Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Giant tortoises have evolved on a number of tropical islands. They can weigh as much as 3 or 400 kg (660880 lbs) and can grow to be 1.3 to 1.9 m (45.9 ft) long (accounts vary). They live, or lived (some species are recently extinct), in the Seychelles, the Mascarenes and the Galapagos. Today, the world's largest population lives on Aldabra Atoll in Seychelles, where there are about 150,000 individuals.  Although looking similar, the tortoises represent separate branches of evolution.  The Seychelles and Mascarenes tortoises came originally from nearby Madagascar, while the Galapagos tortoises came from nearby Ecuador. Their similarity is an example of convergent evolution.

These tortoises are capable of living over 100 years in the wild. This makes them the longest-living vertebrates. The longest living survivor is 182 years old (probably).
The Madagascar  tortoise "Tu'i Malila" was 188 at death in Tonga in 1965. "Harriet" was reported by the Australia Zoo to be 176 years old when she died in 2006. Also, on 23 March 2006, an Aldabra giant tortoise named "Adwaita" died at Alipore Zoological Gardens in Kolkata. He was brought to the zoo in the 1870s from the estate of Lord Robert Clive. He was around 255 years old when he died.

Around the time of its discovery, they were caught and killed for food in such large quantities that they became virtually extinct by 1900. Giant tortoises are now under strict conservation laws and are categorised as threatened species.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Galápagos were frequented by buccaneers preying on Spanish treasure ships. Filling a ship's hold with tortoises was an easy way to stock up on food, a tradition that was continued by whalers in the centuries that followed. "whaling skippers were almost lyrical in their praise of tortoise meat, terming it far more delicious than chicken, pork or beef". They said the meat of the giant tortoise was "succulent meat and the oil from their bodies as pure as butter, but best of all, the giants could hibernate in a ship’s damp for a year or more".

At least five species of the genus Cylindraspis have gone extinct in historic times. They lived in the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues and Réunion) in the Indian Ocean.

Galapagos tortoise 
The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) is the biggest living species of tortoise and the 10th-heaviest living reptile.
The tortoise lives in seven of the Galápagos Islands. The island is a volcanic archipelago about 1,000 km (620 mi) west of the Ecuadorian mainland. Spanish explorers, who discovered the islands in the 16th century, named them after the Spanish galápago, meaning tortoise.

Their shell size and shape are different between populations. On islands with humid highlands, the tortoises are larger, with domed shells and short necks. On islands with dry lowlands, the tortoises are smaller, with "saddleback" shells and long necks. Charles Darwin's observations of these differences on the second voyage of the Beagle in 1835, helped him to develop his theory of evolution.
The population of the Galápagos tortoise is getting smaller. There were over 250,000 individuals in the 16th century. In the 1970s, that number got smaller to around 3,000. The decline is believed to be caused by over-exploitation, habitat loss and introduced species to the islands such as rats, goats and pigs. Ten subspecies of the original fifteen survive in the wild. An eleventh subspecies (C. n. abingdoni) had only a single known living individual. It was kept in captivity. "Lonesome George" died in June 2012.

There have been many conservation efforts. Because of this, thousands of captive-bred juveniles were released onto their home islands. As a result, the population grew to 19,000 at the start of the 21st century. However, the species is still classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Aldabra giant tortoise
The main population of the Aldabra giant tortoise lives on the islands of the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles. The atoll has been protected from human influence and is home to some 100,000 giant tortoises, the world's largest population of the animal. Another isolated population of the species lives on the island of Changuu, near Zanzibar and other captive populations are in conservation parks in Mauritius and Rodrigues. The tortoises exploit many different kinds of habitat, including grasslands, low scrub, mangrove swamps, and coastal dunes.

The species is called Aldabrachelys gigantea or Dipsochelys dussumieri. The names refer to the same tortoise.

References

Other websites 

 ARKive – images and movies of the Galápagos giant tortoise (Geochelone spp.) 
 American Museum of Natural History, Galápagos Giant Tortoise webpage
 'Extinct' Galapagos tortoise may still exist

Megafauna
Turtles
John Carter is a 2012 science fiction and action drama movie. It stars Samantha Morton and Willem Dafoe. The director of John Carter is Andrew Stanton. This action drama received negative reviews and performed poorly at the US box office, though it did well on international terms.

2012 science fiction movies
2012 action movies
2012 drama movies
English-language movies
Disney movies
American science fiction movies
American action movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Andrew Stanton
Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in the 1860s
Amphiuma is a genus of aquatic salamanders.  They are the only genus still living in the family Amphiumidae. They are sometimes called "conger eels" or "congo snakes", which is not correct. Amphiumas have one of the largest amounts of DNA in the living world, around 25 times more than a human.

Description 
Amphiumas have a long body.  They are generally grey-black in color. They do have legs but they are very small. Amphiumas can be up to  long, their legs are only up to about . It is because of this that they are often mistaken for eels or snakes. They also do not have eyelids or a tongue. 

Female amphiumas lay their eggs in wet mud.  They then stay coiled around them for about five months, until they hatch. The larvae have external gills. After about four months these external gills disappear and the lungs begin to work.

Distribution 
Amphiumas live in the southeastern part of the United States.
In the past they have lived in more areas. Fossils from the Pleistocene time show that they once lived in Europe.

