Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Oxidizing agent can have two meanings. It can be a chemical that releases oxygen atoms. For example, potassium chlorate has a chemical formula of KClO3. When it oxidizes a reducing agent, such as powdered aluminium metal, it loses its oxygen to the aluminium and becomes potassium chloride, KCl. 

Another definition is a chemical that accepts electrons from a reducing agent. For example, potassium permanganate has an oxidation state of +7. In an acid solution, it gains 5 electrons (e-). It becomes a manganese compound with an oxidation state of +2. Most oxidizing agents of the second definition have oxygen, but not all. For example, fluorine (F2) does not have any oxygen in it. It is also the most powerful oxidizing agent. When it acts as an oxidizing agent, it gains an electron to transfer from an oxidation state of 0 to an oxidation state of -1.

Examples
Fluorine
Chlorine
Potassium nitrate
Nitric acid
Potassium chlorate

Related pages
Oxidation
Reduction
Reducing agent

References

Physical chemistry
A reducing agent is a chemical that gives away electrons to another chemical compound, the oxidizing agent. For example, zinc is a reducing agent. When it reacts with an oxidizing agent, it gives up two electrons, changing its oxidation state from 0 to +2. All chemical elements have an oxidation state of 0.

Examples
Tin(II) chloride
Zinc
Aluminum
Alkali metal
Sulfur
Hydrogen

Related pages
Oxidation
Reduction
Oxidizing agent

Chemistry
Reduction is a chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons by one of the atoms involved in the reaction between two chemicals. The term refers to the element that accepts electrons, as the oxidation state of the element that gains electrons is lowered. 

An example of a reduction is when iron reacts with oxygen, forming iron oxides such as those called rust.  The iron is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced. This is called redox. A blast furnace reverses that reaction, using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent to reduce the iron.

Related pages 
 Oxidation
 Oxidizing agent
 Reducing agent

References 

Chemical reactions
Electroplating is the coating of an object with a metal. It is done by immersing the object and a bar of the metal in a solution containing the metal ions. Electric current is then applied; the positive goes to the metal and the negative goes to the object. The metal bar dissolves in the solution and plates out on the object, forming a thin but durable coating of metal. It is often used to gold-plate objects for decoration or to stop corrosion. Normally the metal becomes fragile, and is only used for display.

Technology
Physical chemistry
Potassium hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KOH. It contains potassium and hydroxide ions.

Properties
It is a white powder. It dissolves easily in water to make a basic solution. It is corrosive to skin. It reacts with acids to give potassium salts. It is less common than sodium hydroxide. About 700,000 tons are made each year. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it absorbs water from the air and forms a solution. It is very hard to get the water out again. It releases heat when it is dissolved in water, similar to sodium hydroxide. It gradually reacts with carbon dioxide in the air to form potassium carbonate. It melts easily. It feels greasy when it gets on the skin because it makes soap from the fat in your skin. It is made when potassium reacts with water.

Preparation
It is made by electrolysis of a potassium chloride solution. It can also be made by reacting calcium hydroxide with potassium carbonate. The calcium carbonate precipitates and is filtered, leaving potassium hydroxide.
Uses
It is used to make soap. It is also used in organic chemistry. It can be used to make fertilizers and other potassium compounds. It is used to make diesel from plants. It is used in alkaline cells and nicads as an electrolyte. It can be used to identify mushrooms.

Related pages
Sodium
Sodium carbonate
Bicarbonate

Potassium compounds
Elverta is an unincorporated community northwest of Sacramento, California. It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. It is in Sacramento County, California. The postal code of the city is 95626. In 2020 there were 5,435 people living in Elverta. Elverta is about  from Sacramento, California,  miles from Rio Linda, California,  from Roseville, California, and  from Antelope, California.

History 
It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. The community of Elverta/Rio Linda is on the part on the land grant of Rancho Del Paso of 1844. In 1910, a company named Fruit Land Company of Minneapolis got  of the grant and in 1912 the area was splited with Elverta and Rio Linda.

Geography 
Elverta is an unincoporated community and it is part of the Sacramento metropolitan area; the metropolitan area including Sacramento (State capital and County seat of California), also Arden-Arcade and Roseville.

Elverta is at  (38.723216, -121.45452)
According to the United States Census Bureau, the unincorporated community has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.9 square kilometers).

Notes

Other websites 
Official website of Elverta - Rio Linda on Sacramento County Website 
Elverta Joint Elementary School District 
First Baptist Church of Elverta 
Zip Code 95626 Detailed Profile
Elverta, California Information Epodunk.com 
Elverta, CA Zip Code 95626

Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Sacramento County, California
Elena Kagan (born April 28, 1960)  is an American lawyer and judge. She is a United States Supreme Court Justice. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010. She is one of three women on the court. Kagan is the only Supreme Court Justice who had never been a judge before becoming a Justice. Before being a Justice, she was Solicitor General and dean of Harvard Law School. Kagan was born and raised in New York City and is Jewish.

