Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Milan Hejduk (born February 14, 1976, in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey right winger. He played a combined 14 seasons in the National Hockey League all with the Colorado Avalanche.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hejduk played 5 seasons with HC Pardubice of the Czech Extraliga. He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 87th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. In 2001, Hejduk won the Stanley Cup with the Avalanche when they defeated the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 3. During the 2002-03 NHL season, he was able to win the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy beating out Markus Näslund of the Vancouver Canucks. When the 2004-05 NHL lockout happened, Hejduk returned to the Czech Republic to play for his old team, HC Pardubice. He became the captain of the Avalanche on November 14, 2011. He gave up captaincy because of his role in the organization changing.

Hejduk retired from playing professional ice hockey on November 13, 2013.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1976 births
Colorado Avalanche players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
Czech Olympic bronze medalists
Czech Olympic gold medalists
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Stanley Cup champions
The International Association of Universities (IAU) is an association of universities that belongs to UNESCO. It brings together educational institutions from some 120 countries. They work together on common concerns and projects. The organisation also works with various international and national groups active in higher education. It was established in 1950 in Paris, France.

Other websites 
International Association of Universities

International organizations
1950 establishments
Organizations based in Paris
A nuclear family is a type of family unit. It is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children. Not everyone agrees on what a nuclear family is. Some people say that a nuclear family does not include stepchildren or adopted children. Others say that a nuclear family may include stepchildren or adopted children. A nuclear family is a part of an extended family.

History
The term nuclear family was first used in 1947. However, people have lived in nuclear families for thousands of years. In 2005, archaeologists discovered four 4,600-year-old graves in Germany. Several adults and children who were related were buried in these graves. Researchers think that this proves that people lived in nuclear families a long time ago.

During and before the medieval period in Europe, large family groups, such as clans, were most common. By the late medieval period, the nuclear family had become most common.

References

Anthropology
Sociology
Social groups
Family
Nina Andrycz (11 November 1912 – 31 January 2014) was a Polish actress. Her last movie was in the 2009 movie Before Twilight. Andrycz was the wife of Józef Cyrankiewicz. She earned the name "The Great Dame of Polish Theatre" because of her long and successful career.

Andrycz died on 31 January 2014 in Warsaw, Poland from natural causes, aged 101.

References

Other websites

1912 births
2014 deaths
People from Brest, Belarus
Polish movie actors
Polish stage actors
Polish television actors
Givat Ram () is an area in western central Jerusalem. It contains most of the Knesset, the Supreme Court of Israel, the National Library of Israel, the Israel Museum, the Bloomfield Science Museum, the Bible Lands Museum, and the International Convention Center.

The area also includes the Givat Ram Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and parks such as the Wohl Rose Park and Sacher Park.

Other websites 

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Maximilian Schell (8 December 1930 – 1 February 2014) was an Austrian-Swiss actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Judgment at Nuremberg in 1961. He was also a writer, director and producer for some movies. 

He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role in Stalin. He also appeared in Abraham, Deep Impact, Coast to Coast, and in The Brothers Bloom. His sister was actress Maria Schell.

Early life
Schell was born on 8 December 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. He studied at the University of Zurich. His father was Swiss. Schell began acting at the Basel Theatre.

Career

Schell's career began in 1955. His movie was Kinder, Mütter und ein General. He then appeared in two other movies until he bagn his role as Hans Rolfe in Judgment at Nuremberg in 1961. His role as Hans brought him great fame and success. He won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor.
Schell then appeared in other big picture movies that earned him nominations for an Academy Award. He was nominated for his role as Arthur Goldman in The Man in the Glass Booth, for his role as Johann in Julia. He then won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1992 for his role as Vladimir Lenin in the movie Stalin.

Afterwards, Schell then directed a television movie Candles in the Dark. After his win in 1992, Schell then appeared in many television movies. In 1998, Schell appeared as Jason Lerner in the 1998 movie Deep Impact. His last role was in the 2008 comedy movie The Brothers Bloom as Diamond Dog.

Personal life

Schell married Natalya Andrejchenko in 1985. They divorced in 2005. Then in 2013, Schell married Iva Mihanovic. Schell never had children. Schell suffered diabetes. 

