/*
    ___            _       ___  _                          
    | .\ ___  _ _ <_> ___ | __><_>._ _  ___ ._ _  ___  ___ 
    |  _// ._>| '_>| ||___|| _> | || ' |<_> || ' |/ | '/ ._>
    |_|  \___.|_|  |_|     |_|  |_||_|_|<___||_|_|\_|_.\___.
    
* PeriFinance: ExchangeRates.sol
*
* Latest source (may be newer): https://github.com/perifinance/peri-finance/blob/master/contracts/ExchangeRates.sol
* Docs: Will be added in the future. 
* https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/ExchangeRates
*
* Contract Dependencies: 
*	- IAddressResolver
*	- IExchangeRates
*	- MixinResolver
*	- MixinSystemSettings
*	- Owned
* Libraries: 
*	- SafeDecimalMath
*	- SafeMath
*
* MIT License
* ===========
*
* Copyright (c) 2021 PeriFinance
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
*/



pragma solidity 0.5.16;

// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/owned
contract Owned {
    address public owner;
    address public nominatedOwner;

    constructor(address _owner) public {
        require(_owner != address(0), "Owner address cannot be 0");
        owner = _owner;
        emit OwnerChanged(address(0), _owner);
    }

    function nominateNewOwner(address _owner) external onlyOwner {
        nominatedOwner = _owner;
        emit OwnerNominated(_owner);
    }

    function acceptOwnership() external {
        require(msg.sender == nominatedOwner, "You must be nominated before you can accept ownership");
        emit OwnerChanged(owner, nominatedOwner);
        owner = nominatedOwner;
        nominatedOwner = address(0);
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        _onlyOwner();
        _;
    }

    function _onlyOwner() private view {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "Only the contract owner may perform this action");
    }

    event OwnerNominated(address newOwner);
    event OwnerChanged(address oldOwner, address newOwner);
}


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/interfaces/iaddressresolver
interface IAddressResolver {
    function getAddress(bytes32 name) external view returns (address);

    function getPynth(bytes32 key) external view returns (address);

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string calldata reason) external view returns (address);
}


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/interfaces/ipynth
interface IPynth {
    // Views
    function currencyKey() external view returns (bytes32);

    function transferablePynths(address account) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function transferAndSettle(address to, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function transferFromAndSettle(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) external returns (bool);

    // Restricted: used internally to PeriFinance
    function burn(address account, uint amount) external;

    function issue(address account, uint amount) external;
}


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/interfaces/iissuer
interface IIssuer {
    // Views
    function anyPynthOrPERIRateIsInvalid() external view returns (bool anyRateInvalid);

    function availableCurrencyKeys() external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    function availablePynthCount() external view returns (uint);

    function availablePynths(uint index) external view returns (IPynth);

    function canBurnPynths(address account) external view returns (bool);

    function collateral(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatio(address issuer) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatioAndAnyRatesInvalid(address _issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (uint cratio, bool anyRateIsInvalid);

    function debtBalanceOf(address issuer, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint debtBalance);

    function issuanceRatio() external view returns (uint);

    function externalTokenLimit() external view returns (uint);

    function lastIssueEvent(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function maxIssuablePynths(address issuer) external view returns (uint maxIssuable);

    function externalTokenQuota(
        address _account,
        uint _addtionalpUSD,
        uint _addtionalExToken,
        bool _isIssue
    ) external view returns (uint);

    function maxExternalTokenStakeAmount(address _account, bytes32 _currencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (uint issueAmountToQuota, uint stakeAmountToQuota);

    function minimumStakeTime() external view returns (uint);

    function remainingIssuablePynths(address issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt
        );

    function pynths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (IPynth);

    function getPynths(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (IPynth[] memory);

    function pynthsByAddress(address pynthAddress) external view returns (bytes32);

    function totalIssuedPynths(bytes32 currencyKey, bool excludeEtherCollateral) external view returns (uint);

    function transferablePeriFinanceAndAnyRateIsInvalid(address account, uint balance)
        external
        view
        returns (uint transferable, bool anyRateIsInvalid);

    // Restricted: used internally to PeriFinance
    function issuePynths(
        address _issuer,
        bytes32 _currencyKey,
        uint _issueAmount
    ) external;

    function issueMaxPynths(address _issuer) external;

    function issuePynthsToMaxQuota(address _issuer, bytes32 _currencyKey) external;

    function burnPynths(
        address _from,
        bytes32 _currencyKey,
        uint _burnAmount
    ) external;

    function fitToClaimable(address _from) external;

    function exit(address _from) external;

    function liquidateDelinquentAccount(
        address account,
        uint pusdAmount,
        address liquidator
    ) external returns (uint totalRedeemed, uint amountToLiquidate);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/addressresolver
contract AddressResolver is Owned, IAddressResolver {
    mapping(bytes32 => address) public repository;

    constructor(address _owner) public Owned(_owner) {}

    /* ========== RESTRICTED FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function importAddresses(bytes32[] calldata names, address[] calldata destinations) external onlyOwner {
        require(names.length == destinations.length, "Input lengths must match");

        for (uint i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = names[i];
            address destination = destinations[i];
            repository[name] = destination;
            emit AddressImported(name, destination);
        }
    }

    /* ========= PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function rebuildCaches(MixinResolver[] calldata destinations) external {
        for (uint i = 0; i < destinations.length; i++) {
            destinations[i].rebuildCache();
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function areAddressesImported(bytes32[] calldata names, address[] calldata destinations) external view returns (bool) {
        for (uint i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            if (repository[names[i]] != destinations[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    function getAddress(bytes32 name) external view returns (address) {
        return repository[name];
    }

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string calldata reason) external view returns (address) {
        address _foundAddress = repository[name];
        require(_foundAddress != address(0), reason);
        return _foundAddress;
    }

    function getPynth(bytes32 key) external view returns (address) {
        IIssuer issuer = IIssuer(repository["Issuer"]);
        require(address(issuer) != address(0), "Cannot find Issuer address");
        return address(issuer.pynths(key));
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event AddressImported(bytes32 name, address destination);
}


