// File: @chainlink/contracts/src/v0.8/interfaces/AggregatorV3Interface.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface AggregatorV3Interface {
  function decimals() external view returns (uint8);

  function description() external view returns (string memory);

  function version() external view returns (uint256);

  function getRoundData(uint80 _roundId)
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );

  function latestRoundData()
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/IAccessControlUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControlUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call, an admin role
     * bearer except when using {AccessControl-_setupRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `account`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/governance/utils/IVotesUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (governance/utils/IVotes.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Common interface for {ERC20Votes}, {ERC721Votes}, and other {Votes}-enabled contracts.
 *
 * _Available since v4.5._
 */
interface IVotesUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when an account changes their delegate.
     */
    event DelegateChanged(address indexed delegator, address indexed fromDelegate, address indexed toDelegate);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a token transfer or delegate change results in changes to a delegate's number of votes.
     */
    event DelegateVotesChanged(address indexed delegate, uint256 previousBalance, uint256 newBalance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current amount of votes that `account` has.
     */
    function getVotes(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of votes that `account` had at the end of a past block (`blockNumber`).
     */
    function getPastVotes(address account, uint256 blockNumber) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total supply of votes available at the end of a past block (`blockNumber`).
     *
     * NOTE: This value is the sum of all available votes, which is not necessarily the sum of all delegated votes.
     * Votes that have not been delegated are still part of total supply, even though they would not participate in a
     * vote.
     */
    function getPastTotalSupply(uint256 blockNumber) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the delegate that `account` has chosen.
     */
    function delegates(address account) external view returns (address);

    /**
     * @dev Delegates votes from the sender to `delegatee`.
     */
    function delegate(address delegatee) external;

    /**
     * @dev Delegates votes from signer to `delegatee`.
     */
    function delegateBySig(
        address delegatee,
        uint256 nonce,
        uint256 expiry,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/interfaces/draft-IERC1822Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (interfaces/draft-IERC1822.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev ERC1822: Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard (UUPS) documents a method for upgradeability through a simplified
 * proxy whose upgrades are fully controlled by the current implementation.
 */
interface IERC1822ProxiableUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the storage slot that the proxiable contract assumes is being used to store the implementation
     * address.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: A proxy pointing at a proxiable contract should not be considered proxiable itself, because this risks
     * bricking a proxy that upgrades to it, by delegating to itself until out of gas. Thus it is critical that this
     * function revert if invoked through a proxy.
     */
    function proxiableUUID() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/interfaces/IERC1271Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (interfaces/IERC1271.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC1271 standard signature validation method for
 * contracts as defined in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1271[ERC-1271].
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC1271Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Should return whether the signature provided is valid for the provided data
     * @param hash      Hash of the data to be signed
     * @param signature Signature byte array associated with _data
     */
    function isValidSignature(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) external view returns (bytes4 magicValue);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/beacon/IBeaconUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (proxy/beacon/IBeacon.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev This is the interface that {BeaconProxy} expects of its beacon.
 */
interface IBeaconUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Must return an address that can be used as a delegate call target.
     *
     * {BeaconProxy} will check that this address is a contract.
     */
    function implementation() external view returns (address);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967UpgradeUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Upgrade.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.2;

import "../beacon/IBeaconUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../interfaces/draft-IERC1822Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../utils/StorageSlotUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev This abstract contract provides getters and event emitting update functions for
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1967[EIP1967] slots.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 *
 * @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow delegatecall
 */
abstract contract ERC1967UpgradeUpgradeable is Initializable {
    function __ERC1967Upgrade_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC1967Upgrade_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    // This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.rollback" subtracted by 1
    bytes32 private constant _ROLLBACK_SLOT = 0x4910fdfa16fed3260ed0e7147f7cc6da11a60208b5b9406d12a635614ffd9143;

    /**
     * @dev Storage slot with the address of the current implementation.
     * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.implementation" subtracted by 1, and is
     * validated in the constructor.
     */
    bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the implementation is upgraded.
     */
    event Upgraded(address indexed implementation);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current implementation address.
     */
    function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlotUpgradeable.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores a new address in the EIP1967 implementation slot.
     */
    function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) private {
        require(AddressUpgradeable.isContract(newImplementation), "ERC1967: new implementation is not a contract");
        StorageSlotUpgradeable.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform implementation upgrade
     *
     * Emits an {Upgraded} event.
     */
    function _upgradeTo(address newImplementation) internal {
        _setImplementation(newImplementation);
        emit Upgraded(newImplementation);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform implementation upgrade with additional setup call.
     *
     * Emits an {Upgraded} event.
     */
    function _upgradeToAndCall(
        address newImplementation,
        bytes memory data,
        bool forceCall
    ) internal {
        _upgradeTo(newImplementation);
        if (data.length > 0 || forceCall) {
            _functionDelegateCall(newImplementation, data);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform implementation upgrade with security checks for UUPS proxies, and additional setup call.
     *
     * Emits an {Upgraded} event.
     */
    function _upgradeToAndCallUUPS(
        address newImplementation,
        bytes memory data,
        bool forceCall
    ) internal {
        // Upgrades from old implementations will perform a rollback test. This test requires the new
        // implementation to upgrade back to the old, non-ERC1822 compliant, implementation. Removing
        // this special case will break upgrade paths from old UUPS implementation to new ones.
        if (StorageSlotUpgradeable.getBooleanSlot(_ROLLBACK_SLOT).value) {
            _setImplementation(newImplementation);
        } else {
            try IERC1822ProxiableUpgradeable(newImplementation).proxiableUUID() returns (bytes32 slot) {
                require(slot == _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT, "ERC1967Upgrade: unsupported proxiableUUID");
            } catch {
                revert("ERC1967Upgrade: new implementation is not UUPS");
            }
            _upgradeToAndCall(newImplementation, data, forceCall);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Storage slot with the admin of the contract.
     * This is the keccak-256 hash of "eip1967.proxy.admin" subtracted by 1, and is
     * validated in the constructor.
     */
    bytes32 internal constant _ADMIN_SLOT = 0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103;

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the admin account has changed.
     */
    event AdminChanged(address previousAdmin, address newAdmin);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current admin.
     */
    function _getAdmin() internal view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlotUpgradeable.getAddressSlot(_ADMIN_SLOT).value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores a new address in the EIP1967 admin slot.
     */
    function _setAdmin(address newAdmin) private {
        require(newAdmin != address(0), "ERC1967: new admin is the zero address");
        StorageSlotUpgradeable.getAddressSlot(_ADMIN_SLOT).value = newAdmin;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Changes the admin of the proxy.
     *
     * Emits an {AdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _changeAdmin(address newAdmin) internal {
        emit AdminChanged(_getAdmin(), newAdmin);
        _setAdmin(newAdmin);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The storage slot of the UpgradeableBeacon contract which defines the implementation for this proxy.
     * This is bytes32(uint256(keccak256('eip1967.proxy.beacon')) - 1)) and is validated in the constructor.
     */
    bytes32 internal constant _BEACON_SLOT = 0xa3f0ad74e5423aebfd80d3ef4346578335a9a72aeaee59ff6cb3582b35133d50;

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the beacon is upgraded.
     */
    event BeaconUpgraded(address indexed beacon);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current beacon.
     */
    function _getBeacon() internal view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlotUpgradeable.getAddressSlot(_BEACON_SLOT).value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Stores a new beacon in the EIP1967 beacon slot.
     */
    function _setBeacon(address newBeacon) private {
        require(AddressUpgradeable.isContract(newBeacon), "ERC1967: new beacon is not a contract");
        require(
            AddressUpgradeable.isContract(IBeaconUpgradeable(newBeacon).implementation()),
            "ERC1967: beacon implementation is not a contract"
        );
        StorageSlotUpgradeable.getAddressSlot(_BEACON_SLOT).value = newBeacon;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform beacon upgrade with additional setup call. Note: This upgrades the address of the beacon, it does
     * not upgrade the implementation contained in the beacon (see {UpgradeableBeacon-_setImplementation} for that).
     *
     * Emits a {BeaconUpgraded} event.
     */
    function _upgradeBeaconToAndCall(
        address newBeacon,
        bytes memory data,
        bool forceCall
    ) internal {
        _setBeacon(newBeacon);
        emit BeaconUpgraded(newBeacon);
        if (data.length > 0 || forceCall) {
            _functionDelegateCall(IBeaconUpgradeable(newBeacon).implementation(), data);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function _functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) private returns (bytes memory) {
        require(AddressUpgradeable.isContract(target), "Address: delegate call to non-contract");

        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return AddressUpgradeable.verifyCallResult(success, returndata, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.2;

import "../../utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     * @custom:oz-retyped-from bool
     */
    uint8 private _initialized;

    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private _initializing;

    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint8 version);

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts. Equivalent to `reinitializer(1)`.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        bool isTopLevelCall = !_initializing;
        require(
            (isTopLevelCall && _initialized < 1) || (!AddressUpgradeable.isContract(address(this)) && _initialized == 1),
            "Initializable: contract is already initialized"
        );
        _initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * `initializer` is equivalent to `reinitializer(1)`, so a reinitializer may be used after the original
     * initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that are added through upgrades and that require
     * initialization.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint8 version) {
        require(!_initializing && _initialized < version, "Initializable: contract is already initialized");
        _initialized = version;
        _initializing = true;
        _;
        _initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        require(_initializing, "Initializable: contract is not initializing");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        require(!_initializing, "Initializable: contract is initializing");
        if (_initialized < type(uint8).max) {
            _initialized = type(uint8).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint8).max);
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../../interfaces/draft-IERC1822Upgradeable.sol";
import "../ERC1967/ERC1967UpgradeUpgradeable.sol";
import "./Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev An upgradeability mechanism designed for UUPS proxies. The functions included here can perform an upgrade of an
 * {ERC1967Proxy}, when this contract is set as the implementation behind such a proxy.
 *
 * A security mechanism ensures that an upgrade does not turn off upgradeability accidentally, although this risk is
 * reinstated if the upgrade retains upgradeability but removes the security mechanism, e.g. by replacing
 * `UUPSUpgradeable` with a custom implementation of upgrades.
 *
 * The {_authorizeUpgrade} function must be overridden to include access restriction to the upgrade mechanism.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
abstract contract UUPSUpgradeable is Initializable, IERC1822ProxiableUpgradeable, ERC1967UpgradeUpgradeable {
    function __UUPSUpgradeable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __UUPSUpgradeable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow state-variable-immutable state-variable-assignment
    address private immutable __self = address(this);

    /**
     * @dev Check that the execution is being performed through a delegatecall call and that the execution context is
     * a proxy contract with an implementation (as defined in ERC1967) pointing to self. This should only be the case
     * for UUPS and transparent proxies that are using the current contract as their implementation. Execution of a
     * function through ERC1167 minimal proxies (clones) would not normally pass this test, but is not guaranteed to
     * fail.
     */
    modifier onlyProxy() {
        require(address(this) != __self, "Function must be called through delegatecall");
        require(_getImplementation() == __self, "Function must be called through active proxy");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Check that the execution is not being performed through a delegate call. This allows a function to be
     * callable on the implementing contract but not through proxies.
     */
    modifier notDelegated() {
        require(address(this) == __self, "UUPSUpgradeable: must not be called through delegatecall");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of the ERC1822 {proxiableUUID} function. This returns the storage slot used by the
     * implementation. It is used to validate that the this implementation remains valid after an upgrade.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: A proxy pointing at a proxiable contract should not be considered proxiable itself, because this risks
     * bricking a proxy that upgrades to it, by delegating to itself until out of gas. Thus it is critical that this
     * function revert if invoked through a proxy. This is guaranteed by the `notDelegated` modifier.
     */
    function proxiableUUID() external view virtual override notDelegated returns (bytes32) {
        return _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Upgrade the implementation of the proxy to `newImplementation`.
     *
     * Calls {_authorizeUpgrade}.
     *
     * Emits an {Upgraded} event.
     */
    function upgradeTo(address newImplementation) external virtual onlyProxy {
        _authorizeUpgrade(newImplementation);
        _upgradeToAndCallUUPS(newImplementation, new bytes(0), false);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Upgrade the implementation of the proxy to `newImplementation`, and subsequently execute the function call
     * encoded in `data`.
     *
     * Calls {_authorizeUpgrade}.
     *
     * Emits an {Upgraded} event.
     */
    function upgradeToAndCall(address newImplementation, bytes memory data) external payable virtual onlyProxy {
        _authorizeUpgrade(newImplementation);
        _upgradeToAndCallUUPS(newImplementation, data, true);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function that should revert when `msg.sender` is not authorized to upgrade the contract. Called by
     * {upgradeTo} and {upgradeToAndCall}.
     *
     * Normally, this function will use an xref:access.adoc[access control] modifier such as {Ownable-onlyOwner}.
     *
     * ```solidity
     * function _authorizeUpgrade(address) internal override onlyOwner {}
     * ```
     */
    function _authorizeUpgrade(address newImplementation) internal virtual;

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/ERC20Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC20MetadataUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.zeppelin.solutions/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert
 * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless
 * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20
 * applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract ERC20Upgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, IERC20Upgradeable, IERC20MetadataUpgradeable {
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
     *
     * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To select a different value for
     * {decimals} you should overload it.
     *
     * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
     * construction.
     */
    function __ERC20_init(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        __ERC20_init_unchained(name_, symbol_);
    }

    function __ERC20_init_unchained(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
     * name.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
     * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
     * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
     *
     * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
     * Ether and Wei. This is the value {ERC20} uses, unless this function is
     * overridden;
     *
     * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
     * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
     * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
     */
    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _transfer(owner, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * NOTE: If `amount` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on
     * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
     * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
     *
     * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance
     * is the maximum `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address spender = _msgSender();
        _spendAllowance(from, spender, amount);
        _transfer(from, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, allowance(owner, spender) + addedValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `subtractedValue`.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        require(currentAllowance >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        unchecked {
            _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - subtractedValue);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
     * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function _transfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(from != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);

        uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from];
        require(fromBalance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[from] = fromBalance - amount;
        }
        _balances[to] += amount;

        emit Transfer(from, to, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);
    }

    /** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
     * the total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _totalSupply += amount;
        _balances[account] += amount;
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
     * total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        uint256 accountBalance = _balances[account];
        require(accountBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] = accountBalance - amount;
        }
        _totalSupply -= amount;

        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
     * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _approve(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `amount`.
     *
     * Does not update the allowance amount in case of infinite allowance.
     * Revert if not enough allowance is available.
     *
     * Might emit an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _spendAllowance(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) {
            require(currentAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: insufficient allowance");
            unchecked {
                _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - amount);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * has been transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens have been minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens have been burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[45] private __gap;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20PermitUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20MetadataUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20Upgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20MetadataUpgradeable is IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/IERC20Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../extensions/draft-IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../../utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20Upgradeable {
    using AddressUpgradeable for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    function safePermit(
        IERC20PermitUpgradeable token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20Upgradeable token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address.functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library AddressUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: static call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verifies that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
            if (returndata.length > 0) {
                // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                    revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
                }
            } else {
                revert(errorMessage);
            }
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract ContextUpgradeable is Initializable {
    function __Context_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __Context_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/CountersUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Counters.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title Counters
 * @author Matt Condon (@shrugs)
 * @dev Provides counters that can only be incremented, decremented or reset. This can be used e.g. to track the number
 * of elements in a mapping, issuing ERC721 ids, or counting request ids.
 *
 * Include with `using Counters for Counters.Counter;`
 */
library CountersUpgradeable {
    struct Counter {
        // This variable should never be directly accessed by users of the library: interactions must be restricted to
        // the library's function. As of Solidity v0.5.2, this cannot be enforced, though there is a proposal to add
        // this feature: see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4637
        uint256 _value; // default: 0
    }

    function current(Counter storage counter) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return counter._value;
    }

    function increment(Counter storage counter) internal {
        unchecked {
            counter._value += 1;
        }
    }

    function decrement(Counter storage counter) internal {
        uint256 value = counter._value;
        require(value > 0, "Counter: decrement overflow");
        unchecked {
            counter._value = value - 1;
        }
    }

    function reset(Counter storage counter) internal {
        counter._value = 0;
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/cryptography/draft-EIP712Upgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/cryptography/draft-EIP712.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./ECDSAUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
 *
 * The encoding specified in the EIP is very generic, and such a generic implementation in Solidity is not feasible,
 * thus this contract does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding
 * they need in their contracts using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
 *
 * This contract implements the EIP 712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
 * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
 * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
 *
 * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
 * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
 *
 * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
 * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 *
 * @custom:storage-size 52
 */
abstract contract EIP712Upgradeable is Initializable {
    /* solhint-disable var-name-mixedcase */
    bytes32 private _HASHED_NAME;
    bytes32 private _HASHED_VERSION;
    bytes32 private constant _TYPE_HASH = keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)");

    /* solhint-enable var-name-mixedcase */

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
     *
     * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP 712]:
     *
     * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
     * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
     *
     * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
     * contract upgrade].
     */
    function __EIP712_init(string memory name, string memory version) internal onlyInitializing {
        __EIP712_init_unchained(name, version);
    }

    function __EIP712_init_unchained(string memory name, string memory version) internal onlyInitializing {
        bytes32 hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name));
        bytes32 hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version));
        _HASHED_NAME = hashedName;
        _HASHED_VERSION = hashedVersion;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
     */
    function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        return _buildDomainSeparator(_TYPE_HASH, _EIP712NameHash(), _EIP712VersionHash());
    }

    function _buildDomainSeparator(
        bytes32 typeHash,
        bytes32 nameHash,
        bytes32 versionHash
    ) private view returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, nameHash, versionHash, block.chainid, address(this)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
     * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
     *
     * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
     *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
     *     mailTo,
     *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
     * )));
     * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
     * ```
     */
    function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return ECDSAUpgradeable.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The hash of the name parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: This function reads from storage by default, but can be redefined to return a constant value if gas costs
     * are a concern.
     */
    function _EIP712NameHash() internal virtual view returns (bytes32) {
        return _HASHED_NAME;
    }

    /**
     * @dev The hash of the version parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: This function reads from storage by default, but can be redefined to return a constant value if gas costs
     * are a concern.
     */
    function _EIP712VersionHash() internal virtual view returns (bytes32) {
        return _HASHED_VERSION;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/cryptography/ECDSAUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.3) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../StringsUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSAUpgradeable {
    enum RecoverError {
        NoError,
        InvalidSignature,
        InvalidSignatureLength,
        InvalidSignatureS,
        InvalidSignatureV
    }

    function _throwError(RecoverError error) private pure {
        if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
            return; // no error: do nothing
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature length");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature 's' value");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureV) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature 'v' value");
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature` or error string. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 vs
    ) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
        uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27);
        return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.2._
     */
    function recover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 vs
    ) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS);
        }
        if (v != 27 && v != 28) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureV);
        }

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer == address(0)) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature);
        }

        return (signer, RecoverError.NoError);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from a `hash`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 hash) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        // 32 is the length in bytes of hash,
        // enforced by the type signature above
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32", hash));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from `s`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory s) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", StringsUpgradeable.toString(s.length), s));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Typed Data, created from a
     * `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`. This produces hash corresponding
     * to the one signed with the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19\x01", domainSeparator, structHash));
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/cryptography/SignatureCheckerUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.1) (utils/cryptography/SignatureChecker.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./ECDSAUpgradeable.sol";
import "../AddressUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IERC1271Upgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Signature verification helper that can be used instead of `ECDSA.recover` to seamlessly support both ECDSA
 * signatures from externally owned accounts (EOAs) as well as ERC1271 signatures from smart contract wallets like
 * Argent and Gnosis Safe.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
library SignatureCheckerUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Checks if a signature is valid for a given signer and data hash. If the signer is a smart contract, the
     * signature is validated against that smart contract using ERC1271, otherwise it's validated using `ECDSA.recover`.
     *
     * NOTE: Unlike ECDSA signatures, contract signatures are revocable, and the outcome of this function can thus
     * change through time. It could return true at block N and false at block N+1 (or the opposite).
     */
    function isValidSignatureNow(
        address signer,
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes memory signature
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        (address recovered, ECDSAUpgradeable.RecoverError error) = ECDSAUpgradeable.tryRecover(hash, signature);
        if (error == ECDSAUpgradeable.RecoverError.NoError && recovered == signer) {
            return true;
        }

