// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/proxy/Clones.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (proxy/Clones.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1167[EIP 1167] is a standard for
 * deploying minimal proxy contracts, also known as "clones".
 *
 * > To simply and cheaply clone contract functionality in an immutable way, this standard specifies
 * > a minimal bytecode implementation that delegates all calls to a known, fixed address.
 *
 * The library includes functions to deploy a proxy using either `create` (traditional deployment) or `create2`
 * (salted deterministic deployment). It also includes functions to predict the addresses of clones deployed using the
 * deterministic method.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 */
library Clones {
    /**
     * @dev Deploys and returns the address of a clone that mimics the behaviour of `implementation`.
     *
     * This function uses the create opcode, which should never revert.
     */
    function clone(address implementation) internal returns (address instance) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            // Cleans the upper 96 bits of the `implementation` word, then packs the first 3 bytes
            // of the `implementation` address with the bytecode before the address.
            mstore(0x00, or(shr(0xe8, shl(0x60, implementation)), 0x3d602d80600a3d3981f3363d3d373d3d3d363d73000000))
            // Packs the remaining 17 bytes of `implementation` with the bytecode after the address.
            mstore(0x20, or(shl(0x78, implementation), 0x5af43d82803e903d91602b57fd5bf3))
            instance := create(0, 0x09, 0x37)
        }
        require(instance != address(0), "ERC1167: create failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deploys and returns the address of a clone that mimics the behaviour of `implementation`.
     *
     * This function uses the create2 opcode and a `salt` to deterministically deploy
     * the clone. Using the same `implementation` and `salt` multiple time will revert, since
     * the clones cannot be deployed twice at the same address.
     */
    function cloneDeterministic(address implementation, bytes32 salt) internal returns (address instance) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            // Cleans the upper 96 bits of the `implementation` word, then packs the first 3 bytes
            // of the `implementation` address with the bytecode before the address.
            mstore(0x00, or(shr(0xe8, shl(0x60, implementation)), 0x3d602d80600a3d3981f3363d3d373d3d3d363d73000000))
            // Packs the remaining 17 bytes of `implementation` with the bytecode after the address.
            mstore(0x20, or(shl(0x78, implementation), 0x5af43d82803e903d91602b57fd5bf3))
            instance := create2(0, 0x09, 0x37, salt)
        }
        require(instance != address(0), "ERC1167: create2 failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Computes the address of a clone deployed using {Clones-cloneDeterministic}.
     */
    function predictDeterministicAddress(
        address implementation,
        bytes32 salt,
        address deployer
    ) internal pure returns (address predicted) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x38), deployer)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x24), 0x5af43d82803e903d91602b57fd5bf3ff)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x14), implementation)
            mstore(ptr, 0x3d602d80600a3d3981f3363d3d373d3d3d363d73)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x58), salt)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x78), keccak256(add(ptr, 0x0c), 0x37))
            predicted := keccak256(add(ptr, 0x43), 0x55)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Computes the address of a clone deployed using {Clones-cloneDeterministic}.
     */
    function predictDeterministicAddress(address implementation, bytes32 salt)
        internal
        view
        returns (address predicted)
    {
        return predictDeterministicAddress(implementation, salt, address(this));
    }
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.2;

import "../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     * @custom:oz-retyped-from bool
     */
    uint8 private _initialized;

    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private _initializing;

    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint8 version);

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * Similar to `reinitializer(1)`, except that functions marked with `initializer` can be nested in the context of a
     * constructor.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        bool isTopLevelCall = !_initializing;
        require(
            (isTopLevelCall && _initialized < 1) || (!Address.isContract(address(this)) && _initialized == 1),
            "Initializable: contract is already initialized"
        );
        _initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * A reinitializer may be used after the original initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that
     * are added through upgrades and that require initialization.
     *
     * When `version` is 1, this modifier is similar to `initializer`, except that functions marked with `reinitializer`
     * cannot be nested. If one is invoked in the context of another, execution will revert.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     *
     * WARNING: setting the version to 255 will prevent any future reinitialization.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint8 version) {
        require(!_initializing && _initialized < version, "Initializable: contract is already initialized");
        _initialized = version;
        _initializing = true;
        _;
        _initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        require(_initializing, "Initializable: contract is not initializing");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event the first time it is successfully executed.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        require(!_initializing, "Initializable: contract is initializing");
        if (_initialized != type(uint8).max) {
            _initialized = type(uint8).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint8).max);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that returns the initialized version. Returns `_initialized`
     */
    function _getInitializedVersion() internal view returns (uint8) {
        return _initialized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that returns the initialized version. Returns `_initializing`
     */
    function _isInitializing() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _initializing;
    }
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";
import "../extensions/IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20 token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    function safePermit(
        IERC20Permit token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/Address.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/core/utils/Guarded.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import {IGuarded} from "../../interfaces/IGuarded.sol";

