/*
   ____            __   __        __   _
  / __/__ __ ___  / /_ / /  ___  / /_ (_)__ __
 _\ \ / // // _ \/ __// _ \/ -_)/ __// / \ \ /
/___/ \_, //_//_/\__//_//_/\__/ \__//_/ /_\_\
     /___/

* Synthetix: Issuer.sol
*
* Latest source (may be newer): https://github.com/Synthetixio/synthetix/blob/master/contracts/Issuer.sol
* Docs: https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Issuer
*
* Contract Dependencies: 
*	- IAddressResolver
*	- IIssuer
*	- MixinResolver
*	- MixinSystemSettings
*	- Owned
* Libraries: 
*	- SafeCast
*	- SafeDecimalMath
*	- SafeMath
*
* MIT License
* ===========
*
* Copyright (c) 2022 Synthetix
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
*/



pragma solidity ^0.5.16;

// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/owned
contract Owned {
    address public owner;
    address public nominatedOwner;

    constructor(address _owner) public {
        require(_owner != address(0), "Owner address cannot be 0");
        owner = _owner;
        emit OwnerChanged(address(0), _owner);
    }

    function nominateNewOwner(address _owner) external onlyOwner {
        nominatedOwner = _owner;
        emit OwnerNominated(_owner);
    }

    function acceptOwnership() external {
        require(msg.sender == nominatedOwner, "You must be nominated before you can accept ownership");
        emit OwnerChanged(owner, nominatedOwner);
        owner = nominatedOwner;
        nominatedOwner = address(0);
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        _onlyOwner();
        _;
    }

    function _onlyOwner() private view {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "Only the contract owner may perform this action");
    }

    event OwnerNominated(address newOwner);
    event OwnerChanged(address oldOwner, address newOwner);
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/iaddressresolver
interface IAddressResolver {
    function getAddress(bytes32 name) external view returns (address);

    function getSynth(bytes32 key) external view returns (address);

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string calldata reason) external view returns (address);
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/isynth
interface ISynth {
    // Views
    function currencyKey() external view returns (bytes32);

    function transferableSynths(address account) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function transferAndSettle(address to, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function transferFromAndSettle(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) external returns (bool);

    // Restricted: used internally to Synthetix
    function burn(address account, uint amount) external;

    function issue(address account, uint amount) external;
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/iissuer
interface IIssuer {
    // Views

    function allNetworksDebtInfo()
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint256 debt,
            uint256 sharesSupply,
            bool isStale
        );

    function anySynthOrSNXRateIsInvalid() external view returns (bool anyRateInvalid);

    function availableCurrencyKeys() external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    function availableSynthCount() external view returns (uint);

    function availableSynths(uint index) external view returns (ISynth);

    function canBurnSynths(address account) external view returns (bool);

    function collateral(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatio(address issuer) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatioAndAnyRatesInvalid(address _issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (uint cratio, bool anyRateIsInvalid);

    function debtBalanceOf(address issuer, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint debtBalance);

    function issuanceRatio() external view returns (uint);

    function lastIssueEvent(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function maxIssuableSynths(address issuer) external view returns (uint maxIssuable);

    function minimumStakeTime() external view returns (uint);

    function remainingIssuableSynths(address issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt
        );

    function synths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (ISynth);

    function getSynths(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (ISynth[] memory);

    function synthsByAddress(address synthAddress) external view returns (bytes32);

    function totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey, bool excludeOtherCollateral) external view returns (uint);

    function transferableSynthetixAndAnyRateIsInvalid(address account, uint balance)
        external
        view
        returns (uint transferable, bool anyRateIsInvalid);

    function liquidationAmounts(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint totalRedeemed,
            uint debtToRemove,
            uint escrowToLiquidate,
            uint initialDebtBalance
        );

    // Restricted: used internally to Synthetix
    function addSynths(ISynth[] calldata synthsToAdd) external;

    function issueSynths(address from, uint amount) external;

    function issueSynthsOnBehalf(
        address issueFor,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external;

    function issueMaxSynths(address from) external;

    function issueMaxSynthsOnBehalf(address issueFor, address from) external;

    function burnSynths(address from, uint amount) external;

    function burnSynthsOnBehalf(
        address burnForAddress,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external;

    function burnSynthsToTarget(address from) external;

    function burnSynthsToTargetOnBehalf(address burnForAddress, address from) external;

    function burnForRedemption(
        address deprecatedSynthProxy,
        address account,
        uint balance
    ) external;

    function setCurrentPeriodId(uint128 periodId) external;

    function liquidateAccount(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation)
        external
        returns (
            uint totalRedeemed,
            uint debtRemoved,
            uint escrowToLiquidate
        );

    function issueSynthsWithoutDebt(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        address to,
        uint amount
    ) external returns (bool rateInvalid);

    function burnSynthsWithoutDebt(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        address to,
        uint amount
    ) external returns (bool rateInvalid);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/addressresolver
contract AddressResolver is Owned, IAddressResolver {
    mapping(bytes32 => address) public repository;

    constructor(address _owner) public Owned(_owner) {}

    /* ========== RESTRICTED FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function importAddresses(bytes32[] calldata names, address[] calldata destinations) external onlyOwner {
        require(names.length == destinations.length, "Input lengths must match");

        for (uint i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = names[i];
            address destination = destinations[i];
            repository[name] = destination;
            emit AddressImported(name, destination);
        }
    }

    /* ========= PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function rebuildCaches(MixinResolver[] calldata destinations) external {
        for (uint i = 0; i < destinations.length; i++) {
            destinations[i].rebuildCache();
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function areAddressesImported(bytes32[] calldata names, address[] calldata destinations) external view returns (bool) {
        for (uint i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            if (repository[names[i]] != destinations[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    function getAddress(bytes32 name) external view returns (address) {
        return repository[name];
    }

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string calldata reason) external view returns (address) {
        address _foundAddress = repository[name];
        require(_foundAddress != address(0), reason);
        return _foundAddress;
    }

    function getSynth(bytes32 key) external view returns (address) {
        IIssuer issuer = IIssuer(repository["Issuer"]);
        require(address(issuer) != address(0), "Cannot find Issuer address");
        return address(issuer.synths(key));
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event AddressImported(bytes32 name, address destination);
}


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/mixinresolver
contract MixinResolver {
    AddressResolver public resolver;

    mapping(bytes32 => address) private addressCache;

    constructor(address _resolver) internal {
        resolver = AddressResolver(_resolver);
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function combineArrays(bytes32[] memory first, bytes32[] memory second)
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes32[] memory combination)
    {
        combination = new bytes32[](first.length + second.length);

        for (uint i = 0; i < first.length; i++) {
            combination[i] = first[i];
        }

        for (uint j = 0; j < second.length; j++) {
            combination[first.length + j] = second[j];
        }
    }

    /* ========== PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ========== */

    // Note: this function is public not external in order for it to be overridden and invoked via super in subclasses
    function resolverAddressesRequired() public view returns (bytes32[] memory addresses) {}

    function rebuildCache() public {
        bytes32[] memory requiredAddresses = resolverAddressesRequired();
        // The resolver must call this function whenver it updates its state
        for (uint i = 0; i < requiredAddresses.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = requiredAddresses[i];
            // Note: can only be invoked once the resolver has all the targets needed added
            address destination =
                resolver.requireAndGetAddress(name, string(abi.encodePacked("Resolver missing target: ", name)));
            addressCache[name] = destination;
            emit CacheUpdated(name, destination);
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function isResolverCached() external view returns (bool) {
        bytes32[] memory requiredAddresses = resolverAddressesRequired();
        for (uint i = 0; i < requiredAddresses.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = requiredAddresses[i];
            // false if our cache is invalid or if the resolver doesn't have the required address
            if (resolver.getAddress(name) != addressCache[name] || addressCache[name] == address(0)) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name) internal view returns (address) {
        address _foundAddress = addressCache[name];
        require(_foundAddress != address(0), string(abi.encodePacked("Missing address: ", name)));
        return _foundAddress;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event CacheUpdated(bytes32 name, address destination);
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/iflexiblestorage
interface IFlexibleStorage {
    // Views
    function getUIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (uint);

    function getUIntValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (uint[] memory);

    function getIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (int);

    function getIntValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (int[] memory);

    function getAddressValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (address);

    function getAddressValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (address[] memory);

    function getBoolValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (bool);

    function getBoolValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (bool[] memory);

    function getBytes32Value(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (bytes32);

    function getBytes32Values(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    // Mutative functions
    function deleteUIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteAddressValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteBoolValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteBytes32Value(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function setUIntValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        uint value
    ) external;

    function setUIntValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        uint[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setIntValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        int value
    ) external;

    function setIntValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        int[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setAddressValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        address value
    ) external;

    function setAddressValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        address[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setBoolValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        bool value
    ) external;

    function setBoolValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        bool[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setBytes32Value(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        bytes32 value
    ) external;

    function setBytes32Values(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        bytes32[] calldata values
    ) external;
}


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/mixinsystemsettings
contract MixinSystemSettings is MixinResolver {
    // must match the one defined SystemSettingsLib, defined in both places due to sol v0.5 limitations
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME = "SystemSettings";