        (bool success, bytes memory result) = signer.staticcall(
            abi.encodeWithSelector(IERC1271Upgradeable.isValidSignature.selector, hash, signature)
        );
        return (success &&
            result.length == 32 &&
            abi.decode(result, (bytes32)) == bytes32(IERC1271Upgradeable.isValidSignature.selector));
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/StorageSlotUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/StorageSlot.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Library for reading and writing primitive types to specific storage slots.
 *
 * Storage slots are often used to avoid storage conflict when dealing with upgradeable contracts.
 * This library helps with reading and writing to such slots without the need for inline assembly.
 *
 * The functions in this library return Slot structs that contain a `value` member that can be used to read or write.
 *
 * Example usage to set ERC1967 implementation slot:
 * ```
 * contract ERC1967 {
 *     bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
 *
 *     function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
 *         return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
 *     }
 *
 *     function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) internal {
 *         require(Address.isContract(newImplementation), "ERC1967: new implementation is not a contract");
 *         StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * _Available since v4.1 for `address`, `bool`, `bytes32`, and `uint256`._
 */
library StorageSlotUpgradeable {
    struct AddressSlot {
        address value;
    }

    struct BooleanSlot {
        bool value;
    }

    struct Bytes32Slot {
        bytes32 value;
    }

    struct Uint256Slot {
        uint256 value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/StringsUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/Strings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library StringsUpgradeable {
    bytes16 private constant _HEX_SYMBOLS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant _ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        // Inspired by OraclizeAPI's implementation - MIT licence
        // https://github.com/oraclize/ethereum-api/blob/b42146b063c7d6ee1358846c198246239e9360e8/oraclizeAPI_0.4.25.sol

        if (value == 0) {
            return "0";
        }
        uint256 temp = value;
        uint256 digits;
        while (temp != 0) {
            digits++;
            temp /= 10;
        }
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(digits);
        while (value != 0) {
            digits -= 1;
            buffer[digits] = bytes1(uint8(48 + uint256(value % 10)));
            value /= 10;
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        if (value == 0) {
            return "0x00";
        }
        uint256 temp = value;
        uint256 length = 0;
        while (temp != 0) {
            length++;
            temp >>= 8;
        }
        return toHexString(value, length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = _HEX_SYMBOLS[value & 0xf];
            value >>= 4;
        }
        require(value == 0, "Strings: hex length insufficient");
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), _ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";
import "../extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20 token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    function safePermit(
        IERC20Permit token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address.functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: static call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: delegate call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verifies that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
            if (returndata.length > 0) {
                // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                    revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
                }
            } else {
                revert(errorMessage);
            }
        }
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a >= b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1);

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator,
        Rounding rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. It the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`.
        // We also know that `k`, the position of the most significant bit, is such that `msb(a) = 2**k`.
        // This gives `2**k < a <= 2**(k+1)` → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2 ** (k/2+1)`.
        // Using an algorithm similar to the msb conmputation, we are able to compute `result = 2**(k/2)` which is a
        // good first aproximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1;
        uint256 x = a;
        if (x >> 128 > 0) {
            x >>= 128;
            result <<= 64;
        }
        if (x >> 64 > 0) {
            x >>= 64;
            result <<= 32;
        }
        if (x >> 32 > 0) {
            x >>= 32;
            result <<= 16;
        }
        if (x >> 16 > 0) {
            x >>= 16;
            result <<= 8;
        }
        if (x >> 8 > 0) {
            x >>= 8;
            result <<= 4;
        }
        if (x >> 4 > 0) {
            x >>= 4;
            result <<= 2;
        }
        if (x >> 2 > 0) {
            result <<= 1;
        }

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = sqrt(a);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }
}

// File: @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Multicall.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (utils/Multicall.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./Address.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides a function to batch together multiple calls in a single external call.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
abstract contract Multicall {
    /**
     * @dev Receives and executes a batch of function calls on this contract.
     */
    function multicall(bytes[] calldata data) external virtual returns (bytes[] memory results) {
        results = new bytes[](data.length);
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
            results[i] = Address.functionDelegateCall(address(this), data[i]);
        }
        return results;
    }
}

// File: contracts/facade/FacadeAct.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Multicall.sol";
import "../plugins/trading/DutchTrade.sol";
import "../plugins/trading/GnosisTrade.sol";
import "../interfaces/IBackingManager.sol";
import "../interfaces/IFacadeAct.sol";
import "../interfaces/IFacadeRead.sol";

/**
 * @title Facade
 * @notice A Facade to help batch compound actions that cannot be done from an EOA, solely.
 *   Compatible with both 2.1.0 and ^3.0.0 RTokens.
 */
contract FacadeAct is IFacadeAct, Multicall {
    using Address for address;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using FixLib for uint192;

    function claimRewards(IRToken rToken) public {
        IMain main = rToken.main();
        main.backingManager().claimRewards();
        main.rTokenTrader().claimRewards();
        main.rsrTrader().claimRewards();
    }

    /// To use this, first call:
    ///   - auctionsSettleable(revenueTrader)
    ///   - revenueOverview(revenueTrader)
    /// If either arrays returned are non-empty, then can execute this function productively.
    /// Logic:
    ///   For each ERC20 in `toSettle`:
    ///     - Settle any open ERC20 trades
    ///   Then:
    ///     - Transfer any revenue for that ERC20 from the backingManager to revenueTrader
    ///     - Call `revenueTrader.manageTokens(ERC20)` to start an auction
    function runRevenueAuctions(
        IRevenueTrader revenueTrader,
        IERC20[] calldata toSettle,
        IERC20[] calldata toStart,
        TradeKind[] calldata kinds
    ) external {
        // Settle auctions
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < toSettle.length; ++i) {
            _settleTrade(revenueTrader, toSettle[i]);
        }

        // if 2.1.0, distribute tokenToBuy
        bytes1 majorVersion = bytes(revenueTrader.version())[0];
        if (
            toSettle.length > 0 &&
            (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_2 || majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_1)
        ) {
            address(revenueTrader).functionCall(
                abi.encodeWithSignature("manageToken(address)", revenueTrader.tokenToBuy())
            );
        }

        // Transfer revenue backingManager -> revenueTrader
        _forwardRevenue(revenueTrader.main().backingManager(), toStart);

        // Start RevenueTrader auctions
        _runRevenueAuctions(revenueTrader, toStart, kinds);
    }

    // === Static Calls ===

    /// To use this, call via callStatic.
    /// Includes consideration of when to distribute the RevenueTrader tokenToBuy
    /// @return erc20s The ERC20s that have auctions that can be started
    /// @return canStart If the ERC20 auction can be started
    /// @return surpluses {qTok} The surplus amounts currently held, ignoring reward balances
    /// @return minTradeAmounts {qTok} The minimum amount worth trading
    /// @return bmRewards {qTok} The amounts would be claimed by backingManager.claimRewards()
    /// @return revTraderRewards {qTok} The amounts that would be claimed by trader.claimRewards()
    /// @dev Note that `surpluses` + `bmRewards` + `revTraderRewards`
    /// @custom:static-call
    function revenueOverview(IRevenueTrader revenueTrader)
        external
        returns (
            IERC20[] memory erc20s,
            bool[] memory canStart,
            uint256[] memory surpluses,
            uint256[] memory minTradeAmounts,
            uint256[] memory bmRewards,
            uint256[] memory revTraderRewards
        )
    {
        IBackingManager bm = revenueTrader.main().backingManager();
        uint192 minTradeVolume = revenueTrader.minTradeVolume(); // {UoA}
        Registry memory reg = revenueTrader.main().assetRegistry().getRegistry();

        // Forward ALL revenue
        _forwardRevenue(bm, reg.erc20s);

        erc20s = new IERC20[](reg.erc20s.length);
        canStart = new bool[](reg.erc20s.length);
        surpluses = new uint256[](reg.erc20s.length);
        minTradeAmounts = new uint256[](reg.erc20s.length);
        bmRewards = new uint256[](reg.erc20s.length);
        revTraderRewards = new uint256[](reg.erc20s.length);

        // Calculate which erc20s should have auctions started
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < reg.erc20s.length; ++i) {
            erc20s[i] = reg.erc20s[i];

            // Settle first if possible. Required so we can assess full available balance
            ITrade trade = revenueTrader.trades(erc20s[i]);
            if (address(trade) != address(0) && trade.canSettle()) {
                _settleTrade(revenueTrader, erc20s[i]);
            }

            surpluses[i] = erc20s[i].balanceOf(address(revenueTrader));
            (uint192 lotLow, ) = reg.assets[i].lotPrice(); // {UoA/tok}
            if (lotLow == 0) continue;

            // {qTok} = {UoA} / {UoA/tok}
            minTradeAmounts[i] = minTradeVolume.safeDiv(lotLow, FLOOR).shiftl_toUint(
                int8(reg.assets[i].erc20Decimals())
            );

            if (
                surpluses[i] > minTradeAmounts[i] &&
                revenueTrader.trades(erc20s[i]) == ITrade(address(0))
            ) {
                canStart[i] = true;
            }
        }

        // Calculate rewards
        // Reward counts are disjoint with `surpluses` and `canStart`
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < reg.erc20s.length; ++i) {
            bmRewards[i] = reg.erc20s[i].balanceOf(address(bm));
        }
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
        try bm.claimRewards() {} catch {} // same between 2.1.0 and 3.0.0
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < reg.erc20s.length; ++i) {
            bmRewards[i] = reg.erc20s[i].balanceOf(address(bm)) - bmRewards[i];
        }
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < reg.erc20s.length; ++i) {
            revTraderRewards[i] = reg.erc20s[i].balanceOf(address(revenueTrader));
        }
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
        try revenueTrader.claimRewards() {} catch {} // same between 2.1.0 and 3.0.0
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < reg.erc20s.length; ++i) {
            revTraderRewards[i] =
                reg.erc20s[i].balanceOf(address(revenueTrader)) -
                revTraderRewards[i];
        }
    }

    /// To use this, call via callStatic.
    /// If canStart is true, call backingManager.rebalance(). May require settling a
    /// trade first; see auctionsSettleable.
    /// @return canStart true iff a recollateralization auction can be started
    /// @return sell The sell token in the auction
    /// @return buy The buy token in the auction
    /// @return sellAmount {qSellTok} How much would be sold
    /// @custom:static-call
    function nextRecollateralizationAuction(IBackingManager bm, TradeKind kind)
        external
        returns (
            bool canStart,
            IERC20 sell,
            IERC20 buy,
            uint256 sellAmount
        )
    {
        IERC20[] memory erc20s = bm.main().assetRegistry().erc20s();

        // Settle any settle-able open trades
        if (bm.tradesOpen() > 0) {
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < erc20s.length; ++i) {
                ITrade trade = bm.trades(erc20s[i]);
                if (address(trade) != address(0) && trade.canSettle()) {
                    _settleTrade(bm, erc20s[i]);
                    break; // backingManager can only have 1 trade open at a time
                }
            }
        }

        // If no auctions ongoing, to find a new auction to start
        if (bm.tradesOpen() == 0) {
            _rebalance(bm, kind);

            // Find the started auction
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < erc20s.length; ++i) {
                ITrade trade = ITrade(address(bm.trades(erc20s[i])));
                if (address(trade) != address(0)) {
                    canStart = true;
                    sell = trade.sell();
                    buy = trade.buy();
                    sellAmount = _getSellAmount(trade);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // === Private ===
    function _getSellAmount(ITrade trade) private view returns (uint256) {
        if (trade.KIND() == TradeKind.DUTCH_AUCTION) {
            return
                DutchTrade(address(trade)).sellAmount().shiftl_toUint(
                    int8(trade.sell().decimals())
                );
        } else if (trade.KIND() == TradeKind.BATCH_AUCTION) {
            return GnosisTrade(address(trade)).initBal();
        } else {
            revert("invalid trade type");
        }
    }

    function _settleTrade(ITrading trader, IERC20 toSettle) private {
        bytes1 majorVersion = bytes(trader.version())[0];
        if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_3) {
            // Settle auctions
            trader.settleTrade(toSettle);
        } else if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_2 || majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_1) {
            address(trader).functionCall(abi.encodeWithSignature("settleTrade(address)", toSettle));
        } else {
            _revertUnrecognizedVersion();
        }
    }

    function _forwardRevenue(IBackingManager bm, IERC20[] memory toStart) private {
        bytes1 majorVersion = bytes(bm.version())[0];
        // Need to use try-catch here in order to still show revenueOverview when basket not ready
        if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_3) {
            // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
            try bm.forwardRevenue(toStart) {} catch {}
        } else if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_2 || majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_1) {
            // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
            (bool success, ) = address(bm).call{ value: 0 }(
                abi.encodeWithSignature("manageTokens(address[])", toStart)
            );
            success = success; // hush warning
        } else {
            _revertUnrecognizedVersion();
        }
    }

    function _runRevenueAuctions(
        IRevenueTrader revenueTrader,
        IERC20[] memory toStart,
        TradeKind[] memory kinds
    ) private {
        bytes1 majorVersion = bytes(revenueTrader.version())[0];

        if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_3) {
            revenueTrader.manageTokens(toStart, kinds);
        } else if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_2 || majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_1) {
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < toStart.length; ++i) {
                address(revenueTrader).functionCall(
                    abi.encodeWithSignature("manageToken(address)", toStart[i])
                );
            }
        } else {
            _revertUnrecognizedVersion();
        }
    }

    function _rebalance(IBackingManager bm, TradeKind kind) private {
        bytes1 majorVersion = bytes(bm.version())[0];

        if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_3) {
            // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
            try bm.rebalance(kind) {} catch {}
        } else if (majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_2 || majorVersion == MAJOR_VERSION_1) {
            IERC20[] memory emptyERC20s = new IERC20[](0);
            // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
            (bool success, ) = address(bm).call{ value: 0 }(
                abi.encodeWithSignature("manageTokens(address[])", emptyERC20s)
            );
            success = success; // hush warning
        } else {
            _revertUnrecognizedVersion();
        }
    }

    function _revertUnrecognizedVersion() private pure {
        revert("unrecognized version");
    }
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IAsset.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.8/interfaces/AggregatorV3Interface.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "./IMain.sol";
import "./IRewardable.sol";

// Not used directly in the IAsset interface, but used by many consumers to save stack space
struct Price {
    uint192 low; // {UoA/tok}
    uint192 high; // {UoA/tok}
}

/**
 * @title IAsset
 * @notice Supertype. Any token that interacts with our system must be wrapped in an asset,
 * whether it is used as RToken backing or not. Any token that can report a price in the UoA
 * is eligible to be an asset.
 */
interface IAsset is IRewardable {
    /// Refresh saved price
    /// The Reserve protocol calls this at least once per transaction, before relying on
    /// the Asset's other functions.
    /// @dev Called immediately after deployment, before use
    function refresh() external;

    /// Should not revert
    /// @return low {UoA/tok} The lower end of the price estimate
    /// @return high {UoA/tok} The upper end of the price estimate
    function price() external view returns (uint192 low, uint192 high);

    /// Should not revert
    /// lotLow should be nonzero when the asset might be worth selling
    /// @return lotLow {UoA/tok} The lower end of the lot price estimate
    /// @return lotHigh {UoA/tok} The upper end of the lot price estimate
    function lotPrice() external view returns (uint192 lotLow, uint192 lotHigh);

    /// @return {tok} The balance of the ERC20 in whole tokens
    function bal(address account) external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return The ERC20 contract of the token with decimals() available
    function erc20() external view returns (IERC20Metadata);

    /// @return The number of decimals in the ERC20; just for gas optimization
    function erc20Decimals() external view returns (uint8);

    /// @return If the asset is an instance of ICollateral or not
    function isCollateral() external view returns (bool);

    /// @return {UoA} The max trade volume, in UoA
    function maxTradeVolume() external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return {s} The timestamp of the last refresh() that saved prices
    function lastSave() external view returns (uint48);
}

// Used only in Testing. Strictly speaking an Asset does not need to adhere to this interface
interface TestIAsset is IAsset {
    /// @return The address of the chainlink feed
    function chainlinkFeed() external view returns (AggregatorV3Interface);

    /// {1} The max % deviation allowed by the oracle
    function oracleError() external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return {s} Seconds that an oracle value is considered valid
    function oracleTimeout() external view returns (uint48);

    /// @return {s} Seconds that the lotPrice should decay over, after stale price
    function priceTimeout() external view returns (uint48);
}

/// CollateralStatus must obey a linear ordering. That is:
/// - being DISABLED is worse than being IFFY, or SOUND
/// - being IFFY is worse than being SOUND.
enum CollateralStatus {
    SOUND,
    IFFY, // When a peg is not holding or a chainlink feed is stale
    DISABLED // When the collateral has completely defaulted
}

/// Upgrade-safe maximum operator for CollateralStatus
library CollateralStatusComparator {
    /// @return Whether a is worse than b
    function worseThan(CollateralStatus a, CollateralStatus b) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint256(a) > uint256(b);
    }
}

/**
 * @title ICollateral
 * @notice A subtype of Asset that consists of the tokens eligible to back the RToken.
 */
interface ICollateral is IAsset {
    /// Emitted whenever the collateral status is changed
    /// @param newStatus The old CollateralStatus
    /// @param newStatus The updated CollateralStatus
    event CollateralStatusChanged(
        CollateralStatus indexed oldStatus,
        CollateralStatus indexed newStatus
    );

    /// @dev refresh()
    /// Refresh exchange rates and update default status.
    /// VERY IMPORTANT: In any valid implemntation, status() MUST become DISABLED in refresh() if
    /// refPerTok() has ever decreased since last call.

    /// @return The canonical name of this collateral's target unit.
    function targetName() external view returns (bytes32);

    /// @return The status of this collateral asset. (Is it defaulting? Might it soon?)
    function status() external view returns (CollateralStatus);

    // ==== Exchange Rates ====

    /// @return {ref/tok} Quantity of whole reference units per whole collateral tokens
    function refPerTok() external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return {target/ref} Quantity of whole target units per whole reference unit in the peg