Behavior 
During the day amphiumas hide in plants.  At night they become active and go hunting. Their prey include frogs, snakes, fish, crustaceans, insects and even other amphiumas. Hunting and eating habits are similar to that of the Axolotl.  They suck food into their stomachs with vacuum force. They can become aggressive.

Species 
There are three amphiuma species.  They are different because of the number of toes:
Three-toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma tridactylum)
Two-toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma means)
One-toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma pholeter)

References

Other websites
 Tree of Life: Amphiumidae
 amphiumas.org

Salamanders
Leiopelmatidae, or New Zealand and North American primitive frogs, is a family belonging to the suborder Archaeobatrachia.  There are only four Leiopelma and two Ascaphus species alive now. Leiopelma are only found in New Zealand. Ascaphus are only found in North America.

Overview
Leiopelmatidae have an extra vertebrae.  They have the remains of the tail muscles.

When Leiopelmatid jump, they land in a "belly flop".  After landing, Ascaphus skids to a halt before recovering.

They are very small frogs, only  in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or plants. After hatching the tadpoles nest in the male's back.  They do not need standing or flowing water.  Life span may be long at more than 30 years.
Species
Family LEIOPELMATIDAE
 Genus Leiopelma
 Archey's Frog, Leiopelma archeyi Turbott, 1942
 Hamilton's Frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni McCulloch, 1919
 Hochstetter's Frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger, 1861
 Maud Island Frog, Leiopelma pakeka Bell, Daugherty & Hay, 1998
 Genus Ascaphus
 Tailed Frog, Ascaphus truei
 Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog, Ascaphus montanus

Extinct species
Three extinct species are known by subfossil remains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.
 †Leiopelma auroraensis
 †Leiopelma markhami
 †Leiopelma waitomoensis

Much older fossils, dating back to the Jurassic, have been found in Argentina, such as Notobatrachus.

References

Other websites

 New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology - research on New Zealand frog biology

Frogs
Animals of New Zealand
Living fossils
Megophryidae are a large family of frogs.  They live in the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalaya foothills  eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and going to the Philippines. There are 70-100 species of frog divided between 12 genera. They are commonly called megophryids.

The megophryids are known for their camouflage, especially those that live in forests.  They often look like dead leaves. They even have some skin folds that look like leaf veins.

Megophryids range in size from  to  in length. The adults' tongue is noticeably paddle-shaped. Their tadpoles can be found in a variety of waters, but especially ponds and streams. The tadpoles are very diverse in form because of the variety of habitats they live in.
Genera
Family Megophryinidae
 Atympanophrys
 Borneophrys - Rough horned frogs Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean & Ohler, 2006 (formerly in Megophrys)
 Brachytarsophrys – Karin Hills frogs
 Leptobrachella - Borneo frogs
 Leptobrachium – Eastern spadefoot toads
 Leptolalax - Asian toads
 Megophrys - Asian horned toads
 Ophryophryne - Mountain toads
 Oreolalax
 Scutiger - Cat-eyed toads
 Vibrissaphora  - Spiny toads (sometimes included in Leptobrachium)
 Xenophrys

References

  (2004): Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians (2nd ed.). Fog City Press. 
  (2003): Animal Diversity Web – Megophryidae. Retrieved 2006-MAY-08.

Frogs of Asia
Parsley frogs or Pelodytidae, is a family of order Anura. The family has just one genus, Pelodytes. These frogs live in southwestern Europe and the Caucasus. 

Parsley frogs are typical looking frogs.  They are closely related to Spadefoot toads and Megophyrids. The parsley frogs are small, smooth skinned frogs.  They reach a length of . They are one of the few families of frogs which have more known extinct species and genera (two or three) than living species.

Taxonomy
Family Pelodytidae
Genus Pelodytes
Pelodytes caucasicus – Caucasian parsley frog
Pelodytes ibericus – Iberian parsley frog
Pelodytes punctatus – Common parsley frog

References

 
 

Frogs of Europe
Spadefoot  is the name of the following toads:
 Scaphiopodidae - American spadefoot toads
 Pelobates - European spadefoot toads
 Notaden - genus that includes Australian spadefoot
An American spadefood toad is one of a family of toads known as Scaphiopodidae. They live in North America, in southern Canada and USA south to southern Mexico. Scaphiopodidae is a small family with only seven species.

The American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most digging frogs. They are round, with short legs and eyes that stick out. This frog has a hard growth on their feet which helps them to dig. They dig backwards into the ground.

The American spadefoot toads live on land when not under ground. They are dully coloured, usually a grey or dull green or brown. This is to help in camouflage.

References

Other websites

Scaphiopodidae  at Tree of Life

Frogs of North America
Notaden is a genus of frogs.  They live in central and northern Australia. They are a digging frog.

Description 
Its body is very round in shape with a short neck.  Its pupils are horizontal slits.  It has long arms and short, stubby legs.  Its fingers do not have webbing and its toes may have little to no webbing.  The skin is slightly warty.  Because it looks like some species of toads it is often incorrectly called a toad.  It lets out a poisonous sticky fluid from its skin when picked up.  It lays eggs in chains like some toad species.

Species

Other websites

Frogs of Australia
The Mexican burrowing toad (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) is a frog.  They are the only species in the genus Rhinophrynus and the family Rhinophrynidae. These frogs live from the southern Texas through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They used to live in more places.  There were species going as far north as Canada, but these died out in the Oligocene.

