// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol)



// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)



/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)





/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Context.sol)



/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.zeppelin.solutions/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert
 * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless
 * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20
 * applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract ERC20 is Context, IERC20, IERC20Metadata {
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
     *
     * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To select a different value for
     * {decimals} you should overload it.
     *
     * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
     * construction.
     */
    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
     * name.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
     * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
     * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
     *
     * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
     * Ether and Wei. This is the value {ERC20} uses, unless this function is
     * overridden;
     *
     * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
     * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
     * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
     */
    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _transfer(owner, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * NOTE: If `amount` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on
     * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
     * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
     *
     * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance
     * is the maximum `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address spender = _msgSender();
        _spendAllowance(from, spender, amount);
        _transfer(from, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, allowance(owner, spender) + addedValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `subtractedValue`.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        require(currentAllowance >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        unchecked {
            _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - subtractedValue);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` of tokens from `sender` to `recipient`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
     * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function _transfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(from != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);

        uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from];
        require(fromBalance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[from] = fromBalance - amount;
        }
        _balances[to] += amount;

        emit Transfer(from, to, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);
    }

    /** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
     * the total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _totalSupply += amount;
        _balances[account] += amount;
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
     * total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        uint256 accountBalance = _balances[account];
        require(accountBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] = accountBalance - amount;
        }
        _totalSupply -= amount;

        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
     * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _approve(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `amount`.
     *
     * Does not update the allowance amount in case of infinite allowance.
     * Revert if not enough allowance is available.
     *
     * Might emit an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _spendAllowance(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) {
            require(currentAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: insufficient allowance");
            unchecked {
                _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - amount);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * has been transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens have been minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens have been burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}
}interface IOracle {
    function value() external view returns (int256, bool);

    function update() external returns (bool);
}
/// @notice Emitted when paused
error Pausable__whenNotPaused_paused();

/// @notice Emitted when not paused
error Pausable__whenPaused_notPaused();

/// @title Guarded
/// @notice Mixin implementing an authentication scheme on a method level
abstract contract Guarded {
    /// ======== Custom Errors ======== ///

    error Guarded__notRoot();
    error Guarded__notGranted();

    /// ======== Storage ======== ///

    /// @notice Wildcard for granting a caller to call every guarded method
    bytes32 public constant ANY_SIG = keccak256("ANY_SIG");
    /// @notice Wildcard for granting a caller to call every guarded method
    address public constant ANY_CALLER =
        address(uint160(uint256(bytes32(keccak256("ANY_CALLER")))));

    /// @notice Mapping storing who is granted to which method
    /// @dev Method Signature => Caller => Bool
    mapping(bytes32 => mapping(address => bool)) private _canCall;

    /// ======== Events ======== ///

    event AllowCaller(bytes32 sig, address who);
    event BlockCaller(bytes32 sig, address who);

    constructor() {
        // set root
        _setRoot(msg.sender);
    }

    /// ======== Auth ======== ///

    modifier callerIsRoot() {
        if (_canCall[ANY_SIG][msg.sender]) {
            _;
        } else revert Guarded__notRoot();
    }

    modifier checkCaller() {
        if (canCall(msg.sig, msg.sender)) {
            _;
        } else revert Guarded__notGranted();
    }

    /// @notice Grant the right to call method `sig` to `who`
    /// @dev Only the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`) is able to call this method
    /// @param sig_ Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who_ Address of who should be able to call `sig`
    function allowCaller(bytes32 sig_, address who_) public callerIsRoot {
        _canCall[sig_][who_] = true;
        emit AllowCaller(sig_, who_);
    }

    /// @notice Revoke the right to call method `sig` from `who`
    /// @dev Only the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`) is able to call this method
    /// @param sig_ Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who_ Address of who should not be able to call `sig` anymore
    function blockCaller(bytes32 sig_, address who_) public callerIsRoot {
        _canCall[sig_][who_] = false;
        emit BlockCaller(sig_, who_);
    }

    /// @notice Returns if `who` can call `sig`
    /// @param sig_ Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who_ Address of who should be able to call `sig`
    function canCall(bytes32 sig_, address who_) public view returns (bool) {
        return (_canCall[sig_][who_] ||
            _canCall[ANY_SIG][who_] ||
            _canCall[sig_][ANY_CALLER]);
    }

    /// @notice Sets the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`)
    /// @param root_ Address of who should be set as root
    function _setRoot(address root_) internal {
        _canCall[ANY_SIG][root_] = true;
        emit AllowCaller(ANY_SIG, root_);
    }
}
contract Pausable is Guarded {
    event Paused(address who);
    event Unpaused(address who);

    bool private _paused;

    function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _paused;
    }

    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        // If the contract is paused, throw an error
        if (_paused) {
            revert Pausable__whenNotPaused_paused();
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier whenPaused() {
        // If the contract is not paused, throw an error
        if (_paused == false) {
            revert Pausable__whenPaused_notPaused();
        }
        _;
    }

    function _pause() internal whenNotPaused {
        _paused = true;
        emit Paused(msg.sender);
    }

    function _unpause() internal whenPaused {
        _paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(msg.sender);
    }
}
abstract contract Oracle is Pausable, IOracle {
    /// @notice Emitted when a method is reentered
    error Oracle__nonReentrant();

    /// ======== Events ======== ///

    event ValueInvalid();
    event ValueUpdated(int256 currentValue, int256 nextValue);
    event OracleReset();

    /// ======== Storage ======== ///
    // Time interval between the value updates
    uint256 public immutable timeUpdateWindow;

    // Timestamp of the current value
    uint256 public lastTimestamp;

    // The next value that will replace the current value once the timeUpdateWindow has passed
    int256 public nextValue;

    // Current value that will be returned by the Oracle
    int256 private _currentValue;

    // Flag that tells if the value provider returned successfully
    bool private _validReturnedValue;

    // Reentrancy constants
    uint256 private constant _NOT_ENTERED = 1;
    uint256 private constant _ENTERED = 2;

    // Reentrancy guard flag
    uint256 private _reentrantGuard = _NOT_ENTERED;

    /// ======== Modifiers ======== ///

    modifier nonReentrant() {
        // Check if the guard is set
        if (_reentrantGuard != _NOT_ENTERED) {
            revert Oracle__nonReentrant();
        }

        // Set the guard
        _reentrantGuard = _ENTERED;

        // Allow execution
        _;

        // Reset the guard
        _reentrantGuard = _NOT_ENTERED;
    }

    constructor(uint256 timeUpdateWindow_) {
        timeUpdateWindow = timeUpdateWindow_;
        _validReturnedValue = false;
    }