    function targetPerRef() external view returns (uint192);
}

// Used only in Testing. Strictly speaking a Collateral does not need to adhere to this interface
interface TestICollateral is TestIAsset, ICollateral {
    /// @return The epoch timestamp when the collateral will default from IFFY to DISABLED
    function whenDefault() external view returns (uint256);

    /// @return The amount of time a collateral must be in IFFY status until being DISABLED
    function delayUntilDefault() external view returns (uint48);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IAssetRegistry.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "./IAsset.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";

/// A serialization of the AssetRegistry to be passed around in the P1 impl for gas optimization
struct Registry {
    IERC20[] erc20s;
    IAsset[] assets;
}

/**
 * @title IAssetRegistry
 * @notice The AssetRegistry is in charge of maintaining the ERC20 tokens eligible
 *   to be handled by the rest of the system. If an asset is in the registry, this means:
 *      1. Its ERC20 contract has been vetted
 *      2. The asset is the only asset for that ERC20
 *      3. The asset can be priced in the UoA, usually via an oracle
 */
interface IAssetRegistry is IComponent {
    /// Emitted when an asset is added to the registry
    /// @param erc20 The ERC20 contract for the asset
    /// @param asset The asset contract added to the registry
    event AssetRegistered(IERC20 indexed erc20, IAsset indexed asset);

    /// Emitted when an asset is removed from the registry
    /// @param erc20 The ERC20 contract for the asset
    /// @param asset The asset contract removed from the registry
    event AssetUnregistered(IERC20 indexed erc20, IAsset indexed asset);

    // Initialization
    function init(IMain main_, IAsset[] memory assets_) external;

    /// Fully refresh all asset state
    /// @custom:interaction
    function refresh() external;

    /// Register `asset`
    /// If either the erc20 address or the asset was already registered, fail
    /// @return true if the erc20 address was not already registered.
    /// @custom:governance
    function register(IAsset asset) external returns (bool);

    /// Register `asset` if and only if its erc20 address is already registered.
    /// If the erc20 address was not registered, revert.
    /// @return swapped If the asset was swapped for a previously-registered asset
    /// @custom:governance
    function swapRegistered(IAsset asset) external returns (bool swapped);

    /// Unregister an asset, requiring that it is already registered
    /// @custom:governance
    function unregister(IAsset asset) external;

    /// @return {s} The timestamp of the last refresh
    function lastRefresh() external view returns (uint48);

    /// @return The corresponding asset for ERC20, or reverts if not registered
    function toAsset(IERC20 erc20) external view returns (IAsset);

    /// @return The corresponding collateral, or reverts if unregistered or not collateral
    function toColl(IERC20 erc20) external view returns (ICollateral);

    /// @return If the ERC20 is registered
    function isRegistered(IERC20 erc20) external view returns (bool);

    /// @return A list of all registered ERC20s
    function erc20s() external view returns (IERC20[] memory);

    /// @return reg The list of registered ERC20s and Assets, in the same order
    function getRegistry() external view returns (Registry memory reg);

    /// @return The number of registered ERC20s
    function size() external view returns (uint256);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IBackingManager.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "./IBroker.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./ITrading.sol";

/**
 * @title IBackingManager
 * @notice The BackingManager handles changes in the ERC20 balances that back an RToken.
 *   - It computes which trades to perform, if any, and initiates these trades with the Broker.
 *     - rebalance()
 *   - If already collateralized, excess assets are transferred to RevenueTraders.
 *     - forwardRevenue(IERC20[] calldata erc20s)
 */
interface IBackingManager is IComponent, ITrading {
    /// Emitted when the trading delay is changed
    /// @param oldVal The old trading delay
    /// @param newVal The new trading delay
    event TradingDelaySet(uint48 oldVal, uint48 newVal);

    /// Emitted when the backing buffer is changed
    /// @param oldVal The old backing buffer
    /// @param newVal The new backing buffer
    event BackingBufferSet(uint192 oldVal, uint192 newVal);

    // Initialization
    function init(
        IMain main_,
        uint48 tradingDelay_,
        uint192 backingBuffer_,
        uint192 maxTradeSlippage_,
        uint192 minTradeVolume_
    ) external;

    // Give RToken max allowance over a registered token
    /// @custom:refresher
    /// @custom:interaction
    function grantRTokenAllowance(IERC20) external;

    /// Apply the overall backing policy using the specified TradeKind, taking a haircut if unable
    /// @param kind TradeKind.DUTCH_AUCTION or TradeKind.BATCH_AUCTION
    /// @custom:interaction RCEI
    function rebalance(TradeKind kind) external;

    /// Forward revenue to RevenueTraders; reverts if not fully collateralized
    /// @param erc20s The tokens to forward
    /// @custom:interaction RCEI
    function forwardRevenue(IERC20[] calldata erc20s) external;
}

interface TestIBackingManager is IBackingManager, TestITrading {
    function tradingDelay() external view returns (uint48);

    function backingBuffer() external view returns (uint192);

    function setTradingDelay(uint48 val) external;

    function setBackingBuffer(uint192 val) external;
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IBasketHandler.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "./IAsset.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";

struct BasketRange {
    uint192 bottom; // {BU}
    uint192 top; // {BU}
}

/**
 * @title IBasketHandler
 * @notice The BasketHandler aims to maintain a reference basket of constant target unit amounts.
 * When a collateral token defaults, a new reference basket of equal target units is set.
 * When _all_ collateral tokens default for a target unit, only then is the basket allowed to fall
 *   in terms of target unit amounts. The basket is considered defaulted in this case.
 */
interface IBasketHandler is IComponent {
    /// Emitted when the prime basket is set
    /// @param erc20s The collateral tokens for the prime basket
    /// @param targetAmts {target/BU} A list of quantities of target unit per basket unit
    /// @param targetNames Each collateral token's targetName
    event PrimeBasketSet(IERC20[] erc20s, uint192[] targetAmts, bytes32[] targetNames);

    /// Emitted when the reference basket is set
    /// @param nonce {basketNonce} The basket nonce
    /// @param erc20s The list of collateral tokens in the reference basket
    /// @param refAmts {ref/BU} The reference amounts of the basket collateral tokens
    /// @param disabled True when the list of erc20s + refAmts may not be correct
    event BasketSet(uint256 indexed nonce, IERC20[] erc20s, uint192[] refAmts, bool disabled);

    /// Emitted when a backup config is set for a target unit
    /// @param targetName The name of the target unit as a bytes32
    /// @param max The max number to use from `erc20s`
    /// @param erc20s The set of backup collateral tokens
    event BackupConfigSet(bytes32 indexed targetName, uint256 max, IERC20[] erc20s);

    /// Emitted when the warmup period is changed
    /// @param oldVal The old warmup period
    /// @param newVal The new warmup period
    event WarmupPeriodSet(uint48 oldVal, uint48 newVal);

    /// Emitted when the status of a basket has changed
    /// @param oldStatus The previous basket status
    /// @param newStatus The new basket status
    event BasketStatusChanged(CollateralStatus oldStatus, CollateralStatus newStatus);

    // Initialization
    function init(IMain main_, uint48 warmupPeriod_) external;

    /// Set the prime basket
    /// @param erc20s The collateral tokens for the new prime basket
    /// @param targetAmts The target amounts (in) {target/BU} for the new prime basket
    ///                   required range: 1e9 values; absolute range irrelevant.
    /// @custom:governance
    function setPrimeBasket(IERC20[] memory erc20s, uint192[] memory targetAmts) external;

    /// Set the backup configuration for a given target
    /// @param targetName The name of the target as a bytes32
    /// @param max The maximum number of collateral tokens to use from this target
    ///            Required range: 1-255
    /// @param erc20s A list of ordered backup collateral tokens
    /// @custom:governance
    function setBackupConfig(
        bytes32 targetName,
        uint256 max,
        IERC20[] calldata erc20s
    ) external;

    /// Default the basket in order to schedule a basket refresh
    /// @custom:protected
    function disableBasket() external;

    /// Governance-controlled setter to cause a basket switch explicitly
    /// @custom:governance
    /// @custom:interaction
    function refreshBasket() external;

    /// Track the basket status changes
    /// @custom:refresher
    function trackStatus() external;

    /// @return If the BackingManager has sufficient collateral to redeem the entire RToken supply
    function fullyCollateralized() external view returns (bool);

    /// @return status The worst CollateralStatus of all collateral in the basket
    function status() external view returns (CollateralStatus status);

    /// @return If the basket is ready to issue and trade
    function isReady() external view returns (bool);

    /// @param erc20 The ERC20 token contract for the asset
    /// @return {tok/BU} The whole token quantity of token in the reference basket
    /// Returns 0 if erc20 is not registered or not in the basket
    /// Returns FIX_MAX (in lieu of +infinity) if Collateral.refPerTok() is 0.
    /// Otherwise, returns (token's basket.refAmts / token's Collateral.refPerTok())
    function quantity(IERC20 erc20) external view returns (uint192);

    /// Like quantity(), but unsafe because it DOES NOT CONFIRM THAT THE ASSET IS CORRECT
    /// @param erc20 The ERC20 token contract for the asset
    /// @param asset The registered asset plugin contract for the erc20
    /// @return {tok/BU} The whole token quantity of token in the reference basket
    /// Returns 0 if erc20 is not registered or not in the basket
    /// Returns FIX_MAX (in lieu of +infinity) if Collateral.refPerTok() is 0.
    /// Otherwise, returns (token's basket.refAmts / token's Collateral.refPerTok())
    function quantityUnsafe(IERC20 erc20, IAsset asset) external view returns (uint192);

    /// @param amount {BU}
    /// @return erc20s The addresses of the ERC20 tokens in the reference basket
    /// @return quantities {qTok} The quantity of each ERC20 token to issue `amount` baskets
    function quote(uint192 amount, RoundingMode rounding)
        external
        view
        returns (address[] memory erc20s, uint256[] memory quantities);

    /// Return the redemption value of `amount` BUs for a linear combination of historical baskets
    /// @param basketNonces An array of basket nonces to do redemption from
    /// @param portions {1} An array of Fix quantities that must add up to FIX_ONE
    /// @param amount {BU}
    /// @return erc20s The backing collateral erc20s
    /// @return quantities {qTok} ERC20 token quantities equal to `amount` BUs
    function quoteCustomRedemption(
        uint48[] memory basketNonces,
        uint192[] memory portions,
        uint192 amount
    ) external view returns (address[] memory erc20s, uint256[] memory quantities);

    /// @return top {BU} The number of partial basket units: e.g max(coll.map((c) => c.balAsBUs())
    ///         bottom {BU} The number of whole basket units held by the account
    function basketsHeldBy(address account) external view returns (BasketRange memory);

    /// Should not revert
    /// @return low {UoA/BU} The lower end of the price estimate
    /// @return high {UoA/BU} The upper end of the price estimate
    function price() external view returns (uint192 low, uint192 high);

    /// Should not revert
    /// lotLow should be nonzero if a BU could be worth selling
    /// @return lotLow {UoA/tok} The lower end of the lot price estimate
    /// @return lotHigh {UoA/tok} The upper end of the lot price estimate
    function lotPrice() external view returns (uint192 lotLow, uint192 lotHigh);

    /// @return timestamp The timestamp at which the basket was last set
    function timestamp() external view returns (uint48);

    /// @return The current basket nonce, regardless of status
    function nonce() external view returns (uint48);
}

interface TestIBasketHandler is IBasketHandler {
    function warmupPeriod() external view returns (uint48);

    function setWarmupPeriod(uint48 val) external;
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IBroker.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "./IAsset.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./IGnosis.sol";
import "./ITrade.sol";

enum TradeKind {
    DUTCH_AUCTION,
    BATCH_AUCTION
}

/// Cache of all (lot) prices for a pair to prevent re-lookup
struct TradePrices {
    uint192 sellLow; // {UoA/sellTok} can be 0
    uint192 sellHigh; // {UoA/sellTok} should not be 0
    uint192 buyLow; // {UoA/buyTok} should not be 0
    uint192 buyHigh; // {UoA/buyTok} should not be 0 or FIX_MAX
}

/// The data format that describes a request for trade with the Broker
struct TradeRequest {
    IAsset sell;
    IAsset buy;
    uint256 sellAmount; // {qSellTok}
    uint256 minBuyAmount; // {qBuyTok}
}

/**
 * @title IBroker
 * @notice The Broker deploys oneshot Trade contracts for Traders and monitors
 *   the continued proper functioning of trading platforms.
 */
interface IBroker is IComponent {
    event GnosisSet(IGnosis oldVal, IGnosis newVal);
    event BatchTradeImplementationSet(ITrade oldVal, ITrade newVal);
    event DutchTradeImplementationSet(ITrade oldVal, ITrade newVal);
    event BatchAuctionLengthSet(uint48 oldVal, uint48 newVal);
    event DutchAuctionLengthSet(uint48 oldVal, uint48 newVal);
    event BatchTradeDisabledSet(bool prevVal, bool newVal);
    event DutchTradeDisabledSet(IERC20Metadata indexed erc20, bool prevVal, bool newVal);

    // Initialization
    function init(
        IMain main_,
        IGnosis gnosis_,
        ITrade batchTradeImplemention_,
        uint48 batchAuctionLength_,
        ITrade dutchTradeImplemention_,
        uint48 dutchAuctionLength_
    ) external;

    /// Request a trade from the broker
    /// @dev Requires setting an allowance in advance
    /// @custom:interaction
    function openTrade(
        TradeKind kind,
        TradeRequest memory req,
        TradePrices memory prices
    ) external returns (ITrade);

    /// Only callable by one of the trading contracts the broker deploys
    function reportViolation() external;

    function batchTradeDisabled() external view returns (bool);

    function dutchTradeDisabled(IERC20Metadata erc20) external view returns (bool);
}

interface TestIBroker is IBroker {
    function gnosis() external view returns (IGnosis);

    function batchTradeImplementation() external view returns (ITrade);

    function dutchTradeImplementation() external view returns (ITrade);

    function batchAuctionLength() external view returns (uint48);

    function dutchAuctionLength() external view returns (uint48);

    function setGnosis(IGnosis newGnosis) external;

    function setBatchTradeImplementation(ITrade newTradeImplementation) external;

    function setBatchAuctionLength(uint48 newAuctionLength) external;

    function setDutchTradeImplementation(ITrade newTradeImplementation) external;

    function setDutchAuctionLength(uint48 newAuctionLength) external;

    function enableBatchTrade() external;

    function enableDutchTrade(IERC20Metadata erc20) external;

    // only present on pre-3.0.0 Brokers; used by EasyAuction regression test
    function disabled() external view returns (bool);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IComponent.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "./IMain.sol";
import "./IVersioned.sol";

/**
 * @title IComponent
 * @notice A Component is the central building block of all our system contracts. Components
 *   contain important state that must be migrated during upgrades, and they delegate
 *   their ownership to Main's owner.
 */
interface IComponent is IVersioned {
    function main() external view returns (IMain);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IDistributor.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";

uint256 constant MAX_DISTRIBUTION = 1e4; // 10,000
uint8 constant MAX_DESTINATIONS = 100; // maximum number of RevenueShare destinations

struct RevenueShare {
    uint16 rTokenDist; // {revShare} A value between [0, 10,000]
    uint16 rsrDist; // {revShare} A value between [0, 10,000]
}

/// Assumes no more than 100 independent distributions.
struct RevenueTotals {
    uint24 rTokenTotal; // {revShare}
    uint24 rsrTotal; // {revShare}
}

/**
 * @title IDistributor
 * @notice The Distributor Component maintains a revenue distribution table that dictates
 *   how to divide revenue across the Furnace, StRSR, and any other destinations.
 */
interface IDistributor is IComponent {
    /// Emitted when a distribution is set
    /// @param dest The address set to receive the distribution
    /// @param rTokenDist The distribution of RToken that should go to `dest`
    /// @param rsrDist The distribution of RSR that should go to `dest`
    event DistributionSet(address indexed dest, uint16 rTokenDist, uint16 rsrDist);

    /// Emitted when revenue is distributed
    /// @param erc20 The token being distributed, either RSR or the RToken itself
    /// @param source The address providing the revenue
    /// @param amount The amount of the revenue
    event RevenueDistributed(IERC20 indexed erc20, address indexed source, uint256 amount);

    // Initialization
    function init(IMain main_, RevenueShare memory dist) external;

    /// @custom:governance
    function setDistribution(address dest, RevenueShare memory share) external;

    /// Distribute the `erc20` token across all revenue destinations
    /// Only callable by RevenueTraders
    /// @custom:protected
    function distribute(IERC20 erc20, uint256 amount) external;

    /// @return revTotals The total of all  destinations
    function totals() external view returns (RevenueTotals memory revTotals);
}

interface TestIDistributor is IDistributor {
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function FURNACE() external view returns (address);

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function ST_RSR() external view returns (address);

    /// @return rTokenDist The RToken distribution for the address
    /// @return rsrDist The RSR distribution for the address
    function distribution(address) external view returns (uint16 rTokenDist, uint16 rsrDist);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IFacadeAct.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "../interfaces/IBackingManager.sol";
import "../interfaces/IStRSRVotes.sol";
import "../interfaces/IRevenueTrader.sol";
import "../interfaces/IRToken.sol";

bytes1 constant MAJOR_VERSION_1 = bytes1("1");
bytes1 constant MAJOR_VERSION_2 = bytes1("2");
bytes1 constant MAJOR_VERSION_3 = bytes1("3");

/**
 * @title IFacadeAct
 * @notice A Facade to help batch compound actions that cannot be done from an EOA, solely. 
v */
interface IFacadeAct {
    /// Claims rewards from all places they can accrue.
    function claimRewards(IRToken rToken) external;

    /// To use this, first call:
    ///   - FacadeRead.auctionsSettleable(revenueTrader)
    ///   - FacadeRead.revenueOverview(revenueTrader)
    /// If either arrays returned are non-empty, then can execute this function productively.
    /// Logic:
    ///   For each ERC20 in `toSettle`:
    ///     - Settle any open ERC20 trades
    ///   Then:
    ///     - Transfer any revenue for that ERC20 from the backingManager to revenueTrader
    ///     - Call `revenueTrader.manageTokens(ERC20)` to start an auction
    function runRevenueAuctions(
        IRevenueTrader revenueTrader,
        IERC20[] memory toSettle,
        IERC20[] memory toStart,
        TradeKind[] memory kinds
    ) external;

    // === Static Calls ===

    /// To use this, call via callStatic.
    /// Includes consideration of when to distribute the RevenueTrader tokenToBuy
    /// @return erc20s The ERC20s that have auctions that can be started
    /// @return canStart If the ERC20 auction can be started
    /// @return surpluses {qTok} The surplus amounts currently held, ignoring reward balances
    /// @return minTradeAmounts {qTok} The minimum amount worth trading
    /// @return bmRewards {qTok} The amounts would be claimed by backingManager.claimRewards()
    /// @return revTraderRewards {qTok} The amounts that would be claimed by trader.claimRewards()
    /// @dev Note that `surpluses` + `bmRewards` + `revTraderRewards`
    /// @custom:static-call
    function revenueOverview(IRevenueTrader revenueTrader)
        external
        returns (
            IERC20[] memory erc20s,
            bool[] memory canStart,
            uint256[] memory surpluses,
            uint256[] memory minTradeAmounts,
            uint256[] memory bmRewards,
            uint256[] memory revTraderRewards
        );

    /// To use this, call via callStatic.
    /// If canStart is true, call backingManager.rebalance(). May require settling a
    /// trade first; see auctionsSettleable.
    /// @return canStart true iff a recollateralization auction can be started
    /// @return sell The sell token in the auction
    /// @return buy The buy token in the auction
    /// @return sellAmount {qSellTok} How much would be sold
    /// @custom:static-call
    function nextRecollateralizationAuction(IBackingManager bm, TradeKind kind)
        external
        returns (
            bool canStart,
            IERC20 sell,
            IERC20 buy,
            uint256 sellAmount
        );
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IFacadeRead.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "../p1/RToken.sol";
import "./IRToken.sol";
import "./IStRSR.sol";

/**
 * @title IFacadeRead
 * @notice A UX-friendly layer for read operations, especially those that first require refresh()
 *
 * - @custom:static-call - Use ethers callStatic() in order to get result after update
v */
interface IFacadeRead {
    // === Static Calls ===

    /// @return How many RToken `account` can issue given current holdings
    /// @custom:static-call
    function maxIssuable(IRToken rToken, address account) external returns (uint256);

    /// @return tokens The erc20 needed for the issuance
