Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Angus cattle, also known as Black Angus, or Aberdeen Angus is a Scottish breed of black hornless cattle.  They come from the counties of Aberdeen and Angus. It is a medium-sized to large breed, with the cow's weight averaging around 1000 lbs and bull's weight averaging from 1800 to 2000 lbs.  Cattle are mostly black and naturally polled or hornless. They are commonly raised in Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, South America and the British Isles.  It is one of the most popular beef breed in the United States as it is thought to be better quality beef. The American Angus Association made the "Certified Angus Beef" (CAB) standard in 1978 to push this thought.

References

Cattle breeds
Aberfan is a village in Mid Glamorgan, South Wales. In 1966, a colliery spoil tip fell onto the village, killing 28 adults and 116 children.

Glamorgan
Villages in Wales
Porto-Vecchio () is a town and commune of the Corse-du-Sud department, on the island of Corsica, in France.Porto-Vecchio is the third largest town in Corsica after Bastia and Ajaccio.Porto-Vecchio is also a tourism city, tourists come from many countries around the world, in particular from Italy, Germany or the Netherlands. Porto-Vecchio has 10,000 inhabitants, 40,000 in the summer.

History and Politics 
The town of Porto-Vecchio is also called the city of salt, because this one was built on salt-water marshes which were drained in order to develop itself.
Food 
Corsican gastronomy is rich and varied. Many of food are seasonal like clementines or citrus. Corsica is the only region of France producing this variety of oranges, around 25,000 tonnes per year and 40% of this production comes from Porto-Vecchio or its area. This fruit is very famous for its freshness and the vitamins which it brings. Another fruit very significant in Corsica and in particular in Porto-Vecchio is the chestnut because they are used in many Corsican dishes, for example, it is used to make bread or crepe. A typically Corsican dish is the pig that is cooked in a lot of version, and that has famous part really good, like: coppa, lonzu or prizuttu, which one is similar to a parma ham but the most famous is figatelli, which is smoked. The most typical cheese is called brocciu.

Other websites 
 Porto-Vecchio , pictures of Porto-Vecchio

Communes in Corse-du-Sud
Bonifacio () is a town and commune near the southern tip of the island of Corsica, in the département of Corse-du-Sud, France. Its inhabitants are called Bonifaciens and the city was founded as a fortress and named after Boniface II of Tuscany in 828. Bonifacio is split into two sections. The vieille ville (old town), or la Haute Ville (the Upper city).

Geography
Bonifacio is located directly on the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Sardinia by the Strait of Bonifacio. The commune includes the Lavezzi Islands.

Famous people born in Bonifacio
 Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833-1893), Roman Catholic cardinal, theologian, and philosopher.

Other websites
Official website (in French, translatable to English and other languages)

Gallery
View of Bonifacio

Communes in Corse-du-Sud
Aléria (Greek and Roman Alalia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse département of France, on the island of Corsica. It includes the easternmost point in Metropolitan France.

Archaeology
Since 1950 the necropolis of Casabianda's is excavated and have revealed grave goods, from the Late Archaic period forwards, that include the finest works of art, in jewels, weapons, metalwares, bronze and ceramic plates and dishes in particular, Attic cups, and rhytons.

Medieval and modern history
As Latin Alalia, it was the capital of the Roman province of Corsica.

Related pages
 Battle of Alalia, fought between 540 BC and 535 BC

Other websites
Official website 

Communes in Haute-Corse
Treptower Tollensewinkel was an Amt in the former district of Demmin. Since 4 September 2011, it is an Amt in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte Rural District. Both districts were/are in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

The seat (capital city) of the Amt is in Altentreptow. 

The Amt Treptower Tollensewinkel consists of the following municipalities:

Demmin Rural District
The Tollense () is a river in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in northeastern Germany, right tributary of the Peene. The river starts as the outflow of the lake Tollensesee in Neubrandenburg. The Tollense is  long and empties into the river Peene in Demmin.

History

According to several reports in the German media, several human remains of the bronze period have been found in the region named Tollense valley () since 1997.

Many showed signs of injury and violent death. In 2008 research was concentrated on an area of . Hundreds of bone fragments, as well as wooden weaponry and flintstone arrowheads have been discovered. The finds were possible due to the preservation of the former swamp ground and the fact that the Tollense has never really changed its flow.
It is now estimated that about 200 people died in a battle-like scenario in that valley about 1250 BC. Since the population then was about 5 people per square kilometre, about 13 people per square mile, this would've been the most important battle in Bronze Age Germany yet to be discovered. More investigation of the grounds is planned for the years 2010 to 2015.

References

Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Rivers of Germany
All That We Needed is the third album released by the band Plain White T's. The album was released January 25, 2005.

Track listing
 "All That We Needed" - 3:41
 "Revenge" - 3:26
 "Take Me Away" - 2:42
 "My Only One" - 3:49
 "Sad Story" - 2:57
 "Breakdown" - 3:34
 "What More Do You Want?" - 2:24
 "Lazy Day Afternoon" - 2:15
 "Anything" - 2:59
 "Sing My Best" - 2:51
 "Faster" - 2:51
 "Last Call" - 2:53
 "Hey There Delilah" - 3:52

References

2005 albums
Plain White T's albums
Every Second Counts is the fourth album released by Plain White T's. The album peaked at #10 on the Billboard 200 on July 29, 2007. The album was released on September 12, 2006.