    /// @notice Get the current value of the oracle
    /// @return The current value of the oracle
    /// @return Whether the value is valid
    function value()
        public
        view
        override(IOracle)
        whenNotPaused
        returns (int256, bool)
    {
        // Value is considered valid if the value provider successfully returned a value
        return (_currentValue, _validReturnedValue);
    }

    function getValue() external virtual returns (int256);

    function update()
        public
        override(IOracle)
        checkCaller
        nonReentrant
        returns (bool)
    {
        // Not enough time has passed since the last update
        if (lastTimestamp + timeUpdateWindow > block.timestamp) {
            // Exit early if no update is needed
            return false;
        }

        // Oracle update should not fail even if the value provider fails to return a value
        try this.getValue() returns (int256 returnedValue) {
            // Update the value using an exponential moving average
            if (_currentValue == 0) {
                // First update takes the current value
                nextValue = returnedValue;
                _currentValue = nextValue;
            } else {
                // Update the current value with the next value
                _currentValue = nextValue;
                // Set the returnedValue as the next value
                nextValue = returnedValue;
            }

            // Save when the value was last updated
            lastTimestamp = block.timestamp;
            _validReturnedValue = true;

            emit ValueUpdated(_currentValue, nextValue);

            return true;
        } catch {
            // When a value provider fails, we update the valid flag which will
            // invalidate the value instantly
            _validReturnedValue = false;
            emit ValueInvalid();
        }

        return false;
    }

    function pause() public checkCaller {
        _pause();
    }

    function unpause() public checkCaller {
        _unpause();
    }

    function reset() public whenPaused checkCaller {
        _currentValue = 0;
        nextValue = 0;
        lastTimestamp = 0;
        _validReturnedValue = false;

        emit OracleReset();
    }
}contract Convert {
    function convert(
        int256 x_,
        uint256 currentPrecision_,
        uint256 targetPrecision_
    ) internal pure returns (int256) {
        if (targetPrecision_ > currentPrecision_)
            return x_ * int256(10**(targetPrecision_ - currentPrecision_));

        return x_ / int256(10**(currentPrecision_ - targetPrecision_));
    }

    function uconvert(
        uint256 x_,
        uint256 currentPrecision_,
        uint256 targetPrecision_
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (targetPrecision_ > currentPrecision_)
            return x_ * 10**(targetPrecision_ - currentPrecision_);

        return x_ / 10**(currentPrecision_ - targetPrecision_);
    }
}// Chainlink Aggregator v3 interface
// https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/blob/6fea3ccd275466e082a22be690dbaf1609f19dce/contracts/src/v0.8/interfaces/AggregatorV3Interface.sol
interface IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface {
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);

    function description() external view returns (string memory);

    function version() external view returns (uint256);

    // getRoundData and latestRoundData should both raise "No data present"
    // if they do not have data to report, instead of returning unset values
    // which could be misinterpreted as actual reported values.
    function getRoundData(uint80 _roundId)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint80 roundId,
            int256 answer,
            uint256 startedAt,
            uint256 updatedAt,
            uint80 answeredInRound
        );

    function latestRoundData()
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint80 roundId,
            int256 answer,
            uint256 startedAt,
            uint256 updatedAt,
            uint80 answeredInRound
        );
}/// @notice Lightweight interface used to interrogate Curve pools
interface ICurvePool {
    function get_virtual_price() external view returns (uint256);
}/// @notice Emitted when the result overflows uint256.
error PRBMath__MulDivFixedPointOverflow(uint256 prod1);

/// @notice Emitted when the result overflows uint256.
error PRBMath__MulDivOverflow(uint256 prod1, uint256 denominator);

/// @notice Emitted when one of the inputs is type(int256).min.
error PRBMath__MulDivSignedInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when the intermediary absolute result overflows int256.
error PRBMath__MulDivSignedOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is MIN_SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__AbsInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when ceiling a number overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__CeilOverflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when one of the inputs is MIN_SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__DivInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when one of the intermediary unsigned results overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__DivOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 133.084258667509499441.
error PRBMathSD59x18__ExpInputTooBig(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 192.
error PRBMathSD59x18__Exp2InputTooBig(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when flooring a number underflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__FloorUnderflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when converting a basic integer to the fixed-point format overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__FromIntOverflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when converting a basic integer to the fixed-point format underflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__FromIntUnderflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the product of the inputs is negative.
error PRBMathSD59x18__GmNegativeProduct(int256 x, int256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when multiplying the inputs overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__GmOverflow(int256 x, int256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is less than or equal to zero.
error PRBMathSD59x18__LogInputTooSmall(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when one of the inputs is MIN_SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__MulInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when the intermediary absolute result overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__MulOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the intermediary absolute result overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__PowuOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is negative.
error PRBMathSD59x18__SqrtNegativeInput(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the calculating the square root overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__SqrtOverflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when addition overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__AddOverflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when ceiling a number overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__CeilOverflow(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 133.084258667509499441.
error PRBMathUD60x18__ExpInputTooBig(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 192.
error PRBMathUD60x18__Exp2InputTooBig(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when converting a basic integer to the fixed-point format format overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__FromUintOverflow(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when multiplying the inputs overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__GmOverflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is less than 1.
error PRBMathUD60x18__LogInputTooSmall(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the calculating the square root overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__SqrtOverflow(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when subtraction underflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__SubUnderflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

/// @dev Common mathematical functions used in both PRBMathSD59x18 and PRBMathUD60x18. Note that this shared library
/// does not always assume the signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point or the unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point
/// representation. When it does not, it is explicitly mentioned in the NatSpec documentation.
library PRBMath {
    /// STRUCTS ///

    struct SD59x18 {
        int256 value;
    }

    struct UD60x18 {
        uint256 value;
    }

    /// STORAGE ///

    /// @dev How many trailing decimals can be represented.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE = 1e18;

    /// @dev Largest power of two divisor of SCALE.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE_LPOTD = 262144;

    /// @dev SCALE inverted mod 2^256.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE_INVERSE =
        78156646155174841979727994598816262306175212592076161876661_508869554232690281;

    /// FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Calculates the binary exponent of x using the binary fraction method.
    /// @dev Has to use 192.64-bit fixed-point numbers.
    /// See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/a/96594/24693.
    /// @param x The exponent as an unsigned 192.64-bit fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function exp2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // Start from 0.5 in the 192.64-bit fixed-point format.
            result = 0x800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;