/// @title Guarded
/// @notice Mixin implementing an authentication scheme on a method level
abstract contract Guarded is IGuarded {
    /// ======== Custom Errors ======== ///

    error Guarded__notRoot();
    error Guarded__notGranted();

    /// ======== Storage ======== ///

    /// @notice Wildcard for granting a caller to call every guarded method
    bytes32 public constant override ANY_SIG = keccak256("ANY_SIG");
    /// @notice Wildcard for granting a caller to call every guarded method
    address public constant override ANY_CALLER = address(uint160(uint256(bytes32(keccak256("ANY_CALLER")))));

    /// @notice Mapping storing who is granted to which method
    /// @dev Method Signature => Caller => Bool
    mapping(bytes32 => mapping(address => bool)) private _canCall;

    /// ======== Events ======== ///

    event AllowCaller(bytes32 sig, address who);
    event BlockCaller(bytes32 sig, address who);

    constructor() {
        // set root
        _setRoot(msg.sender);
    }

    /// ======== Auth ======== ///

    modifier callerIsRoot() {
        if (_canCall[ANY_SIG][msg.sender]) {
            _;
        } else revert Guarded__notRoot();
    }

    modifier checkCaller() {
        if (canCall(msg.sig, msg.sender)) {
            _;
        } else revert Guarded__notGranted();
    }

    /// @notice Grant the right to call method `sig` to `who`
    /// @param sig Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who Address of who should be able to call `sig`
    function _allowCaller(bytes32 sig, address who) internal {
        _canCall[sig][who] = true;
        emit AllowCaller(sig, who);        
    }

    /// @notice Revoke the right to call method `sig` from `who`
    /// @param sig Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who Address of who should not be able to call `sig` anymore
    function _blockCaller(bytes32 sig, address who) internal {
        _canCall[sig][who] = false;
        emit BlockCaller(sig, who);
    }

    /// @notice Sets the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`)
    /// @param root Address of who should be set as root
    function _setRoot(address root) internal {
        _allowCaller(ANY_SIG, root);
    }

    /// @notice Unsets the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`)
    /// @param root Address of who should be unset as root
    function _unsetRoot(address root) internal {
        _blockCaller(ANY_SIG, root);
    }

    /// @notice Grant the right to call method `sig` to `who`
    /// @dev Only the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`) is able to call this method
    /// @param sig Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who Address of who should be able to call `sig`
    function allowCaller(bytes32 sig, address who) public override callerIsRoot {
        _allowCaller(sig, who);
    }

    /// @notice Revoke the right to call method `sig` from `who`
    /// @dev Only the root user (granted `ANY_SIG`) is able to call this method
    /// @param sig Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who Address of who should not be able to call `sig` anymore
    function blockCaller(bytes32 sig, address who) public override callerIsRoot {
        _blockCaller(sig, who);
    }

    /// @notice Returns if `who` can call `sig`
    /// @param sig Method signature (4Byte)
    /// @param who Address of who should be able to call `sig`
    function canCall(bytes32 sig, address who) public view override returns (bool) {
        return (_canCall[sig][who] || _canCall[ANY_SIG][who] || _canCall[sig][ANY_CALLER]);
    }
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/core/utils/Math.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
// Copyright (C) 2020 Maker Ecosystem Growth Holdings, INC.
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

uint256 constant MLN = 10**6;
uint256 constant BLN = 10**9;
uint256 constant WAD = 10**18;
uint256 constant RAY = 10**18;
uint256 constant RAD = 10**18;