// solhint-disable payable-fallback

// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/readproxy
contract ReadProxy is Owned {
    address public target;

    constructor(address _owner) public Owned(_owner) {}

    function setTarget(address _target) external onlyOwner {
        target = _target;
        emit TargetUpdated(target);
    }

    function() external {
        // The basics of a proxy read call
        // Note that msg.sender in the underlying will always be the address of this contract.
        assembly {
            calldatacopy(0, 0, calldatasize)

            // Use of staticcall - this will revert if the underlying function mutates state
            let result := staticcall(gas, sload(target_slot), 0, calldatasize, 0, 0)
            returndatacopy(0, 0, returndatasize)

            if iszero(result) {
                revert(0, returndatasize)
            }
            return(0, returndatasize)
        }
    }

    event TargetUpdated(address newTarget);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/mixinresolver
contract MixinResolver {
    AddressResolver public resolver;

    mapping(bytes32 => address) private addressCache;

    constructor(address _resolver) internal {
        resolver = AddressResolver(_resolver);
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function combineArrays(bytes32[] memory first, bytes32[] memory second)
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes32[] memory combination)
    {
        combination = new bytes32[](first.length + second.length);

        for (uint i = 0; i < first.length; i++) {
            combination[i] = first[i];
        }

        for (uint j = 0; j < second.length; j++) {
            combination[first.length + j] = second[j];
        }
    }

    /* ========== PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ========== */

    // Note: this function is public not external in order for it to be overridden and invoked via super in subclasses
    function resolverAddressesRequired() public view returns (bytes32[] memory addresses) {}

    function rebuildCache() public {
        bytes32[] memory requiredAddresses = resolverAddressesRequired();
        // The resolver must call this function whenver it updates its state
        for (uint i = 0; i < requiredAddresses.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = requiredAddresses[i];
            // Note: can only be invoked once the resolver has all the targets needed added
            address destination =
                resolver.requireAndGetAddress(name, string(abi.encodePacked("Resolver missing target: ", name)));
            addressCache[name] = destination;
            emit CacheUpdated(name, destination);
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function isResolverCached() external view returns (bool) {
        bytes32[] memory requiredAddresses = resolverAddressesRequired();
        for (uint i = 0; i < requiredAddresses.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = requiredAddresses[i];
            // false if our cache is invalid or if the resolver doesn't have the required address
            if (resolver.getAddress(name) != addressCache[name] || addressCache[name] == address(0)) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name) internal view returns (address) {
        address _foundAddress = addressCache[name];
        require(_foundAddress != address(0), string(abi.encodePacked("Missing address: ", name)));
        return _foundAddress;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event CacheUpdated(bytes32 name, address destination);
}


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/interfaces/iflexiblestorage
interface IFlexibleStorage {
    // Views
    function getUIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (uint);

    function getUIntValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (uint[] memory);

    function getIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (int);

    function getIntValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (int[] memory);

    function getAddressValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (address);

    function getAddressValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (address[] memory);

    function getBoolValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (bool);

    function getBoolValues(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (bool[] memory);

    function getBytes32Value(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external view returns (bytes32);

    function getBytes32Values(bytes32 contractName, bytes32[] calldata records) external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    // Mutative functions
    function deleteUIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteIntValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteAddressValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteBoolValue(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function deleteBytes32Value(bytes32 contractName, bytes32 record) external;

    function setUIntValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        uint value
    ) external;

    function setUIntValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        uint[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setIntValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        int value
    ) external;

    function setIntValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        int[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setAddressValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        address value
    ) external;

    function setAddressValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        address[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setBoolValue(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        bool value
    ) external;

    function setBoolValues(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        bool[] calldata values
    ) external;

    function setBytes32Value(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32 record,
        bytes32 value
    ) external;

    function setBytes32Values(
        bytes32 contractName,
        bytes32[] calldata records,
        bytes32[] calldata values
    ) external;
}


// Internal references


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/mixinsystemsettings
contract MixinSystemSettings is MixinResolver {
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME = "SystemSettings";

    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_WAITING_PERIOD_SECS = "waitingPeriodSecs";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_PRICE_DEVIATION_THRESHOLD_FACTOR = "priceDeviationThresholdFactor";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_ISSUANCE_RATIO = "issuanceRatio";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_FEE_PERIOD_DURATION = "feePeriodDuration";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_TARGET_THRESHOLD = "targetThreshold";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_DELAY = "liquidationDelay";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_RATIO = "liquidationRatio";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY = "liquidationPenalty";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_RATE_STALE_PERIOD = "rateStalePeriod";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXCHANGE_FEE_RATE = "exchangeFeeRate";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_MINIMUM_STAKE_TIME = "minimumStakeTime";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_AGGREGATOR_WARNING_FLAGS = "aggregatorWarningFlags";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_TRADING_REWARDS_ENABLED = "tradingRewardsEnabled";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_DEBT_SNAPSHOT_STALE_TIME = "debtSnapshotStaleTime";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_DEPOSIT_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainDepositGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_ESCROW_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainEscrowGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_REWARD_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainRewardGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_WITHDRAWAL_GAS_LIMIT = "crossDomainWithdrawalGasLimit";
    bytes32 internal constant SETTING_EXTERNAL_TOKEN_QUOTA = "externalTokenQuota";

    bytes32 internal constant CONTRACT_FLEXIBLESTORAGE = "FlexibleStorage";

    enum CrossDomainMessageGasLimits {Deposit, Escrow, Reward, Withdrawal}

    constructor(address _resolver) internal MixinResolver(_resolver) {}

    function resolverAddressesRequired() public view returns (bytes32[] memory addresses) {
        addresses = new bytes32[](1);
        addresses[0] = CONTRACT_FLEXIBLESTORAGE;
    }

    function flexibleStorage() internal view returns (IFlexibleStorage) {
        return IFlexibleStorage(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_FLEXIBLESTORAGE));
    }

    function _getGasLimitSetting(CrossDomainMessageGasLimits gasLimitType) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Deposit) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_DEPOSIT_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Escrow) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_ESCROW_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Reward) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_REWARD_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else if (gasLimitType == CrossDomainMessageGasLimits.Withdrawal) {
            return SETTING_CROSS_DOMAIN_WITHDRAWAL_GAS_LIMIT;
        } else {
            revert("Unknown gas limit type");
        }
    }