References

1960 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish judges
Jewish lawyers
People from Manhattan
Princeton University alumni
United States Solicitors General
United States Supreme Court justices
Educators from New York City
Sonia Sotomayor (born: June 25, 1954) is a United States Supreme Court justice.  She has been on the Court since 2009, and was on a lower court before that.  When on the lower court, she ended the 1994 baseball strike. She is the first and only Latina (hispanic women) on the Court. Sotomayor is Puerto Rican and is from the Bronx.

Sotomayor was born in New York City to parents who were from Puerto Rico. As a child, she was interested in reading the Nancy Drew series and other detective stories. She had a rough childhood since her alcoholic father died when she was nine. Throughout her time in high school and at Princeton, Sotomayor was a charismatic and inspirational leader. She graduated Princeton with a history degree, went to Yale University to study law and then served as a U.S District Court judge and judge for U.S Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

References
References

Sources
Hutchinson, Dennis J. "Sotomayor, Sonia."  World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  8 May 2015.   
"Sonia Sotomayor." Newsmakers. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Biography in Context. Web. 8 May 2023

1954 births
Living people
Princeton University alumni
United States Supreme Court justices
Yale University alumni
People from the Bronx
Lawyers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Independent politicians in the United States
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Suzanne Collins (born 1962) is a writer from the U.S. state of Connecticut. She is known for writing in the fantasy and science fiction genre.

Collins started her writing career in 1991. She wrote for some television series. Later she wrote a couple of picture books and a five part series called The Underland Chronicles. In 2008, Collins published the first book of the science fiction trilogy, The Hunger Games. Soon after her publications of The Hunger Games, this trilogy became a series of movies.

Publications 
In 2003, Collins published the first book of her five book series called The Underland Chronicles. The books in the series are Gregor the Overlander, Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane, Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods, Gregor and the Marks of Secret, and Gregor and the Code of Claw.
In 2008 she published the science fiction novel The Hunger Games. This was the first part of a trilogy. The other two books are Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). The first book was a New York Times best seller. It was named in Publishers Weekly'''s "Best Books of the Year" in 2008.  Lions Gate Entertainment made a movie of the book. The movie received positive reviews from Stephen King and Stephenie Meyer. The first movie was released in 2012. It became very popular.  Lions Gate Entertainment decided to make movies of the two other books. Catching Fire (the movie) was released in 2014. The first part of the movie Mockingjay came out in late 2014.

In 2013, Collins published the book Year of the Jungle''.

References

Cech, John. “Collins, Suzanne”. World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. 
"Suzanne Collins." Newsmakers. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

Other websites

Official website
Official website

1963 births
Living people
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Calcium chloride is a chemical compound made of calcium and chlorine atoms. It has the formula of CaCl2. It absorbs water from the air and releases heat when it is dissolved in water. It is used as a de-icer on roads to melt the ice. It can be formed by mixture of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid, but this produces a version that is hydrated (has water molecules attached to it). The anhydrous (no water molecules attached) form is needed most of the time. Calcium chloride is melted at a high temperature and electrolyzed to produce calcium metal.

Chlorine compounds
Calcium compounds
Robert Alan Probert (June 5, 1965 – July 5, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. Probert played a total of 1,016 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks. Probert was known for being a fighter and enforcer, as well as being one half of the "Bruise Brothers" with teammate Joey Kocur, during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Probert retired from playing ice hockey in 2002 to join the Blackhawks radio broadcasting team. He finished his career fourth on the NHL's all-time list with 3,300 penalty minutes notched.

After his retirement, Probert ran into drug and legal problems. On February 05, 2003, he entered rehab to try and beat his addiction. He was arrested on June 4, 2004 after he allegedly parked his BMW SUV on the wrong side of the street and got into an altercation over drugs with bystanders. Many police officers got involved and Probert had to be subdued with a taser and stun guns.
On July 5, 2010, while boating on Lake St. Clair with his children, father-in-law, and mother-in-law, Probert experienced "severe chest pain" and collapsed. His father-in-law Dan Parkinson, the Cornwall, Ontario, chief of police, attempted CPR to save his life. He was taken to Windsor Regional Hospital's Metropolitan Campus and was pronounced dead. His funeral services were held July 9, 2010, in Windsor, Ontario. It was attended by many of his former teammates and rivals including Dino Ciccarelli, Tie Domi, Gerard Gallant, Doug Gilmour, Stu Grimson, Joey Kocur, Brad McCrimmon, Darren McCarty and Steve Yzerman, as well as the Red Wings general manager Ken Holland and owners Mike and Marian Ilitch. His eulogy was delivered by Yzerman. His brain was donated to the Sports Legacy Institute to help researchers that are studying the effects of concussions and other sports-related head injuries
. In February 2011, the researchers announced at Boston University that they had found evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in Probert's brain.
References

Other websites

1985 births
2010 deaths
Adirondack Red Wings players
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Deaths from heart failure
Detroit Red Wings players
Disease-related deaths in Ontario
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ontario Hockey League players
Deaths from chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Vampires Suck is a 2010 American parody movie directed and written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. It is a parody of Stephenie Meyer's series, Twilight. The movie was be released in North America on August 8, 2010, August 26, 2010 in Australia and October 15, 2010 in the United Kingdom. Vampires Suck achieved $4 million at the box office.

