Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In a chemical reaction, the transition state is the point where there is a maximum value of energy. This energy is called the activation energy. When two or more molecules are mixed, they will hit each other. If they hit with enough energy to go through the transition state, they will react and form new molecules. At the transition state, new bonds are formed while the old ones are broken. In a graph or a drawing, the transition state is often marked with the double dagger ‡ symbol.

It is very difficult to study a transition state. This is because it is so high in energy that the molecules will stay in that form for a very short time, usually femtoseconds. It is important not to confuse transition states with intermediates. Intermediates are found at minimum points of energy, and they can live for a very long time. Like a transition state, however, an intermediate is between reagents and products of a reaction.
Studying transition states is very important to understand reaction mechanisms. There are theories and computer programs that can be used to calculate how the transition state looks like. This is a part of chemical kinetics.

References 

Chemical kinetics
The Winged Victory of Samothrace (or Nike of Samothrace) is a Parian marble sculpture now in the Louvre, Paris, France.  It is believed to have been made about 190 BC. It was discovered in 1863. It commemorates Nike, the Greek victory in a sea battle near Samothrace. It stands 2.44 m high. The work presents a pose where violent motion and sudden stillness meet. It is notable for its graceful balance and for the rendering of the figure's draped garments, depicted as if rippling in a strong sea breeze.

References 
 

Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Ancient Greek statues
2nd-century BC works
The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the minimum energy that is needed to make the reaction happen. It usually has the symbol Ea and it is measured in kilojoule per mole. It can be thought of as a barrier between the reagents and the products of a reaction. The activation energy is the difference in energy between the transition state and the starting reagents.

Arrhenius equation 
This equation is a way of calculating the activation energy. Its form is:

Here, k is the rate constant of the reaction (which can be measured using chemical kinetics), A is a frequency factor, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature. If we measure how fast the reaction goes at different temperatures, then we can make a graph and calculate the activation energy using this equation.
Catalysis 
When using a catalyst the activation energy is made smaller. This means that the reaction can go faster at the same temperature. The catalyst does not change the energy of the reagents or the products. Also, the catalyst does not change in the reaction. Therefore, it can be used again and again and only a small amount of a catalyst is needed. 

Chemical kinetics

References
300 is a graphic novel written and drawn by Frank Miller and colored by Lynn Varley. It tells the story of the Spartans, the Persians, and the Battle of Thermopylae. The individual volumes were collected and reprinted in their entire by Dark Horse in 1999. Publishers Weekly wrote: "Form and content are ideally wedded: Miller's writing is stark, his drawings moody and dramatic, and intensified by Varley's grimly appropriate palette of earth and blood. The reader can see and feel the harshness of both the Grecian landscape and Sparta's battle-worshipping culture, as Miller presents the complex historical moment facing the 300." The novel was made into a movie.

Ancient Greece
American comic books
1998 books
The Sacred Band of Thebes was an elite fighting unit within the ancient Theban army of the 4th century BC. The earliest surviving record of the Sacred Band by name was made in 324 BC. The unit was comprised of 150 male lovers.  It was believed these men would make better warriors. Plutarch (46–120 AD) is the source of the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band. In his Life of Pelopidas Plutarch wrote, "Since the lovers, ashamed to be base in sight of their beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, willingly rush into danger for the relief of one another." The band was reportedly organized by the Theban commander Gorgidas in 378 BC. Male couples were originally dispersed throughout the ranks of the army. It was later decided to create a separate squad. The squad played a crucial role in the Battle of Leuctra. It was completely destroyed by Philip II of Macedon in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.

References

Military of ancient Greece
Thebes, Greece
4th-century BC people
Elisha Gerald "Jerry" Hopkins (November 9, 1935 – June 3, 2018) was an American journalist and author. He was best known for writing the first biographies of both Elvis Presley and Jim Morrison of The Doors, as well as serving for 20 years as a writer for Rolling Stone magazine.  He also wrote several other biographies, wrote history and humor, and was a writer-producer for Mike Wallace, Steve Allen and Mort Sahl.  He has published 36 books and an estimated one thousand magazine articles. The books have been translated into 16 languages and total sales exceed 6 million.

Early life

Hopkins was born on November 9, 1935 in Camden, New Jersey. He was raised in nearby Haddonfield, a town founded by Quakers.  His parents operated a dry cleaning store.

Education
Education

He attended a Quaker school through 6th grade and public schools through 12th. He earned a BA in journalism from Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia (1957). For a short time, he worked as a reporter for the Twin City Sentinel in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He was in the US Army for a short time. After that, he earned an MS in journalism from Columbia University in New York (1959).

Early career
Early career

After freelancing articles to the then-young Village Voice while at Columbia, he worked as a reporter for the Times-Picayune and as news editor of WWL Radio in New Orleans (1959-1961).  He joined Mike Wallace as a writer-producer in New York for one year (1961-62) then moved to Los Angeles where he was a talent coordinator and writer-producer for Steve Allen (1962-1964).  He also wrote and produced television programs for Mort Sahl, ABC-TV and Universal Studios (1964-1966; 1971).  He wrote his first books during this period, an as-told-to autobiography of a health faddist, Bare Feet and Good Things to Eat (1965), and an astrological spoof, You Were Born on a Rotten Day (1969).