    function getCrossDomainMessageGasLimit(CrossDomainMessageGasLimits gasLimitType) internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, _getGasLimitSetting(gasLimitType));
    }

    function getTradingRewardsEnabled() internal view returns (bool) {
        return flexibleStorage().getBoolValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_TRADING_REWARDS_ENABLED);
    }

    function getWaitingPeriodSecs() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_WAITING_PERIOD_SECS);
    }

    function getPriceDeviationThresholdFactor() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_PRICE_DEVIATION_THRESHOLD_FACTOR);
    }

    function getIssuanceRatio() internal view returns (uint) {
        // lookup on flexible storage directly for gas savings (rather than via SystemSettings)
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_ISSUANCE_RATIO);
    }

    function getFeePeriodDuration() internal view returns (uint) {
        // lookup on flexible storage directly for gas savings (rather than via SystemSettings)
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_FEE_PERIOD_DURATION);
    }

    function getTargetThreshold() internal view returns (uint) {
        // lookup on flexible storage directly for gas savings (rather than via SystemSettings)
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_TARGET_THRESHOLD);
    }

    function getLiquidationDelay() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_DELAY);
    }

    function getLiquidationRatio() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_RATIO);
    }

    function getLiquidationPenalty() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_LIQUIDATION_PENALTY);
    }

    function getRateStalePeriod() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_RATE_STALE_PERIOD);
    }

    function getExchangeFeeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        return
            flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(
                SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME,
                keccak256(abi.encodePacked(SETTING_EXCHANGE_FEE_RATE, currencyKey))
            );
    }

    function getMinimumStakeTime() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_MINIMUM_STAKE_TIME);
    }

    function getAggregatorWarningFlags() internal view returns (address) {
        return flexibleStorage().getAddressValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_AGGREGATOR_WARNING_FLAGS);
    }

    function getDebtSnapshotStaleTime() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_DEBT_SNAPSHOT_STALE_TIME);
    }

    function getExternalTokenQuota() internal view returns (uint) {
        return flexibleStorage().getUIntValue(SETTING_CONTRACT_NAME, SETTING_EXTERNAL_TOKEN_QUOTA);
    }
}


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/interfaces/iexchangerates
interface IExchangeRates {
    // Structs
    struct RateAndUpdatedTime {
        uint216 rate;
        uint40 time;
    }

    struct InversePricing {
        uint entryPoint;
        uint upperLimit;
        uint lowerLimit;
        bool frozenAtUpperLimit;
        bool frozenAtLowerLimit;
    }

    // Views
    function aggregators(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (address);

    function aggregatorWarningFlags() external view returns (address);

    function anyRateIsInvalid(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (bool);

    function canFreezeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function currentRoundForRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function currenciesUsingAggregator(address aggregator) external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    function effectiveValue(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external view returns (uint value);

    function effectiveValueAndRates(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint value,
            uint sourceRate,
            uint destinationRate
        );

    function effectiveValueAtRound(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        uint roundIdForSrc,
        uint roundIdForDest
    ) external view returns (uint value);

    function getCurrentRoundId(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function getLastRoundIdBeforeElapsedSecs(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint startingRoundId,
        uint startingTimestamp,
        uint timediff
    ) external view returns (uint);

    function inversePricing(bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint entryPoint,
            uint upperLimit,
            uint lowerLimit,
            bool frozenAtUpperLimit,
            bool frozenAtLowerLimit
        );

    function lastRateUpdateTimes(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint256);

    function oracle() external view returns (address);

    function rateAndTimestampAtRound(bytes32 currencyKey, uint roundId) external view returns (uint rate, uint time);

    function rateAndUpdatedTime(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint rate, uint time);

    function rateAndInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint rate, bool isInvalid);

    function rateForCurrency(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function rateIsFlagged(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateIsFrozen(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateIsInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateIsStale(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function rateStalePeriod() external view returns (uint);

    function ratesAndUpdatedTimeForCurrencyLastNRounds(bytes32 currencyKey, uint numRounds)
        external
        view
        returns (uint[] memory rates, uint[] memory times);

    function ratesAndInvalidForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys)
        external
        view
        returns (uint[] memory rates, bool anyRateInvalid);

    function ratesForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (uint[] memory);

    // Mutative functions
    function freezeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external;
}


/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's arithmetic operations with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result
 * in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an
 * error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages.
 * `SafeMath` restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an
 * operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Addition cannot overflow.
     */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
     */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0, "SafeMath: division by zero");
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
        return a % b;
    }
}


// Libraries


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/libraries/safedecimalmath
library SafeDecimalMath {
    using SafeMath for uint;

    /* Number of decimal places in the representations. */
    uint8 public constant decimals = 18;
    uint8 public constant highPrecisionDecimals = 27;

    /* The number representing 1.0. */
    uint public constant UNIT = 10**uint(decimals);

    /* The number representing 1.0 for higher fidelity numbers. */
    uint public constant PRECISE_UNIT = 10**uint(highPrecisionDecimals);
    uint private constant UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR = 10**uint(highPrecisionDecimals - decimals);

    /**
     * @return Provides an interface to UNIT.
     */
    function unit() external pure returns (uint) {
        return UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return Provides an interface to PRECISE_UNIT.
     */
    function preciseUnit() external pure returns (uint) {
        return PRECISE_UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands as fixed-point
     * decimals.
     *
     * @dev A unit factor is divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated,
     * so that product must be less than 2**256. As this is an integer division,
     * the internal division always rounds down. This helps save on gas. Rounding
     * is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function multiplyDecimal(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        return x.mul(y) / UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of the specified precision unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the form of a the specified unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function _multiplyDecimalRound(
        uint x,
        uint y,
        uint precisionUnit
    ) private pure returns (uint) {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        uint quotientTimesTen = x.mul(y) / (precisionUnit / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a precise unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the precise unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a standard unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the standard unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRound(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is a high
     * precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and UNIT must be less than 2**256. As
     * this is an integer division, the result is always rounded down.
     * This helps save on gas. Rounding is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function divideDecimal(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        /* Reintroduce the UNIT factor that will be divided out by y. */
        return x.mul(UNIT).div(y);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * decimal in the precision unit specified in the parameter.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the specified precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the specified precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function _divideDecimalRound(
        uint x,
        uint y,
        uint precisionUnit
    ) private pure returns (uint) {
        uint resultTimesTen = x.mul(precisionUnit * 10).div(y);