He was good friends with Leonard Bernstein. He performed with Claudio Abbado in many performances. His sister Maria died in 2005 from pneumonia.
Honors
Schell was a guest professor at the University of Southern California. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago.

Death
Schell died on 1 February 2014, in Innsbruck, Austria after a "sudden and serious illness". The German television news service Tagesschau reported that he had been receiving treatment for pneumonia.  Schell was 83 years old when he died.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2014 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Vienna
Austrian movie actors
Austrian movie directors
Austrian movie producers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian screenwriters
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors

Swiss movie actors
Swiss screenwriters
Swiss television actors
From Under the Cork Tree is the third studio album by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released 2005. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, and Andy Hurley. The single on the album Sugar, We're Goin Down helped make them popular.

Tracklisting 

1. "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued"

2. "Of All the Gin Joints in All the World"

3. "Dance, Dance"

4. "Sugar, We're Goin Down"

5. "Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner"

6. "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)"

7. "7 Minutes in Heaven (Atavan Halen)"

8. "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year"

9. "Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends"

10. "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me"

11. "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me""

12. "Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)"

13. "XO"
13. "XO"

2003 albums
Fall Out Boy albums
Fall Out Boy
Wohl Rose Park (, ) is a public garden on the Presidential Hill in Givat Ram, central Jerusalem, Israel. The garden includes lawns, hills, and quarries. There is an ornamental pond with aquatic plants and fish. The garden also has a waterfall, rockeries, sculptures, and a sixth-century mosaic floor. The floor was unearthed at Kibbutz Sde Nahum. The garden was opened in 1981.

Over 400 varieties of roses are grown there. Many of them are gifts from countries around the world. The Wohl Rose Park covers . It is one of the few rose parks of its kind in the Middle East, where there is no rainfall in summer. The park's Garden of Nations is made up of sections donated by other countries. Each section has rose varieties characteristic of, or grown in, the respective country. The park also has an experimental section. This is where new varieties of roses are tested for their suitability for public and private gardens in Israel. It is Jerusalem's official reception area for visiting guests of state and dignitaries.
Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites 

 Wohl Rose Park in the "Jerusalem City Hall" website

Jerusalem
Botanical gardens in Israel
Roses
Sacher Park is the largest public park in Jerusalem. It is in the neighbourhood of Givat Ram. It includes the Jerusalem Bird Observatory and many sports facilities. In the western side of the park is a small Jewish cemetery from the 19th century.

Other websites 

 Sacher Park in the "Israel Traveler" website

Jerusalem
Parks in Israel
The Knesset Menorah (, Menorat HaKnesset) is a monument in front of the Knesset. It was built by Benno Elkan in 1956. It was a gift from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Knesset Menorah is in the southern part of the Wohl Rose Park called the Menorah Garden. The statue was first put in the Horse Garden in central Jerusalem and moved when the new Knesset building opened in 1966.

Other websites 

 The Knesset Menorah in the "Shalom Israel Tours" website

Monuments and memorials in Jerusalem
Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American drama movie directed by Stanley Kramer. The movie was about crimes being wrongly committed by citizens during the Nuremberg Trials by the Nazis. The was set during World War II. It stars Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, William Shatner, and Montgomery Clift. It was released to very positive reviews on December 19, 1961.

1961 crime movies
1961 drama movies
1960s crime drama movies
1960s epic movies
1961 war movies
American crime drama movies
American war movies
Movies directed by Stanley Kramer
Movies about capital punishment
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in Bavaria
Maria Margarethe Anna Schell (15 January 1926 – 26 April 2005) was an Austrian-Swiss actress. She won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival in 1956 for role in Gervaise.

Early life 
Schell was born in Vienna, Austria. Her mother was Margarethe, an actress who ran an acting school. Her father was Hermann Ferdinand Schell, a Swiss poet, novelist and playwriter. She was the older sister of actor Maximilian Schell.

Later life 
Schell lived reclusively in ill health in Carinthia in the Austrian Alps until her death from pneumonia in Preitenegg, Austria on 26 April 2005, aged 79.

