// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
    address private _owner;

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
     * account.
     */
    constructor () internal {
        _owner = msg.sender;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
    }

    /**
     * @return the address of the owner.
     */
    function owner() public view returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(isOwner());
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @return true if `msg.sender` is the owner of the contract.
     */
    function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
        return msg.sender == _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
     * @notice Renouncing to ownership will leave the contract without an owner.
     * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
     * modifier anymore.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
        emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
        _owner = address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
     * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
     * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
        require(newOwner != address(0));
        emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
        _owner = newOwner;
    }
}

// File: @daostack/infra/contracts/Reputation.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.4;



/**
 * @title Reputation system
 * @dev A DAO has Reputation System which allows peers to rate other peers in order to build trust .
 * A reputation is use to assign influence measure to a DAO'S peers.
 * Reputation is similar to regular tokens but with one crucial difference: It is non-transferable.
 * The Reputation contract maintain a map of address to reputation value.
 * It provides an onlyOwner functions to mint and burn reputation _to (or _from) a specific address.
 */

contract Reputation is Ownable {

    uint8 public decimals = 18;             //Number of decimals of the smallest unit
    // Event indicating minting of reputation to an address.
    event Mint(address indexed _to, uint256 _amount);
    // Event indicating burning of reputation for an address.
    event Burn(address indexed _from, uint256 _amount);

      /// @dev `Checkpoint` is the structure that attaches a block number to a
      ///  given value, the block number attached is the one that last changed the
      ///  value
    struct Checkpoint {

    // `fromBlock` is the block number that the value was generated from
        uint128 fromBlock;

          // `value` is the amount of reputation at a specific block number
        uint128 value;
    }

      // `balances` is the map that tracks the balance of each address, in this
      //  contract when the balance changes the block number that the change
      //  occurred is also included in the map
    mapping (address => Checkpoint[]) balances;

      // Tracks the history of the `totalSupply` of the reputation
    Checkpoint[] totalSupplyHistory;

    /// @notice Constructor to create a Reputation
    constructor(
    ) public
    {
    }

    /// @dev This function makes it easy to get the total number of reputation
    /// @return The total number of reputation
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        return totalSupplyAt(block.number);
    }

  ////////////////
  // Query balance and totalSupply in History
  ////////////////
    /**
    * @dev return the reputation amount of a given owner
    * @param _owner an address of the owner which we want to get his reputation
    */
    function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 balance) {
        return balanceOfAt(_owner, block.number);
    }

      /// @dev Queries the balance of `_owner` at a specific `_blockNumber`
      /// @param _owner The address from which the balance will be retrieved
      /// @param _blockNumber The block number when the balance is queried
      /// @return The balance at `_blockNumber`
    function balanceOfAt(address _owner, uint256 _blockNumber)
    public view returns (uint256)
    {
        if ((balances[_owner].length == 0) || (balances[_owner][0].fromBlock > _blockNumber)) {
            return 0;
          // This will return the expected balance during normal situations
        } else {
            return getValueAt(balances[_owner], _blockNumber);
        }
    }

      /// @notice Total amount of reputation at a specific `_blockNumber`.
      /// @param _blockNumber The block number when the totalSupply is queried
      /// @return The total amount of reputation at `_blockNumber`
    function totalSupplyAt(uint256 _blockNumber) public view returns(uint256) {
        if ((totalSupplyHistory.length == 0) || (totalSupplyHistory[0].fromBlock > _blockNumber)) {
            return 0;
          // This will return the expected totalSupply during normal situations
        } else {
            return getValueAt(totalSupplyHistory, _blockNumber);
        }
    }

      /// @notice Generates `_amount` reputation that are assigned to `_owner`
      /// @param _user The address that will be assigned the new reputation
      /// @param _amount The quantity of reputation generated
      /// @return True if the reputation are generated correctly
    function mint(address _user, uint256 _amount) public onlyOwner returns (bool) {
        uint256 curTotalSupply = totalSupply();
        require(curTotalSupply + _amount >= curTotalSupply); // Check for overflow
        uint256 previousBalanceTo = balanceOf(_user);
        require(previousBalanceTo + _amount >= previousBalanceTo); // Check for overflow
        updateValueAtNow(totalSupplyHistory, curTotalSupply + _amount);
        updateValueAtNow(balances[_user], previousBalanceTo + _amount);
        emit Mint(_user, _amount);
        return true;
    }

      /// @notice Burns `_amount` reputation from `_owner`
      /// @param _user The address that will lose the reputation
      /// @param _amount The quantity of reputation to burn
      /// @return True if the reputation are burned correctly
    function burn(address _user, uint256 _amount) public onlyOwner returns (bool) {
        uint256 curTotalSupply = totalSupply();
        uint256 amountBurned = _amount;
        uint256 previousBalanceFrom = balanceOf(_user);
        if (previousBalanceFrom < amountBurned) {
            amountBurned = previousBalanceFrom;
        }
        updateValueAtNow(totalSupplyHistory, curTotalSupply - amountBurned);
        updateValueAtNow(balances[_user], previousBalanceFrom - amountBurned);
        emit Burn(_user, amountBurned);
        return true;
    }

