Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The receiving partner is on their hands and knees with their bottom exposed. The penetrating partner then pumps away at the receiving partner's vagina or anus with his penis.

Sitting and kneeling 

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal, or anal sex.

The penetrating partner sits down, with their legs stretched out. The receiving partner sits on top and wraps their legs around the penetrating partner. This is called pounding on the spot.

Standing 

In the basic standing position, both partners stand facing each other and have vaginal sex. The shorter partner can stand on a stair if the partners are different heights. It may be easier if the person being penetrated has their back to a wall.

Anal 
Most of the above positions can be used for anal sex.
 From behind. This position is good for thrusting.
 On top with front entry. The penetrating partner is between the receiving partner's legs. This position is good for beginners, because it allows them to relax.
Outercourse 
Outercourse or frottage is sometimes part of foreplay, or to avoid intercourse.
 Dry humping – similar to sex, but with clothes on.
 Handjob – Rubbing a partner's penis.
 Footjob – using the feet to rub the penis.
 Mammary intercourse – using the breasts to rub the penis.
 Armpit Sex - placing the penis on the axilla.

Genital-genital sex 
Genital-genital sex, sometimes called GG rubbing, is when two people rub penises together (sometimes called frot, or frottage), or when two people rub vulvae together (sometimes called tribadism, or scissoring).

Oral sex 
Oral sex is the term given to genital stimulation by the mouth. People may engage in oral sex as part of foreplay before intercourse, or during, or following intercourse. It may also be performed for its own sake.
Fellatio 
Fellatio is a kind of oral sex that involves a person letting their penis be licked, or "eaten" by their partner. The person's partner can be any gender, or sex. There are several ways to have oral sex.
 The person with male genitalia lies on their back while their partner kneels between their legs.
 The person with male genitalia lies on their back while their partner lies off to the side of their legs.
 The person with male genitalia sits in a chair and their partner kneels in front of them between their legs.
 The person with male genitalia stands while their partner either kneels in front of them or sits (in a chair or on the edge of a bed, etc.) and bends forward.
 The person with male genitalia's partner lies on their back with their mouth open and the person with male genitalia lies so that their penis is in their partner's mouth.
Note: Fellatio doesn't have to involve two people. Some people with male genitalia have a long-enough penis and a good enough stretch to lick or put their own penis into their mouth. However, this is called autofellatio or autofellation.

Cunnilingus 
Cunnilingus is oral sex involving a person's female genitals. There are several ways to have oral sex.
 One partner lies on their back as in the missionary position. The active partner lies on their front between the first partner's legs.
 The active partner sits. The other partner stands facing away and bends at the hips.
 The active partner sits. The other partner stands or squats facing towards partner.
 The partner sits on the bed with their legs open, the active partner kneels in front of them.
 The active partner lies on their back while the other sits on the active partner's mouth.

69 
Main article: 69 (sex position)
Oral sex between two people at the same time is called 69. Partners can be lying side-by-side, lying one on top of the other, or standing with one partner holding the other upside down.

Anilingus 
Positions for anilingus, also known as "rimming", "anal-oral sex", or "rimjob" are:
 One partner is on all fours. The active partner is behind them.
 A partner is on their back with their legs up.

Group sex

More than one person with male genitalia 
When three people have sex with each other, it is called a threesome. You can have:
 One person giving oral sex to either of the other two partners while they engage in intercourse.
 A person with male genitalia has vaginal or anal sex with one partner, while themselves being anally penetrated by another.
 A participant has vaginal or anal sex with one partner, and both have oral sex with a third.

Multiple penetration 
Multiple penetration, or double penetration means someone is penetrated in more than one place. Types of double penetration are:
Two penises in the anus. This is called double anal
 Two penises in the vagina. This is called double vagina
 One penis in the vagina and the other in the anus. This is called DP or double penetration Simultaneous penetration of the mouth and either the vagina, or anus. If the penetrating objects are penises, this is sometimes called the spit roast.

 With many people 
 A group of people with male genitalia masturbating is called a circle jerk. A group of people with male genitalia ejaculating on one person's face is called bukkake.
 A group of at least two people, two or more of which are people with female genitalia, each having oral sex, is called a daisy chain.'''
 Four or more parties is considered an orgy.

Related pages
 Sex
 Kama Sutra

Gallery

Other websites 

 Sensualinteractive.com presents - A list of sexual positions
 sexinfo101.com - All sex positions

Positions
Lists
Richard Bache (1737–1811) worked for the Postal Service under Benjamin Franklin  from 1775–1776, and was Franklin's successor as Postmaster General, serving from 1776–1782 during the Revolutionary War. He also served on the Board of War.

