Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Stage Door is a 1937 American drama movie directed by Gregory La Cava and was based on the 1936 play of the same name. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers, Adolphe Menjou, Gail Patrick, Andrea Leeds, Lucille Ball, Eve Arden and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1938.

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 drama movies
1930s American drama movies
Movies based on plays
A Star Is Born is a 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and Jack Conway. It stars Janet Gaynor, Fredric March, Adolphe Menjou, May Robson, Andy Devine, Lionel Stander, Owen Moore, Peggy Wood and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was nominated for 8 Oscars and 2 Academy Awards in 1938 and was remade three times in 1954, 1976 and 2018.

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Jack Conway
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in North Dakota
The Genie is a character in Disney's Aladdin movies.

His life 
The Genie of the Lamp has been stuck in a magic lamp for 10,000 years. He was freed by Aladdin and he offered Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin asked him what he would wish for. Genie wished for his freedom from the lamp.

Development
Robin Williams voiced the Genie in the 1992 cartoon and Aladdin and the King of Thieves. He wasn't able to return for the animated show and The Return of Jafar due to disagreements with Disney and with Dan Castellaneta voicing him in the meantime. Williams improvised a lot of dialogue for the Genie, which made the 1992 movie ineligible for Best Adapted Screenplay. Will Smith would play the Genie in the 2019 live-action remake.

Reception
Robin Williams has received a lot of acclaim for voicing the Genie. Same goes to Will Smith for the remake, which otherwise had mixed reviews.

Aladdin (Disney) characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
Kingdom Hearts characters
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the eighth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released on 2008 exclusively for the PlayStation 3. The game became a bonus game for 2013's Ratchet & Clank: Into the Nexus.

Gameplay
The game plays as just Ratchet and upgrades can be found in the environment.

Plot
Ratchet misses seeing his friend Clank and he and Talwyn Apogee set course to Merdegraw, the home of the Space Pirates.

Reception
Some people liked the game but felt it was too short.

Other websites 
Official website

2008 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank
Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the ninth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released in Fall of 2009, exclusively for the PlayStation 3.

Gameplay
The game plays as Ratchet and Clank. Clank's levels has him solve puzzles and do time recording. Ratchet gets to explore various parts of the Polaris Galaxy. He can find and collect up to 40 Zoni to gain extra health. When he gets all of them, he gets to defeat Lord Vorselon a third and final time.

Plot
Ratchet and Qwark are going to a sector of the Polaris Galaxy to follow Dr. Nefarious, who has captured Clank at the Great Clock.

Reception
Many say it is one of the better Ratchet & Clank games.

Other websites 
Official website

2009 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank
Whipsaw is a 1935 American romantic crime drama movie directed by Sam Wood and starring Myrna Loy, Spencer Tracy, Harvey Stephens, William Harrigan, Robert Warwick, Clay Clement, Wade Boteler. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites
 
 
 

1935 drama movies
1935 romantic drama movies
1930s American crime drama movies
American romantic drama movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by Sam Wood
The Tumen River one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into the Sea of Japan. The river also makes up the Russia-North Korea border. The name comes from the Mongolian word tümen, which means "ten thousand".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. Some have even escaped into Russia. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.

Rivers of China
Rivers of Russia
Geography of North Korea
Gwendolyne Maxine Stacy is a Marvel Comics character created by Stan Lee and Steve Dikto. She is Peter Parker's first love interest in the comics.

Portrayal
Bryce Dallas Howard played Stacy in Spider-Man 3, with Emma Stone playing her in both The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Hailee Steinfeld would later voice her in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Spider-Man movie characters
Marvel Comics supporting characters
Spider-Man
Marvel Comics movie characters
The Yalu River one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into Korea Bay. The origin of the name is unknown. Linguists believe yalu either comes from Manchu meaning "between two places" or from Mandarin meaning "duck green".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.

Rivers of China
Geography of North Korea
Korea Bay is a bay shared by China and North Korea. It is northwest of the Korean Peninusula. The Yalu River empties into this bay.

Bays
Geography of China
Geography of North Korea
Air Force is a 1943 American World War II action movie directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Garfield, John Ridgely, Gig Young, Arthur Kennedy, Harry Carey, George Tobias, Ward Wood. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1944.