Track listing

Standard edition
  "Our Time Now" - 2:50
  "Come Back to Me" - 3:23
  "Hate (I Really Don't Like You) - 3:47
  "You and Me" - 2:18
  "Friends Don't Let Friends Dial Drunk" - 3:22
  "Making a Memory" - 2:49
  "So Damn Clever" - 3:03
  "Tearin' Us Apart" - 2:36
  "Write You a Song" - 4:01
  "Gimme a Chance" - 2:57
  "Figure It Out" - 2:45
  "Let Me Take You There" - 6:18
  "Hey There Delilah" (iTunes bonus) - 3:53
  "Hold On" (iTunes bonus) - 2:40

The Best Buy version of the album contains two bonus tracks: "Hold On" and an acoustic demo of "Hate (I Really Don't Like You)".

Deluxe Edition
A deluxe edition of Every Second Counts was released. It also has a different cover, with a white background instead of a brown background and includes a slipcase. It contains:
CD
 Tracks 1-12 as above
  "Hey There Delilah" - 3:53
  "We Can Work It Out"
  "Hold On" - 2:40

DVD
The DVD includes a live concert in the bands hometown Chicago. The set list was:
 "Our Time Now"
 "Revenge"
 "All That We Needed"
 "Stop"
 "Friends Don't Let Friends Dial Drunk"
 "You And Me"
 "Come Back To Me"
 "Write You A Song"
 "Tearin' Us Apart"
 "So Damn Clever"
 "Let Me Take You There"
 "Hate (I Really Don't Like You)"
 "Hey There Delilah"
 "Take Me Away"

References

2006 albums
Plain White T's albums
Fritz Reuter (7 November 1810 – 12 July 1874) was a German novelist. He was born at Stavenhagen in Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

In 1831, Reuter started to study at the University of Rostock, and in 1832 went to the University of Jena. At Jena he joined a Burschenschaft (nationalist students' club). In 1833 he was arrested in Berlin by the Prussian government. They could only prove he had worn the club's colours, but he was condemned to death for high treason. King Frederick William III of Prussia changed this to imprisonment for thirty years. In 1838 he was sent to a prison in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and he spent two years in the fortress of Dömitz. Reuter was set free in 1840, when Frederick William IV became king of Prussia.
After his release from prison, Reuter started studying law again at the University of Heidelberg but had to leave and go back to Stavenhagen and help to run his father's farm. When his father died, he gave up farming, and in 1850 became a private teacher in a little town then called Treptow-an-der-Tollense in Pomerania. Here he married Luise Kunze, the daughter of a Mecklenburg pastor.

Reuter's first book was written in Low German. It was published in 1853. Three years later Reuter decided to give up teaching to become a writer, so he left Treptow and moved to Neubrandenburg.

Ut de Franzosentid and Ut mine Stromtid are Reuter's best books. In them he describes the men and women he knew in the villages and farmhouses of Mecklenburg. Ut de Franzosentid is set at the time of the fight against Napoleon. Ut mine Stromtid describes the revolutionary movement of 1848.
In 1863 Reuter moved from Neubrandenburg to Eisenach and here he died on 12 July 1874. In the books he wrote at Eisenach were not as good as his earlier writings.

Other websites 
FRITZ REUTER (1810–1894)  -Jrank
Further reading 
 Otto Glagau: Fritz Reuter und seine Dichtungen. Berlin: Lemke, 1866 (2nd ed. Berlin: Grote,1875)
 Hermann Ebert: Fritz Reuter: sein Leben und seine Werke Güstrow: Opitz, 1874
 Friedrich Latendorf: Zur Erinnerung an Fritz Reuter: verschollene Gedichte Reuters nebst volkstümlichen und wissenschaftlichen Reuter-Studien. Poesneck: Latendorf, 1879
 Karl Theodor Gaedertz: Fritz Reuter-Studien. Wismar: Hinstorff, 1890
 Karl Theodor Gaedertz: Aus Reuters jungen und alten Tagen : Neues über des Dichters Leben und Werke. 3 Bde. Wismar: Hinstorff, 1894–1900
 Briefe von Fritz Reuter an seinen Vater aus der Schüler-, Studenten-, und Festungszeit (1827 bis 1841) hrsg. von Franz Engel. 2 Bde. Braunschweig: Westermann, 1896
 Abraham Römer: Fritz Reuter in seinem Leben und Schaffen. Berlin: Mayer & Müller, 1896
 Gustav Raatz, Wahrheit und Dichtung in Fritz Reuter's Werken: Urbilder bekannter Reuter-Gestalten. Wismar: Hinstorff, 1895
Ernst Brandes: Aus Fritz Reuters Leben. 2 Tle. Strasburg i. Westpr.: Fuhrich, 1899–1901 (Wissenschaftliche Beilage zu den Schulnachrichten des Gymansiums Strasburg i. Westpr. 1899, 1901)
 Karl Friedrich Müller: Der Mecklenburger Volksmund in Fritz Reuters Schriften: Sammlung und Erklärung volksthümlicher Wendungen und sprichwörtlicher Redensarten im Mecklenburgischen Platt. Leipzig: Hesse, 1901
A complete bibliography of Fritz Reuter can be found in the Niederdeutsches Jahrbuch for 1896 and 1902.
1810 births
1874 deaths
Writers from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Marlfox is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1998. It is the eleventh book in the Redwall series. Marlfox has been translated into two different languages other than English, including French and Italian.

Redwall
1998 books
The Legend of Luke is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1999.  It is the twelfth book in the Redwall series, and has been translated into two languages including French and Italian.  It was also a New York Times Bestseller.

Redwall
1999 books
Lord Brocktree is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2000.  It is the thirteenth book in the Redwall series.  Lord Brocktree was also translated into French.