            // Multiply the result by root(2, 2^-i) when the bit at position i is 1. None of the intermediary results overflows
            // because the initial result is 2^191 and all magic factors are less than 2^65.
            if (x & 0x8000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x16A09E667F3BCC909) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1306FE0A31B7152DF) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1172B83C7D517ADCE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10B5586CF9890F62A) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1059B0D31585743AE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x102C9A3E778060EE7) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10163DA9FB33356D8) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100B1AFA5ABCBED61) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10058C86DA1C09EA2) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1002C605E2E8CEC50) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100162F3904051FA1) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000B175EFFDC76BA) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100058BA01FB9F96D) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10002C5CC37DA9492) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000162E525EE0547) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000B17255775C04) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000058B91B5BC9AE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100002C5C89D5EC6D) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000162E43F4F831) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000B1721BCFC9A) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000058B90CF1E6E) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000002C5C863B73F) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000162E430E5A2) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000B172183551) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000058B90C0B49) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000002C5C8601CC) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000162E42FFF0) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000B17217FBB) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000058B90BFCE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000002C5C85FE3) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000162E42FF1) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000B17217F8) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000058B90BFC) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000002C5C85FE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000162E42FF) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000B17217F) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000058B90C0) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000002C5C860) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000162E430) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000B17218) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000058B90C) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000002C5C86) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000162E43) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000B1721) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000058B91) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000002C5C8) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000162E4) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000B172) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000058B9) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000002C5D) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000162E) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000B17) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000058C) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000002C6) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000163) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000000B1) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000059) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000002C) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000016) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000000B) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000006) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000003) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000001) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000001) >> 64;
            }

            // We're doing two things at the same time:
            //
            //   1. Multiply the result by 2^n + 1, where "2^n" is the integer part and the one is added to account for
            //      the fact that we initially set the result to 0.5. This is accomplished by subtracting from 191
            //      rather than 192.
            //   2. Convert the result to the unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point format.
            //
            // This works because 2^(191-ip) = 2^ip / 2^191, where "ip" is the integer part "2^n".
            result *= SCALE;
            result >>= (191 - (x >> 64));
        }
    }

    /// @notice Finds the zero-based index of the first one in the binary representation of x.
    /// @dev See the note on msb in the "Find First Set" Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_first_set
    /// @param x The uint256 number for which to find the index of the most significant bit.
    /// @return msb The index of the most significant bit as an uint256.
    function mostSignificantBit(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 msb) {
        if (x >= 2**128) {
            x >>= 128;
            msb += 128;
        }
        if (x >= 2**64) {
            x >>= 64;
            msb += 64;
        }
        if (x >= 2**32) {
            x >>= 32;
            msb += 32;
        }
        if (x >= 2**16) {
            x >>= 16;
            msb += 16;
        }
        if (x >= 2**8) {
            x >>= 8;
            msb += 8;
        }
        if (x >= 2**4) {
            x >>= 4;
            msb += 4;
        }
        if (x >= 2**2) {
            x >>= 2;
            msb += 2;
        }
        if (x >= 2**1) {
            // No need to shift x any more.
            msb += 1;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates floor(x*y÷denominator) with full precision.
    ///
    /// @dev Credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - The denominator cannot be zero.
    /// - The result must fit within uint256.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - This function does not work with fixed-point numbers.
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an uint256.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an uint256.
    /// @param denominator The divisor as an uint256.
    /// @return result The result as an uint256.
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
        // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
        // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
        uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
        uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
        assembly {
            let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
            prod0 := mul(x, y)
            prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
        }

        // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
        if (prod1 == 0) {
            unchecked {
                result = prod0 / denominator;
            }
            return result;
        }

        // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
        if (prod1 >= denominator) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivOverflow(prod1, denominator);
        }

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////
        // 512 by 256 division.
        ///////////////////////////////////////////////

        // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
        uint256 remainder;
        assembly {
            // Compute remainder using mulmod.
            remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

            // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
            prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
            prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
        }

        // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
        // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.
        unchecked {
            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 lpotdod = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by lpotdod.
                denominator := div(denominator, lpotdod)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by lpotdod.
                prod0 := div(prod0, lpotdod)

                // Flip lpotdod such that it is 2^256 / lpotdod. If lpotdod is zero, then it becomes one.
                lpotdod := add(div(sub(0, lpotdod), lpotdod), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * lpotdod;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates floor(x*y÷1e18) with full precision.
    ///
    /// @dev Variant of "mulDiv" with constant folding, i.e. in which the denominator is always 1e18. Before returning the
    /// final result, we add 1 if (x * y) % SCALE >= HALF_SCALE. Without this, 6.6e-19 would be truncated to 0 instead of
    /// being rounded to 1e-18.  See "Listing 6" and text above it at https://accu.org/index.php/journals/1717.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - The result must fit within uint256.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - The body is purposely left uncommented; see the NatSpec comments in "PRBMath.mulDiv" to understand how this works.
    /// - It is assumed that the result can never be type(uint256).max when x and y solve the following two equations:
    ///     1. x * y = type(uint256).max * SCALE
    ///     2. (x * y) % SCALE >= SCALE / 2
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function mulDivFixedPoint(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        uint256 prod0;
        uint256 prod1;
        assembly {
            let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
            prod0 := mul(x, y)
            prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
        }

        if (prod1 >= SCALE) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivFixedPointOverflow(prod1);
        }

        uint256 remainder;
        uint256 roundUpUnit;
        assembly {
            remainder := mulmod(x, y, SCALE)
            roundUpUnit := gt(remainder, 499999999999999999)
        }

        if (prod1 == 0) {
            unchecked {
                result = (prod0 / SCALE) + roundUpUnit;
                return result;
            }
        }

        assembly {
            result := add(
                mul(
                    or(
                        div(sub(prod0, remainder), SCALE_LPOTD),
                        mul(sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0)), add(div(sub(0, SCALE_LPOTD), SCALE_LPOTD), 1))
                    ),
                    SCALE_INVERSE
                ),
                roundUpUnit
            )
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates floor(x*y÷denominator) with full precision.
    ///
    /// @dev An extension of "mulDiv" for signed numbers. Works by computing the signs and the absolute values separately.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - None of the inputs can be type(int256).min.
    /// - The result must fit within int256.
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an int256.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an int256.
    /// @param denominator The divisor as an int256.
    /// @return result The result as an int256.
    function mulDivSigned(
        int256 x,
        int256 y,
        int256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x == type(int256).min || y == type(int256).min || denominator == type(int256).min) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivSignedInputTooSmall();
        }

        // Get hold of the absolute values of x, y and the denominator.
        uint256 ax;
        uint256 ay;
        uint256 ad;
        unchecked {
            ax = x < 0 ? uint256(-x) : uint256(x);
            ay = y < 0 ? uint256(-y) : uint256(y);
            ad = denominator < 0 ? uint256(-denominator) : uint256(denominator);
        }

