// File: contracts/staking/Sutd.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity ^0.8.9;



import "./ISutd.sol";
import "./IAutd.sol";
import "./IStaking.sol";
import "../ERC20/ERC20Permit.sol";



contract Sutd is ISutd, ERC20Permit {

    /* ========== DEPENDENCIES ========== */

    using SafeMath for uint256;

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event LogSupply(uint256 indexed epoch, uint256 totalSupply);
    event LogRebase(uint256 indexed epoch, uint256 rebase, uint256 index);
    event LogStakingContractUpdated(address stakingContract);

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */

    modifier onlyStakingContract() {
        require(msg.sender == stakingContract, "StakingContract:  call is not staking contract");
        _;
    }

    /* ========== DATA STRUCTURES ========== */

    struct Rebase {
        uint256 epoch;
        uint256 rebase; // 18 decimals
        uint256 totalStakedBefore;
        uint256 totalStakedAfter;
        uint256 amountRebased;
        uint256 index;
        uint256 blockNumberOccured;
    }

    /* ========== STATE VARIABLES ========== */

    address internal initializer;

    uint256 internal INDEX; // Index Gons - tracks rebase growth

    address public stakingContract; // balance used to calc rebase
    IAutd public aUTD; // additional staked supply (governance token)

    Rebase[] public rebases; // past rebase data

    uint256 private constant MAX_UINT256 = type(uint256).max;
    uint256 private constant INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY = 5_000_000 * 10**9;

    // TOTAL_GONS is a multiple of INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY so that _gonsPerFragment is an integer.
    // Use the highest value that fits in a uint256 for max granularity.
    uint256 private constant TOTAL_GONS = MAX_UINT256 - (MAX_UINT256 % INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY);

    // MAX_SUPPLY = maximum integer < (sqrt(4*TOTAL_GONS + 1) - 1) / 2
    uint256 private constant MAX_SUPPLY = ~uint128(0); // (2^128) - 1

    uint256 private _gonsPerFragment;
    mapping(address => uint256) private _gonBalances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowedValue;

    address public treasury;
    mapping(address => uint256) public override debtBalances;

    /* ========== CONSTRUCTOR ========== */

    constructor() ERC20("Staked UTD", "sUTD", 9) ERC20Permit("Staked UTD") {
        initializer = msg.sender;
        _totalSupply = INITIAL_FRAGMENTS_SUPPLY;
        _gonsPerFragment = TOTAL_GONS.div(_totalSupply);
    }

    /* ========== INITIALIZATION ========== */

    function setIndex(uint256 _index) external {
        require(msg.sender == initializer, "Initializer:  caller is not initializer");
        require(INDEX == 0, "Cannot set INDEX again");
        INDEX = gonsForBalance(_index);
    }

    function setaUTD(address _aUTD) external {
        require(msg.sender == initializer, "Initializer:  caller is not initializer");
        require(address(aUTD) == address(0), "aUTD:  aUTD already set");
        require(_aUTD != address(0), "aUTD:  aUTD is not a valid contract");
        aUTD = IAutd(_aUTD);
    }

    // do this last
    function initialize(address _stakingContract, address _treasury) external {
        require(msg.sender == initializer, "Initializer:  caller is not initializer");

        require(_stakingContract != address(0), "Staking");
        stakingContract = _stakingContract;
        _gonBalances[stakingContract] = TOTAL_GONS;

        require(_treasury != address(0), "Zero address: Treasury");
        treasury = _treasury;

        emit Transfer(address(0x0), stakingContract, _totalSupply);
        emit LogStakingContractUpdated(stakingContract);

        initializer = address(0);
    }

    /* ========== REBASE ========== */

    /**
        @notice increases sUTD supply to increase staking balances relative to profit_
        @param profit_ uint256
        @return uint256
     */
    function rebase(uint256 profit_, uint256 epoch_) public override onlyStakingContract returns (uint256) {
        uint256 rebaseAmount;
        uint256 circulatingSupply_ = circulatingSupply();
        if (profit_ == 0) {
            emit LogSupply(epoch_, _totalSupply);
            emit LogRebase(epoch_, 0, index());
            return _totalSupply;
        } else if (circulatingSupply_ > 0) {
            rebaseAmount = profit_.mul(_totalSupply).div(circulatingSupply_);
        } else {
            rebaseAmount = profit_;
        }

