Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Schwarzschild radius (sometimes erroneously referred to as the gravitational radius), is the radius of a sphere that has certain properties: if all the mass of an object is compressed within this sphere, the escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. An example of an object smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole. Once a stellar remnant collapses below this radius, light can no longer escape and the object is no longer visible. It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. The Schwarzschild radius was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916. 

This radius can be calculated using the equation:

where the gravitational constant G is  N⋅m2/kg2, M is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 m/s.
Derivation 
The Schwarzschild radius is found within the Schwarzschild metric, and originally was used to describe the gravitational field around a black hole, given the assumptions that it is spherical, non-rotating, without a magnetic field, and that the cosmological constant is zero; (it describes the path of a particle moving through this spacetime) however, this radius can be calculated for any object.

References

Relativity
Astrophysics
Hong Seok-cheon (, born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean model and movie actor. In 1994, he was a reporter of KBS broadcast.

in 1994, he was a repoter of KBS broadcast, next years he was enter a 1995 student's gag contest, prize third-class and debut actor. In September 2000, he was public coming out, that times he was more broadcasters and drama, film casting.

so assault of more Koeran mass communication, but in 2002, he was comebacks success.

Related pages 
 Lee Si-yeon
 Harisu

Other websites 
 The Chosun Ilbo
 The Chosun Ilbo
 Cineseoul profile 
 
 The Korea Herald 
 Hong Suk-chun talks about coming out of the closet The Korea Herald-2013.02.04.

References 

1971 births
Living people
South Korean models
South Korean actors
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons. These groups of neurons in the brain are called "nuclei". 

The word amygdala comes from from the Greek word for almond. The group of neurons is positioned in the temporal lobe of the brain. The amygdala is divided into three different groups: the basolateral nuclei, the corticomedial nuclei, and the central nucleus. The amygdala is related to the processing of emotions, especially fear. It is connected to many other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. Information from the sensory systems is also fed into the amygdala. This information is fed mostly to the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala.

Anatomy of the brain
Pokémon Rumble is a Pokémon video game for the Wii. It was released for the Wii's WiiWare service. It is a spin-off game in the Pokémon series. It was released in Japan on June 16, 2009, in North America on November 16, 2009, and in Europe on November 20, 2009.

Gameplay
The player controls Pokémon, battling other Pokémon in a series of dungeons and closed arenas. The player starts off with a low-level Pokémon that has only one attack. As the player battles other Pokémon, the player can collect coins which can be used to buy new attacks and get new Pokémon. When the player gets a Pokémon of a high enough level, the Battle Royale room opens, where the player battles many Pokémon at a time in a closed arena. The player has to beat all of the Pokémon to get a higher rank. As the player gets higher ranks, they can battle stronger Pokémon, including Legendary Pokémon.
The player controls the game by holding the Wii Remote sideways. Up to four players can play the game at once. There is a password system which allows the player to get certain Pokémon.

Sequels
Two sequels to the game have been released: Pokémon Rumble Blast, which was released for the Nintendo 3DS on August 11, 2011, and Pokémon Rumble U, which was released for the Wii U in 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website

2009 video games
Wii games
Pokémon RPGs
The University of al-Karaouine (or al-Qarawiyyin, ) is a university in Fes, Morocco. The mosque was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859. It had a school, or madrasa, that taught students about Islam. It later became one of the most important centres of learning in the Muslim world. It was made a part of Morocco's modern university system in 1963. It is the continually operating school in the world. It is sometimes also called the oldest university

References 

Buildings and structures in Morocco
Karaouine
Islamic organizations
Mosques
859 establishments
Organizations based in  Morocco
The Battle of Troina was a battle that happened between 31 July and 6 August 1943. It was part of the Allied invasion of Sicily during World War II. Forces of the United States II Corps, part of the U.S. Seventh Army, had violent battles around the town of Troina. It is in the central portion of Sicily along the Caronie Mountains.

The battle was in the hills and mountains surrounding Troina. The Germans had fortified positions. They hid in these positions and fired weapons at the Allies

Background
On 29 July 1943, after 20 days of fighting in Sicily, the Germans realized that the Allies would capture Sicily. The Germans also realized that 80,000-100,000 American and British troops would break through the Etna Line.
The U.S. 7th Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr, had ordered the U.S. 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions to attack the city of Troina. Troina was one of the main parts of the Etna Line. It was defended by the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division commanded by Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt.

It was also defended by four battalions of General di Divisione Giacomo Romano's 28 Infantry Division Aosta. The Axis forces were in deep trenches.

The battle
The Battle of Troina began on 31 July, when the 39th Infantry Regiment advanced towards the Germans. The Germans fought off the attack. The Allies planned a bigger attack. The 1st Infantry Division was put with troops from the 9th Division and a French Moroccan infantry battalion. The Allies used 165 artillery pieces and Allied aircraft.
Over six days, the important hilltops were captured by the Allies, then recaptured by the Axis troops. The 26th Infantry Regiment was ordered to capture Monte Basilio two miles north of the town. From here, the regiment could stop the Axis troops from retreating. For the next two days the men on Monte Basilio had to hide from Axis artillery fire.