Physical description
The Mexican Burrowing Toad grows to  in length.  They usually have red spots on its bloated body with a red stripe along the center of its back. It has short legs, and a small, pointed head. Its feet have horny, shovel-like growths that help it in digging. Its eyes are small. The Mexican Burrowing Toad's tongue comes directly out the front of the mouth.  In all other frogs it is flipped out.
Behavior
As the name suggests, the Mexican Burrowing Toad is a burrowing animal. It spends a large part of its life underground. After a large time of rain, it will come out from the soil and lay eggs in water. They will travel up to  to find a good water source. Because of the unpredictability of rain, the frog will call and mate during any time of the year. It will dig into soft soil with its short legs once the land has dried up. The egg and tadpole stages of the life cycle are short. The eggs take only a few days to hatch. The tadpoles develop over one to three months. 

The call is a loud, low pitched "wh-o-o-o-a". When it is calling or scared, the body becomes inflated. The Mexican Burrowing Toad eats insects, mostly ants and termites.

References

Frogs of North America
The Tukeit Hill Frog (Allophryne ruthveni) is one of the two described species in the genus Allophryne.  The other one is Allophryne resplendens. It is the only member of the subfamily Allophryninae, a clade recently placed under the family Centrolenidae These frogs live in Guyana, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia.  The holotype was discovered at Tukeit Hill, below Kaieteur Falls, Guyana.  This is the reason for the common English name.

Description 
The Tukeit Hill Frog is a small frog. It can have different colors.  They are either black, with stripes and spots which can be golden or dull yellow, or a dull yellow or golden stomach surface, with black strips and spots. It has a flat body, and small flat head. The toe pads are large, wider than the fingers.

Behaviour 
The Tukeit Hill Frog spends some time low in the trees, 1–3 metres, and some of the time on the ground. This frog lives in sparse forest, avoiding cleared land.

References
Austin, J. D.; Lougheed, S. C.; Tanner, K; Chek, A. A.; Bogart, J. P. & Boag, P. T. (2002): A molecular perspective on the evolutionary affinities of an enigmatic neotropical frog, Allophryne ruthveni. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 134(3): 335–346. PDF fulltext
 Cannatella, David (1996): The Tree of Life Web Project: Allophryne ruthveni . Version of 1 January 1996; retrieved 2007-JAN-06.
 Cogger, H. G.; Zweifel, R. G. & Kirschner, D. (2004): Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians (2nd edition). Fog City Press. 
 Frost, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julián; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, Celio F. B.; De Sa, Rafael O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, Mark; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Raxworthy, Christopher J.; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Blotto, Boris L.; Moler, Paul; Drewes, Robert C.; Nussbaum, Ronald A.; Lynch, John D.; Green, David M. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2006): The Amphibian Tree of Life]. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1-370. PDF fulltext
InfoNatura (2005): Allophryne ruthveni  Version 4.1, 28 June 2005. Retrieved 2007-JAN-06.
  Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Frogs of South America
The Aromobatidae are a family of poison dart frogs.  They live in Central and South America. By late 2019, 126 species in three subfamilies and five genera had been described.

Frogs of South America
Frogs of North America
The Arthroleptidae is a family of frogs found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are known as squeakers because of their high-pitched call. They are small, less than  in length.  They live on land mostly in leaf litter on the forest floor. They do not have tadpoles. They lay their eggs on the ground. 

Some species hatch already completely metamorphosed into the adult form, others still have tails when they hatch.

Taxonomy 
Arthroleptidae is separated into two sub-families: Arthroleptinae and Leptopelinae. Some think these are separate families. 

The two sub-families have these genera:

References 

Frogs of Africa
The saddleback toads are the family Brachycephalidae in the order Anura. The family has just one genus, Brachycephalus.  It has 28 species. 

These tiny, often yellow frogs live in  the cool cloud Atlantic forests of south-eastern Brazil. These mountainous areas have even more species (per square km) than the Amazon basin. Each small mountain has its own species.
"For animals like the Bracycephalus frogs that are particularly sensitive to their environment, even the temperature change from mountain to valley forms a barrier. That leaves the population on each mountain top to slowly develop into a separate species".

The saddleback toads are very small frogs.  They are mostly about  in length.  They include the smallest frog in the southern hemisphere, the Brazilian golden frog (Brachycephalus didactylus). They have only three toes on each foot, and two fingers on each hand. This is different than the usual five toes and four fingers of most frogs.
The saddleback toads are active during the day.  They live in the leaf litter on forest floors. The eggs hatch into miniature frogs.  There is no tadpole stage. The eggs are laid on the ground.  They are covered in soil to protect from the heat and predators.

References

Frogs of South America
Rhonda Fleming (August 10, 1923 – October 14, 2020) was an American television and movie actress. She starred in many television programs and lots of movies in the 1940s and 1950s. She was known as one of the most beautiful actors of her time. Fleming was born in Hollywood, California. 

Fleming died on October 14, 2020 in Santa Monica, California from pneumonia at the age of 97.

References

Actors from Hollywood
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Deaths from pneumonia
1923 births
2020 deaths
In machine learning, supervised learning is the task of inferring a function from labelled training data. The results of the training are known beforehand, the system simply learns how to get to these results correctly. Usually, such systems work with vectors. They get the training data and the result of the training as two vectors and produce a classifier. Usually, the system uses inductive reasoning to generalize the training data.

References 

Artificial intelligence
Hasan ibn Zayd, known as Great Dai, (born early 8th century, died 6 January 884) was a Persian king of the Tabaristan's Alids. He rebelled in Tabaristan (in 864) and fought with the Abbasids, Tahirids and the Saffarids dynasty. He created an independent Shia Islamic Alavid dynasty.