He was born in Yorkshire, England and married the only daughter of Franklin in 1767, after immigrating to New York City in 1765. His wife, Sarah Franklin Bache (1743-1808), was widely known for patriotism and benevolent activities.

Their son, Richard Bache Jr., served in the Republic of Texas Navy and was elected as a Representative to the Second Texas Legislature in 1847. Another son was Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769-1798). 

1737 births
1811 deaths
United States Postmasters General
People from Yorkshire
Leslie Mark Hughes (born November 1, 1963) is a Welsh football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Queens Park Rangers. Hughes played for Manchester United, Chelsea, and Barcelona during the 1980s and 1990s.

1963 births
Living people
Welsh footballers
FC Barcelona players
Honors 
 The Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University honors his founding.
 Gallatin's portrait was on the front of the $500 United States Note issued in 1862–63.
 Gallatin's portrait was on the standard 1¼¢ stamp from 1967–73.
 Friendship Hill National Historic Site, a 661-acre estate which includes the beautifully restored home of Albert Gallatin, is run by the National Park Service and is located within the boundaries of the Albert Gallatin School District in Fayette County, PA. It is open to the public.
 The United States Department of the Treasury's highest career service award is named the Albert Gallatin Award in his honor.
 USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721), a , high-endurance Coast Guard cutter homeported in Charleston, S.C., is named for him.
Placenames
 Gallatin County, Illinois
 Gallatin County, Kentucky
 Gallatin, Missouri
 Gallatin County, Montana.
 Gallatin River (Montana)
 Gallatin Mountain Range (Montana)
 Albert Gallatin Area School District, Pennsylvania
 Gallatin, Tennessee
 Gallatin Street in Washington, D.C.
 Gallatin Street in Pico Rivera, CA
 Gallatin Street in Downey, CA
 Gallatin Hall at Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts.
 Gallatin Hall at Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

1761 births
1849 deaths
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
People from Geneva
Ethnologists
Linguists
Henry Dearborn (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician, and statesman. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses (1793-1797). In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809.

Legacy 
In 1803, Lewis and Clark named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn.  Dearborn County, Indiana, Dearborn, Michigan and Dearborn, Missouri were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois.  

His son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a Congressman in 1831-1833.

1751 births
1829 deaths
Politicians from New Hampshire
United States representatives from Massachusetts
United States Secretaries of War
Dearborn, Michigan
Robert Smith (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith.

1757 births
1842 deaths
United States Secretaries of State
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Caesar Augustus Rodney (January 4, 1772 – June 10, 1824) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as well as a U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Attorney General, and U.S. Minister to Argentina. He was the nephew of Caesar Rodney, the signer of the Declaration of Independence who is pictured on the Delaware state quarter.

References 

1772 births
1824 deaths
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
United States Attorneys General
United States representatives from Delaware
United States senators from Delaware
Lawyers from Delaware
Derrick Pierce (born March 1, 1974) is an American porn actor. He began his career  in 2005. Pierce was born in Massachusetts. He moved to California at a young age. He grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.  

As of 2008, Pierce has appeared in over 100 movies, including "Chemistry 3" which is a unique reality show type of production,  and "Upload", an adult sci-fi thriller.  He has worked for just about every company that makes adult movies.

Before he started working in the adult movie industry, Pierce worked as a martial arts instructor in Southern California. 

In 2008, Pierce was nominated for "Best Actor", "Best BDSM Release", "Best Couples Sex Scene", "Best Supporting Actor" and "Best Threeway Sex Scene" (twice) in the AVN Awards.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Massachusetts
American pornographic actors
AVN Award winners
Christopher John "Topher" Grace (born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the main character, Eric Forman, on the long-running Fox sitcom That '70s Show. Grace also played the villain Eddie Brock, Jr. in the movie ''Spider-Man 3.

1978 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Mirepoix () is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter.  Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking.

These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination mirepoix au gras, or a Matignon, ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers.

They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself.
Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or fond blanc, parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color.

Mirepoix derives its name, as many other elements of French cuisine do, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV.