        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(rebaseAmount);

        if (_totalSupply > MAX_SUPPLY) {
            _totalSupply = MAX_SUPPLY;
        }

        _gonsPerFragment = TOTAL_GONS.div(_totalSupply);

        _storeRebase(circulatingSupply_, profit_, epoch_);

        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
        @notice emits event with data about rebase
        @param previousCirculating_ uint
        @param profit_ uint
        @param epoch_ uint
     */
    function _storeRebase(
        uint256 previousCirculating_,
        uint256 profit_,
        uint256 epoch_
    ) internal {
        uint256 rebasePercent = previousCirculating_ == 0 ? 0 : profit_.mul(1e18).div(previousCirculating_);
        rebases.push(
            Rebase({
                epoch: epoch_,
                rebase: rebasePercent, // 18 decimals
                totalStakedBefore: previousCirculating_,
                totalStakedAfter: circulatingSupply(),
                amountRebased: profit_,
                index: index(),
                blockNumberOccured: block.number
            })
        );

        emit LogSupply(epoch_, _totalSupply);
        emit LogRebase(epoch_, rebasePercent, index());
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS =========== */

    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public override(IERC20, ERC20) returns (bool) {
        uint256 gonValue = value.mul(_gonsPerFragment);

        _gonBalances[msg.sender] = _gonBalances[msg.sender].sub(gonValue);
        _gonBalances[to] = _gonBalances[to].add(gonValue);

        require(balanceOf(msg.sender) >= debtBalances[msg.sender], "Debt: cannot transfer amount");
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, to, value);
        return true;
    }

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) public override(IERC20, ERC20) returns (bool) {
        // Staking contract has permissions to transfer all sUTD for wrapping
        // Check if it is other senders
        if (msg.sender != stakingContract) {
            // Note: Next line checks (via underflow error) that there is non-negative allowance remaining
            _allowedValue[from][msg.sender] = _allowedValue[from][msg.sender].sub(value);
            emit Approval(from, msg.sender, _allowedValue[from][msg.sender]);
        }

        uint256 gonValue = gonsForBalance(value);
        _gonBalances[from] = _gonBalances[from].sub(gonValue);
        _gonBalances[to] = _gonBalances[to].add(gonValue);

        require(balanceOf(from) >= debtBalances[from], "Debt: cannot transfer amount");
        emit Transfer(from, to, value);
        return true;
    }

    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public override(IERC20, ERC20) returns (bool) {
        _approve(msg.sender, spender, value);
        return true;
    }

    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public override returns (bool) {
        _approve(msg.sender, spender, _allowedValue[msg.sender][spender].add(addedValue));
        return true;
    }

    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public override returns (bool) {
        uint256 oldValue = _allowedValue[msg.sender][spender];
        if (subtractedValue >= oldValue) {
            _approve(msg.sender, spender, 0);
        } else {
            _approve(msg.sender, spender, oldValue.sub(subtractedValue));
        }
        return true;
    }