The Germans left Troina later that night. General Hube withdrew the damaged 15th Panzer Grenadier Division to Randazzo.

Afterwards
The Allies had broken through the Etna Line. But the roads were filled with mines, so it was hard for the Allies to advance. General Hube withdrew his XIV Panzer Corps toward Messina.

Patton tried to attack the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division again on 11 August. He ordered Colonel Bernard to land his troops by sea at Brolo. Bernard's men surprised the Germans. However, Bernard did not have enough troops to beat the Germans. Most of the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division escaped.

References

Troina
1943 in Italy
Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson (July 26, 1928 – June 27, 2018) was an American talent manager. He was the father of the Jackson family of musicians. His most famous son was Michael Jackson. His most famous daughter was Janet Jackson.

Early life
Joseph Walter Jackson was born in Fountain Hill, Arkansas. He was the eldest son and child of Samuel Jackson (1893-1993), a schoolteacher, and Crystal Lee King (1907-1999). Samuel was the son of Israel Nero Jackson (1838-1934), a slave. Isreal was the son of Jack July Jackson (1803-1908), an indigenous choctaw of the Plantation of Gale. He was raised in East Chicago, Indiana and in Gary, Indiana. Jackson married Katherine Jackson in 1949.
Career
In 1963, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine started a band called The Jackson Brothers. Joe was their manager. The band changed their name to The Jackson 5 and they became su
Michael fired Jackson as his manager in 1979. The rest of the brothers did the same in 1983. In 2002, Jackson was given a place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for being the Best Entertainment Manager of All Time.

Personal life
In 2003, Joe told Louis Theroux that he whipped Michael when he was a child. Michael Jackson died in 2009. He did not put Joe in his will.

In November 2012, he had a stroke.

Jackson told Piers Morgan in 2013 that "There's no such thing as beating a kid".
Children
Ten children were born to Katherine and Joe Jackson.
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (March 12, 1957 – March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)

Jackson also has a daughter with Cheryl Terrell. Terrell is a woman that Jackson had an affair with for 25 years. The daughter, Johvonnie, was born 1974.

Illness
In July 2015, Jackson was rushed into hospital after suffering a stroke and heart arrhythmia while celebrating his birthday in Brazil. The stroke reportedly left him temporarily blind.
On June 23, 2018, it was reported that Jackson was hospitalized in Las Vegas in the final stages of terminal pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease on June 27 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1928 births
2018 deaths
African-American people
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Nevada
Jackson family
People from Gary, Indiana
People from East Chicago, Indiana
The Battle of Cisterna was a battle during World War II. It happened on 30 January-2 February 1944 near Cisterna, Italy. It was part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle.

The battle was a clear German victory. It really affected the US Rangers.
During this battle, many US Ranger groups were ordered to support an attack by the 3rd Infantry Division on Cisterna. The 3rd Infantry Division  had tried to capture Cisterna on 25–27 January.

The 3rd Division's attack was part of a large attack by the U.S. VI Corps to move out of the Anzio beach. The US VI Corps wanted to get off the Anzio beaches before new German troops could arrive and attack.

Background
On 22 January 1944, the Allies launched Operation Shingle. This was a sea landing of 
U.S. and British troops near Anzio and Nettuno. They wanted to attack the  German Gustav Line defences  to the southeast.
The Allies had been attacking from the south since 16 January in the first Battle of Monte Cassino. Following the landings, the Allies built up their forces on the beach. This also gave the Germans to strengthen their defensive positions. By 29 January, there were 69,000 men in the beach. The Germans had 71,500 troops to stop them.

On 30 January, the Allies attacked, going northeast toward Campoleone and the Alban Hills. A Ranger force tried to sneak into Cisterna.

The Rangers expected to encounter few German troops. In fact, they were moving towards a large enemy force.

The Rangers had had many dead and wounded. New troops sent to replace the dead and wounded did not have experience or much training.

Battle
Many Ranger troops and the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry tried to sneak behind German lines into the town of Cisterna. They wanted to attack and capture the town until the main attack came.
As the two battalions tried to sneak into German territory, they were attacked by strong German forces. They included the 715th Motorized Infantry Division and Herman Göring Panzer Division, including seventeen German Panzer IV tanks.

The 1st Battalion commander—Major Dobson—attacked one tank by shooting the commander with his pistol, and dropping a white phosphorus grenade into the tank. Two other tanks were captured by Rangers.

In the end, the Germans won. About 803 Allied troops did not return. About 400 Rangers became POWs. The Germans also had many losses.

Attempted relief of the Rangers
The main attack tried to rescue the trapped battalions. The Allies captured some territory, but they could not get past the Germans and capture Cisterna. Cisterna remained held by the German until May 1944.

