Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Erin Crocker (born March 23, 1981) is a former race car driver. She first raced in the World of Outlaws, and won five races, earning her the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame Outstanding Newcomer Award. In 2004, Crocker became a driver for Ford Motor Company's driver development program. In 2005, she joined Evernham Motorsports, and raced in the ARCA/REMAX Series, before joining NASCAR. At Dover International Speedway, Crocker cracked a rib, and had to sit out some races. In 2006, Crocker drove full time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. One year later, Crocker became involved in a group of lawsuits between Ray Evernham and Jeremy Mayfield, who blamed the team's trouble on Evernham's relationship with a female driver. Crocker later told ESPN that her relationship with Evernham has hurt her racing career. Crocker and Evernham later married. In 2007, Crocker left Evernham Motorsports, and raced in two races for Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, before being replaced by A. J. Allmendinger and Scott Speed
. She later became a broadcaster for SPEED.
Sources

NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
American racecar drivers
1981 births
Living people
Ross is a male given name.  The pronunciation of the name is [ raws, ros ]. Ross is a common and meaningful name for boys with a fascinating historical background. Its Scottish roots give it the definition of "promontory" or "headland," stemming from the Gaelic term "ros" meaning the same. Additionally, the name Ross is linked to the color red as it originated from the Old Norse word "roðr," which translates to "red." It can also be a family name for people of Scottish descent.  The family name can also be of German origin. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). 

Ross is the name of many people, such as:
Family name Ross 
Aaron Ross (b. 1982),  American football player
Adrian Ross, British lyricist
Alan Ross, poet
Alan S C Ross, academic
Albert Ronald "Ronnie" Ross, (1933–1991), jazz baritone saxophonist.
Alexander Ross (disambiguation), several people
Alf Ross, legal philosopher
Arnold Ross, (1906–2002), mathematician
Ben Ross, Australian rugby league footballer
Betsy Ross, flag maker
Bob Ross, painter
Carl Ross, British businessman
Sir Charles Ross, 9th Baronet
Cody Ross, Major League baseball player for the Boston Red Sox
David Ross (baseball)
Dennis Ross, American author and political figure
Diana Ross, American singer
Diana Ross (author), English children's book author, illustrator and artist
Edward Alsworth Ross, (1866–1951), American sociologist
Edmund G. Ross (1826–1907), Governor of New Mexico Territory
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Frank Elmore Ross, (1874–1960) an American astronomer.
Gaylen Ross, American actress and movie director
George Ross (disambiguation), several people
Glenn Ross, U.K strongman/powerlifter
Browning Ross, Olympian and father of long distance running in US
Henry Ross (1829–1854), Canadian miner and one of the leaders of a gold miner's revolt at Ballarat, Victoria, Australia 
Henry H. Ross (1790–1862), US Congressman from New York
Hercules Ross (1745–1816), Scottish merchant who gave evidence against the slave trade
Horatio Ross (1801–1886), sportsman and pioneer photographer
Hugh Ross (disambiguation), several people
J. K. L. Ross, Canadian thoroughbred racer, owner of Sir Barton, first winner of the American Triple Crown
Jack Ross (disambiguation), several people
James Ross (disambiguation), several people
Jane Ross (1920–1999), American businesswoman and philanthropist
Janet Ross (1842–1927), English writer
Jeffrey Ross, stand-up comedian
Jerry Ross (painter)
John Ross (disambiguation), several people
Jonathan Ross (television presenter) and movie critic
Jonathan Ross (senator) (1826–1905), U.S. Senator from Vermont
Justin Ross, (born in 1976), Maryland politician
Katharine Ross, actress
Kenneth Ross (screenwriter), Scottish-American screenwriter
Kenneth G. Ross (born 1941), Australian playwright, and screenwriter 
Kyla Ross (born 1996), American gymnast 
Landon T. Ross, environmental biologist
Laura Ross, chess player
Lawrence Sullivan Ross (a.k.a. Sul Ross) (1838–1898), Governor of Texas
Lee Ross, US psychologist
Lee Ross (born 1971), English professional actor
Lewis W. Ross (1812–1895), US Congressman from Illinois
Liz Ross, Australian Marxist, author and gay activist
Maggie Napaljarri Ross, Indigenous Australian artist
Malcolm Ross, linguist at Australian National University
Martin Ross, pen name of Violet Florence Martin and Edith Anna Somerville
Maurice Ross, Scottish footballer
Michael Ross (disambiguation), several people
Miles Ross (1827–1903), US Congressman from New Jersey
Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876–1977), Governor of Wyoming
Paul Ross, journalist and TV personality
Percy Ross, philanthropist
Perley Ason Ross (1883–1939), US experimental physicist
Ricky Ross (drug trafficker), Major Cocaine dealer in the 1980s 
Robert Ross (disambiguation), several people
Robbie Ross (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer
Ronald Ross, (1857–1932), British physician, Nobel Prize in medicine
Ryan Ross, guitarist and lyricst for Panic! at the Disco
Scott Ross (harpsichordist) (1951–1989)
Shavar Ross, actor
Sobieski Ross (1828–1877), US Congressman from Pennsylvania
Sinclair Ross, (1908–1996), Canadian banker
Stephen Ross (disambiguation), several people
Steve Ross
Steven Ross
Thomas Ross (Pennsylvania politician) (1806–1865), US Congressman from Pennsylvania
Thomas Randolph Ross (1788–1869), US Congressman from Ohio
Victor Ross (1900–74), American lacrosse player 
William Ross (disambiguation), several people
W. D. Ross (William David Ross)
William B. Ross (1873–1924), Governor of Wyoming
William H. H. Ross (1814–1887), Governor of Delaware
First name Ross 
Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. (1919 – 1972), creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks
Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. (born 1949), his son, who continues with the Chipmunks
Ross Campbell (footballer) (born 3 July 1987), a Scottish professional association football player
Ross Campbell (comics), a comic writer and artist
Ross Cheever, American racing driver, younger brother of Eddie Cheever
Ross Gillespie, New Zealand field hockey player and coach
Ross Flitney, English footballer
Ross Kemp (born 1964), British actor
Ross MacDonald, (born 1965), Canadian sailor
Ross Mathews (Ross "the Intern" Mathews), TV personality
Ross Noble, English comedian
Ross Perot (1930 – 2019), US presidential candidate
Ross Rebagliati, a Canadian Olympic gold medalist and professional snowboarder
Ross Strudwick, Australian rugby league footballer and coach
Ross Taylor, New Zealand cricketer
Ross Wilson (disambiguation), several people
Ross Wilson (ambassador), (born 1955), U.S. diplomat and ambassador
Ross Wilson (artist), (born 1958), Irish artist and sculptor
Ross Wilson (ice hockey) (born 1919), Canadian professional hockey player
Ross Wilson (musician), (born 1947), Australian musician, songwriter, and singer
Fictional characters 
Ross, a minor character in Shakespeare's Macbeth
J.R. Ewing, character on the TV series Dallas
Ross Geller, character on the TV series Friends
Ross O'Carroll-Kelly, character created by Irish author Paul Howard
Ross Poldark, main character of the The Poldark Novels
Ross Lane, character on the TV series The Patty Duke Show
Danny Ross, character on the TV series Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Dr. Doug Ross, character on the TV series ER
Gretchen Ross, character on the movie Donnie Darko
Pete Ross, character in the Superman comic books published by DC Comics.
Robbie Ross, character in the TV series Taggart
Susan Ross, character on the TV series Seinfeld
Thunderbolt Ross, in the Marvel Universe
William Ross, character on the TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

