Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Collections printed after Baldwin's death
 1998. Early Novels & Stories: Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovanni's Room, Another Country, Going to Meet the Man, edited by Toni Morrison.
 1998. Collected Essays: Notes of a Native Son, Nobody Knows My Name, The Fire Next Time, No Name in the Street, The Devil Finds Work, Other Essays, edited by Toni Morrison.
 2014. Jimmy's Blues and Other Poems.
 2015. Later Novels: Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone, If Beale Street Could Talk, Just Above My Head, edited by Darryl Pinckney.
 2016. Baldwin for Our Times: Writings from James Baldwin for an Age of Sorrow and Struggle, with notes and introduction by Rich Blint.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Altman, Elias. "Watered Whiskey: James Baldwin's Uncollected Writings" April 13, 2011. The Nation.
 
 Gwin, Minrose. "Southernspaces.org" March 11, 2008. Southern Spaces
James Baldwin Photographs and Papers  Selected manuscripts, correspondence, and photographic portraits from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
 Comprehensive Resource of James Baldwin Information
 James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket distributed by California Newsreel

1924 births
1987 deaths
African American writers
American critics
American playwrights
American poets
Gay men
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from New York City
American LGBT writers
Writers from Manhattan
Pest control is group of methods to control some species of animals and plants that are considered by humans as harmful to their health, economy or ecology.

Pest control is as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to get best results from food production there was always need to protect crops from competing plants trying to kill the crops to grow in its place.

Managing or controlling pests can be done with a number of methods. Killing them is often done (using the services of an exterminator or doing it yourself), but there are methods of humane pest control available too. These include using sound to deter or repel pests and making changes around the property to prevent pests from entering. 

Insects and wildlife enter buildings primarily to seek food, shelter, and warmth. The areas typically affected are the attic, the basement, and the roof. Homeowners can do some things to help ensure we don't provide an environment that's attractive to pests.
References
 

Agricultural pests
Pests
Gardening
Happy Wheels is a browser game created by Jim Bonacci in 2010.  The game features several playable characters who use different, sometimes unique vehicles to travel the game levels. The game is best known for its violence and the amount of user-generated content its players create.

Controls 
 Up - Push arms above the head and straighten legs.
 Down - Curl into ball.
 Left - Push all joints backwards excluding head.
 Right - Straighten legs and press arms forward.
 Space - Grab.

References

External links
Happy Wheels

2010 video games
Les Blank (November 27, 1935 – April 7, 2013) was an American documentary filmmaker who is best known for his portraits of American traditional musicians.

Blank was born on November 27, 1935 in Tampa, Florida. He was raised in Tampa, Florida and in Berkeley, California. Blank studied at Tulane University and at the University of Southern California. He had two children. Blank died on April 7, 2013 from bladder cancer in his Berkeley Hills, California home, aged 77.

References

Other websites
Flower Films/Les Blank official site 
Les Blank at IMDB
"Food Filmmaker Les Blank Puts The Scent In Cinema" by Ann Hornaday, Washington Post, 9 March 2005
http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080507/SC2470202/80507009/-1/SC247  Courtney Fathom Sell interviews Les Blank

1935 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
American movie directors
American historians
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Writers from Berkeley, California
Equivocation is a fallacy when a word has more than one meaning and the person arguing confuses the multiple meanings of the word to prove an argument correct. For example, "All trees have bark. All dogs bark. Therefore, all dogs are trees." This is a fallacy because the two times "bark" is used in the argument have very different meanings from each other, while in the argument, the word "bark" should have the same meaning the whole argument. The first meaning of "bark" is the outer layer of a tree, and the second meaning is a shouting sound that a dog makes. The argument does not work because the person changed the meaning of "bark" in the middle of the argument.

References 

	

Logical fallacies
Epistemology
Linguistics
Richard J. Brooker (1954 – 8 April 2013) was an English stuntman and actor. He is best known for his role in Friday the 13th Part III as Jason Voorhees.

Brooker was born in 1954 in London, England. Brooker died on April 8, 2013 in the United Kingdom from unknown causes, aged 59.

References

Other websites

1954 births
2013 deaths
Actors from London
English businesspeople
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
Stuntmen
Several states and territories have enacted laws to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts, but not all. In South Australia, there is a single Aboriginal Lands Trust. It was created under the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act, 1966. It holds title to Aboriginal land in South Australia and organises the management and control of those lands. The Aboriginal Lands Trust in Western Australia was created by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972. It acquires and holds land and manages it for the benefit of Aboriginal communities. It holds about 27 million hectares (11%) of the state's land, most of which was previously held by the state government. In Queensland, there are multiple Land Trusts. They were created under the state's Aboriginal Land Act, 1991. In the Northern Territory, Land Trusts are governed under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1976, which also governs the way in which groups can make claims to land
. The ALTs hold the title to land handed back to the traditional Aboriginal owners through the Land Rights Act.
References

Other websites
Legal documents by state, from the Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project:
Aboriginal Lands Trust, Western Australia 
Aboriginal Lands Trust, South Australia 
Aboriginal Land Trusts in Queensland 
Aboriginal Land Trusts in the Northern Territory
The Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust is a land trust for a large block of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created by law in July 1978. The block of land (called Northern Territory Portion 1634) covers an area of . It makes up most of the area of the old Petermann Reserve (1920–1977). The land's traditional owners are mostly Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. This includes residents of Kaltukatjara and over 50 family outstations.