Career
Career

In the mid-1960s, he left television to open the first “headshop” in Los Angeles. He then became the Los Angeles correspondent for Rolling Stone (1967-1969). He wrote features and columns for alternative newspapers, MC’ed the first love-ins in Los Angeles, edited a collection of material from the underground press, The Hippie Papers (1968) and wrote a history of rock and roll, The Rock Story (1970).
Leaving Rolling Stone temporarily in 1969 to write Elvis: A Biography (1971), it was while then serving as the magazine’s London correspondent (1972) he began researching his Morrison biography, No One Here Gets Out Alive.  It was rejected by more than 30 publishers before publication in 1980, when it topped the New York Times bestseller chart and was credited by many with helping kick-start the Doors’ revival as well as inspiring a new publishing genre, the rock biography.  A sequel to the Elvis biography, Elvis: The Final Years (1981) followed, along with biographies of Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, Yoko Ono, and Raquel Welch, the latter of which was authorized but not published.
He moved to Honolulu, where he edited a monthly newsletter about Hawaiian music and dance and published several books taking Hawaiian culture as their subject, including The Hula (1981), a history; How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments (1988); Elvis in Hawaii (2002); and Don Ho: My Life, My Music (2007). He also was an editor at Pacific Business News in Honolulu and a speechwriter for Mayor Frank Fasi.

Moving to Thailand in 1993, he wrote for many travel, food and airline magazines. He worked with photographer Michael Freeman on Strange Foods: An Epicurean Adventure Around the World (1999), which was expanded and reissued as Extreme Cuisine with a foreword by Anthony Bourdain (2004). A collection of expatriate profiles, Bangkok Babylon (2005); a book of stories and essays, Thailand Confidential (2005); and Asian Aphrodisiacs (2006) followed.  His 37th book, profiling Western novelists who helped forge the Asian myth, Romancing the East, will be published in 2013.

Personal life
Personal life

Hopkins has been married four times, to Sara Cordell (1959-1963), Jane Hollingsworth (1968-1976), Rebecca Erickson Crockett (1980-1988) and has two grown children by his second wife, Erin Hendershot (b.1970) and Nick Hopkins (b. 1972), and six grandchildren.  He and his wife, Lamyai (m. 2003), a citizen of Thailand, divide their time between a flat in Bangkok and a house and farm six hours away in rice country near the Cambodian border.

Hopkins died on June 3, 2018 in Bangkok of heart failure at the age of 82.

Bibliography
Bare Feet & Good Things to Eat (1965) with Gypsy Boots
 The Hippie Papers (1968) Editor
 You Were Born on a Rotten Day (1969) with Jim Critchfield
 The Rock Story (1970)
 Groupies & Other Girls (1970) with John Burks
 Festival: An American Celebration (1970) with Jim Marshall & Baron Wolman (photographers)
 Elvis: A Biography (1971)
 The Last Sex Manual (1978) with Ron Pion, MD
 No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980) with Danny Sugerman
 The Hula (1981)
 Elvis: The Final Years (1981)
 Hit & Run: The Jimi Hendrix Story (1983)
 Bowie (1985)
 Fax to Da Max (1985) with Peppo (illustrator)
 Yoko Ono (1986)
 The L.A. Book of Lists (1987)
 Vinny: Part II, The Habilitat Story (1987) with Vincent Marino
 Fax 2 Da Max (1988)
 How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments (1988) with Martin Charlot (illustrator)
 The Westin Maui (1989) with William Waterfall (photographer)
 Kauai Lagoons (1990) with William Waterfall (photographer)
 50 Simple Things You Can Do to Save Hawaii (1990) with Susan Manual
Frank DeLima’s Joke Book (1991) with Frank DeLima
 The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison (1992)
 The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1996) Updated reprint
 Strange Foods (1999) with Michael Freeman (photographer)
 Elvis in Hawaii (2002)
 Extreme Cuisine (2004) with Michael Freeman (photographer)
 In the Name of the Boss Upstairs: The Father Ray Brennan Story (2004)
 Thailand Confidential (2005)
 Bangkok Babylon (2005)
 The Pacific Showman (2005) with Tom Moffatt
 Asian Aphrodisiacs (2006)
 Aloha Elvis (2007)
 Don Ho: My Life, My Music (2007) with Don Ho
 Elvis: The Biography (2007)
 Memberships
 The Writers Guild of America (1961-Emeritus) 
 The Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (1993-Present)
 The Explorers Club (2000-Present)
References

Other websites
Official website 
Interview
Interview from 2009 
Interview from 2012 (PDF)

1935 births
2018 deaths
American biographers
Journalists from New Jersey
Writers from Camden, New Jersey
Themistocles (?524 BC-?460 BC) was an Ancient Greek Athenian politician and general. He fought against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon as a young man. He later persuaded Athens to build a navy which he commanded in the engagement against the Persians at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC.

After the war he became unpopular and had to leave. He went to work for the Persian Empire.