German attacks on 1–2 February did not recapture any of the ground from the Allies. The Germans had heavy losses in these attacks.
Afterwards
Using the lightly armed Rangers to lead the attack was criticized. The weakened Ranger forces within Italy stopped operating. Ranger units continued to fight in northern Europe (leading D-Day) and in the Pacific War.

Footnotes

References

European battles of World War II
1944 in Italy
January events
February events
The Battle of Wake Island was a battle during World War II. It began at the same time as the Attack on Pearl Harbor. It ended on 23 December 1941, with the surrender of the American forces to the Empire of Japan.

It was fought on and around the atoll formed by Wake Island. It was fought by the air, land and naval forces of the Empire of Japan against those of the U.S., with Marines playing an important role on both sides.

The island was held by the Japanese for the rest of the Pacific War. The Japanese troops on the island surrendered to United States Marines on September 4, 1945.

Before the attack
In January 1941, the United States Navy built a military base on the atoll. On 19 August, the first troops were sent there. They were from the 1st Marine Defense Battalion. There were 450 officers and men. They were led by Major James P.S. Devereux. Also on the island were 68 U.S. Navy staff and about 1,221 civilian workers.
The Marines were armed with six 5 in (127mm)/51 cal pieces. These came from the battleship . There were also twelve /50 cal anti-aircraft guns, eighteen  Browning heavy machine guns, and thirty M1917 Browning machine guns.

On 8 December, just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Mitsubishi G3M3 bombers attacked Wake Island. They destroyed 8 of the 12 F4F-3 Wildcat fighter aircraft belonging to Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-211.

First landing attempt
Early on the morning of 11 December, the troops, with the four remaining Wildcats, stopped the first Japanese landing attempt.

The U.S. Marines fired at the Japanese ships with their six 5 in 127mm coastal artillery guns. They sunk Hayate at a distance of .  Yubari was hit 11 times. The four Wildcats sunk another destroyer, Kisaragi, by dropping a bomb on her stern.

The Japanese force pulled back before landing. This was the first Japanese defeat of the war.
Japanese air attacks on the Wake troops continued, without new supplies for the Americans. The Japanese Navy sent two aircraft carriers ( and ) to support the second landing attempt.

USN relief attempt

The attempt to help Wake Island was led by Admiral Frank Fletcher's Task Force 11 (TF 11) and supported Admiral Wilson Brown’s TF 14. The carrier , the fleet oiler , the seaplane tender , the heavy cruisers , , and , and 10 destroyers were sent to Wake.

The convoy carried the 4th Marine Defense Battalion and the VMF-221 fighter squadron. They had Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters. They had 9,000 5 in (127mm) rounds, 12,000  rounds, and 3,000,000  rounds. They also had a large amount of ammunition for mortars.

TF 14—with the fleet carrier , three heavy cruisers, eight destroyers, and an oiler—was sent to attack the Marshall Islands. The goal was to take Japanese attention away from Wake Island.
At 21:00 on 22 December, after learning that two IJN carriers were near Wake Island, TF 11 was ordered to return to Pearl Harbor. The US were afraid that the US would lose ships

Second assault

The second Japanese invasion force came on 23 December. It was mostly the same ships from the first attempt plus the carriers Hiryu and Soryu, and 1,500 Japanese marines. The landings began at 02:35 after a preliminary bombing.

After a full night and morning of fighting, the Wake troops surrendered to the Japanese.

The U.S. Marines lost 47 killed during the 15-day battle. Japanese losses were recorded at between 700 and 900 killed, with at least 300 more wounded. Two destroyers were lost in the first invasion attempt and 28 aircraft were shot down or damaged.

Japanese occupation

The Japanese built strong defences on Wake Island. The American captives were forced to build bunkers and fortifications on Wake. The Japanese brought in an 8-inch (200 mm) naval artillery gun.
The U.S. Navy used submarines to prevent any Japanese ships from getting to Wake. The Japanese troops starved. On 24 February 1942, aircraft from the carrier  attacked the Japanese troops on Wake Island.

U.S. forces bombed the island from 1942 until Japan’s surrender in 1945. On 24 July 1943, B-24 Liberators bombed Wake Island.

War crimes
On 5 October 1943, American naval aircraft from  raided Wake. Two days later, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American workers. They were blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.

On 4 September 1945, the remaining Japanese troops surrendered to a  U.S. Marines.

Admiral Sakaibara and Lieutenant-Commander Tachibana were sentenced to death for the massacre.

References

Pacific battles of World War II
1941 in the United States
1940s in Oceania
Polynesia
Wake Island
December events
Battles involving Japan
Battles involving the United States
United States Marine Corps
Barbara Branden (born Barbara Weidman, 14 May 1929 – 11 December 2013) was a Canadian writer, editor, and lecturer. She was known for her relationship and subsequent break with novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2013 deaths
Writers from Manitoba
People from Winnipeg
Jang Sung-taek (alternatively Jang Song Thaek or Chang Sung-taek; 2 February 1946 - 13 December 2013) was a leading figure in the government of North Korea. He was married to Kim Kyong-hui, aunt of Kim Jong-un, the supreme leader of North Korea.