Books
 
 1998: „... und wenn’s a Katz is!“ Mein Weg durchs Leben. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach, .

References

Other websites

 
 
 Obituary: Maria Schell (1926-2005) 
 Photographs and literature
 Maria Schell Estate  at Deutsches Filminstitut, Frankfurt am Main

1926 births
2005 deaths
Austrian movie actors
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Actors from Vienna
Swiss movie actors
Swiss television actors
Werner Klemperer (March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was a German-born American stage, movie, and television actor and musician. He won an Emmy Award in 1968 and in 1969.

Klemperer died of cancer on December 6, 2000, aged 80, at his home in Manhattan, New York City.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
Werner Klemperer  at concentric.net
Klemperer's parents, Otto and Johanna, 1920s  portrait by Nickolas Muray
 
 Interview with Werner Klemperer by Bruce Duffie, July, 1985

Emmy Award winning actors
1920 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German movie actors
German television actors
German stage actors
German musicians
Actors from Cologne
Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American movie director and producer. He was born in New York City. Kramer studied at New York University.

Kramer was known for his works in High Noon (1952, as producer), The Caine Mutiny (1954, as producer), The Defiant Ones (1958), On the Beach (1959), Inherit the Wind (1960), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Ship of Fools, (1965) and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967).

In 1945, Kramer had an annulled marriage with actress Marilyn Erskine. From 1950 to 1963, he was married to Anne Pearce. In 1966, Kramer married Karen Sharpe and lasted until Kramer's death in 2001. Kramer had four children, two with Pearce and two with Sharpe.

Kramer died on February 19, 2001 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 87.

References

Other websites

"Tribute to Stanley Kramer" with Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Quincy Jones, Harrison Ford and Al Gore
 "The Godfather of Independent Film", video, 3.5 min.
1913 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is a presidential library created to honor the life and achievements of President of the United States Bill Clinton. It's in Little Rock, Arkansas. It's the eleventh of the thirteen presidential libraries in the United States.

There's a part of the center where, if Clinton wants to, can serve as his final resting place.

References

Other websites

 Official Clinton Center website
 Official Clinton Library website
 Official Clinton Foundation website
 Official Clinton School website

Clinton
Little Rock, Arkansas
Bill Clinton
Adams National Historical Park, formerly Adams National Historic Site, is a national landmark dedicated to Presidents of the United States John Adams and John Quincy Adams. It is in Quincy, Massachusetts. It preserves the home of the two presidents. It also honors the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, and writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams.

Other websites

 Official NPS website: Adams National Historical Park
"Life Portrait of John Adams", broadcast from Adams National Historical Park from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
"Writings of Henry Adams", broadcast from Adams National Historical Park from C-SPAN's American Writers

National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Presidential libraries
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center is a group of several buildings dedicated to President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes. It is in Fremont, Ohio. 

It was started in 1916. The Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library was the first presidential library and one of only three for a 19th-century president. The library holds the 12,000 volume personal library of Rutherford B. Hayes.

References

Other websites
 "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes", broadcast from the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits

Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes
Buildings and structures in Ohio
1916 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Ohio
The William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States William McKinley. The library is owned and operated by the Stark County Historical Society. It is in Canton, Ohio. Canton is where McKinley built his career as lawyer, prosecuting attorney, congressman, governor and president.

Other websites
 William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum

McKinley
Buildings and structures in Ohio
William McKinley
Canton, Ohio
The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library is a presidential library dedicated to the life and achievements of Woodrow Wilson. It contains memoirs of those who worked with him, and governmental volumes concerning about World War I. It is in Staunton, Virginia.

Other websites
 Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
 "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson", broadcast from Woodrow Wilson Birthplace from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Manse, Frederick & Coalter Streets, Staunton, Staunton, VA: 3 photos, 1 color transparency, 8 measured drawings, 4 data pages, and 1 photo caption page at Historic American Buildings Survey

Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Buildings and structures in Virginia
The Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. The library was started in 1920. It is at the Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts. This is where Coolidge practiced law and served as mayor.