References

Ancient Greek generals
Ancient Greek politicians
The Greek shield of Ancient Greece was called a hoplon or aspis. It was from this word that hoplite (a Greek soldier) is derived. 

A hoplon was a deeply-dished shield made of wood. Some shields had a thin sheet of bronze on the outer face. This was placed just around the rim. In some periods, the shield was decorated. At other times, it remained undecorated. These large shields were designed for a mass of hoplites to push forward into the opposing army, and it was their most essential equipment. The shield was carried in the left hand. It was used by Spartans as a weapon of attack.

Probably the most famous decoration is the Spartan. This was a capital lambda (Λ). From the late 5th century BC onward, Athenian hoplites usually used the Little Owl (Athena's sacred bird). The shields of Theban hoplites were sometimes decorated with a sphinx, or the club of Herakles.

References 

Military of ancient Greece
The Mutiny on the Bounty was caused by breadfruit trees: In 1787, William Bligh was ordered to load a number of these trees on Tahiti and to ship them to the Caribbean; there they would serve as a cheap food for the slaves working on plantations. The main plantations at the time were those of sugarcane. This was the first attempt a government made to grow an economically important plant at a different location. The attempt failed, because the seamen did not understand why the drinking water supply was used to water the plants; they threw the plants overboard.

Bligh was able to ship the trees in a second voyage: Arriving in the Caribbean, he faced a different problem: The slaves there did not accept breadfruit as a replacement for cereals. Bligh won the Royal Society medal for his efforts, even though the introduction was not entirely successful. Although most slaves refused to eat the new food, breadfruit was accepted into the cuisine of Puerto Rico.

References

Moraceae
Malagasy cuisine
The Hercules Room (also known as the Hercules Drawing Room or Hercules Salon; ) is a State Room in the Palace of Versailles. It occupies what was once the site of a chapel. Louis XIV wanted the Hercules Room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese. The architect Robert de Cotte began working on the room in 1710. Work was completed in 1736. The Room has been the scene of many glittering events in the history of Versailles.

State Room
State Room 

The large room is on the ground floor (first floor) of the Palace.  It measures 18m x 14m x 45m. A chapel once stood on the site. The Hercules Room connects the royal chapel and the North Wing of the palace with the Grand Apartment of the King. Architect Robert de Cotte started work on the room in 1710. The project was set aside in 1715 when Louis XIV died. Work resumed in 1724.  Louis XV hired architect Jacques Gabriel, marble worker Claude-Félix Tarlé, and sculptors Jacques Verberckt and François-Antoine Vassé to complete the room. The room is in the style of the Hall of Mirrors.

Paintings by Veronese
Louis XIV wanted this room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese called Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee. This picture was painted for the refectory (dining hall) of the Servite Convent in Venice in 1570. In 1664, the Doge gave it to Louis XIV. He wanted the king to support him in a war with the Turks. Veronese's Eliezer and Rebecca hangs above the fireplace on the wall opposite Simon.  

Simon is a large painting. It measures 4.5 m x 9.7 m. The painting was once displayed in the Apollo Gallery of the Louvre.  It was hung in the Hercules Room in 1730. It was removed in 1832. It was sent at that time back to the Louvre. In 1961 Simon was returned to the Hercules Room.  In 1994 the painting was restored.

Ceiling
Ceiling 

The room was completed in 1736 with a painted ceiling called Apotheosis of Hercules. This was painted by François Lemoyne. The painting gave the room its name. The King was pleased with the ceiling. He appointed Lemoyne First Painter. Lemoyne however did not live long enough to enjoy the honor. He committed suicide shortly after the appointment. 

The coving is decorated with representations of the Four Princely Virtues: Justice, Fortitude, Constancy, and Courage. These are separated by Cupids pointing to the Labors of Hercules. In the center of the ceiling, Hercules arrives in his chariot on Mount Olympus. Jupiter offers his daughter Hebe in marriage to the hero. Mars and Vulcan observe the fall of demons and vices. Apollo sits on the steps of the Temple of Memory.
Apotheosis is the largest ceiling painted on canvas in Europe480 square meters of surface area. It depicts some 140 figures representing the gods and goddesses of Olympus. They have gathered for the arrival of Hercules after his successful labors raised him to the rank of God. The piece was seen as a metaphorical allusion to the merits of the French King.

State events held in the Hercules Room 

 a full-dress ball was given by Louis XV upon the marriage of his eldest daughter Elisabeth to the Infant of Spain in 1739 
 the State Dinner for the Duc de Chartes's wedding in 1769
 the State Dinner given upon the Dauphin's birth in 1782
 the Audience of the Ambassadors for Tippo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore in 1788
 the Presentation of the Deputies of the Estates General to the King on 2 May 1789

Notes

References

Other materials 
 

Palace of Versailles
1736 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1730s establishments in Europe
Robert de Cotte (1656 – 15 July 1735) was a French architect-administrator. He introduced the Rococo style. He was a pupil of Jules Hardouin-Mansart. He later became his teacher's brother-in-law and his collaborator. De Cotte married Hardouin-Mansart's sister. After Hardouin-Mansart's death, de Cotte completed his unfinished projects. These included the royal chapel at Versailles and the Grand Trianon.