References

Given names
Alexander Ross may be:

 Alexander Ross (writer) (c. 1590–1654), vicar; Scottish author of Medicus Medicatus
 Alexander Ross (civil servant) (1800–1889), British civil servant in India
 Alexander Milton Ross (1832–1897), Canadian abolitionist
 Alexander Ross (fur trader) (1783–1856), Canadian fur trader
 Alexander McKenzie Ross (1805–1862), British engineer
 Alexander Ross (engineer) (1845–1923), Scottish railway engineer
 Alexander Peter Ross (1833–?), Canadian politician
 Alexander Ross (politician) (1829–1900), Canadian politician
 Alexander Ross (rower), New Zealand rower
 Alexander Henry Ross (1829–1888), British barrister and Conservative politician
 Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), business executive and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), Canadian politician
 Alexander Coffman Ross, author of the 1840 campaign song "Tippecanoe and Tyler too"
Alexander Ross (c. 1590–1654) was a Scottish writer.  He wrote many books.  One of his most important works was complete translation of the Qur'an into English.

He was vicar of St. Mary's Church, Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight from 1634 to his death.

Other websites
The Alcoran of Mahomet (first edition 1946, London, printed, Anno Dom.), first edition online

References

1590s births
1654 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Scottish writers
Quran
Abdul Rehman Siddiqui (died 1953) was a politician from Bengal but living mostly in Delhi, British India. He was a staunch supporter of the All India Muslim League and in March 1940, was one of the 25 special delegates on the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League that drafted the famous Lahore Resolution.

1953 deaths
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Politicians from New Delhi
Year of birth missing
Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 - 5 February 1881) was a Scottish writer, essayist, historian and social reformer.  He lived most of his later life in London, England, and is sometimes also called the 'Sage of Chelsea' after the neighbourhood where he lived there.

