// File: src/ZeroLiquidStaking.sol



//SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import { SafeERC20 } from "openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import { IERC20Metadata } from "openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";

// Custom Errors
error AmountLessThanStakedAmountOrZero();
error CallerNotGovernance();
error EtherNotAccepted();
error InsufficientFunds();
error InsufficientZeroFunds();
error InputLengthMismatch();
error NoPendingRewardsToClaim();
error NoStakeFound();
error ZeroAddressInput();
error RewardDistributionPeriodHasExpired();
error RewardPerBlockIsNotSet();
error SameRewardToken();
error ZeroAddress();
error ZeroInput();

/// @title ZeroLiquid Staking
/// @author ZeroLiquid
/// @notice Contract for staking ZeroLiquid to earn rewards
contract ZeroLiquidStaking {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20Metadata;

    // Info of each user
    struct UserInfo {
        uint256 lastUpdateRewardToken; // Timestamp of last reward token update - used to reset user reward debt
        uint256 amount; // Amount of zero tokens staked by the user
        uint256 rewardDebt; // Reward debt
    }

    // To determine transaction type
    enum TxType {
        STAKE,
        UNSTAKE,
        CLAIM,
        EMERGENCY
    }

    // Address of the zero token
    IERC20Metadata public immutable zeroToken;

    // Address of the reward token
    IERC20Metadata public rewardToken;

    // Address of the governance
    address public governance;

    // Precision factor for multiple calculations
    uint256 public constant ONE = 1e18;

    // Accumulated reward per zero token
    uint256 public accRewardPerZero;

    // Last update block for rewards
    uint256 public lastUpdateBlock;

    // Total zero tokens staked
    uint256 public totalZeroStaked;

    // Reward to distribute per block
    uint256 public currentRewardPerBlock;

    // Current end block for the current reward period
    uint256 public periodEndBlock;

    // Last time reward token was updated
    uint256 public lastUpdateRewardToken;

    // Info of each user staking Zero tokens
    mapping(address => UserInfo) public userInfo;

    event StakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(address indexed user, uint256 amount, uint256 pendingReward, TxType txType);
    event NewRewardPeriod(
        uint256 numberBlocksToDistributeRewards,
        uint256 newRewardPerBlock,
        uint256 rewardToDistribute,
        uint256 rewardExpirationBlock
    );
    event GovernanceChanged(address indexed oldGovernance, address indexed newGovernance);
    event RewardTokenChanged(address indexed oldRewardToken, address indexed newRewardToken);
    event FundsMigrated(address indexed _newVersion, IERC20Metadata[] _tokens, uint256[] _amounts);
    event PeriodEndBlockUpdate(uint256 numberBlocksToDistributeRewards, uint256 rewardExpirationBlock);

    /**
     * @notice Constructor
     * @param _governance governance address of zeroliquid staking
     * @param _rewardToken address of the reward token
     * @param _zeroToken address of the zero token
     */
    constructor(address _governance, address _rewardToken, address _zeroToken) {
        if (_governance == address(0) || _rewardToken == address(0) || _zeroToken == address(0)) revert ZeroAddress();

        governance = _governance;
        rewardToken = IERC20Metadata(_rewardToken);
        zeroToken = IERC20Metadata(_zeroToken);
        emit GovernanceChanged(address(0), _governance);
        emit RewardTokenChanged(address(0), _rewardToken);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if ether is received
     */
    receive() external payable {
        revert EtherNotAccepted();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the governance
     */
    modifier onlyGovernance() {
        if (msg.sender != governance) revert CallerNotGovernance();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the governance of this contract
     * @param _newGovernance address of the new governance of this contract
     * @dev Only callable by Governance
     */
    function setGovernance(address _newGovernance) external onlyGovernance {
        if (_newGovernance == address(0)) revert ZeroAddress();

        governance = _newGovernance;
        emit GovernanceChanged(governance, _newGovernance);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the reward token.
     * @param _newRewardToken address of the new reward token
     * @dev Only callable by Governance. It also resets reward distribution accounting
     */
    function updateRewardToken(address _newRewardToken) external onlyGovernance {
        if (_newRewardToken == address(rewardToken)) revert SameRewardToken();
        if (_newRewardToken == address(0)) revert ZeroAddress();