On 13 December, North Korean state media announced he had been executed.

References

Other websites
North Korean Leadership Watch

1946 births
2013 deaths
Executed people
North Korean politicians
Business people
Criminals
Atifete Jahjaga (born 20 April 1975) is the fourth President of Kosovo. She was the first female President of the Republic of Kosovo.

References

Other websites

Facebook
Twitter

1975 births
Living people
Presidents of Kosovo
The Second Battle of Guam (July 21 — August 10, 1944) was the capture of Guam by the United States from Japanese control. Guam was a U.S. territory (in the Mariana Islands). The battle was during the Pacific campaign of World War II.

Background
Guam is the largest island of the Marianas. It is 30 miles (48 km) long and 9 miles (14 km) wide. It had been a United States island since its capture from Spain in 1898.

It was captured by the Japanese on December 10, 1941. This was after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. It was not as fortified as the other Mariana Islands, such as Saipan.

The Allied plan for the invasion of the Marianas was for heavy bombing by planes and then bombing by battleships.

Guam was chosen as a target because it was big enough to be a base for the next attacks on the Philippines, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. The harbor at Apra could take the largest ships. The two airfields were big enough for B-29 Superfortress bombers.
The invasion of Saipan was planned for June 15, 1944, with landings on Guam planned for June 18.

A large Japanese carrier attack and heavy fighting in Saipan led to the invasion of Guam being delayed for a month.

Battle

Guam is surrounded by reefs, cliffs, and heavy waves. This makes Guam hard to attack.

On July 21, the Americans landed on both sides on the western side of Guam. The 3rd Marine Division landed at 08:28. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade landed to the south. Japanese artillery sank 20 Landing Ships. The Americans had many dead and wounded.

By 09:00 men and tanks were on both beaches. The 77th Infantry Division had to walk through the shallow water. Japanese guns fired at them.

By nightfall the Americans controlled the beachs about 2,000 meters deep. Japanese attacks were made throughout the first few days.

Lieutenant General Takeshi Takashina was killed on July 28, and Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata took over the command of the defenders.
Supply was very difficult  for the Americans in the first days of the battle.

The attacks against the American beaches, as well as the violent fighting, had tired out the Japanese. At the start of August they were running out of food and ammunition and had only a few tanks left.

Obata moved to the mountainous central and northern part of the island. He could not get any more supplies or get new troops because of American control of the sea and air around Guam.

The Japanese refused to surrender, and almost all were killed. On August 10, the US captured Guam. The next day, Obata committed ritual suicide.

Afterwards
A few Japanese soldiers hid in the jungle. On December 8, 1945, three U.S. Marines were killed. On January 24, 1972, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi was discovered by hunters. He had lived alone in a cave for 27 years.
After the battle, Guam was turned into a base for Allied operations. Five large airfields were built by the Seabees. B-29 bombers flew from the island to attack targets in the Western Pacific and on mainland Japan.

Four U.S. Marines were awarded the Medal of Honor for their brave actions during the Battle of Guam: PFC Luther Skaggs Jr., PFC Frank Witek (after death), PFC Leonard F. Mason (after death) and Captain (later General) Louis H. Wilson, Jr..

Liberation Day continues to be celebrated on Guam every July 21.

References

Guam (1944)
1944
1940s in Oceania
History of Guam
Robert Schwarz Strauss (October 19, 1918 – March 19, 2014) was an American politician and diplomat. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U.S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East.

Strauss was selected by President George H. W. Bush to be the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1991 and after the USSR's collapse, he served as the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 1991 until 1993.  Strauss has advised and represented U.S. presidents over three administrations and for both major U.S. political parties.

Strauss died from natural causes in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

References

Other websites

 Strauss profile and bio at the Academy of Achievement 
 Strauss bio at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP 
 Strauss bio at Answers.com
 Strauss bio at U.S.-Russia Business Council 
 McGarr, Kathryn J. The Whole Damn Deal: Robert Strauss and the Art of Politics. PublicAffairs, 2011.
1918 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Texas
United States Trade Representatives
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
The Western Allied invasion of Germany was an attack on Nazi Germany that was done by the Western Allies in the final months of the European War in World War II. The invasion started with the Allies crossing the Rhine River. Then they spread out and moved through western Germany. The Germans surrendered on 8 May 1945. This is known as the "Central Europe Campaign" in United States military histories.

By the early spring of 1945, the Allied forces in Europe were doing well. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the October Battle of Aachen. By January, the Allies beat the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge. The failure of this last major German attack took the last of Germany's strength. The Germans could not do much to stop the final Allied attacks in Europe.
Additional losses in the Rhineland weakened the German Army, leaving few troops to defend the east bank of the Rhine. By mid-March, the Allies had captured an intact bridge at Remagen. They also defended the bridge on the river's east bank.

German casualties during the Allied attacks to reach the Rhine in February–March 1945 were about 400,000 men, including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war.