Other websites
 
 
 

1943 war movies
1940s action movies
American war movies
American action movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by Howard Hawks
Movies set in Florida
Movies set in the Philippines
Movies about air forces‏‎
The Middle East tree frog (Hyla savignyi), also known as the Lemon yellow tree frog, Savigny's tree frog, is a frog from the Middle East.  It can be found in Egypt, Israel, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

This frog can live in places that are very hot and dry.  Unless it is the breeding season, this frog hides during the day and moves around at night.  Adult frogs eat arthropods, for example insects, and tadpoles eat plants and animals.  The tadpoles turn into frogs at different times of year depending on how high up a mountain they are.

References

Frogs of Asia
The Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (formerly Second Sea Lord) is one of the most senior admirals of the Royal Navy. Previously, titled Second Naval Lord in 1830, the post was restyled Second Sea Lord in 1904. Currently, the Second Sea Lord is based at Navy Command. His counterpart is the Fleet Commander.

Departments under the office
As of September 2020:

Current
 Office of the Assistant Chief (Policy)
 Office of the Director of Personnel and Training & Office of the Naval Secretary
 Director Navy Acquisition
 Office of the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability) and Director Development

References

Royal Navy officers
Military ranks
Norman Manuel Abramson (April 1, 1932 – December 1, 2020) was an American engineer and computer scientist. He was most known for creating the ALOHAnet system for wireless computer communication.

References

Other websites
 Engineering and Technology History Wiki
Biography from IEEE
 Oral history interview with Severo Ornstein, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Ornstein discusses the computing contributions of Wesley Clark and Norman Abramson.

 Author profile in the database zbMATH

American computer scientists
1932 births
2020 deaths
Scientists from Boston
Engineers from Massachusetts
Sol Tolchinsky (January 2, 1929 – December 1, 2020) was a Canadian basketball player. He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Tolchinsky was part of the Canadian basketball team, which finished ninth in the Olympic tournament. 

Tochinsky died of COVID-19 in Montreal on December 1, 2020 at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Canadian basketball players
Canadian Olympians
Sportspeople from Montreal
Thilakarathne Bandara Ekanayake (28 August 1954 – 6 December 2020) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a member of the Freedom Party. He was a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from 1994 until his death.

Ekanayake died on 6 December 2020 in Colombo at the age of 66.

References

Other websites
 

1954 births
2020 deaths
Sri Lankan politicians
David Lander (June 22, 1947 – December 4, 2020) was an American actor, comedian, musician and activist. He was born in New York City. Lander was known for his role as Squiggy in the sitcom Laverne & Shirley. 

In 1984, Lander was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. He died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from the disease on December 4, 2020 at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
 
 

1947 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American activists
Musicians from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
François Leterrier (26 May 1929 – 4 December 2020) was a French director and actor. He was cast in Robert Bresson's movie A Man Escaped. He was born in Oise, France. He directed the 1961 movie Les Mauvais Coups. 

Leterrier died on 4 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
French movie actors
French stage actors
French movie directors
Robert Bresson (; 25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French movie director. 

His works A Man Escaped (1956), Pickpocket (1959) and Au hasard Balthazar (1966) were ranked among the 100 greatest movies ever made.

References

1901 births
1999 deaths
French movie directors
People from Puy-de-Dôme
Bromont-Lamothe is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

References

Communes in Puy-de-Dôme
Ferenc Tóth (30 December 1950 – 4 December 2020) was a Hungarian engineer and Fidesz politician. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) for Paks (Tolna County Constituency II) between 1998 and 2014.

Tóth died on 4 December 2020 from COVID-19, aged 70.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian politicians
Hungarian engineers
Hungarian businesspeople
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary
Tolna County
James Odongo (27 March 1931 – 4 December 2020), was a Ugandan Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tororo in Uganda, from 5 January 1985, until his retirement on 27 June 2007. Odongo was born in Tororo District, Uganda.

Odongo died on the morning of 4 December 2020 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Profile of Military Ordinariate of Uganda 
Profile of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tororo 

1931 births
2020 deaths
Ugandan Roman Catholic bishops
Belinda Bozzoli  (17 December 1945 – 5 December 2020) was a South African author, academic, sociologist, and politician. She was Shadow Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology from 2019 to 2020. She also was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Democratic Alliance from 2014 to 2020. 