        // Compute the absolute value of (x*y)÷denominator. The result must fit within int256.
        uint256 rAbs = mulDiv(ax, ay, ad);
        if (rAbs > uint256(type(int256).max)) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivSignedOverflow(rAbs);
        }

        // Get the signs of x, y and the denominator.
        uint256 sx;
        uint256 sy;
        uint256 sd;
        assembly {
            sx := sgt(x, sub(0, 1))
            sy := sgt(y, sub(0, 1))
            sd := sgt(denominator, sub(0, 1))
        }

        // XOR over sx, sy and sd. This is checking whether there are one or three negative signs in the inputs.
        // If yes, the result should be negative.
        result = sx ^ sy ^ sd == 0 ? -int256(rAbs) : int256(rAbs);
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the square root of x, rounding down.
    /// @dev Uses the Babylonian method https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Babylonian_method.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - This function does not work with fixed-point numbers.
    ///
    /// @param x The uint256 number for which to calculate the square root.
    /// @return result The result as an uint256.
    function sqrt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // Set the initial guess to the least power of two that is greater than or equal to sqrt(x).
        uint256 xAux = uint256(x);
        result = 1;
        if (xAux >= 0x100000000000000000000000000000000) {
            xAux >>= 128;
            result <<= 64;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x10000000000000000) {
            xAux >>= 64;
            result <<= 32;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x100000000) {
            xAux >>= 32;
            result <<= 16;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x10000) {
            xAux >>= 16;
            result <<= 8;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x100) {
            xAux >>= 8;
            result <<= 4;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x10) {
            xAux >>= 4;
            result <<= 2;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x8) {
            result <<= 1;
        }

        // The operations can never overflow because the result is max 2^127 when it enters this block.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1; // Seven iterations should be enough
            uint256 roundedDownResult = x / result;
            return result >= roundedDownResult ? roundedDownResult : result;
        }
    }
}
/// @title PRBMathSD59x18
/// @author Paul Razvan Berg
/// @notice Smart contract library for advanced fixed-point math that works with int256 numbers considered to have 18
/// trailing decimals. We call this number representation signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point, since the numbers can have
/// a sign and there can be up to 59 digits in the integer part and up to 18 decimals in the fractional part. The numbers
/// are bound by the minimum and the maximum values permitted by the Solidity type int256.
library PRBMathSD59x18 {
    /// @dev log2(e) as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    int256 internal constant LOG2_E = 1_442695040888963407;

    /// @dev Half the SCALE number.
    int256 internal constant HALF_SCALE = 5e17;

    /// @dev The maximum value a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
    int256 internal constant MAX_SD59x18 =
        57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728_792003956564819967;

    /// @dev The maximum whole value a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
    int256 internal constant MAX_WHOLE_SD59x18 =
        57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728_000000000000000000;

    /// @dev The minimum value a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
    int256 internal constant MIN_SD59x18 =
        -57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728_792003956564819968;

    /// @dev The minimum whole value a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
    int256 internal constant MIN_WHOLE_SD59x18 =
        -57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728_000000000000000000;

    /// @dev How many trailing decimals can be represented.
    int256 internal constant SCALE = 1e18;

    /// INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Calculate the absolute value of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x must be greater than MIN_SD59x18.
    ///
    /// @param x The number to calculate the absolute value for.
    /// @param result The absolute value of x.
    function abs(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (x == MIN_SD59x18) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__AbsInputTooSmall();
            }
            result = x < 0 ? -x : x;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the arithmetic average of x and y, rounding down.
    /// @param x The first operand as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The second operand as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The arithmetic average as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function avg(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        // The operations can never overflow.
        unchecked {
            int256 sum = (x >> 1) + (y >> 1);
            if (sum < 0) {
                // If at least one of x and y is odd, we add 1 to the result. This is because shifting negative numbers to the
                // right rounds down to infinity.
                assembly {
                    result := add(sum, and(or(x, y), 1))
                }
            } else {
                // If both x and y are odd, we add 1 to the result. This is because if both numbers are odd, the 0.5
                // remainder gets truncated twice.
                result = sum + (x & y & 1);
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Yields the least greatest signed 59.18 decimal fixed-point number greater than or equal to x.
    ///
    /// @dev Optimized for fractional value inputs, because for every whole value there are (1e18 - 1) fractional counterparts.
    /// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be less than or equal to MAX_WHOLE_SD59x18.
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number to ceil.
    /// @param result The least integer greater than or equal to x, as a signed 58.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function ceil(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x > MAX_WHOLE_SD59x18) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__CeilOverflow(x);
        }
        unchecked {
            int256 remainder = x % SCALE;
            if (remainder == 0) {
                result = x;
            } else {
                // Solidity uses C fmod style, which returns a modulus with the same sign as x.
                result = x - remainder;
                if (x > 0) {
                    result += SCALE;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Divides two signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point numbers, returning a new signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    ///
    /// @dev Variant of "mulDiv" that works with signed numbers. Works by computing the signs and the absolute values separately.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "PRBMath.mulDiv".
    /// - None of the inputs can be MIN_SD59x18.
    /// - The denominator cannot be zero.
    /// - The result must fit within int256.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "PRBMath.mulDiv".
    ///
    /// @param x The numerator as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The denominator as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param result The quotient as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function div(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x == MIN_SD59x18 || y == MIN_SD59x18) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__DivInputTooSmall();
        }

        // Get hold of the absolute values of x and y.
        uint256 ax;
        uint256 ay;
        unchecked {
            ax = x < 0 ? uint256(-x) : uint256(x);
            ay = y < 0 ? uint256(-y) : uint256(y);
        }

        // Compute the absolute value of (x*SCALE)÷y. The result must fit within int256.
        uint256 rAbs = PRBMath.mulDiv(ax, uint256(SCALE), ay);
        if (rAbs > uint256(MAX_SD59x18)) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__DivOverflow(rAbs);
        }

        // Get the signs of x and y.
        uint256 sx;
        uint256 sy;
        assembly {
            sx := sgt(x, sub(0, 1))
            sy := sgt(y, sub(0, 1))
        }

        // XOR over sx and sy. This is basically checking whether the inputs have the same sign. If yes, the result
        // should be positive. Otherwise, it should be negative.
        result = sx ^ sy == 1 ? -int256(rAbs) : int256(rAbs);
    }

    /// @notice Returns Euler's number as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @dev See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant).
    function e() internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        result = 2_718281828459045235;
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the natural exponent of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the insight that e^x = 2^(x * log2(e)).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "log2".
    /// - x must be less than 133.084258667509499441.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "exp2".
    /// - For any x less than -41.446531673892822322, the result is zero.
    ///
    /// @param x The exponent as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function exp(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        // Without this check, the value passed to "exp2" would be less than -59.794705707972522261.
        if (x < -41_446531673892822322) {
            return 0;
        }

