Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In all, the battle resulted in an estimated total of 1.7-2 million Axis and Soviet casualties, making it possibly the bloodiest battle in all of human history.

Scope of the battle

In the original 1942 plan, the occupation of Stalingrad had not been a goal. Based on the military successes of the Germans in the first month of the attacks, Hitler decided to expand the military goals. Hitler thought that the Soviet forces across the Don river were weak. The new goals included Stalingrad and even capturing the Volga.

Once the Armies began to fight in the for the city, both sides began to feel that it was very important to win. The Germans sent a lot of troops into the city. This meant that their side did not control the Don river and the Soviet bridges. The German side made steady progress in the fighting and eventually held about 90% of the city.
The German focus on the city made them not think of the weakness of their defenses along the Don and the massive buildup of Soviet forces on their sides. After the Soviet breakthrough, the Germans were very disorganized. The 6th Army was eventually reorganized in time for the Battle of Kursk, but was made up mostly of new soldiers and was never as strong as it had once been.

Germany failed at Stalingrad because they expanded the goals in the second half of July. After one month of success, the Germans started believing they could win the battle. Hitler ordered too many goals and he did not think Soviet reserves were as strong as they were. To the south of Stalingrad, Army Group A was trying to capture the oilfields. Then its goals were expanded to include the whole of the Black Sea coast.
Stalingrad was a turning point in the war. It also showed the discipline and determination of both the German Wehrmacht and the Soviet Red Army. The Soviets first defended Stalingrad against a strong German attack. Newly arrived Soviet  soldiers often died in less than a day. Soviet officers often died in three days.

Historians have talked about how much terror there was in the Red Army. Beevor noted the bravery of the Soviet soldiers. Richard Overy says that some people think that in the "summer of 1942 the Soviet army fought because it was forced to fight,” but he says this is not true A historian talked to Soviet veterans about terror on the Eastern Front. Many soldiers said they were relieved at the order not to retreat. Infantryman Lev Lvovich’s said he felt better.
The German Army showed a lot of discipline after being surrounded. Many German soldiers starved or froze to death. Yet, discipline was continued until the very end. General Friedrich Paulus obeyed Hitler's orders and did not attempt to escape out of the city. German ammunition, supplies, and food became scarce. Generals from both sides suffered from massive stress because of the battle and also because of the fact that they had to report to the most brutal leader in their nation's history. Many generals suffered health problems because of their stress.

Paulus followed his orders and fought to the very end. He asked for permission to surrender, but it was denied. Hitler promoted him to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. No German field marshal had ever surrendered, and the implication was clear. Hitler believed that Paulus would either fight to the last man or commit suicide. Paulus was taken prisoner.
After his capture, Paulus told the Soviets that he had not surrendered.  He refused to issue an order for the Germans to surrender.

In popular culture
The events of the battle for Stalingrad have been shown in several movies of German, Russian, British and American origin.

The battle is described in many books.

In the novel The Book Thief, one character was presumed to have died or been captured in The Battle of Stalingrad.

In the 2011 video game Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad, the game shows famous locations of the battle, such as Pavlov's House, the Red October Factory and Mamayev Kurgan, among others.

The 2013 game, Company of Heroes 2, showed the battle in certain missions. It was criticized by Russian players for being untrue and on August 7 sales in Russia were stopped.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Battle of Stalingrad
 Detailed summary of campaign
 Information, Photos, and Original Maps of the Battle 
 Stalingrad-info.com, many Pictures from the battle and the city
 Volgograd State Panoramic Museum official homepage
  Stalingrad Battle  This site is sponsored by the main historical and culture organizations of Volgograd.
 The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History Written with strong Socialist/Communist political under and overtones.
 The Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad in detail.
 Roberts, Geoffrey. "Victory on the Volga", The Guardian, February 28, 2003
 Operation Blau 
 Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Soviet counter-offensive: Operation Uranus 
 Disaster of 6th Army 
 The Great Battle on the Volga  on Google Video
 German Newsreels of the Battle of Stalingrad on YouTube

1942
1943 in Europe
1940s in the Soviet Union
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the Soviet Union
European battles of World War II
Volgograd
World War I reparations means the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make after its defeat during World War I.

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the 'war guilt' clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' of the Allies during the war and set up the basis for reparations.

In January 1921, the total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission and was set at 132 billion gold marks, about £6.6 billion or $33 billion (roughly $393.6 billion US dollars as of 2005). This was a sum that many economists believed to be too much. Later that year, the amount was reduced to 132 billion marks, which still seemed too much for most German observers, both because of the amount itself as well as the terms.
Germany stopped paying the reparations after Hitler's Nazi Party took power in 1933, with about one-eighth of the reparations having been paid by then. The final payments were made on the day exactly 20 years after German reunification.

Evolution of Reparations

There was large debate about the justice and likely impact of the reparations decided. John Maynard Keynes resigned form the British Treasury in 1919 to protest this high sum of money demanded.

The 1924 Dawes Plan changed Germany's reparation payments. In May 1929, the Young Plan reduced further payments to 112 billion gold marks ($28.35 billion over a period of 59 years, which was 1988). In addition, the Young Plan divided the yearly payment, set at two billion gold marks (US$473 million), into two parts: one part equal to one third of the sum and could not be postponed and a postponable part for the remaining two-thirds.
Because of the Great Depression there was an attempt to delay further payments. It failed, but 
in the Lausanne Conference of 1932, it was decided to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles. But Germany refused to continue paying upon Hitler's rise to power.