Ratings 
Vampires Suck gained strong negative reviews:

 Rotten Tomatoes - 3%
 Metacritic - 21% out of 100%
 IMDB - 3.8 out of 10

References

Other websites 
Official Vampires Suck website 

2010 movies
20th Century Fox movies
In computing, the JPEG file format is a file format which is used to compress digital images. The amount of compression can be changed depending on the wanted quality. If an image is high quality, it will take up a large amount of storage. If it is low quality, it will take up a small amount of storage. The JPEG file format is commonly found on the World Wide Web. The word JPEG is short for the Joint Photographic Experts Group which created the format. JPEG file extensions include .jpg, .jpeg, .jpe and others.

How it works
How it works

YPbPr 
The first notable thing about JPEG compression is the way in which the colour of each pixel is stored. Each pixel of the image is assigned 3 bytes to define its colour. All three bytes can have any value from 0 to 255 and every possible combination of the three bytes stands for another colour. In most file formats, the RGB format is used for defining the colour. RGB stands for Red Green Blue. It's named this way because the first of the three bytes tells you how much red there is in the pixel's colour. The second byte tells you how much green there is in the colour and the third byte how much blue. The higher value the first byte has, the more red the pixel looks.
JPEG also uses three bytes for every pixel each, but it's using the YPbPr (also known as YCbCr) format. Here, the first byte tells us how bright the pixel is. The second byte tells us how blue the pixel is. The third byte tells us how red the pixel is. Using this colour format, the brightness is stored apart from the colour. This is useful, because we are going to compress an image. Because the human eye is better at seeing brightness than seeing colour, we can apply a greater compression to the colour bytes (the Pb-byte and the Pr-byte). Since we see brightness better, we use less compression on the Y-byte, to have the image look better after compression.

Because images are most often stored in RGB format, the first step of JPEG compression is usually to correctly change the RGB format into the YPbPr format.

Discrete Cosine Transform 
JPEG uses cosine functions to represent an image. Therefore, we are going to talk a little bit about cosine functions. This is what a cosine function could look like:
To have the cosine function represent the colour of a pixel, we say that the higher the value of the cosine function, the brighter the pixel. If we had a set of pixels that went bright-dark-bright, we could use the function above to define them. 

The function could also have a higher frequency. Like this:

But here's where it gets interesting. We can also create different functions by taking the average of different cosine functions. Here is what it would look like if we took the average of the above two functions:

In JPEG, DCT is applied to blocks of 8 × 8 pixels.

Quantisation 
So far, no information has been lost in the process of compressing the image. In this step, we're filtering out information. For that reason, this is the step that lowers the quality of the image. For every block of 8 × 8 pixels, the cosine functions with high frequencies are set to 0. This means that these can no longer have any impact on how the image looks when you decompress it.
A lot of values will now be 0, which means that this can be very easily compressed. This is done using Huffman coding. Huffman coding is the last step of JPEG compression. It is also the only step in which the data is actually compressed.

Structure 
Being a computer file, a JPEG file is made of multiple bytes. One byte in hexadecimal could look like 0x01. The very first bytes of a JPEG are 0xFF, 0xD8 ("FF D8"); these bytes are named Start Of Image (SOI). The first section of bytes in a JPEG is the header; this is from FF D8 to right before the last 0xFF, 0xDA ("FF DA") bytes. The header contains data about the data and other helpful data. The next section of bytes in a JPEG is the image data; this is from FF DA to 0xFF, 0xD9 ("FF D9"). The FF DA bytes are named Start Of Scan (SOS), and the FF D9 bytes are named End Of Image (EOI).

Other websites 
 Videoon the "Computerphile" YouTube channel 

Computer file formats
Data compression
The table below details the complete World Championship Grand Prix results for the WilliamsF1 Formula One team. The team also competed in several non-Championship Formula One races.

Complete World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Jump to: 1990 2000 2010

 Season in progress.

Formula One constructor results
Formula One current
In linear algebra, there are certain matrices which have the property that when they are multiplied with another matrix, the result is the identity matrix  (the matrix with ones on its main diagonal and 0 everywhere). If  is such a matrix, then  is called invertible and its inverse is called , with:

There are algorithms for calculating the inverse of a matrix, with Gaussian elimination being a common example. The problem is that finding the inverse is relatively expensive to do for big matrices. Matrix inversion is used extensively in computer graphics.

Related pages 
 Determinant
 Inverse function
 Inverse (mathematics)

References 

Linear algebra
The Flag of the State of New Mexico has the red sun symbol of the Zia people in the middle and has a yellow background. 

In 1920, Dr. Harry Mera, an archaeologist, won a contest to design a new state flag and chose the Zia sun symbol because he was familiar with it. It was used in Zia Pueblo on a 19th century pot. There is four points in the symbol because four is a sacred number to the Zia. To the Zia, it is the Circle of Life: four winds, four seasons, four directions, and four sacred obligations. New Mexico was the 48th state and it was founded in 1912.