Plot
A badger Lord named Brocktree is a strong badger with a mighty sword. With the help of friends Lord Brocktree takes back the mountain fortress of Salamandastron from Ungatt Trunn the Wildcat Warlord and his vermin horde.

Redwall
2000 books
The Taggerung is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2001. It is the fourteenth book in the Redwall series.  The title of the American book was Taggerung.  It was also translated into French.

Redwall
2001 books
Triss is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2002.  It is the fifteenth book in the Redwall series.  It was also translated into French.

Plot
A young female squirrel named Trisscar (mostly called Triss) is a slave to a royal family of white ferrets who live in a castle on an island. Along with two other slaves, Shogg (a male otter) and Welfo (a female hedgehog), Triss escapes from the island. The evil ferrets chase Triss and her friends. Triss and Shogg join forces with warriors from Redwall Abbey and the mountain Salamandastron, and together, the woodland creatures fight rats, ferrets, snakes, and more in their fight for freedom.

Redwall
2002 books
Loamhedge is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2003. It is the sixteenth book in the Redwall series. It was translated into French and Russian, and was a New York Times bestseller.

Plot
Loamhedge is about a young hare named Martha who cannot move her legs, and must use a wheelchair. It is also about the travels of her brother Horty, along with friends Bragoon, Saro, Fenna, and Springald, who are trying to find a cure for Martha.

Redwall
2003 books
Rakkety Tam is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2004.  It is the seventeenth book in the Redwall series, and it was also translated into French.

Plot
When the wolverine Gulo the Savage and his army of vermin sweep across the land, it's up to the squirrel Rakkety Tam MacBurl and his friend Wild Doogy Plumm with one hundred hares from Salamandastron to stop the  wicked wolverine and protect Redwall Abbey and the land of Mossflower.

Redwall
2004 books
High Rhulain is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2005.  It is the eighteenth book in the Redwall series, and was also translated into French and Russian.

Plot
A young female otter named Tiria Wildlough is living at Redwall Abbey. When she gets a vision and riddle from the long-dead hero Martin the Warrior, she sets out with a hare named Cuthbert Blanedale Frunk in search of an island called Green Isle to fight an evil wildcat and lead a bunch of otters to freedom.

References

Redwall
2005 books
Eulalia! is a children's fantasy book. It's the nineteenth book in the Redwall novel series, and was written by Brian Jacques in 2007.

Plot
Vizka Longtooth, a wicked fox pirate, captures a young badger named Gorath. At the same time, the old badger king of the mountain Salamandastron tells a young female hare named Maudie to go and find a new badger to be king after he dies. At Redwall Abbey, a young hedgehog named Orkwil Prink gets kicked out of the abbey because he keeps stealing stuff. What will happen to these three animals and the wicked fox pirate? 

Redwall
2007 books
Li Bai (also Li Bo or Li Po, ; 701–762) was a Chinese poet. His fellow poet Du Fu counted him to the group of Chinese scholars that he called the "Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup" in a poem. Li Bai is often regarded, along with Du Fu, as one of the two greatest poets in China's literary history. Today we know about 1,100 of his poems.

The first translations in a Western language were published in 1862 by Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys in his Poésies de l'Époque des Thang. The English-speaking world was introduced to Li Bai's works by a Herbert Allen Giles publication History of Chinese Literature (1901) and through the liberal, but poetically influential, translations of Japanese versions of his poems made by Ezra Pound.

Li Bai is best known for the imagination and Taoist imagery in his poetry. He spent much of his life travelling. People tell the story that he fell from his boat when he tried to embrace the reflection of the moon, and therefore drowned in the Yangtze River.

Biography
Biography

Early life 
Li Bai was probably born in Central Asia, though the exact location is unknown. His ancestors had lived in exile in that area since around the 7th century. He grew up in a fairly poor family. His father was a merchant. Li Bai did not receive any formal schooling as a child. Despite this, he had always been skilled with the art of words even as a young boy. In 705, Li Bai's father moved the family back to Mien-chou in Sichuan. It was there that he spent most of his early childhood.

As Lai Bai grew up he developed his sword fighting skills. He spent his teenage years traveling all of Sichuan as a knight-errant. At age 25, he traveled to Central China. In 727, Li Bai traveled to A-lu in Hubei. He married the daughter of the retired prime minister. There, he continued to explore the natural world where he lived.
Travel 
In 735, Li Bai traveled north to the Yellow River, and east to the Yangtze River. In 742, he traveled to Chang’an, and was presented to the Emperor. The Emperor gave Li Bai many compliments, and thought highly of him. He gave Li Bai a position at the Hanlin Academy. Li Bai received a lot of attention from fellow scholar-officials.

Li Bai enjoyed drinking liquor. He is known for often getting very drunk with seven other officials in city taverns. This earned them the title the "Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup" from Du Fu, another one of China's best poets at the time.
In 744, Li Bai left the city of Chang'an. He was bored with the luxuries of city life. A year later, he met up with Du Fu, in Loyang. It was here that he also became a Taoist, a decision that would change the rest of his life. After settling his family down in Loyang, he left on another ten-year journey wandering around northern China. During this time, his poetry reflects his shift in interest to Toasm rather than his youthful interests of knightly behaviors and gallantry. While famous and well known, Li Bai started to struggle with problems like lack of money and property.