The block held by the Petermann ALT is surrounded by other Aboriginal land blocks on all sides. It borders the Ngaanyatjarra Lands to the west (in Western Australia), the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands to the south (in South Australia), Haasts Bluff Aboriginal Land Trust to the north, and Katiti and Urrampinyi Iltjiltajarri Aboriginal Land Trusts to the east.
History
In March 1920, an area of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory was made into an aboriginal reservation, called the Petermann Reserve. It was meant to be a temporary refuge (safe place) for the Aboriginal families living in the area, many of whom were still living traditional, nomadic lifestyles. It bordered other large reserves created in Western Australia and South Australia, and together the area was known as the Central Australian Aboriginal Reserve. In 1940, the Petermann Reserve was made smaller, to allow people to look for gold. It was made smaller again in 1958, when the government excised the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa to create the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park.
In 1976, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, which allowed for Aboriginal communities to be granted freehold title to land if they could show that they lived on the land for many years. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts to look after the title. The trusts would be established by publishing notices in the government gazette. In 1977, the old Petermann Reserve land was transferred to the Petermann Land Trust and to other Aboriginal land-owning corporations. The boundaries of the Petermann trust were first described in the Gazette on 21 July 1978. They were later made into law by Act No. 109 of 1985, which went into effect on 16 October 1985.

References

Aboriginal Land Trusts
Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
1978 establishments in Australia
The Cartful 車仔檔 , also known as portable stall and mobile stall, is a style of hawker stall originated from the street vendors selling inexpensive street food, like eggette, Tang Cong Bing 糖葱餅, and cart noodle, in the 1950s.This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s way of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the cartful faces challenges due to the government policies and modernization.
History 
Hong Kong has been experiencing economic downturn in the 1950s, meanwhile, refugees from the Mainland fled to Hong Kong constantly after the establishment of The People's Republic of China, leading to an increase in population. People struggled to make a living, they started to operate mobile stall using wooden carts with a low production cost. With the portable carts, street vendors could get away in time from being arrested by the police. In the 1970s and 1980s, a wide variety of products are sold then. Besides food and snacks, household goods, clothing and kitchenware could be found in the carful in place like Sham Shui Po.
Features 
The cartful sells mainly two kinds of products, street food and clothes. Some traditional street food such as eggette, curry fish balls and fried chestnuts are favored by teenagers. These $10-odd snacks are cheap but delicious. They smell very nice so that they drive people queuing for them. The cartful owners make the snacks once they are ordered so as to keep them hot and fresh. Apart from the street snacks, the carful also sells clothes, sometimes handbags. Women love buying free-sized legging and socks. Though customers cannot try fitting the products, they are willing to buy them.
Owners and locations 
There are mainly two types of owners which are the unemployed middle-aged and the unlicensed hawkers. Both of them are the main support of their family while they cannot find a suitable job. As a result, they choose to run the carful because it can help them make a decent living and avoid the high rent. The carful of these kinds are operated by family units.
Most of the cartful can be found near the public housings, schools and MTR stations, because a steady stream of people from these places can help increase their business turnover.
Relationship with Hong Kong 
The cartful fully reveals Hong Kong spirits: diligence and fast paced lifestyle. With a small amount of capital and time, owners can earn huge profit from the whole day sales by moving their cart around without paying high rent.
This traditional hawking style is threatened because of the government policy and modernization. As the law  prohibits unlicensed hawking, many mobile stalls have been demolished. Yet, the government sets up markets in different districts like Tin Sau Hui  and Wan Chai Tai Yuen Street  in order to gather the mobile stalls. 
Some of the citizens support the government plan since they think it is hygienic and peaceful without the mobile stalls on street, while others object to the cruel government policy due to the reminiscence of the cartful.

References 

Hong Kong culture
Shops
Short term memory is the ability to keep information in mind for a short amount of time. Remembering a phone number long enough to find a piece of paper is an example. The brain keeps information in its short term memory for a small period of time. The amount of time the mind is able to do this is usually some seconds.
The opposite of short-term memory is long-term memory, which is where things are stored in the brain for a long time. These items may be recalled later, or there may be difficulty recalling them.