New Mexico
New Mexico
The Pontiac Sunfire was a car produced by Pontiac from 1995 through 2005. The Sunfire succeeded the Pontiac Sunbird and was succeeded by the Pontiac G5 (a rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt). The Sunfire was also purchased in a sedan, convertible or coupe. Much like its twin the Cavalier the Sunfire also fared poor in the offset test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

First release 
The first Pontiac Sunfire became the successor of the Pontiac Sunbird after it got cancelled in 1990s. The Pontiac received a minor facelift in the early 2000s.

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles
Michael Austin Cera (born June 7, 1988 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian actor who made his big screen debut in the 2000 movie Frequency as Gordy Jr., (Age 10) but first starred in the TV movie, Switching Goals as Taylor.

He was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2009.

Filmography

Television

Awards
2005 Best Actor Award - Darling, Darling at the San Gio Festival
2007 Breakthrough Artist Award - Austin Film Critics Association
2008 Canadian Comedy Award for Best Actor - Superbad
2008 Canadian Comedy Awards for Best Actor - Juno (nomination)
2009 BAFTA Rising Star Award - (nomination)

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Ontario
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
People from Brampton, Ontario
Jason Drew Harrow (born May 12, 1976), better known by his stage name Kardinal Offishall is a Canadian rapper, record producer, DJ, and record executive. 

Offishall has won many awards including 3 Juno Awards, 4 MuchMusic Video Awards, 3 SOCAN Awards and 1 Canadian Urban Music Award.

Discography
Kardinal Offishall has released 5 studio albums and 1 EP:

Albums

EP's

References

Other websites
Kardinal Offisha's Official website 

1976 births
Living people
Musicians from Ontario
Canadian rappers
Laurasia  was a supercontinent. It had been the northern part of the Pangaea global supercontinent. Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana to the south during the Jurassic period. 

Laurasia included most of the landmasses which make up today's continents of the northern hemisphere, chiefly Laurentia (the name given to the North American craton), Europe, Scandinavia, western Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and China.

Laurasia's name combines the names of Laurentia and Eurasia.

Although Laurasia is known as a Mesozoic phenomenon, today it is believed that the same continents that formed Laurasia also existed as a coherent continent after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. To avoid confusion with Laurasia, that continent is referred to as Proto-Laurasia.

Notes
Dangerous is a 2008 R&B song by Kardinal Offishall and featured R&B singer Akon. The song was released March 2008 on the radio and April 1, 2008 on iTunes. The song is from Kardinal Offishall's 2008 album, Not 4 Sale. 

The song won Single of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards and was certified 3x Platinum by the CRIA.

2008 songs
Akon songs
Justin Irvin Upton (born August 25, 1987) is an American professional baseball player. He plays as a outfielder for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball (MLB). Upton has also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres and the Detrit Tigers. He was selected first overall by the Diamondbacks in the 2005 MLB Draft and was the Youngest Player in the National League in 2007. Upton was selected in 2009 for his first All-Star selection.

On December 19, 2014, the Braves traded Upton along with Aaron Northcraft to the San Diego Padres in exchange for Max Fried, Jace Peterson, Dustin Peterson, and Mallex Smith.

Upton signed a six-year contract with the Detroit Tigers prior to the 2016 season. He was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on August 31, 2017.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1987 births
Living people
People from Norfolk, Virginia
Sportspeople from Virginia
African-American baseball players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Atlanta Braves players
Detroit Tigers players
San Diego Padres players
National League All-Stars
Tetris DS is a 2006 puzzle game that was developed and published by Nintendo and was distributed by Nintendo. It was released on March 20, 2006 in North America, April 13, 2006 in Australasia, April 21, 2006 in Europe, April 27, 2006 in Japan and July 7, 2007 in South Korea. The game has Nintendo themed levels: Balloon Fight, Super Mario Bros., Metroid, The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi's Cookie and the game received mostly positive reviews, selling over 2.05 million copies worldwide.

Ratings 
Tetris DS has been rated very well by many top ranking sites:

IGN - 9/10
GamePro - 5/5
Nintendo Power - 9.5/10
1UP.com - 9/10
Gamespot - 7.5/10
Game Informer - 9.25/10
GameSpy - 9/10
Nintendo World Report - 9/10
Official Nintendo Magazine - 82%
Metacritic - 84%
Game Rankings - 87%

Other websites 
 Tetris DS' Official website

2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 is a 2002 skateboarding game that was developed by Neversoft, Vicarious Visions, Babaroga and Aspyr Media and was published by Activision. It is the fourth game in the Tony Hawk's series It was released on October 23, 2002 for the GameCube, Playstation, Playstation 2 and the Xbox and October 28, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance and August 27, 2003 for the PC in North America and November 15, 2002 for the GameCube, Playstation, Playstation 2, Xbox and November 22, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance and August 27, 2003 in the PAL region.

