salvation army qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest, 2013 in Malmö. At first, they were refused at the ESC. They could participate, but they had to change their name (to Takasa), and they also had to agree not to wear the typical uniforms on stage. They didn't qualify for the final round, though.

Other similar organizations 

 The Church of England has operated the Church Army, since 1882
 Legio Mariae was founded in 1921, and has a Roman Catholic background.

References 

1865 establishments
1860s establishments in England
Protestantism
Organisations based in London

Charities of the United Kingdom
An orphanage is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans.  It can also mean the state of being an orphan.

Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.

Related pages
 Child abandonment
 Foster care
 Adoption

Notes and references 

Accommodations
The London Underground is a form of public transport in London. It is a rapid transit system that uses electric trains. It is the oldest underground railway in the world. It started running in 1863 as the Metropolitan Railway. After the opening the system was copied in many other cities, for example New York and Madrid. Even though it is called the Underground about half of it is above the ground. The "Tube" is a slang name for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground. The Underground serves 270 stations and over 408 km of track. From 2006 to 2007 over 1 billion passengers used the underground.

Underground train systems in other cities may be called metros (like the Tyne and Wear Metro in  North East England) or subways (Glasgow Subway in Scotland and in most of North America). Subway is also used across Britain to refer to underground walkways.

History
History

Beginnings 
The Metropolitan Line was the first part of the Underground to be made. It was opened in 1863. It then ran between Paddington and Farringdon. It took 40,000 passengers per day. Later it was made longer. The District Line was built by a different company. In 1884, the Circle Line was finished. All these lines used steam engines at first.

In 1890, a line using electric trains was opened. It was much deeper below ground than the other lines. Now it is part of the Northern Line. More lines like this were opened. People liked them, so in 1905 the lines that used steam engines were changed to use electric trains.

Into the 20th century 
Because the different lines were run by different companies, changing lines was difficult. Between 1900 and 1902, Charles Yerkes bought most of the companies and formed a company named Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd, short UERL.
In the 1930s and 1940s 
In 1933, a company was formed of all the bus, tram and underground companies, called London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). It planned to make the network longer, but the Second World War stopped this. In the war, some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs.

After the war 
After the war more passengers used the underground. Minor changes were made: Victoria Line was opened in the 1960s, and currently the Piccadilly Line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977. The Jubilee Line was opened in 1979, and extended to Stratford 20 years later. Night Tube was introduced in 2016.

Network

Trains 
The system uses two kinds of trains, a big type - called sub surface trains and a smaller type - deep level trains. The big ones are used for the rectangular tunnels (District Line, Metropolitan Line, Circle Line), the small ones for the round tunnels. Most lines have different trains, although they fit into one of the two categories.
Stations 
The Underground's trains usually drive to 270 stations. 14 Stations are outside of London.

Lines

Tickets 
The Underground uses zones to collect fares. There are 9 zones. Zone 1 is the most central zone. The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park, outside Greater London. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies.

Paper tickets or the contactless Oyster card can be used for travel. The Oyster Card is a plastic card which stores credit (money and Travelcards) which the owner uses to pay for Underground travel. The user must "charge" (put money onto) their card at a ticket machine.  They then touch the card on a yellow reader to pay for their journey. Since its introduction in 2002 it has become very popular with regular travelers, as the prices are much cheaper if you use an Oyster card.
There are ticket offices, some open only in the rush-hour, and ticket machines, which can be used at any time. Some machines take coins only, other touch-screen machines take coins and English notes, and usually give change. These machines also take credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.

Summary of ticket types 
The following tickets are available from London Underground and TfL ticket offices to use on the Underground:

Station access
Station access 

When most of the stations in the London Underground system were built, disabled and wheelchair access was not considered. While many above-ground stations have only a few steps to the platform, nearly all Underground stations have some of the systems's 410 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators). Newer stations include disabled access, and many older stations install disabled access when they are refurbished or rebuilt. Since 2004, maps inside the trains show which stations have step-free access from street level. Transport for London plan to have a network of over 100 fully accessible stations by 2020, which means that 75% of Tube journeys can be made with step-free access.