Palace of Versailles
French architects
1656 births
1735 deaths
Paolo Veronese (1528 – 19 April 1588) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance. He was a Venetian. He is remembered for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana and The Feast in the House of Levi. He became known as "Veronese" from his birthplace in Verona. His best works are elaborate narratives. These are executed in a dramatic and colorful Mannerist style. They are full of majestic architectural settings and pageantry. His large paintings of biblical feasts are especially notable.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Hercules Room
 List of Italian painters

16th-century Italian painters
1528 births
1588 deaths
Hill Top is a 17th-century Lakeland farm once in the possession of children's author Beatrix Potter. She bought the farm house as a retreat from London in 1896 at a time when she was making a significant amount of money from her stories. She used the farm as a place to develop her stories. Many of these stories (such as Jemima Puddleduck and Tom Kitten) were set on the farm. Farm furniture, the ponds, and other elements were used as props in her books. 

Potter married William Heelis when she was 47. She moved across the road to Castle Cottage. She kept Hill Top though to house her collections of china, the "Two Bad Mice" doll house furniture, and other things. She continued to use the house as a retreat. She willed the houses and a large acreage to the National Trust in 1944. Hill Top is located near Sawrey in Cumbria. It is between Esthwaite Water and Windermere, 2 miles south-east of Hawksmoor.
References 
 Robin Fedden and Rosemary Joekes. 1973. The National Trust Guide to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Norton. 3rd edition. pages 138-139.
Buildings and structures in Cumbria
The Yew Tree Ball () was a masked ball. It was held in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on the night of 25-26 February 1745. Fifteen thousand people waited in the Hercules Room for the ball to begin. King Louis XV and several of his gentlemen courtiers attended dressed as topiary yew trees. The ball is notorious for being the venue in which the king made contact with Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson. He had first seen her while hunting at Senart. On 14 September 1745, Poisson was officially presented to the Court as the Marquise de Pompadour. She was the king’s official mistress until her death in 1764.

Gallery

Notes

References 
 
 
 

Palace of Versailles
Flávia Alessandra Martins da Costa (born June 7, 1974 in Arraial do Cabo) is a Brazilian actress.

References

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Arlette Pinheiro Esteves Torres (born October 16, 1929 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress. She is best known for her leading role in Central Station, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

References

Other websites 

1929 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian stage actors
Brazilian television actors
The Clock Cabinet is a room at Versailles. It is one of the rooms in the king's private cabinets. An astronomical clock stands in the room. Louis XV took great interest in astronomy.  The clock shows the time, the day of the week, the month, the year and the moon's quarter. In the crystal globe at the top, the planets can be seen moving around the sun according to Copernicus.

The clock was designed by Claude-Siméon Passemant, the King's engineer. It was made by the clock-maker Louis Dauthiau. The bronze casing was made by Jacques and Philippe II Caffiéri. The clock was used to determine the first official time system throughout the kingdom. The entire fixture measures over two meters tall.
In 1692, the room was an Antechamber and part of Louis XIV's Art Cabinet. In 1738, it was remodeled into an oval-shaped drawing room. In 1760, it found its present form. The paneling is by Verberckt and Rousseau.  The overdoors are copies of the Diana story originally painted by Boucher. The furniture in the room includes hunting tables ordered by Louis XV from Slodtz, Foliot, and Roumier. A Sèvres bisque equestrian statue depicting Frederic II stands in the room. Another equestrian statue in the room depicts Louis XV. It is a small copy by Vassé after Bouchardon's statue that stands in the Place de la Concorde.

Gallery

Notes

References 
 
  
 

Clocks
Palace of Versailles
1754 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1750s establishments in Europe
Victoria [ vik-tawr-ee-uh ] is a female given name. It is Latin for victory and feminine for male name Victor. Victoria is a name that has enjoyed widespread popularity for hundreds of years, and it has a fascinating background and significance. The name Victoria comes from the Latin term "victoria," which translates to "winning or triumph." This name has always been linked to attributes such as fortitude, might, and accomplishment in various eras. The name Victoria has a lot of variants, such as the short form Vicky. This name was ranked #43 on the US Popular Names in 2021. There are several Queens, several Princesses and many other famous people under this female name. As Vicky, the name is being used for Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones.

People 

 Victoria Beckham, English businesswoman, fashion designer and singer
 Victoria Wood, British comedian
 Victoria Justice, American actress and singer

References

Given names
Reims – Prunay Aerodrome ()  is an airfield serving the city of Reims. It is  east-southeast of Reims, near Prunay, both communes in the Marne department in the Champagne-Ardenne region in northeastern France.

It is a class D aerodrome open to general aviation traffic with no commercial airline service scheduled. Also, it hosts the factory of Reims Aviation.

Facilities
The airport is  above mean sea level. It has one paved runway which is  long. It also has a parallel unpaved runway measuring .

References

Airports in France
Reims
Tetuin is a flavone. It is a type of flavonoid. It is the 6-O-glucoside of baicalein. It can be isolated from the seeds of Oroxylum indicum, the Indian trumpetflower, known as टेटु tetu in Marathi.