Hasan died in Amol.

Other websites

 ʿALIDS: Ecyclopedia Iranica

Mazandaran
History of Islam
Caliphates
8th-century births
884 deaths
Don Johnson (born December 15, 1949) is an American movie and television actor. He has been featured in many television programs and movies. In particular, he starred in the police shows Miami Vice and Nash Bridges. He was born in Flat Creek, Missouri.

Johnson was married to Melanie Griffith in 1976 and from 1989 until 1996. His five children include actor Jesse Johnson and actress Dakota Johnson.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Missouri
American movie actors
American television actors
1949 births
Living people
Tokyo may mean:

 Tokyo, a metropolitan area with traditional city at its center and including parts of the surrounding prefectures and islands in the Pacific Ocan

 Prefecture of Tokyo or Tokyo Prefecture, established in 1943

City and Prefecture
The history of Tokyo includes
 1457-present: Tokyo
 1457-1869: historical Edo or , see 
 1869-1943: historical Tokyo Prefecture or , also known as Tōkei-fu
 1889-1943: historical Tokyo, Tokyo or , also known as "Tokyo City"
 1943-present: Tokyo Metropolis or 

 Traditional Tokyo or the Special wards of Tokyo are 23 cities occupying the place that was formerly the city of Tokyo

Related pages

List of articles that begin with "Tokyo"
 F.C. Tokyo, a professional association football team in Tokyo
The corps de ballet are a group of dancers in a ballet company who are not soloists. They perform as a group (the Flowers in the "Waltz of the Flowers" from The Nutcracker, for example) and at other times as a backdrop for the soloists (the peasants in the mad scene from Giselle).

Ballet terminology
This article is about Tokyo Prefecture. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
 is a former Japanese government entity starting in 1869 and ending in 1943

In 1943, the prefecture's municipalities, including the traditional city of Tokyo, became part of the newly formed  or "greater Tokyo metropolian area".

References

 
1869 establishments in Japan
1943 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Japan
Soul Asylum is an American alternative rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Soul Asylum has four members in the band; the current band members are David Pirner, Dan Murphy, Michael Bland and Tommy Stinson.

The band was formed in 1981 and were balled Loud Fast Rules. The band was renamed Soul Asylum in 1983. They released their debut album Say What You Will, Clarence...Karl Sold the Truck on August 24, 1984. The song "Runaway Train" from their sixth studio album, "Grave Dancers Union" won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 1994. The bands original bassist Karl Mueller died on June 17, 2005 from throat cancer. They released their tenth studio album "Delayed Reaction" on July 17, 2012.

Band members 

Current
David Pirner - lead vocals, guitar (1983–present)
Michael Bland - drums, backing vocals (1983-1985, 2005-present)
Tommy Stinson - bass guitar, backing vocals (2005–present)
Former
Dan Murphy - guitar (1983-2012)
Pat Morley – drums (1983)
Grant Young – drums (1985–1995)
Sterling Campbell – drums (1995-2000)
Chuck Biscuits – drums (2000-2005)
Karl Mueller - bass guitar (1983–2005)
Joey Huffman - keyboards (1993–1997, 2003–2006)

Discography 
So far as of 2012, Soul Asylum have released 10 studio albums and 1 live album:

Albums
Say What You Will, Clarence... Karl Sold the Truck (1984)
Made to Be Broken (1986)
While You Were Out (1986)
Hang Time (1988)
And the Horse They Rode In On (1990)
Grave Dancers Union (1992)
Let Your Dim Light Shine (1995)
Candy from a Stranger (1998)
The Silver Lining (2006)
Delayed Reaction (2012)

Live albums
After the Flood: Live from the Grand Forks Prom, June 28, 1997 (2004)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from Minnesota
Alexandre Nikolayevich Benois (3 May 18709 February 1960) was an artist, art critic, and historian. He was born in St. Petersburg and died in Paris. He designed several productions for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes including Petrushka.

Russian designers
1870 births
1960 deaths
This article is about Tokyo City in Tokyo Prefecture. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation).

 was a Japanese city in Tokyo Prefecture in 1889 through 1943.

History
In 1869, the city of Edo was renamed Tokyo, which means "Eastern Capital". The offices of Tokyo Prefecture were also opened.

In 1943, the city was abolished. All of the 23 Special wards of Tokyo merged with Tokyo Prefecture to form the Tokyo Metropolis.

References

Cities in Tokyo Prefecture
1869 establishments in Japan

et:Tōkyō
The glass frog (or glassfrog) is the common name for the frogs of the amphibian family Centrolenidae. Most glass frogs are a lime green color.  For some glass frogs the skin on the stomach area is transparent. The insides, including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract can be seen through the skin.  This is the reason for the common name.

Characteristics
Glass frogs are generally small, ranging from  in length. The frog is known to eat its own young. They are green in color over most of their bodies. The skin along the lower surface of the body is translucent.

Glass frogs are similar in appearance to some green frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus and to some tree frogs of the family Hylidae. Hylid tree frogs have eyes that face to the side, whilst those of glass frogs face forward.
Distribution
These frogs live from southern Mexico to Panama.  They are through the Andes from Venezuela and the island of Tobago to Bolivia. Some species are in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, the Guiana Shield region, southeastern Brazil, and northern Argentina.