Bozzoli died from cancer on 5 December 2020.

References

2020 deaths
1945 births
South African politicians
South African writers
Deaths from cancer
Robert Moyal (21 May 1933 – 5 December 2020), better known as Robert Castel, was an Algerian-born French actor and comedian. He was born in Algiers, Algeria. Castel was known for his roles in Georghiu in The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe (1972), Andre in Two Men in Town (1973) and as Trinita in Je suis timide mais je me soigne (1978). His career lasted from 1955 until 2016.

Castel died of a long-illness on 5 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French comedians
Actors from Algiers
Ronald A. Irwin,  (October 29, 1936 – December 5, 2020) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was a member of the Canadian Parliament between 1980 to 1984 and again from 1993 to 1997. 

Irwin died on December 5, 2020 in Sault Ste. Marie at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Ambassadors of Canada
Politicians from Ontario
Henryk Jerzy Kukier (1 January 1930 – 5 December 2020) was a Polish boxer. He was born in Lublin. He won the gold medal in the Flyweight class at the 1953 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Warsaw, and the bronze medal at the 1955 European Amateur Boxing Championships in West Berlin. He competed three times in the Summer Olympics (1952, 1956, 1960).

Kukier died on 5 December 2020, at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Polish Olympians
Polish boxers
Trader Horn is a 1931 American romantic adventure movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and was based on the novel of the same name by Alfred Aloysius Horn. It stars Harry Carey, Edwina Booth, Duncan Renaldo, C. Aubrey Smith and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1931 and was remade in 1973.

Other websites
 
 
 

1931 movies
1930s romance movies
1930s adventure movies
American romance movies
American adventure movies
MGM movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by W. S. Van Dyke
Ildikó Pécsi (21 May 1940 – 5 December 2020) was a Hungarian actress and politician. She appeared in more than one hundred movies from 1961 until 2008. She was a member of the National Assembly between 1994 to 1998. Pécsi was known for her roles in Tales of a Long Journey, A Strange Role and in Just like Home.

Pécsi died on 5 December 2020 in Budapest at the age of 80.

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian politicians
Viktor Vladimirovich Ponedelnik (, 22 May 1937 in Rostov-on-Don – 5 December 2020) was a Russian footballer and manager. He played for the Soviet Union national team.

References

Other websites
Biography from the official website of the Russian national team  
Unofficial biography  

1937 births
2020 deaths
Soviet footballers
Russian footballers
Martin A. Sandoval (January 12, 1964 – December 5, 2020) was a Democratic politician. He admitted guilt to corruption charges in 2020.  He was a member of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2020. Sandoval was born in Chicago.

On December 5, 2020, Sandoval died at a hospital in Chicago of COVID-19 at the age of 56.

References

1964 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Chicago
Criminals from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria which make lactic acid. This is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation. The bacteria change carbohydrates to lactic acid and energy. 

The bacteria are the order Lactobacillales.  Most of them are anaerobic: they do not need oxygen. Usually, they can live well in acidic environments. They are either rod-shaped, or spherical. They are found in decomposing plants and milk products. 

Lactic acid bacteria are important, and they are common. There are about 40 genera. Some species occur in the gut of animals, including humans. Several lactic acid bacteria are pathogens: they cause infectious diseases.

Lactic acid fermentation has been used since the Stone Age. It makes food last longer, and be easier to digest. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt.
Adult humans originally could not digest milk products. Then, all humans were lactose intolerant (as, for example, cats are after weaning). Lactase persistence is the phenotype where genes prolonging the activity of lactase beyond infancy. Humans are unusual in having lactase persistence. We know it evolved fairly recently (in the last 10,000 years) among some populations. Still, most people worldwide are lactase nonpersistent. They cannot digest lactose products after weaning. The evidence is that lactose persistence grew in human groups who herded cattle. To them it was a great advantage: they could digest milk throughout life.

References 

Bacteria
Digestive system
Property Is No Longer a Theft () is a 1973 Italian French comedy movie directed by Elio Petri and starring Ugo Tognazzi, Flavio Bucci, Daria Nicolodi, Salvo Randone, Mario Scaccia, Julien Guiomar, Jacques Herlin, Gigi Proietti.

Other websites

1973 comedy movies
Italian comedy movies
French comedy movies
Movies directed by Elio Petri
Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for about 600 species of old world climbing palms. They belong to the subfamily Calamoideae. 