On the Eastern Front, the Soviet Red Army had moved through Poland. The Russians 
were nearing Berlin. The Soviets also moved into Hungary and eastern Czechoslovakia. These advances on the Eastern Front destroyed experienced German troop groups. It also made it very hard for Adolf Hitler to strengthen his Rhine defenses.

Order of battle

Allied forces
At the very beginning of 1945, the Commander of the Allies, General Dwight D. Eisenhower had 73 divisions under his command in North-western Europe. This included 49 infantry divisions, 20 armored divisions and four airborne divisions.
As the invasion of Germany started, Eisenhower had 90 divisions. This included 25 armored divisions. He had one of the largest forces in any war. The Allied line along the Rhine stretched  from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The Allies wanted to capture the industrial Ruhr area.

German forces
Facing the Allies was Oberbefehlshaber West ("Army Command West") commanded by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring.

Kesselring had shown he was good at defending land in the Italian Campaign. But in Germany, he did not have the troops or weapons to make a good defense.

During the fighting west of the Rhine up to March 1945, the German Army on the western front had only 26 divisions. Most of the troops were used against the Soviet forces. The Germans had 214 divisions on the eastern front in April.
Eisenhower's plans
After capturing the Ruhr, Eisenhower planned to have 21st Army Group go east to Berlin. Eisenhower began to change his plans toward the end of March. He found out that Soviet forces held a bridge over the Oder River,  from Berlin. He was worried the Soviets would capture Berlin before the western Allies.

In addition, he was worried about the Ruhr. The Ruhr had many Axis troops and a lot of industries. He was also worried about the "National Redoubt." Some people said Hitler's most loyal troops were preparing to
defend themselves in the mountains of southern Germany and western Austria.

American forces in the south were really fighting hard to win. On 7 March, Lt. Gen. Courtney H. Hodges's 1st Army had captured a bridge over the Rhine at Remagen.

To the south in the Saar-Palatinate region, Lt. Gen. George S. Patton's 3rd Army had beaten the German 7th Army and the German 1st Army. From 18–22 March, Patton's forces captured over 68,000 Germans.
Occupation process
When Allied soldiers arrived in a town, its leaders and residents used white flags to show that they wanted to surrender. The Allied officer then took over the town. Soldiers posted copies of Eisenhower's Proclamation No. 1.

It was a poster that told Germans that they had to follow orders from Allied officers. It also said people could not go out at night or travel. It said Germans had to give all weapons to the Allies.

Analysis

By the beginning of the Central Europe attacks, Allied victory in Europe was certain. Hitler had tried to stop the Allies in the Ardennes offensive. After losing this battle, Hitler had no strength left to stop the powerful Allied armies.

The Allies still had to fight violent battles to capture Germany. Hitler refused to admit defeat until Soviet artillery was falling around his Berlin bunker.
The crossing of the Rhine, surrounding the Ruhr, and moving to the Elbe-Mulde line and the Alps showed how well the Allied troops could move around in battle. Captured German soldiers were impressed by the US artillery.

Footnotes

References
 
 
 

Invasions of World War II
Nazi Germany
1945 in Germany
March events
April 1945 events
May 1945 events
The Face Reader is South Korean movie released on September 11, 2013.  It was made by director Han Jae-rim and actor Song Kang-ho (who has also acted in the movie Snowpiercer) appears in the title role of the movie. It won six awards at the 50th Grand Bell Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Han Jae-rim, and Best Actor for Song Kang-ho. Also, at The 33rd annual Korean Association of Film Critics Awards held on November 29, The Face Reader also won three awards for Best Male Actor, Best New Actor, and Best Music Score.

Historic background 
King Munjong (1414–1452), the fifth King of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeded King Sejong in 1450 as the first son of him. However, two years later because of disease he died and was followed by his young son King Danjong. King Danjong ascend the thrown at the age of 12 and was forced to abdicate by his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang who became Sejo of Joseon, and exiled to Yeongwol County. Sejo produced a coup d'état and became the seventh king himself in 1455
Plot 
The main character, Nae-gyeong, could not run for public office as the son of a disgraced yangban live in seclusion and works as a physiognomist. He is able to assess the personality, mental state and habits of a person by looking at his or her face. One day, Yeon- hong who is a famous gisaeng in Joseon dynasty visits him to suggest a partnership that reading the faces of Yeon-hong’s guest and receiving money. As becoming famous at hanyang, a capital city of Joseon dynasty, he was called from the royal courts where he seeks out the talented person who can do work well. Meanwhile, King Munjong who has feeling of danger as his condition gets worse orders Nae-gyeong to identify the potential traitors who threaten his reign. After the death of Munjong, Nae-gyeong tries to keep his loyalty to the late King and help Kim Jongseo protect the young King which forces him into the biggest power struggle in the history of the Joseon dynasty.
References 
http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/2328/critics-awards-snowpiercer-face-reader-both-win-3-awards-korean-film-critics-awards 
http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/films/index/filmsMore.jsp?strMenuId=010401&movieCd=20126091

South Korean movies
2013 movies
Oriel College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It claims to be the oldest college at the University. University College, Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest.  Oriel College traces its origins to 1324. 