References

Other websites
 Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum

Coolidge
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
Calvin Coolidge
1920 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Massachusetts
The Division of Bowman is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named for David Bowman (1860-1916), an early leader of the Australian Labor Party, in Queensland. The seat is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Capalaba, Cleveland, Redland Bay, Birkdale, Thorneside, Alexandra Hills, Thornlands, Mount Cotton, Cornubia, Ormiston, Wellington Point and Victoria Point. It also includes the islands of Moreton Bay including Coochiemudlo Island, the Bay Islands (Russell, Karragarra, Macleay and Lamb) and North Stradbroke Island.

After the 2009 electoral redistribution there was only a difference 0.005% between the two main parties, making Bowman the most marginal seat in the country.

Members

In 2007, Andrew Laming won the seat by only 64 votes.

Election results

References

Other websites
 - Division of Bowman (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1949 establishments in Australia
The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, also known as the LBJ Presidential Library, is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson. It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Lady Bird. The library was started in 1971. It is next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs in Austin, Texas.

Other websites
 Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

Johnson
Buildings and structures in Texas
Lyndon B. Johnson
Austin, Texas
1971 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Texas
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. The library was started in 1941. It is in Hyde Park, New York.

Other websites
 Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

Roosevelt
Buildings and structures in New York (state)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Dutchess County, New York
1941 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in New York (state)
The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Jimmy Carter. The library was started in 1986. It is in Atlanta, Georgia. Its system is regulated by the National Archives and Records Administration. It is the location of the Carter Center.

Other websites
 Jimmy Carter Library and Museum

Carter
Buildings and structures in Atlanta
Jimmy Carter
1986 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Museums in the United States
The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Harry S. Truman. The library was started in 1957. It is on a hill facing U.S. Route 24 in Independence, Missouri.

Other websites
 Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum

Truman
Buildings and structures in Missouri
Harry S. Truman
20th-century establishments in Missouri
1957 establishments in the United States
The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. The library was started in 1981. It is in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Other websites

 Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum

Ford
Buildings and structures in Michigan
Gerald Ford
University of Michigan campus
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Michigan
The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Betty. The library was started in 1982. It is in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Other websites
 Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum

Ford
Buildings and structures in Michigan
Gerald Ford
Grand Rapids, Michigan
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Michigan
The Sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens) is a species of requiem shark, in the order of Carcharhiniformes.

References

Sharks
The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Herbert Hoover. Hoover was the 31st president of the United States. 

It is in West Branch, Iowa. It is next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration.

Other websites
The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
"Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover", broadcast from the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library & Museum and the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Opening and dedication of the Library, 1962 Universal International Newsreel, at 1m26s

Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Buildings and structures in Iowa
The George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States. It is located in College Station, Texas. It was dedicated on November 6, 1997 and then rededicated in November 10, 2007.

Barbara Bush was buried here in April 2018. Former President Bush was buried here in December 2018.

References

Other websites

 George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
 George Bush Presidential Library Foundation
"Life Portrait of George H. Bush", broadcast from the George Bush Presidential Library from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits

Bush
George H. W. Bush
Buildings and structures in Texas
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Texas
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum is a presidential library created in honor of the 34th president of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is located in Abilene, Kansas. The library also contains Eisenhower's grave and boyhood home. It was dedicated in 1963.

Other websites
Official Eisenhower Library website
The Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum
Records of the General Services Administration regarding Eisenhower Presidential Center site acquisition, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 
"Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower", broadcast from the Eisenhower Presidential Center from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits

Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Buildings and structures in Kansas
1963 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Kansas
The George W. Bush Presidential Center is a presidential library in honor of George W. Bush, the 43th president of the United States. It houses the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas. It was dedicated in April 2013.

References

Other websites

George W. Bush Presidential Center
George W. Bush Presidential Library of the National Archives and Records Administration.
Southern Methodist University website for the Bush Library 
An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman, Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush Institute. at Free Market Mojo

Bush
George W. Bush
Buildings and structures in Texas
Dallas
2013 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Texas
The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States. The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb. It is located in Yorba Linda, California. It was dedicated on July 19, 1990, when it was called the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. It was then rededicated on July 11, 2007.