Memory 
Memory is what goes on in the brain in storing and retrieving past experiences. These processes do what we call remembering. Memory is the foundation of  intelligence and the ability to learn.
Basis of memory 
Donald Hebb (19041985) was the first to come up with a way to tell the difference between short-term and long-term memory. When the brain receives an input, like something that is seen or heard, a sensory memory keeps a copy of what is seen or heard, but this memory lasts for only about a few seconds. Anything that is kept in the brain longer depends on our selective attention. Things that we "notice" are kept in short-term memory for up to a few minutes. This memory is thought to be dependent on electrical activity in the brain and is easily destroyed by interruption or interference.  Short-term memory includes iconic memory as well, which holds visual images; acoustic memory, to hold sounds; and working memory, which is an active process to keep a memory until it is put to use.
Memories which are stored for longer than this are called long-term memory. Hebb had a theory of long-term memory as  a change in the strength of connections between the neurons. Long-term memory is relatively permanent storage and the process involves the creation of new proteins. 

Whether or not the information is stored in long-term memory depends on its importance. Usually for animals memories that are made during times of stress and discomfort are important for adaptive values. In the future they help avoid anything that will bring them stress.
Duration 
Short-term memory has a limited duration, and the contents decay over time. The decay idea is usually paired by the idea of repeating the memory over and over. In order to overcome the limitation of short-term memory, and retain information for a longer amount of time, it has to be repeated either by saying it out loud of by saying it mentally repeatedly.  By doing this the information will re-enter the short-term process and be kept for a further period.

Capacity 
Forgetting greatly limits the information that can be kept over a short period of time. The capacity of short-term memory is finite, but there is no clear unit of measurement for what that is. Memory span is the term used to describe this, where there is only a certain amount of information that can be memorized over a short period until it is lost.
Factors affecting STM 
The capacity of short-term memory leads to the question of the capacity of short-term memory as a whole. At present there is no way of telling whether a piece of information will be stored as short-term memory or not. In an experiment done to determine the capacity of short-term memory individuals had to memory a list of items and recall it, and it was suggested that the span of their short-term memory was reached when they could no longer remember the list in order.  

There are many conditions that can affect short-term memory. They range from simple distractions to serious disorders. The loss of memory is natural and is expected with ageing. By the age of 55 it is found experimentally that the loss of memory starts to occur which usually occurs more often with long-term memory loss. Age very much affects the short-term memory as well.
There are many other things which affect memory loss beside advanced age. There are disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, aphasia, schizophrenia, advanced age, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These are all linked to the loss of memory.

References 

Memory
Brain
The celestial equator is a term in observational astronomy. It is a great circle on the imaginary celestial sphere, in the same plane as the Earth's equator. In other words, it is a projection of the terrestrial equator out into space.  As a result of the Earth's axial tilt, the celestial equator is inclined by 23.4° with respect to the ecliptic plane.

An observer standing on the Earth's equator visualizes the celestial equator as a semicircle passing directly overhead through the zenith. As the observer moves north (or south), the celestial equator tilts towards the southern (or northern) horizon. At the poles, the celestial equator is parallel to the horizon.

The observer always sees the ends of the semicircle disappear over the horizon exactly due east and due west, regardless of the observer's position on Earth.

References 

Astronomy
Epictetus was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Hierapolis, Phrygia around 55 AD. The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word epíktetos (επίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a rich freedman and secretary to Nero. The city was near the modern-day town of Pamukkale in Turkey. He died around 135 AD in Nikopolis in Epirus, in Greece. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the late Stoa. Epictetus founded a school of philosophy, where he also taught. None of his writings survive, but one of his pupils, Arrian, wrote what Epictetus taught.

Philosophy, Epictetus taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and so are beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.
Suffering occurs from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, it is our duty to care for all our fellow men. Those who follow these precepts will achieve happiness and peace of mind.

References 

50s births
130s deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
In computer science, a data type is the combination of a value range with permissible operations.
Datatype is frequently shortened to type.

Programming 
Data types in programming allow the programmer to perform operations on a datum.
Every datum has an associated data type.
In the Pascal programming language, the data 42 has the data type integer.
 The data type integer has a certain range of allowed values. For example, on an 8-bit computer, this range includes all whole numbers between -127 and 127. The value 1337, however, is not an allowed integer value.
 Furthermore, the data type integer allows certain operations: The operation + can take two integer dates and calculates their combined sum. There are many more operations. All those operations characterize the data type integer.
A data type forms a unit:
Together, the specific permissible range and legal operations are referred to as a “concrete data type.”
When a programmer or the compiler reads the word integer in the source code, they automatically understand which values and operations are allowed.