        // Without this check, the value passed to "exp2" would be greater than 192.
        if (x >= 133_084258667509499441) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__ExpInputTooBig(x);
        }

        // Do the fixed-point multiplication inline to save gas.
        unchecked {
            int256 doubleScaleProduct = x * LOG2_E;
            result = exp2((doubleScaleProduct + HALF_SCALE) / SCALE);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the binary exponent of x using the binary fraction method.
    ///
    /// @dev See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/q/79903/24693.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be 192 or less.
    /// - The result must fit within MAX_SD59x18.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - For any x less than -59.794705707972522261, the result is zero.
    ///
    /// @param x The exponent as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function exp2(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        // This works because 2^(-x) = 1/2^x.
        if (x < 0) {
            // 2^59.794705707972522262 is the maximum number whose inverse does not truncate down to zero.
            if (x < -59_794705707972522261) {
                return 0;
            }

            // Do the fixed-point inversion inline to save gas. The numerator is SCALE * SCALE.
            unchecked {
                result = 1e36 / exp2(-x);
            }
        } else {
            // 2^192 doesn't fit within the 192.64-bit format used internally in this function.
            if (x >= 192e18) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__Exp2InputTooBig(x);
            }

            unchecked {
                // Convert x to the 192.64-bit fixed-point format.
                uint256 x192x64 = (uint256(x) << 64) / uint256(SCALE);

                // Safe to convert the result to int256 directly because the maximum input allowed is 192.
                result = int256(PRBMath.exp2(x192x64));
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Yields the greatest signed 59.18 decimal fixed-point number less than or equal to x.
    ///
    /// @dev Optimized for fractional value inputs, because for every whole value there are (1e18 - 1) fractional counterparts.
    /// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be greater than or equal to MIN_WHOLE_SD59x18.
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number to floor.
    /// @param result The greatest integer less than or equal to x, as a signed 58.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function floor(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x < MIN_WHOLE_SD59x18) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__FloorUnderflow(x);
        }
        unchecked {
            int256 remainder = x % SCALE;
            if (remainder == 0) {
                result = x;
            } else {
                // Solidity uses C fmod style, which returns a modulus with the same sign as x.
                result = x - remainder;
                if (x < 0) {
                    result -= SCALE;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Yields the excess beyond the floor of x for positive numbers and the part of the number to the right
    /// of the radix point for negative numbers.
    /// @dev Based on the odd function definition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_part
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number to get the fractional part of.
    /// @param result The fractional part of x as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function frac(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        unchecked {
            result = x % SCALE;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Converts a number from basic integer form to signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point representation.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x must be greater than or equal to MIN_SD59x18 divided by SCALE.
    /// - x must be less than or equal to MAX_SD59x18 divided by SCALE.
    ///
    /// @param x The basic integer to convert.
    /// @param result The same number in signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point representation.
    function fromInt(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (x < MIN_SD59x18 / SCALE) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__FromIntUnderflow(x);
            }
            if (x > MAX_SD59x18 / SCALE) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__FromIntOverflow(x);
            }
            result = x * SCALE;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates geometric mean of x and y, i.e. sqrt(x * y), rounding down.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x * y must fit within MAX_SD59x18, lest it overflows.
    /// - x * y cannot be negative.
    ///
    /// @param x The first operand as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The second operand as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function gm(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        unchecked {
            // Checking for overflow this way is faster than letting Solidity do it.
            int256 xy = x * y;
            if (xy / x != y) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__GmOverflow(x, y);
            }

            // The product cannot be negative.
            if (xy < 0) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__GmNegativeProduct(x, y);
            }

            // We don't need to multiply by the SCALE here because the x*y product had already picked up a factor of SCALE
            // during multiplication. See the comments within the "sqrt" function.
            result = int256(PRBMath.sqrt(uint256(xy)));
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates 1 / x, rounding toward zero.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x cannot be zero.
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the inverse.
    /// @return result The inverse as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function inv(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 1e36 is SCALE * SCALE.
            result = 1e36 / x;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the natural logarithm of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the insight that ln(x) = log2(x) / log2(e).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "log2".
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "log2".
    /// - This doesn't return exactly 1 for 2718281828459045235, for that we would need more fine-grained precision.
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the natural logarithm.
    /// @return result The natural logarithm as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function ln(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        // Do the fixed-point multiplication inline to save gas. This is overflow-safe because the maximum value that log2(x)
        // can return is 195205294292027477728.
        unchecked {
            result = (log2(x) * SCALE) / LOG2_E;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the common logarithm of x.
    ///
    /// @dev First checks if x is an exact power of ten and it stops if yes. If it's not, calculates the common
    /// logarithm based on the insight that log10(x) = log2(x) / log2(10).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "log2".
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "log2".
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the common logarithm.
    /// @return result The common logarithm as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function log10(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x <= 0) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__LogInputTooSmall(x);
        }

        // Note that the "mul" in this block is the assembly mul operation, not the "mul" function defined in this contract.
        // prettier-ignore
        assembly {
            switch x
            case 1 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(0, 18)) }
            case 10 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(1, 18)) }
            case 100 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(2, 18)) }
            case 1000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(3, 18)) }
            case 10000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(4, 18)) }
            case 100000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(5, 18)) }
            case 1000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(6, 18)) }
            case 10000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(7, 18)) }
            case 100000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(8, 18)) }
            case 1000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(9, 18)) }
            case 10000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(10, 18)) }
            case 100000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(11, 18)) }
            case 1000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(12, 18)) }
            case 10000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(13, 18)) }
            case 100000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(14, 18)) }
            case 1000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(15, 18)) }
            case 10000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(16, 18)) }
            case 100000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(17, 18)) }
            case 1000000000000000000 { result := 0 }
            case 10000000000000000000 { result := SCALE }
            case 100000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 2) }
            case 1000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 3) }
            case 10000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 4) }
            case 100000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 5) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 6) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 7) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 8) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 9) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 10) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 11) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 12) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 13) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 14) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 15) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 16) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 17) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 18) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 19) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 20) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 21) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 22) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 23) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 24) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 25) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 26) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 27) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 28) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 29) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 30) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 31) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 32) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 33) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 34) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 35) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 36) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 37) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 38) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 39) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 40) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 41) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 42) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 43) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 44) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 45) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 46) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 47) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 48) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 49) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 50) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 51) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 52) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 53) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 54) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 55) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 56) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 57) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 58) }
            default {
                result := MAX_SD59x18
            }
        }

        if (result == MAX_SD59x18) {
            // Do the fixed-point division inline to save gas. The denominator is log2(10).
            unchecked {
                result = (log2(x) * SCALE) / 3_321928094887362347;
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the binary logarithm of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the iterative approximation algorithm.
    /// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_logarithm#Iterative_approximation
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be greater than zero.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - The results are not perfectly accurate to the last decimal, due to the lossy precision of the iterative approximation.
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the binary logarithm.
    /// @return result The binary logarithm as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function log2(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x <= 0) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__LogInputTooSmall(x);
        }
        unchecked {
            // This works because log2(x) = -log2(1/x).
            int256 sign;
            if (x >= SCALE) {
                sign = 1;
            } else {
                sign = -1;
                // Do the fixed-point inversion inline to save gas. The numerator is SCALE * SCALE.
                assembly {
                    x := div(1000000000000000000000000000000000000, x)
                }
            }