        if (resultTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            resultTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return resultTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * standard precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the standard precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRound(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * high precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the high precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the high precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a standard decimal representation to a high precision one.
     */
    function decimalToPreciseDecimal(uint i) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return i.mul(UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a high precision decimal to a standard decimal representation.
     */
    function preciseDecimalToDecimal(uint i) internal pure returns (uint) {
        uint quotientTimesTen = i / (UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Round down the value with given number
     */
    function roundDownDecimal(uint x, uint d) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return x.div(10**d).mul(10**d);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Round up the value with given number
     */
    function roundUpDecimal(uint x, uint d) internal pure returns (uint) {
        uint _decimal = 10**d;

        if (x % _decimal > 0) {
            x = x.add(10**d);
        }

        return x.div(_decimal).mul(_decimal);
    }
}


interface AggregatorInterface {
  function latestAnswer() external view returns (int256);
  function latestTimestamp() external view returns (uint256);
  function latestRound() external view returns (uint256);
  function getAnswer(uint256 roundId) external view returns (int256);
  function getTimestamp(uint256 roundId) external view returns (uint256);

  event AnswerUpdated(int256 indexed current, uint256 indexed roundId, uint256 timestamp);
  event NewRound(uint256 indexed roundId, address indexed startedBy, uint256 startedAt);
}


interface AggregatorV3Interface {

  function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
  function description() external view returns (string memory);
  function version() external view returns (uint256);

  // getRoundData and latestRoundData should both raise "No data present"
  // if they do not have data to report, instead of returning unset values
  // which could be misinterpreted as actual reported values.
  function getRoundData(uint80 _roundId)
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );
  function latestRoundData()
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );

}


/**
 * @title The V2 & V3 Aggregator Interface
 * @notice Solidity V0.5 does not allow interfaces to inherit from other
 * interfaces so this contract is a combination of v0.5 AggregatorInterface.sol
 * and v0.5 AggregatorV3Interface.sol.
 */
interface AggregatorV2V3Interface {
  //
  // V2 Interface:
  //
  function latestAnswer() external view returns (int256);
  function latestTimestamp() external view returns (uint256);
  function latestRound() external view returns (uint256);
  function getAnswer(uint256 roundId) external view returns (int256);
  function getTimestamp(uint256 roundId) external view returns (uint256);

  event AnswerUpdated(int256 indexed current, uint256 indexed roundId, uint256 timestamp);
  event NewRound(uint256 indexed roundId, address indexed startedBy, uint256 startedAt);

  //
  // V3 Interface:
  //
  function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
  function description() external view returns (string memory);
  function version() external view returns (uint256);

  // getRoundData and latestRoundData should both raise "No data present"
  // if they do not have data to report, instead of returning unset values
  // which could be misinterpreted as actual reported values.
  function getRoundData(uint80 _roundId)
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );
  function latestRoundData()
    external
    view
    returns (
      uint80 roundId,
      int256 answer,
      uint256 startedAt,
      uint256 updatedAt,
      uint80 answeredInRound
    );

}


interface FlagsInterface {
  function getFlag(address) external view returns (bool);
  function getFlags(address[] calldata) external view returns (bool[] memory);
  function raiseFlag(address) external;
  function raiseFlags(address[] calldata) external;
  function lowerFlags(address[] calldata) external;
  function setRaisingAccessController(address) external;
}


interface IVirtualPynth {
    // Views
    function balanceOfUnderlying(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function rate() external view returns (uint);

    function readyToSettle() external view returns (bool);

    function secsLeftInWaitingPeriod() external view returns (uint);

    function settled() external view returns (bool);

    function pynth() external view returns (IPynth);

    // Mutative functions
    function settle(address account) external;
}


// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/interfaces/iexchanger
interface IExchanger {
    // Views
    function calculateAmountAfterSettlement(
        address from,
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint amount,
        uint refunded
    ) external view returns (uint amountAfterSettlement);

    function isPynthRateInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function maxSecsLeftInWaitingPeriod(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function settlementOwing(address account, bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint reclaimAmount,
            uint rebateAmount,
            uint numEntries
        );

    function hasWaitingPeriodOrSettlementOwing(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function feeRateForExchange(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (uint exchangeFeeRate);

    function getAmountsForExchange(
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint amountReceived,
            uint fee,
            uint exchangeFeeRate
        );

    function priceDeviationThresholdFactor() external view returns (uint);

    function waitingPeriodSecs() external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function exchange(
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function exchangeOnBehalf(
        address exchangeForAddress,
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function exchangeWithTracking(
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress,
        address originator,
        bytes32 trackingCode
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function exchangeOnBehalfWithTracking(
        address exchangeForAddress,
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address originator,
        bytes32 trackingCode
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function exchangeWithVirtual(
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress,
        bytes32 trackingCode
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived, IVirtualPynth vPynth);

    function settle(address from, bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        returns (
            uint reclaimed,
            uint refunded,
            uint numEntries
        );

    function setLastExchangeRateForPynth(bytes32 currencyKey, uint rate) external;

    function suspendPynthWithInvalidRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external;
}


// Inheritance


// Libraries


// Internal references
// AggregatorInterface from Chainlink represents a decentralized pricing network for a single currency key

// FlagsInterface from Chainlink addresses SIP-76


interface IExternalRateAggregator {
    function getRateAndUpdatedTime(bytes32 _currencyKey) external view returns (uint, uint);
}

// https://docs.peri.finance/contracts/source/contracts/exchangerates
contract ExchangeRates is Owned, MixinSystemSettings, IExchangeRates {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    // Exchange rates and update times stored by currency code, e.g. 'PERI', or 'pUSD'
    mapping(bytes32 => mapping(uint => RateAndUpdatedTime)) private _rates;

    // The address of the oracle which pushes rate updates to this contract
    address public oracle;

    address public externalRateAggregator;

    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public currencyByExternal;