Writers from Edinburgh
1795 births
1881 deaths
Historians from London
The karakul (also spelt qaraqul at times) is a type of hat made from the wool or fur of the karakul/qaraqul sheep. It is typically worn by men in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Jinnah cap is a type of Karakul that is named after the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who popularized it. 

Pakistani clothing
Hats
Van Johnson (Charles Van Dell Johnson, August 25, 1916 – December 12, 2008) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, singer, and dancer who is known for his roles in 30 Seconds over Tokyo, A Guy Named Joe and in The Caine Mutiny.

Johnson was born on August 25, 1916 in Newport, Rhode Island. He was married to Eve Lynn Abbott Wynn from 1947 until they divorced in 1968. He has 1 child with Wynn and two step-children. Johnson died on December 12, 2008 from natural causes in his Nyack, New York home, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1916 births
2008 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American pianists
American dancers
Singers from Rhode Island
Musicians from Rhode Island
Actors from Rhode Island
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Kamila Shamsie (born 1973) is a Pakistani novelist who writes in the English language. She was brought up in Karachi, Pakistan, and attended the Karachi Grammar School.

She has a BA degree in Creative Writing from Hamilton College, and an MFA from the MFA Program for Poets and Writers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.

Books
 Burnt Shadows (novel) - 1999
 In The City By The Sea (novel)
 Kartography (novel)
 Salt and Saffron (novel)
 Broken Verses (novel)
 Offence: The Muslim Case

References

1973 births
Living people
Pakistani novelists
Writers from Karachi
BBC 100 Women
Mian Sir Fazli Husain, KCSI (1877-1936), was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was one of the co-founders of the Unionist Party (Punjab).

1877 births
1936 deaths
Indian politicians
People of British India
People from Peshawar‎
The Gruiformes are an order with many living and extinct bird families, and a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".

The Gruiformes evolved early, long before the passerine songbirds which are the most common birds today. The Gruiform radiation in the Palaeocene and Eocene produced a large variety of medium to large-sized birds. Many of them still prefer the watery habitats which were so common early in the Cainozoic era.

Cranes and rails are the core of the Gruiformes. Also often added are a large number of difficult-to-place birds like the huge Diatryma and Phorusrhacos.
St. Luke's Church, Abbottabad is an Anglican church dedicated to St. Luke, now under the jurisdiction of the Peshawar Diocese of the Church of Pakistan. It was originally founded in the town of Abbottabad, British India,  in 1864.

History
The work on the construction of St Luke's commenced in 1854-55, with initial delays due to slow fund-raising and then a brief interruption due to the Indian War of Independence (or Indian Mutiny) and it was completed and then consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta in October 1864. Its jurisdiction covered most of the Hazara region including Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra and the Galyat hill tracts. The Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad, which was already existing, was also attached to it.
After 1947
From June 1947 to April 1948, as a result of the Partition disturbances at the time of the Independence of India and Pakistan, St Luke's was shut down. Regular services only resumed in 1951. In 1970, the Church of Pakistan was established via a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists and Lutherans.  Thereafter, St Luke's was formally placed under its new Peshawar Diocese. Since then, full-time clerics have been appointed here to minister to the local congregation.

Buildings and structures in Abbottabad
Anglican churches
1864 establishments
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Mohammed Hanif (born November 1964) is a Pakistani writer and novelist in English, who is best known for his award-winning novel, A Case of Exploding Mangos (2008).

References

1964 births
Living people
Pakistani novelists
Sonia Gandhi (b. December 9, 1946 is an Indian politician. She is the president of the Indian National Congress. She is the widow of the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. She is the chairperson of the national advisory council. In 1998, she was elected president of the Indian National Congress. 

Gandhi was born Sonia Maino in Ovassanjo, Italy.

References

Living people
1946 births
Indian National Congress politicians
The Church of Pakistan is a united church in Pakistan, which is part of the Anglican Communion and also a member church of the World Methodist Council. It was established in 1970 with a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists, and Lutherans.

Dioceses
The Church is divided into eight administrative and organisational units, called dioceses. Each diocese has a number of parishes within its jurisdiction. Each diocese is presided over by a bishop, who sits at the diocesan head office, usually located in the district capital.

Churches in Pakistan
Anglicanism
St. John's Church,  is an Anglican church in Jhelum. It is now under the Church of Pakistan, in Jhelum cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. It is by the bank of the Jhelum River. It was built in 1860 during the British Raj. It is a landmark of the city. 

Anglican churches
1860 establishments in Asia
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a virtuoso Spanish classical guitarist from Linares, Jaén, Andalucia, Spain. He was always known as Andrés Segovia. 

He was one of the best known and most influential classical guitar personalities of the 20th century. He had a big influence on later guitarists, because of his performances and recordings, and his masterclasses. Important guitar works were dedicated to him by composers such as Federico Moreno Torroba.