    /// @return deposits {qTok} The deposits necessary to issue `amount` RToken
    /// @return depositsUoA {UoA} The UoA value of the deposits necessary to issue `amount` RToken
    /// @custom:static-call
    function issue(IRToken rToken, uint256 amount)
        external
        returns (
            address[] memory tokens,
            uint256[] memory deposits,
            uint192[] memory depositsUoA
        );

    /// @return tokens The erc20s returned for the redemption
    /// @return withdrawals The balances the reedemer would receive after a full redemption
    /// @return available The amount actually available, for each token
    /// @dev If available[i] < withdrawals[i], then RToken.redeem() would revert
    /// @custom:static-call
    function redeem(IRToken rToken, uint256 amount)
        external
        returns (
            address[] memory tokens,
            uint256[] memory withdrawals,
            uint256[] memory available
        );

    /// @return tokens The erc20s returned for the redemption
    /// @return withdrawals The balances the reedemer would receive after redemption
    /// @custom:static-call
    function redeemCustom(
        IRToken rToken,
        uint256 amount,
        uint48[] memory basketNonces,
        uint192[] memory portions
    ) external returns (address[] memory tokens, uint256[] memory withdrawals);

    /// @return erc20s The ERC20 addresses in the current basket
    /// @return uoaShares The proportion of the basket associated with each ERC20
    /// @return targets The bytes32 representations of the target unit associated with each ERC20
    /// @custom:static-call
    function basketBreakdown(IRToken rToken)
        external
        returns (
            address[] memory erc20s,
            uint192[] memory uoaShares,
            bytes32[] memory targets
        );

    /// @return erc20s The registered ERC20s
    /// @return balances {qTok} The held balances of each ERC20 across all traders
    /// @return balancesNeededByBackingManager {qTok} does not account for backingBuffer
    /// @custom:static-call
    function balancesAcrossAllTraders(IRToken rToken)
        external
        returns (
            IERC20[] memory erc20s,
            uint256[] memory balances,
            uint256[] memory balancesNeededByBackingManager
        );

    // === Views ===

    struct Pending {
        uint256 index;
        uint256 availableAt;
        uint256 amount;
    }

    /// @param account The account for the query
    /// @return All the pending StRSR unstakings for an account
    function pendingUnstakings(RTokenP1 rToken, address account)
        external
        view
        returns (Pending[] memory);

    /// Returns the prime basket
    /// @dev Indices are shared across return values
    /// @return erc20s The erc20s in the prime basket
    /// @return targetNames The bytes32 name identifier of the target unit, per ERC20
    /// @return targetAmts {target/BU} The amount of the target unit in the basket, per ERC20
    function primeBasket(IRToken rToken)
        external
        view
        returns (
            IERC20[] memory erc20s,
            bytes32[] memory targetNames,
            uint192[] memory targetAmts
        );

    /// Returns the backup configuration for a given targetName
    /// @param targetName The name of the target unit to lookup the backup for
    /// @return erc20s The backup erc20s for the target unit, in order of most to least desirable
    /// @return max The maximum number of tokens from the array to use at a single time
    function backupConfig(IRToken rToken, bytes32 targetName)
        external
        view
        returns (IERC20[] memory erc20s, uint256 max);

    /// @return tokens The ERC20s backing the RToken
    function basketTokens(IRToken rToken) external view returns (address[] memory tokens);

    /// @return stTokenAddress The address of the corresponding stToken address
    function stToken(IRToken rToken) external view returns (IStRSR stTokenAddress);

    /// @return backing The worst-case collaterazation % the protocol will have after done trading
    /// @return overCollateralization The over-collateralization value relative to the
    ///     fully-backed value
    function backingOverview(IRToken rToken)
        external
        view
        returns (uint192 backing, uint192 overCollateralization);

    /// @return low {UoA/tok} The low price of the RToken as given by the relevant RTokenAsset
    /// @return high {UoA/tok} The high price of the RToken as given by the relevant RTokenAsset
    function price(IRToken rToken) external view returns (uint192 low, uint192 high);

    /// @return erc20s The list of ERC20s that have auctions that can be settled, for given trader
    function auctionsSettleable(ITrading trader) external view returns (IERC20[] memory erc20s);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IFurnace.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";

/**
 * @title IFurnace
 * @notice A helper contract to burn RTokens slowly and permisionlessly.
 */
interface IFurnace is IComponent {
    // Initialization
    function init(IMain main_, uint192 ratio_) external;

    /// Emitted when the melting ratio is changed
    /// @param oldRatio The old ratio
    /// @param newRatio The new ratio
    event RatioSet(uint192 oldRatio, uint192 newRatio);

    function ratio() external view returns (uint192);

    ///    Needed value range: [0, 1], granularity 1e-9
    /// @custom:governance
    function setRatio(uint192) external;

    /// Performs any RToken melting that has vested since the last payout.
    /// @custom:refresher
    function melt() external;
}

interface TestIFurnace is IFurnace {
    function lastPayout() external view returns (uint256);

    function lastPayoutBal() external view returns (uint256);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IGnosis.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

struct GnosisAuctionData {
    IERC20 auctioningToken;
    IERC20 biddingToken;
    uint256 orderCancellationEndDate;
    uint256 auctionEndDate;
    bytes32 initialAuctionOrder;
    uint256 minimumBiddingAmountPerOrder;
    uint256 interimSumBidAmount;
    bytes32 interimOrder;
    bytes32 clearingPriceOrder;
    uint96 volumeClearingPriceOrder;
    bool minFundingThresholdNotReached;
    bool isAtomicClosureAllowed;
    uint256 feeNumerator;
    uint256 minFundingThreshold;
}

/// The relevant portion of the interface of the live Gnosis EasyAuction contract
/// https://github.com/gnosis/ido-contracts/blob/main/contracts/EasyAuction.sol
interface IGnosis {
    function initiateAuction(
        IERC20 auctioningToken,
        IERC20 biddingToken,
        uint256 orderCancellationEndDate,
        uint256 auctionEndDate,
        uint96 auctionedSellAmount,
        uint96 minBuyAmount,
        uint256 minimumBiddingAmountPerOrder,
        uint256 minFundingThreshold,
        bool isAtomicClosureAllowed,
        address accessManagerContract,
        bytes memory accessManagerContractData
    ) external returns (uint256 auctionId);

    function auctionData(uint256 auctionId) external view returns (GnosisAuctionData memory);

    /// @param auctionId The external auction id
    /// @dev See here for decoding: https://git.io/JMang
    /// @return encodedOrder The order, encoded in a bytes 32
    function settleAuction(uint256 auctionId) external returns (bytes32 encodedOrder);

    /// @return The numerator over a 1000-valued denominator
    function feeNumerator() external returns (uint256);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IMain.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/IAccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "./IAssetRegistry.sol";
import "./IBasketHandler.sol";
import "./IBackingManager.sol";
import "./IBroker.sol";
import "./IGnosis.sol";
import "./IFurnace.sol";
import "./IDistributor.sol";
import "./IRToken.sol";
import "./IRevenueTrader.sol";
import "./IStRSR.sol";
import "./ITrading.sol";
import "./IVersioned.sol";

// === Auth roles ===

bytes32 constant OWNER = bytes32(bytes("OWNER"));
bytes32 constant SHORT_FREEZER = bytes32(bytes("SHORT_FREEZER"));
bytes32 constant LONG_FREEZER = bytes32(bytes("LONG_FREEZER"));
bytes32 constant PAUSER = bytes32(bytes("PAUSER"));

/**
 * Main is a central hub that maintains a list of Component contracts.
 *
 * Components:
 *   - perform a specific function
 *   - defer auth to Main
 *   - usually (but not always) contain sizeable state that require a proxy
 */
struct Components {
    // Definitely need proxy
    IRToken rToken;
    IStRSR stRSR;
    IAssetRegistry assetRegistry;
    IBasketHandler basketHandler;
    IBackingManager backingManager;
    IDistributor distributor;
    IFurnace furnace;
    IBroker broker;
    IRevenueTrader rsrTrader;
    IRevenueTrader rTokenTrader;
}

interface IAuth is IAccessControlUpgradeable {
    /// Emitted when `unfreezeAt` is changed
    /// @param oldVal The old value of `unfreezeAt`
    /// @param newVal The new value of `unfreezeAt`
    event UnfreezeAtSet(uint48 oldVal, uint48 newVal);

    /// Emitted when the short freeze duration governance param is changed
    /// @param oldDuration The old short freeze duration
    /// @param newDuration The new short freeze duration
    event ShortFreezeDurationSet(uint48 oldDuration, uint48 newDuration);

    /// Emitted when the long freeze duration governance param is changed
    /// @param oldDuration The old long freeze duration
    /// @param newDuration The new long freeze duration
    event LongFreezeDurationSet(uint48 oldDuration, uint48 newDuration);

    /// Emitted when the system is paused or unpaused for trading
    /// @param oldVal The old value of `tradingPaused`
    /// @param newVal The new value of `tradingPaused`
    event TradingPausedSet(bool oldVal, bool newVal);

    /// Emitted when the system is paused or unpaused for issuance
    /// @param oldVal The old value of `issuancePaused`
    /// @param newVal The new value of `issuancePaused`
    event IssuancePausedSet(bool oldVal, bool newVal);

    /**
     * Trading Paused: Disable everything except for OWNER actions, RToken.issue, RToken.redeem,
     * StRSR.stake, and StRSR.payoutRewards
     * Issuance Paused: Disable RToken.issue
     * Frozen: Disable everything except for OWNER actions + StRSR.stake (for governance)
     */

    function tradingPausedOrFrozen() external view returns (bool);

    function issuancePausedOrFrozen() external view returns (bool);

    function frozen() external view returns (bool);

    function shortFreeze() external view returns (uint48);

    function longFreeze() external view returns (uint48);

    // ====

    // onlyRole(OWNER)
    function freezeForever() external;

    // onlyRole(SHORT_FREEZER)
    function freezeShort() external;

    // onlyRole(LONG_FREEZER)
    function freezeLong() external;

    // onlyRole(OWNER)
    function unfreeze() external;

    function pauseTrading() external;

    function unpauseTrading() external;

    function pauseIssuance() external;

    function unpauseIssuance() external;
}

interface IComponentRegistry {
    // === Component setters/getters ===

    event RTokenSet(IRToken indexed oldVal, IRToken indexed newVal);

    function rToken() external view returns (IRToken);

    event StRSRSet(IStRSR oldVal, IStRSR newVal);

    function stRSR() external view returns (IStRSR);

    event AssetRegistrySet(IAssetRegistry oldVal, IAssetRegistry newVal);

    function assetRegistry() external view returns (IAssetRegistry);

    event BasketHandlerSet(IBasketHandler oldVal, IBasketHandler newVal);

    function basketHandler() external view returns (IBasketHandler);

    event BackingManagerSet(IBackingManager oldVal, IBackingManager newVal);

    function backingManager() external view returns (IBackingManager);

    event DistributorSet(IDistributor oldVal, IDistributor newVal);

    function distributor() external view returns (IDistributor);

    event RSRTraderSet(IRevenueTrader oldVal, IRevenueTrader newVal);

    function rsrTrader() external view returns (IRevenueTrader);

    event RTokenTraderSet(IRevenueTrader oldVal, IRevenueTrader newVal);

    function rTokenTrader() external view returns (IRevenueTrader);

    event FurnaceSet(IFurnace oldVal, IFurnace newVal);

    function furnace() external view returns (IFurnace);

    event BrokerSet(IBroker oldVal, IBroker newVal);

    function broker() external view returns (IBroker);
}

/**
 * @title IMain
 * @notice The central hub for the entire system. Maintains components and an owner singleton role
 */
interface IMain is IVersioned, IAuth, IComponentRegistry {
    function poke() external; // not used in p1

    // === Initialization ===

    event MainInitialized();

    function init(
        Components memory components,
        IERC20 rsr_,
        uint48 shortFreeze_,
        uint48 longFreeze_
    ) external;

    function rsr() external view returns (IERC20);
}

interface TestIMain is IMain {
    /// @custom:governance
    function setShortFreeze(uint48) external;

    /// @custom:governance
    function setLongFreeze(uint48) external;

    function shortFreeze() external view returns (uint48);

    function longFreeze() external view returns (uint48);

    function longFreezes(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    function tradingPaused() external view returns (bool);

    function issuancePaused() external view returns (bool);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IRevenueTrader.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "./IBroker.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./ITrading.sol";

/**
 * @title IRevenueTrader
 * @notice The RevenueTrader is an extension of the trading mixin that trades all
 *   assets at its address for a single target asset. There are two runtime instances
 *   of the RevenueTrader, 1 for RToken and 1 for RSR.
 */
interface IRevenueTrader is IComponent, ITrading {
    // Initialization
    function init(
        IMain main_,
        IERC20 tokenToBuy_,
        uint192 maxTradeSlippage_,
        uint192 minTradeVolume_
    ) external;

    /// Distribute tokenToBuy to its destinations
    /// @dev Special-case of manageTokens()
    /// @custom:interaction
    function distributeTokenToBuy() external;

    /// Return registered ERC20s to the BackingManager if distribution for tokenToBuy is 0
    /// @custom:interaction
    function returnTokens(IERC20[] memory erc20s) external;

    /// Process some number of tokens
    /// If the tokenToBuy is included in erc20s, RevenueTrader will distribute it at end of the tx
    /// @param erc20s The ERC20s to manage; can be tokenToBuy or anything registered
    /// @param kinds The kinds of auctions to launch: DUTCH_AUCTION | BATCH_AUCTION
    /// @custom:interaction
    function manageTokens(IERC20[] memory erc20s, TradeKind[] memory kinds) external;

    function tokenToBuy() external view returns (IERC20);
}

// solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
interface TestIRevenueTrader is IRevenueTrader, TestITrading {

}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IRewardable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./IMain.sol";

/**
 * @title IRewardable
 * @notice A simple interface mixin to support claiming of rewards.
 */
interface IRewardable {
    /// Emitted whenever a reward token balance is claimed
    event RewardsClaimed(IERC20 indexed erc20, uint256 amount);

    /// Claim rewards earned by holding a balance of the ERC20 token
    /// Must emit `RewardsClaimed` for each token rewards are claimed for
    /// @custom:interaction
    function claimRewards() external;
}

/**
 * @title IRewardableComponent
 * @notice A simple interface mixin to support claiming of rewards.
 */
interface IRewardableComponent is IRewardable {
    /// Claim rewards for a single ERC20
    /// Must emit `RewardsClaimed` for each token rewards are claimed for
    /// @custom:interaction
    function claimRewardsSingle(IERC20 erc20) external;
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IRToken.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20MetadataUpgradeable.sol";
// solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "../libraries/Throttle.sol";
import "./IAsset.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./IMain.sol";
import "./IRewardable.sol";

/**
 * @title IRToken
 * @notice An RToken is an ERC20 that is permissionlessly issuable/redeemable and tracks an
 *   exchange rate against a single unit: baskets, or {BU} in our type notation.
 */
interface IRToken is IComponent, IERC20MetadataUpgradeable, IERC20PermitUpgradeable {
    /// Emitted when an issuance of RToken occurs, whether it occurs via slow minting or not
    /// @param issuer The address holding collateral tokens
    /// @param recipient The address of the recipient of the RTokens
    /// @param amount The quantity of RToken being issued
    /// @param baskets The corresponding number of baskets
    event Issuance(
        address indexed issuer,
        address indexed recipient,
        uint256 amount,
        uint192 baskets
    );

    /// Emitted when a redemption of RToken occurs
    /// @param redeemer The address holding RToken
    /// @param recipient The address of the account receiving the backing collateral tokens
    /// @param amount The quantity of RToken being redeemed
    /// @param baskets The corresponding number of baskets
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The amount of RTokens canceled
    event Redemption(
        address indexed redeemer,
        address indexed recipient,
        uint256 amount,
        uint192 baskets
    );

    /// Emitted when the number of baskets needed changes
    /// @param oldBasketsNeeded Previous number of baskets units needed
    /// @param newBasketsNeeded New number of basket units needed
    event BasketsNeededChanged(uint192 oldBasketsNeeded, uint192 newBasketsNeeded);

    /// Emitted when RToken is melted, i.e the RToken supply is decreased but basketsNeeded is not
    /// @param amount {qRTok}
    event Melted(uint256 amount);

    /// Emitted when issuance SupplyThrottle params are set
    event IssuanceThrottleSet(ThrottleLib.Params oldVal, ThrottleLib.Params newVal);

    /// Emitted when redemption SupplyThrottle params are set
    event RedemptionThrottleSet(ThrottleLib.Params oldVal, ThrottleLib.Params newVal);

    // Initialization
    function init(
        IMain main_,
        string memory name_,
        string memory symbol_,
        string memory mandate_,
        ThrottleLib.Params calldata issuanceThrottleParams,
        ThrottleLib.Params calldata redemptionThrottleParams
    ) external;

    /// Issue an RToken with basket collateral
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity of RToken to issue
    /// @custom:interaction
    function issue(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Issue an RToken with basket collateral, to a particular recipient
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the issued RTokens
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity of RToken to issue
    /// @custom:interaction
    function issueTo(address recipient, uint256 amount) external;

    /// Redeem RToken for basket collateral
    /// @dev Use redeemCustom for non-current baskets
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity {qRToken} of RToken to redeem
    /// @custom:interaction
    function redeem(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Redeem RToken for basket collateral to a particular recipient
    /// @dev Use redeemCustom for non-current baskets
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the backing collateral tokens
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity {qRToken} of RToken to redeem
    /// @custom:interaction
    function redeemTo(address recipient, uint256 amount) external;

    /// Redeem RToken for a linear combination of historical baskets, to a particular recipient
    /// @dev Allows partial redemptions up to the minAmounts
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the backing collateral tokens
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity {qRToken} of RToken to redeem
    /// @param basketNonces An array of basket nonces to do redemption from
    /// @param portions {1} An array of Fix quantities that must add up to FIX_ONE
    /// @param expectedERC20sOut An array of ERC20s expected out
    /// @param minAmounts {qTok} The minimum ERC20 quantities the caller should receive
    /// @custom:interaction
    function redeemCustom(
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount,
        uint48[] memory basketNonces,
        uint192[] memory portions,
        address[] memory expectedERC20sOut,
        uint256[] memory minAmounts
    ) external;

    /// Mint an amount of RToken equivalent to baskets BUs, scaling basketsNeeded up
    /// Callable only by BackingManager
    /// @param baskets {BU} The number of baskets to mint RToken for
    /// @custom:protected
    function mint(uint192 baskets) external;

    /// Melt a quantity of RToken from the caller's account
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The amount to be melted
    /// @custom:protected
    function melt(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Burn an amount of RToken from caller's account and scale basketsNeeded down
    /// Callable only by BackingManager
    /// @custom:protected
    function dissolve(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Set the number of baskets needed directly, callable only by the BackingManager
    /// @param basketsNeeded {BU} The number of baskets to target
    ///                      needed range: pretty interesting
    /// @custom:protected
    function setBasketsNeeded(uint192 basketsNeeded) external;

    /// @return {BU} How many baskets are being targeted
    function basketsNeeded() external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return {qRTok} The maximum issuance that can be performed in the current block
    function issuanceAvailable() external view returns (uint256);

    /// @return {qRTok} The maximum redemption that can be performed in the current block
    function redemptionAvailable() external view returns (uint256);
}

interface TestIRToken is IRToken {
    function setIssuanceThrottleParams(ThrottleLib.Params calldata) external;

    function setRedemptionThrottleParams(ThrottleLib.Params calldata) external;

    function issuanceThrottleParams() external view returns (ThrottleLib.Params memory);

    function redemptionThrottleParams() external view returns (ThrottleLib.Params memory);

    function increaseAllowance(address, uint256) external returns (bool);

    function decreaseAllowance(address, uint256) external returns (bool);

    function monetizeDonations(IERC20) external;
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IStRSR.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20MetadataUpgradeable.sol";
// solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./IMain.sol";