/* solhint-disable func-visibility, no-inline-assembly */

error Math__toInt256_overflow(uint256 x);

function toInt256(uint256 x) pure returns (int256) {
    if (x > uint256(type(int256).max)) revert Math__toInt256_overflow(x);
    return int256(x);
}

function min(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = x <= y ? x : y;
    }
}

function max(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = x >= y ? x : y;
    }
}

error Math__diff_overflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

function diff(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (int256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = int256(x) - int256(y);
        if (!(int256(x) >= 0 && int256(y) >= 0)) revert Math__diff_overflow(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__add_overflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

function add(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        if ((z = x + y) < x) revert Math__add_overflow(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__add48_overflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

function add48(uint48 x, uint48 y) pure returns (uint48 z) {
    unchecked {
        if ((z = x + y) < x) revert Math__add48_overflow(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__add_overflow_signed(uint256 x, int256 y);

function add(uint256 x, int256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = x + uint256(y);
        if (!(y >= 0 || z <= x)) revert Math__add_overflow_signed(x, y);
        if (!(y <= 0 || z >= x)) revert Math__add_overflow_signed(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__sub_overflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

function sub(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        if ((z = x - y) > x) revert Math__sub_overflow(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__sub_overflow_signed(uint256 x, int256 y);

function sub(uint256 x, int256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = x - uint256(y);
        if (!(y <= 0 || z <= x)) revert Math__sub_overflow_signed(x, y);
        if (!(y >= 0 || z >= x)) revert Math__sub_overflow_signed(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__mul_overflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

function mul(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        if (!(y == 0 || (z = x * y) / y == x)) revert Math__mul_overflow(x, y);
    }
}

error Math__mul_overflow_signed(uint256 x, int256 y);

function mul(uint256 x, int256 y) pure returns (int256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = int256(x) * y;
        if (int256(x) < 0) revert Math__mul_overflow_signed(x, y);
        if (!(y == 0 || z / y == int256(x))) revert Math__mul_overflow_signed(x, y);
    }
}

function wmul(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = mul(x, y) / WAD;
    }
}

function wmul(uint256 x, int256 y) pure returns (int256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = mul(x, y) / int256(WAD);
    }
}

error Math__div_overflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

function div(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        if (y == 0) revert Math__div_overflow(x, y);
        return x / y;
    }
}

function wdiv(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        z = mul(x, WAD) / y;
    }
}

// optimized version from dss PR #78
function wpow(
    uint256 x,
    uint256 n,
    uint256 b
) pure returns (uint256 z) {
    unchecked {
        assembly {
            switch n
            case 0 {
                z := b
            }
            default {
                switch x
                case 0 {
                    z := 0
                }
                default {
                    switch mod(n, 2)
                    case 0 {
                        z := b
                    }
                    default {
                        z := x
                    }
                    let half := div(b, 2) // for rounding.
                    for {
                        n := div(n, 2)
                    } n {
                        n := div(n, 2)
                    } {
                        let xx := mul(x, x)
                        if shr(128, x) {
                            revert(0, 0)
                        }
                        let xxRound := add(xx, half)
                        if lt(xxRound, xx) {
                            revert(0, 0)
                        }
                        x := div(xxRound, b)
                        if mod(n, 2) {
                            let zx := mul(z, x)
                            if and(iszero(iszero(x)), iszero(eq(div(zx, x), z))) {
                                revert(0, 0)
                            }
                            let zxRound := add(zx, half)
                            if lt(zxRound, zx) {
                                revert(0, 0)
                            }
                            z := div(zxRound, b)
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/* solhint-disable func-visibility, no-inline-assembly */