Segovia led the development of the Spanish guitar as an instrument for classical art music. As well as works dedicated to him by modern composers, he also transcribed classical works originally written for other instruments. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive (often instantly recognizable) musical personality in tone, phrasing and style.
Segovia was especially fond of the compositions of the Brazilian musician Heitor Villa-Lobos. In the 1920s, Segovia met Villa-Lobos and commissioned a guitar study: the composer responded with a set of twelve, each taking a tiny detail or figure from Brazilian chorões (itinerant street musicians). 

Two films were made of his life and work. They are available on DVD called Andrés Segovia  in Portrait. His final RCA LP record (ARL1-1602), Reveries, was recorded in Madrid in June 1977.
In 1984, Segovia was the subject of a thirteen part series broadcast on National Public Radio, USA, entitled Segovia! The series was recorded on location in Spain, France, and the United States.

References 

Spanish guitarists
1893 births
1987 deaths
Spanish musicians
Segovia is a city in Spain.

Segovia may also refer to:

 Andrés Segovia, guitarist
 Segovia Province, Spain
 Segovia (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
 Segovia River, Honduras
Faiz Ahmad Faiz  ( 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) NI, was an influential left-wing Urdu poet and intellectual from Pakistan. A notable member of the Progressive Writers' Movement (PWM), Faiz was an avowed Marxist and was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize awarded by the Soviet Union in 1962. Despite being repeatedly accused of atheism by the political and military establishment, Faiz's poetry, very popular amongst the masses,  suggested his complicated relationship with religion in general and Islam in particular.

Related pages
 List of notable Lahoris

References

1911 births
1984 deaths
Pakistani poets
Urdu poets
Pakistani Muslims
St Philip's Church is a Protestant (Anglican) church in Hyderabad, Sindh, in Pakistan. The church is administered by the Diocese of Hyderabad of the Church of Pakistan.

Hyderabad District
Anglican churches
Churches in Pakistan
Sial can be the upper layer of the Earth's crust
Felsic

Sial can also be:

Places
 Sial, Kapurthala, Punjab State, India
 Sial, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 Sial Sharif, a small village in Pakistan

Other uses
 Sial (tribe), a people of Pakistan
 Kshatriya siyal khajuriya odisha, a people in India
Families in taxonomic order
This is a list of the charadriiform families, presented in taxonomic order.
 Suborder Scolopaci: snipe-like waders
 Family Scolopacidae: snipe, sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies
 Suborder Thinocori: aberrant charadriforms
 Family Rostratulidae: painted snipe
 Family Jacanidae: jacanas
 Family Thinocoridae: seedsnipe
 Family Pedionomidae: Plains Wanderer
 Suborder Lari:  gulls and allies
 Family Laridae: gulls
 Family Rhynchopidae: skimmers
 Family Sternidae: terns
 Family Alcidae: puffins, guillemots, murres, and allies
 Family Stercorariidae: skuas
 Family Glareolidae: pratincoles and coursers
 Family Dromadidae: Crab Plover
 Suborder Turnici:  buttonquails
 Family Turnicidae: buttonquails
 Suborder Chionidi:  thick-knees and allies
 Family Burhinidae: thick-knees
 Family Chionididae: sheathbills
 Family Pluvianellidae: Magellanic Plover
 Suborder Charadrii: plover-like waders
 Family Ibidorhynchidae: Ibisbill
 Family Recurvirostridae: avocets and stilts
Family Haematopodidae: oystercatchers
 Family Charadriidae: plovers and lapwings
Gérard Férey (14 July 1941 – 19 August 2017) was a French chemist. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. He is specialized in the physical chemistry of solids and materials.

In September 2010, he received the CNRS Gold medal, the highest French scientific distinctions.

Biography 
Gerard Férey was a lecturer at the University of Maine.  In 1968, he founded the Department of Chemistry at Le Mans. He obtains his doctoral at the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University in 1977.

He was a teacher at the University of Maine from 1981 to 1996 and the at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines since that date. From 1988 to 1992 he was deputy director of the Department of Chemistry at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences the 18th of November 2003.
Awards 
 CNRS Gold medal (2010)
 Chevalier of the Legion of Honour
 Officier Ordre des Palmes Académiques
 Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite

References

French chemists
1941 births
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
2017 deaths
Karl Mannheim (27 March 1893 - 9 January 1947), or Károly Mannheim in original writing of his name, was a Hungarian-German sociologist and social scientist.  He was influential in the first half of the 20th century.  He is one of the founding fathers of classicial sociology as well as a founder of the sociology of knowledge.