The full name of the college is "The Provost and Scholars of the House of the Blessed Mary the Virgin in Oxford, commonly called Oriel College, of the Foundation of Edward the Second of famous memory, sometime King of England". 

The common name of the college refers to one of its earliest buildings That building, which no longer exists, featured a prominent bay window, known as an oriel.

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1324 establishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England
In the culture of South Asia, hijras are people who were born male who have a feminine gender identity and wear women's clothing. Hijras do not feel male or female. There are hijras in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The word 'hijra' is often translated into 'eunuch' or 'hermaphrodite'. Some hijras are eunuchs or hermaphrodites. Many are not.

Social status
Hijras are discriminated against a lot. Many hijras do sex work because people will not give them jobs. Since November 2013, hijras in Bangladesh have been allowed to choose 'hijra' as a gender on their passports. Before this they had to choose 'male' or 'female'. Hijras have their own language called Hijra Farsi. It is also known as Koti. In 2000, Shabnam Mausi was the first hijra to be elected into Indian parliament.

References

South Asia
Transgender
Cha Tae-hyun is a South Korean actor. He was born on March 25, 1976. He is also a singer, radio DJ and entertainer in variety programs.

Drama 
His start was in the KBS Talent Contest. In this contest, he got silver medal. His first drama was Our Sunny Days of Youth. He played minor roles at first. Then starting with the other dramas, he became a big star. He became popular and appeared in TV commercials. He has acted in 18 dramas. In 2013, he appeared in the TV drama Jeon Woo-chi.

Movies 
After Jeon Woo-chi, he focused on movies and TV variety programs. He appeared in 22 movies. From Hallelujah (1997) to The Grand Heist (2012), he performed various characters in the movies. In 2013, he prepared the movie Slow Video.

TV programs 
He appears on a TV variety program every Sunday. This program is called 1 night & 2 days.

References 
Cha Tae-hyun's official website

1976 births
Living people
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
Nicole Beharie (born January 3, 1985) is an American actress. The first movie Beharie acted in was American Violet. Beharie was nominated for Best Actress at the 2010 Black Reel Awards for her acting in American Violet. Beharie played Rachel Robinson in the 2013 movie 42. In 2013, Beharie started playing Lt. Abbie Mills in the television series Sleepy Hollow.

References

Other websites

1985 births
African American actors
Living people
The Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship was a treaty between Morocco and the United States. It was signed in 1786. By signing it, King Mohammed III began diplomatic relations with the newly independent United States.

The treaty agreed that free Moors of North Africa would remain free and not be classified as Negroes, blacks, or slaves.

References

Other websites 
English text of the treaty from Yale University's Lillian Goldman Law Library

History of Morocco
1786 in the United States
Treaties of the United States
1780s treaties
Summary 
There is a red fox that is very thirsty in the great forest. He wants to drink, so he steals an old woman's milk. She gets upset and cuts off his tail. To get back his tail, he tries to find some milk from a cow. The cow wants grass for him to give milk. He finds a grass but the grass wants some water. Again, he runs to stream to beg some water but the stream asks him to get a jug. Like this pattern, the red fox goes travel to find milk. Finally he meets kind miller and cries. The good miller gives him the grain and he brings it to a hen to get an egg. The egg is given for a peddler to get a bead. After all paying is done, he can get some milk for the old woman so she carefully sews his tail again.
Main character 
The main character is the fox that walks around the great forest. He cares about his looks, so he doesn't want to go back to his friends without his tail. He thinks that his friends will laugh at him. Also, he is sensitive. He cries a few times when the old woman gets angry or he meets a kind miller. It can be seen from the illustration, as his eyes always look pitiful to describe these personalities.

American children's books
1971 books
Gumi is the second largest city in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It is in the mid central part of Gyeongsangbuk-do. The Nakdong River runs through the city. Gumi is well known for its National Industrial Complex which was built in the 1970s. Manufacturing is the major industry of Gumi now, but agriculture was the main one before the Complex was built.

Tourist attractions 
Gumi is famous because Geumo Mountain (Geumo San) is there.  Geumo San, designated as a provincial park in 1970, is 976 meters above sea level. It attracts many tourists because of its beautiful scenery; such as oddly formed rocks and strangely shaped stones, forests, and valleys. The mountain is best known for its own unique shape.  Seeing  the mountain from a distance, it resembles the profile of a giant lying on the ground. It has become one of the favorite sites among photographers because it looks most spectacular at sunset. There are a variety of post cards with pictures of its side face of a giant.
People 
Park Chung-hee is one of the former presidents of South Korea and he was born in Gumi in 1917. Gumi became prosperous during his presidential term.  The Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway, which are the principal traffic routes of the country, were built to pass through the city. The routes could have been connected directly from Daejeon to Daegu. The rapid economical growth of Gumi resulted from the president’s care for his hometown.

