pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

/**
 * References:
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20
 * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 * https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity
 */

/**
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
    * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
    */
    function mul(uint256 _a, uint256 _b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than asserting 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        if (_a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        c = _a * _b;
        assert(c / _a == _b);
        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
    */
    function div(uint256 _a, uint256 _b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // assert(_b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
        // uint256 c = _a / _b;
        // assert(_a == _b * c + _a % _b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
        return _a / _b;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    */
    function sub(uint256 _a, uint256 _b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        assert(_b <= _a);
        return _a - _b;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
    */
    function add(uint256 _a, uint256 _b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
        c = _a + _b;
        assert(c >= _a);
        return c;
    }
}

/**
 * @dev ERC20 interface
 */
contract ERC20 {
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
    function balanceOf(address _who) public view returns (uint256);
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns (uint256);
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool);
    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool);
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool);

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

/**
 * @dev Standard Token in ERC20
 */
contract StandardToken is ERC20 {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    string public name;
    string public symbol;
    uint8 public decimals;
    uint256 public totalSupply;
    address public owner;

    mapping(address => uint256) balances;
    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal allowed;

    /**
     * @dev init token's propertities
     */
    constructor(uint256 _initialSupply, string _tokenName, uint8 _decimalUnits, string _tokenSymbol) public {
        balances[msg.sender] = _initialSupply;              // Give the creator all initial tokens
        totalSupply = _initialSupply;                       // Update total supply
        name = _tokenName;                                  // Set the name for display purposes
        symbol = _tokenSymbol;                              // Set the symbol for display purposes
        decimals = _decimalUnits;                           // Amount of decimals for display purposes
        owner = msg.sender;                                 // Set the owner
    }

    /**
    * @dev Total number of tokens in existence
    */
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        return totalSupply;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
    * @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
    * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
    */
    function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
        return balances[_owner];
    }

    /**
    * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
    * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
    * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
    * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
    */
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns (uint256)
    {
        return allowed[_owner][_spender];
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer token for a specified address
    * @param _to The address to transfer to.
    * @param _value The amount to be transferred.
    */
    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
        require(_value <= balances[msg.sender], "balance is unsufficient.");
        require(_to != address(0), "target address is invalid.");

        balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
    * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
    * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
    * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
    * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
    * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
    * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
    */
    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
        allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
    * @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
    * @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
    * @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
    */
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool)
    {
        require(_value <= balances[_from], "from's balance is unsufficient.");
        require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender], "value to be transfered is unapproved");
        require(_to != address(0), "to's address is invalid");

        balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
        allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
        emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
    * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
    * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
    * the first transaction is mined)
    * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
    * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
    * @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
    */
    function increaseApproval(address _spender, uint256 _addedValue) public returns (bool)
    {
        allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = (allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue));
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
    * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
    * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
    * the first transaction is mined)
    * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
    * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
    * @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
    */
    function decreaseApproval(address _spender,uint256 _subtractedValue) public returns (bool)
    {
        uint256 oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
        if (_subtractedValue >= oldValue) {
            allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
        } else {
            allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
        }
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
        return true;
    }
}