Rattan is also known as manila, or malacca, after the ports of Manila and Malacca City, and as manau (from the Malay rotan manau, the trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia). 

The climbing habit comes with a flexible woody stem, got from a secondary growth. This makes rattan a liana rather than a normal or true wood. It grows much faster than most tropical wood. Rattan canes are one of the world's most valuable non-timber forest products. 

'Dragon's blood' is a red resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense. It can come from the fruit of a rattan. Furniture is probably the most widespread use. Many types of weapons have been made from rattan.

References 

Wood
Arecaceae
Stucco is a kind of plasterwork used to decorate ceilings and other parts of buildings. It is made of aggregates, binder and water. These days its main constituent is Portland cement, sand, inorganic lime (a hydroxide mineral, not the fruit) and water. It is applied wet and dries hard.

The same substance is often called plaster and sometimes mortar.  It has been used for hundreds of years in many cultures round the world.

Building materials
Group 10 is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 10 has nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and darmstadtium (Ds).

Group 10 is in the transition metals section. It is worth noting that darmstadtium has unknown chemical properties, but is probably a transition metal.

Transition metals
10
Group 7 is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 7 has manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re) and bohrium (Bh).

Group 7 is in the transition metals section.

07
Transition metals
Muslihan Diding Sutrisno (4 August 1946 – 6 December 2020) was an Indonesian military official and politician. He was born in Bengkulu, Indonesia. He was a member of the People's Conscience Party. DS was Regent of Rejang Lebong from 1994 to 1999 and of North Bengkulu from 2001 to 2006.

DS died on 6 December 2020 in Bengkulu of COVID-19 at the age of 74.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Indonesian politicians
Bengkulu
The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series is an award which is given every year by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television drama series for the primetime network season.

The award was first given at the 6th Primetime Emmy Awards on February 11, 1954. Zendaya is the current and youngest recipient of the award. She received an award for her work on Euphoria.

Primetime Emmy Awards
Peter Alliss (28 February 1931 – 5 December 2020) was an English former professional golfer, television presenter, commentator, author and golf course designer. He was born in Berlin. In 2012 he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category.

Between 1952 and 1969, Alliss won 20 professional tournaments, including three British PGA Championships, in 1957, 1962 and 1965. He had five top-10 finishes in the Open Championship.

Alliss played on eight Ryder Cup teams between 1953 and 1969 with a record of 10 wins, 15 losses and 5 halved matches. 

Allis died on 5 December 2020 at the age of 89.

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
English sports commentators
English television presenters
British golfers
Golf broadcasters
Writers from Berlin
Sportspeople from Berlin
This is a list of presidents of France.

List of presidents

French First Republic (1792–1804)

French Second Republic (1848–1852)

French Third Republic (1870–1940)
Political parties

French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
Political Party:

French Fifth Republic (1958–present)

References
The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and started the Second Empire.

References

French Republic 2
19th-century establishments in France
1848 establishments in Europe
1850s disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in France
1852
1840s in Europe
1850s in France
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 19th century
The Government of National Defense () was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was formed after the Emperor Napoleon III was captured by the Prussian Army.

Members
General Louis Jules Trochu, President of the Government
Léon Gambetta, Minister of the Interior
Jules Favre, Vice-President, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adolphe Le Flô, Minister of War
Léon Martin Fourichon, Minister of the Navy and the Colonies
Ernest Picard, Minister of Finance
Jules Ferry, Secretary of the Government
Jules Simon, Minister of Education, Religion, and Arts
Adolphe Crémieux, Minister of Justice
Emmanuel Arago, Minister of the Interior
Pierre Frédéric Dorian, Minister of Public Works
Henri Rochefort, Minister without Portfolio 
Alexandre Glais-Bizoin, Minister without Portfolio
Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Minister without Portfolio
Eugène Pelletan, Minister without Portfolio

References
References

Politics of France
Government of France
Organizations based in France
1870s in France
The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government created in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the creation of the Vichy government in France.It was formed in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War from 1870-1871 . After France was defeated Napoleon III was exiled from France . In 1914 France declared war on the German Empire led by Kaiser Wilhelm II until Germany became the Weimar Republic Era in 1918 after World War 1 . In 1940 after Nazi Germany started World War 2 the French surrendered . Southern France became Vichy France and France’s Colonies in North Africa surrendered while the Empire of Japan took French Indochina before Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 .