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/interfaces/ICodex.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

interface ICodex {
    function init(address vault) external;

    function setParam(bytes32 param, uint256 data) external;

    function setParam(
        address,
        bytes32,
        uint256
    ) external;

    function credit(address) external view returns (uint256);

    function unbackedDebt(address) external view returns (uint256);

    function balances(
        address,
        uint256,
        address
    ) external view returns (uint256);

    function vaults(address vault)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint256 totalNormalDebt,
            uint256 rate,
            uint256 debtCeiling,
            uint256 debtFloor
        );

    function positions(
        address vault,
        uint256 tokenId,
        address position
    ) external view returns (uint256 collateral, uint256 normalDebt);

    function globalDebt() external view returns (uint256);

    function globalUnbackedDebt() external view returns (uint256);

    function globalDebtCeiling() external view returns (uint256);

    function delegates(address, address) external view returns (uint256);

    function grantDelegate(address) external;

    function revokeDelegate(address) external;

    function modifyBalance(
        address,
        uint256,
        address,
        int256
    ) external;

    function transferBalance(
        address vault,
        uint256 tokenId,
        address src,
        address dst,
        uint256 amount
    ) external;

    function transferCredit(
        address src,
        address dst,
        uint256 amount
    ) external;

    function modifyCollateralAndDebt(
        address vault,
        uint256 tokenId,
        address user,
        address collateralizer,
        address debtor,
        int256 deltaCollateral,
        int256 deltaNormalDebt
    ) external;

    function transferCollateralAndDebt(
        address vault,
        uint256 tokenId,
        address src,
        address dst,
        int256 deltaCollateral,
        int256 deltaNormalDebt
    ) external;

    function confiscateCollateralAndDebt(
        address vault,
        uint256 tokenId,
        address user,
        address collateralizer,
        address debtor,
        int256 deltaCollateral,
        int256 deltaNormalDebt
    ) external;

    function settleUnbackedDebt(uint256 debt) external;

    function createUnbackedDebt(
        address debtor,
        address creditor,
        uint256 debt
    ) external;

    function modifyRate(
        address vault,
        address creditor,
        int256 rate
    ) external;

    function live() external view returns (uint256);

    function lock() external;
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/interfaces/ICollybus.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import {ICodex} from "./ICodex.sol";

interface IPriceFeed {
    function peek() external returns (bytes32, bool);

    function read() external view returns (bytes32);
}

interface ICollybus {
    function vaults(address) external view returns (uint128, uint128);

    function spots(address) external view returns (uint256);

    function rates(uint256) external view returns (uint256);

    function rateIds(address, uint256) external view returns (uint256);

    function redemptionPrice() external view returns (uint256);

    function live() external view returns (uint256);

    function setParam(bytes32 param, uint256 data) external;

    function setParam(
        address vault,
        bytes32 param,
        uint128 data
    ) external;

    function setParam(
        address vault,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes32 param,
        uint256 data
    ) external;

    function updateDiscountRate(uint256 rateId, uint256 rate) external;

    function updateSpot(address token, uint256 spot) external;

    function read(
        address vault,
        address underlier,
        uint256 tokenId,
        uint256 maturity,
        bool net
    ) external view returns (uint256 price);

    function lock() external;
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/interfaces/IGuarded.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

interface IGuarded {
    function ANY_SIG() external view returns (bytes32);

    function ANY_CALLER() external view returns (address);

    function allowCaller(bytes32 sig, address who) external;

    function blockCaller(bytes32 sig, address who) external;

    function canCall(bytes32 sig, address who) external view returns (bool);
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/interfaces/IVault.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import {ICodex} from "./ICodex.sol";
import {ICollybus} from "./ICollybus.sol";

interface IVault {
    function codex() external view returns (ICodex);

    function collybus() external view returns (ICollybus);

    function token() external view returns (address);

    function tokenScale() external view returns (uint256);

    function underlierToken() external view returns (address);

    function underlierScale() external view returns (uint256);

    function vaultType() external view returns (bytes32);

    function live() external view returns (uint256);

    function lock() external;

    function setParam(bytes32 param, address data) external;

    function maturity(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (uint256);

    function fairPrice(
        uint256 tokenId,
        bool net,
        bool face
    ) external view returns (uint256);

    function enter(
        uint256 tokenId,
        address user,
        uint256 amount
    ) external;

    function exit(
        uint256 tokenId,
        address user,
        uint256 amount
    ) external;
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/interfaces/IVaultEPT.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import {IVault} from "./IVault.sol";

interface IVaultEPT is IVault {
    function wrappedPosition() external view returns (address);