    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_WAITING_PERIOD_SECS = "waitingPeriodSecs";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_PRICE_DEVIATION_THRESHOLD_FACTOR = "priceDeviationThresholdFactor";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ISSUANCE_RATIO = "issuanceRatio";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_FEE_PERIOD_DURATION = "feePeriodDuration";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_TARGET_THRESHOLD = "targetThreshold";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_DELAY = "liquidationDelay";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_RATIO = "liquidationRatio";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_ESCROW_DURATION = "liquidationEscrowDuration";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY = "liquidationPenalty";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_SNX_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY = "snxLiquidationPenalty";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_SELF_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY = "selfLiquidationPenalty";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_FLAG_REWARD = "flagReward";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATE_REWARD = "liquidateReward";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_RATE_STALE_PERIOD = "rateStalePeriod";
    /* ========== Exchange Fees Related ========== */
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXCHANGE_FEE_RATE = "exchangeFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXCHANGE_DYNAMIC_FEE_THRESHOLD = "exchangeDynamicFeeThreshold";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXCHANGE_DYNAMIC_FEE_WEIGHT_DECAY = "exchangeDynamicFeeWeightDecay";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXCHANGE_DYNAMIC_FEE_ROUNDS = "exchangeDynamicFeeRounds";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXCHANGE_MAX_DYNAMIC_FEE = "exchangeMaxDynamicFee";
    /* ========== End Exchange Fees Related ========== */
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_MINIMUM_STAKE_TIME = "minimumStakeTime";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_AGGREGATOR_WARNING_FLAGS = "aggregatorWarningFlags";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_TRADING_REWARDS_ENABLED = "tradingRewardsEnabled";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_DEBT_SNAPSHOT_STALE_TIME = "debtSnapshotStaleTime";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_DEPOSIT_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainDepositGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_ESCROW_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainEscrowGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_REWARD_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainRewardGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_WITHDRAWAL_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainWithdrawalGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_FEE_PERIOD_CLOSE_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainCloseGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_RELAY_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainRelayGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ETHER_WRAPPER_MAX_ETH = "etherWrapperMaxETH";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ETHER_WRAPPER_MINT_FEE_RATE = "etherWrapperMintFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ETHER_WRAPPER_BURN_FEE_RATE = "etherWrapperBurnFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_WRAPPER_MAX_TOKEN_AMOUNT = "wrapperMaxTokens";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_WRAPPER_MINT_FEE_RATE = "wrapperMintFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_WRAPPER_BURN_FEE_RATE = "wrapperBurnFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_INTERACTION_DELAY = "interactionDelay";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_COLLAPSE_FEE_RATE = "collapseFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ATOMIC_MAX_VOLUME_PER_BLOCK = "atomicMaxVolumePerBlock";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ATOMIC_TWAP_WINDOW = "atomicTwapWindow";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ATOMIC_EQUIVALENT_FOR_DEX_PRICING = "atomicEquivalentForDexPricing";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE_FEE_RATE = "atomicExchangeFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ATOMIC_VOLATILITY_CONSIDERATION_WINDOW = "atomicVolConsiderationWindow";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ATOMIC_VOLATILITY_UPDATE_THRESHOLD = "atomicVolUpdateThreshold";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_PURE_CHAINLINK_PRICE_FOR_ATOMIC_SWAPS_ENABLED = "pureChainlinkForAtomicsEnabled";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_SYNTH_TRANSFER_ENABLED = "crossChainSynthTransferEnabled";

    bytes32 internal constant CONTRACT_FLEXIBLESTORAGE = "FlexibleStorage";

    enum CrossDomainMessageGasLimits {Deposit, Escrow, Reward, Withdrawal, CloseFeePeriod, Relay}

    struct DynamicFeeConfig {
        uint threshold;
        uint weightDecay;
        uint rounds;
        uint maxFee;
    }

    constructor(address _resolver) internal MixinResolver(_resolver) {}

    function resolverAddressesRequired() public view returns (bytes32[] memory addresses) {
        addresses = new bytes32[](1);
        addresses[0] = CONTRACT_FLEXIBLESTORAGE;
    }

    function flexibleStorage() internal view returns (IFlexibleStorage) {
        return IFlexibleStorage(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_FLEXIBLESTORAGE));
    }

    function _getGasLimitSetting(CrossDomainMessageGasLimits gasLimitType) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Deposit) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_DEPOSIT_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Escrow) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_ESCROW_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Reward) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_REWARD_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Withdrawal) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_WITHDRAWAL_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Relay) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_RELAY_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.CloseFeePeriod) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_FEE_PERIOD_CLOSE_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else {
            revert("Unknown gas limit type");
        }
    }

    function getCrossDomainMessageGasLimit(CrossDomainMessageGasLimits gasLimitType) internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, _getGasLimitSetting(gasLimitType));
    }

    function getTradingRewardsEnabled() internal view returns (bool) {
        return flexibleStorage().getBoolValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_TRADING_REWARDS_ENABLED);
    }

    function getWaitingPeriodSecs() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_WAITING_PERIOD_SECS);
    }

    function getPriceDeviationThresholdFactor() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_PRICE_DEVIATION_THRESHOLD_FACTOR);
    }

    function getIssuanceRatio() internal view returns (uint) {
        // lookup on flexible storage directly for gas savings (rather than via SystemSettings)
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ISSUANCE_RATIO);
    }

    function getFeePeriodDuration() internal view returns (uint) {
        // lookup on flexible storage directly for gas savings (rather than via SystemSettings)
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_FEE_PERIOD_DURATION);
    }

    function getTargetThreshold() internal view returns (uint) {
        // lookup on flexible storage directly for gas savings (rather than via SystemSettings)
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_TARGET_THRESHOLD);
    }

    function getLiquidationDelay() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_DELAY);
    }

    function getLiquidationRatio() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_RATIO);
    }

    function getLiquidationEscrowDuration() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_ESCROW_DURATION);
    }

    function getLiquidationPenalty() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY);
    }

    function getSnxLiquidationPenalty() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_SNX_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY);
    }

    function getSelfLiquidationPenalty() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_SELF_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY);
    }

    function getFlagReward() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_FLAG_REWARD);
    }

    function getLiquidateReward() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATE_REWARD);
    }

    function getRateStalePeriod() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_RATE_STALE_PERIOD);
    }

    /* ========== Exchange Related Fees ========== */
    function getExchangeFeeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_EXCHANGE_FEE_RATE, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    /// @notice Get exchange dynamic fee related keys
    /// @return threshold, weight decay, rounds, and max fee
    function getExchangeDynamicFeeConfig() internal view returns (DynamicFeeConfig memory) {
        bytes32[] memory keys = new bytes32[](4);
        keys[0] = SETTING_EXCHANGE_DYNAMIC_FEE_THRESHOLD;
        keys[1] = SETTING_EXCHANGE_DYNAMIC_FEE_WEIGHT_DECAY;
        keys[2] = SETTING_EXCHANGE_DYNAMIC_FEE_ROUNDS;
        keys[3] = SETTING_EXCHANGE_MAX_DYNAMIC_FEE;
        uint[] memory values = flexibleStorage().getUIntValues(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, keys);
        return DynamicFeeConfig({threshold: values[0], weightDecay: values[1], rounds: values[2], maxFee: values[3]});
    }

    /* ========== End Exchange Related Fees ========== */

    function getMinimumStakeTime() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_MINIMUM_STAKE_TIME);
    }

    function getAggregatorWarningFlags() internal view returns (address) {
        return flexibleStorage().getAddressValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_AGGREGATOR_WARNING_FLAGS);
    }

    function getDebtSnapshotStaleTime() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_DEBT_SNAPSHOT_STALE_TIME);
    }

    function getEtherWrapperMaxETH() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ETHER_WRAPPER_MAX_ETH);
    }

    function getEtherWrapperMintFeeRate() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ETHER_WRAPPER_MINT_FEE_RATE);
    }

    function getEtherWrapperBurnFeeRate() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ETHER_WRAPPER_BURN_FEE_RATE);
    }

    function getWrapperMaxTokenAmount(address wrapper) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_WRAPPER_MAX_TOKEN_AMOUNT, wrapper))
            );
    }

    function getWrapperMintFeeRate(address wrapper) internal view returns (int) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_WRAPPER_MINT_FEE_RATE, wrapper))
            );
    }

    function getWrapperBurnFeeRate(address wrapper) internal view returns (int) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_WRAPPER_BURN_FEE_RATE, wrapper))
            );
    }

    function getInteractionDelay(address collateral) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_INTERACTION_DELAY, collateral))
            );
    }

    function getCollapseFeeRate(address collateral) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_COLLAPSE_FEE_RATE, collateral))
            );
    }

    function getAtomicMaxVolumePerBlock() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ATOMIC_MAX_VOLUME_PER_BLOCK);
    }

    function getAtomicTwapWindow() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ATOMIC_TWAP_WINDOW);
    }

    function getAtomicEquivalentForDexPricing(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (address) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getAddressValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_ATOMIC_EQUIVALENT_FOR_DEX_PRICING, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    function getAtomicExchangeFeeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_ATOMIC_EXCHANGE_FEE_RATE, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    function getAtomicVolatilityConsiderationWindow(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_ATOMIC_VOLATILITY_CONSIDERATION_WINDOW, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    function getAtomicVolatilityUpdateThreshold(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_ATOMIC_VOLATILITY_UPDATE_THRESHOLD, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    function getPureChainlinkPriceForAtomicSwapsEnabled(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (bool) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getBoolValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_PURE_CHAINLINK_PRICE_FOR_ATOMIC_SWAPS_ENABLED, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    function getCrossChainSynthTransferEnabled(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_CROSS_SYNTH_TRANSFER_ENABLED, currencyKey))
            );
    }
}


// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT


/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's uintXX casting operators with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Downcasting from uint256 in Solidity does not revert on overflow. This can
 * easily result in undesired exploitation or bugs, since developers usually
 * assume that overflows raise errors. `SafeCast` restores this intuition by
 * reverting the transaction when such an operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 *
 * Can be combined with {SafeMath} to extend it to smaller types, by performing
 * all math on `uint256` and then downcasting.
 */
library SafeCast {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        require(value < 2**128, "SafeCast: value doesn't fit in 128 bits");
        return uint128(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        require(value < 2**64, "SafeCast: value doesn't fit in 64 bits");
        return uint64(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        require(value < 2**32, "SafeCast: value doesn't fit in 32 bits");
        return uint32(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        require(value < 2**16, "SafeCast: value doesn't fit in 16 bits");
        return uint16(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits.
     */
    function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        require(value < 2**8, "SafeCast: value doesn't fit in 8 bits");
        return uint8(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be greater than or equal to 0.
     */
    function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(value >= 0, "SafeCast: value must be positive");
        return uint256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256.
     */
    function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) {
        require(value < 2**255, "SafeCast: value doesn't fit in an int256");
        return int256(value);
    }
}


/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's arithmetic operations with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result
 * in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an
 * error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages.
 * `SafeMath` restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an
 * operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Addition cannot overflow.
     */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
     */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0, "SafeMath: division by zero");
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
        return a % b;
    }
}


// Libraries


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/libraries/safedecimalmath
library SafeDecimalMath {
    using SafeMath for uint;

    /* Number of decimal places in the representations. */
    uint8 public constant decimals = 18;
    uint8 public constant highPrecisionDecimals = 27;

    /* The number representing 1.0. */
    uint public constant UNIT = 10**uint(decimals);

    /* The number representing 1.0 for higher fidelity numbers. */
    uint public constant PRECISE_UNIT = 10**uint(highPrecisionDecimals);
    uint private constant UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR = 10**uint(highPrecisionDecimals - decimals);

    /**
     * @return Provides an interface to UNIT.
     */
    function unit() external pure returns (uint) {
        return UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return Provides an interface to PRECISE_UNIT.
     */
    function preciseUnit() external pure returns (uint) {
        return PRECISE_UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands as fixed-point
     * decimals.
     *
     * @dev A unit factor is divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated,
     * so that product must be less than 2**256. As this is an integer division,
     * the internal division always rounds down. This helps save on gas. Rounding
     * is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function multiplyDecimal(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        return x.mul(y) / UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of the specified precision unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the form of a the specified unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function _multiplyDecimalRound(
        uint x,
        uint y,
        uint precisionUnit
    ) private pure returns (uint) {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        uint quotientTimesTen = x.mul(y) / (precisionUnit / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a precise unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the precise unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a standard unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the standard unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRound(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is a high
     * precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and UNIT must be less than 2**256. As
     * this is an integer division, the result is always rounded down.
     * This helps save on gas. Rounding is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function divideDecimal(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        /* Reintroduce the UNIT factor that will be divided out by y. */
        return x.mul(UNIT).div(y);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * decimal in the precision unit specified in the parameter.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the specified precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the specified precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function _divideDecimalRound(
        uint x,
        uint y,
        uint precisionUnit
    ) private pure returns (uint) {
        uint resultTimesTen = x.mul(precisionUnit * 10).div(y);

        if (resultTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            resultTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return resultTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * standard precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the standard precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRound(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * high precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the high precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the high precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a standard decimal representation to a high precision one.
     */
    function decimalToPreciseDecimal(uint i) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return i.mul(UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a high precision decimal to a standard decimal representation.
     */
    function preciseDecimalToDecimal(uint i) internal pure returns (uint) {
        uint quotientTimesTen = i / (UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

    // Computes `a - b`, setting the value to 0 if b > a.
    function floorsub(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return b >= a ? 0 : a - b;
    }

    /* ---------- Utilities ---------- */
    /*
     * Absolute value of the input, returned as a signed number.
     */
    function signedAbs(int x) internal pure returns (int) {
        return x < 0 ? -x : x;
    }

    /*
     * Absolute value of the input, returned as an unsigned number.
     */
    function abs(int x) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return uint(signedAbs(x));
    }
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/isynthetixdebtshare
interface ISynthetixDebtShare {
    // Views

    function currentPeriodId() external view returns (uint128);

    function allowance(address account, address spender) external view returns (uint);

    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function balanceOfOnPeriod(address account, uint periodId) external view returns (uint);

    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);

    function sharePercent(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function sharePercentOnPeriod(address account, uint periodId) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions

    function takeSnapshot(uint128 id) external;

    function mintShare(address account, uint256 amount) external;

    function burnShare(address account, uint256 amount) external;

    function approve(address, uint256) external pure returns (bool);

    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external pure returns (bool);

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);

    function addAuthorizedBroker(address target) external;

    function removeAuthorizedBroker(address target) external;

    function addAuthorizedToSnapshot(address target) external;

    function removeAuthorizedToSnapshot(address target) external;
}


interface IVirtualSynth {
    // Views
    function balanceOfUnderlying(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function rate() external view returns (uint);

    function readyToSettle() external view returns (bool);

    function secsLeftInWaitingPeriod() external view returns (uint);

    function settled() external view returns (bool);

    function synth() external view returns (ISynth);

    // Mutative functions
    function settle(address account) external;
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/iexchanger
interface IExchanger {
    struct ExchangeEntrySettlement {
        bytes32 src;
        uint amount;
        bytes32 dest;
        uint reclaim;
        uint rebate;
        uint srcRoundIdAtPeriodEnd;
        uint destRoundIdAtPeriodEnd;
        uint timestamp;
    }

    struct ExchangeEntry {
        uint sourceRate;
        uint destinationRate;
        uint destinationAmount;
        uint exchangeFeeRate;
        uint exchangeDynamicFeeRate;
        uint roundIdForSrc;
        uint roundIdForDest;
    }

    // Views
    function calculateAmountAfterSettlement(
        address from,
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint amount,
        uint refunded
    ) external view returns (uint amountAfterSettlement);

    function isSynthRateInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function maxSecsLeftInWaitingPeriod(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function settlementOwing(address account, bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint reclaimAmount,
            uint rebateAmount,
            uint numEntries
        );

    function hasWaitingPeriodOrSettlementOwing(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function feeRateForExchange(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function dynamicFeeRateForExchange(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (uint feeRate, bool tooVolatile);

    function getAmountsForExchange(
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint amountReceived,
            uint fee,
            uint exchangeFeeRate
        );

    function priceDeviationThresholdFactor() external view returns (uint);

    function waitingPeriodSecs() external view returns (uint);

    function lastExchangeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function exchange(
        address exchangeForAddress,
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress,
        bool virtualSynth,
        address rewardAddress,
        bytes32 trackingCode
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived, IVirtualSynth vSynth);

    function exchangeAtomically(
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress,
        bytes32 trackingCode,
        uint minAmount
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function settle(address from, bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        returns (
            uint reclaimed,
            uint refunded,
            uint numEntries
        );

    function suspendSynthWithInvalidRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external;
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/idelegateapprovals
interface IDelegateApprovals {
    // Views
    function canBurnFor(address authoriser, address delegate) external view returns (bool);

    function canIssueFor(address authoriser, address delegate) external view returns (bool);

    function canClaimFor(address authoriser, address delegate) external view returns (bool);

    function canExchangeFor(address authoriser, address delegate) external view returns (bool);

    // Mutative
    function approveAllDelegatePowers(address delegate) external;

    function removeAllDelegatePowers(address delegate) external;

    function approveBurnOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function removeBurnOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function approveIssueOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function removeIssueOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function approveClaimOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function removeClaimOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function approveExchangeOnBehalf(address delegate) external;

    function removeExchangeOnBehalf(address delegate) external;
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/iexchangerates
interface IExchangeRates {
    // Structs
    struct RateAndUpdatedTime {
        uint216 rate;
        uint40 time;
    }

    // Views
    function aggregators(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (address);

    function aggregatorWarningFlags() external view returns (address);

    function anyRateIsInvalid(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (bool);

    function anyRateIsInvalidAtRound(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys, uint[] calldata roundIds) external view returns (bool);

    function currenciesUsingAggregator(address aggregator) external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    function effectiveValue(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external view returns (uint value);

    function effectiveValueAndRates(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint value,
            uint sourceRate,
            uint destinationRate
        );

    function effectiveValueAndRatesAtRound(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        uint roundIdForSrc,
        uint roundIdForDest
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint value,
            uint sourceRate,
            uint destinationRate
        );

    function effectiveAtomicValueAndRates(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint value,
            uint systemValue,
            uint systemSourceRate,
            uint systemDestinationRate
        );

    function getCurrentRoundId(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function getLastRoundIdBeforeElapsedSecs(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint startingRoundId,
        uint startingTimestamp,
        uint timediff
    ) external view returns (uint);

    function lastRateUpdateTimes(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint256);

    function rateAndTimestampAtRound(bytes32 currencyKey, uint roundId) external view returns (uint rate, uint time);

    function rateAndUpdatedTime(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint rate, uint time);

    function rateAndInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint rate, bool isInvalid);

    function rateForCurrency(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function rateIsFlagged(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateIsInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateIsStale(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateStalePeriod() external view returns (uint);

    function ratesAndUpdatedTimeForCurrencyLastNRounds(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint numRounds,
        uint roundId
    ) external view returns (uint[] memory rates, uint[] memory times);

    function ratesAndInvalidForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys)
        external
        view
        returns (uint[] memory rates, bool anyRateInvalid);

    function ratesForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (uint[] memory);

    function synthTooVolatileForAtomicExchange(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateWithSafetyChecks(bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        returns (
            uint rate,
            bool broken,
            bool invalid
        );
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/ICircuitBreaker
interface ICircuitBreaker {
    // Views
    function isInvalid(address oracleAddress, uint value) external view returns (bool);

    function priceDeviationThresholdFactor() external view returns (uint);

    function isDeviationAboveThreshold(uint base, uint comparison) external view returns (bool);

    function lastValue(address oracleAddress) external view returns (uint);

    function circuitBroken(address oracleAddress) external view returns (bool);