Opinions in Germany 
Only a few German people accepted that they lost the war. The German High Command blamed many civilian parts in the society, especially socialists, communists and Jews. The idea was known as Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back myth). The Germans were unhappy with the sum of reparations, which seems terrible, partly because German leaders could not represent in the decision.
Impact on German economy 
Economic problems from the payments were said to be an important factor that led to the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.  John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, said this would weaken German economy as well as German politics.  However, many historians disagreed.  Margaret MacMillan, a Canadian historian, showed her idea that Germany could have paid all the payments if they wanted to.  She said that the problem was Germany would not like to pay.
Sally Marks, an American historian, also thought that Germany could pay the reparations. She said the Germans paid the reparations in full and on time as long as the French occupied Düsseldorf in 1921, but stopped after the French were no longer stationed there in 1922. Later that year, the problem became more serious as French and Belgian representatives urged an occupation of the  Ruhr Area to force Germany to pay, while the British wanted to lower the reparations. Occupation of the Ruhr began in January 1923. The Allies felt that the German government's refusal to pay was done to test whether the Allies willed to enforce reparations.
As a "quiet fight" in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. In 2008, a British historain Richard J. Evans said that the German government was responsible for the hyperinflation as they preferred this to paying reparations.  The Germans won the world's pity, and after that, the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which lowered the reparations.  Under this new plan, Germany paid 1 billion marks in 1924 and reached the total of 2.25 billion by 1927. After that year, Germany was able to pay 2.5 billion marks per year. However, the Germans still stop paying the reparations. To deal with this, the Allies met in a conference in London in July-August 1924, and was the first time that Germany challenged the Versailles Treaty.
The Germans complained that payments under the Dawes Plan were still too high, so the Young Plan of 1928 was set up and the Germans were not required to pay higher than 2.5 billion until 1988. Gustav Stresemann demanded that Rhineland must returned to Germany in order that Germany accept the plan. Under strong pressure, the French left Rhineland in June 1930.

The British historain A. J. P. Taylor wrote that the reparations was harsh enough to be seen as a punishment, but not enough to stop Germany from regaining its great power status, and can be blamed for the rise of Adolf Hitler.

Notes

Other websites
Modern Reparation Discussions

World War I
Richard III is a history play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of Shakespeare's most famous and popular plays. Shakespeare probably wrote Richard III around the year 1593. The play was first printed in a book in 1597.

Like other history plays written by Shakespeare, Richard III is about people and events from earlier in English history. The real Richard III was king of England from 1483 to 1485. Shakespeare used the history books of his own time to create his play, though many modern experts do not think those early histories, or Shakespeare's play, are accurate and free of bias.
Richard III is different from many plays, because its leading character is a villain, not a hero. In his play, Shakespeare shows the king as a cruel tyrant who does many evil acts, before he is defeated in battle and killed by Henry Tudor. Tudor then becomes Henry VII of England, the next English king and the first of the Tudor dynasty. The play contains black comedy, especially because Richard III keeps telling people he is a good man despite behaving like a villain.
Shakespeare lived and wrote before modern ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of the press had become accepted. The English government of Shakespeare's day practiced censorship of books and plays. Elizabeth I of England, who was queen from 1558 to 1603, was the granddaughter of Henry VII and the last Tudor ruler. Her government saw Richard III as a villain and the man who replaced him, Henry VII, as a hero, and censored any other point of view. If Shakespeare had wanted to write a play with Richard III as a hero, he would not have been allowed to do so.

A famous movie version of Richard III was made in 1955. Laurence Olivier directed the movie and played the leading role. Other movie and television versions, and many modern stage productions, have also been done.

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on English history
1590s plays
Lojban is a constructed language that some people speak. It is an unusual language because it is based on predicate logic, and because it is made to have no syntactic ambiguity. These qualities make many people call Lojban a "logical language."

