// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.6.0 <0.8.0;
 
library SafeMath {
	/**
	 * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
	 * overflow.
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - Addition cannot overflow.
	 */
	function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		uint256 c = a + b;
		require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

		return c;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
	 * overflow (when the result is negative).
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
	 */
	function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on
	 * overflow (when the result is negative).
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
	 */
	function sub(
		uint256 a,
		uint256 b,
		string memory errorMessage
	) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		require(b <= a, errorMessage);
		uint256 c = a - b;

		return c;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
	 * overflow.
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
	 */
	function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		// Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
		// benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
		// See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
		if (a == 0) {
			return 0;
		}

		uint256 c = a * b;
		require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

		return c;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
	 * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
	 * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
	 * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - The divisor cannot be zero.
	 */
	function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		return div(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts with custom message on
	 * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
	 * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
	 * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - The divisor cannot be zero.
	 */
	function div(
		uint256 a,
		uint256 b,
		string memory errorMessage
	) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		require(b > 0, errorMessage);
		uint256 c = a / b;
		// assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

		return c;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
	 * Reverts when dividing by zero.
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
	 * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
	 * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - The divisor cannot be zero.
	 */
	function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		return mod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
	 * Reverts with custom message when dividing by zero.
	 *
	 * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
	 * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
	 * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - The divisor cannot be zero.
	 */
	function mod(
		uint256 a,
		uint256 b,
		string memory errorMessage
	) internal pure returns (uint256) {
		require(b != 0, errorMessage);
		return a % b;
	}
}

/*
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with GSN meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
	function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address payable) {
		return msg.sender;
	}

	function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes memory) {
		this; // silence state mutability warning without generating bytecode - see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/2691
		return msg.data;
	}
}

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
	/**
	 * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
	 *
	 * [IMPORTANT]
	 * ====
	 * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
	 * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
	 *
	 * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
	 * types of addresses:
	 *
	 *  - an externally-owned account
	 *  - a contract in construction
	 *  - an address where a contract will be created
	 *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
	 * ====
	 */
	function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
		// This method relies in extcodesize, which returns 0 for contracts in
		// construction, since the code is only stored at the end of the
		// constructor execution.

		uint256 size;
		// solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
		assembly {
			size := extcodesize(account)
		}
		return size > 0;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
	 * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
	 *
	 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
	 * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
	 * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
	 * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
	 *
	 * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
	 *
	 * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
	 * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
	 * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
	 * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
	 */
	function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
		require(
			address(this).balance >= amount,
			"Address: insufficient balance"
		);

		// solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls, avoid-call-value
		(bool success, ) = recipient.call{ value: amount }("");
		require(
			success,
			"Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted"
		);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
	 * plain`call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
	 * function instead.
	 *
	 * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
	 * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
	 *
	 * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
	 * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `target` must be a contract.
	 * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
	 *
	 * _Available since v3.1._
	 */
	function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data)
		internal
		returns (bytes memory)
	{
		return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
	 * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
	 *
	 * _Available since v3.1._
	 */
	function functionCall(
		address target,
		bytes memory data,
		string memory errorMessage
	) internal returns (bytes memory) {
		return _functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
	 * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
	 * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
	 *
	 * _Available since v3.1._
	 */
	function functionCallWithValue(
		address target,
		bytes memory data,
		uint256 value
	) internal returns (bytes memory) {
		return
			functionCallWithValue(
				target,
				data,
				value,
				"Address: low-level call with value failed"
			);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
	 * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
	 *
	 * _Available since v3.1._
	 */
	function functionCallWithValue(
		address target,
		bytes memory data,
		uint256 value,
		string memory errorMessage
	) internal returns (bytes memory) {
		require(
			address(this).balance >= value,
			"Address: insufficient balance for call"
		);
		return _functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, errorMessage);
	}

	function _functionCallWithValue(
		address target,
		bytes memory data,
		uint256 weiValue,
		string memory errorMessage
	) private returns (bytes memory) {
		require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");

		// solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
		(bool success, bytes memory returndata) =
			target.call{ value: weiValue }(data);
		if (success) {
			return returndata;
		} else {
			// Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
			if (returndata.length > 0) {
				// The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly

				// solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
				assembly {
					let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
					revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
				}
			} else {
				revert(errorMessage);
			}
		}
	}
}

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * By default, the owner account will be the one that deploys the contract. This
 * can later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
contract Ownable is Context {
	address private _owner;

	event OwnershipTransferred(
		address indexed previousOwner,
		address indexed newOwner
	);

	/**
	 * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
	 */
	constructor() public {
		address msgSender = _msgSender();
		_owner = msgSender;
		emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), msgSender);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
	 */
	function owner() public view returns (address) {
		return _owner;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
	 */
	modifier onlyOwner() {
		require(_owner == _msgSender(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
		_;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
	 * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
	 *
	 * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
	 * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
	 */
	function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
		emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
		_owner = address(0);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
	 * Can only be called by the current owner.
	 */
	function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
		require(
			newOwner != address(0),
			"Ownable: new owner is the zero address"
		);
		emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
		_owner = newOwner;
	}
}

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
	/**
	 * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
	 */
	function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
	 */
	function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

	/**
	 * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
	 *
	 * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
	 *
	 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
	 */
	function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount)
		external
		returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
	 * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
	 * zero by default.
	 *
	 * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
	 */
	function allowance(address owner, address spender)
		external
		view
		returns (uint256);

	/**
	 * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
	 *
	 * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
	 *
	 * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
	 * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
	 * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
	 * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
	 * desired value afterwards:
	 * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
	 *
	 * Emits an {Approval} event.
	 */
	function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the
	 * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
	 * allowance.
	 *
	 * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
	 *
	 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
	 */
	function transferFrom(
		address sender,
		address recipient,
		uint256 amount
	) external returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Mint amount of token to specified account by an operator address
	 */
	function mint(address account, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Burn amount of token from specified account by an operator address
	 */
	function burn(address account, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Add an address to operator list of token
	 */
	function addOperator(address minter) external returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Remove an address from operator list of token
	 */
	function removeOperator(address minter) external returns (bool);

	/**
	 * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
	 * another (`to`).
	 *
	 * Note that `value` may be zero.
	 */
	event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

	/**
	 * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
	 * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
	 */
	event Approval(
		address indexed owner,
		address indexed spender,
		uint256 value
	);
}

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.zeppelin.solutions/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin guidelines: functions revert instead
 * of returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless conventional
 * and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20 applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract dUSD is IERC20, Ownable {
	using SafeMath for uint256;
	using Address for address;

	mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;
	mapping(address => bool) private _operators;

	mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

	uint256 private _totalSupply;

	string private _name;
	string private _symbol;
	uint8 private _decimals;

	/**
	 * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}, initializes {decimals} with
	 * a default value of 18.
	 *
	 * To select a different value for {decimals}, use {_setupDecimals}.
	 *
	 * All three of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
	 * construction.
	 */
	constructor() public {
		_name = "Decentralized USD";
		_symbol = "dUSD";
		_decimals = 18;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the name of the token.
	 */
	function name() public view returns (string memory) {
		return _name;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
	 * name.
	 */
	function symbol() public view returns (string memory) {
		return _symbol;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
	 * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
	 * be displayed to a user as `5,05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
	 *
	 * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
	 * Ether and Wei. This is the value {ERC20} uses, unless {_setupDecimals} is
	 * called.
	 *
	 * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
	 * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
	 * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
	 */
	function decimals() public view returns (uint8) {
		return _decimals;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
	 */
	function totalSupply() public view override returns (uint256) {
		return _totalSupply;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
	 */
	function balanceOf(address account) public view override returns (uint256) {
		return _balances[account];
	}

	/**
	 * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
	 */
	function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount)
		public
		virtual
		override
		returns (bool)
	{
		_transfer(_msgSender(), recipient, amount);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
	 */
	function allowance(address owner, address spender)
		public
		view
		virtual
		override
		returns (uint256)
	{
		return _allowances[owner][spender];
	}