References
References

Politics of France
French Republic 3
1870s in Europe
1880s in Europe
1890s in Europe
1900s in Europe
1910s in France
1920s in France
1930s in France
19th-century establishments in France
1870 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1940s disestablishments in Europe
1940 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR;  (GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 after the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasted until the creation of the French Fourth Republic.

List of Chairmen of the Provisional Government

References

1940s establishments in France
1944 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1946 disestablishments in Europe
Politics of France
Organizations based in France
The French Fourth Republic () was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. 

It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.

Notes

References

French Republic 4
1940s in France
1950s in Europe
1940s establishments in France
1946 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1950s disestablishments in Europe
1958 disestablishments
Government of France
The Fifth Republic (), France's current republican system of government, was created by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. 

The Fifth Republic was created after the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state.

Notes

References

Government of France
The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was a five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.

Notes

Government of France
1795 establishments
The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. 

During this time, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul (Premier consul), created himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler.  

Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.

References

Government of France
Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (; 27 February 17673 March 1855) was a  French lawyer and statesman. He is best known as the first head of state of the Second Republic.

References

1767 births
1855 deaths
Presidents of France
People from Eure
Politicians from Normandy‎
The Executive Commission of 1848 was a short-lived government during the French Second Republic. It was chaired by François Arago. It lasted from 9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848. It replaced the Provisional Government of 1848 and was in turn replaced by the Cabinet of General Cavaignac.

The members of the Commission acted as joint head of state.

References

Government of France
1848 establishments
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (; 15 October 1802 in Paris – 28 October 1857) was a French general. He was Chief of the Executive Power between June 1848 to December 1848. He also was Prime Minister of France at the same time.

References

1802 births
1857 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Politicians from Paris
Louis-Jules Trochu (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's de facto head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871.

References

1815 births
1896 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
People from Morbihan
Politicians from Brittany
Patrice de MacMahon, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (; born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician. He was Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as President of France, from 1875 to 1879.

References

1808 births
1893 deaths
Presidents of France
People from Saône-et-Loire
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes‎
François Judith Paul Grévy (; 15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.

References

1807 births
1891 deaths
Presidents of France
People from Jura
Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

References

1841 births
1899 deaths
Presidents of France
Politicians from Paris
Émile François Loubet (; 30 December 183820 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France. He was involved in the 1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion and was President of France from 1899-1906 .

References

1838 births
1929 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
People from Drôme
Clément Armand Fallières (; 6 November 1841 – 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913.

References

1841 births
1931 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
People from Lot-et-Garonne
Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (; 13 February 1855 28 April 1922) was a French statesman. He was President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920.

References

1855 births
1922 deaths
Presidents of France
Alexandre Millerand (;  – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924.

References

1859 births
1943 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Politicians from Paris
Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 18 June 1937) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1924 to 1931.

References

1863 births
1937 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
People from Gard
Politicians from Occitanie‎
Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. At the age of 74, he is the oldest person elected president.

References

1857 births
1932 deaths
Assassinated French politicians
Murders by firearm
Presidents of France
People from Cantal
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ruth Williams Khama is the first first lady of the Republic of Botswana since it gained its independence in 1966. She was a British citizen. Her love life with the first president of Botswana, Sir Seretse Khama was filled with controversies. They got kicked out of the country because the bangwato tribe believed Khama broke the laws by marrying a white woman. Controversies spiked because the bangwato had grudges over the whites, claiming they were killers and manipulators.

With many negotiations, the Khamas, Ruth and Seretse were able to return and eventually became the first president and first lady of Botswana.

Botswana politicians
First Ladies
Albert François Lebrun (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic.

References

1871 births
1950 deaths
Presidents of the Senate (France)
Presidents of France
Deaths from pneumonia
Politicians from Grand Est
People from Meurthe-et-Moselle
Félix Gouin (; 4 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

Honours and awards
 Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
 Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria

References

1884 births
1977 deaths
Presidents of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
Politicians from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
People from Bouches-du-Rhône‎
Georges-Augustin Bidault (; 5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. From 1949 to 1950, he was the Prime Minister of France.