    // this function is called by the treasury, and informs sUTD of changes to debt.
    // note that addresses with debt balances cannot transfer collateralized sUTD
    // until the debt has been repaid.
    function changeDebt(
        uint256 amount,
        address debtor,
        bool add
    ) external override {
        require(msg.sender == treasury, "Only treasury");
        if (add) {
            debtBalances[debtor] = debtBalances[debtor].add(amount);
        } else {
            debtBalances[debtor] = debtBalances[debtor].sub(amount);
        }
        require(debtBalances[debtor] <= balanceOf(debtor), "sUTD: insufficient balance");
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function _approve(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal virtual override {
        _allowedValue[owner][spender] = value;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /* ========== VIEW FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function balanceOf(address who) public view override(IERC20, ERC20) returns (uint256) {
        return _gonBalances[who].div(_gonsPerFragment);
    }

    function gonsForBalance(uint256 amount) public view override returns (uint256) {
        return amount.mul(_gonsPerFragment);
    }

    function balanceForGons(uint256 gons) public view override returns (uint256) {
        return gons.div(_gonsPerFragment);
    }

    // toG converts an sUTD balance to aUTD terms. aUTD is an 18 decimal token. balance given is in 18 decimal format.
    function toG(uint256 amount) external view override returns (uint256) {
        return aUTD.balanceTo(amount);
    }

    // fromG converts a aUTD balance to sUTD terms. sUTD is a 9 decimal token. balance given is in 9 decimal format.
    function fromG(uint256 amount) external view override returns (uint256) {
        return aUTD.balanceFrom(amount);
    }

    // Staking contract holds excess sUTD
    function circulatingSupply() public view override returns (uint256) {
        return
            _totalSupply.sub(balanceOf(stakingContract)).add(aUTD.balanceFrom(IERC20(address(aUTD)).totalSupply())).add(
                IStaking(stakingContract).supplyInWarmup()
            );
    }

    function index() public view override returns (uint256) {
        return balanceForGons(INDEX);
    }

    function allowance(address owner_, address spender) public view override(IERC20, ERC20) returns (uint256) {
        return _allowedValue[owner_][spender];
    }
}
// File: contracts/staking/ISutd.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity >=0.8.9;



import "../ERC20/IERC20.sol";



interface ISutd is IERC20 {

  function rebase(uint256 utdProfit_, uint256 epoch_)
    external
    returns (uint256);

  function circulatingSupply() external view returns (uint256);

  function gonsForBalance(uint256 amount) external view returns (uint256);

  function balanceForGons(uint256 gons) external view returns (uint256);

  function index() external view returns (uint256);

  function toG(uint256 amount) external view returns (uint256);

  function fromG(uint256 amount) external view returns (uint256);

  function changeDebt(
    uint256 amount,
    address debtor,
    bool add
  ) external;

  function debtBalances(address _address) external view returns (uint256);

}

// File: contracts/staking/IAutd.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity >=0.8.9;



import "../ERC20/IERC20.sol";



interface IAutd is IERC20 {

  function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) external;

  function burn(address _from, uint256 _amount) external;

  function index() external view returns (uint256);

  function balanceFrom(uint256 _amount) external view returns (uint256);

  function balanceTo(uint256 _amount) external view returns (uint256);

}

// File: contracts/staking/IStaking.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later

pragma solidity >=0.8.9;

interface IStaking {
    function stake(
        address _to,
        uint256 _amount,
        bool _rebasing,
        bool _claim
    ) external returns (uint256);

    function claim(address _recipient, bool _rebasing) external returns (uint256);

    function forfeit() external returns (uint256);

    function toggleLock() external;

    function unstake(
        address _to,
        uint256 _amount,
        bool _trigger,
        bool _rebasing
    ) external returns (uint256);

    function wrap(address _to, uint256 _amount) external returns (uint256 gBalance_);

    function unwrap(address _to, uint256 _amount) external returns (uint256 sBalance_);

    function rebase() external;

    function index() external view returns (uint256);

    function contractBalance() external view returns (uint256);

    function totalStaked() external view returns (uint256);

    function supplyInWarmup() external view returns (uint256);
}

// File: contracts/ERC20/ERC20Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.9;

import "./IERC20Permit.sol";
import "./ERC20.sol";
import "../cryptography/EIP712.sol";
import "../cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
import "../Counters.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 */
abstract contract ERC20Permit is ERC20, IERC20Permit, EIP712 {
    using Counters for Counters.Counter;

    mapping(address => Counters.Counter) private _nonces;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private immutable _PERMIT_TYPEHASH = keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`.
     *
     * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC20 token name.
     */
    constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {}