Poetry 
Li Bai is best known for his imaginative and witty poetry. It involves romantic descriptions of nature, and opinions on ethics and death. He was famous among both nobles and commoners in his time, and is thought of as one of the four best poets during the Tang Dynasty. He is also well known for his Taoist beliefs and rebellion against Confucian teachings through his writing.
One of Li Bai's most famous poems is Drinking Alone by Moonlight (, pinyin: Yuè Xià Dú Zhuó), which is a good example of some of the most famous aspects of his poetry—a very spontaneous poem, full of natural images. Li Bai actually wrote several poems with the same title; Arthur Waley's version of the most famous reads:

Philosophy 
Li Bai’s poetry reflects the state of low feeling one experiences when he finds his life is wasted, and talents unused. To drown his own sorrows, Li Bo became very drunk very often, until it became a lifelong habit. Wine, however did help him write. While he was drunk, Li Bai was able to compose beautiful verses without restraint. Without anything holding him back, Li Bai’s finest poems were composed with much spontaneity and imagination.

Selected list 
 A cup of wine, under the flowering trees;
 I drink alone, for no friend is near.
 Raising my cup I beckon the bright moon,
 For her, with my shadow, will make three men.
 The moon, alas, is no drinker of wine;
Listless, my shadow creeps about at my side.
 Yet with the moon as friend and the shadow as slave
 I must make merry before the Spring is spent.

 To the songs I sing the moon flickers her beams;
 In the dance I weave my shadow tangles and breaks.
 While we were sober, three shared the fun;

 Now we are drunk, each goes his way.
 May we long share our odd, inanimate feast,
 And meet at last on the Cloudy River of the sky.

Influence 

Li Bai is influential in the West partly due to Ezra Pound's versions of some of his poems in the collection Cathay, such as The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter. In the east he influenced poets like Mi Fei in the Song Dynasty.

A crater on the planet Mercury has been named after him.

References
References

Bibliography 
 Cooper, Arthur (1973). Li Po and Tu Fu: Poems Selected and Translated with an Introduction and Notes (Penguin Classics, 1973).  .
 Hinton, David (1998). The Selected Poems of Li Po (Anvil Press Poetry, 1998).  .
 Waley, Arthur (1950). The poetry and career of Li Po (MacMillan Co., New York, 1950). ASIN B0006ASTS4.
 Weinberger, Eliot. The New Directions Anthology of Classical Chinese Poetry. (New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004). . Introduction, with translations by  William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Kenneth Rexroth, Gary Snyder, and David Hinton.

Other websites 

Online translations (some with original Chinese, pronunciation, and literal translation):
 www.chinese-poems.com 20 Li Bai poems, in Chinese, with English translations by Mark Alexander.
 www.cscs.umich.edu
 New English translations of Li Po with traditional characters in Zone Magazine.

701 births
762 deaths
Chinese poets
Stop may refer to:

Places
Stop, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in the United States
 Stop (Rogatica), a village in Rogatica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Facilities
 Bus stop
 Truck stop, a type of rest stop for truck drivers
 Rail stop, colloquialism for a railway station

Film 
 Stop, a 1970 American film by Bill Gunn with Marlene Clark, Anna Aries, Edward Michael Bell 
 Stop, a 1972 French-Canadian film by Jean Beaudin

 Stop!, a 2004 Hindi romantic film starring Dia Mirza
 Stop (2015 film) South Korean-Japanese co-production directed by Kim Ki-duk

Music 
 Double stop, the act of playing two notes simultaneously
 Organ stop, a component of a pipe organ
 Stop (Stockhausen), a composition for orchestra by Karlheinz Stockhausen

Albums 
 Stop (Don Lanphere album), and the title song, 1983
 Stop (Eric Burdon Band album), and the title song, 1975
 Stop (Franco De Vita album), 2004
 Stop (Plain White T's album), and the title song, 2001
 Stop! (album), by Sam Brown, and the title song, 1988
Songs 
 "Stop!" (Against Me! song)
 "Stop" (Bang song)
 "Stop!" (Jane's Addiction song)
 "Stop" (Omar Naber song), the Slovene entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
 "Stop" (Pink Floyd song)
 "Stop" (Ryan Adams song)
 "Stop!" (Sam Brown song)
 "Stop" (Sibel Redžep song)
 "Stop" (Spice Girls song)
 "Stop" (Stefanie Heinzmann song), recorded in 2009
 "Stop! In the Name of Love", a song by the Supremes
 "Stop", by AJ Mitchell
 "Stop", by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club from Take Them On, On Your Own
 "Stop", by Clyde McPhatter, B-side of the single "The Best Man Cried"
 "Stop", by Dope from Life
 "Stop", by En Vogue from Soul Flower
 "Stop!", by Erasure from Crackers International 
 "Stop", by Girls Aloud from Sound of the Underground
 "Stop", by J-Hope from Jack in the Box
 "Stop", by James Gang from Yer' Album
 "Stop", by Matchbox Twenty from Mad Season
 "Stop", by Mega City Four from Sebastopol Rd.
 "Stop", by No Angels from Welcome to the Dance
 "Stop", by Stefanie Heinzmann from Roots to Grow
"Stop", by Twin Sister from "In Heaven"
 "(Stop)", by the Lottery Winners from Anxiety Replacement Therapy
Medicine and anatomy 
 Stop (dog), a part of a dog's skull
 Stop codon, a type of RNA molecule in genetic code
 STOP protein, a protein in animals
Surgical termination of pregnancy, a type of abortion

Linguistics
Stop consonant, a type of consonant in which you block the flow of air for a moment and suddenly release it. Also known as a plosive or an occlusive.