    function trancheFactory() external view returns (address);
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/vaults/VaultEPT.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import {IERC20} from "openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import {IERC20Metadata} from "openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import {SafeERC20} from "openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import {Initializable} from "openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import {Clones} from "openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/Clones.sol";

import {ICollybus} from "../interfaces/ICollybus.sol";
import {ICodex} from "../interfaces/ICodex.sol";
import {Guarded} from "../core/utils/Guarded.sol";
import {WAD, toInt256, wmul, wdiv} from "../core/utils/Math.sol";

import {IVaultEPT} from "../interfaces/IVaultEPT.sol";
import {VaultFactory} from "./VaultFactory.sol";

interface ITrancheFactory {
    function TRANCHE_CREATION_HASH() external view returns (bytes32);
}

interface ITranche {
    function unlockTimestamp() external view returns (uint256);
}

interface IWrappedPosition {
    function token() external view returns (address);
}

/// @title VaultEPT (Element Finance Principal Token Vault)
/// @notice Collateral adapter for Element Finance Principal Tokens
/// @dev To be instantiated by the VaultFactory
contract VaultEPT is Guarded, IVaultEPT, Initializable {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;

    /// ======== Custom Errors ======== ///

    error VaultEPT__setParam_notLive();
    error VaultEPT__setParam_unrecognizedParam();
    error VaultEPT__enter_notLive();
    error VaultEPT__initialize_invalidToken();

    /// ======== Storage ======== ///

    /// @notice Codex
    ICodex public immutable override codex;
    /// @notice Price Feed (set during initialization)
    ICollybus public override collybus;

    /// @notice Element Finance WrappedPosition
    address public immutable wrappedPosition;
    /// @notice Element TrancheFactory
    address public immutable trancheFactory;

    /// @notice Collateral token (set during initialization)
    address public override token;
    /// @notice Scale of collateral token (set during initialization)
    uint256 public override tokenScale;
    /// @notice Underlier of collateral token
    address public immutable override underlierToken;
    /// @notice Scale of underlier of collateral token
    uint256 public immutable override underlierScale;

    /// @notice The vault type (set during initialization)
    bytes32 public immutable override vaultType;

    // @notice Cached maturity of pToken (set during initialization)
    uint256 internal _maturity;

    /// @notice Boolean indicating if this contract is live (0 - not live, 1 - live) (set during initialization)
    uint256 public override live;

    /// ======== Events ======== ///

    event SetParam(bytes32 indexed param, address data);

    event Enter(uint256 indexed tokenId, address indexed user, uint256 amount);
    event Exit(uint256 indexed tokenId, address indexed user, uint256 amount);

    event Lock();

    constructor(
        address codex_,
        address wrappedPosition_,
        address trancheFactory_
    ) Guarded() {
        // disable deposits until proxy contract is initialized
        codex = ICodex(codex_);

        wrappedPosition = wrappedPosition_;
        trancheFactory = trancheFactory_;
        // underlier remains the same for all proxy instances of this contract
        address underlierToken_ = IWrappedPosition(wrappedPosition_).token();
        underlierToken = underlierToken_;
        underlierScale = 10**IERC20Metadata(underlierToken_).decimals();
        vaultType = bytes32("ERC20:EPT");
    }

    /// ======== EIP1167 Minimal Proxy Contract ======== ///

    /// @notice Initializes the proxy (clone) deployed via VaultFactory
    /// @dev Initializer modifier ensures it can only be called once
    /// @param params Constructor arguments of the proxy
    function initialize(bytes calldata params) external initializer {
        (address pToken, address collybus_, address root) = abi.decode(params, (address, address, address));
        uint256 _maturity_ = ITranche(pToken).unlockTimestamp();

        // Validate pToken address
        // see: https://github.com/element-fi/elf-contracts/blob/main/contracts/factories/TrancheFactory.sol#L58
        address predictedAddress = address(
            uint160(
                uint256(
                    keccak256(
                        abi.encodePacked(
                            bytes1(0xff),
                            trancheFactory,
                            keccak256(abi.encodePacked(wrappedPosition, _maturity_)),
                            ITrancheFactory(trancheFactory).TRANCHE_CREATION_HASH()
                        )
                    )
                )
            )
        );
        if (predictedAddress != pToken) revert VaultEPT__initialize_invalidToken();