The fifth sequels, called Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5 released in 2015.

Reviews
 IGN - 9.3/10 (PS2), 9.2/10 (PC), 9/10 (Xbox), 9.2/10 (GBA), 9.1/10 (GC)
 GameSpot - 9.5/10 (PS2), 8.7/10 (PC), 9.3/10 (Xbox), 9.2/10 (GC), 8.8 (GBA)
 Metacritic - 94/100 (PS2), 85/100 (GBA)

Other websites 
 Official website
 
 

2002 video games
Activision video games
Xbox games
Nintendo GameCube games
Windows games
PlayStation 2 games
Game Boy Advance games
Tony Hawk video games
Potassium chloride (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCl. It contains potassium and chloride ions.

Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is not reactive. It is similar to sodium chloride. It reacts with silver nitrate to make silver chloride. It reacts with sodium metal when very hot to make potassium metal. The metals are a gas because it is so hot. It makes a pink color when heated in a flame.

Occurrence

Potassium chloride is found as a mineral. The mineral is called sylvite. It is also found in sylvanite, a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride.

Preparation
It is taken from the ocean. It can also be processed from the mineral sylvite or sylvanite. It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid, making nitric acid and potassium chloride. It is made when potassium burns in chlorine.
Uses
It is used to make potassium metal. Potassium chloride is heated very hot until it melts. Sodium metal is reacted with it. The sodium metal melts and boils to make sodium gas. The sodium gas reacts with the potassium chloride to make potassium gas and sodium chloride. It can be electrolyzed in a water solution to make potassium hydroxide. It is used in food processing. It can be used to execute people in a lethal injection. It is used instead of table salt sometimes. Normally it is half table salt and half potassium chloride. It can be used to extinguish fires. It was used to make packs that get hot when squeezed, but better chemicals are used now.

Safety
Potassium chloride is toxic in very large amounts. When injected into a vein it is much more toxic.

Use in lethal injection
In the United States, people sentenced to death by lethal injection have usually been executed using three different medications.  Potassium chloride is the third medication.  It is given after a sedative (to put the prisoner to sleep) and a medicine that paralyzes the prisoner.  Potassium chloride works by speeding up the heart until it stops.

The use of potassium chloride in lethal injections is controversial.  For example, one scientist who studied the three-drug combination called potassium chloride "extremely painful."   United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer used her research to argue that lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment.  Other doctors agree that if the drugs are not given correctly, a prisoner could experience "a great deal of pain" or "excruciating [terribly painful] suffering."
However, other doctors say that lethal injection is less painful than other ways of executing people, like using an electric chair or a gas chamber.  They also say that if the three drugs are given correctly, lethal injection should be pain-free.  Because doctors are supposed to "do no harm", many executions are now done by people who are not doctors.  Supporters of lethal injection say that mistakes, not the drugs themselves, are what cause pain.

References

Potassium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Sodium bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBr. It is made of sodium and bromide ions.

Properties
Sodium bromide is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. When it is heated very strongly in air, it makes bromine gas. It also reacts with chlorine to make liquid bromine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting hydrogen bromide with sodium hydroxide. It can be made by mixing sodium and bromine, although this reaction is very violent.

Uses
It was used in medicine as a hypnotic and sedative. Potassium bromide is also used for this purpose. It is used to make other bromine compounds that are organic. It was used to make silver bromide. It can be used as a disinfectant with chlorine in pools. It can be used to make dense fluids for drilling oil wells.

Safety
Sodium bromide is only toxic in large amounts, like sodium chloride.

References

Related pages
Sodium fluoride
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide

Sodium compounds
Bromine compounds
Bromide is the reduced form of bromine. It is an ion. It exists when another element, such as sodium, gives away electrons to bromine, turning it into bromide. The aluminium turns into an aluminum ion, and both ions bond to form sodium bromide, a chemical compound. Bromides are normally colorless and nontoxic.

Bromide can also refer to an overused saying or idiom, such as "quick as a mouse" and "big as an elephant". In writing it is recommended to use fresh expressions and not over used ones.

Bromine compounds
Ions
Iron(III) oxide, also known as rust, is a reddish substance, an iron oxide. It has a chemical formula of Fe2O3. It is made by the reaction of iron with oxygen.  It is found naturally in the ground as hematite, the major ore which blast furnaces use to smelt iron.  It dissolves in acids. It can be mixed with fine powdered granules of aluminum in a 27:80 ratio to form thermite, a semi-explosive powder.

The iron is in the +3 oxidation state, which is what the III means. If the iron was in the +2 oxidation state, it would be iron(II) oxide.

Related pages
 Rust
 Hematite

Iron compounds
Oxides
Iron(II) oxide is an chemical compound composed of iron in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms. It easily converts to a mixture of iron and iron(III) oxide at room temperature. It is stable though when it is very hot. It is a black powder. If it gets hydrated (bonded to extra water molecules), it turns green. The green chemical, named iron(II) hydroxide, gets oxidized by oxygen to a reddish color of iron(III) oxide.