/**
 * @title IStRSR
 * @notice An ERC20 token representing shares of the RSR over-collateralization pool.
 *
 * StRSR permits the BackingManager to take RSR in times of need. In return, the BackingManager
 * benefits the StRSR pool with RSR rewards purchased with a portion of its revenue.
 *
 * In the absence of collateral default or losses due to slippage, StRSR should have a
 * monotonically increasing exchange rate with respect to RSR, meaning that over time
 * StRSR is redeemable for more RSR. It is non-rebasing.
 */
interface IStRSR is IERC20MetadataUpgradeable, IERC20PermitUpgradeable, IComponent {
    /// Emitted when RSR is staked
    /// @param era The era at time of staking
    /// @param staker The address of the staker
    /// @param rsrAmount {qRSR} How much RSR was staked
    /// @param stRSRAmount {qStRSR} How much stRSR was minted by this staking
    event Staked(
        uint256 indexed era,
        address indexed staker,
        uint256 rsrAmount,
        uint256 stRSRAmount
    );

    /// Emitted when an unstaking is started
    /// @param draftId The id of the draft.
    /// @param draftEra The era of the draft.
    /// @param staker The address of the unstaker
    ///   The triple (staker, draftEra, draftId) is a unique ID
    /// @param rsrAmount {qRSR} How much RSR this unstaking will be worth, absent seizures
    /// @param stRSRAmount {qStRSR} How much stRSR was burned by this unstaking
    event UnstakingStarted(
        uint256 indexed draftId,
        uint256 indexed draftEra,
        address indexed staker,
        uint256 rsrAmount,
        uint256 stRSRAmount,
        uint256 availableAt
    );

    /// Emitted when RSR is unstaked
    /// @param firstId The beginning of the range of draft IDs withdrawn in this transaction
    /// @param endId The end of range of draft IDs withdrawn in this transaction
    ///   (ID i was withdrawn if firstId <= i < endId)
    /// @param draftEra The era of the draft.
    ///   The triple (staker, draftEra, id) is a unique ID among drafts
    /// @param staker The address of the unstaker

    /// @param rsrAmount {qRSR} How much RSR this unstaking was worth
    event UnstakingCompleted(
        uint256 indexed firstId,
        uint256 indexed endId,
        uint256 draftEra,
        address indexed staker,
        uint256 rsrAmount
    );

    /// Emitted when RSR unstaking is cancelled
    /// @param firstId The beginning of the range of draft IDs withdrawn in this transaction
    /// @param endId The end of range of draft IDs withdrawn in this transaction
    ///   (ID i was withdrawn if firstId <= i < endId)
    /// @param draftEra The era of the draft.
    ///   The triple (staker, draftEra, id) is a unique ID among drafts
    /// @param staker The address of the unstaker

    /// @param rsrAmount {qRSR} How much RSR this unstaking was worth
    event UnstakingCancelled(
        uint256 indexed firstId,
        uint256 indexed endId,
        uint256 draftEra,
        address indexed staker,
        uint256 rsrAmount
    );

    /// Emitted whenever the exchange rate changes
    event ExchangeRateSet(uint192 oldVal, uint192 newVal);

    /// Emitted whenever RSR are paids out
    event RewardsPaid(uint256 rsrAmt);

    /// Emitted if all the RSR in the staking pool is seized and all balances are reset to zero.
    event AllBalancesReset(uint256 indexed newEra);
    /// Emitted if all the RSR in the unstakin pool is seized, and all ongoing unstaking is voided.
    event AllUnstakingReset(uint256 indexed newEra);

    event UnstakingDelaySet(uint48 oldVal, uint48 newVal);
    event RewardRatioSet(uint192 oldVal, uint192 newVal);
    event WithdrawalLeakSet(uint192 oldVal, uint192 newVal);

    // Initialization
    function init(
        IMain main_,
        string memory name_,
        string memory symbol_,
        uint48 unstakingDelay_,
        uint192 rewardRatio_,
        uint192 withdrawalLeak_
    ) external;

    /// Gather and payout rewards from rsrTrader
    /// @custom:interaction
    function payoutRewards() external;

    /// Stakes an RSR `amount` on the corresponding RToken to earn yield and over-collateralized
    /// the system
    /// @param amount {qRSR}
    /// @custom:interaction
    function stake(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Begins a delayed unstaking for `amount` stRSR
    /// @param amount {qStRSR}
    /// @custom:interaction
    function unstake(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Complete delayed unstaking for the account, up to (but not including!) `endId`
    /// @custom:interaction
    function withdraw(address account, uint256 endId) external;

    /// Cancel unstaking for the account, up to (but not including!) `endId`
    /// @custom:interaction
    function cancelUnstake(uint256 endId) external;

    /// Seize RSR, only callable by main.backingManager()
    /// @custom:protected
    function seizeRSR(uint256 amount) external;

    /// Reset all stakes and advance era
    /// @custom:governance
    function resetStakes() external;

    /// Return the maximum valid value of endId such that withdraw(endId) should immediately work
    function endIdForWithdraw(address account) external view returns (uint256 endId);

    /// @return {qRSR/qStRSR} The exchange rate between RSR and StRSR
    function exchangeRate() external view returns (uint192);
}

interface TestIStRSR is IStRSR {
    function rewardRatio() external view returns (uint192);

    function setRewardRatio(uint192) external;

    function unstakingDelay() external view returns (uint48);

    function setUnstakingDelay(uint48) external;

    function withdrawalLeak() external view returns (uint192);

    function setWithdrawalLeak(uint192) external;

    function increaseAllowance(address, uint256) external returns (bool);

    function decreaseAllowance(address, uint256) external returns (bool);

    /// @return {qStRSR/qRSR} The exchange rate between StRSR and RSR
    function exchangeRate() external view returns (uint192);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IStRSRVotes.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/governance/utils/IVotesUpgradeable.sol";

interface IStRSRVotes is IVotesUpgradeable {
    /// @return The current era
    function currentEra() external view returns (uint256);

    /// @return The era at a past block number
    function getPastEra(uint256 blockNumber) external view returns (uint256);

    /// Stakes an RSR `amount` on the corresponding RToken and allows to delegate
    /// votes from the sender to `delegatee` or self
    function stakeAndDelegate(uint256 amount, address delegatee) external;
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/ITrade.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "./IBroker.sol";

enum TradeStatus {
    NOT_STARTED, // before init()
    OPEN, // after init() and before settle()
    CLOSED, // after settle()
    // === Intermediate-tx state ===
    PENDING // during init() or settle() (reentrancy protection)
}

/**
 * Simple generalized trading interface for all Trade contracts to obey
 *
 * Usage: if (canSettle()) settle()
 */
interface ITrade {
    /// Complete the trade and transfer tokens back to the origin trader
    /// @return soldAmt {qSellTok} The quantity of tokens sold
    /// @return boughtAmt {qBuyTok} The quantity of tokens bought
    function settle() external returns (uint256 soldAmt, uint256 boughtAmt);

    function sell() external view returns (IERC20Metadata);

    function buy() external view returns (IERC20Metadata);

    /// @return The timestamp at which the trade is projected to become settle-able
    function endTime() external view returns (uint48);

    /// @return True if the trade can be settled
    /// @dev Should be guaranteed to be true eventually as an invariant
    function canSettle() external view returns (bool);

    /// @return TradeKind.DUTCH_AUCTION or TradeKind.BATCH_AUCTION
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function KIND() external view returns (TradeKind);
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/ITrading.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "./IAsset.sol";
import "./IComponent.sol";
import "./ITrade.sol";
import "./IRewardable.sol";

/**
 * @title ITrading
 * @notice Common events and refresher function for all Trading contracts
 */
interface ITrading is IComponent, IRewardableComponent {
    event MaxTradeSlippageSet(uint192 oldVal, uint192 newVal);
    event MinTradeVolumeSet(uint192 oldVal, uint192 newVal);

    /// Emitted when a trade is started
    /// @param trade The one-time-use trade contract that was just deployed
    /// @param sell The token to sell
    /// @param buy The token to buy
    /// @param sellAmount {qSellTok} The quantity of the selling token
    /// @param minBuyAmount {qBuyTok} The minimum quantity of the buying token to accept
    event TradeStarted(
        ITrade indexed trade,
        IERC20 indexed sell,
        IERC20 indexed buy,
        uint256 sellAmount,
        uint256 minBuyAmount
    );

    /// Emitted after a trade ends
    /// @param trade The one-time-use trade contract
    /// @param sell The token to sell
    /// @param buy The token to buy
    /// @param sellAmount {qSellTok} The quantity of the token sold
    /// @param buyAmount {qBuyTok} The quantity of the token bought
    event TradeSettled(
        ITrade indexed trade,
        IERC20 indexed sell,
        IERC20 indexed buy,
        uint256 sellAmount,
        uint256 buyAmount
    );

    /// Settle a single trade, expected to be used with multicall for efficient mass settlement
    /// @param sell The sell token in the trade
    /// @return The trade settled
    /// @custom:refresher
    function settleTrade(IERC20 sell) external returns (ITrade);

    /// @return {%} The maximum trade slippage acceptable
    function maxTradeSlippage() external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return {UoA} The minimum trade volume in UoA, applies to all assets
    function minTradeVolume() external view returns (uint192);

    /// @return The ongoing trade for a sell token, or the zero address
    function trades(IERC20 sell) external view returns (ITrade);

    /// @return The number of ongoing trades open
    function tradesOpen() external view returns (uint48);

    /// @return The number of total trades ever opened
    function tradesNonce() external view returns (uint256);
}

interface TestITrading is ITrading {
    /// @custom:governance
    function setMaxTradeSlippage(uint192 val) external;

    /// @custom:governance
    function setMinTradeVolume(uint192 val) external;
}

// File: contracts/interfaces/IVersioned.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

interface IVersioned {
    function version() external view returns (string memory);
}

// File: contracts/libraries/Fixed.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
// solhint-disable func-name-mixedcase func-visibility
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

/// @title FixedPoint, a fixed-point arithmetic library defining the custom type uint192
/// @author Matt Elder <matt.elder@reserve.org> and the Reserve Team <https://reserve.org>

/** The logical type `uint192 ` is a 192 bit value, representing an 18-decimal Fixed-point
    fractional value.  This is what's described in the Solidity documentation as
    "fixed192x18" -- a value represented by 192 bits, that makes 18 digits available to
    the right of the decimal point.

    The range of values that uint192 can represent is about [-1.7e20, 1.7e20].
    Unless a function explicitly says otherwise, it will fail on overflow.
    To be clear, the following should hold:
    toFix(0) == 0
    toFix(1) == 1e18
*/

// Analysis notes:
//   Every function should revert iff its result is out of bounds.
//   Unless otherwise noted, when a rounding mode is given, that mode is applied to
//     a single division that may happen as the last step in the computation.
//   Unless otherwise noted, when a rounding mode is *not* given but is needed, it's FLOOR.
//   For each, we comment:
//   - @return is the value expressed  in "value space", where uint192(1e18) "is" 1.0
//   - as-ints: is the value expressed in "implementation space", where uint192(1e18) "is" 1e18
//   The "@return" expression is suitable for actually using the library
//   The "as-ints" expression is suitable for testing

// A uint value passed to this library was out of bounds for uint192 operations
error UIntOutOfBounds();
bytes32 constant UIntOutofBoundsHash = keccak256(abi.encodeWithSignature("UIntOutOfBounds()"));

// Used by P1 implementation for easier casting
uint256 constant FIX_ONE_256 = 1e18;
uint8 constant FIX_DECIMALS = 18;

// If a particular uint192 is represented by the uint192 n, then the uint192 represents the
// value n/FIX_SCALE.
uint64 constant FIX_SCALE = 1e18;

// FIX_SCALE Squared:
uint128 constant FIX_SCALE_SQ = 1e36;

// The largest integer that can be converted to uint192 .
// This is a bit bigger than 3.1e39
uint192 constant FIX_MAX_INT = type(uint192).max / FIX_SCALE;

uint192 constant FIX_ZERO = 0; // The uint192 representation of zero.
uint192 constant FIX_ONE = FIX_SCALE; // The uint192 representation of one.
uint192 constant FIX_MAX = type(uint192).max; // The largest uint192. (Not an integer!)
uint192 constant FIX_MIN = 0; // The smallest uint192.

/// An enum that describes a rounding approach for converting to ints
enum RoundingMode {
    FLOOR, // Round towards zero
    ROUND, // Round to the nearest int
    CEIL // Round away from zero
}

RoundingMode constant FLOOR = RoundingMode.FLOOR;
RoundingMode constant ROUND = RoundingMode.ROUND;
RoundingMode constant CEIL = RoundingMode.CEIL;

/* @dev Solidity 0.8.x only allows you to change one of type or size per type conversion.
   Thus, all the tedious-looking double conversions like uint256(uint256 (foo))
   See: https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.17/080-breaking-changes.html#new-restrictions
 */

/// Explicitly convert a uint256 to a uint192. Revert if the input is out of bounds.
function _safeWrap(uint256 x) pure returns (uint192) {
    if (FIX_MAX < x) revert UIntOutOfBounds();
    return uint192(x);
}

/// Convert a uint to its Fix representation.
/// @return x
// as-ints: x * 1e18
function toFix(uint256 x) pure returns (uint192) {
    return _safeWrap(x * FIX_SCALE);
}

/// Convert a uint to its fixed-point representation, and left-shift its value `shiftLeft`
/// decimal digits.
/// @return x * 10**shiftLeft
// as-ints: x * 10**(shiftLeft + 18)
function shiftl_toFix(uint256 x, int8 shiftLeft) pure returns (uint192) {
    return shiftl_toFix(x, shiftLeft, FLOOR);
}

/// @return x * 10**shiftLeft
// as-ints: x * 10**(shiftLeft + 18)
function shiftl_toFix(
    uint256 x,
    int8 shiftLeft,
    RoundingMode rounding
) pure returns (uint192) {
    // conditions for avoiding overflow
    if (x == 0) return 0;
    if (shiftLeft <= -96) return (rounding == CEIL ? 1 : 0); // 0 < uint.max / 10**77 < 0.5
    if (40 <= shiftLeft) revert UIntOutOfBounds(); // 10**56 < FIX_MAX < 10**57

    shiftLeft += 18;

    uint256 coeff = 10**abs(shiftLeft);
    uint256 shifted = (shiftLeft >= 0) ? x * coeff : _divrnd(x, coeff, rounding);

    return _safeWrap(shifted);
}

/// Divide a uint by a uint192, yielding a uint192
/// This may also fail if the result is MIN_uint192! not fixing this for optimization's sake.
/// @return x / y
// as-ints: x * 1e36 / y
function divFix(uint256 x, uint192 y) pure returns (uint192) {
    // If we didn't have to worry about overflow, we'd just do `return x * 1e36 / _y`
    // If it's safe to do this operation the easy way, do it:
    if (x < uint256(type(uint256).max / FIX_SCALE_SQ)) {
        return _safeWrap(uint256(x * FIX_SCALE_SQ) / y);
    } else {
        return _safeWrap(mulDiv256(x, FIX_SCALE_SQ, y));
    }
}

/// Divide a uint by a uint, yielding a  uint192
/// @return x / y
// as-ints: x * 1e18 / y
function divuu(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint192) {
    return _safeWrap(mulDiv256(FIX_SCALE, x, y));
}

/// @return min(x,y)
// as-ints: min(x,y)
function fixMin(uint192 x, uint192 y) pure returns (uint192) {
    return x < y ? x : y;
}

/// @return max(x,y)
// as-ints: max(x,y)
function fixMax(uint192 x, uint192 y) pure returns (uint192) {
    return x > y ? x : y;
}

/// @return absoluteValue(x,y)
// as-ints: absoluteValue(x,y)
function abs(int256 x) pure returns (uint256) {
    return x < 0 ? uint256(-x) : uint256(x);
}

/// Divide two uints, returning a uint, using rounding mode `rounding`.
/// @return numerator / divisor
// as-ints: numerator / divisor
function _divrnd(
    uint256 numerator,
    uint256 divisor,
    RoundingMode rounding
) pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 result = numerator / divisor;

    if (rounding == FLOOR) return result;

    if (rounding == ROUND) {
        if (numerator % divisor > (divisor - 1) / 2) {
            result++;
        }
    } else {
        if (numerator % divisor > 0) {
            result++;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

library FixLib {
    /// Again, all arithmetic functions fail if and only if the result is out of bounds.

    /// Convert this fixed-point value to a uint. Round towards zero if needed.
    /// @return x
    // as-ints: x / 1e18
    function toUint(uint192 x) internal pure returns (uint136) {
        return toUint(x, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Convert this uint192 to a uint
    /// @return x
    // as-ints: x / 1e18 with rounding
    function toUint(uint192 x, RoundingMode rounding) internal pure returns (uint136) {
        return uint136(_divrnd(uint256(x), FIX_SCALE, rounding));
    }

    /// Return the uint192 shifted to the left by `decimal` digits
    /// (Similar to a bitshift but in base 10)
    /// @return x * 10**decimals
    // as-ints: x * 10**decimals
    function shiftl(uint192 x, int8 decimals) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return shiftl(x, decimals, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Return the uint192 shifted to the left by `decimal` digits
    /// (Similar to a bitshift but in base 10)
    /// @return x * 10**decimals
    // as-ints: x * 10**decimals
    function shiftl(
        uint192 x,
        int8 decimals,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        // Handle overflow cases
        if (x == 0) return 0;
        if (decimals <= -59) return (rounding == CEIL ? 1 : 0); // 59, because 1e58 > 2**192
        if (58 <= decimals) revert UIntOutOfBounds(); // 58, because x * 1e58 > 2 ** 192 if x != 0

        uint256 coeff = uint256(10**abs(decimals));
        return _safeWrap(decimals >= 0 ? x * coeff : _divrnd(x, coeff, rounding));
    }

    /// Add a uint192 to this uint192
    /// @return x + y
    // as-ints: x + y
    function plus(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return x + y;
    }

    /// Add a uint to this uint192
    /// @return x + y
    // as-ints: x + y*1e18
    function plusu(uint192 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(x + y * FIX_SCALE);
    }

    /// Subtract a uint192 from this uint192
    /// @return x - y
    // as-ints: x - y
    function minus(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return x - y;
    }

    /// Subtract a uint from this uint192
    /// @return x - y
    // as-ints: x - y*1e18
    function minusu(uint192 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(uint256(x) - uint256(y * FIX_SCALE));
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint192
    /// Round truncated values to the nearest available value. 5e-19 rounds away from zero.
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y/1e18  [division using ROUND, not FLOOR]
    function mul(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return mul(x, y, ROUND);
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint192
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y/1e18
    function mul(
        uint192 x,
        uint192 y,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(_divrnd(uint256(x) * uint256(y), FIX_SCALE, rounding));
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y
    function mulu(uint192 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(x * y);
    }

    /// Divide this uint192 by a uint192
    /// @return x / y
    // as-ints: x * 1e18 / y
    function div(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return div(x, y, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Divide this uint192 by a uint192
    /// @return x / y
    // as-ints: x * 1e18 / y
    function div(
        uint192 x,
        uint192 y,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        // Multiply-in FIX_SCALE before dividing by y to preserve precision.
        return _safeWrap(_divrnd(uint256(x) * FIX_SCALE, y, rounding));
    }

    /// Divide this uint192 by a uint
    /// @return x / y
    // as-ints: x / y
    function divu(uint192 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return divu(x, y, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Divide this uint192 by a uint
    /// @return x / y
    // as-ints: x / y
    function divu(
        uint192 x,
        uint256 y,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(_divrnd(x, y, rounding));
    }

    uint64 constant FIX_HALF = uint64(FIX_SCALE) / 2;

    /// Raise this uint192 to a nonnegative integer power. Requires that x_ <= FIX_ONE
    /// Gas cost is O(lg(y)), precision is +- 1e-18.
    /// @return x_ ** y
    // as-ints: x_ ** y / 1e18**(y-1)    <- technically correct for y = 0. :D
    function powu(uint192 x_, uint48 y) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        require(x_ <= FIX_ONE);
        if (y == 1) return x_;
        if (x_ == FIX_ONE || y == 0) return FIX_ONE;
        uint256 x = uint256(x_) * FIX_SCALE; // x is D36
        uint256 result = FIX_SCALE_SQ; // result is D36
        while (true) {
            if (y & 1 == 1) result = (result * x + FIX_SCALE_SQ / 2) / FIX_SCALE_SQ;
            if (y <= 1) break;
            y = (y >> 1);
            x = (x * x + FIX_SCALE_SQ / 2) / FIX_SCALE_SQ;
        }
        return _safeWrap(result / FIX_SCALE);
    }

    /// Comparison operators...
    function lt(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return x < y;
    }

    function lte(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return x <= y;
    }

    function gt(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return x > y;
    }

    function gte(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return x >= y;
    }

    function eq(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return x == y;
    }

    function neq(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return x != y;
    }

    /// Return whether or not this uint192 is less than epsilon away from y.
    /// @return |x - y| < epsilon
    // as-ints: |x - y| < epsilon
    function near(
        uint192 x,
        uint192 y,
        uint192 epsilon