References

Organic compounds
Bulbophyllum evasum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia

Flowers
Orchids
Atlantic City is a city in New Jersey, United States. It officially became a city in 1854 when a new railroad connected it to Philadelphia. Atlantic City is an internationally renowned resort city for gambling, conventions, and leisure. The city also served as the inspiration for the original version of the board game Monopoly. Atlantic City is on Absecon Island on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

, the city has a population of 39,558. There were 274,549 people living in the Atlantic City–Hammonton Metropolitan Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census.

The three road routes into Atlantic City are the Black Horse Pike/Harding Highway (US 322/40), White Horse Pike (US 30), and the Atlantic City Expressway. Atlantic City is roughly  south of New York City by road (via the Garden State Parkway),  southeast of Philadelphia.

References 

 
1854 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey
Wholesale is the sale of large numbers of goods to retailers. The retailer then sells small amounts of the goods to individual users or consumers. A wholesaler often buys goods direct from the factory or the farm. The wholesaler can put together, sort or grade the products. The wholesaler will repack and redistribute the goods in smaller lots. Wholesalers usually have large individual warehouses to do this work. Food wholesalers often are located together at large markets.

Wholesalers used to be closer to where the retail goods were sold than they were to the factories or farms. Since internet sales have increased there are a number of wholesalers setting up near factories in China and Taiwan.

In banking, wholesale banking means services provided to large companies. Retail banking is services provided to small businesses or individuals.

Some examples of wholesale retailers include Costco, Sam's Club, and BJ's Wholesale Club

References

Commerce
The Network News Transfer Protocol is a computer protocol that was used to create groups that could exchange news articles between people. It is not in very common usage now, but was commonly used in the late 1980s and 1990s. Many internet service providers still provide a NNTP server for their customers, and commercial Usenet services exist.

Computer protocols
The workhouse was a place which offered housing and work to people who did not have any. They began in England and Wales during the 17th century. The first use of the word workhouse was in a report by the mayor of Abingdon in 1631 on the building of a workhouse in the town.

The beginnings of the workhouse go back to the Poor Law Act of 1388. This was designed to help solve a shortage of workers after the Black Death. It made it difficult for them to move about the country, and stopped them from looking for higher paid work somewhere else. This led to the state being responsible for the welfare of the poor. After the Napoleonic Wars there was a lot of unemployment. There was also unemployment caused by machines taking over work from farm workers. In the 1830s' there was also a series of bad harvests. These things put too much pressure on the existing ways of looking after poor people.
New laws were passed, the New Poor Law of 1834, to try to deal with the problem. People would only be given help if they went into the workhouse to live. Some places hoped to make a profit from the workhouse by using the free labor of the people. Most did not have skills to get normal jobs, so workhouse jobs included breaking rocks into small stones, breaking bones to make fertilizer, or pulling apart old rope to reuse the fibre. This old rope, known as oakum, was used to pack joints in ship building to keep them watertight. A metal spike was used to unpick the rope,, and the nickname for the workhouse was the spike.
Life in a workhouse was not meant to be easy. It was made hard so only the very poor with no hope of finding work would go there for help. Workhouse inmates had no rights in the workhouse and were subjected to strict rules and harsh punishments. However the workhouse did provide free medical care and education for the children. This sort of help was not available to poor people outside the workhouse system.  Charles Dickens  book Oliver Twist famously includes a chapter set in a workhouse. The reform increased non-violent property crimes, mostly poaching, by 17% This was worst when there was no work in farming.

Towards the end of the 1800s, the workhouses became filled with the old and sick, rather than unemployed poor people. In 1929 the laws were changed and the workhouses became hospitals. Some workhouses were renamed Public Assistance Institutions. These finally disappeared when the National Assistance act of 1948 was passed.

References
References

Public services in the United Kingdom
History of the United Kingdom
Poverty
Social security in the United Kingdom
Social care
Ingrid [ ing-grid ] is a name for girls or women. The name comes from Ingfriar in Old Norse. Ing means Norse deity. Friar means beautiful. 

Ingrid is a lovely and distinctive moniker that has enjoyed widespread popularity in Scandinavian nations for many centuries. The appellation Ingrid originates from the Old Norse name Ingríðr, which translates to "charming goddess" or "elegant lady". It is a name that radiates power, loveliness, and elegance, rendering it an ideal selection for any infant girl. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Many famous people have been named Ingrid. One of them being Ingrid Bergman. Others include Ingrid Cruz and Ingrid Michaelson. A hurricane with the name hit eastern Mexico in September 2013. The storm killed 32 and caused $1.5 billion in damage. The name Ingrid was then retired.

People 

 Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (1915–1982)
 Ingrid Cruz,actress from Chile
 Ingrid Espelid Hovig, Norwegian chef

References

Given names
Facelift is the debut studio album by American rock band, Alice in Chains. Facelift was released on August 21, 1990. The album featured the singles "We Die Young", "Man in the Box", "Bleed the Freak" and "Sea of Sorrow".

Facelift became the first grunge album to be certified platinum. It has also gone on to been certified double-platinum by the RIAA for shipments of two million copies in the United States.