Related pages 
 Iron(II,III) oxide

Iron compounds
Oxides
Saratoga Trunk is a 1945 American romance movie directed by Sam Wood and written by Edna Ferber and Casey Robinson. Flora Robson who played Ingrid Bergman's servant in the movie was nominated for a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Cast
Gary Cooper as Colonel Clint Maroon
Ingrid Bergman as Clio Dulaine
Flora Robson as Angelique Buiton
Jerry Austin as Cupidon
John Warburton as Bartholomew Van Steed
Florence Bates as Sophie Bellop
Curt Bois as Augustin Haussy
John Abbott as Roscoe Bean

Other websites
Saratoga Trunk at TCM Movie Database

1945 romance movies
English-language movies
American romance movies
Movies directed by Sam Wood
Index on Censorship is a publishing organisation campaigning for freedom of expression. It produces an award-winning quarterly magazine of the same name. It is based in London.

Other websites
Index on Censorship website

Human rights organisations in the United Kingdom
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Censorship
Organisations based in London
Iron(II) hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Fe(OH)2. It has iron and hydroxide ions in it. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties 
When pure, it is a white solid. It very easily turns dark green in air, which is its normal form. It then reacts with more oxygen to turn brown as iron(III) oxide is formed. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
It can be formed by electrolysis of water with a piece of iron metal as the anode (positive connector). A green slime will appear around it, and hydrogen will be released at the cathode (negative connector). It is normally made by reacting iron(II) sulfate with sodium hydroxide.

Uses
It was being investigated as a detoxifier in wetlands. Some wetlands have toxic selenite and selenate ions in them. Iron(II) hydroxide reduces them to selenium, which is much less toxic. It is also used in the nickel-iron battery.

Related pages
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(II) chloride

Iron compounds
James William Ward (September 1, 1906 – November 15, 1990) was a right winger in the NHL from 1928 - 1939. Jimmy Ward's son, Pete Ward, played nine seasons of professional baseball, winning TSN Rookie Of The Year honors in 1963 while playing for the Chicago White Sox.

Playing career
He played his entire NHL career in Montreal. It began in the 1928 season with the Montreal Maroons. He would stay with the English Montreal team until they folded following the 1938 season. Along the way he scored 10 or more goals in 10 of 11 seasons during a time when the regular season was only 48 games long. He won the Stanley Cup in 1935. He played in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game in 1934 and the Howie Morenz Memorial Game in 1937. When the Maroons folded he joined the rival Montreal Canadiens for the 1939 season.

Coaching career
In 1940 he served as a player/coach of the New Haven Eagles of the IAHL. He would later serve as head coach of the PCHL's Portland Eagles and Portland Penguins.
Awards and achievements
Played in Ace Bailey Benefit Game
Played in Howie Morenz Memorial Game

Career statistics

Other websites

1906 births
1990 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Maroons players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Gary Raymond Veneruzzo (born June 28, 1943) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played seven games in the National Hockey League and 348 games in the World Hockey Association. Veneruzzo played for with the St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, Baltimore Blades, Cincinnati Stingers, Phoenix Roadrunners, and San Diego Mariners. Veneruzzo was born in Fort William, Ontario.

NHL Career ST. Louis Blues Forward 1967-68 Record

Other websites

1943 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
St. Louis Blues players
World Hockey Association players
Victor William Venasky (born March 6, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player. After playing college hockey at the University of Denver, Venasky went on to play 430 games in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings.  He now coaches youth hockey in Southern California.

Awards and honours

References

Other websites

1951 births
American Hockey League players
Binghamton Dusters players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Central Professional Hockey League players
Sodium bicarbonate is baking soda, bicarb or bicarbonate of soda. It is a chemical compound, sodium hydrogen carbonate, with the formula NaHCO3. The elements within it are sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen. It is a white crystalline  powder. 

Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid. It is sometimes used to relieve acid indigestion, a sickness caused by lots of acid in one's stomach. This was usually done by mixing sodium bicarbonate with water and drinking it.  When there is too much acid, it causes heartburn, an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach. It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. It also reacts with bases to reduce their harmful effects.

When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it releases carbon dioxide and water vapor (gas) and turns into sodium carbonate.

Baking soda is rarely found in the earth. It can be manufactured artificially, though. 

Sodium compounds
Carbonates
Heartburn is an uncomfortable feeling in the chest that happens when acids from the stomach travel up the esophagus (the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach). When stomach acids hurt the lining of the esophagus, the feeling is a symptom. 

The burning sensation is commonly called "heartburn," but it has nothing to do with the heart.

The symptom may be helped by taking antacids, such as calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

Related pages
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease

References

Other websites 
  MedicineNet, GERD
  National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), GERD 
  MedlinePlus, GERD

Symptoms
Digestive system
Nitrogen triiodide is an extremely sensitive contact explosive. It is synthesised using ammonia and iodine. When touched, it detonates, releasing a cloud of irritating iodine vapor.