Biology
Glass frogs are mostly arboreal. They live along rivers and streams during the breeding season.  Many live in montane cloud forests of Central and South America. Some species also live in Amazon and Chocóan rainforest and semi-deciduous forests.

The eggs are usually put on the leaves of trees or shrubs.  The leaves hang over the running water of mountain streams, creeks, and small rivers. One species leaves its eggs over stones close to waterfalls. After they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the waters below. The tadpoles are long, with powerful tails and low fins, suited for fast flowing water. Outside of the breeding season some species live in the canopy.

Genera
Genera

Family CENTROLENIDAE
 Subfamily Centroleninae
 Genus Centrolene Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
 Genus Chimerella Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
 Genus Cochranella Taylor, 1951
 Genus Espadarana Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
 Genus Nymphargus Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007
 Genus Rulyrana Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
 Genus Sachatamia Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
 Genus Teratohyla Taylor, 1951
 Genus Vitreorana Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
 Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae
 Genus Celsiella Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
 Genus Hyalinobatrachium Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991 - "True" Glass Frogs
 Subfamily Allophryninae
Incertae sedis Ikakogi Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009

References
References

 Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, L. Trueb, J. Ayarzagüena, M. Rada, C. Vilá. 2009. Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa 2100:1-97.
 Kubicki, Brian. Ranas De Vidrio - Costa Rica - Glass Frogs (2007). In Spanish and English. .

Frogs of North America
Frogs of South America
The Ceratophryinae, known as common horned frogs, are a subfamily of the leptodactylid frogs. All species live in South America.  

Fossils of the giant Beelzebufo from Cretaceous Madagascar suggest that the subfamily may have once ranged throughout the prehistoric supercontinent of Gondwana. Not all species in the subfamily have the horn-like growth at the eyes. All are carnivorous, terrestrial or semi-aquatic.  They have large heads and mouths. 

Some people enjoy keeping these frogs as pets.

Genera
 †Beelzebufo, Evans, Jones, & Krause, 2008.
 Ceratophrys, Wied-Neuwied, 1824.
 Chacophrys, Reig & Limeses, 1963.
 Lepidobatrachus, Budgett, 1899.
 Macrogenioglottus, Carvalho, 1946.
 Odontophrynus, Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862.
 Proceratophrys, Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920.

References

http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=&subfamily=Ceratophryinae&genus=&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment=

Frogs of South America
Frogs of Africa
Craugastoridae is a family of frogs.  There are 2 genera: Craugastor and Haddadus. 

The genus Craugastor has 112 species.  They can be found in the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America up to northwestern South America. The genus Haddadus has 2 species.  They are only found in south-eastern Brazil.

References 

Frogs of North America
Frogs of South America
Cycloramphinae is a subfamily of leptodactylid frogs.  They are found in South America.

Genera
 Crossodactylodes Cochran, 1938.
 Crossodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1841.
 Cycloramphus Tschudi, 1838.
 Hylodes Fitzinger, 1826.
 Megaelosia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923.
 Paratelmatobius Lutz & Carvalho, 1958.
 Rupirana Heyer, 1999.
 Scythrophrys Lynch, 1971.
 Thoropa Cope, 1865.
 Zachaenus Cope, 1866.

Frogs of South America
Eleutherodactylidae is a family of frogs. They used to be a subfamily of Leptodactylidae.  There are 801 frogs in the family.

Genera
 Adelophryne Hoogmoed et Lescure, 1984.
 Atopophrynus Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1982.
 Barycholos Heyer, 1969.
 Diasporus Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
 Dischidodactylus Lynch, 1979.
 Eleutherodactylus Duméril and Bibron, 1841.
 Euparkerella Griffiths, 1959.
 Geobatrachus Ruthven, 1915.
 Holoaden Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920.
 Ischnocnema Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862
 Oreobates Jiménez de la Espada, 1872.
 Phrynopus Peters, 1873.
 Phyllonastes Heyer, 1977.
 Phyzelaphryne Heyer, 1977.

References

Frogs
The ghost frog is the common name for a family of frogs of the family Heleophrynidae. The family has two genera, Heleophryne and Hadromophryne.  There are seven species. Ghost frogs live in swift-moving mountain streams in South Africa. The common name of "ghost frogs" may be because they live in Skeleton Gorge.

Biology
Ghost frogs are medium sized frogs, reaching a length of .  They have flat bodies. This lets them climb inside rocky crevices. They have very large toe discs in comparison to their size.  This helps to hold onto rocks. The mouthparts of the tadpoles are a sucking disc.  This lets them hold onto the surface they live on and remain still while they are feeding.

Taxonomy
The ghost frogs are closely related to the Sooglossidae family, which inhabit the Seychelles. They may also be closely related to the Australian Myobatrachids.
Family Heleophrynidae
 Genus Hadromophryne Van Dijk, 2008
 Natal Ghost Frog, Hadromophryne natalensis Hewitt, 1913
 Genus Heleophryne Sclater, 1898
 Cederberg Ghost Frog, Heleophryne depressa FitzSimons, 1946
 Hewitt's Ghost Frog, Heleophryne hewitti Boycott, 1988
 Eastern Ghost Frog, Heleophryne orientalis FitzSimons, 1946
 Purcell's Ghost Frog, Heleophryne purcelli Sclater, 1898
 Royal Ghost Frog, Heleophryne regis Hewitt, 1910
 Table Mountain Ghost Frog, Heleophryne rosei Hewitt, 1925

References

 

Frogs of Africa
Hemiphractidae is a family of frogs.  They live in South and Central America.  Previously, this group was classified as a subfamily under family Hylidae.