Songs

References

Other websites
Facelift at Allmusic

1990 albums
Alice in Chains albums
Heavy metal albums
Hard rock albums
Dirt is the second studio album by American rock band, Alice in Chains. Dirt was released on September 29, 1992. The album featured the singles "Would?", "Them Bones", "Angry Chair", "Rooster", and "Down in a Hole".

Dirt is currently the band's highest selling album to date and has gone on to sell 5 million copies worldwide. The album was certified four-times platinum by the RIAA.

Dirt was the final album to feature Mike Starr on bass before he was kicked out of the band and replaced by former Ozzy Osbourne bassist Mike Inez.

The album was also included in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die and was ranked #1 on Guitar World magazine's top ten list of guitar albums of 1992

Songs

References

Other websites
Dirt at Allmusic

1992 albums
Alice in Chains albums
Heavy metal albums
Alice in Chains is the self-titled third studio album by American rock band, Alice in Chains. Alice in Chains was released on November 7, 1995. The album featured the singles "Grind", "Heaven Beside You", "Over Now" and "Again".

The album was certified two-times platinum by the RIAA.

Alice in Chains was the last album to feature lead singer Layne Staley. He was later found dead of a heroin overdose on April 5, 2002. The next album, Black Gives Way to Blue was released in 2009, with new vocalist William DuVall.

The album is sometimes referred to as Tripod because of Jerry Cantrell's three-legged dog on the front cover and Frank Lentini on the back cover.

Songs

References

Other websites
Alice in Chains at Allmusic

1995 albums
Alice in Chains albums
Florence [ flawr-uhns, flor- ] is a French or English female given name. It is from the Latin word floreo, which means "flower". The name also comes from the city of Florence in Italy. It was most popular in the U.S. between 1900 and 1940. It is still popular in Canada and England. The name was used for many tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Basin until 2018. This name was ranked #713 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

In 2018 Hurricane Florence struck North and South Carolina. It killed over 50 people. It caused around $18 billion in damage.

People 

 Florence Nightingale, English social reformer, statistician, and founder of modern nursing 
 Florence Henderson, American actress and singer
 Florence Pugh, British actress
 Florence Bjelke-Petersen, Australian politician

References

Given names
A beauty contest or beauty pageant, is a public contest to decide which person is the most beautiful. Usually, the entrants are young females, but there are some contests for men. Each contests has its own rules as to who may enter, and what the prizes are. A person who enters a beauty contest or pageant is called a contestant.

The usual reason for holding such contests is to create publicity for the organisation which runs the contest. The contests are often shown on television and reported (with photographs) in newspapers. The first local event was probably in the United States in the late 19th century. 1880 in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware has been claimed.

With most contests the criteria for judging is physical appearance, plus some judgement of personality. "Beauty Queen" is a term often used to describe the winners. Usually the winner acts as a publicity representative for the year following the contest. Examples are:

Miss America
Miss World
Miss Universe
Miss Earth
Miss Grand International
Steve Braun (born August 14, 1976) is a Canadian television and movie actor from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Braun's credits include The Immortal, a TV series in which he and co-star Lorenzo Lamas hunted demons; The Trip, an independent movie about coming of age in the HIV age; and Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), a major motion picture in which he plays the lead villain. In addition, he starred as Brian Kelly in the 2004 thriller The Skulls III. He also played the role of "Jonsey" in the 2007 thriller movie Wrong Turn 2: Dead End.  He also co-starred in the 2005 horror movie "Pterodactyl" as Willis Bradbury.

Braun was cast in a recurring guest role in The WB series Twins, as Jordan, the love interest of Mitchee Arnold, played by Sara Gilbert. The series was broadcast from September 16, 2005 until May, 2006.

Braun was also in the movie The Skulls III as Brian.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Actors from Winnipeg
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Living people
Jacques Gabriel (1667–1767) was a French architect. He designed a lot of buildings in Paris.

Michelle Jacques Gabriel, is a designer, painter, architect and architect of the 17th and 18th centuries. He was one of the most prominent designers of the Versailless Palace in his lifetime. For his unique creativity and selflessness, he has always been attended by Louis XIV And eventually he became a trusted advisor to the king. He made important contributions to the king during his years of service, which is one of the most important works in the construction of the Versailles palace, which once served as the lobby of the fourteenth.
Michel had a mission to build the Versailles Palace throughout his life, he was also the first designer of the city's bridges in Paris. Interestingly, Gabriel's son (Ange Jacob Gabriel) continued his father's journey, and in this regard, like his father, completing the Versailles palace at the time of Louis 14 It has 15 significant roles. The Gabriel family is also home to the Cathedral of La Rochelle, the Royal Opera Royal Opera House and the Petit Trianon Palace, built on the palace of Versailles.

French architects
1667 births
1742 deaths
Isabel (or Isabelle) [ iz-uh-bel ] is a female given name. It comes from the Hebrew name Elisheva. Elisheva is often translated to Elizabeth, of which Isabel is a division. There are many royal figures or queens with the name or its variants. Isabel is a name of great beauty that has enjoyed popularity for centuries. It has been embraced by diverse cultures, each giving it their own unique interpretation. The name Isabel originates from the Hebrew name Elisheba, which translates to "God is my oath." Over time, this name has been adopted by numerous cultures, such as the Spanish, Portuguese, and English. There are also many other famous people by Isabel and its related names. As Isabel, this name was used on two Atlantic tropical cyclones. The 2003 storm was so damaging that the name was later retired.