Optics and photography 
 Stop, the difference of a power of 2 in the context of exposure value
 F-stops, a unit of measure of aperture
 Stop bath, a chemical used in film processing

Arrestation devices
 Door stop
 Petzl Stop, a descender used in caving
 Train stop, a train protection device

Halting 
 Stop sign, a traffic signal
 Full stop (full point, period), a punctuation mark
 STOP, used to replace that symbol in telegraphs, as Morse code has no method to produce it (sometimes STOP was used for a comma and FULL STOP for the period).
 Stop error, a computer error screen
 Terry stop, a brief police detention in the United States
Other uses
 Safe Tables Our Priority, a food safety organization
 Secure Trusted Operating Program, a computer operating system
 Stop, a futuristic display typeface by Aldo Novarese
 Stop squark, in quantum physics, a supersymmetric squark which is the superpartner of the top quark
 Society of Teachers Opposed to Physical Punishment, an organisation based in the United Kingdom
 Strategic Operations, a military, police, and medical training company in San Diego
 Stop or stopper, a specific type of card holding in one suit in the game of contract bridge (see: Glossary of contract bridge terms#stopper)

See also
 
 
 Stopper (disambiguation)
 Halt (disambiguation)
Abdelaziz Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Basha (), ; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006), known as Naguib Mahfouz, was an Egyptian novelist who won the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He managed to modernize Arabic literature. He is one of the few writers of Arabic literature who explored themes of existentialism.

Biography 
Naguib Mahfouz was born in the Gamaliya quarter of Cairo and was named after Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz (1882-1974), the renowned Coptic physician who delivered him. In his childhood Mahfouz read extensively. His mother often took him to museums and Egyptian history later became a major theme in many of his books.

The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 had a strong effect on Mahfouz, although he was at the time only seven years old. From the window he often saw English soldiers firing at the demonstrators, men and women. "You could say," he later noted, "that the one thing which most shook the security of my childhood was the 1919 revolution."
Before the Nobel Prize only a few of his novels had appeared in the West.
Because of his outspoken support for Anwar el Sadat's treaty with Israel, his books were banned in many Arab countries until after he won the Nobel prize.

Like many Egyptian writers and intellectuals, Mahfouz was on a "death list" by Islamic fundamentalists. He defended Salman Rushdie after the Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini condemned him to death, but later he criticized Rushdie's Satanic Verses as "insulting" to Islam.

Before his death, Mahfouz was the oldest living Nobel Literature laureate and the third oldest of all time, only Bertrand Russell and Halldor Laxness were older. At the time of his death, he was the only Arabic-language writer to have won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Works

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References
References

Other websites 
 The Paris Review Interview With Naguib Mahfouz
 Naguib Mahfouz on his English publisher's website 
 Nobel Prize press release
 Naguib Mahfouz from Pegasos Author's Calendar 
 Cornell biography
 BBC report of death 30 August 2006
 Article dated 31 August 2006 from The Independent: Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz dies aged 94 
 Associated Press report dated 31 August 2006 on Naguib Mahfouz's funeral
 Biography and bibliography in French 
 -"L'hypothèse naturaliste zolienne dans l'oeuvre de Naguib Mahfouz", by Salah NATIJ - in french, Website Maduba / Invitation àl'adab
 Obituary of Naguib Mahfouz published in Islamica Magazine 
 Fouad Ajami, "The Humanist in the Alleys," The New Republic, September 25, 2006, http://www.sais-jhu.edu/programs/mideast/documents/Recent%20Articles/Articles/The%20Humanist%20in%20the%20Alleys.pdf 

1911 births
2006 deaths
Writers from Cairo
Egyptian Nobel Prize winners
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (French pronounced: maʁsɛl pʁust) (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of À la recherche du temps perdu (in English, Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction published in seven parts from 1913 to 1927.

Proust was a homosexual. He died of pneumonia.

References
Adorno, Theodor.  "Prisms."  The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.  1967.
 Aciman, André (2004) The Proust Project. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 Albaret, Céleste (Barbara Bray, trans.) 2003 Monsieur Proust. New York: The New York Review of Books
 Bernard, Anne-Marie (2002) The World of Proust, as seen by Paul Nadar. Cambridge: MIT Press
 Carter, William C. (2000) Marcel Proust: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press
 Davenport-Hines, Richard (2006) A Night at the Majestic. London: Faber and Faber 
 De Botton, Alain (1998) How Proust Can Change Your Life. New York: Vintage Books
 Deleuze, Gilles (2004) Proust and Signs: The Complete Text. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
 Painter, George D (1959) Marcel Proust A Biography Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus
 Shattuck, Roger (1963) Proust's Binoculars: A Study of Memory, Time, and Recognition in À la recherche du temps perdu. New York: Random House
Shattuck, Roger (2000) Proust's Way: A Field Guide To In Search of Lost Time, New York: W. W. Norton
 Tadié, Jean-Yves: MARCEL PROUST: A Life. Viking, New York, 2000
 White, Edmund (1998) Marcel Proust. New York: Viking Books
Online texts 
  French text of volumes 1-4 and Swann's Way in English translation
 University of Adelaide Library  French text of volumes 1-4 and the complete novel in English translation
 Works of Marcel Proust 

1871 births
1922 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
French novelists
French LGBT writers
Infectious disease deaths in France
Writers from Paris
Ashoka was India's great emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty of India who ruled from 268-232 BC. His name means "without sorrow".

Ashoka is often cited as one of India's greatest emperors. After a number of military conquests, he reigned over much of present-day India. He fought a war with the kingdom of Kalinga in which there was said to be 200,000+ casualties. He conquered Kalinga (present-day Odisha) around 261 BCE.