            // Calculate the integer part of the logarithm and add it to the result and finally calculate y = x * 2^(-n).
            uint256 n = PRBMath.mostSignificantBit(uint256(x / SCALE));

            // The integer part of the logarithm as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number. The operation can't overflow
            // because n is maximum 255, SCALE is 1e18 and sign is either 1 or -1.
            result = int256(n) * SCALE;

            // This is y = x * 2^(-n).
            int256 y = x >> n;

            // If y = 1, the fractional part is zero.
            if (y == SCALE) {
                return result * sign;
            }

            // Calculate the fractional part via the iterative approximation.
            // The "delta >>= 1" part is equivalent to "delta /= 2", but shifting bits is faster.
            for (int256 delta = int256(HALF_SCALE); delta > 0; delta >>= 1) {
                y = (y * y) / SCALE;

                // Is y^2 > 2 and so in the range [2,4)?
                if (y >= 2 * SCALE) {
                    // Add the 2^(-m) factor to the logarithm.
                    result += delta;

                    // Corresponds to z/2 on Wikipedia.
                    y >>= 1;
                }
            }
            result *= sign;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Multiplies two signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point numbers together, returning a new signed 59.18-decimal
    /// fixed-point number.
    ///
    /// @dev Variant of "mulDiv" that works with signed numbers and employs constant folding, i.e. the denominator is
    /// always 1e18.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint".
    /// - None of the inputs can be MIN_SD59x18
    /// - The result must fit within MAX_SD59x18.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - The body is purposely left uncommented; see the NatSpec comments in "PRBMath.mulDiv" to understand how this works.
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The multiplier as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The product as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function mul(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x == MIN_SD59x18 || y == MIN_SD59x18) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__MulInputTooSmall();
        }

        unchecked {
            uint256 ax;
            uint256 ay;
            ax = x < 0 ? uint256(-x) : uint256(x);
            ay = y < 0 ? uint256(-y) : uint256(y);

            uint256 rAbs = PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint(ax, ay);
            if (rAbs > uint256(MAX_SD59x18)) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__MulOverflow(rAbs);
            }

            uint256 sx;
            uint256 sy;
            assembly {
                sx := sgt(x, sub(0, 1))
                sy := sgt(y, sub(0, 1))
            }
            result = sx ^ sy == 1 ? -int256(rAbs) : int256(rAbs);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Returns PI as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function pi() internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        result = 3_141592653589793238;
    }

    /// @notice Raises x to the power of y.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the insight that x^y = 2^(log2(x) * y).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "exp2", "log2" and "mul".
    /// - z cannot be zero.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "exp2", "log2" and "mul".
    /// - Assumes 0^0 is 1.
    ///
    /// @param x Number to raise to given power y, as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y Exponent to raise x to, as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result x raised to power y, as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function pow(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x == 0) {
            result = y == 0 ? SCALE : int256(0);
        } else {
            result = exp2(mul(log2(x), y));
        }
    }

    /// @notice Raises x (signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number) to the power of y (basic unsigned integer) using the
    /// famous algorithm "exponentiation by squaring".
    ///
    /// @dev See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "abs" and "PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint".
    /// - The result must fit within MAX_SD59x18.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint".
    /// - Assumes 0^0 is 1.
    ///
    /// @param x The base as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The exponent as an uint256.
    /// @return result The result as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function powu(int256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        uint256 xAbs = uint256(abs(x));

        // Calculate the first iteration of the loop in advance.
        uint256 rAbs = y & 1 > 0 ? xAbs : uint256(SCALE);

        // Equivalent to "for(y /= 2; y > 0; y /= 2)" but faster.
        uint256 yAux = y;
        for (yAux >>= 1; yAux > 0; yAux >>= 1) {
            xAbs = PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint(xAbs, xAbs);

            // Equivalent to "y % 2 == 1" but faster.
            if (yAux & 1 > 0) {
                rAbs = PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint(rAbs, xAbs);
            }
        }

        // The result must fit within the 59.18-decimal fixed-point representation.
        if (rAbs > uint256(MAX_SD59x18)) {
            revert PRBMathSD59x18__PowuOverflow(rAbs);
        }

        // Is the base negative and the exponent an odd number?
        bool isNegative = x < 0 && y & 1 == 1;
        result = isNegative ? -int256(rAbs) : int256(rAbs);
    }

    /// @notice Returns 1 as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function scale() internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        result = SCALE;
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the square root of x, rounding down.
    /// @dev Uses the Babylonian method https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Babylonian_method.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x cannot be negative.
    /// - x must be less than MAX_SD59x18 / SCALE.
    ///
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the square root.
    /// @return result The result as a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point .
    function sqrt(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (x < 0) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__SqrtNegativeInput(x);
            }
            if (x > MAX_SD59x18 / SCALE) {
                revert PRBMathSD59x18__SqrtOverflow(x);
            }
            // Multiply x by the SCALE to account for the factor of SCALE that is picked up when multiplying two signed
            // 59.18-decimal fixed-point numbers together (in this case, those two numbers are both the square root).
            result = int256(PRBMath.sqrt(uint256(x * SCALE)));
        }
    }

    /// @notice Converts a signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number to basic integer form, rounding down in the process.
    /// @param x The signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number to convert.
    /// @return result The same number in basic integer form.
    function toInt(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        unchecked {
            result = x / SCALE;
        }
    }
}
/// @notice Oracle implementation for Curve LP tokens via Chainlink Oracles
/// as described in this guide: https://news.curve.fi/chainlink-oracles-and-curve-pools/
contract LUSD3CRVValueProvider is Oracle, Convert {
    /// @notice Emitted when a pool with unsupported decimals is used
    error LUSD3CRVValueProvider__constructor_InvalidPoolDecimals(address pool);

    uint256 public immutable decimalsUSDC;
    uint256 public immutable decimalsDAI;
    uint256 public immutable decimalsUSDT;
    uint256 public immutable decimalsLUSD;