Life
Mannheim was born in Budapest. He studied there as well as in Berlin, Paris and Heidelberg. In Budapest, at the University of Budapest, he earned a doctorate in philosophy. In 1914 he attended lectures by Georg Simmel. During the brief period of the Hungarian Soviet in 1919 he taught in a teacher-training school thanks to the patronage and his friend and mentor György Lukács.
Legacy
Mannheim's book Ideologie und Utopie (1929) was the most widely debated book by a living sociologist in Germany during the Weimar Republic; the English version Ideology and Utopia (1936) has been a standard in American-style international academic sociology, carried by the interest it aroused in the U.S.A. The German and English versions of the book are quite different.  This has led to reappraisals of Mannheim started by new texual discoveries and republications. Mannheim's sociological theorizing has been the subject of many book-length studies, evidence of an international interest in his principal themes. Mannheim was not an author of any work he himself considered a finished book, but rather of some fifty major essays and treatises.  Most of these were later published in book form.

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

References

1893 births
1947 deaths
German sociologists
Writers from Budapest
German philosophers
Neon Indian is a music group from Denton, Texas. 

The band's first album was Psychic Chasms.  It had many favorable reviews.  It was named Best New Music and 14th best album of 2009 by Pitchfork Media. The Rolling Stone magazine called Neon Indian one of the hottest new bands of 2010.

On February 11, 2010, Neon Indian was on national television for the first time.  They played on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.

Discography

Albums

Singles 
2009: "Deadbeat Summer"  (2009 Top 20 Underground/Indie Pop Charts)"
2010: "6669 (I Don't Know If You Know)" (Indie/Underground radio airplay - January 2010)
2010: "Sleep Paralysist" **  (March 2010)
2011: "Fall Out" (July–August 2011)
2011: "Polish Girl" (August 2011)
2012: "Hex Girlfriend" (March 2012)
** (This single was written and recorded with Chris Taylor from Grizzly Bear for Mountain Dew's Green Label Sound Series)

References

American new wave bands
Denton, Texas
A pipe bomb is a kind of explosive bomb.  It is made from a pipe filled with an explosive material.

In many countries making or having a pipe bomb is a serious crime.
Notable incidents
 On 4 May 1886 a pipe bomb was thrown during a rally at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.
 On 20 October 1930 William Kogut, an inmate on San Quentin's death row, tore up decks of playing cards.  He used them to make a pipe bomb, which he used to kill himself.
 On 27 July 1996 Eric Rudolph used a pipe bomb in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It killed two people and injured 111.
 On 25 July 1997, during the July 1997 riots in Northern Ireland, a well-known loyalist was found dead in Belfast. He is thought to have died in a premature pipe bomb explosion at an arms dump.
On 5 June 1999 a Protestant civilian was killed when a pipe bomb was thrown through the window of her house in Portadown, Northern Ireland. She was married to a Catholic man. Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) members were blamed, although the group said they were not responsible.
 On 20 April 1999 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold used pipe bombs during the Columbine High School massacre.
 On 11 November 2001 an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion during a riot in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 On 3 January 2002 another UDA member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion in Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
 On 10 August 2006 four pipe bombs were found in and around the city of Salem, Oregon, United States. Some suspected a "serial pipe bomber" was at fault. A man was later arrested and charged.
On 11 December 2010 a suicide bomber used one out of six pipe bombs close to a major shopping district in Stockholm, Sweden.  It killed the man and no one else. The incident is known as the 2010 Stockholm bombings.
 In January 2011 a potentially deadly pipe bomb was found along the route of a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. The bomb was stopped and no one died.
References

Improvised explosive devices
Treasure Coast is a region in the US state of Florida. It is found on the state's Atlantic coast. The name "Treasure Coast" refers to the Spanish Treasure Fleet lost in a 1715 hurricane.

Geography of Florida
Metropolitan areas of the United States
A Juggalo is someone who listens to Psychopathic Records and or likes Insane Clown Posse. They usually drink a drink called Faygo.

The name started at a 1994 concert by Insane Clown Posse.  In the song "The Juggla", Violent J called the audience "Juggalos".  It became popular.  They wrote the songs "What Is a Juggalo?" and "Down with The Clown" for their 1997 album The Great Milenko.

The Gathering of the Juggalos is a yearly festival put on by Psychopathic Records.  It has performances by the entire label as well as many well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was started by Robert Bruce, Insane Clown Posse, and their label in 2000.

References

Fandom
Insane Clown Posse
Black hat may refer to:

 Black hat (film), a movie's villain or bad guy, especially one that actually wears a black hat
 Black hat hacking, Internet slang for someone breaking computer or Internet security
 Black Hat Briefings,  a computer security conference
 the Iron Brigade, also known as the Black Hat Brigade, an infantry brigade during the American Civil War
 "Black Hat" Lamas, a term used in Buddhism, in reference to the Black Crown worn by the Karmapa
 Haredi Jews, whose men wear black hats and coats
 Fear of a Black Hat, a 1994 American mockumentary movie
The Ole Miss Rebels are the sports team for the University of Mississippi.  They were first named the "Mississippi Flood".  They were renamed the Rebels in 1936.