People 

 Isabella Acres, American actress
 Isabella Casillas Guzman, American government administrator and business advocate
 Isabel Sarli, Argentine actress (1929-2019)

References

Given names
François Lemoyne or François Le Moine (1688 – 4 June 1737) was a French rococo painter. He became First Painter to the King and worked with other artists of the era. However, the excess of work, court intrigues at Versailles, and the death of his wife drove him to madness. He committed suicide in Paris in 1737 by stabbing himself seven times, six months after finishing the ceiling painting "The Apotheosis of Hercules" in the Hercules Room in the Great Apartment of the King. With his death, the fashion of large allegorical ceilings disappeared.

Works
 Louis XV donnant la Paix à l'Europe, Salon de la Paix in Versailles (1727)
 Ceiling of the Salon d'Hercule in Versailles (1736)
 Arch of the Church of Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin in Paris
 Diane chasseresse (Diana as a huntress)
 Les Nymphes
 Narcisse
 He also worked at Saint-Sulpice and at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés

Gallery

References
References

 Cours sur la peinture du XVIIIe, 2006, Université Nancy 2
 Xavier Salmon : François Lemoyne à Versailles, Gourcuff, Paris 2001, 

Artists who committed suicide
French painters
Suicides by blade weapons
1688 births
1737 deaths
Michael Robert Winner (30 October 1935 – 21 January 2013) was an English movie director, producer, writer, editor, actor and restaurant critic. He was known for his work on the Death Wish movie series. 

Winner was born on 30 October 1935 in Hampstead, London, England. His parents were Jewish immigrants: his mother was Polish and his father was of Russian descent. He studied at St Christopher School, Letchworth, and Downing College, Cambridge. He was married to Geraldine Lynton-Edwards from 2011 until his death in 2013. Winner retired in December 2012 and died on 21 January 2013 in Kensington, London, England from a liver illness, aged 77.

References

Other websites 

 
 Profile at BFI's Screenonline
 Profile at Turner Classic Movies

1935 births
2013 deaths
Actors from London
British critics
British movie editors
Deaths from liver disease
Disease-related deaths in London
Jewish British actors
Jewish British writers
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
Screenwriters from London
The George Inn is a public house in Southwark, London. It is on the east side of Borough High Street, close to London Bridge. It is the last galleried inn in London. It stands on a site where Shakespeare was said to have once acted in a similar galleried inn. The present inn was built in 1677. It was an important coaching post in the past. Charles Dickens speaks of the inn in Little Dorrit.

The inn's long wooden exterior galleries are the only means of moving from one room to another on the first and second floors. A Victorian coffee room is downstairs. Upstairs, there is a large paneled dining room. The George Inn is owned by the National Trust.

References
 Fedden, Robin and Rosemary Joekes. 1973. The National Trust Guide to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 3rd edition. Norton. pgs. 339-340. .

Inns
National Trust properties

Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
The King's Head is a National Trust property in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England. The King's Head is a typical coaching inn. It has a large stable yard and an arched entrance high and wide enough to admit coaches. A window in the bar contains 15th century glass depicting angels bearing the arms of Henry VI and his queen, Margaret of Anjou. This glass and some parts of the building date to 1450. An exposed section of wattle-and-daub may be viewed. The King's Head is reached through a narrow passageway at the Aylesbury market square.

Inns
National Trust properties
15th-century establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire
The Suzuki Baleno is a car produced by Suzuki. It was first introduced in 1995, and replaced by the Suzuki Liana in 2001. Suzuki again started making Suzuki Baleno in 2015 and introduced at Frankfurt Motor Show.

Markets 
Suzuki Baleno was first sold in India starting from 24 October 2015 and then sold in Japan starting from 9 March 2016. It became availble in Europe from April 2016 and in United Kingdom from June 2016.

Engine 
It comes with a 3 cylinder 1000cc Petrol engine and has 6 speed automatic transmission. Fuel tank can hold 37 Litres of petrol at a time.

Performance 
Suzuki Baleno has a top speed of 170 kmph and can accelerate from 0 - 100 kmph in 11.4 seconds. It has an average fuel consumption of 14 - 18 kilometres per Litre of petrol.

Safety 
Euro NCAP gave 4 out of 5 stars for the safety of Suzuki Baleno in 2016. It has front and side airbags to cover the head and chest of driver and front passenger. In addition it has automatic braking system to avoid collisions.

References
References 

Baleno
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
The Fifer or Young Flautist (1866) is an oil painting by French painter Édouard Manet. It hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.

History
Manet painted The Fifer after a trip to Spain he made in 1865. There he discovered the work of Diego Velázquez. Manet reflected the influence of Spanish painting in The Fifer. The painting was rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon in 1866. The painting was exhibited in 1867. Manet died in 1883. In 1884, The Fifer was seen at the major retrospective exhibition of Manet's work organized as a tribute.