Availability
Availability

High-level 
Data types are an abstract concept.
This concept primarily appears in high-level programming languages.
Virtually all high-level programming language explicitly include the notion of data type.
Common basic data types may include:
 integers
 Boolean values
 characters (individual letters) and strings
 a subset of real numbers

Usually, these and other basic data types can be combined to custom data types using structure concepts like:
 arrays
 sets
 records

Low-level 
The notion of data types as presented above is unknown in assembly language, a low-level programming language.
All computers know integer number values.
Modern computers also know real numbers in binary.
But there is no rigid enforcement of proper “data type” use.
Assembly language does not prevent using an integer as if it were a real number.
This is intentional, because assembly language is the basis of all (high-level) programming languages.
Yet, the processor’s machine code sets the limits.
Usually, the only “data types” are:
 register names
 memory addresses
 immediate values
All of which may be further differentiated by their size, how many Bytes each of those occupies, or—in the case of memory address—how many Bytes the referenced object occupies.

Related pages 
 File format: describes how to read or write a computer file (legal operations) and what this file may contain (permissible value range)
 variable: variables in computer programming frequently require a data type

Sources 

Computer science
Interstellar space travel is manned or unmanned travel between stars. Interstellar travel is much more difficult than travel within the Solar System, though travel in starships is a staple of science fiction. Actually, there is no suitable technology at present. However, the idea of a probe with an ion engine has been studied. The energy would come through a laser base station.

Given sufficient travel time and engineering work, both unmanned and sleeper ship interstellar travel seem possible. Both present considerable technological and economic challenges which are unlikely to be met in the near future, particularly for manned probes. NASA, ESA and other space agencies have done research into these topics for several years, and have worked out some theoretical approaches.

Energy requirements appear to make interstellar travel impractical for "generation ships", but less so for heavily shielded sleeper ships.
The difficulties of interstellar travel 
The main challenge facing interstellar travel is the vast distances that have to be covered. This means that a very great speed and/or a very long travel time is needed. The travel time with most realistic propulsion methods would be from decades to millennia.

Hence an interstellar ship would be much more exposed to the hazards found in interplanetary travel, including vacuum, radiation, weightlessness, and micrometeoroids. At high speeds the vehicle would be penetrated by many microscopic particles of matter unless heavily shielded. Carrying the shield would greatly increase the propulsion problems.
Cosmic rays 
Cosmic rays are of great interest because there is no protection outside the  atmosphere and magnetic field. The energies of the most energetic ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) have been observed to approach 3 × 1020 eV, about 40 million times the energy of particles accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider. At 50 J, the highest-energy ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have energies comparable to the kinetic energy of a  baseball. As a result of these discoveries, there has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies. Most cosmic rays, however, do not have such extreme energies. The energy distribution of cosmic rays peaks at .
Required energy 
A significant factor is the energy needed for a reasonable travel time. A lower bound for the required energy is the kinetic energy K = ½ mv2 where m is the final mass. If deceleration on arrival is desired and cannot be achieved by any means other than the engines of the ship, then the required energy at least doubles, because the energy needed to halt the ship equals the energy needed to accelerate it to travel speed.

The velocity for a manned round trip of a few decades to even the nearest star is thousands of times greater than those of present space vehicles. This means that due to the v2 term in the kinetic energy formula, millions of times as much energy is required. Accelerating one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light requires at least 450 PJ or 4.5  J or 125 billion kWh, not accounting for losses.
The source of energy has to be carried, since solar panels do not work far from the Sun and other stars. The magnitude of this energy may make interstellar travel impossible. One engineer stated “At least 100 times the total energy output of the entire world [in a given year] would be required for the voyage (to Alpha Centauri)”.

Interstellar medium 
interstellar dust and gas may cause considerable damage to the craft, due to the high relative speeds and large kinetic energies involved. Larger objects (such as bigger dust grains) are far less common, but would be much more destructive. .

Travel time
The long travel times make it difficult to design manned missions. The fundamental limits of space-time present another challenge. Also, interstellar trips would be hard to justify for economic reasons.
It can be argued that an interstellar mission which cannot be completed within 50 years should not be started at all. Instead, the resources should be invested in designing a better propulsion system. This is because a slow spacecraft would probably be passed by another mission sent later with more advanced propulsion.

On the other hand, a case can therefore be made for starting a mission without delay, because the non-propulsion problems may turn out to be more difficult than the propulsion engineering.

Intergalactic travel involves distances about a million-fold greater than interstellar distances, making it radically more difficult than even interstellar travel.