  ////////////////
  // Internal helper functions to query and set a value in a snapshot array
  ////////////////

      /// @dev `getValueAt` retrieves the number of reputation at a given block number
      /// @param checkpoints The history of values being queried
      /// @param _block The block number to retrieve the value at
      /// @return The number of reputation being queried
    function getValueAt(Checkpoint[] storage checkpoints, uint256 _block) internal view returns (uint256) {
        if (checkpoints.length == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

          // Shortcut for the actual value
        if (_block >= checkpoints[checkpoints.length-1].fromBlock) {
            return checkpoints[checkpoints.length-1].value;
        }
        if (_block < checkpoints[0].fromBlock) {
            return 0;
        }

          // Binary search of the value in the array
        uint256 min = 0;
        uint256 max = checkpoints.length-1;
        while (max > min) {
            uint256 mid = (max + min + 1) / 2;
            if (checkpoints[mid].fromBlock<=_block) {
                min = mid;
            } else {
                max = mid-1;
            }
        }
        return checkpoints[min].value;
    }

      /// @dev `updateValueAtNow` used to update the `balances` map and the
      ///  `totalSupplyHistory`
      /// @param checkpoints The history of data being updated
      /// @param _value The new number of reputation
    function updateValueAtNow(Checkpoint[] storage checkpoints, uint256 _value) internal {
        require(uint128(_value) == _value); //check value is in the 128 bits bounderies
        if ((checkpoints.length == 0) || (checkpoints[checkpoints.length - 1].fromBlock < block.number)) {
            Checkpoint storage newCheckPoint = checkpoints[checkpoints.length++];
            newCheckPoint.fromBlock = uint128(block.number);
            newCheckPoint.value = uint128(_value);
        } else {
            Checkpoint storage oldCheckPoint = checkpoints[checkpoints.length-1];
            oldCheckPoint.value = uint128(_value);
        }
    }
}

// File: ../../openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
interface IERC20 {
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    function balanceOf(address who) external view returns (uint256);

    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

// File: ../../openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Unsigned math operations with safety checks that revert on error
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
    * @dev Multiplies two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow.
    */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b);

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Integer division of two unsigned integers truncating the quotient, reverts on division by zero.
    */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0);
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Subtracts two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
    */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a);
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Adds two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow.
    */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a);

        return c;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Divides two unsigned integers and returns the remainder (unsigned integer modulo),
    * reverts when dividing by zero.
    */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0);
        return a % b;
    }
}

// File: ../../openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;



/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20.md
 * Originally based on code by FirstBlood:
 * https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 *
 * This implementation emits additional Approval events, allowing applications to reconstruct the allowance status for
 * all accounts just by listening to said events. Note that this isn't required by the specification, and other
 * compliant implementations may not do it.
 */
contract ERC20 is IERC20 {
    using SafeMath for uint256;

    mapping (address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) private _allowed;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    /**
    * @dev Total number of tokens in existence
    */
    function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
    * @param owner The address to query the balance of.
    * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
    */
    function balanceOf(address owner) public view returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * @param owner address The address which owns the funds.
     * @param spender address The address which will spend the funds.
     * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint256) {
        return _allowed[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer token for a specified address
    * @param to The address to transfer to.
    * @param value The amount to be transferred.
    */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
        _transfer(msg.sender, to, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
     * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
     * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
     * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
        require(spender != address(0));

        _allowed[msg.sender][spender] = value;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another.
     * Note that while this function emits an Approval event, this is not required as per the specification,
     * and other compliant implementations may not emit the event.
     * @param from address The address which you want to send tokens from
     * @param to address The address which you want to transfer to
     * @param value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
        _allowed[from][msg.sender] = _allowed[from][msg.sender].sub(value);
        _transfer(from, to, value);
        emit Approval(from, msg.sender, _allowed[from][msg.sender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * approve should be called when allowed_[_spender] == 0. To increment
     * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
     * the first transaction is mined)
     * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
     * Emits an Approval event.
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public returns (bool) {
        require(spender != address(0));

        _allowed[msg.sender][spender] = _allowed[msg.sender][spender].add(addedValue);
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, _allowed[msg.sender][spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
     * approve should be called when allowed_[_spender] == 0. To decrement
     * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
     * the first transaction is mined)
     * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
     * Emits an Approval event.
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public returns (bool) {
        require(spender != address(0));

        _allowed[msg.sender][spender] = _allowed[msg.sender][spender].sub(subtractedValue);
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, _allowed[msg.sender][spender]);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev Transfer token for a specified addresses
    * @param from The address to transfer from.
    * @param to The address to transfer to.
    * @param value The amount to be transferred.
    */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        require(to != address(0));