References

Other websites
Richard Nixon Presidential Library
Richard Nixon Foundation
Video of the dedication of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, 1990
"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon", broadcast from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits

Nixon
Richard Nixon
Buildings and structures in California
1990 establishments in California
The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon is the presidential library of George Washington, the first president of the United States. It is located in Fairfax, Virginia. It was dedicated in September 2013.

References

Other websites
Official site

Washington
George Washington
Buildings and structures in Virginia
2013 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Virginia
Fairfax, Virginia
Vasily Ivanovich Petrov () (15 January 1917 – 1 February 2014) was a senior Russian military official and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Petrov was born on 15 January 1917 in Chernolesskoye, Stavropol Governorate. Petrov joined the Red Army in 1939 and completed the lieutenant's course in 1941.

In the late 1970s, Petrov served as a military advisor to the Ethiopian Army. He was assigned to assist and rebuild the force during the Ogaden War.

Petrov died on 1 February 2014 in Moscow, Russia from natural causes, aged 97.

References

Other websites

1917 births
2014 deaths
Russian generals
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Marshals of the Soviet Union
Sissel Sellæg (10 February 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Norwegian actress.

She was born in Notodden. She started stage acting in 1950 at the Studioteatret. She also worked at Folketeatret from 1951 to 1956, at Den Nationale Scene from 1959 to 1964, and at Oslo Nye Teater from 1967 to 1998.

Sissel Sellæg died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Oslo. She was outlived by her husband, actor Per Theodor Haugen and their son, actor Kim Haugen.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian movie actors
Norwegian television actors
Norwegian stage actors
Carmen Margarita Zapata (July 15, 1927 – January 5, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in over one hundred movies and shows, including Batman: The Animated Series, Married... with Children, Sister Act, and she was Carmen Castillo in Santa Barbara.

Zapata died on January 5, 2014 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California. She was 86.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Lena Smedsaas (20 March 1951 – 6 January 2014) was a Swedish journalist and writer.

Smedsaas was born in Solna Municipality. She started working in journalism in 1973. She was best known for being a political commentator, presenter and editor for TV4Nyheterna on TV4.

Lena Smedsaas died from cancer on 6 January 2014, aged 62, in Täby. She was survived by her husband, writer and journalist Claes-Göran Kjellander and their two children.

References

1951 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Swedish journalists
Manfred Bleskin (13 December 1949 – 21 January 2014) was a German journalist and television presenter.

Bleskin was born in Tribsees, East Germany. He began working after receiving a doctorate from the Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften. He spoke five languages.

Bleskin died on 21 January 2014, aged 64, in Berlin, Germany.

References

Other websites

1949 births
2014 deaths
East German people
German television presenters
German journalists
Writers from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Gösta Fredrik Gahm (born 7 July 1942) is a Swedish astronomer.

Early life and career 
Gahm was born in Stockholm. He is the professor emeritus of astronomy at Stockholm University. Until 2010, he was the chairman of the Swedish Astronomical Society. He is the main initiator of the popular science project Sweden Solar System.

Legacy 
10997 Gahm, a main-belt asteroid discovered on 2 September 1978, is named in honor of Gahm.

References

1942 births
Living people
Scientists from Stockholm
Astronomers
George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur. The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.

In 1999 Williams shared the Crafoord Prize, with Maynard Smith and Ernst Mayr, for developing the concept of evolutionary biology.
Academic work
Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology. It contains three important ideas. In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be  generally synchronized by natural selection.
"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system." 

This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting. By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.p100
In his first book, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Williams advocated a "ground rule  or perhaps doctrine would be a better term  ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book The Selfish Gene.

Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine.
Books 
 Williams G.C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C., ed. 1971. Group selection. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
 Williams G.C. 1975. Sex and evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C. 1992. Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Nesse R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine. Times Books, New York.
 Williams G.C. 1996. Plan and purpose in nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as The Pony Fish’s glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature. Basic Books, New York).

References 

1926 births
American evolutionary biologists
2010 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson (2 February 1882 – 20 May 1906) was an Icelandic poet.

Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer. He was born in Reykjavík. He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.

In November 1905, Sigurðsson became sick and was hospitalized. He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.