Notes

Other websites
Recipe for Mirepoix 

Food ingredients
Béchamel sauce ( in English,  in French,  in Italian), also known as white sauce, is a basic mother sauce. It can be used to make other sauces, such as Mornay sauce, which is Béchamel and cheese. This basic sauce is usually made today by whisking scalded milk gradually into a white flour-butter roux (equal part clarified butter and flour), though it can also be made by whisking a kneaded flour-butter beurre manié into scalded milk. The thickness of the final sauce depends on the proportions of milk and flour.  Escoffier adds salt and an onion stuck with a clove.

It is named after Louis de Béchamel.

References

Dishes named after people
Mother sauces
American Dad! is an American adult animated sitcom. It is produced by Underdog Productions and Fuzzy Door Productions for 20th Television.

The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of Family Guy, as well as two  former Family Guy writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. The first episode aired in the United States on Fox on February 6, 2005, thirty minutes after the end of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of Family Guy.
The series follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family.  Stan Smith is a CIA agent who is very patriotic, as well as being part of the Christian right.  Stan tries to be in charge of the family, but often the things he does don't work out.  Stan has a wife, Francine, and two kids, Hayley and Steve.  Hayley (Haylee) is in college and is much more liberal than her father.  Steve is in high school and is always dreaming about girls.  Rounding out the family is Klaus, a talking fish with a German athlete's brain; and Roger Smith the Alien. The show moved to TBS in 2014.

Voice Cast
 Seth MacFarlane as Stan Smith, Roger Smith, Additional Voices
 Wendy Schaal as Francine Smith
 Rachael MacFarlane as Hayley Smith, Additional Voices
 Scott Grimes as Steve Smith
 Dee Bradley Baker as Klaus, Additional Voices
 Kevin Michael Richardson as Principal Luis Brown, Additional Voices
 Patrick Stewart as Avery Bullock
 Jeff Fischer as Jeff Fischer
2005 American television series debuts
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
Adult animated television series
Adult Swim
2020s American animated television series
2010s American sitcoms
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Mirepoix can be:

Towns and villages
 Mirepoix (Ariège) is a town in Ariège departement in France built as a bastide
 Mirepoix (Gers) is a village in Gers departement

Cooking
Mirepoix (cuisine) is an ingredient of many sauces of French cuisine
Mirepoix  is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

Geography

Population

References
INSEE

Communes in Gers
Landon Donovan (born 4 March 1982) is a former American soccer player. He played for the Los Angeles Galaxy and United States national team, and was the captain for both of them. 
He is the former captain of The Los Angeles Galaxy and USMNT.

Donovan is the leader of assists for the US national team, and also the second place for most appearances (caps).

Club career statistics 

|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|San Jose Earthquakes||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||22||7
|-
|2002||20||7
|-
|2003||22||12
|-
|2004||23||6

|-
|2004/05||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||7||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|Los Angeles Galaxy||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||22||12
|-
|2006||24||13
|-
|2007||25||8
|-
|2008||25||20

|-
|2008/09||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||6||0

|-
|2009||Los Angeles Galaxy||Major League Soccer||25||12

|-
|2009/10||Everton||Premier League||10||2

|-
|2010||Los Angeles Galaxy||Major League Soccer||||
208||96
13||0
10||2
231||98
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2000||1||1
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||20||6
|-
|2003||15||7
|-
|2004||14||5
|-
|2005||15||6
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||12||9
|-
|2008||9||3
|-
|2009||15||5
|-
|2010||8||3
|-
|2011||10||1
|-
|2012||6||3
|-
|2013||10||8
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||157||57
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
People from Ontario, California
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (also known as cilantro, Chinese parsley, or dhania) is a herb from the Apiaceae family. Coriander is originally from the southwestern Asia across to north Africa. 

In the Sri Lankan Sinhalese language, it is called koththamuhlli. It is believed to have medicinal qualities, and is brewed and drunk to cure the common cold and fever.

References

Apiaceae
Herbs
Spices
Brad Friedel (born May 18, 1971) is an American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||Brøndby||Superliga||10||0||||||||||||||10||0