The school's colors are cardinal red and navy blue.  This is meant to be the same as the school colors of Harvard and Yale.

Ole Miss' major athletic rivals are with the Mississippi State Bulldogs (MSU), the LSU Tigers, and the Arkansas Razorbacks.

References

Organizations based in Mississippi
Sports in the United States
The Canada goose (Branta canadensis) is a wild goose with a black head and neck, white patches on the face, and a brownish-gray body. Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America, it is occasionally found in northern Europe, and has been introduced to other temperate regions. There are a number of subspecies.

Birds of North America
Birds of Europe
Geese
Stanislas "Stan" Wawrinka (, ; born 28 March 1985 in Lausanne) is a Swiss professional tennis player. He is also a German citizen because his father is from Germany, though of Czech ancestry (hence their surname). His career-high singles ranking is Number 3 in the world. He reached this rank in January 2014. He considers clay his best surface and his serve and volley his best shot. He won the gold medal for Switzerland in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Roger Federer. They beat the Swedish team Simon Aspelin/Thomas Johansson in the final. They also won the 2008 Swiss Team of the Year Award.

Wawrinka has won three Grand Slam singles events: the Australian Open in 2014, the French Open in 2015, and the US Open in 2016.

Other websites 
 ATP Profile
 Davis Cup Profile
 ITF Profile
1985 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Male tennis players
Swiss Olympic gold medalists
Swiss tennis players
US Open (tennis) champions
Sportspeople from Lausanne
Aboriginal title is a common law doctrine that the  rights of indigenous peoples to own their traditional land persist after sovereignty has been taken by colonial settlers. When granted, it is usually inalienable, meaning it can not be sold, traded or given away. The title may be held by individuals or groups of people, and is inherited indefinitely (without end) by those people's descendants. What proof is required for aboriginal title to be recognised depends on the country's laws that govern the doctrine. It usually must include some evidence of historical inhabitance (living on the land for a long time, usually since before colonial settlement).

The majority of court cases granting aboriginal title have been in Australia,  Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States. Aboriginal title is also referred to as indigenous title, native title and customary title. It is related to the subject of indigenous rights.

References

Indigenous Australian politics
Colonialism
Indigenous land rights
Christianity is the largest minority religion  in Pakistan. The total number of Christians in Pakistan was about 2,800,000 in 2008, or 1.6% of the population.  Most Christians in Pakistan are descended from recent converts from Hinduism during British Indian rule in the 19th and early 20th century.

Both Roman Catholics and Protestants (mostly belonging to the Church of Pakistan) are found here. There is an interdenominational 'Pakistan Christian Congress', that helps to smooth out relations between various sects and to take up any issues of mutual concern.

References

Religion in Pakistan
Pakistan
Umuwa is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is the administrative centre for the local government of the APY. Umuwa is about  north-west of Marla and  south west of Alice Springs. There are about 80 people living at Umuwa.

Umuwa was established in 1991. Mail arrives in Umuwa once per week by air mail. Supplies arrive by truck every week. Unlike larger settlements on the APY lands, Umuwa does not have a general store. There was a solar power station built near the town in 2003, but it stopped working in 2011 and will be dismantled. As with most APY settlements, Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service television are available. There is also a health clinic and a police station.

References

Other websites
PY Media : Umuwa 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1991 establishments in Australia
The Pelecaniformes is a order of medium-sized and large waterbirds. They are found worldwide. As traditionally—but wrongly—defined, they include all birds that have feet with four toes which are all webbed.
Most have a bare throat patch (gular patch). Their nostrils have evolved into slits which do not work properly. This causes them to breathe through their mouths. They feed on fish, squid or similar marine life. The young are altricial. They hatch from the egg helpless and naked in most cases. They lack a brood patch.
Natina Reed (October 28, 1980 – October 27, 2012) was an American R&B singer and occasional actress. She was part of R&B girl group Blaque. She was also known for starring in 2000 movie Bring It On. Reed was killed on October 27, 2012, one day before her 33rd birthday. She was involved in an accident as she was crossing a street in Atlanta, Georgia.