Kennedy's calculation  
Andrew Kennedy has shown that voyages undertaken before the minimum wait time will be overtaken by those who leave at the minimum, while those who leave after the minimum will never overtake those who left at the minimum.
Kennedy's calculation depends on r, the mean annual increase in world power production. From any point in time to a given destination, there is a minimum to the total time to destination. Voyagers would probably arrive without being overtaken by later voyagers by waiting a time t before leaving. The relation between the time it takes to get to a destination (now, Tnow, or after waiting, Tt, and growth in velocity of travel is

Taking a journey to Barnard's Star, six light years away, as an example, Kennedy shows that with a world mean annual economic growth rate of 1.4% and a corresponding growth in the velocity of travel, the quickest human civilization might get to the star is in 1,110 years from the year 2007.

Interstellar distances
Astronomical distances are often measured in the time it would take a beam of light to travel between two points (see light-year). Light in a vacuum travels approximately 300,000 kilometers per second or 186,000 miles per second.
Special relativity offers the possibility of shortening the travel time: if a starship with sufficiently advanced engines could reach velocities near the speed of light, relativistic time dilation would make the voyage much shorter for the traveller. However, it would still take many years of elapsed time as viewed by the people remaining on Earth. On returning to Earth, the travellers would find that far more time had elapsed on Earth than had for them (twin paradox).

Many problems would be solved if wormholes existed. General relativity does not rule them out, but so far as we know at present, they do not exist.
Communications
The round-trip delay time is the minimum time between a probe signal reaching Earth, and the probe getting instructions from Earth. Given that information can travel no faster than the speed of light, this is for the Voyager 1 about 32 hours, near Proxima Centauri it would be 8 years. Faster reactions would have to be programmed to be carried out automatically. Of course, in the case of a manned flight the crew can respond immediately to their observations. However, the round-trip delay time makes them not only extremely distant but, in terms of communication, extremely isolated from Earth. Another factor is the energy needed for interstellar communications to arrive reliably. Obviously, gas and particles would degrade signals (interstellar extinction), and there would be limits to the energy available to send the signal.
Manned missions 
The mass of any craft capable of carrying humans would inevitably be substantially larger than that necessary for an unmanned interstellar probe. The vastly greater travel times involved would require a life support system. The first interstellar missions are unlikely to carry life forms.

Prime targets for interstellar travel 
There are 59 known stellar systems within 20 light years from the Sun, containing 81 visible stars. The following could be considered prime targets for interstellar missions: Radiation dangers would rule out any organic beings for an expedition to Sirius. In any event, it is hard to visualise any manned expeditions at all, given the probable journey times.

Perhaps the most likely time for interstellar travel would be when a star comes through our Oort cloud. We should get a good 10,000 years' warning of this, so could plan for the event in some detail. See Scholz's star for the last time one came through.
Existing and near-term astronomical technology is capable of finding planetary systems around these objects, increasing their potential for exploration.

References 

Spaceflight
Jean-Léon Gérôme (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor. Today he is mostly known for painting people in historical settings.

1824 births
1904 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French painters
People from Haute-Saône
Bloods Range was given its name on 14 March 1874 by the explorer Ernest Giles, when he saw it from the top of Mount Curdie. He named it after the owner of an early pastoral station in South Australia, whose surname was "Blood". On 12 June 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, returned on his own expedition and surveyed the range. He named the two highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he wrote that he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges.

References

Other websites
Bloods Range Formation at Geoscience Australia

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Mountain ranges of Australia
Jerusalem Botanical Gardens (JBG) are the national botanical gardens of Israel. The gardens are on the Hebrew University of Jerusalem campuses of Mount Scopus and Givat Ram. The first garden was established in 1926 at Mount Scopus. After 1948, when the university in Mount Scopus was occupied by Jordan, it was opened in a new site, in 1954, on the new campus university, in Givat Ram. After the 1967 war, when Mount Scopus was reoccupied by Israel, the garden in Mount Scopus was opened again. The visitor center is in Givat Ram, next to Nayot neighborhood.

Related pages 
 Tomb of Nicanor
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 

 Official website of the botanical garden in Givat Ram
 Official website of the botanical garden in Mount Scopus
 Jerusalem Botanical Garden blossoms with flora
 JBG Pictures

Botanical gardens in Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Mount Scopus
The Azerbaijan () is a state-owned newspaper and public journal published by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

References

Other websites
 Azərbaycan official web site 

Newspapers published in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani-language newspapers
1918 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan
Birja is a popular  Azerbaijani weekly free-of-charge announcements and advertising newspaper published by the Birja VDV. It was founded by Rafiq Abasov. The newspaper has one of the widest circulation in Azerbaijan (averaging over 10,000 copies every week).

Birja was founded in 1992 with the goal of providing an advertising newspaper in the Azerbaijani market, where generally only a single local advertising newspaper was available.

Birja supports a nationwide project of Khinalug village.