Nitrogen compounds
Iodine compounds
A Material safety data sheet, commonly abbreviated to MSDS, is a document for a chemical compound. It explains the hazards of the chemical and gives an overview of the chemical's properties.

Other websites
Sample MSDS for sodium chloride-needs Adobe Acrobat Reader

Documents
Materials
Safety
NFPA 704, also known as a fire diamond, is a diamond-shaped sign or picture that tells people about the hazards of a chemical compound. It was designed in 1960 by the National Fire Protection Association, as a way of quickly telling firefighters and other emergency workers what kind of dangers might be nearby.

The sign is made of four smaller diamonds: a red one on top, a yellow one on the right, a white one on the bottom, and a blue one on the left. Numbers or symbols in these boxes tell how dangerous the chemical is.
The red diamond tells how flammable the chemical compound is: how easily it catches fire. The yellow diamond tells about reactivity: how quickly the compound reacts with other materials. (For example, some chemicals, like ammonium nitrate, explode when they touch water; this is an example of reactivity.) The blue diamond tells how dangerous the chemical is to a person's health. Each of these three diamonds - red, yellow, and blue - are given a score between 0 and 4. A score of 0 means there is no danger. A score of 4 means there is the worst possible danger.

The white diamond has codes for "special hazards." For example, if a chemical like ammonium nitrate should not touch water because it will explode, a W with a line through it will be written in the white diamond.

Codes

Related pages
Material Data Safety Sheet

References

Standards
Codes
Chemistry
Fluorite is the mineral form of calcium fluoride.  It has a chemical formula of CaF2  where Ca stands for calcium, and F2 stands for Fluorine. 

Fluorite is the main source of fluorine and fluorides.  It naturally fluoridates drinking water in places where it is found.  It has a hardness of 5. It barely dissolves in water.  Geologists have found about 9000 deposits of fluorite found on the Earth.  It is mainly mined in China, Mexico and Russia.

Related pages
Fluoride
Fluorine

Minerals
Calcium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Fluoride is the reduced form of fluorine. When fluorine gains an electron by taking it from another substance (oxidizing it), it converts into fluoride. Fluoride is found in toothpaste and helps prevent tooth decay. Fluoride is added artificially to drinking water in some places and has caused a controversy over the harmful effects versus the benefits of fluoridation.

Related pages
Fluorine
Fluorite, a natural fluoride
Fluoridation

Fluorine compounds
Ions
Fluoridation is the adding of fluorine compounds (fluorides) to various substances, especially toothpaste and drinking water. Government officials, scientists, and doctors say that Fluoridation helps prevent tooth decay and cavities, but it also has harmful effects in larger doses, creating a controversy over whether water should be fluoridated.

Related pages
Fluoride
Fluorine
Fluorite

Fluorine compounds
Iron(II,III) oxide is a chemical compound. It can be used as an iron ore (source of a material) called magnetite.  It is black and brittle.  It can oxidize to red iron(III) oxide after some time.  It is attracted to magnets.  It is a compound that contains iron in two different oxidation states; some of the iron atoms are in a +2 oxidation state and some are in a +3 oxidation state.

Related pages 
 Iron(II) oxide
 Iron(III) oxide, rust
 Iron oxide
 Rust
 Iron(II) hydroxide

Minerals
Iron compounds
Oxides
Beck, Bogert & Appice was a hard rock power trio formed by Jeff Beck, Tim Bogert, and Carmine Appice. They released one studio album and one live album.

Hard rock bands
Beck, Bogert & Appice is the first album by the '70s band Beck, Bogert & Appice.

Songs in the album

Personnel 
 Jeff Beck: guitar and vocals
 Tim Bogert: bass and vocals
 Carmine Appice: drums and vocals

1973 albums
Blues rock albums
Hard rock albums
Wonderwall is a single by the rock band Oasis.  It was written by Noel Gallagher.  Wonderwall comes from (What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Oasis's second album.  The song also appears on Stop the Clocks and Time Flies... 1994-2009.  It was the only song that reached the top 10 in America on the Hot 100 for Oasis.  It also reached number 1 in four countries and reached the top 10 in 10 countries.

Background
Noel Gallagher says the song was written about a girl he met at a concert when he was touring with Oasis.
It is said that "Wonderwall" was written for Gallagher's then-girlfriend, Meg Mathews.  Gallagher now says the song was not about her, but he did say "The meaning of that song was taken away from me by the media who jumped on it.  How do you tell your Mrs it's not about her once she's read it is? It's a song about an imaginary friend who's gonna come and save you from yourself."
In 2008 Liam Gallagher said this about the song: "I can't fucking stand that fucking song! Every time I have to sing it I want to gag. Problem is, it was a big, big tune for us." Noel said that Liam, "...thought we had gone too dance when I wrote 'Wonderwall' because the drums didn't go boom-boom bap, boom-boom bap."

Recording
The song was recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales in May of 1995.  According to producer Owen Morris, the song was done in 6 to 8 hours.