    ) internal pure returns (bool) {
        uint192 diff = x <= y ? y - x : x - y;
        return diff < epsilon;
    }

    // ================ Chained Operations ================
    // The operation foo_bar() always means:
    //   Do foo() followed by bar(), and overflow only if the _end_ result doesn't fit in an uint192

    /// Shift this uint192 left by `decimals` digits, and convert to a uint
    /// @return x * 10**decimals
    // as-ints: x * 10**(decimals - 18)
    function shiftl_toUint(uint192 x, int8 decimals) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return shiftl_toUint(x, decimals, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Shift this uint192 left by `decimals` digits, and convert to a uint.
    /// @return x * 10**decimals
    // as-ints: x * 10**(decimals - 18)
    function shiftl_toUint(
        uint192 x,
        int8 decimals,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Handle overflow cases
        if (x == 0) return 0; // always computable, no matter what decimals is
        if (decimals <= -42) return (rounding == CEIL ? 1 : 0);
        if (96 <= decimals) revert UIntOutOfBounds();

        decimals -= 18; // shift so that toUint happens at the same time.

        uint256 coeff = uint256(10**abs(decimals));
        return decimals >= 0 ? uint256(x * coeff) : uint256(_divrnd(x, coeff, rounding));
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint, and output the result as a uint
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y / 1e18
    function mulu_toUint(uint192 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv256(uint256(x), y, FIX_SCALE);
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint, and output the result as a uint
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y / 1e18
    function mulu_toUint(
        uint192 x,
        uint256 y,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv256(uint256(x), y, FIX_SCALE, rounding);
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint192 and output the result as a uint
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y / 1e36
    function mul_toUint(uint192 x, uint192 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv256(uint256(x), uint256(y), FIX_SCALE_SQ);
    }

    /// Multiply this uint192 by a uint192 and output the result as a uint
    /// @return x * y
    // as-ints: x * y / 1e36
    function mul_toUint(
        uint192 x,
        uint192 y,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv256(uint256(x), uint256(y), FIX_SCALE_SQ, rounding);
    }

    /// Compute x * y / z avoiding intermediate overflow
    /// @dev Only use if you need to avoid overflow; costlier than x * y / z
    /// @return x * y / z
    // as-ints: x * y / z
    function muluDivu(
        uint192 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 z
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return muluDivu(x, y, z, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Compute x * y / z, avoiding intermediate overflow
    /// @dev Only use if you need to avoid overflow; costlier than x * y / z
    /// @return x * y / z
    // as-ints: x * y / z
    function muluDivu(
        uint192 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 z,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(mulDiv256(x, y, z, rounding));
    }

    /// Compute x * y / z on Fixes, avoiding intermediate overflow
    /// @dev Only use if you need to avoid overflow; costlier than x * y / z
    /// @return x * y / z
    // as-ints: x * y / z
    function mulDiv(
        uint192 x,
        uint192 y,
        uint192 z
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return mulDiv(x, y, z, FLOOR);
    }

    /// Compute x * y / z on Fixes, avoiding intermediate overflow
    /// @dev Only use if you need to avoid overflow; costlier than x * y / z
    /// @return x * y / z
    // as-ints: x * y / z
    function mulDiv(
        uint192 x,
        uint192 y,
        uint192 z,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        return _safeWrap(mulDiv256(x, y, z, rounding));
    }

    // === safe*() ===

    /// Multiply two fixes, rounding up to FIX_MAX and down to 0
    /// @param a First param to multiply
    /// @param b Second param to multiply
    function safeMul(
        uint192 a,
        uint192 b,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        // untestable:
        //      a will never = 0 here because of the check in _price()
        if (a == 0 || b == 0) return 0;
        // untestable:
        //      a = FIX_MAX iff b = 0
        if (a == FIX_MAX || b == FIX_MAX) return FIX_MAX;

        // return FIX_MAX instead of throwing overflow errors.
        unchecked {
            // p and mul *are* Fix values, so have 18 decimals (D18)
            uint256 rawDelta = uint256(b) * a; // {D36} = {D18} * {D18}
            // if we overflowed, then return FIX_MAX
            if (rawDelta / b != a) return FIX_MAX;
            uint256 shiftDelta = rawDelta;

            // add in rounding
            if (rounding == RoundingMode.ROUND) shiftDelta += (FIX_ONE / 2);
            else if (rounding == RoundingMode.CEIL) shiftDelta += FIX_ONE - 1;

            // untestable (here there be dragons):
            // (below explanation is for the ROUND case, but it extends to the FLOOR/CEIL too)
            //          A)  shiftDelta = rawDelta + (FIX_ONE / 2)
            //      shiftDelta overflows if:
            //          B)  shiftDelta = MAX_UINT256 - FIX_ONE/2 + 1
            //              rawDelta + (FIX_ONE/2) = MAX_UINT256 - FIX_ONE/2 + 1
            //              b * a = MAX_UINT256 - FIX_ONE + 1
            //      therefore shiftDelta overflows if:
            //          C)  b = (MAX_UINT256 - FIX_ONE + 1) / a
            //      MAX_UINT256 ~= 1e77 , FIX_MAX ~= 6e57 (6e20 difference in magnitude)
            //      a <= 1e21 (MAX_TARGET_AMT)
            //      a must be between 1e19 & 1e20 in order for b in (C) to be uint192,
            //      but a would have to be < 1e18 in order for (A) to overflow
            if (shiftDelta < rawDelta) return FIX_MAX;

            // return FIX_MAX if return result would truncate
            if (shiftDelta / FIX_ONE > FIX_MAX) return FIX_MAX;

            // return _div(rawDelta, FIX_ONE, rounding)
            return uint192(shiftDelta / FIX_ONE); // {D18} = {D36} / {D18}
        }
    }

    /// Divide two fixes, rounding up to FIX_MAX and down to 0
    /// @param a Numerator
    /// @param b Denominator
    function safeDiv(
        uint192 a,
        uint192 b,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        if (a == 0) return 0;
        if (b == 0) return FIX_MAX;

        uint256 raw = _divrnd(FIX_ONE_256 * a, uint256(b), rounding);
        if (raw >= FIX_MAX) return FIX_MAX;
        return uint192(raw); // don't need _safeWrap
    }

    /// Multiplies two fixes and divide by a third
    /// @param a First to multiply
    /// @param b Second to multiply
    /// @param c Denominator
    function safeMulDiv(
        uint192 a,
        uint192 b,
        uint192 c,
        RoundingMode rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint192 result) {
        if (a == 0 || b == 0) return 0;
        if (a == FIX_MAX || b == FIX_MAX || c == 0) return FIX_MAX;

        uint256 result_256;
        unchecked {
            (uint256 hi, uint256 lo) = fullMul(a, b);
            if (hi >= c) return FIX_MAX;
            uint256 mm = mulmod(a, b, c);
            if (mm > lo) hi -= 1;
            lo -= mm;
            uint256 pow2 = c & (0 - c);

            uint256 c_256 = uint256(c);
            // Warning: Should not access c below this line

            c_256 /= pow2;
            lo /= pow2;
            lo += hi * ((0 - pow2) / pow2 + 1);
            uint256 r = 1;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            r *= 2 - c_256 * r;
            result_256 = lo * r;

            // Apply rounding
            if (rounding == CEIL) {
                if (mm > 0) result_256 += 1;
            } else if (rounding == ROUND) {
                if (mm > ((c_256 - 1) / 2)) result_256 += 1;
            }
        }

        if (result_256 >= FIX_MAX) return FIX_MAX;
        return uint192(result_256);
    }
}

// ================ a couple pure-uint helpers================
// as-ints comments are omitted here, because they're the same as @return statements, because
// these are all pure uint functions

/// Return (x*y/z), avoiding intermediate overflow.
//  Adapted from sources:
//    https://medium.com/coinmonks/4db014e080b1, https://medium.com/wicketh/afa55870a65
//    and quite a few of the other excellent "Mathemagic" posts from https://medium.com/wicketh
/// @dev Only use if you need to avoid overflow; costlier than x * y / z
/// @return result x * y / z
function mulDiv256(
    uint256 x,
    uint256 y,
    uint256 z
) pure returns (uint256 result) {
    unchecked {
        (uint256 hi, uint256 lo) = fullMul(x, y);
        if (hi >= z) revert UIntOutOfBounds();
        uint256 mm = mulmod(x, y, z);
        if (mm > lo) hi -= 1;
        lo -= mm;
        uint256 pow2 = z & (0 - z);
        z /= pow2;
        lo /= pow2;
        lo += hi * ((0 - pow2) / pow2 + 1);
        uint256 r = 1;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        r *= 2 - z * r;
        result = lo * r;
    }
}

/// Return (x*y/z), avoiding intermediate overflow.
/// @dev Only use if you need to avoid overflow; costlier than x * y / z
/// @return x * y / z
function mulDiv256(
    uint256 x,
    uint256 y,
    uint256 z,
    RoundingMode rounding
) pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 result = mulDiv256(x, y, z);
    if (rounding == FLOOR) return result;

    uint256 mm = mulmod(x, y, z);
    if (rounding == CEIL) {
        if (mm > 0) result += 1;
    } else {
        if (mm > ((z - 1) / 2)) result += 1; // z should be z-1
    }
    return result;
}

/// Return (x*y) as a "virtual uint512" (lo, hi), representing (hi*2**256 + lo)
///   Adapted from sources:
///   https://medium.com/wicketh/27650fec525d, https://medium.com/coinmonks/4db014e080b1
/// @dev Intended to be internal to this library
/// @return hi (hi, lo) satisfies  hi*(2**256) + lo == x * y
/// @return lo (paired with `hi`)
function fullMul(uint256 x, uint256 y) pure returns (uint256 hi, uint256 lo) {
    unchecked {
        uint256 mm = mulmod(x, y, uint256(0) - uint256(1));
        lo = x * y;
        hi = mm - lo;
        if (mm < lo) hi -= 1;
    }
}

// File: contracts/libraries/NetworkConfigLib.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

/**
 * @title NetworkConfigLib
 * @notice Provides network-specific configuration parameters
 */
library NetworkConfigLib {
    error InvalidNetwork();

    // Returns the blocktime based on the current network (e.g. 12s for Ethereum PoS)
    // See docs/system-design.md for discussion of handling longer or shorter times
    function blocktime() internal view returns (uint48) {
        uint256 chainId = block.chainid;
        // untestable:
        //    most of the branches will be shown as uncovered, because we only run coverage
        //    on local Ethereum PoS network (31337). Manual testing was performed.
        if (chainId == 1 || chainId == 3 || chainId == 5 || chainId == 31337) {
            return 12; // Ethereum PoS, Goerli, HH (tests)
        } else if (chainId == 8453 || chainId == 84531) {
            return 2; // Base, Base Goerli
        } else {
            revert InvalidNetwork();
        }
    }
}

// File: contracts/libraries/Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/cryptography/SignatureCheckerUpgradeable.sol";

/// Internal library for verifying metatx sigs for EOAs and smart contract wallets
/// See ERC1271
library PermitLib {
    function requireSignature(
        address owner,
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal view {
        if (AddressUpgradeable.isContract(owner)) {
            require(
                IERC1271Upgradeable(owner).isValidSignature(hash, abi.encodePacked(r, s, v)) ==
                    0x1626ba7e,
                "ERC1271: Unauthorized"
            );
        } else {
            require(
                SignatureCheckerUpgradeable.isValidSignatureNow(
                    owner,
                    hash,
                    abi.encodePacked(r, s, v)
                ),
                "ERC20Permit: invalid signature"
            );
        }
    }
}

// File: contracts/libraries/Throttle.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "./Fixed.sol";

uint48 constant ONE_HOUR = 3600; // {seconds/hour}

/**
 * @title ThrottleLib
 * A library that implements a usage throttle that can be used to ensure net issuance
 * or net redemption for an RToken never exceeds some bounds per unit time (hour).
 *
 * It is expected for the RToken to use this library with two instances, one for issuance
 * and one for redemption. Issuance causes the available redemption amount to increase, and
 * visa versa.
 */
library ThrottleLib {
    using FixLib for uint192;

    struct Params {
        uint256 amtRate; // {qRTok/hour} a quantity of RToken hourly; cannot be 0
        uint192 pctRate; // {1/hour} a fraction of RToken hourly; can be 0
    }

    struct Throttle {
        // === Gov params ===
        Params params;
        // === Cache ===
        uint48 lastTimestamp; // {seconds}
        uint256 lastAvailable; // {qRTok}
    }

    /// Reverts if usage amount exceeds available amount
    /// @param supply {qRTok} Total RToken supply beforehand
    /// @param amount {qRTok} Amount of RToken to use. Should be negative for the issuance
    ///   throttle during redemption and for the redemption throttle during issuance.
    function useAvailable(
        Throttle storage throttle,
        uint256 supply,
        int256 amount
    ) internal {
        // untestable: amtRate will always be greater > 0 due to previous validations
        if (throttle.params.amtRate == 0 && throttle.params.pctRate == 0) return;

        // Calculate hourly limit
        uint256 limit = hourlyLimit(throttle, supply); // {qRTok}

        // Calculate available amount before supply change
        uint256 available = currentlyAvailable(throttle, limit);

        // Update throttle.timestamp if available amount changed or at limit
        if (available != throttle.lastAvailable || available == limit) {
            throttle.lastTimestamp = uint48(block.timestamp);
        }

        // Update throttle.lastAvailable
        if (amount > 0) {
            require(uint256(amount) <= available, "supply change throttled");
            available -= uint256(amount);
            // untestable: the final else statement, amount will never be 0
        } else if (amount < 0) {
            available += uint256(-amount);
        }
        throttle.lastAvailable = available;
    }

    /// @param limit {qRTok/hour} The hourly limit
    /// @return available {qRTok} Amount currently available for consumption
    function currentlyAvailable(Throttle storage throttle, uint256 limit)
        internal
        view
        returns (uint256 available)
    {
        uint48 delta = uint48(block.timestamp) - throttle.lastTimestamp; // {seconds}
        available = throttle.lastAvailable + (limit * delta) / ONE_HOUR;
        if (available > limit) available = limit;
    }

    /// @return limit {qRTok} The hourly limit
    function hourlyLimit(Throttle storage throttle, uint256 supply)
        internal
        view
        returns (uint256 limit)
    {
        Params storage params = throttle.params;

        // Calculate hourly limit as: max(params.amtRate, supply.mul(params.pctRate))
        limit = (supply * params.pctRate) / FIX_ONE_256; // {qRTok}
        if (params.amtRate > limit) limit = params.amtRate;
    }
}

// File: contracts/mixins/Versioned.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "../interfaces/IVersioned.sol";

// This value should be updated on each release
string constant VERSION = "3.0.0";

/**
 * @title Versioned
 * @notice A mix-in to track semantic versioning uniformly across contracts.
 */
abstract contract Versioned is IVersioned {
    function version() public pure virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return VERSION;
    }
}

// File: contracts/p1/mixins/Component.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IComponent.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IMain.sol";
import "../../mixins/Versioned.sol";

/**
 * Abstract superclass for system contracts registered in Main
 */
abstract contract ComponentP1 is
    Versioned,
    Initializable,
    ContextUpgradeable,
    UUPSUpgradeable,
    IComponent
{
    IMain public main;

    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
    // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
    constructor() initializer {}

    // Sets main for the component - Can only be called during initialization
    // untestable:
    //      `else` branch of `onlyInitializing` (ie. revert) is currently untestable.
    //      This function is only called inside other `init` functions, each of which is wrapped
    //      in an `initializer` modifier, which would fail first.
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __Component_init(IMain main_) internal onlyInitializing {
        require(address(main_) != address(0), "main is zero address");
        __UUPSUpgradeable_init();
        main = main_;
    }

    // === See docs/security.md ===

    modifier notTradingPausedOrFrozen() {
        require(!main.tradingPausedOrFrozen(), "frozen or trading paused");
        _;
    }

    modifier notIssuancePausedOrFrozen() {
        require(!main.issuancePausedOrFrozen(), "frozen or issuance paused");
        _;
    }

    modifier notFrozen() {
        require(!main.frozen(), "frozen");
        _;
    }

    modifier governance() {
        require(main.hasRole(OWNER, _msgSender()), "governance only");
        _;
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
    function _authorizeUpgrade(address newImplementation) internal view override governance {}

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[49] private __gap;
}

// File: contracts/p1/RToken.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

// solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../interfaces/IMain.sol";
import "../interfaces/IRToken.sol";
import "../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "../libraries/Throttle.sol";
import "../vendor/ERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "./mixins/Component.sol";

/**
 * @title RTokenP1
 * An ERC20 with an elastic supply and governable exchange rate to basket units.
 */
contract RTokenP1 is ComponentP1, ERC20PermitUpgradeable, IRToken {
    using FixLib for uint192;
    using ThrottleLib for ThrottleLib.Throttle;
    using SafeERC20Upgradeable for IERC20Upgradeable;

    uint256 public constant MIN_THROTTLE_RATE_AMT = 1e18; // {qRTok}
    uint256 public constant MAX_THROTTLE_RATE_AMT = 1e48; // {qRTok}
    uint192 public constant MAX_THROTTLE_PCT_AMT = 1e18; // {qRTok}
    uint192 public constant MIN_EXCHANGE_RATE = 1e9; // D18{BU/rTok}
    uint192 public constant MAX_EXCHANGE_RATE = 1e27; // D18{BU/rTok}

    /// The mandate describes what goals its governors should try to achieve. By succinctly
    /// explaining the RToken’s purpose and what the RToken is intended to do, it provides common
    /// ground for the governors to decide upon priorities and how to weigh tradeoffs.
    ///
    /// Example Mandates:
    ///
    /// - Capital preservation first. Spending power preservation second. Permissionless
    ///     access third.
    /// - Capital preservation above all else. All revenues fund the over-collateralization pool.
    /// - Risk-neutral pursuit of profit for token holders.
    ///     Maximize (gross revenue - payments for over-collateralization and governance).
    /// - This RToken holds only FooCoin, to provide a trade for hedging against its
    ///     possible collapse.
    ///
    /// The mandate may also be a URI to a longer body of text, presumably on IPFS or some other
    /// immutable data store.
    string public mandate;

    // ==== Peer components ====
    IAssetRegistry private assetRegistry;
    IBasketHandler private basketHandler;
    IBackingManager private backingManager;
    IFurnace private furnace;

    // The number of baskets that backingManager must hold
    // in order for this RToken to be fully collateralized.
    // The exchange rate for issuance and redemption is totalSupply()/basketsNeeded {BU}/{qRTok}.
    uint192 public basketsNeeded; // D18{BU}

    // === Supply throttles ===
    ThrottleLib.Throttle private issuanceThrottle;
    ThrottleLib.Throttle private redemptionThrottle;

    function init(
        IMain main_,
        string calldata name_,
        string calldata symbol_,
        string calldata mandate_,
        ThrottleLib.Params calldata issuanceThrottleParams_,
        ThrottleLib.Params calldata redemptionThrottleParams_
    ) external initializer {
        require(bytes(name_).length > 0, "name empty");
        require(bytes(symbol_).length > 0, "symbol empty");
        require(bytes(mandate_).length > 0, "mandate empty");
        __Component_init(main_);
        __ERC20_init(name_, symbol_);
        __ERC20Permit_init(name_);

        assetRegistry = main_.assetRegistry();
        basketHandler = main_.basketHandler();
        backingManager = main_.backingManager();
        furnace = main_.furnace();

        mandate = mandate_;
        setIssuanceThrottleParams(issuanceThrottleParams_);
        setRedemptionThrottleParams(redemptionThrottleParams_);

        issuanceThrottle.lastTimestamp = uint48(block.timestamp);
        redemptionThrottle.lastTimestamp = uint48(block.timestamp);
    }

    /// Issue an RToken on the current basket
    /// Do no use inifite approvals.  Instead, use BasketHandler.quote() to determine the amount
    ///     of backing tokens to approve.
    /// @param amount {qTok} The quantity of RToken to issue
    /// @custom:interaction nearly CEI, but see comments around handling of refunds
    function issue(uint256 amount) public {
        issueTo(_msgSender(), amount);
    }

    /// Issue an RToken on the current basket, to a particular recipient
    /// Do no use inifite approvals.  Instead, use BasketHandler.quote() to determine the amount
    ///     of backing tokens to approve.
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the issued RTokens
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity of RToken to issue
    /// @custom:interaction RCEI
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    function issueTo(address recipient, uint256 amount) public notIssuancePausedOrFrozen {
        require(amount > 0, "Cannot issue zero");

        // == Refresh ==

        assetRegistry.refresh();
        furnace.melt();

        // == Checks-effects block ==

        address issuer = _msgSender(); // OK to save: it can't be changed in reentrant runs

        // Ensure basket is ready, SOUND and not in warmup period