References

1882 births
1906 deaths
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Violetta Ferrari (25 April 1930 – 23 January 2014) was a Hungarian actress.

Ferrari was born in Hódmezővásárhely. She began working in 1950. She appeared mostly in stage performances. She left show business in 1983.

Ferrari died on 23 January 2014, aged 85, in Budapest.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2014 deaths
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian stage actors
Hungarian television actors
Tor Milde (14 January 1953 – 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer. He was a judge on the music competition Idol in 2005 and 2006.

Milde was born in Oslo. He started working in journalism in 1984. He was best known as a music journalist and critic for Verdens Gang (VG).

Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ullevål University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo. He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.

References

Other websites

1953 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Music critics
Norwegian journalists
Writers from Oslo
Menachem Zilberman (6 October 1946 – 13 January 2014) was an Israeli actor, comedian and songwriter.

Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). He started working in 1965. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He had lived there since 2000. He was survived by his three children.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2014 deaths
Israeli comedians
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Jewish Israeli actors
Israeli songwriters
Mogens Emil Pedersen (9 May 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Danish journalist and writer.

Pedersen started working in 1949. He was best known as an editor for Se og Hør.

Pedersen died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Gentofte Municipality.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Danish journalists
Danish writers
The Battle of Lewes was an important battle in the history of England.  It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex,    England. The battle took place on 14 May 1264. It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.

Background 

The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Henry III's son, Prince Edward, fought on his side. The battle came about because many of the leading noblemen of England were unhappy with the way King Henry was ruling the country.  They wanted more involvement in the government. The Barons voted to hold a Parliament regularly so that they could discuss subjects such as taxation.  King Henry would not agree to this, and so both sides started to raise armies. When the two sides met at Lewes two days before, Simon de Montfort tried to arrange a truce with the king. King Henry refused and so both sides got ready to fight a battle.

The battle
The king's army was nearly twice as big as the rebel army. The battle began when the Baronial forces attacked the king's foragers. When the fighting started, it looked as though the king's army would win easily. Prince Edward, who was only 25, was headstrong and made one big mistake.  Edward was in charge of the cavalry, who did well in the battle but then chased some of the rebels who were running away. By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle. With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions. Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces. Cornwall's division did not do well from the start. Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons. As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes
. This gave the rebel barons what they wanted. A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.
References

Additional reading

Other websites 
 Battle of Lewes, The Battlefields Trust

1264
English Barons
Lewes
Lewes
13th century in England
May events
Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion). This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims. This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison. Muslims were persecuted during the crusades. There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions. Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia. 

Islam is a major religion and like other major religions they have suffered violent persecution.

Related pages
 Religious persecution
 Anti-Shi'ism

References 

Islamophobia
Religious violence
Discrimination
Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of Africa that is south of the Sahara. It includes of all the countries of Africa that are fully or partly located south of the Sahara desert (except Sudan). It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.

References 

Regions of Africa
Horner is an English surname. It comes from the Anglo-Saxon language. It is from the Middle English word for people who made or blew horns.

People named Horner:
Henry Horner (1879–1940), a Governor of Illinois
James Horner (1953–2015), American composer of movie scores

References
A photodiode is a light sensitive semiconductor.  It is a type of photodetector capable of changing (or converting) light into either current or voltage, depending upon its connections.  It is a diode and wired with reverse biasing so that when in the dark, only a small amount of current, known as dark current, will flow.  When in the light, a current known as photocurrent flows through the diode. 

Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes and phototransistors look the same physically but have different functions.

It is based on a reversed bias circuit.

References

Electronics
Physics
Eduardo Coutinho (May 11, 1933 - February 2, 2014) was a Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, and actor.

He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, ABC do amor. It was made near the beginning of his career. The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

He died on February 2, 2014 in a suspected murder in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian murder victims
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian movie directors
Brazilian movie producers
Brazilian screenwriters
Actors from São Paulo
Madalyn Murray O'Hair (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist. She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine. Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".   

In 1995 she was kidnapped, murdered and dismembered along with her son Jon Murray and granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair, by the former American Atheist office manager David Roland Waters.