Other websites
 Birja website  

Newspapers published in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani-language newspapers
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
soulDecision was a Canadian pop band from Vancouver, British Columbia. 

soulDecision was formed in 1993 under the original name, Indecision. They changed their name to soulDecision because of naming conflicts. Even though the band started during the boy band era, they were not a boy band, as they played their own instruments and  wrote their own music. The band released their debut full-length album No One Does It Better on August 22, 2000 in Canada. The album featured their hit single "Faded" which reached #1 on Canada's singles chart as well as #22 in the United States. The album also featured the single "Ooh It's Kinda Crazy" which reached #1 in Canada and was the number one request on MTV's Total Request Live at the time. The band toured with Destiny's Child, Christina Aguilera and 'N Sync.

Lead singer Trevor Guthrie left the band in 2005 to write and record his first solo record. The group split up after.

Discography

Albums
No One Does It Better (2000)
Shady Satin Drug (2004)

References
References

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
1993 establishments in Canada

Canadian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
People from Vancouver
Pop music groups
R&B bands
2000s disestablishments in Canada
Moscow International Urban Forum is an international event that is held in Moscow, Russia every year. It has been held since 2011. It talks about globalization.

Other websites 
 Moscow Urban Forum - official website 
 Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow City Hall site
 Moscow Urban Forum  in Urban Land Institute site
 Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow International Financial Centre

Moscow
Urban planning
Urban design
2011 establishments in Russia
The Corn Belt is the part of the Midwestern United States. It is where corn has been predominant crop, since the 1850s. Corn replaced native tall grasses there. The area includes southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and part of Missouri and Kentucky. The whole of Iowa, Indiana and Illinois are also included. This region consists of relatively level land and deep fertile soils.

Midwestern United States
"Centipede" is the first single by Rebbie Jackson. It is from her first record, Centipede. It was her highest charting single to date. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard R&B charts. The song was released in 1984. It is available in three different mixes, one of them extended.

1984 songs
Pop songs
Transplants are a type of surgery. Both tissues and organs can be transplanted. Types of transplant:

Heart transplant
Lung transplant
Heart-lung transplant
Kidney transplant
Skin graft
Xenotransplantation
Autotransplantation

An organ transplant is a kind of surgery where the person being operated on will need an organ replaced, and gets a healthy one from someone else, a donor. Usually the organ is taken from someone who is recently deceased, except for organs like bone marrow or kidneys, which can be taken without harming the donor too much.

The critical problem with all transplants is transplant rejection by the host's immune system. Unless the host and donor are a very close genetic match, the host's immune system will reject the transplant. To stop this happening, drugs are used to suppress, or limit, the host's immune system. This in turn makes the host more vulnerable to various kinds of infection.
To keep this problem to a minimum, transplants are only done when surgeons are satisfied that the host and donor are a fairly close match. Tests are done to see how good a match the donor's organ or tissue is to the proposed host.

Surgery
Organs
Asiana Airlines is a major South Korean airline. It is based at Incheon International Airport near Seoul.

Gallery

Other websites
Official website

Airlines of Asia
Companies of South Korea
Star Alliance
Transport in South Korea
1988 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
IATA members
Cannabis drug testing describes many drug testing methods for the use of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law.
Cannabis use is easy to detect using urine testing, hair analysis and breath. There are some ways to cheat such a test using synthetic urine or human hair - making blood testing the most effective.

Unlike alcohol, Cannabis testing is time consuming, expensive and cannot give accurate time of consuming and level of intoxication.
The lack of good testing methods and universal intoxication level scale is an issue in the legality of cannabis debate, especially regarding intoxicated driving.

References

Medical tests
Premium economy is a travel class offered on some airlines to give better experience than economy class but for much less money than business class. In 1991, EVA Air became the first airline company to offer such a service.

The Premium economy class is not regulated among airlines, and can be much different between airlines and routes. Premium economy is often limited to just small extras like more leg room, free meal and drinks.

References

Travel
Air travel
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is a Japanese manga series created by Hirohiko Araki. The manga, which began in 1987, currently has 8 parts with each part focusing on a different member of the Joestar family. A 13 episode OVA (Original Video Animation) of Part 3 ,"Stardust Crusaders", was released between 1993 and 2002, as well as an anime adaptation of the manga  produced by David Productions starting in 2012, with 5 of the 8 parts fully adapted, and the 6th currently being produced and aired on Netflix.

The series is well known for its unique art styles; poses; iconic moments; and nods to western music and fashion, as well as the various supernatural powers the characters possess throughout.

Abilities 
There are 3 primary abilities shown within the series:
Stands - The most well known and prevalent ability in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. Introduced in Part 3, these are supernatural manifestations of the users spiritual power that assist them in combat and can have a wide range of uses and applications in and outside of combat.

Hamon - Seen in the 1st and 2nd parts. This is a technique that allows the user to focus their energy into sunlight through controlled breathing. Hamon is used to counteract vampires and other supernatural beings sensitive to sunlight.