The escalators in the London Underground system are some of the longest in Europe. They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year and are used by 13,000 people per hour, with 95% of them running at one time.

Safety

Accidents
Safety

Accidents 

There have been relatively few accidents in the Underground's history. Most happen if people accidentally fall onto the tracks. In some stations there are pits in the middle of the track to stop people being injured if they fall onto the track. Newly rebuilt parts of the system, especially on the Jubilee line, have platform doors. These doors only open when a train stops and prevent people falling or jumping onto the tracks.

Platform doors 
The below-ground Jubilee Line extension (Westminster to North Greenwich) stations have sliding platform doors installed to prevent people falling off the platform onto the tracks, and discourage/prevent suicides.
Bomb attacks 
In the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s, the Underground was bombed many times by the IRA, and for this reason there have been no wastebins in or around stations until very recently, when clear plastic sacks were introduced in some parts of the system. On 7 July 2005, there were three attacks by radical Islamic terrorists on two Circle Line trains and on one Piccadilly Line.

Smoking 
Smoking is not allowed in any part of the underground. It was banned after a fire in King's Cross Station in 1987.

Criticism 
The commuters of London often complain about the Underground. Even newspapers, especially the Evening Standard, often criticise the system.

Usually the complaints are about delays, overcrowding and the fares. Sometimes strikes of London Underground staff occur.
Fares 
London Underground fares are now the most expensive of any rail system around the world, including the luxurious Orient Express, and they continue to rise at very high levels. Concern has also been raised over the huge difference between oyster card fares and cash fares, with the criticism that the high cash fares will discourage tourists and day visitors to London from traveling around the city.

Delays 

Because the underground is a very old system, engineering work is often needed and often causes delays. There can be other reasons as well, for example signal failures or other breakdowns. Customers can claim a refund if their tube journey is delayed for more than 15 minutes due to problems within the control of Transport For London.

Overcrowding
Overcrowding 

Because many more commuters use the underground than planned, overcrowding often happens. This can cause stress and frustration with the underground system among commuters. According to a report by MPs, commuters face "a daily trauma" and are often forced to travel in "intolerable conditions".

Industrial action 

Because so many passengers travel on the London Underground network every day, strikes or industrial actions on the Underground network have a very high impact on London's traffic and can impact on London's economy. London Underground and the rail unions claim to be under high pressure from the working public, private businesses and government departments.

Strike actions on the London Underground occur for a number of reasons, including health and safety, working conditions and pay levels. There were several such strikes in the late 1970s.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Transport for London Home page 
 Tube and DLR maps 
 Facts and figures 
 Tourist information
 British Transport Police
 London Transport Museum

 
1863 establishments in England
Democracy Now! is a radio and TV program.  It is entirely paid for through donations from listeners, viewers, and foundations and does not accept advertisers, corporate underwriting, or government funding. It is one of the biggest independent news organizations in the United States.