Afterwards, shaken by his brutal victory, he decided to become a Buddhist and lead with peace, not war. To do this, he set up hospitals for animals and humans, created shaded and rested areas along roads for weary travelers to rest, and dug wells in villages. We know these things about his life through various inscriptions (writing) on rocks and pillars. Ashoka also convinced people to follow Buddhists paths.

The national emblem of India and the "Ashok Chakra" are created by Ashoka. It's in the flag to keep a remembrance of him.

References 

4th-century BC births
232 BC deaths
Indian monarchs
The Puritans were a group of English-speaking Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritans thought that the English Reformation had not gone far enough. They also did not agree with some of the things the Church of England did.

King Henry VIII separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 and established the Protestant Church of England.  This Church remained until 1553. Queen Mary returned the Church to Roman Catholicism until 1558 when Elizabeth I of England became Queen.  Since she was a Protestant many people were happy, but thought that the Church had not changed enough and was still too much like Catholicism.

A Puritan was any person who tried to become purer through worship and doctrine. The Puritans' way of life and set of beliefs were called Puritanism.  The most important parts of Puritanism were piety (obeying religious rules), dressing simply, and living a modest life.
The Puritans believed some of the same things as Calvinists and Scottish Presbyterians. All of these groups were devoted to the Bible and to being morally pure.

One of the Puritans' most important beliefs was that every person needed to understand the Bible in his own way. (This belief is shared among most Protestants.) Puritans tried to live by the Bible's teachings in every way. They tried to be morally pure in even the smallest ways. They also tried to be spiritually pure in every way. They thought that man existed for the glory of God. They believed that man's most important job in life was to do God's will (what God wanted). By doing God's will, man would be rewarded with happiness in the future.
Because they did not agree with the way the Church of England did things, the Puritans made reforms, or changes, in their own churches and societies. Some of the Reformed churches in Europe made similar changes. The Puritans made preaching very important. They used as little ritual and decoration as possible. Very often, sermons talked about Hell. One famous sermon is "Sinners in the hands of an angry god", by Jonathan Edwards, an important Puritan preacher. The sermon talks about God being angry with people for sinful behavior, and throwing them into the fires of Hell as a punishment.

Many Puritan groups emigrated to New England so that they could start their own societies there and practice Puritanism the way they wanted. Puritan beliefs and writings became very important in New England. One important work was Puritan John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress".
Separatists
Those who left the Church of England altogether were known as Separatists. Many of the Plymouth Colony Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in New England were separatists.
 Some of these churches were later called Congregationalists.

References

Other websites
 John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress
  A Puritan's Mind , some writings of the Puritans and their admirers
 Puritan sermons 
 Extensive Large collection of Puritan resources
Devario is a genus of fish. It is a relative of the aquarium fish Danio. Generally, they are larger than Danio, and have deeper bodies than Danio species. They have vertical or horizontal stripes. In size, they range from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in).

They are native to the freshwater rivers and streams of southeast Asia. Many species are brightly coloured, and are available as aquarium fish. They are active swimmers, and do best in a long tank.

Other websites 
Fishbase

Cypriniformes
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish
Da Nhay Beach is a beach on the shore of South China Sea. Da Nhay in Vietnamese means the rocks that jump. The beach was called this because of the geographical appearance of it; it has thousands rock reaching the sea and surrounding small fine sand beaches.

Location 
It is about 40 km north of Đồng Hới city, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam.

Other websites
 Introduction of Da Nhay Beach on Official website of Vietnam Tourism Authority 

Quảng Bình province
Beaches of Asia
Nhat Le Beach is a beach in Đồng Hới city, the capital of Quảng Bình Province.

Appearance 
The sand there is fine and white with clean water. The beach is located on the mouth of Nhật Lệ River emptying into South China Sea. There is a four-star resort at the opposite bank of the river and another under construction. 

Quảng Bình province
Beaches of Asia
The Nhật Lệ River is a river in Đồng Hới City, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam.

Appearance 
The Nhat Le River is 152 km long and splits up into other rivers such as the Kien Giang River, which is 58 km in length, and the Long Dai River, which it is 77 km long.

Other websites 
Rivers in Quang Binh Province on Official Website of Quang Binh government 

Rivers of Vietnam
Quảng Bình province
Varanasi (Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī,Telugu: వారణాసి, [ʋaːɾaːɳəsiː), also commonly known as Banaras and Kashi, is a city on the banks of the river Ganga (Ganges) in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Hindus, Buddhists and Jains think it is holy. It is one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world along with Damascus.

Notable people 
Rani Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi from 1842 to 6/18/1858, an Indian queen and charismatic female strategist, was born here, named Manikarnika. On 10 May 1857, she led the Hindu revolt, also known as India's First War of Independence, against the British navy. She died on 6/17/1858 or 6/18/1858 at age 29.

References 
 Singh, Rana P. B. Varanasi as Heritage City (India) on the scale the UNESCO World Heritage List: From Contestation to Conservation.  Swedish South Asian Studies Network.

Other websites 

 District Varanasi Official Website - Official website of Varanasi District and City
 Why Did Aurangeb Demolish Kashi Vishawnath ?
Varanasi district
Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Munshi Premchand (Hindi: प्रेमचंद, Urdu: پریمچںد‎), whose original name was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava, He was born on 31 July 1880 and he died on 8 October 1936. He was a writer of modern Hindi and Urdu literature.

Biography
Munshi Premchand (, ), whose original name was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava , was born on 31 July 1880, in village Lamahi near Varanasi, where his father was a clerk in the post office. Premchand's parents died young - his mother when he was seven and his father while he was fourteen and still a student. Premchand was left responsible for his stepmother and step-siblings. 