|-
|1995/96||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||30||0||7||0||||||||||37||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Columbus Crew||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||9||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|1997||29||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Liverpool||rowspan="3"|Premier League||11||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|1998/99||12||0||0||0||2||0||2||0||16||0
|-
|1999/00||2||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="8"|Blackburn Rovers||First Division||27||0||6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="7"|Premier League||36||0||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|-
|2002/03||37||0||3||0||3||0||4||0||47||0
|-
|2003/04||36||1||1||0||1||0||2||0||40||1
|-
|2004/05||38||0||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|-
|2005/06||38||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||46||0
|-
|2006/07||38||0||6||0||1||0||8||0||53||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0||1||0||3||0||5||0||47||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||0||3||0||0||0||5||0||46||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
10||0||||||||||||||10||0
30||0||7||0||||||||||37||0
38||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||45||0
351||1||32||0||24||0||26||0||433||0
429||1||46||0||24||0||26||0||525||0
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||16||0
|-
|1994||10||0
|-
|1995||9||0
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||10||0
|-
|1998||4||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||9||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||82||0
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
American association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Ohio
People from Lakewood, Ohio
Nílton Santos (16 May 1925 – 27 November 2013) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Considered as one of the best defenders of all time. He was a pioneering left-back "The Encyclopedia" was world class at both defending and attacking and possessed excessive technique. Nílton Santos is a member of the World Team of the 20th Century, and was named by Pelé one of the top 125 greatest living footballers at a FIFA Awards ceremony in 2004. In 2009, he was the recipient of the Golden Foot Legends Award. He was unrelated to his frequent defensive partner Djalma Santos.
Club career
Nílton Santos made his debut for Botafogo in 1948, he only left General Severiano in 1964 when he left the pitch. He only wore two shirts throughout his career: that of Botafogo and that of the Brazilian national team. His debut in the shirt of the Lone Star club took place against América Mineiro. In the Carioca Championship of 1948, played his first game against Canto do Rio in Caio Martins. Botafogo won by 4 to 2. General Severiano's Alvinegro was the 1948 carioca champion. However, in the carioca's first game against São Cristóvão, Nílton Barbosa played for the main team.

Nílton Santos played his entire career at Botafogo. Where he won the state championship four times (1948, 1957, 1961 and 1962), twice the Torneio Rio–São Paulo (1962 and 1964), in addition to several of the Paris Tournament in 1963 — in addition to other international titles. Nílton Santos participated in 718 matches for the club, being the record holder and scoring eleven goals between 1948 and 1964.

International career
Nílton debuted in the national team in the South American of 1949, the competition was held in Brazil, which ended up champion. He participated in the 1950 World Cup where he was runner-up without playing a single match. He was still champion with the 1952 Pan American team, twice world champion in 1958 in Sweden and 1962 in Chile. He played in 75 official and 10 unofficial matches. His farewell to the national team took place in the 1962 Cup final. He scored two goals with the national team's shirt. 

In the Brazilian national football team, Nílton was a key player in defense during the world championships in which he participated and became internationally famous for scoring a magnificent goal in the 1958 tournament, when Brazil played Austria. Bringing the ball from the defense field and dribbling the entire opposing team (and driving coach Vicente Feola crazy ), he finished with a great shot.
Another play he always remembers is the penalty he committed against striker Enrique Collar in the game against Spain in the 1962 World Cup, considered the most difficult match of that campaign. The referee called the foul, but when he got close to check the shot, he placed the ball outside the area, as he did not realize that Nílton, without despairing and gesturing his arms as other players would, had cunningly taken two steps and left the area, deceiving the referee.

Death
Santos died from respiratory failure caused by a lung infection on 27 November 2013, aged 88, in Rio de Janeiro.

International career statistics

|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||4||0
|-
|1951||0||0
|-
|1952||5||0
|-
|1953||6||1
|-
|1954||7||0
|-
|1955||2||0
|-
|1956||11||0
|-
|1957||8||0
|-
|1958||8||1
|-
|1959||2||0
|-
|1960||8||0
|-
|1961||3||0
|-
|1962||10||1
|-
!Total||75||3
|}

Honours

Club
Botafogo
Club
Botafogo

Campeonato Carioca: 1948, 1957, 1961, 1962
 International Quadrangular Tournament: 1954
 Interclub Tournament Pentagonal Mexico: 1958
 International Tournament of Colombia: 1960
 International Tournament in Costa Rica: 1961
 Tournament Home: 1961, 1962 and 1963
 Pentagonal the International Club of México: 1962
 Interstate Cup Champions Club: 1962
 World Champion Clubs (Paris Intercontinental Championship): 1963
 Golden Jubilee Tournament Football Association of La Paz: 1964
 Ibero-American Tournament: 1964
 Panamaribo Cup: 1964
Torneio Rio – São Paulo 1962, 1964

International
Brazil

FIFA World Cup: 1958, 1962
South American Championship: 1949
FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1950
South American Championship Runner-up: 1953, 1957, 1959
Panamerican Championship: 1952
Taça do Atlântico: 1956, 1960
Copa Rio Branco: 1950
Taça Oswaldo Cruz: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962
Taça Bernado O'Higgins: 1955, 1959, 1961
Roca Cup: 1957, 1960

Individual
Individual

FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1958
World Soccer World XI: 1960, 1961
World Team of the 20th Century: 1998
FIFA 100: 2004
Golden Foot: 2009, as a football legend
IFFHS Brazilian Player of the 20th Century (9th place)
IFFHS South American Player of the 20th Century (26th place)
The Best of The Best – Player of the Century: Top 50
Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
DaMarcus Beasley (born May 24 1982 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American former soccer player.