Other websites 
 Official Website

Radio programs
Television programs
The Socialist Party is a Trotskyist political party active in England and Wales and part of the Committee for a Workers' International.  They publish a weekly newspaper entitled The Socialist and a monthly Socialism Today.  As an organisation, it has evolved from the Militant Tendency, who in the early 1980s started to be expelled from the Labour Party, for organising a mass campaign against the Poll Tax.
There was a debate with the Militant Tendency whether or not to cease working within the Labour Party and the majority of the group decided to do so, although a minority around Ted Grant broke away to form Socialist Appeal. This debate ran alongside a parallel debate on the future of Scottish politics. The result was that the experiment of operating as an "open party" was first undertaken in Scotland under the name of Scottish Militant Labour. This initiative would eventually lead to the foundation of the Scottish Socialist Alliance.  The majority of Scottish members, after forming the Scottish Socialist Party, left the CWI in early 2001 as they moved away from traditional Trotskyist politics.
For a while, the party was known as Militant Labour. In 1997, the group changed its name to the Socialist Party, but the ownership of this name has been contested by the much older Socialist Party of Great Britain. As a result, the new party is frequently known as "The Socialist Party of England and Wales". In elections, it has had to use the name "Socialist Alternative". They were one of the founders of the local Socialist Alliance groups, but they left in 2001.
Since ending their tenure in the Socialist Alliance, the Socialist Party has run candidates in elections as Socialist Alternative.  Following the UK local elections, 2006, it has three councillors in Coventry, one in Stoke, two in Lewisham, South London and one in Huddersfield.  In February 2005, the Socialist Party announced plans to contest the 2005 parliamentary elections as part of a new electoral alliance called the Socialist Green Unity Coalition.  Several former components of the Socialist Alliance that did not join Respect also joined the SGUC.
The Socialist Party is a smaller organisation than the Militant of the 1980s, but has influence in some trade unions. In 2005, 23 Socialist Party members are elected members of trade union national executive committees. Under the leadership of Peter Taaffe, their policies have remained close to the Trotskyist mainstream. Their demand for the nationalisation of the one hundred and fifty top British companies and their longstanding practice of running in elections has led some critics to label them as reformists though the party insists that their method is based on Trotsky's Transitional Programme.

The Socialist Party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers International, and is indeed the largest of its forty members. The party participates also in the broader European Anticapitalist Left.
In November 2005 at its annual 'Socialism' event, the Socialist Party formally launched the 'Campaign for a New Workers' Party' with the aim of persuading individuals, campaigners and trade unions to help set up and back a new broad left alternative to New Labour that would fight for working class people.  The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT union) held a conference in January 2006 to address what it calls 'The crisis in working class representation',  in which Dave Nellist was invited to speak. Most of the speakers were in favour of a broad left alternative to New Labour. The remaining speakers, such as MP John McDonnell, wished it well.

Other websites 
Socialist Party website
Socialism Today, the theoretical monthly journal of the Socialist Party
Committee for a Workers' International website
Campaign for a New Workers Party

Political parties in England
Political parties in Wales
Socialist Teachers are a group of members of the Socialist Party (England and Wales) in the National Union of Teachers(NUT).

It is associated with CNWP teachers and its members work with other socialists and trade union activists in the STA (Socialist Teachers' Alliance) and CDFU (Campaign for a Democratic and Fighting Union).

Socialist Party teacher Martin Powell-Davies stood for the general secretary of the NUT in 2004 and polled 6,482 first-preference votes.

Other websites 
 Socialist Party Teachers website 
 Socialist Party Teachers blog

Education in the United Kingdom
Socialists
The National Union of Teachers was the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.

In 2017 it joined with the Association of Teachers and Lecturers to form the National Education Union.