Early in life, Premchand faced immense poverty. He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyer's child. He was married at the early age of fifteen but that marriage failed, later he married again, to Shivrani Devi, a balavidhava (child widow), and had several children. She supported him through life struggles.
Premchand passed his  exam with great effort in 1898, and in 1899 he took up school-teaching job, with a monthly salary of eighteen rupees. In 1919 he passed his B.A. with English, Persian and History. Later, Premchand worked as the deputy sub-inspector of schools.

Premchand lived a life of financial struggle. Once he took a loan of two-and-a-half rupees to buy some clothes. He had to struggle for three years to pay it back.

When asked why he does not write anything about himself, he answered: "What greatness do I have that I have to tell anyone about? I live just like millions of people in this country; I am ordinary. My life is also ordinary. I am a poor school teacher suffering family travails. During my whole lifetime, I have been grinding away with the hope that I could become free of my sufferings. But I have not been able to free myself from suffering. What is so special about this life that needs to be told to anybody?".
During his last years,he became terribly ill. The money his wife used to give for his treatment was used in running his press "The Saraswati". He was also writing a book "Mangalsutra" which would never be completed. All this had serious impact on his health leading to his early death on 8th October 1936, at the age of 56.

Writing style
The main characteristic of Premchand's writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the rural peasant classes. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi (as was the common practice among Hindi writers), and also Spanish language.

Literary works
Premchand has written about 300 short stories, several novels as well as many essays and letters. He has also written some plays. He also did some translations. Many of Premchand's stories have been translated into English and Russian.
Godaan (The gift of a cow), his last novel, is considered the finest Hindi novel of all times. The hero, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. Hori gets a cow but pays with his life for it. After his death, the village priests demand a cow from his widow to bring his soul to peace.

In Kafan (Shroud), a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife, but spends it on food and drink.

Famous stories
Famous stories

Panch Parameshvar (Five Almighty)
Idgah (ईदगाह اِیدگاہ) (The gift on Eid)
Nashaa (नशा نشا) (Addiction)
Shatranj Ke Khiladiلاڈی) (The chess players)
Poos ki raat (पूस की रात پُوس کی رات) (Winter's Night)
Atmaram (आत्माराम آتمارام)
Boodhi Kaki (बूढी काकी بُوڈھی کاکی) (The Old Aunty)
Bade Bhaisahab (बडे भाईसाब بڈے بھائیساب) (The elder gentleman)
Bade Ghar Ki Beti (बडे घर की बेटी بڈے گھر کی بیٹی) (The daughter of a wealthy house)
Kafan (कफ़न کفن) (Shroud)
Dikri Ke Rupai (दिक्रि के रुपै دِکرِ کے رُپے)
Udhar Ki Ghadi (उधार की घडी اُدھار کی گھڈی) (The credited watch)
Panch Phool (पाँच फूल) (The five flowers)
Prem Purnima (प्रेम पूर्णिमा) (the Full moon of Love)
Ram Katha (राम कथा) (The story of Lord Ram)
 Pariksha(Examination)
Gora (गोरा) (Fair-skinned)
Novels
Gaban (गबन) (Speed)
Sevasadan (the Workplace)
Godaan (गोदान)
Karmabhoomi (कर्मभूमि)(the Land of Work)
Kaayakalp (कायाकल्प)
Manorma (मनोरमा)(Beautiful)
Mangalsutra (मंगलसूत्र) (wedding necklace) 
Nirmala (निर्मला)
Pratigya (प्रतिज्ञा) (Pledge)
Premashram (प्रेमाश्रम)(the Temple of Love)
Rangbhoomi (रंगभूमि) (the Land of Colours)
Vardaan (वरदान) (Blessing)
Mera Khoon (मेरा खून) (My Blood)

Plays
Karbala
 Prem Ki Vedi

Films based on Premchand's work
Satyajit Ray filmed two of Premchand's works – Sadgati and Shatranj Ke Khiladi. Sadgati (Salvation) is a short story about poor Dukhi, who gets exhausted to death while he hews wood for more or less nothing. Shatranj ke Khiladi (The Chess Players) tells the story of chess players who are so concentrated on a game that they forget their responsibilities in the midst of a crisis.
Films and TV serials
 Sadgati (1981) (TV)
 Shatranj Ke Khilari (1977)
 Godhuli (1977)
 Oka Oori Katha (1977)
 Gaban (1966)
 Godaan (1963)
 Seva Sadan (1938) (based on the novel Bazaar-e-Husn)
 Mazdoor (1934)
 Nirmala (TV Series, 1980s)

References

Other websites

 Biography
 Another brief biography
 Translations of two stories by Premchand
 Collection of Munshi Premchand's stories and novels 
 Complete collection of his literature and some of it available for reading online 
 Website in making about works of Premchand

1880 births
1936 deaths
Indian writers
Kashi can mean:
 Varanasi (Also known as Kāśi), a city in India
 Kashi Company, U.S. manufacturer of natural foods such as breakfast cereal, crackers, and cereal bars
 Kashgar (pinyin transliteration of the Chinese: Kashi), a city in Xinjiang, western China
 Japanese white oak
Kashii, Japan, part of Fukuoka city
A dependent territory is a territory that is not fully independent or sovereign. They belong to a sovereign state, and are dependent on that state to some degree. There are varying degrees and forms of such a dependence. They are commonly distinguished from subnational entities in that they are not considered to be part of the state. A subnational entity typically represents a division of the country proper, while a dependent territory is a legally separate territory that enjoys a greater degree of autonomy.