Career statistics

Club

International 

Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Beasley goal.

References 

1982 births
Living people
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Alecko Eskandarian is an American football player. He plays for Chivas USA and United States national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|DC United||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||23||3
|-
|2004||24||10
|-
|2005||12||0
|-
|2006||22||7
|-
|2007||Toronto||Major League Soccer||6||1
|-
|2007||Real Salt Lake||Major League Soccer||17||1
|-
|2008||Chivas USA||Major League Soccer||||
104||22
104||22
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

American soccer players
Sportspeople from New Jersey
1982 births
Living people
Smash Hits was a pop music based magazine. It was made for children and young teenagers. The magazine was first published in the United Kingdom. It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time. The name survives as a brand for a related spin-off digital television channel, digital radio station, and website which have survived the end of the printed magazine.

Music magazines
Radio
Music websites
British television channels
Liga I (previously called Divizia A) is the top division association football league in Romania.

Club 2017–18

Results

Other websites 

 Romanian Professional Football League official website
 Results and statistics since 1932

References 

Football leagues in Europe
Football in Romania
1909 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Romania
Organizations based in Romania
The Battle of the Mediterranean was the name given to the naval campaign fought in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II.

Characteristics

For the most part, the campaign was fought between the forces of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), supported by other Axis naval forces, and the forces of the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces.

Each side had three overall goals in this battle.  The first was to attack the supply lines of the other side.  The second was to keep open its own supply lines, the Axis to their own armies in North Africa and the Allies to supply the island of Malta.  The third was to destroy the ability of the opposing navy to wage war at sea.

Outside of the Pacific ocean, the Mediterranean saw the largest conventional naval warfare during the war. In particular, Allied forces struggled to supply and retain the key naval and air base of Malta.

Radar and fuel
Radar and fuel 

Italian warships had a general reputation as well-designed and good-looking.  But some Italian cruiser classes were rather deficient in armour.  All Italian warships lacked radar for most of the war, although this was partly offset by their good "rangefinder" and "fire-control" systems.  In addition, whereas Allied commanders at sea had discretion on how to act, Italian commanders were closely and precisely governed by Italian Naval Headquarters (Supermarina).  This could lead to action being avoided when the Italians had a clear advantage (e.g., During "Operation Hats"). Italian Naval Headquarters was conscious that the British could replace ships lost in the Mediterranean, whereas Italian Navy resources were limited and there was a terrible lack of fuel.

The Italian Navy entered the war with only one year of fuel required to operate normally. By 1943 the lack of fuel prevented naval operations far away from the coasts of Italy.
The Allies had "Ultra" intercepts from Bletchley Park, which predicted the Italian movements, and radar, which enabled them to locate the ships and to range their weapons at distance and at night. The better air reconnaissance skills of the Fleet Air Arm and their close collaboration with surface units were other major causes of the initial Italian defeats (like in the Battle of Cape Matapan).

Forces

The Axis forces in this campaign were:-
Italian Navy, Air Force and Army
German Navy (u-boat force), Air Force and Army

The Allied forces in this campaign were:-
British Navy, Air Force and Army
Australian Navy, Air Force and Army
New Zealand Navy, Air Force and Army
Greek Navy, Air Force and Army
French (at the beginning; later they were neutral)
United States (at the end)
History
On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. On the following day, Italian bombers attacked Malta on what was to be the first of many raids.
 
The first clash between the rival fleets,  the Battle of Calabria, took place on 9 July 1940, just four weeks after the start of hostilities. This was inconclusive (neither side won), and was followed by a series of small ship actions (the battle of the Espero convoy,  battle of Cape Spada)  during the autumn.

In spring 1940 the British Royal navy attacked at Mers el Kebir (Algeria) the French navy of Vichy, sinking two battleships and other minor ships.
 
In November, the RN mounted an aerial attack  on the Italian fleet in Taranto harbour, crippling three capital ships and changing the balance of power in the Mediterranean.