In the beginning, Noel wanted to sing this song, but he gave his brother Liam Gallagher the choice, and Noel ended up singing "Don't Look Back in Anger".  He later said he had only ever wanted to sing "Don't Look Back in Anger", and had used "Wonderwall" as a bargaining tool.

Music video
The music video to the song was filmed in the short period when bassist Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan quit the band due to nervous exhaustion; Scott McLeod came in to replace him.

The song won Best British Video at the 1996 BRIT Awards.
Awards and recognition
In January 1996, the song was voted #1 in the Australian Triple J Hottest 100 1995, the world's largest music poll.
In the Grammy Awards of 1997 "Wonderwall" and Oasis were nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Best Rock Song.  They did not win either.
In May 2005, "Wonderwall" was voted the best British song of all time in a poll conducted by Virgin Radio.
In August 2006, "Wonderwall" was named the second-greatest song of all time in a poll conducted by Q Magazine, finishing behind another Oasis song, "Live Forever".
In 2006, U2's guitarist The Edge named "Wonderwall" one of the songs he wishes he had written.
In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Wonderwall" at number 27 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever.
In 20 December 2007, VH1 placed "Wonderwall" at number 35 in its list of the 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s.
Charts

Chart sequence

References

1995 songs
1990s ballads
Rock ballads
Oasis (band) songs
Ryan Adams songs
Iron(III) chloride, also known as ferric chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is FeCl3. It has iron and chloride ions in it. The iron is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Iron(III) chloride is a yellow solid. It dissolves in water to make a colloid of iron(III) oxide, making the water look muddy. When it is dissolved in an acidic solution, it is bright yellow. When it is very concentrated in a solution, it is dark brown. It is corrosive to skin and metals. It reacts with iron to produce iron(II) chloride. It fumes hydrochloric acid in moist air. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with copper(I) chloride to make copper(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make chlorine and iron(II) chloride.

Preparation
It can be made by mixing hydrochloric acid and iron(III) oxide. It can be made by mixing iron and chlorine. It can also be made by reacting iron(II) chloride with chlorine at a low temperature.
Uses
It is used in sewage processing. It reacts with slightly basic water to make a "floc" that can remove things from the water. It used to react with copper in circuit boards; iron(III) nitrate is sometimes used too. It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is used in certain tests as a reagent.

Related pages
Iron(III) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate

Iron compounds
Chlorine compounds
Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is a chemical compound. It is made of iron and chloride ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is grayish-white when anhydrous and greenish when hydrated. It is oxidized by oxygen to a mixture of iron(III) chloride and iron(III) oxide, which are brown-yellow. It dissolves in water to make a yellowish-green solution. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with bases to make greenish iron(II) hydroxide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting iron with iron(III) chloride. Some other reducing agents react with iron(III) chloride to make iron(II) chloride.

Uses
It does not have common uses. Iron(II) sulfate and iron(III) chloride are used more often. It is used in treating wastewater. It can be used as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.

Related pages
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(III) oxide
Cobalt(II) chloride
Copper(II) chloride

Iron compounds
Chlorine compounds
Iron chloride may refer to either of these chemicals:

Iron(III) chloride, ferric chloride, brownish yellow corrosive chemical
Iron(II) chloride, ferrous chloride, pale green chemical, reacts with oxygen
A V10 engine, often just called a V10, is an internal combustion engine with 10 cylinders. The engine has five cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V"-shaped angle. All ten pistons turn a common crankshaft. A V10 engine can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas.

Road cars 

Until recently, V10s had rarely been used for road cars. A V12 runs smoother and is only a little harder to build. A V8 is easier to build and costs less to run.  New technology has made the use of V10 engines more practical.

Dodge designed a V10 for use in trucks.  The engine was revised and used in the Dodge Viper. Ford developed a heavy-duty V10 engine for use in their trucks. 

European car builders later adopted the V10 configuration. High power V10 engines were put into supercars from Lamborghini and Porsche.  BMW and Audi then added V10s to their mid-range cars. Volkswagen developed a V10 turbodiesel engine.
Racing 
The largest use of the V10 engines has been in Formula One racing. Alfa Romeo made the first modern Formula One V10 in 1986, but it was never used in a race car. Later the V10 was introduced by Honda and Renault before the  season. After turbochargers were banned, the V10 engine was often used. V10 engines were the only type used from the 1998 season. V10s were banned for the  season and Formula One teams started using V8 engines. 

There are other cars with V10 engines in auto racing. The most common is the Judd engine.

References 

Motors
Iron(II) sulfate, also known as ferrous sulfate or copperas, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is FeSO4. It is made of iron and sulfate ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a blue-green crystalline solid when hydrated and white when anhydrous. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with oxygen in the air to produce a brown coating of iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) oxide. This coating is very corrosive. It dissolves in water to make a blue-green solution. When it is heated strongly, it breaks down into sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and iron(III) oxide. It reacts with nitric acid to make nitric oxide. It also reacts with chlorine to make iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) chloride.

Occurrence
Iron(II) sulfate is found as a mineral. The greenish heptahydrate is the most common. It is made when sulfide minerals like pyrite are oxidized to sulfate.