        // Resetting reward distribution accounting
        accRewardPerZero = 0;
        lastUpdateBlock = _lastRewardBlock();

        // Setting reward token update time
        lastUpdateRewardToken = block.timestamp;

        // Updating reward token address
        rewardToken = IERC20Metadata(_newRewardToken);

        emit RewardTokenChanged(address(rewardToken), _newRewardToken);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the reward per block
     * @param _reward total reward to distribute.
     * @param _rewardDurationInBlocks total number of blocks in which the '_reward' should be distributed
     * @dev Only callable by Governance.
     */
    function updateRewards(uint256 _reward, uint256 _rewardDurationInBlocks) external onlyGovernance {
        if (_rewardDurationInBlocks == 0) revert ZeroInput();

        // Update reward distribution accounting
        _updateRewardPerZeroAndLastBlock();

        // Adjust the current reward per block
        // If reward distribution duration is expired
        if (block.number >= periodEndBlock) {
            if (_reward == 0) revert ZeroInput();

            currentRewardPerBlock = _reward / _rewardDurationInBlocks;
        }
        // Otherwise, reward distribution duration isn't expired
        else {
            currentRewardPerBlock =
                (_reward + ((periodEndBlock - block.number) * currentRewardPerBlock)) / _rewardDurationInBlocks;
        }

        lastUpdateBlock = block.number;

        // Setting rewards expiration block
        periodEndBlock = block.number + _rewardDurationInBlocks;

        emit NewRewardPeriod(_rewardDurationInBlocks, currentRewardPerBlock, _reward, periodEndBlock);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the reward distribution duration end block
     * @param _expireDurationInBlocks number of blocks after which reward distribution should be halted
     * @dev Only callable by Governance
     */
    function updateRewardEndBlock(uint256 _expireDurationInBlocks) external onlyGovernance {
        // Update reward distribution accounting
        _updateRewardPerZeroAndLastBlock();
        lastUpdateBlock = block.number;

        // Setting rewards expiration block
        periodEndBlock = block.number + _expireDurationInBlocks;
        emit PeriodEndBlockUpdate(_expireDurationInBlocks, periodEndBlock);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Migrates the funds to another address.
     * @param _newVersion receiver address of the funds
     * @param _tokens list of token addresses
     * @param _amounts list of funds amount
     * @param _isZeroMigrate whether to transfer zero tokens
     * @dev Only callable by Governance.
     */
    function migrateFunds(
        address _newVersion,
        IERC20Metadata[] calldata _tokens,
        uint256[] calldata _amounts,
        bool _isZeroMigrate
    )
        external
        onlyGovernance
    {
        if (_newVersion == address(0)) revert ZeroAddress();

        if (_tokens.length != _amounts.length) revert InputLengthMismatch();

        // Declaring outside the loop to save gas
        IERC20Metadata tokenAddress;
        uint256 amount;

        for (uint256 i; i < _tokens.length;) {
            // Local copy to save gas
            tokenAddress = _tokens[i];
            amount = _amounts[i];

            if (tokenAddress == zeroToken) revert ZeroAddressInput();

            if (address(tokenAddress) == address(0)) revert ZeroAddress();

            if (amount == 0) revert ZeroInput();

            if (amount > tokenAddress.balanceOf(address(this))) {
                revert InsufficientFunds();
            }

            tokenAddress.safeTransfer(_newVersion, amount);
            unchecked {
                ++i;
            }
        }

        // Migrate zero tokens
        if (_isZeroMigrate) {
            // Zero token balance of this contract minus staked zero
            uint256 protocolZeroBalance = zeroToken.balanceOf(address(this)) - totalZeroStaked;

            // If protocol owns any zero tokens in this contract then transfer
            if (protocolZeroBalance > 0) {
                zeroToken.safeTransfer(_newVersion, protocolZeroBalance);
            } else {
                revert InsufficientZeroFunds();
            }
        }
        emit FundsMigrated(_newVersion, _tokens, _amounts);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Stake zero tokens. Also triggers a claim.
     * @param _to staking reward receiver address
     * @param _amount amount of zero tokens to stake
     */
    function stake(address _to, uint256 _amount) external {
        if (_amount == 0) revert ZeroInput();

        if (_to == address(0)) revert ZeroAddress();

        if (currentRewardPerBlock == 0) revert RewardPerBlockIsNotSet();

        if (block.number >= periodEndBlock) {
            revert RewardDistributionPeriodHasExpired();
        }

        if (rewardToken.balanceOf(address(this)) == 0) {
            revert InsufficientFunds();
        }