Spin - Introduced in part 7. It is created through a perfect or almost perfect rotation, which creates a unique form of energy that can be used in combat. Spin is the universe counterpart to Hamon.
Plot 
Each of the series' protagonists is a member of the Joestar Bloodline, having a name that can be shortened down to "JoJo". The first six parts contain plots that are that are somewhat connected to the generational conflict beginning from the rivalry within Part 1. Parts 7 and 8 take place in an alternate universe where the Joestar family tree is heavily altered.

 Part 1: Phantom Blood
 (Volumes 1–5, 44 chapters.)
 Set in late 19th-century England, Jonathan Joestar (JoJo) meets his adopted brother Dio Brando, who hates JoJo and plans to take over the Joestar Family and their wealth. When Dio fails, he transforms himself into a vampire using a Stone Mask and destroys the Joestar mansion. Jonathan embarks on a journey with his allies, and masters the Hamon technique to stop Dio, who now aims for world domination.
Part 2: Battle Tendency
 (Volumes 5–12, 69 chapters.)
 In 1938, a German expedition discovers and awakens a Pillar Man, a powerful being whose race created the Stone Mask mentioned earlier. The Pillar Man kills the researchers and escapes to awaken the other Pillar Men so that they may regain dominance over humanity by obtaining the "Red Stone of Aja". Joseph Joestar, Jonathan's grandson, unites with new allies and masters Hamon to defeat the Pillar Men.

 Part 3: Stardust Crusaders
 (Volumes 13–28, 152 chapters.)
 In 1989, Dio Brando (now called "DIO") awakens after his tomb is recovered from the ocean floor. Because DIO had managed to capture Jonathan's body, this caused Jonathan's descendants to obtain stands. This includes Joseph, his daughter Holly Kujo, and grandson Jotaro Kujo. Holly, however, cannot handle her own Stand, causing her to only have 50 days left to live. Jotaro, Joseph, and their allies set out to defeat DIO to save Holly's life, and encounter DIO's henchmen along the way.
Part 4: Diamond Is Unbreakable
 (Volumes 29–47, 174 chapters.)
 In 1999, the Joestar family learns that Joseph has an illegitimate son, Josuke Higashikata, who lives in the town of Morioh. Josuke learns of a magical Bow and Arrow that gives people Stands when pierced by the arrow. As they hunt down the Bow and Arrow, Josuke and his friends discover the dangerous Stand-user and serial killer Yoshikage Kira and aim to put a stop to his evil deeds.

 Part 5: Golden Wind
 (Volumes 47–63, 155 chapters.)
 Set in Italy in 2001, Giorno Giovanna is the son of DIO, who was conceived while DIO was in possession of Jonathan Joestar's body. Giorno seeks to become a mafia boss in order to stop drug dealers who sell drugs to children. His team, full of Stand users, must confront the mafia boss Diavolo and protect his daughter Trish Una, whom Diavolo intends to kill in order to hide his identity.
Part 6: Stone Ocean
 (Volumes 64–80, 158 chapters.)
 In Florida, 2011, Jotaro Kujo's daughter Jolyne Cujoh is framed for murder and sent to prison. She works together with other Stand-using prisoners and her father to hunt down prison priest Father Enrico Pucci, a loyal companion of DIO, who wants to "Achieve heaven" through the creation of a new universe shaped to his and Dio's will.

 Part 7: Steel Ball Run
 (Volumes 81–104, 95 chapters.)
 In 1890 in an alternate timeline, United States President Funny Valentine holds a horse race across the USA with a $50 million reward to the winner. Valentine intends to use the race to gather the scattered parts of a holy corpse for his own nationalist intentions. Racers Gyro Zeppeli and Johnny Joestar aim to reveal Valentine's plot and must defend themselves from his hired assassins.
Part 8: JoJolion
 (Volumes 105–131, 110 chapters.)
 The town of Morioh has been devastated by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which has caused strange formations known as the "Wall Eyes" to appear in town. College student Yasuho Hirose discovers someone buried in the rubble and nicknames him "Josuke". Suffering from amnesia, Josuke tries to discover his past while being faced with the activities of a local mob, which sells the fruit of a mysterious Locacaca tree, which heals people and then "takes" something in return.

Related pages
List of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure characters

JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Manga
Anime
Composite decking (also called wood-plastic) is an alternative to timber. It is made with recycled plastic and wood. This type of decking is becoming more and more popular as it is eco-friendly in nature and helps to save forests as it can be used as an alternative to wood. It is being used in many environments projects including outdoor dining, leisure areas, balconies and caravan decks, in addition to many decks of all shapes and sizes.

References

Construction
Recycling
Environmental technology
The International Urban Design Conference is a international event that held in Melbourne, Australia in every year from 2007 dedicated to urban design. it is the first conference in the world about this subject.