Other websites 
Gumi

Cities in South Korea
Emart is the first discount store of South Korea. The first store opened in November 1993 by Shinsegae. Also, Emart is the largest retailer in South Korea. There are 146 hypermarkets and 127 supermarkets called ‘Emart everyday’ across the country. Emart is the first Korean retailer to advance into China. There are 16 hypermarkets and the first branch opened at Shanghai in February,1997.

There are 4 business areas of Emart. First, there are hypermarkets and supermarkets. Second, there are Emart Traders. Emart Traders is a hypermarket warehouse store. There are 7 locations in Korea: Guseong, Songlim, Weolpyeong, Seomyeon, Busan, Ansan, and Cheonan-Asan. Third, there are specialty stores. Emart operates specialized stores to address specific lifestyle needs. Lastly, there is Emart Mall. It is an on-line shopping mall that utilizes Emart stores as logistics centres to offer Emart products. Emart stores also provide home delivery service.
Emart stores offer general home products, electronics, sporting goods, and clothing.

References
Official site  
Official English site

External links

Official website 
Official website 
Store website 
Emart mall 

Companies of South Korea
1993 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
Mont-Saint-Michel is a municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, in Canada. It is part of the Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality.

Demographics
Population change:
 Population in 2011: 633 (2006 to 2011 population change: 1.3%)
 Population in 2006: 625
 Population in 2001: 619
 Population in 1996: 616
 Population in 1991: 647

Private houses where people live permanently (all the time): 266 (total houses: 422)

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 0%
 French as first language: 97.6%
 English and French as first language: 0%
 Other as first language: 2.4%

References

Settlements in Quebec
Gravitropism (also known as Geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant, fungus, or animal in response to gravity. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants and also in other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first people to say that roots grow downward and stems grow upward in response to gravity.

Plant physiology
Dr. Mario 64 is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console. It was released on April 8, 2001.
It was the last Mario game released for the Nintendo 64. It is an updated version of Dr. Mario, which was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy in 1990.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Dr. Mario 64 is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined-up together. There are three colors of vitamins: red, blue, and yellow. The player has to clear the field of viruses by dropping capsules with two colors on them. The player moves the capsules as they fall by moving them left or right and rotating them. The player gets points by killing viruses. The game ends if the bottle fills up with capsules.

Up to four players can play the game at once. There are different types of single-player modes, as well as modes for two players to play at once.

References

Other websites

2001 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Mario video games
Puzzle video games
Beyoncé is the self-titled fifth album by Beyoncé. It was released on iTunes on December 13, 2013. 
The release of the album made the iTunes website stop working. This happened because there were so many people on the website at once for the album. Timbaland, Justin Timberlake, and Pharrell Williams are producers of songs on the album. The album got good reviews. "XO" was released as the first single from the album. On December 21, 2013 the album will be released on CD and DVD in the United States. Billboard chose the album as the best of 2013.

Songs
Beyoncé starts with "Pretty Hurts". The third track "Drunk in Love" was released as one of the album's two lead singles. Jay-Z, Knowles' husband, raps in it. The song is about how much Knowles likes having sex with Jay-Z.  "Partition" is about having sex in a limousine. In "Mine", Drake raps. The song "Superpower" has Frank Ocean singing in it. "XO" was released as a lead single to the album.
Feminism
The album has a feminist theme. "Flawless", the eleventh song on the album, samples "Why We Should All Be Feminists", a TED talk by the Nigerian writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. In New Statesman Laurie Penny described "Blow" as being about how Knowles likes being given cunnilingus. She compared it to Prince. In the song "Drunk in Love" Jay-Z raps about domestic violence. The lyric was criticized for making violence against women seem like a good thing.

Sales
The album sold 80,000 copies in the first three hours after it was released. In slightly under a day it sold 430,000 copies. In its first three days the album sold 828,773 copies. It sold over a million copies in less than a week. The album sold more quickly than any other album on iTunes ever. It went straight to number one in the Billboard 200. This made it her fifth number one album. It also entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number one. and the UK Albums Chart at number five

Track listing

References
References

2013 albums
Beyoncé albums
Electronica albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Columbia Records albums
Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) is an organization in the United States. CASA supports and promotes advocates for abused or neglected children which are appointed by courts of law. The purpose is to provide children with a safe and healthy living environment in permanent homes. The program is similar to, but in most states is not the same as a legal guardian (Guardians ad litem). According to National CASA, today there are more than 77,000 advocates. They serve in 933 state and local program offices nationwide. Because of these volunteers, 233,000 children have been assisted through CASA services.

Training
Training 

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) are in cities all over the United States. Advocates receive training on the laws of child abuse and neglect. They learn how to interview children and how to work with children with special needs. All advocates are trained to evaluate a family's situation. The typical training is about 30 hours spent in workshops and 10 hours spent in observing court cases and procedures. They also receive 12 hours of in-service training each year. Each CASA location has a volunteer coordinator. Together with a location's overseer (manager) they give help and advice to the advocates.