	/**
	 * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
	 */
	function approve(address spender, uint256 amount)
		public
		virtual
		override
		returns (bool)
	{
		_approve(_msgSender(), spender, amount);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
	 *
	 * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
	 * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20};
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 * - `sender` and `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - `sender` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
	 * - the caller must have allowance for ``sender``'s tokens of at least
	 * `amount`.
	 */
	function transferFrom(
		address sender,
		address recipient,
		uint256 amount
	) public virtual override returns (bool) {
		_transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
		_approve(
			sender,
			_msgSender(),
			_allowances[sender][_msgSender()].sub(
				amount,
				"ERC20: transfer amount exceeds allowance"
			)
		);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
	 *
	 * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
	 * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
	 *
	 * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
	 */
	function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue)
		public
		virtual
		returns (bool)
	{
		_approve(
			_msgSender(),
			spender,
			_allowances[_msgSender()][spender].add(addedValue)
		);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Mint amount of token from specified account by an operator address
	 */
	function mint(address account, uint256 amount)
		public
		virtual
		override
		returns (bool)
	{
		require(
			_operators[_msgSender()] == true,
			"ERC20: caller is not token operator"
		);
		_mint(account, amount);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Burn amount of token from specified account by an operator address
	 */
	function burn(address account, uint256 amount)
		public
		virtual
		override
		returns (bool)
	{ 
		require(
			_operators[_msgSender()] == true,
			"ERC20: caller is not token operator"
		);

		_burn(account, amount);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Add an address to operator list of token
	 */
	function addOperator(address account)
		public
		virtual
		override
		onlyOwner
		returns (bool)
	{
		_operators[account] = true;
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Remove an address from operator list of token
	 */
	function removeOperator(address account)
		public
		virtual
		override
		onlyOwner
		returns (bool)
	{
		_operators[account] = false;
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
	 *
	 * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
	 * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
	 *
	 * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
	 * `subtractedValue`.
	 */
	function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue)
		public
		virtual
		returns (bool)
	{
		_approve(
			_msgSender(),
			spender,
			_allowances[_msgSender()][spender].sub(
				subtractedValue,
				"ERC20: decreased allowance below zero"
			)
		);
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Moves tokens `amount` from `sender` to `recipient`.
	 *
	 * This is internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
	 * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
	 *
	 * Emits a {Transfer} event.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `sender` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - `sender` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
	 */
	function _transfer(
		address sender,
		address recipient,
		uint256 amount
	) internal virtual {
		require(sender != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
		require(recipient != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

		_beforeTokenTransfer(sender, recipient, amount);

		_balances[sender] = _balances[sender].sub(
			amount,
			"ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance"
		);
		_balances[recipient] = _balances[recipient].add(amount);
		emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
	}

	/** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
	 * the total supply.
	 *
	 * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
	 *
	 * Requirements
	 *
	 * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
	 */
	function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
		require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

		_beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

		_totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(amount);
		_balances[account] = _balances[account].add(amount);
		emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
	 * total supply.
	 *
	 * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
	 *
	 * Requirements
	 *
	 * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
	 */
	function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
		require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

		_beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

		_balances[account] = _balances[account].sub(
			amount,
			"ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance"
		);
		_totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(amount);
		emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
	 *
	 * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
	 * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
	 *
	 * Emits an {Approval} event.
	 *
	 * Requirements:
	 *
	 * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
	 * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
	 */
	function _approve(
		address owner,
		address spender,
		uint256 amount
	) internal virtual {
		require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
		require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

		_allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
		emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Sets {decimals} to a value other than the default one of 18.
	 *
	 * WARNING: This function should only be called from the constructor. Most
	 * applications that interact with token contracts will not expect
	 * {decimals} to ever change, and may work incorrectly if it does.
	 */
	function _setupDecimals(uint8 decimals_) internal {
		_decimals = decimals_;
	}

	/**
	 * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
	 * minting and burning.
	 *
	 * Calling conditions:
	 *
	 * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
	 * will be to transferred to `to`.
	 * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
	 * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
	 * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
	 *
	 * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
	 */
	function _beforeTokenTransfer(
		address from,
		address to,
		uint256 amount
	) internal virtual {}
}