Three months later the fleets clashed again at the Battle of Cape Matapan. This was a major Allied victory; three Italian cruisers were sunk, and a battleship damaged in a two-day battle ending in a night action.
Following this the Allies suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Crete, supporting the army when the island was invaded by the Germans.

In spring 1941 the Greek and Yugoslavian navy were destroyed and/or made captive by the Italians (with help from the German air force) during the Italo-German war in the western Balkans against Greece and Yugoslavia.

Following the battle of Crete in  the summer of 1941, the Royal Navy got the better of things in the central Mediterranean in a series of successful convoy attacks, (such as the Duisburg convoy and the Battle of Cape Bon) until the events  around  the First Battle of Sirte and the Raid on Alexandria in December swung the balance of power in the Axis favour.
The Italian Navy's most successful attack was when divers planted mines on British battleships during the raid on Alexandria harbour (19 December 1941). HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant were sunk (but ten months later raised and returned to active service). During those ten months the Italian Navy enjoyed a temporary control of the Mediterranean sea (called by Mussolini's propaganda the Mare Nostrum, meaning "our sea").

A series of hard fought convoy battles (Second Battle of Sirte in March,  Operations Harpoon and Vigorous in June, and Operation Pedestal in August) were victories for the Axis but ensured Malta's survival, until the  Allies regained the advantage in November 1942.

In Sept 1943 with the Italian collapse and the surrender of Italian fleet, naval actions in Mediterranean  became  restricted to actions against U-boats and by small craft in the Adriatic and Aegean seas.
Major surface actions of the campaign
28 June 1940, Battle of the Espero Convoy. Italian convoy attacked, destroyer Espero sunk.
9 July 1940, Battle of Calabria. Inconclusive fleet action.
19 July 1940, Battle of Cape Spada. Cruiser action, Bartolomeo Colleoni sunk.
12 October 1940, Battle of Cape Passero.
11 November 1940, Battle of Taranto. Aerial attack on Italian fleet in harbour, 3 battleships sunk.
27 November 1940, Battle of Cape Spartivento. Inconclusive fleet action.
6-11 January 1941, Operation Excess. British convoy to Malta.
26 March 1941,battle of Suda Bay. British cruiser sunk by torpedo boats.
27-29 March 1941, Battle of Cape Matapan. Fleet action, 3 Italian cruisers sunk.
16 April 1941, Battle of the Tarigo Convoy. Italian convoy attacked.
20 May-1 June 1941, Battle of Crete. Series of actions supporting army in Crete, 9 British warships sunk.
July 1941, Operation Substance. British convoy to Malta.
September 1941, Operation Halberd. British convoy to Malta.
8 November 1941, Battle of the Duisburg Convoy. Axis convoy destroyed.
13 December 1941, Battle of Cape Bon. Italian convoy attacked.
17 December 1941, First Battle of Sirte. British convoy attacked.
19 December 1941, Raid on Alexandria. Manned torpedoes attack British fleet, 2 battleships were sunk and a destroyer damaged.
22 March 1942, Second Battle of Sirte. British convoy attacked.
June 1942, Operation Harpoon. British convoy attacked.
June 1942, Operation Vigorous. British convoy attacked.
August 1942, Operation Pedestal. British convoy attacked.
November 1942, Operation Stone Age. British convoy to Malta.
2 December 1942, Battle of Skerki Bank. Italian convoy attacked.
11 December 1942, Raid on Algiers. Manned torpedoes attack Allied shipping.
16 April 1943, Battle of the Cigno Convoy. Italian convoy attacked.
Major Axis and Allied amphibious operations
The following are the major amphibious operations staged during the Battle of the Mediterranean:
 25 February 1941, Allied assault on Kastelorizo.
 20 May 1941, start of the Battle of Crete, the Axis invasion of Crete.
 19 September 1942, Allied assault on Tobruk.
 3 November 1942 Italian landing in Corsica, and occupation of the island.
 8 November 1942, start of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of Vichy-controlled Morocco and Algeria.
 9 July 1943, start of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily.
 3 September 1943, start of the Allied invasion of Italy.
 8 September 1943, start of the Dodecanese Campaign, the failed Allied attempt to invade the Dodecanese Islands.
 9 September 1943, start of the Allied Salerno landings in Italy.
 22 January 1944,  start of Operation Shingle, the Allied landings at Anzio in Italy.
 15 August 1944, start of Operation Dragoon, the Allied landings in southern France.