Breeding behavior

This frog is different in that the eggs grow into froglets on the back of the female.  In most there is no free-swimming tadpole stage. In some of the frogs the eggs are in a pouch until they hatch.

Taxonomy 
The Hemiphractidae family is divided into the following genera:
 Cryptobatrachus - Backpack Frogs
 Flectonotus
 Gastrotheca - Marsupial Frogs
 Hemiphractus - Horned Treefrogs
 Stefania - Carrying Frogs

Frogs of South America
Frogs of North America
Ettore Francesco Maria Bassi (born April 16, 1970) is an Italian actor and television presenter. In 2010, it was announced that he is the successor of Kaspar Capparoni in the German-Austrian-Italian thriller series Inspector Rex.

Other websites
 Sito ufficiale di Ettore Bassi
 

1970 births
Italian television presenters
Actors from Bari
Living people
The shovelnose frogs are nine species of frog in the genus, Hemisus.  The is the only genus in the Family Hemisotidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan Africa. 

The shovelnose frogs are medium sized frogs, reaching a length of . They are round-bodied, with short legs. Their head is small and narrow, with a hard, upturned nose. 

The shovelnose frogs are digging frogs.  They live most of their life underground. The female will dig underground while it is in amplexus.  It then will lay the eggs in an underground hole. The male will leave through the tunnel, and the female will stay with the eggs. Once enough rain has fallen, the female will dig, with her nose, towards a water source. The tadpoles will stay there until metamorphosis. The tadpoles may stay out of water for up to a few days. 

Unlike most digging frogs, the shovelnose frogs dig head first.  Other frogs dig rear first. 

Some species are kept as pets.
Species
Family HEMISOTIDAE
 Genus Hemisus
 Hemisus barotseensis - Mongu Shovelnose Frog (Channing & Broadley, 2002)
 Hemisus brachydactylus - Masiliwa Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
 Hemisus guineensis - Guinea Shovelnose Frog (Cope, 1865)
 Hemisus guttatus - Spotted Shovelnose Frog (Rapp, 1842)
 Hemisus marmoratus - Marbled Shovelnose Frog (Steindachner, 1863)
 Hemisus microscaphus - Lake Zwei Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1972)
 Hemisus olivaceus - Olive Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
 Hemisus perreti - Perret's Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1972)
 Hemisus wittei - Witte's Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)

References

 
 Amphibian Species of the World: Hemisus

Frogs of Africa
Hyperoliidae is a family of small to medium sized, brightly colored, frogs.  It has more than 250 species in 19 genera. Seventeen genera live in sub-Saharan Africa. 

Hyperoliids range from  to  in body length. Many species have smooth, brightly patterned, skin that almost looks enameled.

Most hyperoliids live in trees.  Some live on land, including several Kassina species that move by walking or running rather than hopping. Diet varies widely, with examples including Tornierella, who eats snails, and Afrixalus fornasinii, the only land frog known to eat eggs of other species of anurans.

Breeding in this family begins at the start of the rainy season.  Hyperoliids come together at breeding sites. Most hyperoliids lay their eggs in water. Tadpoles are pond type larvae with large dorsal fins on the tail.

No fossil hyperoliids are known.
Classification
Family HYPEROLIIDAE
 Subfamily Hyperoliinae
 Genus Acanthixalus - African wart frogs
 Genus Alexteroon - Midwife frogs
 Genus Arlequinus - Mebebque frogs
 Genus Callixalus - African painted frogs
 Genus Chlorolius - Koehler's green frogs
 Genus Chrysobatrachus - Itombwe golden frogs
 Genus Cryptothylax - Wax frogs
 Genus Heterixalus - Madagascan reed frogs
 Genus Hyperolius - African reed frogs
 Genus Nesionixalus
 Subfamily Kassininae
 Genus Afrixalus - Banana frogs
 Genus Kassina - Running frogs
 Genus Kassinula - Clicking frogs
 Genus Opisthothylax - Grey-eyed frogs
 Genus Paracassina - Common striped frogs
 Genus Phlyctimantis - African striped frogs
 Genus Semnodactylus - Weal's frogs
 Genus Tornierella
 Subfamily Tachycneminae
 Genus Tachycnemis - Seychelles Islands frogs

References

Frogs of Africa
Mantellidae is a family of the order Anura. These frogs are found only in Madagascar and Mayotte.

These frogs are very different from each other. Most species live on land, though some live in trees. Body size ranges from 3 to 10 centimetres in length. The genus Mantella has many similarities with the South American poison dart frogs. 
They are small, aposematically coloured, and secrete alkaloid toxins.

Some members of this group are kept as pets due to their bright colors.

References

Frogs of Africa
Microhylidae is a family of frogs. There are 495 species in 68 genera and nine subfamilies.  This is the largest number of genera of any frog family.

Description
Microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species have bodies shorter than  in length from nose to rear end. The largest microhylids are . They can live in trees or on land. Some will even live close to water. The ground dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests.  The sometimes go out at night to hunt. There are two main shapes for the microhylids.  One shape is with wide bodies and narrow mouths.  The other shape is the normal frog shape. Those with narrow mouths eat termites and ants, and the others eat the same foods as other frogs.