References

1899 births
1983 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
People from Allier
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes‎
Vincent Jules Auriol (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician. He was President of France from 1947 to 1954.

References

1884 births
1966 deaths
Presidents of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
People from Haute-Garonne
Politicians from Occitanie‎
André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister.

References

1872 births
1950 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Politicians from Paris
Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

References

1882 births
1962 deaths
Presidents of France
People from Le Havre
Politicians from Normandy
Pierre Werner (29 December 1913 – 24 June 2002) was a Luxembourgian politician in the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) who was the 18th Prime Minister from 1959 to 1974 and from 1979 to 1984.

References

1913 births
2002 deaths
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
Viktor Klima (born 4 June 1947) is an Austrian Social Democrat politician and businessman. He was chancellor of Austria from 1997 to 2000.

References

1947 births
Living people
Chancellors of Austria
Austrian businesspeople
Presidents of the European Council
Paavo Tapio Lipponen () (born 23 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005.

References

1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
Mirek Topolánek (, born 15 May 1956) is a Czech politician and business manager. He was Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2009 and Leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) from 2002 to 2010.

References

1956 births
Living people
Presidents of the Czech Republic
Czech businesspeople
The Chairman of the Government of the Czech Republic (Czech: Předseda vlády České republiky, normally referred to in English as the Prime Minister), is the head of the Government of the Czech Republic.

List

Notes

Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic
This is a list of prime ministers of the Czech Republic, a political office that was created in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

List
 Parties

References

PM
Czech
The Order of the Elephant () is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour. It has officially existed since 1693. The honor is usually given to presidents and heads of state.

References

Danish culture
Orders, decorations, and medals
The Order of Isabella the Catholic () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country. 

The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.

References

19th-century establishments in Spain
1815 establishments in Europe
Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain
The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword () is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

Other websites
Homepage of the order, with pictures of the badges and explanation of the several grades 
The Cross of Saint James, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of St James of the Sword 

Orders, decorations, and medals of Portugal
Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.

References

1924 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
People from Réunion
The following is a list of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly.

List

Other websites
Rulers.org
Worldstatesmen.org
The Ministry of the Economy and Finance (, pronounced ), informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the Government of France.

List

Other websites
 Composition of Government
 Common site of the two ministries
 French taxation site
Jacques Chaban-Delmas (; 7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1969 to 1972.

References

1915 births
2000 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Prime Ministers of France
Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He was Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974.

References

1916 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Politicians from Île-de-France
People from Val-de-Marne
Jean-Pierre Fourcade (born 18 October 1929) is a French politician. He was a member of the Senate of France. He represented the Hauts-de-Seine and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party.

References

1929 births
Living people
French Ministers of Finance
French mayors
Politicians from Boulogne-Billancourt
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
People from Lot-et-Garonne
The National Centre of Independents and Peasants (Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans, CNIP or CNI) is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1949.

Other websites
Official website

1940s establishments in France
1949 establishments in Europe
Political parties in France
The Independent Republicans (, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962. It became a political party in 1966 known as the National Federation of the Independent Republicans (Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants, FNRI). Its leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

In 1977 it became the Republican Party which joined the Union for French Democracy (UDF) the following year.

References

1960s establishments in France
1962 establishments in Europe
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Political parties in France
The Republican Party (, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977. It replaced the National Federation of the Independent Republicans that was founded in 1966.  It was created by future President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was known to be conservative in domestic, social and economic policies, pro-NATO, and pro-European.

References

1970s establishments in France
1977 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1997 disestablishments in Europe
Political parties in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
The Union for French Democracy (, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France. 

This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, Démocratie française. The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals.

References

1970s establishments in France
1978 establishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in France
2007 disestablishments in Europe
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Political parties in France
Democratic Convention (Convention démocrate, CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the Popular Party for French Democracy, started in 1995.

The Popular Party for French Democracy (Parti populaire pour la démocratie française, PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).

References

Political parties in France
Liberal Democracy (, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France from 1997 to 2002.

References

Political parties in France
The Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the Croix de guerre created on September 26, 1939. It honors people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.

References

Military honors
Military of France
The École nationale d'administration (often called ENA; ; ) is a French grande école, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle.

References

1945 establishments in France
Schools in France
Strasbourg
Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (born 17 October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris.

Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.