    // Mutative functions
    function resetLastValue(address[] calldata oracleAddresses, uint[] calldata values) external;

    function probeCircuitBreaker(address oracleAddress, uint value) external returns (bool circuitBroken);
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/ihasbalance
interface IHasBalance {
    // Views
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint);
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/ierc20
interface IERC20 {
    // ERC20 Optional Views
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);

    // Views
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);

    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint);

    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function transfer(address to, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function approve(address spender, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) external returns (bool);

    // Events
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);

    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
}


interface ILiquidator {
    // Views
    function issuanceRatio() external view returns (uint);

    function liquidationDelay() external view returns (uint);

    function liquidationRatio() external view returns (uint);

    function liquidationEscrowDuration() external view returns (uint);

    function liquidationPenalty() external view returns (uint);

    function selfLiquidationPenalty() external view returns (uint);

    function liquidateReward() external view returns (uint);

    function flagReward() external view returns (uint);

    function liquidationCollateralRatio() external view returns (uint);

    function getLiquidationDeadlineForAccount(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function getLiquidationCallerForAccount(address account) external view returns (address);

    function isLiquidationOpen(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation) external view returns (bool);

    function isLiquidationDeadlinePassed(address account) external view returns (bool);

    function calculateAmountToFixCollateral(
        uint debtBalance,
        uint collateral,
        uint penalty
    ) external view returns (uint);

    function liquidationAmounts(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint totalRedeemed,
            uint debtToRemove,
            uint escrowToLiquidate,
            uint initialDebtBalance
        );

    // Mutative Functions
    function flagAccountForLiquidation(address account) external;

    // Restricted: used internally to Synthetix contracts
    function removeAccountInLiquidation(address account) external;

    function checkAndRemoveAccountInLiquidation(address account) external;
}


interface ILiquidatorRewards {
    // Views

    function earned(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    // Mutative

    function getReward(address account) external;

    function notifyRewardAmount(uint256 reward) external;

    function updateEntry(address account) external;
}


interface ISynthRedeemer {
    // Rate of redemption - 0 for none
    function redemptions(address synthProxy) external view returns (uint redeemRate);

    // sUSD balance of deprecated token holder
    function balanceOf(IERC20 synthProxy, address account) external view returns (uint balanceOfInsUSD);

    // Full sUSD supply of token
    function totalSupply(IERC20 synthProxy) external view returns (uint totalSupplyInsUSD);

    function redeem(IERC20 synthProxy) external;

    function redeemAll(IERC20[] calldata synthProxies) external;

    function redeemPartial(IERC20 synthProxy, uint amountOfSynth) external;

    // Restricted to Issuer
    function deprecate(IERC20 synthProxy, uint rateToRedeem) external;
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/interfaces/isystemstatus
interface ISystemStatus {
    struct Status {
        bool canSuspend;
        bool canResume;
    }

    struct Suspension {
        bool suspended;
        // reason is an integer code,
        // 0 => no reason, 1 => upgrading, 2+ => defined by system usage
        uint248 reason;
    }

    // Views
    function accessControl(bytes32 section, address account) external view returns (bool canSuspend, bool canResume);

    function requireSystemActive() external view;

    function systemSuspended() external view returns (bool);

    function requireIssuanceActive() external view;

    function requireExchangeActive() external view;

    function requireFuturesActive() external view;

    function requireFuturesMarketActive(bytes32 marketKey) external view;

    function requireExchangeBetweenSynthsAllowed(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) external view;

    function requireSynthActive(bytes32 currencyKey) external view;

    function synthSuspended(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function requireSynthsActive(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) external view;

    function systemSuspension() external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function issuanceSuspension() external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function exchangeSuspension() external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function futuresSuspension() external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function synthExchangeSuspension(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function synthSuspension(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function futuresMarketSuspension(bytes32 marketKey) external view returns (bool suspended, uint248 reason);

    function getSynthExchangeSuspensions(bytes32[] calldata synths)
        external
        view
        returns (bool[] memory exchangeSuspensions, uint256[] memory reasons);

    function getSynthSuspensions(bytes32[] calldata synths)
        external
        view
        returns (bool[] memory suspensions, uint256[] memory reasons);

    function getFuturesMarketSuspensions(bytes32[] calldata marketKeys)
        external
        view
        returns (bool[] memory suspensions, uint256[] memory reasons);

    // Restricted functions
    function suspendIssuance(uint256 reason) external;

    function suspendSynth(bytes32 currencyKey, uint256 reason) external;

    function suspendFuturesMarket(bytes32 marketKey, uint256 reason) external;

    function updateAccessControl(
        bytes32 section,
        address account,
        bool canSuspend,
        bool canResume
    ) external;
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/proxy
contract Proxy is Owned {
    Proxyable public target;

    constructor(address _owner) public Owned(_owner) {}

    function setTarget(Proxyable _target) external onlyOwner {
        target = _target;
        emit TargetUpdated(_target);
    }

    function _emit(
        bytes calldata callData,
        uint numTopics,
        bytes32 topic1,
        bytes32 topic2,
        bytes32 topic3,
        bytes32 topic4
    ) external onlyTarget {
        uint size = callData.length;
        bytes memory _callData = callData;

        assembly {
            /* The first 32 bytes of callData contain its length (as specified by the abi).
             * Length is assumed to be a uint256 and therefore maximum of 32 bytes
             * in length. It is also leftpadded to be a multiple of 32 bytes.
             * This means moving call_data across 32 bytes guarantees we correctly access
             * the data itself. */
            switch numTopics
                case 0 {
                    log0(add(_callData, 32), size)
                }
                case 1 {
                    log1(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1)
                }
                case 2 {
                    log2(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2)
                }
                case 3 {
                    log3(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2, topic3)
                }
                case 4 {
                    log4(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2, topic3, topic4)
                }
        }
    }

    // solhint-disable no-complex-fallback
    function() external payable {
        // Mutable call setting Proxyable.messageSender as this is using call not delegatecall
        target.setMessageSender(msg.sender);

        assembly {
            let free_ptr := mload(0x40)
            calldatacopy(free_ptr, 0, calldatasize)

            /* We must explicitly forward ether to the underlying contract as well. */
            let result := call(gas, sload(target_slot), callvalue, free_ptr, calldatasize, 0, 0)
            returndatacopy(free_ptr, 0, returndatasize)

            if iszero(result) {
                revert(free_ptr, returndatasize)
            }
            return(free_ptr, returndatasize)
        }
    }

    modifier onlyTarget {
        require(Proxyable(msg.sender) == target, "Must be proxy target");
        _;
    }

    event TargetUpdated(Proxyable newTarget);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/proxyable
contract Proxyable is Owned {
    // This contract should be treated like an abstract contract

    /* The proxy this contract exists behind. */
    Proxy public proxy;

    /* The caller of the proxy, passed through to this contract.
     * Note that every function using this member must apply the onlyProxy or
     * optionalProxy modifiers, otherwise their invocations can use stale values. */
    address public messageSender;

    constructor(address payable _proxy) internal {
        // This contract is abstract, and thus cannot be instantiated directly
        require(owner != address(0), "Owner must be set");

        proxy = Proxy(_proxy);
        emit ProxyUpdated(_proxy);
    }

    function setProxy(address payable _proxy) external onlyOwner {
        proxy = Proxy(_proxy);
        emit ProxyUpdated(_proxy);
    }

    function setMessageSender(address sender) external onlyProxy {
        messageSender = sender;
    }

    modifier onlyProxy {
        _onlyProxy();
        _;
    }

    function _onlyProxy() private view {
        require(Proxy(msg.sender) == proxy, "Only the proxy can call");
    }

    modifier optionalProxy {
        _optionalProxy();
        _;
    }

    function _optionalProxy() private {
        if (Proxy(msg.sender) != proxy && messageSender != msg.sender) {
            messageSender = msg.sender;
        }
    }

    modifier optionalProxy_onlyOwner {
        _optionalProxy_onlyOwner();
        _;
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function _optionalProxy_onlyOwner() private {
        if (Proxy(msg.sender) != proxy && messageSender != msg.sender) {
            messageSender = msg.sender;
        }
        require(messageSender == owner, "Owner only function");
    }

    event ProxyUpdated(address proxyAddress);
}


interface AggregatorInterface {
  function latestAnswer() external view returns (int256);
  function latestTimestamp() external view returns (uint256);
  function latestRound() external view returns (uint256);
  function getAnswer(uint256 roundId) external view returns (int256);
  function getTimestamp(uint256 roundId) external view returns (uint256);

  event AnswerUpdated(int256 indexed current, uint256 indexed roundId, uint256 timestamp);
  event NewRound(uint256 indexed roundId, address indexed startedBy, uint256 startedAt);
}


interface AggregatorV3Interface {

  function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
  function description() external view returns (string memory);
  function version() external view returns (uint256);