        _stakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(_to, _amount, TxType.STAKE);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Unstake zero tokens. Also triggers a reward claim.
     * @param _amount amount of zero tokens to unstake
     */
    function unstake(uint256 _amount) external {
        if ((_amount > userInfo[msg.sender].amount) || _amount == 0) {
            revert AmountLessThanStakedAmountOrZero();
        }

        _stakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(msg.sender, _amount, TxType.UNSTAKE);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Unstake all staked zero tokens without caring about rewards, EMERGENCY ONLY
     */
    function emergencyUnstake() external {
        if (userInfo[msg.sender].amount > 0) {
            _stakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(msg.sender, userInfo[msg.sender].amount, TxType.EMERGENCY);
        } else {
            revert NoStakeFound();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Claim pending rewards.
     */
    function claim() external {
        _stakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(msg.sender, userInfo[msg.sender].amount, TxType.CLAIM);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculate pending rewards for a user
     * @param _user address of the user
     * @return pending rewards of the user
     */
    function calculatePendingRewards(address _user) external view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 newAccRewardPerZero;

        if (totalZeroStaked != 0) {
            newAccRewardPerZero = accRewardPerZero
                + (((_lastRewardBlock() - lastUpdateBlock) * (currentRewardPerBlock * ONE)) / totalZeroStaked);
            // If checking user pending rewards in the block in which reward token is updated
            if (newAccRewardPerZero == 0) return 0;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 rewardDebt = userInfo[_user].rewardDebt;

        // Reset debt if user is checking rewards after reward token has changed
        if (userInfo[_user].lastUpdateRewardToken < lastUpdateRewardToken) {
            rewardDebt = 0;
        }

        uint256 pendingRewards = ((userInfo[_user].amount * newAccRewardPerZero) / ONE) - rewardDebt;

        // Downscale if reward token has less than 18 decimals
        if (_computeScalingFactor(rewardToken) != 1) {
            // Downscaling pending rewards before transferring to the user
            pendingRewards = _downscale(pendingRewards);
        }
        return pendingRewards;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Return last block where trading rewards were distributed
     */
    function lastRewardBlock() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _lastRewardBlock();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Stake/ Unstake zero tokens and also distributes reward
     * @param _to staking reward receiver address
     * @param _amount amount of zero tokens to stake or unstake. 0 if claim tx.
     * @param _txType type of the transaction
     */
    function _stakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(address _to, uint256 _amount, TxType _txType) private {
        // Update reward distribution accounting
        _updateRewardPerZeroAndLastBlock();

        // Reset debt if reward token has changed
        _resetDebtIfNewRewardToken(_to);

        UserInfo storage user = userInfo[_to];

        uint256 pendingRewards;

        // Distribute rewards if not emergency unstake
        if (TxType.EMERGENCY != _txType) {
            // Distribute rewards if not new stake
            if (user.amount > 0) {
                // Calculate pending rewards
                pendingRewards = _calculatePendingRewards(_to);

                // Downscale if reward token has less than 18 decimals
                if (_computeScalingFactor(rewardToken) != 1) {
                    // Downscaling pending rewards before transferring to the user
                    pendingRewards = _downscale(pendingRewards);
                }

                // If there are rewards to distribute
                if (pendingRewards > 0) {
                    if (pendingRewards > rewardToken.balanceOf(address(this))) {
                        revert InsufficientFunds();
                    }

                    // Transferring rewards to the user
                    rewardToken.safeTransfer(_to, pendingRewards);
                }
                // If there are no pending rewards and tx is of claim then revert
                else if (TxType.CLAIM == _txType) {
                    revert NoPendingRewardsToClaim();
                }
            }
            // Claiming rewards without any stake
            else if (TxType.CLAIM == _txType) {
                revert NoPendingRewardsToClaim();
            }
        }

        if (TxType.STAKE == _txType) {
            // Transfer Zero tokens from the caller to this contract
            zeroToken.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), _amount);