        _balances[from] = _balances[from].sub(value);
        _balances[to] = _balances[to].add(value);
        emit Transfer(from, to, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that mints an amount of the token and assigns it to
     * an account. This encapsulates the modification of balances such that the
     * proper events are emitted.
     * @param account The account that will receive the created tokens.
     * @param value The amount that will be created.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        require(account != address(0));

        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(value);
        _balances[account] = _balances[account].add(value);
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that burns an amount of the token of a given
     * account.
     * @param account The account whose tokens will be burnt.
     * @param value The amount that will be burnt.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        require(account != address(0));

        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(value);
        _balances[account] = _balances[account].sub(value);
        emit Transfer(account, address(0), value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function that burns an amount of the token of a given
     * account, deducting from the sender's allowance for said account. Uses the
     * internal burn function.
     * Emits an Approval event (reflecting the reduced allowance).
     * @param account The account whose tokens will be burnt.
     * @param value The amount that will be burnt.
     */
    function _burnFrom(address account, uint256 value) internal {
        _allowed[account][msg.sender] = _allowed[account][msg.sender].sub(value);
        _burn(account, value);
        emit Approval(account, msg.sender, _allowed[account][msg.sender]);
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Burnable.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;


/**
 * @title Burnable Token
 * @dev Token that can be irreversibly burned (destroyed).
 */
contract ERC20Burnable is ERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens.
     * @param value The amount of token to be burned.
     */
    function burn(uint256 value) public {
        _burn(msg.sender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Burns a specific amount of tokens from the target address and decrements allowance
     * @param from address The address which you want to send tokens from
     * @param value uint256 The amount of token to be burned
     */
    function burnFrom(address from, uint256 value) public {
        _burnFrom(from, value);
    }
}

// File: contracts/controller/DAOToken.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.4;





/**
 * @title DAOToken, base on zeppelin contract.
 * @dev ERC20 compatible token. It is a mintable, burnable token.
 */

contract DAOToken is ERC20, ERC20Burnable, Ownable {

    string public name;
    string public symbol;
    // solhint-disable-next-line const-name-snakecase
    uint8 public constant decimals = 18;
    uint256 public cap;

    /**
    * @dev Constructor
    * @param _name - token name
    * @param _symbol - token symbol
    * @param _cap - token cap - 0 value means no cap
    */
    constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol, uint256 _cap)
    public {
        name = _name;
        symbol = _symbol;
        cap = _cap;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to mint tokens
     * @param _to The address that will receive the minted tokens.
     * @param _amount The amount of tokens to mint.
     */
    function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) public onlyOwner returns (bool) {
        if (cap > 0)
            require(totalSupply().add(_amount) <= cap);
        _mint(_to, _amount);
        return true;
    }
}

// File: openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/utils/Address.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

/**
 * Utility library of inline functions on addresses
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * Returns whether the target address is a contract
     * @dev This function will return false if invoked during the constructor of a contract,
     * as the code is not actually created until after the constructor finishes.
     * @param account address of the account to check
     * @return whether the target address is a contract
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        uint256 size;
        // XXX Currently there is no better way to check if there is a contract in an address
        // than to check the size of the code at that address.
        // See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/a/14016/36603
        // for more details about how this works.
        // TODO Check this again before the Serenity release, because all addresses will be
        // contracts then.
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
        assembly { size := extcodesize(account) }
        return size > 0;
    }
}

// File: contracts/libs/SafeERC20.sol

/*

SafeERC20 by daostack.
The code is based on a fix by SECBIT Team.

USE WITH CAUTION & NO WARRANTY

REFERENCE & RELATED READING
- https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4116
- https://medium.com/@chris_77367/explaining-unexpected-reverts-starting-with-solidity-0-4-22-3ada6e82308c
- https://medium.com/coinmonks/missing-return-value-bug-at-least-130-tokens-affected-d67bf08521ca
- https://gist.github.com/BrendanChou/88a2eeb80947ff00bcf58ffdafeaeb61

*/
pragma solidity ^0.5.4;



library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    bytes4 constant private TRANSFER_SELECTOR = bytes4(keccak256(bytes("transfer(address,uint256)")));
    bytes4 constant private TRANSFERFROM_SELECTOR = bytes4(keccak256(bytes("transferFrom(address,address,uint256)")));
    bytes4 constant private APPROVE_SELECTOR = bytes4(keccak256(bytes("approve(address,uint256)")));

    function safeTransfer(address _erc20Addr, address _to, uint256 _value) internal {

        // Must be a contract addr first!
        require(_erc20Addr.isContract());

        (bool success, bytes memory returnValue) =
        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        _erc20Addr.call(abi.encodeWithSelector(TRANSFER_SELECTOR, _to, _value));
        // call return false when something wrong
        require(success);
        //check return value
        require(returnValue.length == 0 || (returnValue.length == 32 && (returnValue[31] != 0)));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(address _erc20Addr, address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) internal {