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-permit}.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) public virtual override {
        require(block.timestamp <= deadline, "ERC20Permit: expired deadline");

        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline));

        bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash);

        address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s);
        require(signer == owner, "ERC20Permit: invalid signature");

        _approve(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-nonces}.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[owner].current();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-DOMAIN_SEPARATOR}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view override returns (bytes32) {
        return _domainSeparatorV4();
    }

    /**
     * @dev "Consume a nonce": return the current value and increment.
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256 current) {
        Counters.Counter storage nonce = _nonces[owner];
        current = nonce.current();
        nonce.increment();
    }
}

// File: contracts/ERC20/IERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity >=0.8.9;

interface IERC20 {
  function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

  function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

  function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

  function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

  function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

  function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

  event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

  event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

// File: contracts/ERC20/IERC20Permit.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.9;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as th xe allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// File: contracts/ERC20/ERC20.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity >=0.8.9;

import "../SafeMath.sol";

import "./IERC20.sol";


abstract contract ERC20 is IERC20 {

    using SafeMath for uint256;

    // TODO comment actual hash value.
    bytes32 constant private ERC20TOKEN_ERC1820_INTERFACE_ID = keccak256( "ERC20Token" );
    
    mapping (address => uint256) internal _balances;

    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal _allowances;

    uint256 internal _totalSupply;

    string internal _name;
    
    string internal _symbol;
    
    uint8 internal immutable _decimals;

    constructor (string memory name_, string memory symbol_, uint8 decimals_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
        _decimals = decimals_;
    }

    function name() public view returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    function symbol() public view returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    function decimals() public view virtual returns (uint8) {
        return _decimals;
    }

    function totalSupply() public view override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        _transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
        return true;
    }

    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        _approve(msg.sender, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        _transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
        _approve(sender, msg.sender, _allowances[sender][msg.sender].sub(amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds allowance"));
        return true;
    }

    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        _approve(msg.sender, spender, _allowances[msg.sender][spender].add(addedValue));
        return true;
    }

    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        _approve(msg.sender, spender, _allowances[msg.sender][spender].sub(subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero"));
        return true;
    }

    function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(sender != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(recipient != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(sender, recipient, amount);

        _balances[sender] = _balances[sender].sub(amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        _balances[recipient] = _balances[recipient].add(amount);
        emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(sender, recipient, amount);

    }

    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");
        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(amount);
        _balances[account] = _balances[account].add(amount);
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);
        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _balances[account] = _balances[account].sub(amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(amount);
        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);
        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    function _beforeTokenTransfer( address from_, address to_, uint256 amount_ ) internal virtual { }
    function _afterTokenTransfer( address from_, address to_, uint256 amount_ ) internal virtual { }
}

// File: contracts/cryptography/EIP712.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.9;

import "./ECDSA.sol";

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
 *
 * The encoding specified in the EIP is very generic, and such a generic implementation in Solidity is not feasible,
 * thus this contract does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding
 * they need in their contracts using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
 *
 * This contract implements the EIP 712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
 * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
 * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
 *
 * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
 * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
 *
 * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
 * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 */
abstract contract EIP712 {
    /* solhint-disable var-name-mixedcase */
    // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to
    // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes.
    bytes32 private immutable _CACHED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR;
    uint256 private immutable _CACHED_CHAIN_ID;

    bytes32 private immutable _HASHED_NAME;
    bytes32 private immutable _HASHED_VERSION;
    bytes32 private immutable _TYPE_HASH;