Related pages
Italian Mare Nostrum
References
 Stephen Roskill: The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol I (1954).
 Stephen Roskill: The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol II (1956).
 Eric Groves: Sea Battles in Close-Up Vol II (1993). 

Mediterranean
1940 in Europe
1941 in Europe
1942 in Europe
1943 in Europe
1944 in Europe
1945 in Europe
Mediterranean Sea
A cryptographic hash function is a hash function which takes an input (or 'message') and returns a fixed-size  string of bytes. The string is called the 'hash value', 'message digest', 'digital fingerprint', 'digest' or 'checksum'.

The ideal hash function has three main properties:
It is extremely easy to calculate a hash for any given data.
It is extremely computationally difficult to calculate an alphanumeric text that has a given hash.
It is extremely unlikely that two slightly different messages will have the same hash.

Uses 
Functions with these properties are used as hash functions for a variety of purposes, not only in cryptography. Practical applications include message integrity checks, digital signatures, authentication, and various information security applications.
A hash function takes a string of any length as input and produces a fixed length string which acts as a kind of "signature" for the data provided. In this way, a person knowing the "hash value" is unable to know the original message, but only the person who knows the original message can prove the "hash value" is created from that message.

A cryptographic hash function should behave as much as possible like a random function while still being deterministic and efficiently computable. A cryptographic hash function is considered "insecure" from a cryptographic point of view, if either of the following is computationally feasible:
Finding a (previously unseen) message that matches a given hash values.
Finding "collisions", in which two different messages have the same hash value.

An attacker who can find any of the above computations can use them to substitute an authorized message with an unauthorized one.
Ideally, it should be impossible to find two different messages whose digests ("hash values") are similar. Also, one would not want an attacker to be able to learn anything useful about a message from its digest ("hash values"). Of course the attacker learns at least one piece of information, the digest itself, by which the attacker can recognise if the same message occurred  again.

In various standards and applications, the two most commonly used hash functions are MD5 and SHA-1.

In 2005, security defects were identified showing that a possible mathematical weakness might exist, like attacks, and recommending a stronger hash function.

In 2007 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced a contest to design a hash function which will be given the name SHA-3 and be the subject of a FIPS standard.
Different hash algorithms
 MD5: It was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 which replaces the earlier version MD4. It is specified as "RFC 1321" in 1992.
 SHA-1: It was developed as part of a project by the U.S. government
 RIPEMD-160: It stands for "RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest". It was developed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel at the COSIC research group at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven, Belgium, and it was published in 1996.
 Whirlpool
 SHA-2
 SHA-3
 BLAKE2
 BLAKE3

Related pages 
 Avalanche effect

References

Bibliography
 Bruce Schneier. Applied Cryptography. John Wiley & Sons, 1996. .
Other websites
 Hash'em all! – free online text and file hashing with different algorithms
 The Hash function lounge  – a list of hash functions and known attacks
 Helger Lipmaa's links on hash functions 
 Diagrams explaining cryptographic hash functions
 An Illustrated Guide to Cryptographic Hashes by Steve Friedl
 Cryptanalysis of MD5 and SHA: Time for a New Standard by Bruce Schneier
 Hash collision Q&A
 Attacking hash functions by poisoned messages (construction of multiple sensible Postscript messages with the same hash function) 
 What is a hash function?  from RSA Laboratories
 Password Hashing in PHP by James McGlinn at the PHP Security Consortium
 The code monkey's guide to cryptographic hashes  by Val Henson, "in language that any programmer (and even some managers) can understand."

Cryptography
Data integrity is a term used in computer science and telecommunications that can mean:
 Making sure that data is "whole" or complete.
 The conditions by which data are maintained during any operation (such as transfer, storage or retrieval).
 The correct storage of data for further use.
 The rules for measuring data quality. 

Simply, data integrity is to make sure that data is "consistent" and "correct".

Computer science
Communication
There are two different meanings of the word cryptosystem. 
 One is used by the cryptographic community.
 The other is a general meaning which is how the word cryptosystem is understood by the public.

General meaning 

In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand,  or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on.

Meaning in the cryptographic community 

In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption. 

Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms: 
 Key generation algorithm.
 Encryption algorithm.
 Decryption algorithm.
The term cipher (sometimes cypher) is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important.  For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques.

"Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem" 

The Internet Security Glossary RFC 2828 advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions.
cryptosystem
(D) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this term as an abbreviation for cryptographic system. (For justification, see: crypto.)
crypto
ISDs SHOULD NOT use this abbreviated term because it may be misunderstood. Instead, use "cryptography" or "cryptographic".