        // Must be a contract addr first!
        require(_erc20Addr.isContract());

        (bool success, bytes memory returnValue) =
        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        _erc20Addr.call(abi.encodeWithSelector(TRANSFERFROM_SELECTOR, _from, _to, _value));
        // call return false when something wrong
        require(success);
        //check return value
        require(returnValue.length == 0 || (returnValue.length == 32 && (returnValue[31] != 0)));
    }

    function safeApprove(address _erc20Addr, address _spender, uint256 _value) internal {

        // Must be a contract addr first!
        require(_erc20Addr.isContract());

        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero.
        require((_value == 0) || (IERC20(_erc20Addr).allowance(address(this), _spender) == 0));

        (bool success, bytes memory returnValue) =
        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        _erc20Addr.call(abi.encodeWithSelector(APPROVE_SELECTOR, _spender, _value));
        // call return false when something wrong
        require(success);
        //check return value
        require(returnValue.length == 0 || (returnValue.length == 32 && (returnValue[31] != 0)));
    }
}

// File: contracts/controller/Avatar.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.4;







/**
 * @title An Avatar holds tokens, reputation and ether for a controller
 */
contract Avatar is Ownable {
    using SafeERC20 for address;

    string public orgName;
    DAOToken public nativeToken;
    Reputation public nativeReputation;

    event GenericCall(address indexed _contract, bytes _params, bool _success);
    event SendEther(uint256 _amountInWei, address indexed _to);
    event ExternalTokenTransfer(address indexed _externalToken, address indexed _to, uint256 _value);
    event ExternalTokenTransferFrom(address indexed _externalToken, address _from, address _to, uint256 _value);
    event ExternalTokenApproval(address indexed _externalToken, address _spender, uint256 _value);
    event ReceiveEther(address indexed _sender, uint256 _value);
    event MetaData(string _metaData);

    /**
    * @dev the constructor takes organization name, native token and reputation system
    and creates an avatar for a controller
    */
    constructor(string memory _orgName, DAOToken _nativeToken, Reputation _nativeReputation) public {
        orgName = _orgName;
        nativeToken = _nativeToken;
        nativeReputation = _nativeReputation;
    }

    /**
    * @dev enables an avatar to receive ethers
    */
    function() external payable {
        emit ReceiveEther(msg.sender, msg.value);
    }

    /**
    * @dev perform a generic call to an arbitrary contract
    * @param _contract  the contract's address to call
    * @param _data ABI-encoded contract call to call `_contract` address.
    * @return bool    success or fail
    *         bytes - the return bytes of the called contract's function.
    */
    function genericCall(address _contract, bytes memory _data)
    public
    onlyOwner
    returns(bool success, bytes memory returnValue) {
      // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
        (success, returnValue) = _contract.call(_data);
        emit GenericCall(_contract, _data, success);
    }

    /**
    * @dev send ethers from the avatar's wallet
    * @param _amountInWei amount to send in Wei units
    * @param _to send the ethers to this address
    * @return bool which represents success
    */
    function sendEther(uint256 _amountInWei, address payable _to) public onlyOwner returns(bool) {
        _to.transfer(_amountInWei);
        emit SendEther(_amountInWei, _to);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev external token transfer
    * @param _externalToken the token contract
    * @param _to the destination address
    * @param _value the amount of tokens to transfer
    * @return bool which represents success
    */
    function externalTokenTransfer(IERC20 _externalToken, address _to, uint256 _value)
    public onlyOwner returns(bool)
    {
        address(_externalToken).safeTransfer(_to, _value);
        emit ExternalTokenTransfer(address(_externalToken), _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev external token transfer from a specific account
    * @param _externalToken the token contract
    * @param _from the account to spend token from
    * @param _to the destination address
    * @param _value the amount of tokens to transfer
    * @return bool which represents success
    */
    function externalTokenTransferFrom(
        IERC20 _externalToken,
        address _from,
        address _to,
        uint256 _value
    )
    public onlyOwner returns(bool)
    {
        address(_externalToken).safeTransferFrom(_from, _to, _value);
        emit ExternalTokenTransferFrom(address(_externalToken), _from, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev externalTokenApproval approve the spender address to spend a specified amount of tokens
    *      on behalf of msg.sender.
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _spender address
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) which the approval is referring to.
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenApproval(IERC20 _externalToken, address _spender, uint256 _value)
    public onlyOwner returns(bool)
    {
        address(_externalToken).safeApprove(_spender, _value);
        emit ExternalTokenApproval(address(_externalToken), _spender, _value);
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev metaData emits an event with a string, should contain the hash of some meta data.
    * @param _metaData a string representing a hash of the meta data
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function metaData(string memory _metaData) public onlyOwner returns(bool) {
        emit MetaData(_metaData);
        return true;
    }