    // DAI/USDC/USDT pool
    address public immutable curve3Pool;
    address public immutable curveLUSD3Pool;

    address public immutable chainlinkLUSD;
    address public immutable chainlinkUSDC;
    address public immutable chainlinkDAI;
    address public immutable chainlinkUSDT;

    /// @notice Constructs the Value provider contracts with the needed Chainlink data feeds
    /// @param timeUpdateWindow_ Minimum time between updates of the value
    /// @param curve3Pool_ Address of the  Curve 3pool
    /// @param curve3PoolLpToken_ Address of the lp token for the Curve 3pool
    /// @param curveLUSD3Pool_ Address of the Curve LUSD-3pool pool
    /// @param chainlinkLUSD_ Address of the LUSD chainlink data feed
    /// @param chainlinkUSDC_ Address of the USDC chainlink data feed
    /// @param chainlinkDAI_ Address of the DAI chainlink data feed
    /// @param chainlinkUSDT_ Address of the USDT chainlink data feed
    constructor(
        // Oracle parameters
        uint256 timeUpdateWindow_,
        // Chainlink specific parameters
        address curve3Pool_,
        address curve3PoolLpToken_,
        address curveLUSD3Pool_,
        address chainlinkLUSD_,
        address chainlinkUSDC_,
        address chainlinkDAI_,
        address chainlinkUSDT_
    ) Oracle(timeUpdateWindow_) {
        if (ERC20(curve3PoolLpToken_).decimals() != 18) {
            revert LUSD3CRVValueProvider__constructor_InvalidPoolDecimals(
                curve3Pool_
            );
        }
        // Init the Curve 3pool
        curve3Pool = curve3Pool_;

        if (ERC20(curveLUSD3Pool_).decimals() != 18) {
            revert LUSD3CRVValueProvider__constructor_InvalidPoolDecimals(
                curveLUSD3Pool_
            );
        }
        // Init the Curve LUSD-3pool
        curveLUSD3Pool = curveLUSD3Pool_;

        // Init USDC chainlink properties
        chainlinkUSDC = chainlinkUSDC_;
        decimalsUSDC = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(chainlinkUSDC_)
            .decimals();

        // Init LUSD chainlink properties
        chainlinkLUSD = chainlinkLUSD_;
        decimalsLUSD = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(chainlinkLUSD_)
            .decimals();

        // Init DAI chainlink properties
        chainlinkDAI = chainlinkDAI_;
        decimalsDAI = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(chainlinkDAI_).decimals();

        // Init USDT chainlink properties
        chainlinkUSDT = chainlinkUSDT_;
        decimalsUSDT = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(chainlinkUSDT_)
            .decimals();
    }

    /// @notice The price is calculated following the steps described in this document
    /// https://news.curve.fi/chainlink-oracles-and-curve-pools/
    /// @return result The result as an signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point number
    function getValue() external view override(Oracle) returns (int256) {
        // Get the USDC price and convert it to 59.18-decimal fixed-point format
        (, int256 usdcPrice, , , ) = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(
            chainlinkUSDC
        ).latestRoundData();

        // Minimum token prices needed in the formula
        int256 minTokenPrice59x18;

        // Init min price with the first token price
        minTokenPrice59x18 = convert(usdcPrice, decimalsUSDC, 18);

        // Get the DAI price and convert it to 59.18-decimal fixed-point format
        (, int256 daiPrice, , , ) = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(
            chainlinkDAI
        ).latestRoundData();
        // Update the min price as we fetch data
        minTokenPrice59x18 = min(
            minTokenPrice59x18,
            convert(daiPrice, decimalsDAI, 18)
        );

        // Get the USDT price and convert it to 59.18-decimal fixed-point format
        (, int256 usdtPrice, , , ) = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(
            chainlinkUSDT
        ).latestRoundData();
        // Update the min price as we fetch data
        minTokenPrice59x18 = min(
            minTokenPrice59x18,
            convert(usdtPrice, decimalsUSDT, 18)
        );

        // Calculate the price the Curve 3pool lpToken
        int256 curve3lpTokenPrice59x18 = PRBMathSD59x18.mul(
            int256(ICurvePool(curve3Pool).get_virtual_price()),
            minTokenPrice59x18
        );

        // Get the LUSD price and convert it to 59.18-decimal fixed-point format
        (, int256 lusdPrice, , , ) = IChainlinkAggregatorV3Interface(
            chainlinkLUSD
        ).latestRoundData();
        int256 lusd59x18 = convert(lusdPrice, decimalsLUSD, 18);

        // Compute the final price for the Curve LUSD-3pool
        return
            PRBMathSD59x18.mul(
                int256(ICurvePool(curveLUSD3Pool).get_virtual_price()),
                min(curve3lpTokenPrice59x18, lusd59x18)
            );
    }

    /// @notice Returns the description of the value provider.
    function description() external pure returns (string memory) {
        return "LUSD3CRV";
    }

    /// @notice Helper math min function
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }
}
interface IRelayer {
    enum RelayerType {
        DiscountRate,
        SpotPrice,
        COUNT
    }

    function execute() external returns (bool);

    function executeWithRevert() external;
}// Lightweight interface for Collybus
// Source: https://github.com/fiatdao/fiat-lux/blob/f49a9457fbcbdac1969c35b4714722f00caa462c/src/interfaces/ICollybus.sol
interface ICollybus {
    function updateDiscountRate(uint256 tokenId_, uint256 rate_) external;

    function updateSpot(address token_, uint256 spot_) external;
}
/// @notice The Relayer contract manages the relationship between an oracle and Collybus.
/// The Relayer manages an Oracle for which it controls the update flow and via execute() calls
/// pushes data to Collybus when it's needed
/// @dev The Relayer should be the single entity that updates the oracle so that the Relayer and the Oracle
/// are value synched. The same is true for the Relayer-Collybus relationship as we do not interrogate the Collybus
/// for the current value and use a storage cached last updated value.
contract Relayer is Guarded, IRelayer {
    /// @notice Emitter during executeWithRevert() if the oracle is not updated successfully
    error Relayer__executeWithRevert_noUpdate(RelayerType relayerType);

    /// @notice Emitted when trying to set a parameter that does not exist
    error Relayer__setParam_unrecognizedParam(bytes32 param);

    event SetParam(bytes32 param, uint256 value);
    event UpdateOracle(address oracle, int256 value, bool valid);
    event UpdatedCollybus(bytes32 tokenId, uint256 rate, RelayerType);

    /// ======== Storage ======== ///

    address public immutable collybus;
    RelayerType public immutable relayerType;
    address public immutable oracle;
    bytes32 public immutable encodedTokenId;

    uint256 public minimumPercentageDeltaValue;
    int256 private _lastUpdateValue;