Reproduction
The microhylids that live in New Guinea and Australia do not have a tadpole stage. Those who live in trees can lay the eggs in trees, and do not ever need to go to the ground. Where species do have tadpoles, these almost always do not have the teeth or horny beak like other tadpoles do.
Taxonomy
 subfamily Adelastinae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, & Wheeler, 2015
 genus Adelastes Zweifel, 1986
 subfamily Asterophryinae Günther, 1858
 genus Aphantophryne Fry, 1917
 genus Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838
 genus Austrochaperina Fry, 1912
 genus Barygenys Parker, 1936
 genus Callulops Boulenger, 1888
 genus Choerophryne Van Kampen, 1914
 genus Cophixalus Boettger, 1892
 genus Copiula Méhely, 1901
 genus Gastrophrynoides Noble, 1926
 genus Hylophorbus Macleay, 1878
 genus Mantophryne Boulenger, 1897
 genus Oninia Günther, Stelbrink & von Rintelen, 2010
 genus Oreophryne Boettger, 1895
 genus Paedophryne Kraus, 2010
 genus Siamophryne Suwannapoom, Sumontha, Tunprasert, Ruangsuwan, Pawangkhanant, Korost, and Poyarkov, 2018
 genus Sphenophryne Peters & Doria, 1878
 genus Vietnamophryne Poyarkov, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Aksornneam, Duong, Korost and Che, 2018
 genus Xenorhina Peters, 1863
subfamily Chaperininae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, & Wheeler, 2015
 genus Chaperina Mocquard, 1892
 subfamily Cophylinae Cope, 1889
 genus Anilany Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw, and Crottini, 2016
 genus Anodonthyla Müller, 1892
 genus Cophyla Boettger, 1880
 genus Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974
 genus Mini Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini, Vences & Glaw, 2019
 genus Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882
 genus Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880
 genus Stumpffia Botteger, 1881
 subfamily Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882
 genus Dyscophus Grandidier, 1872
 subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843
 genus Arcovomer Carvalho, 1954
 genus Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904
 genus Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904
 genus Dasypops Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924
 genus Dermatonotus Méhely, 1904
 genus Elachistocleis Parker, 1927
 genus Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843
 genus Hamptophryne Carvalho, 1954
genus Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867
 genus Myersiella Carvalho, 1954
 genus Stereocyclops Cope, 1870
 subfamily Hoplophryninae Noble, 1931
 genus Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
 genus Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
 subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869
 genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838
 subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931
 genus Melanobatrachus Beddome, 1878
 subfamily Microhylinae Günther, 1858
 genus Glyphoglossus Gunther, 1869 "1868"
 genus Kaloula Gray, 1831
 genus Metaphrynella Parker, 1934
 genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838
 genus Micryletta Dubois, 1987
 genus Mysticellus Sonali & Biju, 2019
genus Nanohyla 
 genus Phrynella Boulenger, 1887
 genus Uperodon Duméril & Bibron, 1841
 subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
 genus Otophryne Boulenger, 1900
 genus Synapturanus Carvalho, 1954
 subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931
 genus Phrynomantis Peters, 1867
 subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946
 genus Paradoxophyla Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc, 1991
genus Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882
Range
Frogs from Microhylidae live throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of North America, South America, Africa, eastern India, Sri Lanka, south-east Asia, through New Guinea and Australia. Although most are found in tropical or sub-tropical regions, a few species can be found in arid or non-tropical areas. They are the majority frog species in New Guinea and Madagascar.

References

 

Frogs
Myobatrachidae is a family of frogs found in Australia and New Guinea. Members of this family vary greatly in size.  There are species less than  long.  This family also has the second-largest frog in Australia, the Giant Barred Frog at  in length. The entire family either live in land or water.  None of them live in trees.

These frogs do not have the adhesive toe disc cups found in the tree frogs. The family is broken up into three sub-families: Limnodynastinae, Myobatrachinae and Rheobatrachinae. This separation is based mainly on their egg-laying habits. Those of the sub-family Limnodynastinae lay foam nests. The female makes foam with a chemical on her skin. The foam may float on top of water, or be on land. The sub-family Rheobatrachinae has the two species of gastric-brooding frog, and the rest are in the sub-family Myobatrachinae.

Taxonomy

References

 

Frogs of Australia
Frogs of Oceania
Julianna Margulies (born June 8, 1966) is an Emmy and Golden Globe award winning actress. She has received more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other actress or actor. She played Carol in the long-running series ER and Alicia in the CBS legal drama The Good Wife. She also performed in sitcoms and theatrical movies. She was raised in New York.

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York (state)
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1966 births
Living people
Maya Rudolph (born July 27, 1972) is an American actress and comedian. She is the daughter of singer Minnie Riperton and music composer Richard Rudolph. She has acted in many sitcoms, including NBC's Up all Night. She was a cast member on the NBC television program Saturday Night Live from 2000 to 2007. She is also the newfound "spokesperson" for M&M's candy as of January 23, 2023, as per an announcement from the company that makes M&M's.

Rudolph was raised in Santa Monica, California. She attended University of California, Santa Cruz.
Early life
Rudolph was born in Gainesville, Florida. She is the daughter of soul singer Minnie Riperton and composer/songwriter/producer Richard Rudolph. Her father is an Ashkenazi Jew. Her mother was African-American. Her paternal grandfather was Sidney Rudolph. He was a philanthropist who once owned all of the Wendy's and Rudy's restaurants in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Her parents moved to Los Angeles when she and her brother Marc were very young. They grew up in the Westwood section of Los Angeles.