            // Increase user zero staked amount
            user.amount += _amount;

            // Increase total zero staked amount
            totalZeroStaked += _amount;
        } else if (TxType.UNSTAKE == _txType || TxType.EMERGENCY == _txType) {
            // Decrease user zero staked amount
            user.amount -= _amount;

            // Decrease total zero staked amount
            totalZeroStaked -= _amount;

            // Transfer Zero tokens back to the sender
            zeroToken.safeTransfer(_to, _amount);
        }

        // Adjust user debt
        user.rewardDebt = (user.amount * accRewardPerZero) / ONE;

        emit StakeOrUnstakeOrClaim(_to, _amount, pendingRewards, _txType);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Resets user reward debt if reward token has changed
     * @param _to reward debt reset address
     */
    function _resetDebtIfNewRewardToken(address _to) private {
        // Reset debt if user last update reward token time is less than the time of last reward token update
        if (userInfo[_to].lastUpdateRewardToken < lastUpdateRewardToken) {
            userInfo[_to].rewardDebt = 0;
            userInfo[_to].lastUpdateRewardToken = lastUpdateRewardToken;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates accumulated reward to distribute per zero token. Also updates the last block in which rewards
     * are distributed
     */
    function _updateRewardPerZeroAndLastBlock() private {
        if (totalZeroStaked == 0) {
            lastUpdateBlock = block.number;
            return;
        }

        accRewardPerZero += ((_lastRewardBlock() - lastUpdateBlock) * (currentRewardPerBlock * ONE)) / totalZeroStaked;

        if (block.number != lastUpdateBlock) {
            lastUpdateBlock = _lastRewardBlock();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculate pending rewards for a user
     * @param _user address of the user
     */
    function _calculatePendingRewards(address _user) private view returns (uint256) {
        return ((userInfo[_user].amount * accRewardPerZero) / ONE) - userInfo[_user].rewardDebt;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Return last block where rewards must be distributed
     */
    function _lastRewardBlock() private view returns (uint256) {
        return block.number < periodEndBlock ? block.number : periodEndBlock;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns a scaling factor that, when multiplied to a token amount for `token`, normalizes its balance as
     * if
     * it had 18 decimals.
     */
    function _computeScalingFactor(IERC20Metadata _token) private view returns (uint256) {
        // Tokens that don't implement the `decimals` method are not supported.
        uint256 tokenDecimals = _token.decimals();

        // Tokens with more than 18 decimals are not supported.
        uint256 decimalsDifference = 18 - tokenDecimals;
        return 10 ** decimalsDifference;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Reverses the upscaling applied to `amount`, resulting in a smaller or equal value depending on
     * whether it needed scaling or not
     */
    function _downscale(uint256 _amount) private view returns (uint256) {
        return _amount / _computeScalingFactor(rewardToken);
    }
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.3) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";
import "../extensions/IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from the calling contract to `to`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from `from` to `to`, spending the approval given by `from` to the
     * calling contract. If `token` returns no value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeIncreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, oldAllowance + value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeDecreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, oldAllowance - value));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Set the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` to `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful. Meant to be used with tokens that require the approval
     * to be set to zero before setting it to a non-zero value, such as USDT.
     */
    function forceApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        bytes memory approvalCall = abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value);

        if (!_callOptionalReturnBool(token, approvalCall)) {
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, 0));
            _callOptionalReturn(token, approvalCall);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Use a ERC-2612 signature to set the `owner` approval toward `spender` on `token`.
     * Revert on invalid signature.
     */
    function safePermit(
        IERC20Permit token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        require(returndata.length == 0 || abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     *
     * This is a variant of {_callOptionalReturn} that silents catches all reverts and returns a bool instead.
     */
    function _callOptionalReturnBool(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private returns (bool) {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We cannot use {Address-functionCall} here since this should return false
        // and not revert is the subcall reverts.

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = address(token).call(data);
        return
            success && (returndata.length == 0 || abi.decode(returndata, (bool))) && Address.isContract(address(token));
    }
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Address.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     *
     * Furthermore, `isContract` will also return true if the target contract within
     * the same transaction is already scheduled for destruction by `SELFDESTRUCT`,
     * which only has an effect at the end of a transaction.
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.0/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}