People from all countries can learn and speak Lojban. A person who speaks Lojban is sometimes called a lojbanist.
Lojban was made between 1987 and 1997 by an organization called the "Logical Language Group". The rules (grammar) of Lojban are written in a book called The Complete Lojban Language. This book was published in 1997, and written by John Woldemar Cowen. Lojban grammar terms are ordered in a structure:
lojbo gerna Lojban grammar
├ jufra sentence, in view of etymology from Chinese 句 jù, Spanish frase, Russian фра́за
│└ bridi predicate structure
│   ├ selbri verb construction consisting of brivo
│   │└ tanru consists of more than one brivo, derived from English metaphor, Chinese 隐喻 yǐnyù, Hindi रूपक rupak
│   │   ├ seltau left word in a tanru
│   │   └ tertau right word in a tanru
│   └ terbri argument structure
│       └ sumti argument, equalling subject/object
│           └ gadri initiating article such as la, le, lo, derived from Chinese 冠词 guàncí, Arabic أداة adah, Spanish artículo
└ valsi word, derived from Hindi वचन vachan, Russian слово, Chinese 词 sí
├ cmavo structure word, from ‘cmalu valsi’ = small word
     │├ selma'o cmavo class
     │└ terma'o (or cmavo smuni) cmavo meaning
     ├ brivo, brivla
     │├ gismu 5-letter root word, from Chinese 根基源 gēnjīyuán, Hindi मूल mul
     │├ lujvo compound word made from ‘rafsi’
     ││├ rafsi affix, suffix, prefix, derived also from Hindi प्रत्यय pratyay, Chinese 词缀 sízhuì
     ││├ reljvo, cibjvo, vonjvo, ... lujvo consisting of 2, 3, 4, ... rafsi
     ││├ jvotau (or veljvo) tanru or metaphor construct (without shortenings to rafsi) of lujvo
     ││├ zevlyjvo lujvo formed from zi'evla via a morphological extension using -(')y(')- hyphens
     ││├ nibysucyjvo implicit-abstraction lujvo
     ││├ (sizy)jvomi'u (concept of) equivalent, alternative lujvo form(s) with equal meaning, from ‘(si'o) lujvo mintu’
     ││├ jvova'i lujvo score, from ‘lujvo vamji’
     ││└ xlajvo bad / poorly-made lujvo, from ‘xlali lujvo’
     │└ fu'ivla loanword, from ‘fukpi valsi’ = copied word
│   ├ pavyfu'ivla in stage 1 the original word’s spelling is kept
     │   └ zevla, zi'evla (zifre valsi = ‘free word’)
     │       └ relfu'ivla, cibyfu'ivla, ... in higher stages foreign spellings are changed
     └ cmevo, cmevla property word ending in a consonant, ‘cmene’ is a cmevo word(s) construction
         └ jvocmevo lujvo-like cmevo
Lojban is based on an earlier language called Loglan. Loglan was the first "logical language". It was created by a man named James Cooke Brown, who wanted to test a hypothesis called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that languages affect and limit how their speakers think.

Goals 
As with Loglan, one of Lojban's goals is to test the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Lojban is meant to change how people think. This is because it is unlike any natural language, and because it forces its speakers to focus on the logic of what they say.

Another goal of Lojban is to be simple and easy to learn, so Lojban only has 1300 main words. Anyone can combine these "root words" to make more complex words.

If you speak Lojban correctly, it is unlikely for someone else to be confused by what you are saying. This is because one goal of Lojban was to eliminate syntactic ambiguity from language.
One of the problems with natural languages like English is that they have very much ambiguity. This means that not everything a person might say has one clear meaning in these languages. 

Linguistic relationships are always very clear in Lojban, so such ambiguity cannot exist in the language.

Examples 
Here are some examples of words and sentences in Lojban:

mi'e is used when you are telling somebody your name. There is no country where everyone speaks Lojban, so nobody is born with a name in Lojban. But, some Lojbanists make up lojban names for themselves that they use. Because they know most other people do not speak lojban, they usually keep their real name as well, and only use their lojban name when speaking to other lojbanists. If someone is telling you their real name, they usually say mi'e la'oi (sounds like miheh lahoy) followed by the name.
go'i means "yes, I agree with you". Sometimes in English, the word 'yes' is used to mean other things. For example, you might say "Yes" (or "OK" or "uh-huh") to tell someone that you heard what they are saying. In Lojban you do not say go'i for this; instead you say je'e (sounds like zhehheh). This is part of the idea of lojban: to make words easier to understand by making sure that one word can only mean one thing.

References 

Constructed languages
Annulment is a method in the Roman Catholic Church of undoing a marriage, similar to divorce. However, the difference is that an annulment says that the marriage never really happened.

Reasons include:
At the time of the marriage, at least one was too young; the minimum age is set at 16 years for males and 14 for females. There may be higher limits though
Ligamen, being already married
The man was ordained, either as a priest, or as a member of a monastery.
People are closely related.

References

Roman Catholicism
Marriage
Osroene (also spelled Osrohene, Osrhoene, from the Greek ;  ), also known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historic kingdom located on the present-day border of Syria and Turkey. The kingdom was Assyrian and enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BCE to 244 AD.
It was a Syriac speaking kingdom, and according to an ancient legend King Abgar V of Edessa was converted to Christianity by Thaddeus of Edessa, or Saint Addai, one of the Seventy-two Disciples.  By 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state.

References 

Former countries in the Middle East
Former monarchies of Asia
The BRIT Awards (often called just the Brits), are awards given yearly by the British Phonographic Industry (an association of British people who are professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in music.

Most successful acts
There have been many musicians that have won more than one award.  The table below shows those that have won more than four awards.

Other websites  
Official site

Music awards
Sound of the Underground was a 2003 album by Girls Aloud. It was their first album. It was released in May 2003.

Songs on the album
 Sound of the Underground
 No Good Advice
 Some Kind of Miracle
 All I Need (All I Don't)
 Life Got Cold
 Mars Attack
 Stop
 Girls Allowed
 Forever and a Night
 Love/Hate
 Boogie Down Love
 Don't Want You Back
 White Lies
 Love Bomb
 Everything You Ever Wanted

The album was released again in December 2003. It had other songs too.

 Jump
 You Freak Me Out
 Girls on Film

Girls Aloud albums
Debut albums
2003 albums
Dance-pop albums
What Will The Neighbours Say? was a 2004 album by Girls Aloud. It was their second album. Five singles were released from it. After the album was released Girls Aloud did their first tour, What Will the Neighbours Say? Live.