References

Cryptography
Serpent is a  symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen.

Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words.  Each round applies one of eight 4-bit by 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices.  This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES.

Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future progress in cryptanalysis.
The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

Rijndael vs. Serpent
Rijndael is a substitution-linear transformation network with 10, 12, or 14 rounds, depending on the key size, and with block sizes of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits, independently specified.Serpent is a substitution-linear transformation network which has 32 rounds, plus an initial and a final permutation to simplify an optimized implementation. 
The round function in Rijndael consists of: a nonlinear layer, a linear mixing layer, and a key-mixing XOR layer.The round function in Serpent consists of: key-mixing XOR, thirty-two parallel process of the same 4x4 S-box, and a linear transformation, except in the last round, in which another key-mixing XOR replaces the linear transformation. 
The nonlinear layer in Rijndael uses an 8x8 S-box.The nonlinear layer in Serpent uses 8 different 4x4 S-boxes.
The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.

Security
The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.

Other websites
 Serpent homepage
 SCAN's entry for Serpent
 In Pellicano Case, Lessons in Wiretapping Skills NYTimes May 5 2008

Cryptography
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.

PGP and other similar products follow the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.

OpenPGP 
OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is RFC 4880 (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to RFC 2440, which is RFC 4880, has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide OpenPGP-compliant email security as described in RFC 3156.
The Free Software Foundation has developed its own OpenPGP-compliant program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed OpenPGP-compliant software.

Related pages
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 PuTTY - SSH encryption

Further reading

Other websites

OpenPGP implementations 
 PGP Corporation  
 GNU Privacy Guard
 cGeep Pro
 OpenPGP::SDK 
 Authora Inc. 
 McAfee Inc. 
 Feneris Solutions Inc. Canada
 EasyByte Cryptocx - Component
 Veridis 
 Legion of The Bouncy Castle
 BSD Privacy Guard
 Prime Factors Inc. 
 Oxford Brookes Secure Email Proxy
Support 
 PGP Corporation Support Forum  community support plus contributions from PGP Support staff
 Phil Zimmermann's Home Page
 MIT Public Key Directory for Registration and Search
 List of public keyservers
 IETF OpenPGP working group
 OpenPGP Alliance

Cryptography
Internet security
In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.   

Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem.  However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a flat, or linear,  key space.

Examples of 128-Bits weak keys
 All zeros (0x0000000000000000)
 All ones (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
 Alternating '1' + '0' (0x0101010101010101)
 Alternating 'F' + 'E' (0xFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFE)
 Alternating 'E' + '1' (0xE1E1E1E1F0F0F0F0) or (0x1E1E1E1E0F0F0F0F)

Cryptography
In cryptography, the XSL attack is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk.  It was claimed that it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher faster than a brute force attack.  

AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information. Finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage.
In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort. Unless shortened, the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES.

The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the internal design of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed XSL (eXtended Sparse Linearization), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key.
The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform. Previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.

Other websites
 Courtois' page on AES
 "Quadratic Cryptanalysis",  an explanation of the XSL attack by J. J. G. Savard
 "AES is NOT broken" by T. Moh 
 Courtois and Pieprzyk paper on ePrint
 Commentary in the Crypto-gram newsletter: 1, 2, 3.
 An overview of AES and XSL

Cryptography
Sound the Alarm is the fifth studio album by the emo band Saves the Day. It was released by Vagrant Records on April 11, 2006. It was produced by Steve Evetts who also produced Saves the Day's first two albums, Can't Slow Down and Through Being Cool. All of the album's lyrics were written by Chris Conley. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. This album was welcomed by many as something of a return to the band's classic sound, after the sonic departure of In Reverie in 2003.

Sound the Alarm reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.

Sound the Alarm is part one of a three part concept that Conley described in an interview with Punknews.org. It is their trilogy about self discovery.

The "Head for the Hills" track is used on the soundtrack of the football video game Madden NFL 07.
Track listing
"Head for the Hills" - 2:50
"The End" - 1:54
"Shattered" - 3:08
"Eulogy" - 3:22
"Dying Day" - 2:21
"34" - 2:22
"Say You'll Never Leave" - 2:20
"Diseased" - 2:12
"Don't Know Why" - 3:22
"Sound the Alarm" - 3:06
"Bones" 2:23
"Delusional" 2:07
"Hell Is Here" 3:36

References

2006 albums
Concept albums