Notes

References 

Non-profit organizations of the United States
Child abuse
1977 establishments in the United States
Maurice James "Mac" McGarry (June 15, 1926 – December 12, 2013) was an American television personality. He was the longtime host of the television quiz show It's Academic. It airs in Washington, D.C. on NBC-owned WRC-TV. He hosted the show for five decades, from October 7, 1961, when it first aired, until June 25, 2011.

McGarry died of complications from pneumonia on December 12, 2013, aged 87, at his home in Potomac, Maryland.

References

Other websites
 Mac McGarry radio credits 

1926 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American television personalities
American television presenters
People from Atlanta
Nehemiah Persoff (August 2, 1919 – April 5, 2022) was an American actor and artist. He was known for his roles in The Comancheros, Some Like It Hot, An American Tail, The Wrong Man, and in Twins. His career has lasted for over 50 years. 

Persoff was born in Jerusalem, on August 2, 1919. He was raised in New York City. Persoff studied the Actors Studio. He was married to Thia Persoff between 1951 and her death in 2021. They had four children.

Persoff died on April 5, 2022 at a care home in San Luis Obispo, California from heart failure, aged 102.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Nehemiah Persoff Paintings 

1919 births
2022 deaths
Actors from New York City
American artists
American centenarians
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Jewish American actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
In astronomy, the term compact star or compact object is used to refer collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, other exotic dense stars, and black holes. 

Most compact stars are at the end of their stellar evolution. They are called stellar remnants: the form of the remnant depends mainly on the mass of the star when it formed. These objects are small for their mass. Astronomic objects with an unknown nature are often called compact star, when evidence suggests that they are very massive and that they have a small radius.  A compact star which is not a black hole is sometimes called a degenerate star.

Types of stars
Heinz Zemanek (January 1, 1920 – July 16, 2014) was an Austrian computer scientist. Zemanek developed the first complete transistorised computer in Europe.

References

Other websites
 
 Oral history interview with Heinz Zemanek
 Picture (.jpg) 
 life of zemanek 

1920 births
2014 deaths
Computer scientists
Scientists from Vienna
Stoner is a novel from 1965 by the American writer John Williams. The book is about a man called William Stoner who goes to university in Missouri. The book tells the story of William Stoner's life, his job at the university and his wife Edith. It was published by Viking Press.

In December 2013, the British bookshop Waterstones gave it their prize for Book of the Year.

References

1965 books
20th-century American novels
Lars Emil Johansen (born 1946) was the Prime Minister of Greenland. He was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 1991-1997. He was born in Illorsuit. Johansen represented Greenland in the Parliament of Denmark from 1973, a position he regained in 2001 and still holds.

References

1946 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Greenland
Jakob Edvard Kuupik Kleist (born 31 March 1958) was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 2009 to 2013. He was succeeded by Aleqa Hammond.

References

1958 births
Prime Ministers of Greenland
Living people
Abdelmalek Sellal (عبد الملك سلال) (born 1 August 1948) is an Algerian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Algeria from 29 April 2014 to 25 May 2017. He previously served as the Prime Minister of Algeria from 3 September 2012 to 13 March 2014. His predecessor was Ahmed Ouyahia. In February 2022, Abdelmalek Sellal was hospitalized at the CHU Mustapha-Pacha in Algiers for contamination with the Omicron variant of covid-19 and had health problems related to the latter.

References

1948 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Algeria
Jigme Yoser Thinley (born 9 September 1952) was the Prime Minister of Bhutan. He began his term as Prime Minister in 2008. It ended in 2013. He was succeeded by Tshering Tobgay.

References

1952 births
Prime Ministers of Bhutan
Living people
Tshering Tobgay (born 19 September 1965) is a Bhutanese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Bhutan from 2013 to 2018. He began his term as Prime Minister in 2012. His predecessor was Jigme Thinley.

References

1965 births
Prime Ministers of Bhutan
Living people
Željko Komšić (born 1964) is the President of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He began his term as president in 2013. His predecessor was Nebojša Radmanović.

References

1964 births
Living people
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Current national leaders
Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vjekoslav Bevanda (born 13 May 1956) is the Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He began his term as Prime Minister in 2012. His predecessor was Nikola Špirić.

References

1956 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Current national leaders
Seretse Khama Ian Khama (born 27 February 1953) was the President of Botswana from 2008 to 2018. Khama was Vice President of Botswana before he became President. He was also a pilot in his younger years. Khama began his term as President on 1 April 2008 and served until 1 April 2018. His predecessor was Festus Mogae. His father, Seretse Khama, was the first President of Botswana. In April 2022, Ian Khama was summoned by the justice of his country. The former head of state is accused, among other things, of illegal possession of a firearm. The case dates back to 2016. In December 2022, an arrest warrant was issued by Bostwana against Ian Khama who is believed to be in South Africa.

References

1953 births
Living people
Presidents of Botswana
Vice Presidents of Botswana