Setlist 
 "The Show"
 "Love Machine"
 "I'll Stand By You"
 "Jump"
 "Wake Me Up"
 "Deadlines and Diets"
 "Big Brother"
 "Hear Me Out"
 "Graffiti My Soul"
 "Real Life"
 "Here We Go"
 "Thank Me Daddy"
 "I Say A Prayer For You"
 "100 Different Ways"

Girls Aloud albums
2004 albums
Chemistry is a 2005 album by Girls Aloud. It was their third album.

Songs on the album
 "Intro"
 "Models"
 "Biology"
 "Wild Horses"
 "See the Day"
 "Watch Me Go"
 "Waiting"
 "Whole Lotta History"
 "Long Hot Summer"
 "Swinging London Town"
 "It's Magic"
 "No Regrets"
 "Racy Lacey"

Girls Aloud albums
2005 albums
The Sound of Girls Aloud was a 2006 album by Girls Aloud that featured all of their most popular songs so far. It was their fourth album.

Songs on the album 
 Sound of the Underground
 Love Machine
 Biology
 I'll Stand By You
 Jump
 The Show
 See the Day
 Wake Me Up
 Life Got Cold
 Something Kinda Ooooh
 Whole Lotta History
 Long Hot Summer
 Money
 I Think We're Alone Now

Girls Aloud albums
2006 albums
Tangled Up was a 2007 album by Girls Aloud. It was their fifth album.

Songs on the album
 Call the Shots
 Close to Love
 Sexy! No No No...
 Girl Overboard
 Can't Speak French
 Black Jacks
 Control of the Knife
 Fling
 What You Crying For
 I'm Falling
 Damn
 Crocodile Tears

Girls Aloud albums
2007 albums
Pop albums
Oil paint is a traditional method used for artists' painting. In oil paint, pigments (colours) are held together by the medium of oil. The most usual type of oil that is used in paint is linseed oil.

A picture that is painted using oil paint is called an "oil painting". Oil paint takes a long time to dry. Artists find this useful because they can keep working on the painting for a long time. People say that Leonardo da Vinci worked on his painting of the Mona Lisa for four years, even though it is not a very large picture. Oils paints, and oil paintings are often just called "oils" for short. If someone talks about "painting in oils" they mean that the painting is done in oil paints.

History

No-one knows when oil paint was first used. Caves in Afghanistan are decorated with ancient paintings in paint mixed with oils.
It is believed that this type of paint was used in other countries of Asia as well.
It is believed that oil paint was used in Europe in the Middle Ages at first for decorating shields, because oil paint lasted better than the traditional paint of tempera when it was in the weather, or if it was roughly treated.

The Renaissance art historian, Giorgio Vasari, said that the art of oil painting came from northern Europe and the person who invented it was the famous Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Artists from the areas of modern Belgium and the Netherlands were the first artists to make oil painting their usual method of painting. This trend spread to other parts of Northern Europe. A famous painting called the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence in the 1470s at a time when Leonardo da Vinci was young. Oil paintings at this date were usually done on wooden panels, in the way that tempera pictures were.
By 1540, there were very few painters who still worked in tempera, the previous method for painting on panels.  In Italy, many artists continued to decorate walls and ceiling with frescos. However, it was discovered that oil paint, unlike tempera was flexible (it could bend). This meant that it could be used on flexible surfaces like cloth without breaking away and falling off. Once painting on canvas (heavy linen cloth) became usual, artists were able to do enormous pictures. If the painting was too big to fit through a doorway, the artist could just roll it up.
Since the 1500s, oil painting has remained the favourite technique for artists who want to paint a picture that will last for a long time. The gallery below shows works by some of the most famous artists who have worked in oil paint. The famous artists of the 20th century are not shown here, because many of their works are copyright. Famous modernist artists who have painted in oils include Picasso, Matisse, Mondrian, Chagall, Kandinsky, Malevich, Salvador Dali, Francis Bacon, Lucien Freud, and Jackson Pollock.

Alternative pigments 
Up to about 1960 oils and water paints were overwhelmingly the leading materials chosen by painters. In the years since then acrylic paints and water-mixable oil paints have been more and more used.

Technical information
Linen canvas is the traditional surface for an oil painting. Cotton canvas can also be used, and is cheaper. The canvas must be stretched tightly over a frame called a "stretcher" and fixed into place with little tacks or staples. Then it must be treated with a sort of glue called "size". This is often made from boiled rabbit skins. Some artists like to paint on board rather than canvas.

Painting an oil painting

Before an artist can paint on a board or canvas, they must prepare it with a "ground" or "undercoat" of plain white paint. Then the artist can sketch a picture onto the surface using charcoal, or paint that is made thin and quick-drying with turpentine or mineral spirits. The artist often works in a brownish or bluish colour, to suggest where the "tone" (light and dark) will be in the finished painting. Then the colours and details are put on in layers.
The good thing about oil paint is that it can be used in all sorts of ways that most other types of paint cannot be used. 
 Oil paint can be put on thin or thick. 
 Oil paint can be almost as smooth as glass, or lumpy, bumpy or streaky. 
 Oil paint can be transparent so that the layers underneath can be seen, or it can dense so that it covers everything underneath. 
 Oil paint can be put on with brushes; it can also be scaped on with a knife, dobbed and smeared with fingers, rubbed on with a cloth, and squeezed onto the painting straight out of the tube. 
Because oil paint can be used in so many different ways, it is better than any other type of paint for painting different textures.
The first European artists to use oils liked to make the surface very smooth. By the middle of the 1500s, some artists like Tintoretto were painting in a much streakier way. Rembrandt, in the 1600s, used the oil paint in all sorts of ways to get different effects. He used every technique that is described in the list above. After Rembrandt, there were always some artists who liked to work in a smooth way, and others who used many different ways of putting on the paint. This has continued through to Modern times.