}

// File: contracts/globalConstraints/GlobalConstraintInterface.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.4;


contract GlobalConstraintInterface {

    enum CallPhase { Pre, Post, PreAndPost }

    function pre( address _scheme, bytes32 _params, bytes32 _method ) public returns(bool);
    function post( address _scheme, bytes32 _params, bytes32 _method ) public returns(bool);
    /**
     * @dev when return if this globalConstraints is pre, post or both.
     * @return CallPhase enum indication  Pre, Post or PreAndPost.
     */
    function when() public returns(CallPhase);
}

// File: contracts/controller/ControllerInterface.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.4;



/**
 * @title Controller contract
 * @dev A controller controls the organizations tokens ,reputation and avatar.
 * It is subject to a set of schemes and constraints that determine its behavior.
 * Each scheme has it own parameters and operation permissions.
 */
interface ControllerInterface {

    /**
     * @dev Mint `_amount` of reputation that are assigned to `_to` .
     * @param  _amount amount of reputation to mint
     * @param _to beneficiary address
     * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function mintReputation(uint256 _amount, address _to, address _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev Burns `_amount` of reputation from `_from`
     * @param _amount amount of reputation to burn
     * @param _from The address that will lose the reputation
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function burnReputation(uint256 _amount, address _from, address _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev mint tokens .
     * @param  _amount amount of token to mint
     * @param _beneficiary beneficiary address
     * @param _avatar address
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function mintTokens(uint256 _amount, address _beneficiary, address _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

  /**
   * @dev register or update a scheme
   * @param _scheme the address of the scheme
   * @param _paramsHash a hashed configuration of the usage of the scheme
   * @param _permissions the permissions the new scheme will have
   * @param _avatar address
   * @return bool which represents a success
   */
    function registerScheme(address _scheme, bytes32 _paramsHash, bytes4 _permissions, address _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev unregister a scheme
     * @param _avatar address
     * @param _scheme the address of the scheme
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function unregisterScheme(address _scheme, address _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev unregister the caller's scheme
     * @param _avatar address
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function unregisterSelf(address _avatar) external returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev add or update Global Constraint
     * @param _globalConstraint the address of the global constraint to be added.
     * @param _params the constraint parameters hash.
     * @param _avatar the avatar of the organization
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function addGlobalConstraint(address _globalConstraint, bytes32 _params, address _avatar)
    external returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev remove Global Constraint
     * @param _globalConstraint the address of the global constraint to be remove.
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function removeGlobalConstraint (address _globalConstraint, address _avatar)
    external  returns(bool);

  /**
    * @dev upgrade the Controller
    *      The function will trigger an event 'UpgradeController'.
    * @param  _newController the address of the new controller.
    * @param _avatar address
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function upgradeController(address _newController, Avatar _avatar)
    external returns(bool);

    /**
    * @dev perform a generic call to an arbitrary contract
    * @param _contract  the contract's address to call
    * @param _data ABI-encoded contract call to call `_contract` address.
    * @param _avatar the controller's avatar address
    * @return bool -success
    *         bytes  - the return value of the called _contract's function.
    */
    function genericCall(address _contract, bytes calldata _data, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool, bytes memory);

  /**
   * @dev send some ether
   * @param _amountInWei the amount of ether (in Wei) to send
   * @param _to address of the beneficiary
   * @param _avatar address
   * @return bool which represents a success
   */
    function sendEther(uint256 _amountInWei, address payable _to, Avatar _avatar)
    external returns(bool);

    /**
    * @dev send some amount of arbitrary ERC20 Tokens
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _to address of the beneficiary
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) to send
    * @param _avatar address
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenTransfer(IERC20 _externalToken, address _to, uint256 _value, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
    * @dev transfer token "from" address "to" address
    *      One must to approve the amount of tokens which can be spend from the
    *      "from" account.This can be done using externalTokenApprove.
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _from address of the account to send from
    * @param _to address of the beneficiary
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) to send
    * @param _avatar address
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenTransferFrom(
    IERC20 _externalToken,
    address _from,
    address _to,
    uint256 _value,
    Avatar _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
    * @dev externalTokenApproval approve the spender address to spend a specified amount of tokens
    *      on behalf of msg.sender.
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _spender address
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) which the approval is referring to.
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenApproval(IERC20 _externalToken, address _spender, uint256 _value, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    returns(bool);

    /**
    * @dev metaData emits an event with a string, should contain the hash of some meta data.
    * @param _metaData a string representing a hash of the meta data
    * @param _avatar Avatar
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function metaData(string calldata _metaData, Avatar _avatar) external returns(bool);

    /**
     * @dev getNativeReputation
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return organization native reputation
     */
    function getNativeReputation(address _avatar)
    external
    view
    returns(address);

    function isSchemeRegistered( address _scheme, address _avatar) external view returns(bool);

    function getSchemeParameters(address _scheme, address _avatar) external view returns(bytes32);

    function getGlobalConstraintParameters(address _globalConstraint, address _avatar) external view returns(bytes32);

    function getSchemePermissions(address _scheme, address _avatar) external view returns(bytes4);