  // getRoundData and latestRoundData should both raise "No data present"
  // if they do not have data to report, instead of returning unset values
  // which could be misinterpreted as actual reported values.
  function getRoundData(uint80 _roundId)
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );
  function latestRoundData()
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );

}


/**
 * @title The V2 & V3 Aggregator Interface
 * @notice Solidity V0.5 does not allow interfaces to inherit from other
 * interfaces so this contract is a combination of v0.5 AggregatorInterface.sol
 * and v0.5 AggregatorV3Interface.sol.
 */
interface AggregatorV2V3Interface {
  //
  // V2 Interface:
  //
  function latestAnswer() external view returns (int256);
  function latestTimestamp() external view returns (uint256);
  function latestRound() external view returns (uint256);
  function getAnswer(uint256 roundId) external view returns (int256);
  function getTimestamp(uint256 roundId) external view returns (uint256);

  event AnswerUpdated(int256 indexed current, uint256 indexed roundId, uint256 timestamp);
  event NewRound(uint256 indexed roundId, address indexed startedBy, uint256 startedAt);

  //
  // V3 Interface:
  //
  function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
  function description() external view returns (string memory);
  function version() external view returns (uint256);

  // getRoundData and latestRoundData should both raise "No data present"
  // if they do not have data to report, instead of returning unset values
  // which could be misinterpreted as actual reported values.
  function getRoundData(uint80 _roundId)
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );
  function latestRoundData()
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );

}


// Inheritance


// Libraries


// Internal references


interface IProxy {
    function target() external view returns (address);
}

interface IIssuerInternalDebtCache {
    function updateCachedSynthDebtWithRate(bytes32 currencyKey, uint currencyRate) external;

    function updateCachedSynthDebtsWithRates(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys, uint[] calldata currencyRates) external;

    function updateDebtCacheValidity(bool currentlyInvalid) external;

    function totalNonSnxBackedDebt() external view returns (uint excludedDebt, bool isInvalid);

    function cacheInfo()
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint cachedDebt,
            uint timestamp,
            bool isInvalid,
            bool isStale
        );

    function updateCachedsUSDDebt(int amount) external;
}

// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/source/contracts/issuer
contract Issuer is Owned, MixinSystemSettings, IIssuer {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    bytes32 public constant CONTRACT_NAME = "Issuer";

    // Available Synths which can be used with the system
    ISynth[] public availableSynths;
    mapping(bytes32 => ISynth) public synths;
    mapping(address => bytes32) public synthsByAddress;

    /* ========== ENCODED NAMES ========== */

    bytes32 internal constant sUSD = "sUSD";
    bytes32 internal constant SNX = "SNX";

    // Flexible storage names

    bytes32 internal constant LAST_ISSUE_EVENT = "lastIssueEvent";

    /* ========== ADDRESS RESOLVER CONFIGURATION ========== */

    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYNTHETIX = "Synthetix";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_EXCHANGER = "Exchanger";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_EXRATES = "ExchangeRates";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_CIRCUIT_BREAKER = "CircuitBreaker";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXDEBTSHARE = "SynthetixDebtShare";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_FEEPOOL = "FeePool";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_DELEGATEAPPROVALS = "DelegateApprovals";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_REWARDESCROW_V2 = "RewardEscrowV2";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_LIQUIDATOR = "Liquidator";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_LIQUIDATOR_REWARDS = "LiquidatorRewards";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_DEBTCACHE = "DebtCache";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYNTHREDEEMER = "SynthRedeemer";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXBRIDGETOOPTIMISM = "SynthetixBridgeToOptimism";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXBRIDGETOBASE = "SynthetixBridgeToBase";

    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_ISSUED_SYNTHS = "ext:AggregatorIssuedSynths";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_DEBT_RATIO = "ext:AggregatorDebtRatio";

    constructor(address _owner, address _resolver) public Owned(_owner) MixinSystemSettings(_resolver) {}

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */
    function resolverAddressesRequired() public view returns (bytes32[] memory addresses) {
        bytes32[] memory existingAddresses = MixinSystemSettings.resolverAddressesRequired();
        bytes32[] memory newAddresses = new bytes32[](14);
        newAddresses[0] = CONTRACT_SYNTHETIX;
        newAddresses[1] = CONTRACT_EXCHANGER;
        newAddresses[2] = CONTRACT_EXRATES;
        newAddresses[3] = CONTRACT_CIRCUIT_BREAKER;
        newAddresses[4] = CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXDEBTSHARE;
        newAddresses[5] = CONTRACT_FEEPOOL;
        newAddresses[6] = CONTRACT_DELEGATEAPPROVALS;
        newAddresses[7] = CONTRACT_REWARDESCROW_V2;
        newAddresses[8] = CONTRACT_LIQUIDATOR;
        newAddresses[9] = CONTRACT_LIQUIDATOR_REWARDS;
        newAddresses[10] = CONTRACT_DEBTCACHE;
        newAddresses[11] = CONTRACT_SYNTHREDEEMER;
        newAddresses[12] = CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_ISSUED_SYNTHS;
        newAddresses[13] = CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_DEBT_RATIO;
        return combineArrays(existingAddresses, newAddresses);
    }

    function synthetixERC20() internal view returns (IERC20) {
        return IERC20(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_SYNTHETIX));
    }

    function exchanger() internal view returns (IExchanger) {
        return IExchanger(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXCHANGER));
    }

    function exchangeRates() internal view returns (IExchangeRates) {
        return IExchangeRates(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXRATES));
    }

    function circuitBreaker() internal view returns (ICircuitBreaker) {
        return ICircuitBreaker(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_CIRCUIT_BREAKER));
    }

    function synthetixDebtShare() internal view returns (ISynthetixDebtShare) {
        return ISynthetixDebtShare(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXDEBTSHARE));
    }

    function liquidator() internal view returns (ILiquidator) {
        return ILiquidator(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_LIQUIDATOR));
    }

    function liquidatorRewards() internal view returns (ILiquidatorRewards) {
        return ILiquidatorRewards(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_LIQUIDATOR_REWARDS));
    }

    function delegateApprovals() internal view returns (IDelegateApprovals) {
        return IDelegateApprovals(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_DELEGATEAPPROVALS));
    }

    function rewardEscrowV2() internal view returns (IHasBalance) {
        return IHasBalance(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_REWARDESCROW_V2));
    }

    function debtCache() internal view returns (IIssuerInternalDebtCache) {
        return IIssuerInternalDebtCache(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_DEBTCACHE));
    }

    function synthRedeemer() internal view returns (ISynthRedeemer) {
        return ISynthRedeemer(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_SYNTHREDEEMER));
    }

    function allNetworksDebtInfo()
        public
        view
        returns (
            uint256 debt,
            uint256 sharesSupply,
            bool isStale
        )
    {
        (, int256 rawIssuedSynths, , uint issuedSynthsUpdatedAt, ) =
            AggregatorV2V3Interface(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_ISSUED_SYNTHS)).latestRoundData();

        (uint rawRatio, uint ratioUpdatedAt) = _rawDebtRatioAndUpdatedAt();

        debt = uint(rawIssuedSynths);
        sharesSupply = rawRatio == 0 ? 0 : debt.divideDecimalRoundPrecise(uint(rawRatio));

        uint stalePeriod = getRateStalePeriod();

        isStale =
            stalePeriod < block.timestamp &&
            (block.timestamp - stalePeriod > issuedSynthsUpdatedAt || block.timestamp - stalePeriod > ratioUpdatedAt);
    }

    function issuanceRatio() external view returns (uint) {
        return getIssuanceRatio();
    }

    function _rawDebtRatioAndUpdatedAt() internal view returns (uint, uint) {
        (, int256 rawRatioInt, , uint ratioUpdatedAt, ) =
            AggregatorV2V3Interface(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_DEBT_RATIO)).latestRoundData();
        return (uint(rawRatioInt), ratioUpdatedAt);
    }

    function _sharesForDebt(uint debtAmount) internal view returns (uint) {
        (uint rawRatio, ) = _rawDebtRatioAndUpdatedAt();
        return rawRatio == 0 ? 0 : debtAmount.divideDecimalRoundPrecise(rawRatio);
    }

    function _debtForShares(uint sharesAmount) internal view returns (uint) {
        (uint rawRatio, ) = _rawDebtRatioAndUpdatedAt();
        return sharesAmount.multiplyDecimalRoundPrecise(rawRatio);
    }

    function _availableCurrencyKeysWithOptionalSNX(bool withSNX) internal view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory currencyKeys = new bytes32[](availableSynths.length + (withSNX ? 1 : 0));

        for (uint i = 0; i < availableSynths.length; i++) {
            currencyKeys[i] = synthsByAddress[address(availableSynths[i])];
        }

        if (withSNX) {
            currencyKeys[availableSynths.length] = SNX;
        }

        return currencyKeys;
    }

    // Returns the total value of the debt pool in currency specified by `currencyKey`.
    // To return only the SNX-backed debt, set `excludeCollateral` to true.
    function _totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey, bool excludeCollateral)
        internal
        view
        returns (uint totalIssued, bool anyRateIsInvalid)
    {
        (uint debt, , bool cacheIsInvalid, bool cacheIsStale) = debtCache().cacheInfo();
        anyRateIsInvalid = cacheIsInvalid || cacheIsStale;

        IExchangeRates exRates = exchangeRates();