    /// @param collybusAddress_ Address of the collybus
    /// @param type_ Relayer type, DiscountRate or SpotPrice
    /// @param oracleAddress_ The address of the oracle used by the Relayer
    /// @param encodedTokenId_ Encoded token Id that will be used to push values to Collybus
    /// uint256 for discount rate, address for spot price
    /// @param minimumPercentageDeltaValue_ Minimum delta value used to determine when to
    /// push data to Collybus
    constructor(
        address collybusAddress_,
        RelayerType type_,
        address oracleAddress_,
        bytes32 encodedTokenId_,
        uint256 minimumPercentageDeltaValue_
    ) {
        collybus = collybusAddress_;
        relayerType = type_;
        oracle = oracleAddress_;
        encodedTokenId = encodedTokenId_;
        minimumPercentageDeltaValue = minimumPercentageDeltaValue_;
        _lastUpdateValue = 0;
    }

    /// @notice Sets a Relayer parameter
    /// Supported parameters are:
    /// - minimumPercentageDeltaValue
    /// @param param_ The identifier of the parameter that should be updated
    /// @param value_ The new value
    /// @dev Reverts if parameter is not found
    function setParam(bytes32 param_, uint256 value_) public checkCaller {
        if (param_ == "minimumPercentageDeltaValue") {
            minimumPercentageDeltaValue = value_;
        } else revert Relayer__setParam_unrecognizedParam(param_);

        emit SetParam(param_, value_);
    }

    /// @notice Updates the oracle and pushes the updated data to Collybus if the
    /// delta change in value is bigger than the minimum threshold value.
    /// @return Whether the Collybus was updated or not
    function execute() public override(IRelayer) returns (bool) {
        // We always update the oracles before retrieving the rates
        bool oracleUpdated = IOracle(oracle).update();
        (int256 oracleValue, bool isValid) = IOracle(oracle).value();

        // If the oracle was not updated, the value is invalid or the delta condition is not met, we can exit early
        if (
            !oracleUpdated ||
            !isValid ||
            !checkDeviation(
                _lastUpdateValue,
                oracleValue,
                minimumPercentageDeltaValue
            )
        ) {
            // Collybus was not updated so we return false
            return false;
        }

        _lastUpdateValue = oracleValue;

        if (relayerType == RelayerType.DiscountRate) {
            ICollybus(collybus).updateDiscountRate(
                uint256(encodedTokenId),
                uint256(oracleValue)
            );
        } else if (relayerType == RelayerType.SpotPrice) {
            ICollybus(collybus).updateSpot(
                address(uint160(uint256(encodedTokenId))),
                uint256(oracleValue)
            );
        }

        emit UpdatedCollybus(encodedTokenId, uint256(oracleValue), relayerType);

        // Collybus was updated
        return true;
    }

    /// @notice The function will call `execute()` and will revert if the oracle was not updated
    /// @dev This method is needed for services that run on each block and only call the method if it doesn't fail
    function executeWithRevert() public override(IRelayer) {
        if (!execute()) {
            revert Relayer__executeWithRevert_noUpdate(relayerType);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Returns true if the percentage difference between the two values is bigger than the `percentage`
    /// @param baseValue_ The value that the percentage is based on
    /// @param newValue_ The new value
    /// @param percentage_ The percentage threshold value (100% = 100_00, 50% = 50_00, etc)
    function checkDeviation(
        int256 baseValue_,
        int256 newValue_,
        uint256 percentage_
    ) public pure returns (bool) {
        int256 deviation = (baseValue_ * int256(percentage_)) / 100_00;

        if (
            baseValue_ + deviation <= newValue_ ||
            baseValue_ - deviation >= newValue_
        ) return true;

        return false;
    }
}


contract LUSD3CRVFactory {
    event LUSD3CRVDeployed(address relayerAddress, address oracleAddress);

    /// @param collybus_ Address of the collybus
    /// @param tokenAddress_ Token address that will be used to push values to Collybus
    /// @param minimumPercentageDeltaValue_ Minimum delta value used to determine when to
    /// push data to Collybus
    /// @param timeUpdateWindow_ Minimum time between updates of the value
    /// @param curve3Pool_ Address of the  Curve 3pool
    /// @param curve3PoolLpToken_ Address of the lp token for the Curve 3pool
    /// @param chainlinkLUSD_ Address of the LUSD chainlink data feed
    /// @param chainlinkUSDC_ Address of the USDC chainlink data feed
    /// @param chainlinkDAI_ Address of the DAI chainlink data feed
    /// @param chainlinkUSDT_ Address of the USDT chainlink data feed
    function create(
        // Relayer parameters
        address collybus_,
        address tokenAddress_,
        uint256 minimumPercentageDeltaValue_,
        // Oracle parameters
        uint256 timeUpdateWindow_,
        // LUSD3CRVValueProvider specific parameters
        address curve3Pool_,
        address curve3PoolLpToken_,
        address chainlinkLUSD_,
        address chainlinkUSDC_,
        address chainlinkDAI_,
        address chainlinkUSDT_
    ) public returns (address) {
        // The tokenAddress is the address of the LUSD3CRV Curve Pool so we can pass it to the Oracle
        LUSD3CRVValueProvider lusd3crvValueProvider = new LUSD3CRVValueProvider(
            timeUpdateWindow_,
            curve3Pool_,
            curve3PoolLpToken_,
            tokenAddress_,
            chainlinkLUSD_,
            chainlinkUSDC_,
            chainlinkDAI_,
            chainlinkUSDT_
        );

        // Create the relayer that manages the oracle and pushes data to Collybus
        Relayer relayer = new Relayer(
            collybus_,
            IRelayer.RelayerType.SpotPrice,
            address(lusd3crvValueProvider),
            bytes32(uint256(uint160(tokenAddress_))),
            minimumPercentageDeltaValue_
        );

        // Whitelist the Relayer in the Oracle so it can trigger updates
        lusd3crvValueProvider.allowCaller(
            lusd3crvValueProvider.ANY_SIG(),
            address(relayer)
        );

        // Whitelist the deployer
        lusd3crvValueProvider.allowCaller(
            lusd3crvValueProvider.ANY_SIG(),
            msg.sender
        );
        relayer.allowCaller(relayer.ANY_SIG(), msg.sender);

        // Renounce permissions
        lusd3crvValueProvider.blockCaller(
            lusd3crvValueProvider.ANY_SIG(),
            address(this)
        );
        relayer.blockCaller(relayer.ANY_SIG(), address(this));

        emit LUSD3CRVDeployed(address(relayer), address(lusd3crvValueProvider));

        return address(relayer);
    }
}