Media

Album appearances

Filmography

TV

Video cameo appearances

References

Other websites

T.I. Album & Movie Release Party 

Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Road accident deaths
Singers from New York City
1979 births
2012 deaths
Procellariiformes is an order of seabirds that comprises four families: the albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world's oceans, with the highest diversity being around New Zealand. 
Only a single egg is laid per nesting attempt, and usually only a single nesting attempt is made per year, although the larger albatrosses may only nest once every two years. Both parents participate in incubation and chick rearing. Incubation times are long compared to other birds, as are fledgling periods. Once a chick has fledged there is no further parental care.
Amata is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in South Australia. It is in the north of the APY, between Umuwa and Nyapari. It is at the base of the Musgrave Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. Amata was established under the name of Musgrave Park in 1961. The community was set up to take the pressure off the growth of nearby Pukatja (then known as Ernabella). The goal was to use it to teach the Aborigines in how to work in the livestock industry. A school was opened 7 years later, in 1968.

About 319 people lived at Amata in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996.
Amata is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amata also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip.

There is a police station at Amata, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amata permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amata and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers.
The sale of local artwork is important to the economy of the Amata community. Tjala Arts, founded in 1999, displayed the works of seven Amata artists in Canberra in 2006. In the 2007 State Budget, the South Australian Government announced $350,000 for a new arts centre in Amata.

References

Other websites 
Profile at PY Media 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1961 establishments in Australia
Pukatja is an Aboriginal community in the  Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges, west of the Stuart Highway, about  south of the Northern Territory border. The town sits at an elevation of 676 metres above sea level. There were 332 people living at Pukatja in the 2006 census. This was an increase from 226 in the 2001 census, but a decrease from 470 in the 1991 census.

The town was established as a Presbyterian mission in 1938, with the name Ernabella. Families gradually came in from traditional nomadic life in the desert to live at the mission. The church gave control over the Ernabella Mission to a local community council on 1 January 1974.
In the 2001 census, Pukatja was second only to nearby Mimili in having the lowest per-person income in South Australia ($174). Most important to the community's income is the local artists' co-operative, Ernabella Arts Inc. Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts is one of the longest continually running aboriginal arts centres in Australia. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using local wool was the typical artistic form made by the Ernabella artists. Batik was introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. Ernabella artists are now well known for their batik work and printmaking. A large collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.

References

Other websites
Ernabella School
Ernabella Arts
Profile  from PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
1938 establishments
Pitjantjatjara
Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration which does not use oxygen. Elements other than oxygen are used for electron transport. Common replacements for oxygen are nitrates, iron, manganese, sulfates, sulfur, fumaric acid and carbon dioxide. Escherichia coli uses nitrates and fumaric acid for respiration.

For the electron transport chain to work, there must be a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain. This allows electrons to pass through the chain. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen.  Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and so it is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), sulphur (S) are used.  These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, so less energy is released per oxidized molecule.  Anaerobic respiration is therefore less efficient than aerobic respiration except, of course, when oxygen is scarce or not apparent.
If there is no oxygen present, glycolysis is still able to happen.  Pyruvic acid is still produced, but instead of proceeding to the Krebs cycle, lactic acid is formed making small amounts of ATP.  An example of this is when exercising: if the body is not able to get enough oxygen to the muscles, they will make lactic acid.  This is what makes the muscles sore.  

If oxygen is not used at all, the process is called fermentation. Examples of organisms using fermentation are lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. Yeast is a fungi, not bacteria.

The equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and bacteria:

 Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + ethanol

The equation for anaerobic respiration in animals is:
glucose -> lactic acid (C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3)

After producing lactic acid more oxygen then in normal respiration is required to break it down (oxygen debt).

References 

Cellular respiration
Mimili is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located in the Everard Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. According to the local Aṉangu, the place has always been called Mimili. The current settlement was built around a cattle station called Everard Park, which was built by White farmers in the 1920s. The station's land was given back to the local Aborigines by the South Australian government in 1972.

There were 283 people living at Mimili in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly Aṉangu people who speak either Pitjantjatjara or Yankunytjatjara as their first language. The 2001 census data showed that Mimili had the lowest average weekly income per person (AU$172 compared with the South Australian average of AU$345). However, it also had one of the state's highest proportions of residents under the age of 15 (32.6%); and the state's highest ratio of single-parent families (36.0% compared with a statewide average of 15.6%).
Mimili has an airstrip, and a small health facility. There is also a general store and a craft facility where art is made and displayed. A diesel generator supplies electricity to the community. Water is stored in tanks and comes from two bores. A police station was built in 2011, and state police are stationed there permanently. The local school has about 60 children. Attendance at the school benefited from the construction of a swimming pool, opened in October 2006.

References

Other websites
Mimili Anangu School
Profile  at PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1920s establishments in Australia
Indulkana (also known as Iwantja) is an Aboriginal community in South Australia. It is on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It is about  west of the Stuart Highway and  south of Alice Springs. The town was established in 1968.

There were 315 people living at Indulkana in the 2006 census. Most of the people belong to the Yankunytjatjara nation. The 2001 census showed that Indulkana had South Australia's highest proportion residents under the age of 15 (35.0%). 