References

Other websites
 Biography of O'Hair  at About.com
 Biography of O'Hair  at Rotten.com
 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair  – MP3 file
 
 Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB
 Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com 
 Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977
 The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine
1919 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from asphyxiation
American murder victims
American activists
American atheists
People from Pittsburgh
The Division of Brisbane is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the city of Brisbane.

At first, the Division of Brisbane included the northern part of the City of Brisbane, but boundary changes cut it back to the inner suburban area. 

It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove,  Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.

Members

Election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Brisbane (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1901 establishments in Australia
The Division of Dawson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world. It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville.

Members

Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw. Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.

Election results

The sitting member, George Christensen, was elected as a Liberal National, but resigned from the party in 2022, subsequently joining One Nation and contested a Senate seat.

References

Other websites
 Division of Dawson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1949 establishments in Australia
Leon de Wolff (26 September 1948 – 3 January 2014) was a Dutch journalist and media consultant and researcher.

Born in Rotterdam, South Holland, he began his career in 1972 and developed a method to classify journalistic products and improve. He also advised editors and publishers of newspapers and magazines in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Leon de Wolff died from multiple system atrophy (MSA) on 3 January 2014, aged 65, in Lochem, Gelderland.

References

1948 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
Disease-related deaths in the Netherlands
Dutch journalists
Writers from Rotterdam
Pye Ester Agneta Engström (née Nanneson; born 8 June 1928) is a Swedish sculptor. She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden. Engström studied at the Konstfack (1945–48), Royal Institute of Art (1945–48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948–53). She has been married to writer Clas Engström since 1951.

References

1928 births
Living people
Sculptors
Swedish artists
Sigrid Ida Matilda Kahle (née Nyberg; 18 September 1928 – 31 December 2013) was a French-born Swedish journalist and writer.

Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University. At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic. Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.

Sigrid Kahle died after a short illness on 31 December 2013, aged 85, in Uppsala, Sweden.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
Writers from Paris
People from Uppsala
Swedish journalists
In stratigraphy, bedrock is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.

The top of the bedrock is known as the rockhead and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as drift) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.

References 

Geology
Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr. (born November 13, 1967 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001. He competed in WCW under the ring names Ice Train and M.I. Smooth.

Hogue retired from professional wrestling in 2001 soon after the WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

Championships
Catch Wrestling Association
Catch Cup (1995)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #221 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.

References

Other websites
Ice Train's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1967 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Atlanta
Luis Raúl Martínez (March 6, 1962 – February 2, 2014), better known by his stage name Luis Raúl, was a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, and host.

Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan. He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.

References

Other websites

1962 births
2014 deaths
Puerto Rican television actors
Puerto Rican comedians
Puerto Rican television personalities
Infectious disease deaths in Puerto Rico
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from Ponce, Puerto Rico
Raymond M. Lloyd (born May 13, 1964 in Brunswick, Georgia) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s. He competed in WCW under the ring name Glacier. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.

Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series. The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called Blood Bath, in 2002. In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of Burn Notice.
Championships
AWA World-1 South
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Georgia All-Star Wrestling
GASW Tag Team Championship (one time, last) (with R.D. Swain)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
GCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with R.D. Swain)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jason Sugarman)
Peach State Wrestling
PSW United States Tag Team Championship (two times, first) (with R.D. Swain)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #146 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 1997.
Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
TCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
TCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jorge Estrada (one), Big Ron Studd (one))
United States Wrestling Alliance
USWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jesse Neal)
World Karate Association
Southeastern Super Heavyweight Full Contact Karate Champion

References

Other websites
Glacier's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
1964 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
American movie actors
American voice actors
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Stuntmen
The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about  of roads. It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.

The roads in Puerto Rico are divided into four types:

 Primary roads
 Urban primary roads
 Secondary (or inter-municipal) roads
 Tertiary (or local) roads

A highway may contain several types of roads, but the highway will continue to have the same route number. Primary roads have numbers 1 to 99. Secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299. Municipal (tertiary) roads are numbered 300 to 9999.

Interstates

There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico. Together, they total . As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System. However, they still get money from the U.S. government.