        // intialize all mutable vars
        _setRoot(root);
        live = 1;
        collybus = ICollybus(collybus_);
        token = pToken;
        tokenScale = 10**IERC20Metadata(pToken).decimals();
        _maturity = _maturity_;
    }

    /// ======== Configuration ======== ///

    /// @notice Sets various variables for this contract
    /// @dev Sender has to be allowed to call this method
    /// @param param Name of the variable to set
    /// @param data New value to set for the variable [address]
    function setParam(bytes32 param, address data) external virtual override checkCaller {
        if (live == 0) revert VaultEPT__setParam_notLive();
        if (param == "collybus") collybus = ICollybus(data);
        else revert VaultEPT__setParam_unrecognizedParam();
        emit SetParam(param, data);
    }

    /// ======== Entering and Exiting Collateral ======== ///

    /// @notice Enters `amount` collateral into the system and credits it to `user`
    /// @dev Caller has to set allowance for this contract
    /// @param *tokenId ERC1155 or ERC721 style TokenId (leave at 0 for ERC20)
    /// @param user Address to whom the collateral should be credited to in Codex
    /// @param amount Amount of collateral to enter [tokenScale]
    function enter(
        uint256, /* tokenId */
        address user,
        uint256 amount
    ) external virtual override {
        if (live == 0) revert VaultEPT__enter_notLive();
        int256 wad = toInt256(wdiv(amount, tokenScale));
        codex.modifyBalance(address(this), 0, user, wad);
        IERC20(token).safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
        emit Enter(0, user, amount);
    }

    /// @notice Exits `amount` collateral into the system and credits it to `user`
    /// @param *tokenId ERC1155 or ERC721 style TokenId (leave at 0 for ERC20)
    /// @param user Address to whom the collateral should be credited to
    /// @param amount Amount of collateral to exit [tokenScale]
    function exit(
        uint256, /* tokenId */
        address user,
        uint256 amount
    ) external virtual override {
        int256 wad = toInt256(wdiv(amount, tokenScale));
        codex.modifyBalance(address(this), 0, msg.sender, -int256(wad));
        IERC20(token).safeTransfer(user, amount);
        emit Exit(0, user, amount);
    }

    /// ======== Collateral Asset ======== ///

    /// @notice Returns the maturity of the collateral asset
    /// @param *tokenId ERC1155 or ERC721 style TokenId (leave at 0 for ERC20)
    /// @return maturity [seconds]
    function maturity(
        uint256 /* tokenId */
    ) external view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _maturity;
    }

    /// ======== Valuing Collateral ======== ///

    /// @notice Returns the fair price of a single collateral unit
    /// @param *tokenId ERC1155 or ERC721 style TokenId (leave at 0 for ERC20)
    /// @param net Boolean indicating whether the liquidation safety margin should be applied to the fair value
    /// @param face Boolean indicating whether the current fair value or the fair value at maturity should be returned
    /// @return fair Price [wad]
    function fairPrice(
        uint256,
        bool net,
        bool face
    ) external view override returns (uint256) {
        return ICollybus(collybus).read(address(this), underlierToken, 0, (face) ? block.timestamp : _maturity, net);
    }

    /// ======== Shutdown ======== ///

    /// @notice Locks the contract
    /// @dev Sender has to be allowed to call this method
    function lock() external virtual override checkCaller {
        live = 0;
        emit Lock();
    }
}

// File: lib/fiat-i/src/vaults/VaultFactory.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import {Clones} from "openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/Clones.sol";

import {Guarded} from "../core/utils/Guarded.sol";

interface IVaultInitializable {
    function initialize(bytes calldata params) external;
}

/// @title VaultFactory
/// @notice Instantiates proxy vault contracts
contract VaultFactory is Guarded {
    event VaultCreated(address indexed instance, address indexed creator, bytes params);

    function createVault(address impl, bytes calldata params) external checkCaller returns (address) {
        address instance = Clones.clone(impl);

        // append msg.sender to set the root
        IVaultInitializable(instance).initialize(abi.encodePacked(params, abi.encode(msg.sender)));

        emit VaultCreated(instance, msg.sender, params);

        return instance;
    }
}