Indulkana has a local community store that also supplies diesel fuel. There is an unsealed airstrip located close to the town. There is also a school, established in 1971. Indulkana does not have a permanent police presence, though it has a police station. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area. In the absence of police, the town is served by two constables from the community. The town also has a local artists' co-operative, Iwantja Arts. It has a gallery for sale of art work from across the APY.

References
References

Other websites
Profile at PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
1968 establishments in Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Morgan's canon is a rule relating to animal behaviour, which states that it should be explained as simply as possible. It is named after British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan. His idea was that people should only consider behaviour as, for example, rational, purposive or affectionate, if there is no other explanation possible.

"In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development".
Morgan saw that much insight and apparent problem-solving behaviour could be described using trial and error learning. A famous example is the skilful way in which Morgan's terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily taken by someone seeing the final behaviour as an insightful act. Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

Morgan's Canon is a forerunner of behaviourism.

Related pages 
Behaviorism
Occam's Razor

References

Ethology
Kaltjiti (also previously known as Fregon) is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located about  south of the Musgrave Ranges and is  from the Stuart Highway. The town sits on Officer Creek, which flows from Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall. There are about 350 people living at Kaltjiti.
A outstation, called Fregon, was built with government help by 1961, as a base for Aboriginal stockmen and their families. It was built  south of Shirley Well on Officer Creek. The aim of the settlement was to provide training in working with livestock and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through  Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small health clinic, a workshop, a small store and houses for the staff.

Mail is delivered to Kaltjiti twice a week. Supplies are delivered every two weeks. Water is provided from four bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area.

References

Other websites
Profile  at PY Media
Fregon Anangu School
Kaltjiti Arts
Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1934 establishments
Rupert Chawner Brooke (3 August 1887 – 23 April 1915) was an English poet. He is known for his war sonnets written during the First World War. His best known work is "The Soldier". Irish poet W. B. Yeats described him as "the handsomest young man in England".

References

English poets
Writers from Warwickshire
Deaths from sepsis
1887 births
1915 deaths
Watarru is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Watarru is at the base of Mount Lindsay, about  south-west of Alice Springs. It is surrounded by the Great Victoria Desert, and is one of the most remote settlements in Australia. It can be accessed by road from the Stuart Highway over roughly  dirt road. 

The nearest neighbouring settlement is Pipalyatjara, about  to the northeast. There were 56 people living at Watarru in the 2001 census, with 82.1% of those being Indigenous Australians. The village was established as a small family outstation, and began to grow during the 1990s.

The community owns and manages the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area, which surrounds the town for more than .

References

Other websites
Watarru School Website 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Pipalyatjara is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about  south-west of Alice Springs and about  from the place where the borders of South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory meet (known as the Surveyor-General's Corner). The settlement is surrounded by the Tomkinson Ranges. It was previously known as Mount Davies by most Australians, after the highest local peak. The settlement of Kalka is about  away by road.

There were 123 people living at Pipalyatjara in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly indigenous people who speak Pitjantjatjara as their first language.
There is a small airstrip at Pipalyatjara. Mail is delivered once per week by air. There is also a small health facility staffed by nurses; a doctor visits from Kaltjiti. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Water comes from two bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. There is a school in Pipalyatjara, which also serves nearby Kalka.

References

Other websites
Description  from PY Media
Pipalyatjara School Website 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Kalka is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is  by road from Pipalyatjara, at the base of the Tomkinson Ranges. There were 114 people living at Kalka in 2006.

Kalka was originally planned as a service centre for surrounding outstations, but by the early 1990s it had developed into a small permanent community. The town has basic facilities. A truck brings food and supplies to the community every two weeks. There is no school or health clinic at Kalka; both of these services are supplied at nearby Pipalyatjara. There is an unsealed airstrip near to the town.

References

Other websites
Description at PY Media 
Description at DAARE 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Yunyarinyi is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about  south of the border with the Northern Territory, and  south of Alice Springs. It is 40 km from the larger community of Pukatja, where most of the services are located.

Yunyarinyi started as a cattle station called Kenmore Park. It officially became an indigenous community when the land rights were granted in 1981. Today, Yunyarinyi has a school, a community centre with a shared kitchen, a community office and a local garage (repair shop). The number of people living at Yunyarinyi is about 40 to 45; many of them are children.

References

Other websites
Kenmore Park Anangu School

Indigenous Australian communities
Towns in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Roland Guillon (born 1942) is a French sociologist, known for his work in the areas of employment and capital. He is also known for his innovative approach to jazz.

He is a research engineer at the centre of economics and ethics of environment and development of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. As a specialist in employment and training, he performed several missions in West Africa.

References

Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
French sociologists
Living people
1942 births