Other websites 
National Union of Teachers website

References

Educational organisations in the United Kingdom
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
Albania - Socialist Party of Albania
 Argentina - Socialist Party (Argentina)
 Australia - Socialist Party (Australia)
 Belgium
 Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)
 Socialistische Partij - Anders (Flemish Socialist Party)
 Bulgaria - Bulgarian Socialist Party
 Chile - Socialist Party of Chile
 European Union - Party of European Socialists
 France - Socialist Party (France)
 Georgia - Socialist Party (Georgia)
 Germany - Die Linke
 Greece - Panhellenic Socialist Movement
 India - Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
 Republic of Ireland|Ireland - Socialist Party of Ireland (CWI affiliate)
 Italy - Partito Socialista Italiano
 Latvia - Latvian Socialist Party
 Netherlands - Socialistische Partij
 Portugal - Socialist Party (Portugal)
 Puerto Rico - Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
 San Marino - Partito Socialista Sammarinese
 Senegal - Socialist Party (Senegal)
 Spain - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
 Switzerland - Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also known as the Swiss Socialist Party)
Ukraine - Socialist Party of Ukraine
 United Kingdom
 Socialist Party (England and Wales)
 Socialist Party of Great Britain
 Scottish Socialist Party
 United States
 Socialist Party of America
 Socialist Party USA
Related pages
 Social Democratic Party (a disambiguation page)
Up to 1950 
 70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle of the Wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem.
 1224 - The University of Naples is founded.
 1257 - Krakow receives city rights.
 1283 - Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, captures Charles II of Naples.
 1654 - Queen Christina I of Sweden abdicates (leaves) the throne and secretly converts to Roman Catholicism.
 1806 - Louis Bonaparte becomes regent of the Netherlands.
 1817 - The first Great Lakes steamer, Frontenac, is launched.
 1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship, Voladora, off Cuba.
 1832 - The June Rebellion breaks out in Paris in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy of Louis-Philippe.
 1837 - Houston, Texas is incorporated as part of the then-Republic of Texas.
 1849 – Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
 1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's serial Uncle Tom's Cabin starts a 10-month run in the 'National Era' newspaper.
1862 - The Treaty of Saigon is signed, ceding parts of southern Vietnam to France. The guerrilla, Huong Dinh, continues to fight against the Europeans, against the order of Emperor Tu Duc.
 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont, Virginia - Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
 1870 - Fire rips through Pera, a part of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), destroying over 3,000 houses and killing around 1,300 people.
 1883 - The first regularly-scheduled Orient Express leaves Paris.
 1888 - An earthquake of over magnitude 5 strikes the Rio de la Plata region between Argentina and Uruguay.
 1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
 1915 – Denmark amends its constitution to give women the right to vote.
 1916 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
 1917 - World War I: Conscription into the military, for the war, begins in the United States.
1924 - The first fax to be sent across the Atlantic Ocean is sent by Ernst Alexanderson.
 1941 - 4,000 Chongqing residents choke to death in a bomb shelter during the bombing of Chongqing.
 1942 - World War II: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.
 1944 - World War II: Over 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries in Normandy, in preparation for the D-Day landings the next day.
 1945 - The Allied Control Council, the military occupation governing body of Germany after World War II, officially takes control.
 1946 - A fire at the Fort de la Salle Hotel in Chicago kills 61 people.
 1947 – George Marshall calls for aid to war-torn Europe.
 1949 - Thailand's first female Member of Parliament, Orapin Chaiyakin, is elected.
1951  2000 
 1953 - Denmark's Constitution is reformed, allowing a woman to become monarch. Future Queen, Margrethe II of Denmark, becomes next-in-line to the throne.
 1956 - Elvis Presley introduces the famous Hound Dog single.
 1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in.
 1963 – British politician John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal.
 1963 - Mass protests occur in Iran against Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is arrested.
 1967 – The Six-Day War begins, fought between Israel and its neighbours.
 1968 - Robert F. Kennedy is shot in Los Angeles, California, by Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies the next day as a result of his injuries.
 1969 - The International Communist Conference begins on Moscow.
 1975 - Egypt's Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
 1975 - The United Kingdom holds a referendum on membership of the European Economic Community, with a majority voting to stay part of the organization.
1976 - The Teton Dam in Idaho collapses, killing 11 people.
 1977 – A coup occurs in the Seychelles.
 1981 - The first cases of what would later be known as AIDS, are reported.
 1984 - Operation Blue Star: Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders a storming of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest place in the Sikh religion.
 1989 – The Unknown Rebel halts a line of tanks in an act of defiance at the Chinese government's violent crackdown at Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
 1998 – A seven-week strike begins at General Motors.
 1998 - Ethiopia and Eritrea start fighting a border war.
 2000 - Sumatra is hit by a magnitude 7.9 earthquake, killing over 100 people.
 2000 - A 6-day war begins in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo between Rwandan and Ugandan forces.
From 2001 
 2001 – Tropical Storm Allison hits Texas.
 2002 – Elizabeth Smart, a teenager, is kidnapped from her home in Utah.
 2003 – A heatwave in India and Pakistan reaches its height with temperatures of over 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit).
 2004 - Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States dies from pneumonia at the age of 93.
 2006 – Serbia declares independence from the Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
 2009 - A fire kills 31 people at a day-care center in Hermosillo, Mexico.
 2011 - Ollanta Humala defeats Keiko Fujimori in a close Presidential election in Peru. He becomes President on July 28.
 2012 - Governor of Wisconsin Scott Walker becomes the first US state governor to keep his position after a recall election.