    /**
     * @dev globalConstraintsCount return the global constraint pre and post count
     * @return uint256 globalConstraintsPre count.
     * @return uint256 globalConstraintsPost count.
     */
    function globalConstraintsCount(address _avatar) external view returns(uint, uint);

    function isGlobalConstraintRegistered(address _globalConstraint, address _avatar) external view returns(bool);
}

// File: controller/UController.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.4;





/**
 * @title Universal Controller contract
 * @dev A universal controller hold organizations and controls their tokens ,reputations
 *       and avatar.
 * It is subject to a set of schemes and constraints that determine its behavior.
 * Each scheme has it own parameters and operation permissions.
 */
contract UController is ControllerInterface {

    struct Scheme {
        bytes32 paramsHash;  // a hash "configuration" of the scheme
        bytes4  permissions; // A bitwise flags of permissions,
                            // All 0: Not registered,
                            // 1st bit: Flag if the scheme is registered,
                            // 2nd bit: Scheme can register other schemes
                            // 3th bit: Scheme can add/remove global constraints
                            // 4rd bit: Scheme can upgrade the controller
                            // 5th bit: Scheme can call delegatecall
    }

    struct GlobalConstraint {
        address gcAddress;
        bytes32 params;
    }

    struct GlobalConstraintRegister {
        bool isRegistered; //is registered
        uint256 index;    //index at globalConstraints
    }

    struct Organization {
        DAOToken                  nativeToken;
        Reputation                nativeReputation;
        mapping(address=>Scheme)  schemes;
      // globalConstraintsPre that determine pre- conditions for all actions on the controller
        GlobalConstraint[] globalConstraintsPre;
        // globalConstraintsPost that determine post-conditions for all actions on the controller
        GlobalConstraint[] globalConstraintsPost;
      // globalConstraintsRegisterPre indicate if a globalConstraints is registered as a Pre global constraint.
        mapping(address=>GlobalConstraintRegister) globalConstraintsRegisterPre;
      // globalConstraintsRegisterPost indicate if a globalConstraints is registered as a Post global constraint.
        mapping(address=>GlobalConstraintRegister) globalConstraintsRegisterPost;
        bool exist;
    }

    //mapping between organization's avatar address to Organization
    mapping(address=>Organization) public organizations;
  // newController will point to the new controller after the present controller is upgraded
  //  address external newController;
    mapping(address=>address) public newControllers;//mapping between avatar address and newController address

    //mapping for all reputation system addresses registered.
    mapping(address=>bool) public reputations;
    //mapping for all tokens addresses registered.
    mapping(address=>bool) public tokens;


    event MintReputation (address indexed _sender, address indexed _to, uint256 _amount, address indexed _avatar);
    event BurnReputation (address indexed _sender, address indexed _from, uint256 _amount, address indexed _avatar);
    event MintTokens (address indexed _sender, address indexed _beneficiary, uint256 _amount, address indexed _avatar);
    event RegisterScheme (address indexed _sender, address indexed _scheme, address indexed _avatar);
    event UnregisterScheme (address indexed _sender, address indexed _scheme, address indexed _avatar);
    event UpgradeController(address indexed _oldController, address _newController, address _avatar);

    event AddGlobalConstraint(
        address indexed _globalConstraint,
        bytes32 _params,
        GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase _when,
        address indexed _avatar
    );

    event RemoveGlobalConstraint(
        address indexed _globalConstraint,
        uint256 _index,
        bool _isPre,
        address indexed _avatar
    );

   /**
    * @dev newOrganization set up a new organization with default daoCreator.
    * @param _avatar the organization avatar
    */
    function newOrganization(
        Avatar _avatar
    ) external
    {
        require(!organizations[address(_avatar)].exist);
        require(_avatar.owner() == address(this));
        DAOToken nativeToken = _avatar.nativeToken();
        Reputation nativeReputation = _avatar.nativeReputation();
        //To guaranty uniqueness for the reputation systems.
        require(!reputations[address(nativeReputation)]);
        //To guaranty uniqueness for the nativeToken.
        require(!tokens[address(nativeToken)]);
        organizations[address(_avatar)].exist = true;
        organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeToken = nativeToken;
        organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeReputation = nativeReputation;
        reputations[address(nativeReputation)] = true;
        tokens[address(nativeToken)] = true;
        organizations[address(_avatar)].schemes[msg.sender] =
        Scheme({paramsHash: bytes32(0), permissions: bytes4(0x0000001f)});
        emit RegisterScheme(msg.sender, msg.sender, address(_avatar));
    }