Related pages 
 Acrylic paint
 Fresco
 Gesso
 Mosaic
 Tempera
 Watercolour

References

Paints
John Law (baptized 21 April 1671 - 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not have wealth in itself, and that national wealth depended on trade. He is said to be the father of finance, responsible for the adoption or use of paper money or bills in the world today.

Books
Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance  by Janet Gleeson (2000). ()
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Charles Mackay. First published 1841, and still available.

Other websites

John Law
Project Gutenberg Edition of Fiat Money Inflation in France: How ...

Writers from Edinburgh
British economists
1671 births
1729 deaths
The Simpson family
 Homer J. Simpson, the father, who is overweight, lazy and works at a nuclear power plant and likes doughnuts:)
 Marge Simpson (née Bouvier), the mother, a housewife, who is very tolerant (understanding) of her family.
 Bart Simpson, the 10-year-old son, who gets in trouble.
 Lisa Simpson, the 8-year-old daughter, who is very smart.
 Maggie Simpson, the baby girl, who can not talk. She talks once and never speaks again. She is always doing mischief.
 "Grandpa" Abe Simpson, the father of Homer Simpson. He lives in an old folk's home.
 Patty and Selma Bouvier, Marge's sisters, who have rough voices and often smoke cigarettes. Note that in one episode, Patty is revealed to be a lesbian. Selma has been married several times.
 Mona Simpson, the deceased mother of Homer Simpson; wife of Abe Simpson.
 Santa's Little Helper, the family dog, a former racing greyhound.
Snowballs (I-V) and Coltrane, pet cats. All have died at one point in the series. The current cat is Snowball V (though she is called Snowball II)
 Ling Bouvier, The adopted daughter of Patty and Selma
 Amos Simpson, He is the oldest Simpsons relative known he is probably born in the 1500s or 1600s.
 Jacqueline Bouvier, Marge's mother.
 Clancy Bouvier, Marge's deceased father.
Other characters 
Some of the many different characters who appeared on the show include:
 Montgomery Burns, Homer's greedy, evil boss
 Waylon Smithers, Montgomery Burns' assistant
 Moe Szyslak, a grumpy bartender
 Barney Gumble, one of Homer's friends, a gifted alcoholic
 Kent Brockman, a television news journalist
 Mayor Quimby, the corrupt mayor of Springfield
 Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson, two of Homer's coworkers.
 Krusty The Clown, TV star and host of a popular Children's/Comedy/Variety show who smokes and drinks a lot
 Doctor Hibbert, the Simpsons' family doctor
 Ned Flanders, the Simpsons' religious devout neighbor he has two shy children and his wife Maude died in season 11.
 Rod and Todd Flanders, Ned's children.
 Maude, Ned's dead wife.
 Kang and Kodos, two aliens that appear in every treehouse of horror their other sibling roger doesn't appear in any other treehouse of horror except the first
 Milhouse Van Houten, Bart's nerdy best friend his parents are Kirk and Luann
Sherri and Terri, they’re two twins there's not munch known about them
 Nelson Muntz, school bully
 Comic Book Guy, comic book store owner
 Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, convenience store owner his wife is Manjula he has eight infant children. There have been protests that he is a racist stereotype of South Asian people.
 Martin Prince, he is the bully's target besides Milhouse and he is also very smart.
 Seymour Skinner, principal of the school
 Chief Wiggum, incompetent chief of police who's son is Ralph.
 Ralph Wiggum, the weird son of Chief Wiggum.
 Jasper Beardly, friend of Grandpa's.
 Captain McCallister, sea captain.
 Otto Mann, bus driver.
Bumblebee Man, Spanish-speaking TV actor.
 Itchy and Scratchy, cartoon cat and mouse who are a different more violent version of Tom and Jerry.
 Jimbo Jones, leader of the bullies when Nelson is not around and strongest of the bullies.
 Snake (Jailbird), robber and criminal.
 Old Gil Gunderson, a salesman who has bad luck.
 Sideshow Bob (Robert Terwilliger), was Krusty the Clown's assistant before he was jailed after framing Krusty for armed robbery.
 He was married to Selma once, has tried to kill Bart several times, and has gone to prison.
 Fat Tony, the town's chief gangster who has a group of mobsters, including Legs and Louie, and occasionally Icepick and Johnny Tightlips. He died in Season 22 and was replaced by his slimmer cousin.
 Sideshow Cecil (Cecil Terwilliger), Sideshow Bob's somewhat evil brother, who was also once a clown.
 Janey, Lisa's best friend.
 Ranier Wolfcastle, The Arnold Schwarzenegger-like Hollywood action hero of Springfield who is in a lot of movies in Springfield.
Mr. Largo, the Springfield Elementary music teacher.
 Tobias, the stereotypical Australian boy telephoned by Bart in the "Simpson's in Australia" episode.
 Superintendent Chalmers, The superintendent of all Springfield elementary schools who does not like Principal Skinner.
 Agnes Skinner, The mean mother of Principal Skinner.
 Mrs. Krabappel and Ms. Hoover, Bart and Lisa's teachers, who both do not want to teach because they do not have relationships.
 Groundskeeper Willie, janitor at Springfield Elementary School.
 Cletus, the hillbilly of Springfield, has a wife named Brandine and have about 30 children.
 Hans Moleman, a man who drinks and says he's only 31 years old, while he looks old.