Births
Up to 1900 
1341 – Edmund of Langley, a younger son of King Edward III of England (d. 1402)
1493 – Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (d. 1555)
1553 - Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1617)
1606 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (d. 1684)
1640 - Pu Songling, Chinese writer (d. 1715)
1646 - Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician (d. 1684)
1660 - Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1744)
1718 – Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker (d. 1779)
1723 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (d. 1790)
1757 – Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist (d. 1808)
1760 - Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist (d. 1852)
1771 – Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (d. 1851)
1781 – Christian August Lobeck, German classical scholar (d. 1860)
1791 - Salim bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (d. 1856)
1805 - Samuel Adams, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1850)
1806 - Magnus Eiriksson, Icelandic theologian and writer (d. 1881)
1819 – John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)
1830 - Carmine Crocco, Italian guerrilla (d. 1905)
1850 – Pat Garrett, American Western lawman (d. 1908)
1862 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
1868 - James Connolly, Scottish-Irish socialist leader and general (d. 1916)
1868 - William W. Brandon, 37th Governor of Alabama (d. 1934)
1876 – Tony Jackson, American musician (d. 1920)
1878 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923)
1879 – Robert Mayer, philanthropist (d. 1985)
1883 – John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
1884 – Ralph Benatzky, composer (d. 1957)
1884 - Frederick Lorz, American long-distance runner (d. 1914)
1892 - Jaan Kikkas, Estonian weightlifter (d. 1944)
1894 – Roy Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, English publisher (d. 1976)
1895 – William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972)
1898 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish lyricist and dramatist (d. 1936)
1898 - Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian shoemaker (d. 1960)
1899 - Otis Barton, American engineer and diver (d. 1992)
1899 - Theippan Maungwa, Burmese writer (d. 1942)
1900 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-born physicist (d. 1979)
1901  1950 
1902 - Arthur Powell Davies, American minister, author and activist (d. 1957)
1906 - Eraldo Monzeglio, Italian footballer (d. 1981)
1908 - Navi Naryana Reddy, Indian philanthropist and social reformer (d. 1991)
1912 – Josef Neckermann, German entrepreneur and  dressage equestrian (d. 1992)
1914 - Beatrice De Cardi, British archaeologist
1919 – Richard Scarry, American children's writer (d. 1994)
1921 - Sheila Sim, British actress (d. 2016)
1925 – Art Donovan, American football player (d. 2013)
1925 – Boy Gobert, actor (d. 1986)
1926 - Camillo Cibin, Italian papal bodyguard (d. 2009)
1926 - Gurgen Dalibaltayan, Armenian colonel-general (d. 2015)
1928 – Robert Lansing, American actor (d. 1994)
1928 – Tony Richardson, British actor (d. 1991)
1930 - Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian writer (d. 1996)
1931 – Jacques Demy, French playwright (d. 1990)
1931 - Jerzy Prokopiuk, Polish anthropologist and philosopher
1932 – Christy Brown, Irish writer (d. 1981)
1933 - William Kahan, Canadian mathematician
1934 – Bill Moyers, American journalist
1934 - Vilhjalmur Einarsson, Icelandic athlete
1935 - Helmut Benthaus, German footballer
1938 – Karin Balzer, East German hurdler
1939 – Joe Clark, sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada
1939 – Margaret Drabble, English novelist
1941 – Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
1941 – Spalding Gray, American actor, screenwriter, and monologue artist (d. 2004)
1941 - Robert Kraft, American businessman
1942 – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea
1944 - Massimo Cacciari, Italian philosopher and politician
1944 – Tommie Smith, American athlete