  // Modifiers:
    modifier onlyRegisteredScheme(address avatar) {
        require(organizations[avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions&bytes4(0x00000001) == bytes4(0x00000001));
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyRegisteringSchemes(address avatar) {
        require(organizations[avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions&bytes4(0x00000002) == bytes4(0x00000002));
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyGlobalConstraintsScheme(address avatar) {
        require(organizations[avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions&bytes4(0x00000004) == bytes4(0x00000004));
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyUpgradingScheme(address _avatar) {
        require(organizations[_avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions&bytes4(0x00000008) == bytes4(0x00000008));
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyGenericCallScheme(address _avatar) {
        require(organizations[_avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions&bytes4(0x00000010) == bytes4(0x00000010));
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyMetaDataScheme(address _avatar) {
        require(organizations[_avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions&bytes4(0x00000010) == bytes4(0x00000010));
        _;
    }

    modifier onlySubjectToConstraint(bytes32 func, address _avatar) {
        uint256 idx;
        GlobalConstraint[] memory globalConstraintsPre = organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsPre;
        GlobalConstraint[] memory globalConstraintsPost = organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsPost;
        for (idx = 0; idx < globalConstraintsPre.length; idx++) {
            require(
            (GlobalConstraintInterface(globalConstraintsPre[idx].gcAddress))
            .pre(msg.sender, globalConstraintsPre[idx].params, func));
        }
        _;
        for (idx = 0; idx < globalConstraintsPost.length; idx++) {
            require(
            (GlobalConstraintInterface(globalConstraintsPost[idx].gcAddress))
            .post(msg.sender, globalConstraintsPost[idx].params, func));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mint `_amount` of reputation that are assigned to `_to` .
     * @param  _amount amount of reputation to mint
     * @param _to beneficiary address
     * @param _avatar the address of the organization's avatar
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function mintReputation(uint256 _amount, address _to, address _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(_avatar)
    onlySubjectToConstraint("mintReputation", _avatar)
    returns(bool)
    {
        emit MintReputation(msg.sender, _to, _amount, _avatar);
        return organizations[_avatar].nativeReputation.mint(_to, _amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Burns `_amount` of reputation from `_from`
     * @param _amount amount of reputation to burn
     * @param _from The address that will lose the reputation
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function burnReputation(uint256 _amount, address _from, address _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(_avatar)
    onlySubjectToConstraint("burnReputation", _avatar)
    returns(bool)
    {
        emit BurnReputation(msg.sender, _from, _amount, _avatar);
        return organizations[_avatar].nativeReputation.burn(_from, _amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev mint tokens .
     * @param  _amount amount of token to mint
     * @param _beneficiary beneficiary address
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function mintTokens(uint256 _amount, address _beneficiary, address _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(_avatar)
    onlySubjectToConstraint("mintTokens", _avatar)
    returns(bool)
    {
        emit MintTokens(msg.sender, _beneficiary, _amount, _avatar);
        return organizations[_avatar].nativeToken.mint(_beneficiary, _amount);
    }

  /**
   * @dev register or update a scheme
   * @param _scheme the address of the scheme
   * @param _paramsHash a hashed configuration of the usage of the scheme
   * @param _permissions the permissions the new scheme will have
   * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
   * @return bool which represents a success
   */
    function registerScheme(address _scheme, bytes32 _paramsHash, bytes4 _permissions, address _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteringSchemes(_avatar)
    onlySubjectToConstraint("registerScheme", _avatar)
    returns(bool)
    {
        bytes4 schemePermission = organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme].permissions;
        bytes4 senderPermission = organizations[_avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions;
    // Check scheme has at least the permissions it is changing, and at least the current permissions:
    // Implementation is a bit messy. One must recall logic-circuits ^^

    // produces non-zero if sender does not have all of the perms that are changing between old and new
        require(bytes4(0x0000001f)&(_permissions^schemePermission)&(~senderPermission) == bytes4(0));

    // produces non-zero if sender does not have all of the perms in the old scheme
        require(bytes4(0x0000001f)&(schemePermission&(~senderPermission)) == bytes4(0));

    // Add or change the scheme:
        organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme] =
        Scheme({paramsHash:_paramsHash, permissions:_permissions|bytes4(0x00000001)});
        emit RegisterScheme(msg.sender, _scheme, _avatar);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev unregister a scheme
     * @param _scheme the address of the scheme
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function unregisterScheme(address _scheme, address _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteringSchemes(_avatar)
    onlySubjectToConstraint("unregisterScheme", _avatar)
    returns(bool)
    {
        bytes4 schemePermission = organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme].permissions;
    //check if the scheme is registered
        if (schemePermission&bytes4(0x00000001) == bytes4(0)) {
            return false;
        }
    // Check the unregistering scheme has enough permissions:
        require(
        bytes4(0x0000001f)&(schemePermission&(~organizations[_avatar].schemes[msg.sender].permissions)) == bytes4(0));