        // Add total issued synths from non snx collateral back into the total if not excluded
        if (!excludeCollateral) {
            (uint nonSnxDebt, bool invalid) = debtCache().totalNonSnxBackedDebt();
            debt = debt.add(nonSnxDebt);
            anyRateIsInvalid = anyRateIsInvalid || invalid;
        }

        if (currencyKey == sUSD) {
            return (debt, anyRateIsInvalid);
        }

        (uint currencyRate, bool currencyRateInvalid) = exRates.rateAndInvalid(currencyKey);
        return (debt.divideDecimalRound(currencyRate), anyRateIsInvalid || currencyRateInvalid);
    }

    function _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(uint debtShareBalance, bytes32 currencyKey)
        internal
        view
        returns (
            uint debtBalance,
            uint totalSystemValue,
            bool anyRateIsInvalid
        )
    {
        // What's the total value of the system excluding ETH backed synths in their requested currency?
        (uint snxBackedAmount, , bool debtInfoStale) = allNetworksDebtInfo();

        if (debtShareBalance == 0) {
            return (0, snxBackedAmount, debtInfoStale);
        }

        // existing functionality requires for us to convert into the exchange rate specified by `currencyKey`
        (uint currencyRate, bool currencyRateInvalid) = exchangeRates().rateAndInvalid(currencyKey);

        debtBalance = _debtForShares(debtShareBalance).divideDecimalRound(currencyRate);
        totalSystemValue = snxBackedAmount;

        anyRateIsInvalid = currencyRateInvalid || debtInfoStale;
    }

    function _canBurnSynths(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        return now >= _lastIssueEvent(account).add(getMinimumStakeTime());
    }

    function _lastIssueEvent(address account) internal view returns (uint) {
        //  Get the timestamp of the last issue this account made
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(CONTRACT_NAME, keccak256(abi.encodePacked(LAST_ISSUE_EVENT, account)));
    }

    function _remainingIssuableSynths(address _issuer)
        internal
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt,
            bool anyRateIsInvalid
        )
    {
        (alreadyIssued, totalSystemDebt, anyRateIsInvalid) = _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(
            synthetixDebtShare().balanceOf(_issuer),
            sUSD
        );
        (uint issuable, bool isInvalid) = _maxIssuableSynths(_issuer);
        maxIssuable = issuable;
        anyRateIsInvalid = anyRateIsInvalid || isInvalid;

        if (alreadyIssued >= maxIssuable) {
            maxIssuable = 0;
        } else {
            maxIssuable = maxIssuable.sub(alreadyIssued);
        }
    }

    function _snxToUSD(uint amount, uint snxRate) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return amount.multiplyDecimalRound(snxRate);
    }

    function _usdToSnx(uint amount, uint snxRate) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return amount.divideDecimalRound(snxRate);
    }

    function _maxIssuableSynths(address _issuer) internal view returns (uint, bool) {
        // What is the value of their SNX balance in sUSD
        (uint snxRate, bool isInvalid) = exchangeRates().rateAndInvalid(SNX);
        uint destinationValue = _snxToUSD(_collateral(_issuer), snxRate);

        // They're allowed to issue up to issuanceRatio of that value
        return (destinationValue.multiplyDecimal(getIssuanceRatio()), isInvalid);
    }

    function _collateralisationRatio(address _issuer) internal view returns (uint, bool) {
        uint totalOwnedSynthetix = _collateral(_issuer);

        (uint debtBalance, , bool anyRateIsInvalid) =
            _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(synthetixDebtShare().balanceOf(_issuer), SNX);

        // it's more gas intensive to put this check here if they have 0 SNX, but it complies with the interface
        if (totalOwnedSynthetix == 0) return (0, anyRateIsInvalid);

        return (debtBalance.divideDecimalRound(totalOwnedSynthetix), anyRateIsInvalid);
    }

    function _collateral(address account) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            synthetixERC20().balanceOf(account).add(rewardEscrowV2().balanceOf(account)).add(
                liquidatorRewards().earned(account)
            );
    }

    function minimumStakeTime() external view returns (uint) {
        return getMinimumStakeTime();
    }

    function canBurnSynths(address account) external view returns (bool) {
        return _canBurnSynths(account);
    }

    function availableCurrencyKeys() external view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return _availableCurrencyKeysWithOptionalSNX(false);
    }

    function availableSynthCount() external view returns (uint) {
        return availableSynths.length;
    }

    function anySynthOrSNXRateIsInvalid() external view returns (bool anyRateInvalid) {
        (, anyRateInvalid) = exchangeRates().ratesAndInvalidForCurrencies(_availableCurrencyKeysWithOptionalSNX(true));
    }

    function totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey, bool excludeOtherCollateral) external view returns (uint totalIssued) {
        (totalIssued, ) = _totalIssuedSynths(currencyKey, excludeOtherCollateral);
    }

    function lastIssueEvent(address account) external view returns (uint) {
        return _lastIssueEvent(account);
    }

    function collateralisationRatio(address _issuer) external view returns (uint cratio) {
        (cratio, ) = _collateralisationRatio(_issuer);
    }

    function collateralisationRatioAndAnyRatesInvalid(address _issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (uint cratio, bool anyRateIsInvalid)
    {
        return _collateralisationRatio(_issuer);
    }

    function collateral(address account) external view returns (uint) {
        return _collateral(account);
    }

    function debtBalanceOf(address _issuer, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint debtBalance) {
        ISynthetixDebtShare sds = synthetixDebtShare();

        // What was their initial debt ownership?
        uint debtShareBalance = sds.balanceOf(_issuer);

        // If it's zero, they haven't issued, and they have no debt.
        if (debtShareBalance == 0) return 0;

        (debtBalance, , ) = _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(debtShareBalance, currencyKey);
    }

    function remainingIssuableSynths(address _issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt
        )
    {
        (maxIssuable, alreadyIssued, totalSystemDebt, ) = _remainingIssuableSynths(_issuer);
    }

    function maxIssuableSynths(address _issuer) external view returns (uint) {
        (uint maxIssuable, ) = _maxIssuableSynths(_issuer);
        return maxIssuable;
    }

    function transferableSynthetixAndAnyRateIsInvalid(address account, uint balance)
        external
        view
        returns (uint transferable, bool anyRateIsInvalid)
    {
        // How many SNX do they have, excluding escrow?
        // Note: We're excluding escrow here because we're interested in their transferable amount
        // and escrowed SNX are not transferable.

        // How many of those will be locked by the amount they've issued?
        // Assuming issuance ratio is 20%, then issuing 20 SNX of value would require
        // 100 SNX to be locked in their wallet to maintain their collateralisation ratio
        // The locked synthetix value can exceed their balance.
        uint debtBalance;
        (debtBalance, , anyRateIsInvalid) = _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(synthetixDebtShare().balanceOf(account), SNX);
        uint lockedSynthetixValue = debtBalance.divideDecimalRound(getIssuanceRatio());

        // If we exceed the balance, no SNX are transferable, otherwise the difference is.
        if (lockedSynthetixValue >= balance) {
            transferable = 0;
        } else {
            transferable = balance.sub(lockedSynthetixValue);
        }
    }

    function getSynths(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (ISynth[] memory) {
        uint numKeys = currencyKeys.length;
        ISynth[] memory addresses = new ISynth[](numKeys);

        for (uint i = 0; i < numKeys; i++) {
            addresses[i] = synths[currencyKeys[i]];
        }

        return addresses;
    }

    /// @notice Provide the results that would be returned by the mutative liquidateAccount() method (that's reserved to Synthetix)
    /// @param account The account to be liquidated
    /// @param isSelfLiquidation boolean to determine if this is a forced or self-invoked liquidation
    /// @return totalRedeemed the total amount of collateral (SNX) to redeem (liquid and escrow)
    /// @return debtToRemove the amount of debt (sUSD) to burn in order to fix the account's c-ratio
    /// @return escrowToLiquidate the amount of escrow SNX that will be revoked during liquidation
    /// @return initialDebtBalance the amount of initial (sUSD) debt the account has
    function liquidationAmounts(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint totalRedeemed,
            uint debtToRemove,
            uint escrowToLiquidate,
            uint initialDebtBalance
        )
    {
        return _liquidationAmounts(account, isSelfLiquidation);
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function _addSynth(ISynth synth) internal {
        bytes32 currencyKey = synth.currencyKey();
        require(synths[currencyKey] == ISynth(0), "Synth exists");
        require(synthsByAddress[address(synth)] == bytes32(0), "Synth address already exists");

        availableSynths.push(synth);
        synths[currencyKey] = synth;
        synthsByAddress[address(synth)] = currencyKey;

        emit SynthAdded(currencyKey, address(synth));
    }

    function addSynth(ISynth synth) external onlyOwner {
        _addSynth(synth);
        // Invalidate the cache to force a snapshot to be recomputed. If a synth were to be added
        // back to the system and it still somehow had cached debt, this would force the value to be
        // updated.
        debtCache().updateDebtCacheValidity(true);
    }

    function addSynths(ISynth[] calldata synthsToAdd) external onlyOwner {
        uint numSynths = synthsToAdd.length;
        for (uint i = 0; i < numSynths; i++) {
            _addSynth(synthsToAdd[i]);
        }