    // Decentralized oracle networks that feed into pricing aggregators
    mapping(bytes32 => AggregatorV2V3Interface) public aggregators;

    mapping(bytes32 => uint8) public currencyKeyDecimals;

    // List of aggregator keys for convenient iteration
    bytes32[] public aggregatorKeys;

    // Do not allow the oracle to submit times any further forward into the future than this constant.
    uint private constant ORACLE_FUTURE_LIMIT = 10 minutes;

    mapping(bytes32 => InversePricing) public inversePricing;

    bytes32[] public invertedKeys;

    mapping(bytes32 => uint) public currentRoundForRate;

    mapping(bytes32 => uint) public roundFrozen;

    /* ========== ADDRESS RESOLVER CONFIGURATION ========== */
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_EXCHANGER = "Exchanger";

    //
    // ========== CONSTRUCTOR ==========

    constructor(
        address _owner,
        address _oracle,
        address _resolver,
        bytes32[] memory _currencyKeys,
        uint[] memory _newRates
    ) public Owned(_owner) MixinSystemSettings(_resolver) {
        require(_currencyKeys.length == _newRates.length, "Currency key length and rate length must match.");

        oracle = _oracle;

        // The pUSD rate is always 1 and is never stale.
        _setRate("pUSD", SafeDecimalMath.unit(), now);

        internalUpdateRates(_currencyKeys, _newRates, now);
    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    function setOracle(address _oracle) external onlyOwner {
        oracle = _oracle;
        emit OracleUpdated(oracle);
    }

    function setExternalRateAggregator(address _aggregator) external onlyOwner {
        externalRateAggregator = _aggregator;
    }

    function setCurrencyToExternalAggregator(bytes32 _currencyKey, bool _set) external onlyOwner {
        currencyByExternal[_currencyKey] = _set;
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function updateRates(
        bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys,
        uint[] calldata newRates,
        uint timeSent
    ) external onlyOracle returns (bool) {
        return internalUpdateRates(currencyKeys, newRates, timeSent);
    }

    function deleteRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external onlyOracle {
        require(_getRate(currencyKey) > 0, "Rate is zero");

        delete _rates[currencyKey][currentRoundForRate[currencyKey]];

        currentRoundForRate[currencyKey]--;

        emit RateDeleted(currencyKey);
    }

    function setInversePricing(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint entryPoint,
        uint upperLimit,
        uint lowerLimit,
        bool freezeAtUpperLimit,
        bool freezeAtLowerLimit
    ) external onlyOwner {
        // 0 < lowerLimit < entryPoint => 0 < entryPoint
        require(lowerLimit > 0, "lowerLimit must be above 0");
        require(upperLimit > entryPoint, "upperLimit must be above the entryPoint");
        require(upperLimit < entryPoint.mul(2), "upperLimit must be less than double entryPoint");
        require(lowerLimit < entryPoint, "lowerLimit must be below the entryPoint");

        require(!(freezeAtUpperLimit && freezeAtLowerLimit), "Cannot freeze at both limits");

        InversePricing storage inverse = inversePricing[currencyKey];
        if (inverse.entryPoint == 0) {
            // then we are adding a new inverse pricing, so add this
            invertedKeys.push(currencyKey);
        }
        inverse.entryPoint = entryPoint;
        inverse.upperLimit = upperLimit;
        inverse.lowerLimit = lowerLimit;

        if (freezeAtUpperLimit || freezeAtLowerLimit) {
            // When indicating to freeze, we need to know the rate to freeze it at - either upper or lower
            // this is useful in situations where ExchangeRates is updated and there are existing inverted
            // rates already frozen in the current contract that need persisting across the upgrade

            inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit = freezeAtUpperLimit;
            inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit = freezeAtLowerLimit;
            uint roundId = _getCurrentRoundId(currencyKey);
            roundFrozen[currencyKey] = roundId;
            emit InversePriceFrozen(currencyKey, freezeAtUpperLimit ? upperLimit : lowerLimit, roundId, msg.sender);
        } else {
            // unfreeze if need be
            inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit = false;
            inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit = false;
            // remove any tracking
            roundFrozen[currencyKey] = 0;
        }

        // SIP-78
        uint rate = _getRate(currencyKey);
        if (rate > 0) {
            exchanger().setLastExchangeRateForPynth(currencyKey, rate);
        }

        emit InversePriceConfigured(currencyKey, entryPoint, upperLimit, lowerLimit);
    }

    function removeInversePricing(bytes32 currencyKey) external onlyOwner {
        require(inversePricing[currencyKey].entryPoint > 0, "No inverted price exists");

        delete inversePricing[currencyKey];

        // now remove inverted key from array
        bool wasRemoved = removeFromArray(currencyKey, invertedKeys);

        if (wasRemoved) {
            emit InversePriceConfigured(currencyKey, 0, 0, 0);
        }
    }

    function addAggregator(bytes32 currencyKey, address aggregatorAddress) external onlyOwner {
        AggregatorV2V3Interface aggregator = AggregatorV2V3Interface(aggregatorAddress);
        // This check tries to make sure that a valid aggregator is being added.
        // It checks if the aggregator is an existing smart contract that has implemented `latestTimestamp` function.

        require(aggregator.latestRound() >= 0, "Given Aggregator is invalid");
        uint8 decimals = aggregator.decimals();
        require(decimals <= 18, "Aggregator decimals should be lower or equal to 18");
        if (address(aggregators[currencyKey]) == address(0)) {
            aggregatorKeys.push(currencyKey);
        }
        aggregators[currencyKey] = aggregator;
        currencyKeyDecimals[currencyKey] = decimals;
        emit AggregatorAdded(currencyKey, address(aggregator));
    }

    function removeAggregator(bytes32 currencyKey) external onlyOwner {
        address aggregator = address(aggregators[currencyKey]);
        require(aggregator != address(0), "No aggregator exists for key");
        delete aggregators[currencyKey];
        delete currencyKeyDecimals[currencyKey];

        bool wasRemoved = removeFromArray(currencyKey, aggregatorKeys);

        if (wasRemoved) {
            emit AggregatorRemoved(currencyKey, aggregator);
        }
    }