        require(basketHandler.isReady(), "basket not ready");
        uint256 supply = totalSupply();

        // Revert if issuance exceeds either supply throttle
        issuanceThrottle.useAvailable(supply, int256(amount)); // reverts on over-issuance
        redemptionThrottle.useAvailable(supply, -int256(amount)); // shouldn't revert

        // AT THIS POINT:
        //   all contract invariants hold
        //   furnace melting is up-to-date
        //   asset states are up-to-date
        //   throttle is up-to-date

        // amtBaskets: the BU change to be recorded by this issuance
        // D18{BU} = D18{BU} * {qRTok} / {qRTok}
        // revert-on-overflow provided by FixLib functions
        uint192 amtBaskets = supply > 0
            ? basketsNeeded.muluDivu(amount, supply, CEIL)
            : _safeWrap(amount);
        emit Issuance(issuer, recipient, amount, amtBaskets);

        (address[] memory erc20s, uint256[] memory deposits) = basketHandler.quote(
            amtBaskets,
            CEIL
        );

        // == Interactions: Create RToken + transfer tokens to BackingManager ==
        _scaleUp(recipient, amtBaskets, supply);

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < erc20s.length; ++i) {
            IERC20Upgradeable(erc20s[i]).safeTransferFrom(
                issuer,
                address(backingManager),
                deposits[i]
            );
        }
    }

    /// Redeem RToken for basket collateral
    /// @param amount {qTok} The quantity {qRToken} of RToken to redeem
    /// @custom:interaction CEI
    function redeem(uint256 amount) external {
        redeemTo(_msgSender(), amount);
    }

    /// Redeem RToken for basket collateral to a particular recipient
    // checks:
    //   amount > 0
    //   amount <= balanceOf(caller)
    //
    // effects:
    //   (so totalSupply -= amount and balanceOf(caller) -= amount)
    //   basketsNeeded' / totalSupply' >== basketsNeeded / totalSupply
    //   burn(caller, amount)
    //
    // actions:
    //   let erc20s = basketHandler.erc20s()
    //   for each token in erc20s:
    //     let tokenAmt = (amount * basketsNeeded / totalSupply) current baskets
    //     do token.transferFrom(backingManager, caller, tokenAmt)
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the backing collateral tokens
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity {qRToken} of RToken to redeem
    /// @custom:interaction RCEI
    function redeemTo(address recipient, uint256 amount) public notFrozen {
        // == Refresh ==
        assetRegistry.refresh();
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
        try furnace.melt() {} catch {} // nice for the redeemer, but not necessary

        // == Checks and Effects ==

        require(amount > 0, "Cannot redeem zero");
        require(amount <= balanceOf(_msgSender()), "insufficient balance");
        require(basketHandler.fullyCollateralized(), "partial redemption; use redeemCustom");
        // redemption while IFFY/DISABLED allowed

        uint256 supply = totalSupply();

        // Revert if redemption exceeds either supply throttle
        issuanceThrottle.useAvailable(supply, -int256(amount));
        redemptionThrottle.useAvailable(supply, int256(amount)); // reverts on over-redemption

        // {BU}
        uint192 baskets = _scaleDown(_msgSender(), amount);
        emit Redemption(_msgSender(), recipient, amount, baskets);

        (address[] memory erc20s, uint256[] memory amounts) = basketHandler.quote(baskets, FLOOR);

        // === Interactions ===

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < erc20s.length; ++i) {
            if (amounts[i] == 0) continue;

            // Send withdrawal
            IERC20Upgradeable(erc20s[i]).safeTransferFrom(
                address(backingManager),
                recipient,
                amounts[i]
            );
        }
    }

    /// Redeem RToken for a linear combination of historical baskets, to a particular recipient
    // checks:
    //   amount > 0
    //   amount <= balanceOf(caller)
    //   sum(portions) == FIX_ONE
    //   nonce >= basketHandler.primeNonce() for nonce in basketNonces
    //
    // effects:
    //   (so totalSupply -= amount and balanceOf(caller) -= amount)
    //   basketsNeeded' / totalSupply' >== basketsNeeded / totalSupply
    //   burn(caller, amount)
    //
    // actions:
    //   for each token in erc20s:
    //     let tokenAmt = (amount * basketsNeeded / totalSupply) custom baskets
    //     let prorataAmt = (amount / totalSupply) * token.balanceOf(backingManager)
    //     do token.transferFrom(backingManager, caller, min(tokenAmt, prorataAmt))
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    /// @dev Allows partial redemptions up to the minAmounts
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the backing collateral tokens
    /// @param amount {qRTok} The quantity {qRToken} of RToken to redeem
    /// @param basketNonces An array of basket nonces to do redemption from
    /// @param portions {1} An array of Fix quantities that must add up to FIX_ONE
    /// @param expectedERC20sOut An array of ERC20s expected out
    /// @param minAmounts {qTok} The minimum ERC20 quantities the caller should receive
    /// @custom:interaction RCEI
    function redeemCustom(
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount,
        uint48[] memory basketNonces,
        uint192[] memory portions,
        address[] memory expectedERC20sOut,
        uint256[] memory minAmounts
    ) external notFrozen {
        // == Refresh ==
        assetRegistry.refresh();
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-empty-blocks
        try furnace.melt() {} catch {} // nice for the redeemer, but not necessary

        // == Checks and Effects ==

        require(amount > 0, "Cannot redeem zero");
        require(amount <= balanceOf(_msgSender()), "insufficient balance");
        uint256 portionsSum;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < portions.length; ++i) {
            portionsSum += portions[i];
        }
        require(portionsSum == FIX_ONE, "portions do not add up to FIX_ONE");

        uint256 supply = totalSupply();

        // Revert if redemption exceeds either supply throttle
        issuanceThrottle.useAvailable(supply, -int256(amount));
        redemptionThrottle.useAvailable(supply, int256(amount)); // reverts on over-redemption

        // {BU}
        uint192 baskets = _scaleDown(_msgSender(), amount);
        emit Redemption(_msgSender(), recipient, amount, baskets);

        // === Get basket redemption amounts ===

        (address[] memory erc20s, uint256[] memory amounts) = basketHandler.quoteCustomRedemption(
            basketNonces,
            portions,
            baskets
        );

        // ==== Prorate redemption ====
        // i.e, set amounts = min(amounts, balances * amount / totalSupply)
        //   where balances[i] = erc20s[i].balanceOf(backingManager)

        // Bound each withdrawal by the prorata share, in case we're currently under-collateralized
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < erc20s.length; ++i) {
            // {qTok} = {qTok} * {qRTok} / {qRTok}
            uint256 prorata = mulDiv256(
                IERC20(erc20s[i]).balanceOf(address(backingManager)),
                amount,
                supply
            ); // FLOOR

            if (prorata < amounts[i]) amounts[i] = prorata;
        }

        // === Save initial recipient balances ===

        uint256[] memory pastBals = new uint256[](expectedERC20sOut.length);
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < expectedERC20sOut.length; ++i) {
            pastBals[i] = IERC20(expectedERC20sOut[i]).balanceOf(recipient);
            // we haven't verified this ERC20 is registered but this is always a staticcall
        }

        // === Interactions ===

        // Distribute tokens; revert if empty redemption
        {
            bool allZero = true;
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < erc20s.length; ++i) {
                if (amounts[i] == 0) continue; // unregistered ERC20s will have 0 amount
                if (allZero) allZero = false;

                // Send withdrawal
                IERC20Upgradeable(erc20s[i]).safeTransferFrom(
                    address(backingManager),
                    recipient,
                    amounts[i]
                );
            }
            if (allZero) revert("empty redemption");
        }

        // === Post-checks ===

        // Check post-balances
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < expectedERC20sOut.length; ++i) {
            uint256 bal = IERC20(expectedERC20sOut[i]).balanceOf(recipient);
            // we haven't verified this ERC20 is registered but this is always a staticcall
            require(bal - pastBals[i] >= minAmounts[i], "redemption below minimum");
        }
    }

    /// Mint an amount of RToken equivalent to baskets BUs, scaling basketsNeeded up
    /// Callable only by BackingManager
    /// @param baskets {BU} The number of baskets to mint RToken for
    /// @custom:protected
    // checks: caller is backingManager
    // effects:
    //   bal'[recipient] = bal[recipient] + amtRToken
    //   totalSupply' = totalSupply + amtRToken
    //   basketsNeeded' = basketsNeeded + baskets
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    function mint(uint192 baskets) external {
        require(_msgSender() == address(backingManager), "not backing manager");
        _scaleUp(address(backingManager), baskets, totalSupply());
    }

    /// Melt a quantity of RToken from the caller's account, increasing the basket rate
    /// @param amtRToken {qRTok} The amtRToken to be melted
    /// @custom:protected
    // checks: caller is furnace
    // effects:
    //   bal'[caller] = bal[caller] - amtRToken
    //   totalSupply' = totalSupply - amtRToken
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease
    // BU exchange rate CAN increase, but we already trust furnace to do this slowly
    function melt(uint256 amtRToken) external {
        require(_msgSender() == address(furnace), "furnace only");
        _burn(_msgSender(), amtRToken);
        emit Melted(amtRToken);
    }

    /// Burn an amount of RToken from caller's account and scale basketsNeeded down
    /// Callable only by backingManager
    /// @param amount {qRTok}
    /// @custom:protected
    // checks: caller is backingManager
    // effects:
    //   bal'[recipient] = bal[recipient] - amtRToken
    //   totalSupply' = totalSupply - amtRToken
    //   basketsNeeded' = basketsNeeded - baskets
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    function dissolve(uint256 amount) external {
        require(_msgSender() == address(backingManager), "not backing manager");
        _scaleDown(_msgSender(), amount);
    }

    /// An affordance of last resort for Main in order to ensure re-capitalization
    /// @custom:protected
    // checks: caller is backingManager
    // effects: basketsNeeded' = basketsNeeded_
    function setBasketsNeeded(uint192 basketsNeeded_) external notTradingPausedOrFrozen {
        require(_msgSender() == address(backingManager), "not backing manager");
        emit BasketsNeededChanged(basketsNeeded, basketsNeeded_);
        basketsNeeded = basketsNeeded_;

        // == P0 exchangeRateIsValidAfter modifier ==
        uint256 supply = totalSupply();
        require(supply > 0, "0 supply");

        // Note: These are D18s, even though they are uint256s. This is because
        // we cannot assume we stay inside our valid range here, as that is what
        // we are checking in the first place
        uint256 low = (FIX_ONE_256 * basketsNeeded_) / supply; // D18{BU/rTok}
        uint256 high = (FIX_ONE_256 * basketsNeeded_ + (supply - 1)) / supply; // D18{BU/rTok}

        // here we take advantage of an implicit upcast from uint192 exchange rates
        require(low >= MIN_EXCHANGE_RATE && high <= MAX_EXCHANGE_RATE, "BU rate out of range");
    }

    /// Sends all token balance of erc20 (if it is registered) to the BackingManager
    /// @custom:interaction
    function monetizeDonations(IERC20 erc20) external notTradingPausedOrFrozen {
        require(assetRegistry.isRegistered(erc20), "erc20 unregistered");
        IERC20Upgradeable(address(erc20)).safeTransfer(
            address(backingManager),
            erc20.balanceOf(address(this))
        );
    }

    // ==== Throttle setters/getters ====

    /// @return {qRTok} The maximum issuance that can be performed in the current block
    function issuanceAvailable() external view returns (uint256) {
        return issuanceThrottle.currentlyAvailable(issuanceThrottle.hourlyLimit(totalSupply()));
    }

    /// @return available {qRTok} The maximum redemption that can be performed in the current block
    function redemptionAvailable() external view returns (uint256 available) {
        uint256 supply = totalSupply();
        available = redemptionThrottle.currentlyAvailable(redemptionThrottle.hourlyLimit(supply));
        if (supply < available) available = supply;
    }

    /// @return The issuance throttle parametrization
    function issuanceThrottleParams() external view returns (ThrottleLib.Params memory) {
        return issuanceThrottle.params;
    }

    /// @return The redemption throttle parametrization
    function redemptionThrottleParams() external view returns (ThrottleLib.Params memory) {
        return redemptionThrottle.params;
    }

    /// @custom:governance
    function setIssuanceThrottleParams(ThrottleLib.Params calldata params) public governance {
        require(params.amtRate >= MIN_THROTTLE_RATE_AMT, "issuance amtRate too small");
        require(params.amtRate <= MAX_THROTTLE_RATE_AMT, "issuance amtRate too big");
        require(params.pctRate <= MAX_THROTTLE_PCT_AMT, "issuance pctRate too big");
        issuanceThrottle.useAvailable(totalSupply(), 0);

        emit IssuanceThrottleSet(issuanceThrottle.params, params);
        issuanceThrottle.params = params;
    }

    /// @custom:governance
    function setRedemptionThrottleParams(ThrottleLib.Params calldata params) public governance {
        require(params.amtRate >= MIN_THROTTLE_RATE_AMT, "redemption amtRate too small");
        require(params.amtRate <= MAX_THROTTLE_RATE_AMT, "redemption amtRate too big");
        require(params.pctRate <= MAX_THROTTLE_PCT_AMT, "redemption pctRate too big");
        redemptionThrottle.useAvailable(totalSupply(), 0);

        emit RedemptionThrottleSet(redemptionThrottle.params, params);
        redemptionThrottle.params = params;
    }

    // ==== Private ====

    /// Mint an amount of RToken equivalent to amtBaskets and scale basketsNeeded up
    /// @param recipient The address to receive the RTokens
    /// @param amtBaskets {BU} The number of amtBaskets to mint RToken for
    /// @param totalSupply {qRTok} The current totalSupply
    // effects:
    //   bal'[recipient] = bal[recipient] + amtRToken
    //   totalSupply' = totalSupply + amtRToken
    //   basketsNeeded' = basketsNeeded + amtBaskets
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    function _scaleUp(
        address recipient,
        uint192 amtBaskets,
        uint256 totalSupply
    ) private {
        // take advantage of 18 decimals during casting
        uint256 amtRToken = totalSupply > 0
            ? amtBaskets.muluDivu(totalSupply, basketsNeeded) // {rTok} = {BU} * {qRTok} * {qRTok}
            : amtBaskets; // {rTok}
        emit BasketsNeededChanged(basketsNeeded, basketsNeeded + amtBaskets);
        basketsNeeded += amtBaskets;

        // Mint RToken to recipient
        _mint(recipient, amtRToken);
    }

    /// Burn an amount of RToken and scale basketsNeeded down
    /// @param account The address to dissolve RTokens from
    /// @param amtRToken {qRTok} The amount of RToken to be dissolved
    /// @return amtBaskets {BU} The equivalent number of baskets dissolved
    // effects:
    //   bal'[recipient] = bal[recipient] - amtRToken
    //   totalSupply' = totalSupply - amtRToken
    //   basketsNeeded' = basketsNeeded - amtBaskets
    // BU exchange rate cannot decrease, and it can only increase when < FIX_ONE.
    function _scaleDown(address account, uint256 amtRToken) private returns (uint192 amtBaskets) {
        // D18{BU} = D18{BU} * {qRTok} / {qRTok}
        amtBaskets = basketsNeeded.muluDivu(amtRToken, totalSupply()); // FLOOR
        emit BasketsNeededChanged(basketsNeeded, basketsNeeded - amtBaskets);
        basketsNeeded -= amtBaskets;

        // Burn RToken from account; reverts if not enough balance
        _burn(account, amtRToken);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address,
        address to,
        uint256
    ) internal virtual override {
        require(to != address(this), "RToken transfer to self");
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[42] private __gap;
}

// File: contracts/plugins/trading/DutchTrade.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import "../../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "../../libraries/NetworkConfigLib.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IAsset.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IBroker.sol";
import "../../interfaces/ITrade.sol";

// A dutch auction in 4 parts:
//   1.  0% -  20%: Geometric decay from 1000x the bestPrice to ~1.5x the bestPrice
//   2. 20% -  45%: Linear decay from ~1.5x the bestPrice to the bestPrice
//   3. 45% -  95%: Linear decay from the bestPrice to the worstPrice
//   4. 95% - 100%: Constant at the worstPrice
//
// For a trade between 2 assets with 1% oracleError:
//   A 30-minute auction on a chain with a 12-second blocktime has a ~20% price drop per block
//   during the 1st period, ~0.8% during the 2nd period, and ~0.065% during the 3rd period.
//
//   30-minutes is the recommended length of auction for a chain with 12-second blocktimes.
//   6 minutes, 7.5 minutes, 15 minutes, 1.5 minutes for each pariod respectively.
//
//   Longer and shorter times can be used as well. The pricing method does not degrade
//   beyond the degree to which less overall blocktime means less overall precision.

uint192 constant FIVE_PERCENT = 5e16; // {1} 0.05
uint192 constant TWENTY_PERCENT = 20e16; // {1} 0.2
uint192 constant TWENTY_FIVE_PERCENT = 25e16; // {1} 0.25
uint192 constant FORTY_FIVE_PERCENT = 45e16; // {1} 0.45
uint192 constant FIFTY_PERCENT = 50e16; // {1} 0.5
uint192 constant NINETY_FIVE_PERCENT = 95e16; // {1} 0.95

uint192 constant MAX_EXP = 6502287e18; // {1} (1000000/999999)^6502287 = ~666.6667
uint192 constant BASE = 999999e12; // {1} (999999/1000000)
uint192 constant ONE_POINT_FIVE = 150e16; // {1} 1.5

/**
 * @title DutchTrade
 * @notice Implements a wholesale dutch auction via a 4-piecewise falling-price mechansim.
 *   The overall idea is to handle 4 cases:
 *     1. Price manipulation of the exchange rate up to 1000x (eg: via a read-only reentrancy)
 *     2. Price movement of up to 50% during the auction
 *     3. Typical case: no significant price movement; clearing price within expected range
 *     4. No bots online; manual human doing bidding; additional time for tx clearing
 *
 *   Case 1: Over the first 20% of the auction the price falls from ~1000x the best plausible
 *   price down to 1.5x the best plausible price in a geometric series.
 *   This period DOES NOT expect to receive a bid; it just defends against manipulated prices.
 *   If a bid occurs during this period, a violation is reported to the Broker.
 *   This is still safe for the protocol since other trades, with price discovery, can occur.
 *
 *   Case 2: Over the next 20% of the auction the price falls from 1.5x the best plausible price
 *   to the best plausible price, linearly. No violation is reported if a bid occurs. This case
 *   exists to handle cases where prices change after the auction is started, naturally.
 *
 *   Case 3: Over the next 50% of the auction the price falls from the best plausible price to the
 *   worst price, linearly. The worst price is further discounted by the maxTradeSlippage as a
 *   fraction of how far from minTradeVolume to maxTradeVolume the trade lies.
 *   At maxTradeVolume, no additonal discount beyond the oracle errors is applied.
 *   This is the phase of the auction where bids will typically occur.
 *
 *   Case 4: Lastly the price stays at the worst price for the final 5% of the auction to allow
 *   a bid to occur if no bots are online and the only bidders are humans.
 *
 * To bid:
 * 1. Call `bidAmount()` view to check prices at various blocks.
 * 2. Provide approval of sell tokens for precisely the `bidAmount()` desired
 * 3. Wait until the desired block is reached (hopefully not in the first 20% of the auction)
 * 4. Call bid()
 */
contract DutchTrade is ITrade {
    using FixLib for uint192;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20Metadata;

    TradeKind public constant KIND = TradeKind.DUTCH_AUCTION;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    uint48 public immutable ONE_BLOCK; // {s} 1 block based on network

    TradeStatus public status; // reentrancy protection

    IBroker public broker; // The Broker that cloned this contract into existence
    ITrading public origin; // the address that initialized the contract

    // === Auction ===
    IERC20Metadata public sell;
    IERC20Metadata public buy;
    uint192 public sellAmount; // {sellTok}

    // The auction runs from [startBlock, endTime], inclusive
    uint256 public startBlock; // {block} when the dutch auction begins (one block after init())
    uint256 public endBlock; // {block} when the dutch auction ends if no bids are received
    uint48 public endTime; // {s} not used in this contract; needed on interface

    uint192 public bestPrice; // {buyTok/sellTok} The best plausible price based on oracle data
    uint192 public worstPrice; // {buyTok/sellTok} The worst plausible price based on oracle data
    // and further discounted by a fraction of maxTradeSlippage based on auction volume.

    // === Bid ===
    address public bidder;
    // the bid amount is just whatever token balance is in the contract at settlement time

    // This modifier both enforces the state-machine pattern and guards against reentrancy.
    modifier stateTransition(TradeStatus begin, TradeStatus end) {
        require(status == begin, "Invalid trade state");
        status = TradeStatus.PENDING;
        _;
        assert(status == TradeStatus.PENDING);
        status = end;
    }

    // === Auction Sizing Views ===

    /// @return {qSellTok} The size of the lot being sold, in token quanta
    function lot() public view returns (uint256) {
        return sellAmount.shiftl_toUint(int8(sell.decimals()));
    }

    /// Calculates how much buy token is needed to purchase the lot at a particular block
    /// @param blockNumber {block} The block number of the bid
    /// @return {qBuyTok} The amount of buy tokens required to purchase the lot