        // Invalidate the cache to force a snapshot to be recomputed.
        debtCache().updateDebtCacheValidity(true);
    }

    function _removeSynth(bytes32 currencyKey) internal {
        address synthToRemove = address(synths[currencyKey]);
        require(synthToRemove != address(0), "Synth does not exist");
        require(currencyKey != sUSD, "Cannot remove synth");

        uint synthSupply = IERC20(synthToRemove).totalSupply();

        if (synthSupply > 0) {
            (uint amountOfsUSD, uint rateToRedeem, ) =
                exchangeRates().effectiveValueAndRates(currencyKey, synthSupply, "sUSD");
            require(rateToRedeem > 0, "Cannot remove without rate");
            ISynthRedeemer _synthRedeemer = synthRedeemer();
            synths[sUSD].issue(address(_synthRedeemer), amountOfsUSD);
            // ensure the debt cache is aware of the new sUSD issued
            debtCache().updateCachedsUSDDebt(SafeCast.toInt256(amountOfsUSD));
            _synthRedeemer.deprecate(IERC20(address(Proxyable(synthToRemove).proxy())), rateToRedeem);
        }

        // Remove the synth from the availableSynths array.
        for (uint i = 0; i < availableSynths.length; i++) {
            if (address(availableSynths[i]) == synthToRemove) {
                delete availableSynths[i];

                // Copy the last synth into the place of the one we just deleted
                // If there's only one synth, this is synths[0] = synths[0].
                // If we're deleting the last one, it's also a NOOP in the same way.
                availableSynths[i] = availableSynths[availableSynths.length - 1];

                // Decrease the size of the array by one.
                availableSynths.length--;

                break;
            }
        }

        // And remove it from the synths mapping
        delete synthsByAddress[synthToRemove];
        delete synths[currencyKey];

        emit SynthRemoved(currencyKey, synthToRemove);
    }

    function removeSynth(bytes32 currencyKey) external onlyOwner {
        // Remove its contribution from the debt pool snapshot, and
        // invalidate the cache to force a new snapshot.
        IIssuerInternalDebtCache cache = debtCache();
        cache.updateCachedSynthDebtWithRate(currencyKey, 0);
        cache.updateDebtCacheValidity(true);

        _removeSynth(currencyKey);
    }

    function removeSynths(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external onlyOwner {
        uint numKeys = currencyKeys.length;

        // Remove their contributions from the debt pool snapshot, and
        // invalidate the cache to force a new snapshot.
        IIssuerInternalDebtCache cache = debtCache();
        uint[] memory zeroRates = new uint[](numKeys);
        cache.updateCachedSynthDebtsWithRates(currencyKeys, zeroRates);
        cache.updateDebtCacheValidity(true);

        for (uint i = 0; i < numKeys; i++) {
            _removeSynth(currencyKeys[i]);
        }
    }

    function issueSynthsWithoutDebt(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        address to,
        uint amount
    ) external onlyTrustedMinters returns (bool rateInvalid) {
        require(address(synths[currencyKey]) != address(0), "synth doesn't exist");
        require(amount > 0, "cannot issue 0 synths");

        // record issue timestamp
        _setLastIssueEvent(to);

        // Create their synths
        synths[currencyKey].issue(to, amount);

        // Account for the issued debt in the cache
        (uint rate, bool rateInvalid) = exchangeRates().rateAndInvalid(currencyKey);
        debtCache().updateCachedsUSDDebt(SafeCast.toInt256(amount.multiplyDecimal(rate)));

        // returned so that the caller can decide what to do if the rate is invalid
        return rateInvalid;
    }

    function burnSynthsWithoutDebt(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external onlyTrustedMinters returns (bool rateInvalid) {
        require(address(synths[currencyKey]) != address(0), "synth doesn't exist");
        require(amount > 0, "cannot issue 0 synths");

        exchanger().settle(from, currencyKey);

        // Burn some synths
        synths[currencyKey].burn(from, amount);

        // Account for the burnt debt in the cache. If rate is invalid, the user won't be able to exchange
        (uint rate, bool rateInvalid) = exchangeRates().rateAndInvalid(currencyKey);
        debtCache().updateCachedsUSDDebt(-SafeCast.toInt256(amount.multiplyDecimal(rate)));

        // returned so that the caller can decide what to do if the rate is invalid
        return rateInvalid;
    }

    /**
     * Function used to migrate balances from the CollateralShort contract
     * @param short The address of the CollateralShort contract to be upgraded
     * @param amount The amount of sUSD collateral to be burnt
     */
    function upgradeCollateralShort(address short, uint amount) external onlyOwner {
        require(short == resolver.getAddress("CollateralShortLegacy"), "wrong address");
        require(amount > 0, "cannot burn 0 synths");

        exchanger().settle(short, sUSD);

        synths[sUSD].burn(short, amount);
    }

    function issueSynths(address from, uint amount) external onlySynthetix {
        require(amount > 0, "cannot issue 0 synths");

        _issueSynths(from, amount, false);
    }

    function issueMaxSynths(address from) external onlySynthetix {
        _issueSynths(from, 0, true);
    }

    function issueSynthsOnBehalf(
        address issueForAddress,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external onlySynthetix {
        _requireCanIssueOnBehalf(issueForAddress, from);
        _issueSynths(issueForAddress, amount, false);
    }

    function issueMaxSynthsOnBehalf(address issueForAddress, address from) external onlySynthetix {
        _requireCanIssueOnBehalf(issueForAddress, from);
        _issueSynths(issueForAddress, 0, true);
    }

    function burnSynths(address from, uint amount) external onlySynthetix {
        _voluntaryBurnSynths(from, amount, false);
    }

    function burnSynthsOnBehalf(
        address burnForAddress,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external onlySynthetix {
        _requireCanBurnOnBehalf(burnForAddress, from);
        _voluntaryBurnSynths(burnForAddress, amount, false);
    }

    function burnSynthsToTarget(address from) external onlySynthetix {
        _voluntaryBurnSynths(from, 0, true);
    }

    function burnSynthsToTargetOnBehalf(address burnForAddress, address from) external onlySynthetix {
        _requireCanBurnOnBehalf(burnForAddress, from);
        _voluntaryBurnSynths(burnForAddress, 0, true);
    }

    function burnForRedemption(
        address deprecatedSynthProxy,
        address account,
        uint balance
    ) external onlySynthRedeemer {
        ISynth(IProxy(deprecatedSynthProxy).target()).burn(account, balance);
    }

    // SIP-148: Upgraded Liquidation Mechanism
    /// @notice This is where the core internal liquidation logic resides. This function can only be invoked by Synthetix.
    /// Reverts if liquidator().isLiquidationOpen() returns false (e.g. c-ratio is too high, delay hasn't passed,
    ///     account wasn't flagged etc)
    /// @param account The account to be liquidated
    /// @param isSelfLiquidation boolean to determine if this is a forced or self-invoked liquidation
    /// @return totalRedeemed the total amount of collateral (SNX) to redeem (liquid and escrow)
    /// @return debtRemoved the amount of debt (sUSD) to burn in order to fix the account's c-ratio
    /// @return escrowToLiquidate the amount of escrow SNX that will be revoked during liquidation
    function liquidateAccount(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation)
        external
        onlySynthetix
        returns (
            uint totalRedeemed,
            uint debtRemoved,
            uint escrowToLiquidate
        )
    {
        require(liquidator().isLiquidationOpen(account, isSelfLiquidation), "Not open for liquidation");

        // liquidationAmounts checks isLiquidationOpen for the account
        uint initialDebtBalance;
        (totalRedeemed, debtRemoved, escrowToLiquidate, initialDebtBalance) = _liquidationAmounts(
            account,
            isSelfLiquidation
        );

        // Reduce debt shares by amount to liquidate.
        _removeFromDebtRegister(account, debtRemoved, initialDebtBalance);

        if (!isSelfLiquidation) {
            // In case of forced liquidation only, remove the liquidation flag.
            liquidator().removeAccountInLiquidation(account);
        }
        // Note: To remove the flag after self liquidation, burn to target and then call Liquidator.checkAndRemoveAccountInLiquidation(account).
    }

    function _liquidationAmounts(address account, bool isSelfLiquidation)
        internal
        view
        returns (
            uint totalRedeemed,
            uint debtToRemove,
            uint escrowToLiquidate,
            uint debtBalance
        )
    {
        // Get the account's debt balance
        bool anyRateIsInvalid;
        (debtBalance, , anyRateIsInvalid) = _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(synthetixDebtShare().balanceOf(account), sUSD);

        // Get the SNX rate
        (uint snxRate, bool snxRateInvalid) = exchangeRates().rateAndInvalid(SNX);
        _requireRatesNotInvalid(anyRateIsInvalid || snxRateInvalid);

        uint penalty;
        if (isSelfLiquidation) {
            // Get self liquidation penalty
            penalty = getSelfLiquidationPenalty();

            // Calculate the amount of debt to remove and SNX to redeem for a self liquidation
            debtToRemove = liquidator().calculateAmountToFixCollateral(
                debtBalance,
                _snxToUSD(_collateral(account), snxRate),
                penalty
            );

            // Get the minimum values for both totalRedeemed and debtToRemove
            totalRedeemed = _getMinValue(
                _usdToSnx(debtToRemove, snxRate).multiplyDecimal(SafeDecimalMath.unit().add(penalty)),
                synthetixERC20().balanceOf(account)
            );
            debtToRemove = _getMinValue(
                _snxToUSD(totalRedeemed, snxRate).divideDecimal(SafeDecimalMath.unit().add(penalty)),
                debtToRemove
            );

            // Return escrow as zero since it cannot be self liquidated
            return (totalRedeemed, debtToRemove, 0, debtBalance);
        } else {
            // In the case of forced Liquidation
            // Get the forced liquidation penalty and sum of the flag and liquidate rewards.
            penalty = getSnxLiquidationPenalty();
            uint rewardsSum = getLiquidateReward().add(getFlagReward());