    // SIP-75 Public keeper function to freeze a pynth that is out of bounds
    function freezeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external {
        InversePricing storage inverse = inversePricing[currencyKey];
        require(inverse.entryPoint > 0, "Cannot freeze non-inverse rate");
        require(!inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit && !inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit, "The rate is already frozen");

        uint rate = _getRate(currencyKey);

        if (rate > 0 && (rate >= inverse.upperLimit || rate <= inverse.lowerLimit)) {
            inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit = (rate == inverse.upperLimit);
            inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit = (rate == inverse.lowerLimit);
            uint currentRoundId = _getCurrentRoundId(currencyKey);
            roundFrozen[currencyKey] = currentRoundId;
            emit InversePriceFrozen(currencyKey, rate, currentRoundId, msg.sender);
        } else {
            revert("Rate within bounds");
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function resolverAddressesRequired() public view returns (bytes32[] memory addresses) {
        bytes32[] memory existingAddresses = MixinSystemSettings.resolverAddressesRequired();
        bytes32[] memory newAddresses = new bytes32[](1);
        newAddresses[0] = CONTRACT_EXCHANGER;
        addresses = combineArrays(existingAddresses, newAddresses);
    }

    // SIP-75 View to determine if freezeRate can be called safely
    function canFreezeRate(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool) {
        InversePricing memory inverse = inversePricing[currencyKey];
        if (inverse.entryPoint == 0 || inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit || inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit) {
            return false;
        } else {
            uint rate = _getRate(currencyKey);
            return (rate > 0 && (rate >= inverse.upperLimit || rate <= inverse.lowerLimit));
        }
    }

    function currenciesUsingAggregator(address aggregator) external view returns (bytes32[] memory currencies) {
        uint count = 0;
        currencies = new bytes32[](aggregatorKeys.length);
        for (uint i = 0; i < aggregatorKeys.length; i++) {
            bytes32 currencyKey = aggregatorKeys[i];
            if (address(aggregators[currencyKey]) == aggregator) {
                currencies[count++] = currencyKey;
            }
        }
    }

    function rateStalePeriod() external view returns (uint) {
        return getRateStalePeriod();
    }

    function aggregatorWarningFlags() external view returns (address) {
        return getAggregatorWarningFlags();
    }

    function rateAndUpdatedTime(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint rate, uint time) {
        RateAndUpdatedTime memory rateAndTime = _getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKey);
        return (rateAndTime.rate, rateAndTime.time);
    }

    function getLastRoundIdBeforeElapsedSecs(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint startingRoundId,
        uint startingTimestamp,
        uint timediff
    ) external view returns (uint) {
        uint roundId = startingRoundId;
        uint nextTimestamp = 0;
        while (true) {
            (, nextTimestamp) = _getRateAndTimestampAtRound(currencyKey, roundId + 1);
            // if there's no new round, then the previous roundId was the latest
            if (nextTimestamp == 0 || nextTimestamp > startingTimestamp + timediff) {
                return roundId;
            }
            roundId++;
        }
        return roundId;
    }

    function getCurrentRoundId(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint) {
        return _getCurrentRoundId(currencyKey);
    }

    function effectiveValueAtRound(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        uint roundIdForSrc,
        uint roundIdForDest
    ) external view returns (uint value) {
        // If there's no change in the currency, then just return the amount they gave us
        if (sourceCurrencyKey == destinationCurrencyKey) return sourceAmount;

        (uint srcRate, ) = _getRateAndTimestampAtRound(sourceCurrencyKey, roundIdForSrc);
        (uint destRate, ) = _getRateAndTimestampAtRound(destinationCurrencyKey, roundIdForDest);
        if (destRate == 0) {
            // prevent divide-by 0 error (this can happen when roundIDs jump epochs due
            // to aggregator upgrades)
            return 0;
        }
        // Calculate the effective value by going from source -> USD -> destination
        value = sourceAmount.multiplyDecimalRound(srcRate).divideDecimalRound(destRate);
    }

    function rateAndTimestampAtRound(bytes32 currencyKey, uint roundId) external view returns (uint rate, uint time) {
        return _getRateAndTimestampAtRound(currencyKey, roundId);
    }

    function lastRateUpdateTimes(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _getUpdatedTime(currencyKey);
    }

    function lastRateUpdateTimesForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (uint[] memory) {
        uint[] memory lastUpdateTimes = new uint[](currencyKeys.length);

        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            lastUpdateTimes[i] = _getUpdatedTime(currencyKeys[i]);
        }

        return lastUpdateTimes;
    }

    function effectiveValue(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external view returns (uint value) {
        (value, , ) = _effectiveValueAndRates(sourceCurrencyKey, sourceAmount, destinationCurrencyKey);
    }

    function effectiveValueAndRates(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint value,
            uint sourceRate,
            uint destinationRate
        )
    {
        return _effectiveValueAndRates(sourceCurrencyKey, sourceAmount, destinationCurrencyKey);
    }

    function rateForCurrency(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint) {
        return _getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKey).rate;
    }

    function ratesAndUpdatedTimeForCurrencyLastNRounds(bytes32 currencyKey, uint numRounds)
        external
        view
        returns (uint[] memory rates, uint[] memory times)
    {
        rates = new uint[](numRounds);
        times = new uint[](numRounds);

        uint roundId = _getCurrentRoundId(currencyKey);
        for (uint i = 0; i < numRounds; i++) {
            // fetch the rate and treat is as current, so inverse limits if frozen will always be applied
            // regardless of current rate
            (rates[i], times[i]) = _getRateAndTimestampAtRound(currencyKey, roundId);

            if (roundId == 0) {
                // if we hit the last round, then return what we have
                return (rates, times);
            } else {
                roundId--;
            }
        }
    }

    function ratesForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (uint[] memory) {
        uint[] memory _localRates = new uint[](currencyKeys.length);