References

Comedians from Florida
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Florida
Musicians from Florida
Singers from Los Angeles
1972 births
Living people

American Jews
African-American movie actors
Minnie Julia Riperton Rudolph (November 8, 1947 - July 12, 1979), known professionally as Minnie Riperton, was an American singer-songwriter best known for her 1975 single "Lovin' You". She was well known for her R&B singing. She was married to songwriter and music producer Richard Rudolph from 1972 until her death in 1979. They had two children: music engineer Marc Rudolph and actress/comedienne Maya Rudolph. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She died of breast cancer at the age of 31 on July 12, 1979.

Early life
Riperton was born in Chicago to Thelma and Daniel Riperton, a Pullman porter. She was the youngest of eight children. She was raised in a musical family. She embraced the arts early. Although she began with ballet and modern dance, her parents recognized her vocal and musical abilities and encouraged her to pursue music and voice.

References

African American musicians
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from breast cancer
Singers from Chicago
1947 births
1979 deaths
Deftones is an American alternative metal band from Sacramento, California. Deftones has five members in the band; the current band members are Chino Moreno, Stephen Carpenter, Abe Cunningham, Frank Delgado and Sergio Vega.

The band was formed in 1988. They released their debut album Adrenaline on October 3, 1995. The song "Elite" from their third studio album, "White Pony" won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2001. The band has been noted for influencing bands like Muse, Linkin Park, Avenged Sevenfold, Seether, System of a Down, Fightstar, 10 Years as well as many other bands.

On November 4, 2008, the band's bassist Chi Cheng was involved in a car accident which seriously injured him. The band brought in another bassist named Sergio Vega to replace him during his absence. Cheng died on April 13, 2013 after his heart stopped.
Band members 
Current
Chino Moreno - lead vocals, guitar (1988–present)
Stephen Carpenter - guitar (1988-present)
Abe Cunningham - drums (1988-present)
Frank Delgado - turntablism, keyboards, samples (2000–present)

Former
Chi Cheng - bass, backing vocals (1988–2013) (†)

Discography

Studio albums
Adrenaline (1995)
Around the Fur (1997)
White Pony (2000)
Deftones (2003)
Saturday Night Wrist (2006)
Diamond Eyes (2010)
Koi No Yokan (2012)
Gore (2016)
Ohms (2020)

Compilation albums
B-Sides & Rarities (2005)
Covers (2011)
The Vinyl Collection 1995–2011 (2011)

Demos
Deftones (Demo 1) (1990)
Deftones (Demo 2) (1991)
Engine Number Nine/7 Words (1992)
(Like) Linus (1993)
Root/Nosebleed (1994)

EPs
Live (1998)
Back to School (Mini Maggit) (2001)
Live: Volume 1 – Selections from Adrenaline (2013)

Video albums
Music in High Places: Live in Hawaii (2003)

References

Other websites 
Official website
Alternative metal bands
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from California
Sacramento, California
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in California
Fatimah al-Bariqi. (from Bariq of azdYemen), also known as Bariqiyyah , (born 340 CE)  was the mother of Kilab’s half-brothers Taym and Yaqazah (Ibn Ishaq named her Hind bint Harithah al-Bariqiyyah and also say Asma).
Yaqaza was the father of Makhzum. (The three men whose names are highlighted were leaders of important tribes).
Taym, ancestor of Abu Bakr

Family 
Fatimah Sa'dknow as Saad Ibn Uday Ibn Haritha Ibn Amr Mazikiee Ibn Aamr bin Haritha Algtarif bin Imru al-Qais Thailb bin Mazen Ibn Al-Azd Ibn Al-Ghoth Ibn Nabit Ibn Malik bin Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'a ( Sheba ) Ibn Yashjub Ibn Yarab Ibn Qahtan Ibn Hud (prophet) (Eber)) .

References

340 births
Arab people
Year of death unknown
Wilby is a village in Quidenham, Breckland, Norfolk, England. It has a church called All Saints.

References 

Breckland District
Villages in Norfolk
Minnow is a general term used for fish which are often used as bait for fishing. Many of these fish belong the Carp family. Fish in the family Leuciscinae are often referred to as True Minnows.

Cypriniformes
Origin 
Slinky was the invention of Richard James, a mechanical engineer in the United States Navy. In 1943 he was looking for a way to lessen the vibrations that sensitive equipment endured shipboard in rough waters. An accident during his experiments led to the creation of a "walking", tumbling metal spring. Neighborhood children loved it. James's wife Betty named the toy Slinky after finding the word in a dictionary. The Jameses had 400 Slinkys made by a local machine shop. The Jameses put Slinky on display at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia in November 1945. All 400 units were sold.
Other Slinky products 
The Jameses went into the Slinky business. They invented a machine that could produce a Slinky from 80 feet of steel wire within 10 seconds. A huge advertising campaign was launched in America. James showed television viewers how Slinky worked. Other Slinky toys manufactured during the 1950s were the Slinky Dog, Suzie the Slinky Worm, and a pair of eyeglasses with eyeballs dangling at the end of two Slinkys. Other companies were granted licenses to produce Slinky toys. 

The Jameses divorced. Richard became a missionary in Bolivia. Betty James moved the company to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania in 1964. She was president of the company from 1960 to 1998. She kept the price of Slinky low so all children could afford one. The original Slinky was $1. In 2008 Slinky cost about $4. She explained the toy's appeal by saying, "It's the simplicity of it."