 Sideshow Mel, Krusty's second assistant who replaced Bob after going to prison for trying to frame Krusty for armed robbery. He does not say much on the Krusty show (talks with a whistle) and once tried to get gum out of his hair with a bone ....it just made matters worse.
 Dolph Starbeam youngest of the bully trio
Professor Frink He is the nerd of the show.
 Kearney Zzyzwick Toughest of the bullies.
 Yes Guy Recurring character that answers everything with a strung out Y-y-y-y-e-e-e-e-s-s-s?
 Squeaky Voice Teen, recurring character that has a squeaky voice and is known to have a job advertising burgers.
 Wendell Borton, a kid that usually would throw up.
 Troy McClure, an actor in TV, Radio and films he once almost married Selma.
 Lionel Hutz, an incompetent lawyer.
 Judge Roy Snyder, the main judge in Springfield's court.
 Lou and Eddie, police cops of Springfield.
 Legs and Louie, Mafia members.
 Reverend Lovejoy, reverend of the church.
 Helen Lovejoy, wife of the reverend.
 Uter, German exchange student who eats chocolate.
 Database, smartest of all the children in school.
 Manjula, Apu's wife.
 Kirk and Luann, Milhouse's parents.
 Old Jewish man, one of Abe's friends.
 Allison Taylor, one of Lisa's only friends.
 Arnie Pye, Brockman's rival.
 Blue Haired Lawyer, Burns lawyer.
Richard and Lewis, one of Bart's friends.
 Marvin Monroe, psychologist.
 Rich Texan, crazy Texan.
 Drederick Tatum, boxer.
 Wiseguy, has jobs everywhere.
 Sanjay, Apu's brother.
 Sam and Larry, barflies at Moe's.
 Bernice, Hibbert's wife.
 Mrs. Glick, Retirement castle resident.
 Disco Stu, loves disco.
 Hyman Krustofski, Krusty's father.
 Lindsey Naegle, business woman.
Sophie Krustofsky, Krusty's daughter.
 Martin Prince Sr., Martin's dad.
 Martha Prince, Martin's mom.
 Brandine Spuckler, Cletus's wife.
 Luigi, Italian chef.
 Radioactive man, Comic book character.
 Duffman, mascot of duff.
 Doris Freedman, Lunchlady and mother of Squeaky Voiced Teen.
 Cookie Kwan, one of Marge's friend.
 Benjamin, Doug and Gary, nerds at Springfield University.
 Akira, Asian guy who works at the Happy Sumo.
 Artie Ziff, Marge's prom date.
 Arthur Crandall and Gabbo, ventriloquist and puppet.
 Gerald, Maggie's enemy.
 Bill and Marty, radio hosts of KBBL.
 Billy, Troy McClure's assistant.
 Birch Barlow, works at the radio.
Bleeding Gums Murphy, Lisa's saxophone teacher and idol.
 Blinky, mutated fish with three eyes.
 Booberella, vampire actor of children's television.
 Brunella Pommelhorst, gym teacher.
 Capitol City Goofball, mascot of Capitol City.
 Lance Murdock, daredevil.
 Charlie, works at the Nuclear Plant.
 Kumiko, married wife of Comic Book Guy.
 Chase/Pyro, Luann's boyfriend.
 Lugash, gym teacher.
 Corporal Punishment, character in The Krusty The Clown show. H e never speaks.
 Crazy Cat Lady, old lady who owns a lot of cats.
 Crusher and Lowblow, Burn's goons.
 Dave Shutton, reporter.
 Declan Desmond, documentary maker.
 Doctor Colossus, blue, evil, crazy guy.
 Fallout boy, Radioactive man's sidekick.
 Francesca Terwilliger, Sideshow Bob's wife.
 Frankie The Squealer, target of the mafia.
 Gino, Sideshow Bob's son.
 Gloria, Snake's girlfriend.
 God, the all mighty.
 Grady and Julio, two gay men.
 Greta, Wolfcastle's daughter.
 Gunter and Ernst, two tiger tamers.
 Anastasia, tiger pet of Gunter and Ernst.
Happy Little Elves, one of Lisa's favorite cartoons.
 Jack Marley, former Nuclear Plant worker.
 Jay Sherman, film critic.
 Jebediah Springfield, founder of Springfield.
 Johnny Tightlips, mafia member.
 Joey, another mafia member who temporarily joined the Callibricis goons then appears in the mafia again.
 Jub - Jub, Selma's pet.
 Constance Harm, strict judge.
 Just Stamp the Ticket man, angry and sarcastic man.
 J. Loren Pryor, psychologist.
 Kearney Zzyzwicz Jr., Kearney's son.
 Leopold, Chalmer's assistant.
 Lois Pennycandy, Krusty's attractive assistant.
 Lucius Sweet, Tatum's boxing manager.
 Lurleen Lumpkin, country singer.
 Martha Prince, Mayor's wife.
 Mary Bailey, governor.
 Mary Spuckler, Bart's ex.
 Mayor Quimby's Body Guards, Body Guards.
 Ms. Albright, Sunday school teacher.
 Miss Springfield, Mayor's girlfriend.
 Mr. Costington, owner of Costington's.
 Mr. Teeny, Krusty's monkey.
 Mrs. Muntz, Nelson's mom.
 Octuplets, Apu and Manjula's babies.
 Jake, barber.
 Opal, TV star of the Opal Show.
Patches and Poor Violet, orphans.
 Plopper, Homer's pet pig.
 Poochie, former dog character in the Itchy and Scratchy Show.
 Princess Kashmir, belly dancer.
 Principal Dondelinger, Homer and Marge's former principal.
 Rachel Jordan, Christian singer.
 Roger Meyers Jr., boss of the Itchy and Scratchy crew.
 Ruth Powers, Marge's criminal and drunken friend.
 Sarah Wiggum, Wiggum's wife.
 Scott Christian, former news reporter.
 Shauna, Jimbo's ex.
 Stampy, Bart's former elephant pet.
 State Comptroller Atkins, State Comptroller.
 Tina Ballerina, character in the Krusty The Clown show.
 The Warden, warden of Juvie.
 Vanderbilts, rich couple.
 Weasels, Nelson two twin cronies.
 Mr. Winfield, former neighbor of The Simpsons.
 Sylvia Winfield, former neighbor of The Simpsons.
 Hank Scorpio, evil guy who befriends Homer.
 Frank Grimes, former employee of the Nuclear Plant
 Frank Grimes Jr., Frank Grime's son.
 Shary Bobbins, Magic babysitter.
Trent Steel, Business man that inspires Homer to change his name to "Max Power"
 Doctor Nick, A incompetent doctor, who most likely doesn't even has a medical license
Other websites
 Characters index on the WikiSimpsons fan site