    /* solhint-enable var-name-mixedcase */

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
     *
     * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP 712]:
     *
     * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
     * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
     *
     * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
     * contract upgrade].
     */
    constructor(string memory name, string memory version) {

        uint256 chainID;
        assembly {
            chainID := chainid()
        }

        bytes32 hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name));
        bytes32 hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version));
        bytes32 typeHash = keccak256(
            "EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)"
        );
        _HASHED_NAME = hashedName;
        _HASHED_VERSION = hashedVersion;
        _CACHED_CHAIN_ID = chainID;
        _CACHED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR = _buildDomainSeparator(typeHash, hashedName, hashedVersion);
        _TYPE_HASH = typeHash;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
     */
    function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {

        uint256 chainID;
        assembly {
            chainID := chainid()
        }

        if (chainID == _CACHED_CHAIN_ID) {
            return _CACHED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR;
        } else {
            return _buildDomainSeparator(_TYPE_HASH, _HASHED_NAME, _HASHED_VERSION);
        }
    }

    function _buildDomainSeparator(
        bytes32 typeHash,
        bytes32 nameHash,
        bytes32 versionHash
    ) private view returns (bytes32) {
        uint256 chainID;
        assembly {
            chainID := chainid()
        }

        return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, nameHash, versionHash, chainID, address(this)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
     * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
     *
     * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
     *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
     *     mailTo,
     *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
     * )));
     * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
     * ```
     */
    function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return ECDSA.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
    }
}
// File: contracts/cryptography/ECDSA.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.9;

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSA {
    enum RecoverError {
        NoError,
        InvalidSignature,
        InvalidSignatureLength,
        InvalidSignatureS,
        InvalidSignatureV
    }

    function _throwError(RecoverError error) private pure {
        if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
            return; // no error: do nothing
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature length");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature 's' value");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureV) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature 'v' value");
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature` or error string. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        // Check the signature length
        // - case 65: r,s,v signature (standard)
        // - case 64: r,vs signature (cf https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098) _Available since v4.1._
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else if (signature.length == 64) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 vs;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                vs := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        } else {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 vs
    ) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        bytes32 s;
        uint8 v;
        assembly {
            s := and(vs, 0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff)
            v := add(shr(255, vs), 27)
        }
        return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.2._
     */
    function recover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 vs
    ) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS);
        }
        if (v != 27 && v != 28) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureV);
        }

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer == address(0)) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature);
        }

        return (signer, RecoverError.NoError);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from a `hash`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 hash) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        // 32 is the length in bytes of hash,
        // enforced by the type signature above
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32", hash));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Typed Data, created from a
     * `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`. This produces hash corresponding
     * to the one signed with the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19\x01", domainSeparator, structHash));
    }
}
// File: contracts/Counters.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.9;

import "./SafeMath.sol";

library Counters {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    struct Counter {
        // This variable should never be directly accessed by users of the library: interactions must be restricted to
        // the library's function. As of Solidity v0.5.2, this cannot be enforced, though there is a proposal to add
        // this feature: see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4637
        uint256 _value; // default: 0
    }

    function current(Counter storage counter) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return counter._value;
    }

    function increment(Counter storage counter) internal {
        // The {SafeMath} overflow check can be skipped here, see the comment at the top
        counter._value += 1;
    }

    function decrement(Counter storage counter) internal {
        counter._value = counter._value.sub(1);
    }
}

// File: contracts/SafeMath.sol



// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity ^0.8.9;


// TODO(zx): Replace all instances of SafeMath with OZ implementation
library SafeMath {

    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
    }

    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a, errorMessage);
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return div(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");
    }

    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b > 0, errorMessage);
        uint256 c = a / b;
        assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    // Only used in the  BondingCalculator.sol
    function sqrrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint c) {
        if (a > 3) {
            c = a;
            uint b = add( div( a, 2), 1 );
            while (b < c) {
                c = b;
                b = div( add( div( a, b ), b), 2 );
            }
        } else if (a != 0) {
            c = 1;
        }
    }

}