The rejection by the Salon jury caused the writer Émile Zola to publish a series of articles in defense of Manet in the newspaper L'Événement.
Between 1873 and 1893, the painting was held by Jean-Baptiste Faure, a French composer and baritone, friend of Manet. In 1893, it was returned to the collection of art dealer Durand-Ruel. The painting was acquired in 1894 by Count Isaac de Camondo. It remained in his collection until 1911. That year it was donated to the French state. The painting was intended for the Musée du Louvre. It was not exhibited to the general public until 1914.

In 1947, the painting was moved to the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume. This museum is a showroom located in the Jardin des Tuileries and belonging to the Louvre. It remained there until 1986. It then was brought to the Musée d'Orsay with the rest of the Impressionist paintings in the Louvre. It can currently be seen in the Musée d'Orsay.
Analysis
Manet portrayed an anonymous character: a teenage musician of the band of the Imperial Guard. The lad was sent to Manet by commander Lejosne. He was "treated like a grandee of Spain." Additional models may have also posed for the figure. The likenesses of both Léon Leenhoff (Manet's stepson) and Victorine Meurent (Manet's preferred model) have been seen in the boy's face and figure.
Sandra Orienti declares, "The Fifer is one of Manet's  most famous paintings, and it is also one of his most daring works: here ... can be found a synthesis of all that is most complex in his vocabulary." She points out that the band boy's uniform is painted in red, black, and white with decorations in dull gold. The figure and its dress contrasts with the vague, undefined background. The lad has no support for himself except himself. "[h]is form ... seems to create a double dimension, the first being the small figure of the boy, the second his eyes and the spectator's eyes meeting between the rather crudely painted eyelids."

References

Paintings by Édouard Manet
1860s paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Puerto Varas is a city and commune of Chile with 32.912 inhabitants according with the INE census of 2002.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Puerto Varas municipality 

Cities in Chile
Los Lagos Region
The name Julie is a French female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ joo-lee ]. It comes from the Latin name Julia. Julia means "youthful" or "soft haired" in Latin. The name Julie and its variants are feminine for the masculine name Julius. Julie is very popular in the United States. The name was particularly popular between 1951 and 1991. Its variant, Julia, has been in the top 100 female names dating back to 1980. Julie and its related names are being used by many famous people. They include Julie Andrews and Julie Benz. As Julia the name is currently being used for Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones. This name was ranked #658 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 

 Julie Brown , American actress, comedienne, screenwriter, singer-songwriter and television director
 Given names Julie Christie , British actress and activist
 Julie Andrews, British actress, singer and author (born 1935)
 Julie Walters, English actress
 Julie Kavner, American actress

References
The Balcony is an 1868 oil painting by the French painter Édouard Manet. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1869. The painting depicts four figures. On the left is Berthe Morisot, who became in 1874 the wife of Manet's brother, Eugène. In the centre is the painter Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet. On the right is Fanny Claus, a violist. The fourth figure in the background is possibly Leon Leenhoff, Manet's stepson.  It was sold by Gustave Caillebotte in 1884. It hangs at this time in Paris at the Musée d'Orsay.
Inspiration and description
The painting was inspired by The Majas at the Balcony by Francisco Goya. It was created at the same time and with the same purpose as Luncheon in the studio. The three characters were all friends of Manet. They seem to be disconnected from each other. Berthe Morisot, on the left, looks like a romantic and inaccessible heroine, the young violinist Fanny Claus and the painter Antoine Guillemet seem to display indifference. The boy in the background is Manet's stepson, Léon. Just behind the railings, there are a hydrangea and a dog with a ball.

A study for The Balcony, The Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus, is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.  The portrait’s subject is Fanny Claus, the closest friend of Manet’s wife Suzanne Leenhoff.  This unfinished portrait was painted as a study for the finished picture.
Provenance 
Following Manet’s premature death in 1883, the portrait was bought in a studio sale by the artist John Singer Sargent. The portrait had only been seen once in public since it was first painted in 1868. In 2012 the Ashmolean Museum succeeded in raising the funds to acquire it and keep it permanently in a public collection in the United Kingdom.

Reception
This was the first time Berthe Morisot posed for Manet. Manet's Luncheon in the studio was the work of an innovator but The Balcony was not. Unlike Morisot, the three other figures are pale and undistinguished. Orienti writes, "Guillemet looks pompous and stupid, Jenny Clauss a stereotype, and the painting as a whole seems to suffer from the uneven distribution of the figures." The press considered the painting "discordant". The contrast of colors (the background completely black, the white faces and clothes, the blue tie of the man, and the green railings) contributes to create an atmosphere of "mystery".

Gallery

References
References

Paintings by Édouard Manet
1860s paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
The group is led by Joseph Kony, who proclaims himself the spokesman of God and a spirit medium. Since 1987, Kony is believed to have recruited between 60,000 and 100,000 child soldiers and displaced around 2 million people throughout central Africa. The LRA is one of the foreign organizations designated as terrorist by the United States, and its leadership is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

References

Rebel militia groups in Africa
New religious movements
1987 establishments in Africa
Organizations based in Uganda
Organizations based in the Central African Republic
Organizations based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Christian organizations
Christian terrorism