    function bidAmount(uint256 blockNumber) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _bidAmount(_price(blockNumber));
    }

    // ==== Constructor ===

    constructor() {
        ONE_BLOCK = NetworkConfigLib.blocktime();

        status = TradeStatus.CLOSED;
    }

    // === External ===

    /// @param origin_ The Trader that originated the trade
    /// @param sell_ The asset being sold by the protocol
    /// @param buy_ The asset being bought by the protocol
    /// @param sellAmount_ {qSellTok} The amount to sell in the auction, in token quanta
    /// @param auctionLength {s} How many seconds the dutch auction should run for
    function init(
        ITrading origin_,
        IAsset sell_,
        IAsset buy_,
        uint256 sellAmount_,
        uint48 auctionLength,
        TradePrices memory prices
    ) external stateTransition(TradeStatus.NOT_STARTED, TradeStatus.OPEN) {
        assert(
            address(sell_) != address(0) &&
                address(buy_) != address(0) &&
                auctionLength >= 20 * ONE_BLOCK
        ); // misuse by caller

        // Only start dutch auctions under well-defined prices
        require(prices.sellLow != 0 && prices.sellHigh < FIX_MAX / 1000, "bad sell pricing");
        require(prices.buyLow != 0 && prices.buyHigh < FIX_MAX / 1000, "bad buy pricing");

        broker = IBroker(msg.sender);
        origin = origin_;
        sell = sell_.erc20();
        buy = buy_.erc20();

        require(sellAmount_ <= sell.balanceOf(address(this)), "unfunded trade");
        sellAmount = shiftl_toFix(sellAmount_, -int8(sell.decimals())); // {sellTok}

        uint256 _startBlock = block.number + 1; // start in the next block
        startBlock = _startBlock; // gas-saver

        uint256 _endBlock = _startBlock + auctionLength / ONE_BLOCK; // FLOOR; endBlock is inclusive
        endBlock = _endBlock; // gas-saver

        endTime = uint48(block.timestamp + ONE_BLOCK * (_endBlock - _startBlock));

        // {1}
        uint192 slippage = _slippage(
            sellAmount.mul(prices.sellHigh, FLOOR), // auctionVolume
            origin.minTradeVolume(), // minTradeVolume
            fixMin(sell_.maxTradeVolume(), buy_.maxTradeVolume()) // maxTradeVolume
        );

        // {buyTok/sellTok} = {UoA/sellTok} * {1} / {UoA/buyTok}
        uint192 _worstPrice = prices.sellLow.mulDiv(FIX_ONE - slippage, prices.buyHigh, FLOOR);
        uint192 _bestPrice = prices.sellHigh.div(prices.buyLow, CEIL); // no additional slippage
        assert(_worstPrice <= _bestPrice);
        worstPrice = _worstPrice; // gas-saver
        bestPrice = _bestPrice; // gas-saver
    }

    /// Bid for the auction lot at the current price; settling atomically via a callback
    /// @dev Caller must have provided approval
    /// @return amountIn {qBuyTok} The quantity of tokens the bidder paid
    function bid() external returns (uint256 amountIn) {
        require(bidder == address(0), "bid already received");

        // {buyTok/sellTok}
        uint192 price = _price(block.number); // enforces auction ongoing

        // {qBuyTok}
        amountIn = _bidAmount(price);

        // Transfer in buy tokens
        bidder = msg.sender;
        buy.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amountIn);

        // status must begin OPEN
        assert(status == TradeStatus.OPEN);

        // reportViolation if auction cleared in geometric phase
        if (price > bestPrice.mul(ONE_POINT_FIVE, CEIL)) {
            broker.reportViolation();
        }

        // settle() via callback
        origin.settleTrade(sell);

        // confirm callback succeeded
        assert(status == TradeStatus.CLOSED);
    }

    /// Settle the auction, emptying the contract of balances
    /// @return soldAmt {qSellTok} Token quantity sold by the protocol
    /// @return boughtAmt {qBuyTok} Token quantity purchased by the protocol
    function settle()
        external
        stateTransition(TradeStatus.OPEN, TradeStatus.CLOSED)
        returns (uint256 soldAmt, uint256 boughtAmt)
    {
        require(msg.sender == address(origin), "only origin can settle");

        // Received bid
        if (bidder != address(0)) {
            soldAmt = lot(); // {qSellTok}
            sell.safeTransfer(bidder, soldAmt); // {qSellTok}
        } else {
            require(block.number > endBlock, "auction not over");
        }

        // Transfer remaining balances back to origin
        boughtAmt = buy.balanceOf(address(this)); // {qBuyTok}
        buy.safeTransfer(address(origin), boughtAmt); // {qBuyTok}
        sell.safeTransfer(address(origin), sell.balanceOf(address(this))); // {qSellTok}
    }

    /// Anyone can transfer any ERC20 back to the origin after the trade has been closed
    /// @dev Escape hatch in case of accidentally transferred tokens after auction end
    /// @custom:interaction CEI (and respects the state lock)
    function transferToOriginAfterTradeComplete(IERC20Metadata erc20) external {
        require(status == TradeStatus.CLOSED, "only after trade is closed");
        erc20.safeTransfer(address(origin), erc20.balanceOf(address(this)));
    }

    /// @return true iff the trade can be settled.
    // Guaranteed to be true some time after init(), until settle() is called
    function canSettle() external view returns (bool) {
        return status == TradeStatus.OPEN && (bidder != address(0) || block.number > endBlock);
    }

    // === Private ===

    /// Return a sliding % from 0 (at maxTradeVolume) to maxTradeSlippage (at minTradeVolume)
    /// @param auctionVolume {UoA} The actual auction volume
    /// @param minTradeVolume {UoA} The minimum trade volume
    /// @param maxTradeVolume {UoA} The maximum trade volume
    /// @return slippage {1} The fraction of auctionVolume that should be permitted as slippage
    function _slippage(
        uint192 auctionVolume,
        uint192 minTradeVolume,
        uint192 maxTradeVolume
    ) private view returns (uint192 slippage) {
        slippage = origin.maxTradeSlippage(); // {1}
        if (maxTradeVolume <= minTradeVolume || auctionVolume < minTradeVolume) return slippage;

        // untestable:
        //     auctionVolume already sized based on maxTradeVolume, so this will not be true
        if (auctionVolume > maxTradeVolume) return 0; // 0% slippage beyond maxTradeVolume

        // {1} = {1} * ({UoA} - {UoA}} / ({UoA} - {UoA})
        return
            slippage.mul(
                FIX_ONE - divuu(auctionVolume - minTradeVolume, maxTradeVolume - minTradeVolume)
            );
    }

    /// Return the price of the auction at a particular timestamp
    /// @param blockNumber {block} The block number to get price for
    /// @return {buyTok/sellTok}
    function _price(uint256 blockNumber) private view returns (uint192) {
        uint256 _startBlock = startBlock; // gas savings
        uint256 _endBlock = endBlock; // gas savings
        require(blockNumber >= _startBlock, "auction not started");
        require(blockNumber <= _endBlock, "auction over");

        /// Price Curve:
        ///   - first 20%: geometrically decrease the price from 1000x the bestPrice to 1.5x it
        ///   - next  25%: linearly decrease the price from 1.5x the bestPrice to 1x it
        ///   - next  50%: linearly decrease the price from bestPrice to worstPrice
        ///   - last   5%: constant at worstPrice

        uint192 progression = divuu(blockNumber - _startBlock, _endBlock - _startBlock); // {1}

        // Fast geometric decay -- 0%-20% of auction
        if (progression < TWENTY_PERCENT) {
            uint192 exp = MAX_EXP.mulDiv(TWENTY_PERCENT - progression, TWENTY_PERCENT, ROUND);

            // bestPrice * ((1000000/999999) ^ exp) = bestPrice / ((999999/1000000) ^ exp)
            // safe uint48 downcast: exp is at-most 6502287
            // {buyTok/sellTok} = {buyTok/sellTok} / {1} ^ {1}
            return bestPrice.mulDiv(ONE_POINT_FIVE, BASE.powu(uint48(exp.toUint(ROUND))), CEIL);
            // this reverts for bestPrice >= 6.21654046e36 * FIX_ONE
        } else if (progression < FORTY_FIVE_PERCENT) {
            // First linear decay -- 20%-45% of auction
            // 1.5x -> 1x the bestPrice

            uint192 _bestPrice = bestPrice; // gas savings
            // {buyTok/sellTok} = {buyTok/sellTok} * {1}
            uint192 highPrice = _bestPrice.mul(ONE_POINT_FIVE, CEIL);
            return
                highPrice -
                (highPrice - _bestPrice).mulDiv(progression - TWENTY_PERCENT, TWENTY_FIVE_PERCENT);
        } else if (progression < NINETY_FIVE_PERCENT) {
            // Second linear decay -- 45%-95% of auction
            // bestPrice -> worstPrice

            uint192 _bestPrice = bestPrice; // gas savings
            // {buyTok/sellTok} = {buyTok/sellTok} * {1}
            return
                _bestPrice -
                (_bestPrice - worstPrice).mulDiv(progression - FORTY_FIVE_PERCENT, FIFTY_PERCENT);
        }

        // Constant price -- 95%-100% of auction
        return worstPrice;
    }

    /// Calculates how much buy token is needed to purchase the lot at a particular price
    /// @param price {buyTok/sellTok}
    /// @return {qBuyTok} The amount of buy tokens required to purchase the lot
    function _bidAmount(uint192 price) public view returns (uint256) {
        // {qBuyTok} = {sellTok} * {buyTok/sellTok} * {qBuyTok/buyTok}
        return sellAmount.mul(price, CEIL).shiftl_toUint(int8(buy.decimals()), CEIL);
    }
}

// File: contracts/plugins/trading/GnosisTrade.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: BlueOak-1.0.0
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../libraries/Fixed.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IBroker.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IGnosis.sol";
import "../../interfaces/ITrade.sol";

// Modifications to this contract's state must only ever be made when status=PENDING!

/// Trade contract against the Gnosis EasyAuction mechanism
contract GnosisTrade is ITrade {
    using FixLib for uint192;
    using SafeERC20Upgradeable for IERC20Upgradeable;

    // ==== Constants
    TradeKind public constant KIND = TradeKind.BATCH_AUCTION;
    uint256 public constant FEE_DENOMINATOR = 1000;

    // Upper bound for the max number of orders we're happy to have the auction clear in;
    // When we have good price information, this determines the minimum buy amount per order.
    uint96 public constant MAX_ORDERS = 5000; // bounded to avoid going beyond block gas limit

    // raw "/" for compile-time const
    uint192 public constant DEFAULT_MIN_BID = FIX_ONE / 100; // {tok}

    // ==== status: This contract's state-machine state. See TradeStatus enum, above
    TradeStatus public status;

    // ==== The rest of contract state is all parameters that are immutable after init()
    // == Metadata
    IGnosis public gnosis; // Gnosis Auction contract
    uint256 public auctionId; // The Gnosis Auction ID returned by gnosis.initiateAuction()
    IBroker public broker; // The Broker that cloned this contract into existence

    // == Economic parameters
    // This trade is on behalf of origin. Only origin may call settle(), and the `buy` tokens
    // from this trade's acution will all eventually go to origin.
    address public origin;
    IERC20Metadata public sell; // address of token this trade is selling
    IERC20Metadata public buy; // address of token this trade is buying
    uint256 public initBal; // {qTok}, this trade's balance of `sell` when init() was called
    uint48 public endTime; // timestamp after which this trade's auction can be settled
    uint192 public worstCasePrice; // {buyTok/sellTok}, the worst price we expect to get at Auction
    // We expect Gnosis Auction either to meet or beat worstCasePrice, or to return the `sell`
    // tokens. If we actually *get* a worse clearing that worstCasePrice, we consider it an error in
    // our trading scheme and call broker.reportViolation()

    // This modifier both enforces the state-machine pattern and guards against reentrancy.
    modifier stateTransition(TradeStatus begin, TradeStatus end) {
        require(status == begin, "Invalid trade state");
        status = TradeStatus.PENDING;
        _;
        assert(status == TradeStatus.PENDING);
        status = end;
    }

    constructor() {
        status = TradeStatus.CLOSED;
    }

    /// Constructor function, can only be called once
    /// @dev Expects sell tokens to already be present
    /// @custom:interaction reentrancy-safe b/c state-locking
    // checks:
    //   state is NOT_STARTED
    //   req.sellAmount <= our balance of sell tokens < 2**96
    //   req.minBuyAmount < 2**96
    // effects:
    //   state' is OPEN
    //   correctly sets all Metadata and Economic parameters of this contract
    //
    // actions:
    //   increases the `req.sell` allowance for `gnosis` by the amount needed to fund the auction
    //   calls gnosis.initiateAuction(...) to launch the requested auction.
    function init(
        IBroker broker_,
        address origin_,
        IGnosis gnosis_,
        uint48 batchAuctionLength,
        TradeRequest calldata req
    ) external stateTransition(TradeStatus.NOT_STARTED, TradeStatus.OPEN) {
        require(req.sellAmount <= type(uint96).max, "sellAmount too large");
        require(req.minBuyAmount <= type(uint96).max, "minBuyAmount too large");

        sell = req.sell.erc20();
        buy = req.buy.erc20();
        initBal = sell.balanceOf(address(this));

        require(initBal <= type(uint96).max, "initBal too large");
        require(initBal >= req.sellAmount, "unfunded trade");

        assert(origin_ != address(0));

        broker = broker_;
        origin = origin_;
        gnosis = gnosis_;
        endTime = uint48(block.timestamp) + batchAuctionLength;

        // {buyTok/sellTok}
        worstCasePrice = shiftl_toFix(req.minBuyAmount, -int8(buy.decimals())).div(
            shiftl_toFix(req.sellAmount, -int8(sell.decimals()))
        );

        // Downsize our sell amount to adjust for fee
        // {qTok} = {qTok} * {1} / {1}
        uint96 sellAmount = uint96(
            _divrnd(
                req.sellAmount * FEE_DENOMINATOR,
                FEE_DENOMINATOR + gnosis.feeNumerator(),
                FLOOR
            )
        );

        // Don't decrease minBuyAmount even if fees are in effect. The fee is part of the slippage
        uint96 minBuyAmount = uint96(Math.max(1, req.minBuyAmount)); // Safe downcast; require'd

        uint256 minBuyAmtPerOrder = Math.max(
            minBuyAmount / MAX_ORDERS,
            DEFAULT_MIN_BID.shiftl_toUint(int8(buy.decimals()))
        );

        // Gnosis EasyAuction requires minBuyAmtPerOrder > 0
        // untestable:
        //      Value will always be at least 1. Handled previously in the calling contracts.
        if (minBuyAmtPerOrder == 0) minBuyAmtPerOrder = 1;

        // == Interactions ==

        // Set allowance (two safeApprove calls to support USDT)
        IERC20Upgradeable(address(sell)).safeApprove(address(gnosis), 0);
        IERC20Upgradeable(address(sell)).safeApprove(address(gnosis), initBal);

        auctionId = gnosis.initiateAuction(
            sell,
            buy,
            endTime,
            endTime,
            sellAmount,
            minBuyAmount,
            minBuyAmtPerOrder,
            0,
            false,
            address(0),
            new bytes(0)
        );
    }

    /// Settle trade, transfer tokens to trader, and report bad trade if needed
    /// @custom:interaction reentrancy-safe b/c state-locking
    // checks:
    //   state is OPEN
    //   caller is `origin`
    //   now >= endTime
    // actions:
    //   (if not already called) call gnosis.settleAuction(auctionID), which:
    //     settles the Gnosis Auction
    //     transfers the resulting tokens back to this address
    //   if the auction's clearing price was below what we assert it should be,
    //     then broker.reportViolation()
    //   transfer all balancess of `buy` and `sell` at this address to `origin`
    // effects:
    //   state' is CLOSED
    function settle()
        external
        stateTransition(TradeStatus.OPEN, TradeStatus.CLOSED)
        returns (uint256 soldAmt, uint256 boughtAmt)
    {
        require(msg.sender == origin, "only origin can settle");

        // Optionally process settlement of the auction in Gnosis
        if (!isAuctionCleared()) {
            // By design, we don't rely on this return value at all, just the
            // "cleared" state of the auction, and the token balances this contract owns.
            // slither-disable-next-line unused-return
            gnosis.settleAuction(auctionId);
            assert(isAuctionCleared());
        }

        // At this point we know the auction has cleared

        // Transfer balances to origin
        uint256 sellBal = sell.balanceOf(address(this));

        // As raised in C4's review, this balance can be manupulated by a frontrunner
        // It won't really affect the outcome of the trade, as protocol still gets paid
        // and it just gets a better clearing price than expected.
        // Fixing it would require some complex logic, as SimpleAuction does not expose
        // the amount of tokens bought by the auction after the tokens are settled.
        // So we will live with this for now. Worst case, there will be a mismatch between
        // the trades recorded by the IDO contracts and on our side.
        boughtAmt = buy.balanceOf(address(this));

        if (sellBal > 0) IERC20Upgradeable(address(sell)).safeTransfer(origin, sellBal);
        if (boughtAmt > 0) IERC20Upgradeable(address(buy)).safeTransfer(origin, boughtAmt);
        // Check clearing prices
        if (sellBal < initBal) {
            soldAmt = initBal - sellBal;

            // Gnosis rounds defensively in the buy token; we should not consider it a violation
            uint256 adjustedSoldAmt = Math.max(soldAmt, 1);
            uint256 adjustedBuyAmt = boughtAmt + 1;

            // {buyTok/sellTok}
            uint192 clearingPrice = shiftl_toFix(adjustedBuyAmt, -int8(buy.decimals())).div(
                shiftl_toFix(adjustedSoldAmt, -int8(sell.decimals()))
            );

            if (clearingPrice.lt(worstCasePrice)) {
                broker.reportViolation();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Anyone can transfer any ERC20 back to the origin after the trade has been closed
    /// @dev Escape hatch in case trading partner freezes up, or other unexpected events
    /// @custom:interaction CEI (and respects the state lock)
    function transferToOriginAfterTradeComplete(IERC20 erc20) external {
        require(status == TradeStatus.CLOSED, "only after trade is closed");
        IERC20Upgradeable(address(erc20)).safeTransfer(origin, erc20.balanceOf(address(this)));
    }

    /// @return True if the trade can be settled.
    // Guaranteed to be true some time after init(), until settle() is called
    function canSettle() external view returns (bool) {
        return status == TradeStatus.OPEN && endTime <= block.timestamp;
    }

    // === Private ===

    function isAuctionCleared() private view returns (bool) {
        GnosisAuctionData memory data = gnosis.auctionData(auctionId);
        return data.clearingPriceOrder != bytes32(0);
    }
}

// File: contracts/vendor/ERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Taken from OZ release 4.7.3 at commit a035b235b4f2c9af4ba88edc4447f02e37f8d124
// The only modification that has been made is in the body of the `permit` function at line 83,
/// where we failover to SignatureChecker in order to handle approvals for smart contracts.

pragma solidity 0.8.19;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/cryptography/draft-EIP712Upgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/CountersUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import "../libraries/Permit.sol";
import "../mixins/Versioned.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * Note: We have modified `permit` to support EIP-1271, technically violating EIP-2612.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 *
 * @custom:storage-size 51
 */
abstract contract ERC20PermitUpgradeable is
    Initializable,
    ERC20Upgradeable,
    IERC20PermitUpgradeable,
    EIP712Upgradeable
{
    using CountersUpgradeable for CountersUpgradeable.Counter;

    mapping(address => CountersUpgradeable.Counter) private _nonces;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private constant _PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256(
            "Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)"
        );
    /**
     * @dev In previous versions `_PERMIT_TYPEHASH` was declared as `immutable`.
     * However, to ensure consistency with the upgradeable transpiler, we will continue
     * to reserve a slot.
     * @custom:oz-renamed-from _PERMIT_TYPEHASH
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private _PERMIT_TYPEHASH_DEPRECATED_SLOT;

    // untestable:
    //      `else` branch of `onlyInitializing` (ie. revert) is currently untestable.
    //      This function is only called inside other `init` functions, each of which is wrapped
    //      in an `initializer` modifier, which would fail first.
    /**
     * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to
     *      the system-wide semver release version.
     *
     * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC20 token name.
     */
    function __ERC20Permit_init(string memory name) internal onlyInitializing {
        __EIP712_init_unchained(name, VERSION);
    }

    // untestable:
    //        This is not needed in the way we handle initializations
    function __ERC20Permit_init_unchained(string memory) internal onlyInitializing {}

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-permit}.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) public virtual override {
        require(block.timestamp <= deadline, "ERC20Permit: expired deadline");

        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(
            abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline)
        );

        /// ==== MODIFICATIONS START ====

        PermitLib.requireSignature(owner, _hashTypedDataV4(structHash), v, r, s);

        /// ==== MODIFICATIONS END ====

        _approve(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-nonces}.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[owner].current();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-DOMAIN_SEPARATOR}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view override returns (bytes32) {
        return _domainSeparatorV4();
    }

    /**
     * @dev "Consume a nonce": return the current value and increment.
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256 current) {
        CountersUpgradeable.Counter storage nonce = _nonces[owner];
        current = nonce.current();
        nonce.increment();
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[48] private __gap;
}