1945 - Patrick Head, English businessman
1946 - Stefania Sandrelli, Italian actress
1947 – Kevin Schon, American actor
1947 – Laurie Anderson, American performance artist, actress, composer
1949 – Ken Follett, Welsh writer
1951  1975 
1952 – Nicko McBrain, English musician (Iron Maiden)
1953 - Kathleen Kennedy, American movie producer
1954 - Simon Hopkinson, English food writer
1955 – Edinho, Brazilian footballer
1956 – Kenny G, American musician
1958 – Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, former President of the Comoros
1959 - Robert Lloyd, English singer
1960 - Julie Kirkbride, English politician
1961 - Anthony Burger, American singer and pianist (d. 2006)
1961 - Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999)
1962 – Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este
1962 - Jeff Garlin, American actor, comedian and producer
1965 - Sandrine Piau, French soprano
1965 - Bob Probert, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
1967 – Joe DeLoach, American athlete
1968 - Ed Vaizey, English lawyer and politician
1970 – Martin Gelinas, Canadian ice hockey player
1971 – Mark Wahlberg ("Marky Mark"), American singer and actor
1971 - Miyuki Komatsu, Japanese actress
1972 – Mike Bucci (Nova, Simon Dean), American professional wrestler
1973 - Andy McLaren, Scottish footballer
1974 - Chad Allen, American actor
1974 - Nina Conti, English ventriloquist and actress
1975 - Anna Nova, German pornographic actress
From 1976 
1976 - Ross Noble, English comedian
1976 - Aesop Rock, American rapper, musician, songwriter and producer
1978 - Fernando Meira, Portuguese footballer
1979 – David Bisbal, Spanish singer
1979 - François Sagat, French actor
1979 - David Weir, British Paralympic athlete
1979 – Pete Wentz, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
1981 – Jade Goody, British TV personality (d. 2009)
1981 – Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1982 - Zvjezdan Misimovic, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1984 – Mark Wilson, Scottish footballer
1985 - Jeremy Abbott, American figure skater
1985 - Ekaterina Bychkova, Russian tennis player
1985 - Rubén de la Red, Spanish footballer
1986 - Dave Bolland, Canadian ice hockey player
1986 - Amanda Crew, Canadian actress
1987 - Charlie Clements, English actor
1987 - Marcus Thornton, American basketball player
1989 - Megumi Nakajima, Japanese voice actress
1990 - Sophie Lowe, English-Australian movie actress
1990 - Junior Hoilett, Canadian footballer
1991 - Martin Braithwaite, Danish footballer
1992 - Emily Seebohm, Australian swimmer
1993 - Laura Giuliani, Italian footballer
1995 - Beckii Cruel, British dancer and singer
1997 - Kieran Tierney, Scottish footballer
1998 - Yulia Lipnitskaya, Russian figure skater
2005 - Irene Urdangarin y Borbon, Spanish royal
Up to 1900 
 301 - Sima Lun, Chinese usurper of the Jin Dynasty (b. 249)
 535 - Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople
 567 - Patriarch Theodosius I of Alexandria
 754 - Saint Boniface, English missionary, bishop and martyr
 1017 - Emperor Sanjo of Japan (b. 976)
 1296 - Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)
 1316 – King Louis X of France (b. 1289)
 1568 - Lamoral, Count Egmont, Flemish soldier and statesman (b. 1522)
 1625 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (b. 1583)
 1667 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
 1688 - Constantin Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1647)
 1716 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (b. 1682)
 1722 - Johann Kuhnau, German composer and musician (b. 1660)
 1791 - Frederick Haldimand, 22nd Governor of Quebec (b. 1718)
 1816 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1741)
 1819 - Bodawpaya, King of Burma (b. 1745)
 1826 - Carl Maria von Weber, German pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1786)
1857 - Henry Hubbard, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1784)
 1866 – John McDouall Stuart, Australian explorer (b. 1815)
 1900 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)