Lists of television characters
The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as on large stones and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BCE. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism. According to the edicts, the extent of Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were created.

Ashoka did not completely forbid the killing of animals; he wanted to control the number of 
animals that had to be killed for human consumption or sacrificing, protected some of them, and in general criticized violent acts against animals, such as castration.
He wrote these edicts on rock and pillar.

Edicts are royal orders or proclamations.These edicts were set up in different part of Ashoka's empire and spread the message of Ashoka's Dhamma.There are about 14 rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts currently found.
Edicts were written in local language. Most of the Ashoka's edicts are written in Brahmi Script and were discovered by James Prinsep, a British official in 1837. After this major breakthrough, historians and scholars were able to obtain information about Ashoka and his reign.

References 
"The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering" by Ven. S. Dhammika (The Wheel Publication No. 386/387) 
“Zen living” by Robert Linssen

Other websites 

The Edicts of King Ashoka (full text, electronic edition offered for free distribution)
The Edicts of King Ashoka  in Access to Insight
Edicts in original Gandhari
King Asoka and Buddhism. Historical and Literary studies 
Inscriptions of India -- Complete listing of historical inscriptions from Indian temples and monuments

Buddhist texts
Religion in India
Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and, particularly, another religion.  

The word proselytism comes from the Greek language prefix 'pros' (towards) and the verb 'erchomai' (I come). Historically in the New Testament, the word proselyte meant a person who had converted to the Jewish religion.  Though the word proselytism was originally used in Christianity, it is also used to refer to other religions' attempts to convert people to their beliefs or even any attempt to convert people to another point of view, religious or not.  Today, the connotations of the word proselytism are often negative.

Related pages
Religious conversion

References
References

Other websites  
 Everybody Proselytizes!  by Jorge Luis Gonzalo, 2008
   International Religious Liberty Association: "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights" by Natan Lerner.
 Pope Benedict XVI asks always for guarantees that Christian faith can be "proposed" and that it can be "freely chosen": When Civilizations Meet: How Joseph Ratzinger Sees Islam
 For a discussion of some of the legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism, see the article Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights, by Natan Lerner, PhD
Proselytism and Crypto-Christians in Cyprus 

Religious terminology
Religious conversion
Ken Hitchcock (born December 17, 1951 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former Canadian NHL ice hockey coach, who coached in the NHL from 1995–96 to 2018–19. Ken won one Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars, in the 1998–99 NHL season.

1951 births
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Sportspeople from Edmonton
An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the parties agree to stop fighting. The word comes from the Latin arma, meaning weapons and statium, meaning a stopping. 

A truce or ceasefire usually refers to a temporary stop of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice. 
An armistice is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War armistice   is a major example of an armistice which has not yet been followed by a peace treaty. 

The United Nations Security Council often demands cease-fire of parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law.
The most famous armistice is the Armistice with Germany at the end of World War I, on 11 November, 1918, signed near Compiègne, France, and effective at the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."

References

Other websites
 

War
The armistice treaty between the Allies, who fought Germany during World War I, and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on 11 November 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Commander-in-chief, and Matthias Erzberger, Germany's representative were the most important persons who signed it.

The Armistice was agreed at 5 AM on 11 November, to come into effect at 11 AM Paris time. 