        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            _localRates[i] = _getRate(currencyKeys[i]);
        }

        return _localRates;
    }

    function rateAndInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint rate, bool isInvalid) {
        RateAndUpdatedTime memory rateAndTime = _getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKey);

        if (currencyKey == "pUSD") {
            return (rateAndTime.rate, false);
        }
        return (
            rateAndTime.rate,
            _rateIsStaleWithTime(getRateStalePeriod(), rateAndTime.time) ||
                _rateIsFlagged(currencyKey, FlagsInterface(getAggregatorWarningFlags()))
        );
    }

    function ratesAndInvalidForCurrencies(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys)
        external
        view
        returns (uint[] memory rates, bool anyRateInvalid)
    {
        rates = new uint[](currencyKeys.length);

        uint256 _rateStalePeriod = getRateStalePeriod();

        // fetch all flags at once
        bool[] memory flagList = getFlagsForRates(currencyKeys);

        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            // do one lookup of the rate & time to minimize gas
            RateAndUpdatedTime memory rateEntry = _getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKeys[i]);
            rates[i] = rateEntry.rate;
            if (!anyRateInvalid && currencyKeys[i] != "pUSD") {
                anyRateInvalid = flagList[i] || _rateIsStaleWithTime(_rateStalePeriod, rateEntry.time);
            }
        }
    }

    function rateIsStale(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool) {
        return _rateIsStale(currencyKey, getRateStalePeriod());
    }

    function rateIsFrozen(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool) {
        return _rateIsFrozen(currencyKey);
    }

    function rateIsInvalid(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool) {
        return
            _rateIsStale(currencyKey, getRateStalePeriod()) ||
            _rateIsFlagged(currencyKey, FlagsInterface(getAggregatorWarningFlags()));
    }

    function rateIsFlagged(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool) {
        return _rateIsFlagged(currencyKey, FlagsInterface(getAggregatorWarningFlags()));
    }

    function anyRateIsInvalid(bytes32[] calldata currencyKeys) external view returns (bool) {
        // Loop through each key and check whether the data point is stale.

        uint256 _rateStalePeriod = getRateStalePeriod();
        bool[] memory flagList = getFlagsForRates(currencyKeys);

        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            if (flagList[i] || _rateIsStale(currencyKeys[i], _rateStalePeriod)) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function exchanger() internal view returns (IExchanger) {
        return IExchanger(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXCHANGER));
    }

    function getFlagsForRates(bytes32[] memory currencyKeys) internal view returns (bool[] memory flagList) {
        FlagsInterface _flags = FlagsInterface(getAggregatorWarningFlags());

        // fetch all flags at once
        if (_flags != FlagsInterface(0)) {
            address[] memory _aggregators = new address[](currencyKeys.length);

            for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
                _aggregators[i] = address(aggregators[currencyKeys[i]]);
            }

            flagList = _flags.getFlags(_aggregators);
        } else {
            flagList = new bool[](currencyKeys.length);
        }
    }

    function _setRate(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint256 rate,
        uint256 time
    ) internal {
        // Note: this will effectively start the rounds at 1, which matches Chainlink's Agggregators
        currentRoundForRate[currencyKey]++;

        _rates[currencyKey][currentRoundForRate[currencyKey]] = RateAndUpdatedTime({
            rate: uint216(rate),
            time: uint40(time)
        });
    }

    function internalUpdateRates(
        bytes32[] memory currencyKeys,
        uint[] memory newRates,
        uint timeSent
    ) internal returns (bool) {
        require(currencyKeys.length == newRates.length, "Currency key array length must match rates array length.");
        require(timeSent < (now + ORACLE_FUTURE_LIMIT), "Time is too far into the future");

        // Loop through each key and perform update.
        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            bytes32 currencyKey = currencyKeys[i];

            // Should not set any rate to zero ever, as no asset will ever be
            // truely worthless and still valid. In this scenario, we should
            // delete the rate and remove it from the system.
            require(newRates[i] != 0, "Zero is not a valid rate, please call deleteRate instead.");
            require(currencyKey != "pUSD", "Rate of pUSD cannot be updated, it's always UNIT.");

            // We should only update the rate if it's at least the same age as the last rate we've got.
            if (timeSent < _getUpdatedTime(currencyKey)) {
                continue;
            }

            // Ok, go ahead with the update.
            _setRate(currencyKey, newRates[i], timeSent);
        }

        emit RatesUpdated(currencyKeys, newRates);

        return true;
    }

    function removeFromArray(bytes32 entry, bytes32[] storage array) internal returns (bool) {
        for (uint i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] == entry) {
                delete array[i];

                // Copy the last key into the place of the one we just deleted
                // If there's only one key, this is array[0] = array[0].
                // If we're deleting the last one, it's also a NOOP in the same way.
                array[i] = array[array.length - 1];

                // Decrease the size of the array by one.
                array.length--;

                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    function _rateOrInverted(
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint rate,
        uint roundId
    ) internal view returns (uint newRate) {
        // if an inverse mapping exists, adjust the price accordingly
        InversePricing memory inverse = inversePricing[currencyKey];
        if (inverse.entryPoint == 0 || rate == 0) {
            // when no inverse is set or when given a 0 rate, return the rate, regardless of the inverse status
            // (the latter is so when a new inverse is set but the underlying has no rate, it will return 0 as
            // the rate, not the lowerLimit)
            return rate;
        }

        newRate = rate;

        // Determine when round was frozen (if any)
        uint roundWhenRateFrozen = roundFrozen[currencyKey];
        // And if we're looking at a rate after frozen, and it's currently frozen, then apply the bounds limit even
        // if the current price is back within bounds
        if (roundId >= roundWhenRateFrozen && inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit) {
            newRate = inverse.upperLimit;
        } else if (roundId >= roundWhenRateFrozen && inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit) {
            newRate = inverse.lowerLimit;
        } else {
            // this ensures any rate outside the limit will never be returned
            uint doubleEntryPoint = inverse.entryPoint.mul(2);
            if (doubleEntryPoint <= rate) {
                // avoid negative numbers for unsigned ints, so set this to 0
                // which by the requirement that lowerLimit be > 0 will
                // cause this to freeze the price to the lowerLimit
                newRate = 0;
            } else {
                newRate = doubleEntryPoint.sub(rate);
            }