References

1956 births
Living people
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Businesspeople from Paris
Louis Joachim Marie François Giscard d'Estaing (born 20 October 1958) is a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France. He is the son of the late President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926-2020) and Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (née Sauvage de Brantes). He is mayor of Chamalières since 2005.

References

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Paris
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.

Other websites
 Radio-TV debate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing/François Mitterrand 

1970s in France
1974 in Europe
Presidential elections in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Les Trente Glorieuses (, 'The Glorious Thirty') was the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France.

The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié. Fourastié created the term in 1979 with the publication of his book Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975 ('The Glorious Thirty, or the Invisible Revolution from 1946 to 1975'). 

The term is comes from Les Trois Glorieuses ('The Glorious Three'), the three days of revolution on 27–29 July 1830 in France.

References

1940s in France
1950s in Europe
1960s in France
1970s in Europe
Economic history
The Constitutional Council (;  ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was created by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to make that constitutional ideas and rules are seen through. It is located in the Palais-Royal, Paris.

References

Government of France
The Convention on the Future of the European Union, also known as the European Convention, was a body created by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. 

It was inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the creation of the United States federal Constitution. The goal was to create a constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt. 

The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.

References

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
European Union
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unapproved international treaty meant to create a constitution for the European Union (EU). 

It would have replaced the European Union treaties with a single text.

The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union. It was later ratified by 18 member states.

However French and Dutch voters did not approve the treaty thus not passing it.

References

European Union
The French presidential election of 1981 took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

References

1981 in Europe
1980s in France
Presidential elections in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing (30 December 1927 – 13 September 2021) was a French politician. He was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. He was the brother of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Giscard d'Estaing died in Vierzon, France on 13 September 2021, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 World Parliament
 INSEAD Business

1927 births
French mayors
2021 deaths
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Alexandre Parodi (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat. He was the first ambassador of France to the United Nations.

Parodi was a member of the State Council.

From 1944 to 1945, Parodi was the Minister of Work and Social Security. From 1945 to 1960, Parodi worked as a French diplomat.

References

French politicians
1901 births
1979 deaths
French diplomats
The First Army () was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II. It was also active during the Cold War.

References

Armies
French military organizations
Lycée Janson de Sailly is a lycée located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The lycéens of Janson are called les jansoniens and they usually refer to their high school as Janson, or JdS. It is the biggest academic institution in the region: 3,200 boys and girls from 11 to 20 attend classes ranging from junior high school to Classes Préparatoires.

References

Schools in Paris
The Lycée Louis-le-Grand () is a secondary school located in Paris. Founded in 1563 by the Jesuits as the Collège de Clermont, it was renamed in King Louis XIV of France's honor.

References

16th-century establishments in France
1560s establishments in Europe
1563 establishments
Colleges and universities in France
Schools in Paris
The Inspectorate General of Finances or Inspection générale des finances (IGF) is a supervisory body in France. In the recent years, the IGF has been at the head of the movement of modernization of the state.

It is currently run by Marie-Christine Lepetit. It is placed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry for Economy, Finance, and Industry and the Ministry for Budget, Public Accounts and State Reform.

Other websites
 

Government of France
Edgar Faure (; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French politician, essayist, historian, and memoirist. From 1973 to 1978, he was President of the French National Assembly. He was also Prime Minister of France in 1952 and again from 1955 to 1956.

References

1908 births
1988 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
Memoirists
The 1969 French presidential election took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969. It happened after the resignation of President Charles de Gaulle on 28 April 1969.

More readings
 
 Penniman, Howard. "French Elections, 1969." World Affairs 132.2 (1969): 101–117. online

1969 in France
Presidential elections in France
A constitutional referendum was held in France on 27 April 1969. The reforms would have led to government changes to the Senate. It was rejected by 52.4% of voters. This led to President Charles de Gaulle's resignation.

References

1969 in France
The Élysée Palace (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848.

Other websites
 Official website

Palaces in Paris
Presidents of France
The European Monetary System (EMS) was a system where most of the nations of the European Economic Community (EEC) would have their currencies merged together. It was created in 1979 under then President of the European Commission Roy Jenkins.

References

European Union
The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third part of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during 30 July – 1 August 1975. 

All then-existing European countries as well as United States and Canada, altogether 35 participating states, signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the Soviet bloc and the West.

References

1975 in Europe
Gerald Ford