Acting German commander Paul von Hindenburg had requested arrangements for a meeting from Ferdinand Foch via telegram on 7 November. He was under pressure of imminent revolution in Berlin, Munich and elsewhere across Germany.
This stopped the fighting, but it took much longer to get a complete settlement. The actual terms, largely written by Foch, included:
 ending hostilities, the withdrawal of German forces to behind the Rhine, 
Allied occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military materiel, 
the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians, 
eventual reparations, no release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany. 

Although the armistice ended the fighting on the Western Front, it had to be prolonged three times until the Treaty of Versailles. This took effect on 10 January 1920.

These terms were severe. The later abdication of the Kaiser, and the economic troubles of Germany in the 1920s, led towards the later rise of Adolf Hitler.
Main people 
For the Allies, the personnel involved were entirely military:
 Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, the Allied supreme commander
 First Sea Lord Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, the British representative
 General Maxime Weygand, Foch's Chief of staff

For Germany:
 Matthias Erzberger, a civilian politician;
 Count Alfred von Oberndorff, from the Foreign Ministry;
 Major General Detlev von Winterfeldt, the army;
 Captain Ernst Vanselow, the navy.

General Weygand and General von Gruennel are not mentioned in the (French) document.

The peace between the Allies and Germany that followed this armistice was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

References

Related pages
 Remembrance Day
 Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Other websites 

 La convention d'armistice du 11 novembre 1918  (in French)
 The Armistice Demands, translated into English from German Government statement The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library, accessed July 27, 2006
1918 in Europe
1910s in France
World War I
1910s in Germany
November events
WWE SmackDown is a professional wrestling television program for WWE. Currently it is the only television broadcast for the SmackDown! brand. From its launch in 1999, SmackDown! was shown on Thursday nights, but as of September 9 2005, the show moved to Friday nights. To reflect this change, the show is now known to as Friday Night SmackDown!. The SmackDown! brand is currently one of WWE's two brands, the other being Raw.
Its currently shown in the United States on MyNetworkTV, in Canada on The Score Network and on E! Montreal, in Turkey on Fox TV, in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan on Ten Sports, in Germany on DSF, in the UK and Republic of Ireland on Sky Sports 3, Italy on Sky Italia, in Finland on Urheilukanava, in Portugal on TVI, in the Dominican Republic on Antena Latina Channel 7, in Puerto Rico on WAPA and on The CW, in Ecuador on Teleamazonas, in Chile on Chilevisión, in Malaysia on TV3, in Mexico on 52MX, in Australia on FOX8, in New Zealand on The BOX,in Bulgaria on GTV, in the Philippines on Jack TV and ABC, in Peru on ATV, in Spain on Cuatro, in Romania on TV Sport, in Serbia on FOX Televizija, in Saudi Arabia and Middle East on Showtime Arabia and ShowSports 4, in France on RTL9, in Japan on J Sports, on e.tv in South Africa, on AFN Xtra, on the Super Channel (Channel 10) in Fiji Islands, on VTV in El Salvador, on Canal 9 in Argentina, on Canal 4 RP in Panama and on SBT in Brazil.

Show history
Show history

Original format 
SmackDown! was first seen on April 29, 1999 as a single television special on UPN. On August 26, 1999, SmackDown! officially started on UPN, in Kansas City, Missouri. Like WCW Thunder, SmackDown! was recorded on Tuesdays and then broadcast on Thursdays. The new WWF show was so popular that WCW moved Thunder to Wednesdays in the hope of holding on to fans rather than losing them to WWF. SmackDown!, like Thunder, made heavy use of the color blue, earning it the nickname "The Blue Show" amongst wrestling fans.
The first SmackDown! set was different as it had an oval-shaped TitanTron (which was dubbed the "OvalTron"), entrance and stage which made it stand out from the RAW set and its rectangular TitanTrons. An added feature to the first set was the ability for the OvalTron to be moved to either the left or right of the stage. Throughout the show's early existence, top WWF superstar The Rock routinely called SmackDown! "his" show, in reference to the fact that the name was derived from one of his catchphrases, "Laying the smackdown." In August 2001, as part of celebrating SmackDown!'''s second anniversary, the show got a new logo and set. The last SmackDown! to use the previous television set saw Alliance member Rhyno Gore WWF member Chris Jericho through the center screen, destroying part of the set.

 Brand Extension
Brand Extension 

In early to mid-2002, WWE had a process they called the "Brand Extension". WWE divided itself into two "de facto" wrestling promotions with separate rosters, storylines and authority figures. RAW and SmackDown! would host each division, give its name to the division and essentially compete against each other. The split was a result of WWF purchasing their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension was publicly announced during a telecast of WWF RAW on March 25, 2002, and became official the next day.
Wrestlers now would become show-exclusive, wrestling for their specific show only. At the time this excluded the WWE Undisputed Championship and WWE Women's Championship, as those WWE titles would be defended on both shows. In August 2002, WWE Undisputed Champion Brock Lesnar refused to defend the title on RAW, in effect causing his title to become exclusive to SmackDown! The following week on RAW, General Manager Eric Bischoff awarded a newly instated World Heavyweight Championship to RAW's designated #1 contender, Triple H. Due to the fact that since the WWE Undisputed Championship was now SmackDown! exclusive it was no longer seen as "Undisputed". Following this, the WWE Women's Championship soon became RAW-exclusive as well. As a result of the Brand Extension, an annual "draft lottery" was instituted to exchange members of each roster and generally refresh the lineups.