            // now ensure the rate is between the bounds
            if (newRate >= inverse.upperLimit) {
                newRate = inverse.upperLimit;
            } else if (newRate <= inverse.lowerLimit) {
                newRate = inverse.lowerLimit;
            }
        }
    }

    function _formatAggregatorAnswer(bytes32 currencyKey, int256 rate) internal view returns (uint) {
        require(rate >= 0, "Negative rate not supported");
        if (currencyKeyDecimals[currencyKey] > 0) {
            uint multiplier = 10**uint(SafeMath.sub(18, currencyKeyDecimals[currencyKey]));
            return uint(uint(rate).mul(multiplier));
        }
        return uint(rate);
    }

    function _getRateAndUpdatedTime(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (RateAndUpdatedTime memory) {
        if (currencyByExternal[currencyKey]) {
            require(externalRateAggregator != address(0), "External price aggregator is not set yet");

            IExternalRateAggregator _externalRateAggregator = IExternalRateAggregator(externalRateAggregator);

            (uint rate, uint time) = _externalRateAggregator.getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKey);

            return RateAndUpdatedTime({rate: uint216(rate), time: uint40(time)});
        }

        AggregatorV2V3Interface aggregator = aggregators[currencyKey];

        if (aggregator != AggregatorV2V3Interface(0)) {
            // this view from the aggregator is the most gas efficient but it can throw when there's no data,
            // so let's call it low-level to suppress any reverts
            bytes memory payload = abi.encodeWithSignature("latestRoundData()");
            // solhint-disable avoid-low-level-calls
            (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = address(aggregator).staticcall(payload);

            if (success) {
                (uint80 roundId, int256 answer, , uint256 updatedAt, ) =
                    abi.decode(returnData, (uint80, int256, uint256, uint256, uint80));
                return
                    RateAndUpdatedTime({
                        rate: uint216(_rateOrInverted(currencyKey, _formatAggregatorAnswer(currencyKey, answer), roundId)),
                        time: uint40(updatedAt)
                    });
            }
        } else {
            uint roundId = currentRoundForRate[currencyKey];
            RateAndUpdatedTime memory entry = _rates[currencyKey][roundId];

            return RateAndUpdatedTime({rate: uint216(_rateOrInverted(currencyKey, entry.rate, roundId)), time: entry.time});
        }
    }

    function _getCurrentRoundId(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint) {
        AggregatorV2V3Interface aggregator = aggregators[currencyKey];

        if (aggregator != AggregatorV2V3Interface(0)) {
            return aggregator.latestRound();
        } else {
            return currentRoundForRate[currencyKey];
        }
    }

    function _getRateAndTimestampAtRound(bytes32 currencyKey, uint roundId) internal view returns (uint rate, uint time) {
        AggregatorV2V3Interface aggregator = aggregators[currencyKey];

        if (aggregator != AggregatorV2V3Interface(0)) {
            // this view from the aggregator is the most gas efficient but it can throw when there's no data,
            // so let's call it low-level to suppress any reverts
            bytes memory payload = abi.encodeWithSignature("getRoundData(uint80)", roundId);
            // solhint-disable avoid-low-level-calls
            (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = address(aggregator).staticcall(payload);

            if (success) {
                (, int256 answer, , uint256 updatedAt, ) =
                    abi.decode(returnData, (uint80, int256, uint256, uint256, uint80));
                return (_rateOrInverted(currencyKey, _formatAggregatorAnswer(currencyKey, answer), roundId), updatedAt);
            }
        } else {
            RateAndUpdatedTime memory update = _rates[currencyKey][roundId];
            return (_rateOrInverted(currencyKey, update.rate, roundId), update.time);
        }
    }

    function _getRate(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKey).rate;
    }

    function _getUpdatedTime(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _getRateAndUpdatedTime(currencyKey).time;
    }

    function _effectiveValueAndRates(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        internal
        view
        returns (
            uint value,
            uint sourceRate,
            uint destinationRate
        )
    {
        sourceRate = _getRate(sourceCurrencyKey);
        // If there's no change in the currency, then just return the amount they gave us
        if (sourceCurrencyKey == destinationCurrencyKey) {
            destinationRate = sourceRate;
            value = sourceAmount;
        } else {
            // Calculate the effective value by going from source -> USD -> destination
            destinationRate = _getRate(destinationCurrencyKey);
            // prevent divide-by 0 error (this happens if the dest is not a valid rate)
            if (destinationRate > 0) {
                value = sourceAmount.multiplyDecimalRound(sourceRate).divideDecimalRound(destinationRate);
            }
        }
    }

    function _rateIsStale(bytes32 currencyKey, uint _rateStalePeriod) internal view returns (bool) {
        // pUSD is a special case and is never stale (check before an SLOAD of getRateAndUpdatedTime)
        if (currencyKey == "pUSD") return false;

        return _rateIsStaleWithTime(_rateStalePeriod, _getUpdatedTime(currencyKey));
    }

    function _rateIsStaleWithTime(uint _rateStalePeriod, uint _time) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _time.add(_rateStalePeriod) < now;
    }

    function _rateIsFrozen(bytes32 currencyKey) internal view returns (bool) {
        InversePricing memory inverse = inversePricing[currencyKey];
        return inverse.frozenAtUpperLimit || inverse.frozenAtLowerLimit;
    }

    function _rateIsFlagged(bytes32 currencyKey, FlagsInterface flags) internal view returns (bool) {
        // pUSD is a special case and is never invalid
        if (currencyKey == "pUSD") return false;
        address aggregator = address(aggregators[currencyKey]);
        // when no aggregator or when the flags haven't been setup
        if (aggregator == address(0) || flags == FlagsInterface(0)) {
            return false;
        }
        return flags.getFlag(aggregator);
    }

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */

    modifier onlyOracle {
        _onlyOracle();
        _;
    }

    function _onlyOracle() internal view {
        require(msg.sender == oracle, "Only the oracle can perform this action");
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event OracleUpdated(address newOracle);
    event RatesUpdated(bytes32[] currencyKeys, uint[] newRates);
    event RateDeleted(bytes32 currencyKey);
    event InversePriceConfigured(bytes32 currencyKey, uint entryPoint, uint upperLimit, uint lowerLimit);
    event InversePriceFrozen(bytes32 currencyKey, uint rate, uint roundId, address initiator);
    event AggregatorAdded(bytes32 currencyKey, address aggregator);
    event AggregatorRemoved(bytes32 currencyKey, address aggregator);
}