Other websites 
  5th International Urban Design Conference 
   4th International Urban Design Conference 
   2th International Urban Design Conference 

Melbourne
Urban design
Urban planning exhibitions
Saul can refer to:

Saul, King of Israel
Saul of Tarsus, or Saint Paul
Saul Bellow
Saul Kripke, philosopher
Saul Martinez, footballer
Decapitated are a Polish technical death metal band from Krosno. 

Decapitated was formed in 1996 by guitarist Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka, his brother drummer Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka, and vocalist Wojciech "Sauron" Wąsowicz when they were all in their teens. Bassist Marcin "Martin" Rygiel joined the band a year later and they released their first demo, Cemeterial Gardens, in 1997 as well as their second demo, The Eye of Horus, in 1998.

The band released their debut album, Winds of Creation on April 11, 2000. The album was well-received and their second studio album Nihility was released on February 19, 2002. Decapitated was chosen to perform at the Polish Ozzfest event in late May. They released their third studio album The Negation on March 9, 2004 and it was produced by both Slawek and Vojtek Wieslawski.
Sauron quit the band in 2005 and was replaced by Adrian "Covan" Kowanek. The band recorded Organic Hallucinosis and released the album on February 7, 2006. It was their fourth studio album and first album with their new vocalist. Martin left the band sometime after to live with his family and to move to California.

On October 28, 2007, the band was involved in an automobile accident when their tour bus collided with a truck carrying wood in Gomel. Vitek and Covan were injured in the accident and Vitek died on November 2, 2007 in a Russian hospital from the injuries he sustained. Covan went into a coma and the band went on hiatus.

The band ended their hiatus after Vogg said that he was searching for a new drummer and vocalist. Vocalist Rafał Piotrowski, bassist Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha and drummer Kerim "Krimh" Lechner all joined the band in 2009.
They recorded their fifth studio album Carnival Is Forever and released it on July 12, 2011. Heinrich left the band after to concentrate on his other band Vesania. Lechner left the band in September 2012 and was replaced by Paweł Jaroszewicz.

Band members 
Current
Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka - Guitar (1996−2007, 2009−present)
Rafał "Rasta" Piotrowski - vocals (2009–present)
Paweł Pasek - Bass (2012-present)
Paweł "Pawulon" Jaroszewicz - Drums (2012-present)

Former
Wojciech "Sauron" Wąsowicz – vocals (1996–2005)
Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka – drums (1996–2007) (†)
Marcin "Martin" Rygiel – bass guitar (1997–2005, 2006–2007)
Adrian "Covan" Kowanek – vocals (2005–2007)
Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha – bass guitar (2009−2011)
Kerim "Krimh" Lechner – drums (2009−2012)

Live
Jacek Hiro – guitars (2000−2004)
Richard Gulczynski – bass guitar (2005−2006)
Konrad Rossa – bass guitar (2011−2012)
Discography
Studio albums
Winds of Creation (2000)
Nihility (2002)
The Negation (2004)
Organic Hallucinosis (2006)
Carnival Is Forever (2011)
Blood Mantra (2014)
Anticult (2017)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1990s music groups
1996 establishments in Europe
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Death metal bands
Polish musical groups
1990s establishments in Poland
Benjamin Hammond Haggerty (born June 19, 1983), better known by his stage name Macklemore, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and activist. 

The music video for his song "Thrift Shop" has been viewed more than 1 billion times on YouTube. It also reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. He said he was influenced by Freestyle Fellowship, Aceyalone, Living Legends, Wu-Tang Clan, Nas, and Talib Kweli during his earlier years.

Macklemore is in support of gay rights, including same-sex marriage, and sang about it in the song "Same Love" which he also sings against homophobia in mass media, hip hop, and society.

Macklemore was nominated for seven Grammy Awards at the 2014 Grammys. Macklemore and Lewis won Best New Artist, Best Rap Album (The Heist), Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance ("Thrift Shop").
Early life 
He was taught at Garfield High School and then Nathen Hale High School. His parents are namend Bill Haggerty and Julie Haggerty. He has one brother named Tim Haggerty. Tim Haggerty sings on few of Macklemore's songs like: "And We Danced" and "American".

Career
In 2005 Macklemore released his first album, The Language of My World. In 2006 he met Ryan Lewis. They released an album together, The Heist. On January 26, 2014, Macklemore performed "Same Love" at the Grammy Awards.

Personal life
Macklemore became engaged to Tricia Davis on January 21, 2013.

Discography

Albums 
 The Language of My World (2005)
 The Heist (2012) (with Ryan Lewis)
 Gemini (2017)
 Ben (2023)

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official Facebook page
 

1983 births
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
American rappers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Seattle
Pop rappers