As an example, Greenland is a dependent territory of Denmark, and Saint Helena is a dependent territory of the United Kingdom.

Most of these dependent territories were originally colonies, which often had no autonomy.
Lists of dependent territories 
This list includes all territories that have not been legally incorporated into their governing state, including several territories that are not on the list of non-self-governing territories of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Dependency claims without general international recognition, including all claims in Antarctica, are listed in italics.

New Zealand

Summary: New Zealand has one dependent territory (Tokelau) and a territorial claim in Antarctica, as well as two self-governing associated states.

Norway

Summary: Norway has 1 dependent territory and 2 dependency claims.

United Kingdom

Summary: the United Kingdom has 13 Overseas Territories (10 autonomous, 1 restricted to military personnel, 1 uninhabited, 1 group of Sovereign Base Areas), 3 Crown dependencies (autonomous), and 1 dependency claim.

United States
United States

Summary: the United States has 11 dependent territories and 2 dependency claims. The uninhabited Palmyra Atoll is administered similarly to some of these territories, but unlike the others is a fully incorporated part of the United States.

References

Notes
A pidgin is a simplified language. Pidgins usually develop because two groups of people need to talk to each other but do not speak the same language. Pidgins are not usually as complicated as many other languages.

Not all simple or "broken" forms of language are pidgins. Pidgins have rules which a person must learn to speak the pidgin well.

Countries that use pidgin languages as their official languages include Papua New Guinea, Jamaica and some other Caribbean and Central American countries.

History of the word 
Pidgin comes from from a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business. All cases given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean "business; an action, occupation, or affair" . The earliest reference is from 1807. The term pidgin English ("business English") is first used in 1855, for a language.  By the 1860s, the term pidgin alone could refer to Pidgin English. In the late 19th century, the term was used for any simplified language.
A popular false etymology for pidgin is English pigeon, a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in the time before modern telecommunications.

Examples 

 long time no see (=we have not seen each other for a long time) is from Chinese  „“ (good– long– not– see).
 look-see  is also from Chinese „“.

References

Notes

Languages
Eiterfeld is a village in Germany in the east of Hesse. It can be found  north of the town of Fulda and  south of the town of Bad Hersfeld.

Tourism

The most important building is Burg Fürsteneck, a castle from the Middle Ages. It is preserved and restored competely.

References

Other websites

 Official site 
 Akademie Burg Fürsteneck 

Villages in Hesse
Fulda (district)
SOCKS is an Internet protocol that allows one client computer to connect to another computer via a third computer (SOCKS server). SOCKS is an abbreviation for "SOCKetS".

When a direct connection between two computers (clients) is not possible for some services (e.g. HTTP, FTP, or chat protocols like MSN and AOL), a user can use these services via a so-called SOCKS server (routing).

Example: Bill wants to chat with Jane. Bill has a bad service provider who limits internet access. Bill's computer then connects to the SOCKS server, which is able to "chat" with Jane's computer without restrictions.

An HTTP proxy works similar to a SOCKS server, but is limited on routing HTTP traffic only.

References 

Internet
Computer protocols
Squid cache, or simply Squid, is a type of proxy server. They have many different uses, including making web servers faster. It is mostly used in HTTP and FTP protocols, but it has some support for some other types of protocols, like SSL, TLS, and HTTPS. It has been made over several years by people in the University of California in San Diego. It was made to be run on Linux-type computers, but with the use of Cygwin, it can also run completely on Windows computers. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License.

Other websites 
 Official project homepage

Web server software
Free software
Corsican ( or Lingua Corsa) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica (France), together with French, which is the official language. Similar languages are also spoken on the nearby island of Sardinia (Italy), in the city of Sassari and the istorical region of Gallura. Corsican is similar to the dialects of Central Italy, particularly in Tuscany. Corsican is spoken by almost 35% of people in Corsica.

According to its UNESCO classification, the Corsican language is now in danger of becoming extinct. The language is separated into two dialects, "Northern Corsican", spoken in the Bastia and Corte areas, and "Southern Corsican", spoken around Sartene and Porto-Vecchio. The dialect of Ajaccio has been described as in transition. The dialects spoken at Calvi and Bonifacio are like the Genoa dialect, also known as Ligurian.
In the Sardinian region of Gallura, including the town of Tempio Pausania, and on the island of La Maddalena "Gallurese" is spoken. The Corsican language is very important for the Corsican culture, because it is really rich in proverbs.

Alphabet

References

Other websites 

 Wikiquote: Corsican proverbs

Languages of France
Languages of Italy
Romance languages
Corsica
PMMP is a Finnish pop rock band. The band has two singers: Paula Vesala and Mira Luoti and three musicians Mikko Virta, Juho Vehmanen and Heikki Kytölä. The band writes their own songs with Jori Sjöroos. PMMP became popular in Finland in 2003, with the song Rusketusraidat. Their biggest hit is a song called Oo siellä jossain mun.

In November 2007, PMMP released their fourth album Puuhevonen which has songs for children.

The members of PMMP 
Paula Vesala, December 10, 1981
Mira Luoti, February 28, 1978
Mikko Virta, March 22, 1982
Juho Vehmanen, March 31, 1981
Heikki Kytölä, October 14, 1981

Discography

Albums 
Kuulkaas enot! (#6) 2003
Kovemmat kädet (#2) 2005
Kovemmat kädet (Kumipainos) 2005
Leskiäidin tyttäret (#1) 2006
Puuhevonen (-) 2007
Veden varaan (2009)
Rakkaudesta (2012)
Matkalaulu (2013)