            // Get the total USD value of their SNX collateral (including escrow and rewards minus the flag and liquidate rewards)
            uint collateralForAccountUSD = _snxToUSD(_collateral(account).sub(rewardsSum), snxRate);

            // Calculate the amount of debt to remove and the sUSD value of the SNX required to liquidate.
            debtToRemove = liquidator().calculateAmountToFixCollateral(debtBalance, collateralForAccountUSD, penalty);
            uint redeemTarget = _usdToSnx(debtToRemove, snxRate).multiplyDecimal(SafeDecimalMath.unit().add(penalty));

            if (redeemTarget.add(rewardsSum) >= _collateral(account)) {
                // need to wipe out the account
                debtToRemove = debtBalance;
                totalRedeemed = _collateral(account).sub(rewardsSum);
                escrowToLiquidate = rewardEscrowV2().balanceOf(account);
                return (totalRedeemed, debtToRemove, escrowToLiquidate, debtBalance);
            } else {
                // normal forced liquidation
                (totalRedeemed, escrowToLiquidate) = _redeemableCollateralForTarget(account, redeemTarget, rewardsSum);
                return (totalRedeemed, debtToRemove, escrowToLiquidate, debtBalance);
            }
        }
    }

    // SIP-252
    // calculates the amount of SNX that can be force liquidated (redeemed)
    // for the various cases of transferrable & escrowed collateral
    function _redeemableCollateralForTarget(
        address account,
        uint redeemTarget,
        uint rewardsSum
    ) internal view returns (uint totalRedeemed, uint escrowToLiquidate) {
        // The balanceOf here can be considered "transferable" since it's not escrowed,
        // and it is the only SNX that can potentially be transfered if unstaked.
        uint transferable = synthetixERC20().balanceOf(account);
        if (redeemTarget.add(rewardsSum) <= transferable) {
            // transferable is enough
            return (redeemTarget, 0);
        } else {
            // if transferable is not enough
            // need only part of the escrow, add the needed part to redeemed
            escrowToLiquidate = redeemTarget.add(rewardsSum).sub(transferable);
            return (redeemTarget, escrowToLiquidate);
        }
    }

    function _getMinValue(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return x < y ? x : y;
    }

    function setCurrentPeriodId(uint128 periodId) external {
        require(msg.sender == requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_FEEPOOL), "Must be fee pool");

        ISynthetixDebtShare sds = synthetixDebtShare();

        if (sds.currentPeriodId() < periodId) {
            sds.takeSnapshot(periodId);
        }
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function _requireRatesNotInvalid(bool anyRateIsInvalid) internal pure {
        require(!anyRateIsInvalid, "A synth or SNX rate is invalid");
    }

    function _requireCanIssueOnBehalf(address issueForAddress, address from) internal view {
        require(delegateApprovals().canIssueFor(issueForAddress, from), "Not approved to act on behalf");
    }

    function _requireCanBurnOnBehalf(address burnForAddress, address from) internal view {
        require(delegateApprovals().canBurnFor(burnForAddress, from), "Not approved to act on behalf");
    }

    function _issueSynths(
        address from,
        uint amount,
        bool issueMax
    ) internal {
        if (_verifyCircuitBreakers()) {
            return;
        }

        (uint maxIssuable, , , bool anyRateIsInvalid) = _remainingIssuableSynths(from);
        _requireRatesNotInvalid(anyRateIsInvalid);

        if (!issueMax) {
            require(amount <= maxIssuable, "Amount too large");
        } else {
            amount = maxIssuable;
        }

        // Keep track of the debt they're about to create
        _addToDebtRegister(from, amount);

        // record issue timestamp
        _setLastIssueEvent(from);

        // Create their synths
        synths[sUSD].issue(from, amount);

        // Account for the issued debt in the cache
        debtCache().updateCachedsUSDDebt(SafeCast.toInt256(amount));
    }

    function _burnSynths(
        address debtAccount,
        address burnAccount,
        uint amount,
        uint existingDebt
    ) internal returns (uint amountBurnt) {
        if (_verifyCircuitBreakers()) {
            return 0;
        }

        // liquidation requires sUSD to be already settled / not in waiting period

        // If they're trying to burn more debt than they actually owe, rather than fail the transaction, let's just
        // clear their debt and leave them be.
        amountBurnt = existingDebt < amount ? existingDebt : amount;

        // Remove liquidated debt from the ledger
        _removeFromDebtRegister(debtAccount, amountBurnt, existingDebt);

        // synth.burn does a safe subtraction on balance (so it will revert if there are not enough synths).
        synths[sUSD].burn(burnAccount, amountBurnt);

        // Account for the burnt debt in the cache.
        debtCache().updateCachedsUSDDebt(-SafeCast.toInt256(amountBurnt));
    }

    // If burning to target, `amount` is ignored, and the correct quantity of sUSD is burnt to reach the target
    // c-ratio, allowing fees to be claimed. In this case, pending settlements will be skipped as the user
    // will still have debt remaining after reaching their target.
    function _voluntaryBurnSynths(
        address from,
        uint amount,
        bool burnToTarget
    ) internal {
        if (_verifyCircuitBreakers()) {
            return;
        }

        if (!burnToTarget) {
            // If not burning to target, then burning requires that the minimum stake time has elapsed.
            require(_canBurnSynths(from), "Minimum stake time not reached");
            // First settle anything pending into sUSD as burning or issuing impacts the size of the debt pool
            (, uint refunded, uint numEntriesSettled) = exchanger().settle(from, sUSD);
            if (numEntriesSettled > 0) {
                amount = exchanger().calculateAmountAfterSettlement(from, sUSD, amount, refunded);
            }
        }

        (uint existingDebt, , bool anyRateIsInvalid) =
            _debtBalanceOfAndTotalDebt(synthetixDebtShare().balanceOf(from), sUSD);
        (uint maxIssuableSynthsForAccount, bool snxRateInvalid) = _maxIssuableSynths(from);
        _requireRatesNotInvalid(anyRateIsInvalid || snxRateInvalid);
        require(existingDebt > 0, "No debt to forgive");

        if (burnToTarget) {
            amount = existingDebt.sub(maxIssuableSynthsForAccount);
        }

        uint amountBurnt = _burnSynths(from, from, amount, existingDebt);

        // Check and remove liquidation if existingDebt after burning is <= maxIssuableSynths
        // Issuance ratio is fixed so should remove any liquidations
        if (existingDebt.sub(amountBurnt) <= maxIssuableSynthsForAccount) {
            liquidator().removeAccountInLiquidation(from);
        }
    }

    function _setLastIssueEvent(address account) internal {
        // Set the timestamp of the last issueSynths
        flexibleStorage().setUIntValue(
            CONTRACT_NAME,
            keccak256(abi.encodePacked(LAST_ISSUE_EVENT, account)),
            block.timestamp
        );
    }

    function _addToDebtRegister(address from, uint amount) internal {
        // important: this has to happen before any updates to user's debt shares
        liquidatorRewards().updateEntry(from);

        ISynthetixDebtShare sds = synthetixDebtShare();

        // it is possible (eg in tests, system initialized with extra debt) to have issued debt without any shares issued
        // in which case, the first account to mint gets the debt. yw.
        uint debtShares = _sharesForDebt(amount);
        if (debtShares == 0) {
            sds.mintShare(from, amount);
        } else {
            sds.mintShare(from, debtShares);
        }
    }

    function _removeFromDebtRegister(
        address from,
        uint debtToRemove,
        uint existingDebt
    ) internal {
        // important: this has to happen before any updates to user's debt shares
        liquidatorRewards().updateEntry(from);

        ISynthetixDebtShare sds = synthetixDebtShare();

        uint currentDebtShare = sds.balanceOf(from);

        if (debtToRemove == existingDebt) {
            sds.burnShare(from, currentDebtShare);
        } else {
            uint sharesToRemove = _sharesForDebt(debtToRemove);
            sds.burnShare(from, sharesToRemove < currentDebtShare ? sharesToRemove : currentDebtShare);
        }
    }

    // trips the breaker and returns boolean, where true means the breaker has tripped state
    function _verifyCircuitBreakers() internal returns (bool) {
        address debtRatioAggregator = requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXT_AGGREGATOR_DEBT_RATIO);
        (, int256 rawRatio, , , ) = AggregatorV2V3Interface(debtRatioAggregator).latestRoundData();
        (, bool broken, ) = exchangeRates().rateWithSafetyChecks(SNX);

        return circuitBreaker().probeCircuitBreaker(debtRatioAggregator, uint(rawRatio)) || broken;
    }

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */
    modifier onlySynthetix() {
        require(msg.sender == address(synthetixERC20()), "Only Synthetix");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyTrustedMinters() {
        address bridgeL1 = resolver.getAddress(CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXBRIDGETOOPTIMISM);
        address bridgeL2 = resolver.getAddress(CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXBRIDGETOBASE);
        require(msg.sender == bridgeL1 || msg.sender == bridgeL2, "only trusted minters");
        require(bridgeL1 == address(0) || bridgeL2 == address(0), "one minter must be 0x0");
        _;
    }

    function _onlySynthRedeemer() internal view {
        require(msg.sender == address(synthRedeemer()), "Only SynthRedeemer");
    }

    modifier onlySynthRedeemer() {
        _onlySynthRedeemer();
        _;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event SynthAdded(bytes32 currencyKey, address synth);
    event SynthRemoved(bytes32 currencyKey, address synth);
}