    // Unregister:
        emit UnregisterScheme(msg.sender, _scheme, _avatar);
        delete organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme];
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev unregister the caller's scheme
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function unregisterSelf(address _avatar) external returns(bool) {
        if (_isSchemeRegistered(msg.sender, _avatar) == false) {
            return false;
        }
        delete organizations[_avatar].schemes[msg.sender];
        emit UnregisterScheme(msg.sender, msg.sender, _avatar);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev add or update Global Constraint
     * @param _globalConstraint the address of the global constraint to be added.
     * @param _params the constraint parameters hash.
     * @param _avatar the avatar of the organization
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function addGlobalConstraint(address _globalConstraint, bytes32 _params, address _avatar)
    external onlyGlobalConstraintsScheme(_avatar) returns(bool)
    {
        Organization storage organization = organizations[_avatar];
        GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase when = GlobalConstraintInterface(_globalConstraint).when();
        if ((when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.Pre)||
            (when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.PreAndPost)) {
            if (!organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint].isRegistered) {
                organization.globalConstraintsPre.push(GlobalConstraint(_globalConstraint, _params));
                organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint] =
                GlobalConstraintRegister(true, organization.globalConstraintsPre.length-1);
            }else {
                organization
                .globalConstraintsPre[organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint].index]
                .params = _params;
            }
        }

        if ((when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.Post)||
            (when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.PreAndPost)) {
            if (!organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint].isRegistered) {
                organization.globalConstraintsPost.push(GlobalConstraint(_globalConstraint, _params));
                organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint] =
                GlobalConstraintRegister(true, organization.globalConstraintsPost.length-1);
            } else {
                organization
                .globalConstraintsPost[organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint].index]
                .params = _params;
            }
        }
        emit AddGlobalConstraint(_globalConstraint, _params, when, _avatar);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev remove Global Constraint
     * @param _globalConstraint the address of the global constraint to be remove.
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function removeGlobalConstraint (address _globalConstraint, address _avatar)
    external onlyGlobalConstraintsScheme(_avatar) returns(bool)
    {
        GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase when = GlobalConstraintInterface(_globalConstraint).when();
        if ((when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.Pre)||
            (when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.PreAndPost)) {
            removeGlobalConstraintPre(_globalConstraint, _avatar);
        }
        if ((when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.Post)||
            (when == GlobalConstraintInterface.CallPhase.PreAndPost)) {
            removeGlobalConstraintPost(_globalConstraint, _avatar);
        }
        return true;
    }

  /**
    * @dev upgrade the Controller
    *      The function will trigger an event 'UpgradeController'.
    * @param  _newController the address of the new controller.
    * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function upgradeController(address _newController, Avatar _avatar)
    external onlyUpgradingScheme(address(_avatar)) returns(bool)
    {
        require(newControllers[address(_avatar)] == address(0));   // so the upgrade could be done once for a contract.
        require(_newController != address(0));
        newControllers[address(_avatar)] = _newController;
        _avatar.transferOwnership(_newController);
        require(_avatar.owner() == _newController);
        if (organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeToken.owner() == address(this)) {
            organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeToken.transferOwnership(_newController);
            require(organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeToken.owner() == _newController);
        }
        if (organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeReputation.owner() == address(this)) {
            organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeReputation.transferOwnership(_newController);
            require(organizations[address(_avatar)].nativeReputation.owner() == _newController);
        }
        emit UpgradeController(address(this), _newController, address(_avatar));
        return true;
    }

    /**
    * @dev perform a generic call to an arbitrary contract
    * @param _contract  the contract's address to call
    * @param _data ABI-encoded contract call to call `_contract` address.
    * @return bool -success
    *         bytes  - the return value of the called _contract's function.
    */
    function genericCall(address _contract, bytes calldata _data, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    onlyGenericCallScheme(address(_avatar))
    onlySubjectToConstraint("genericCall", address(_avatar))
    returns (bool, bytes memory)
    {
        return _avatar.genericCall(_contract, _data);
    }

  /**
   * @dev send some ether
   * @param _amountInWei the amount of ether (in Wei) to send
   * @param _to address of the beneficiary
   * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
   * @return bool which represents a success
   */
    function sendEther(uint256 _amountInWei, address payable _to, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(address(_avatar))
    onlySubjectToConstraint("sendEther", address(_avatar))
    returns(bool)
    {
        return _avatar.sendEther(_amountInWei, _to);
    }

    /**
    * @dev send some amount of arbitrary ERC20 Tokens
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _to address of the beneficiary
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) to send
    * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenTransfer(IERC20 _externalToken, address _to, uint256 _value, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(address(_avatar))
    onlySubjectToConstraint("externalTokenTransfer", address(_avatar))
    returns(bool)
    {
        return _avatar.externalTokenTransfer(_externalToken, _to, _value);
    }

    /**
    * @dev transfer token "from" address "to" address
    *      One must to approve the amount of tokens which can be spend from the
    *      "from" account.This can be done using externalTokenApprove.
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _from address of the account to send from
    * @param _to address of the beneficiary
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) to send
    * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenTransferFrom(
    IERC20 _externalToken,
    address _from,
    address _to,
    uint256 _value,
    Avatar _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(address(_avatar))
    onlySubjectToConstraint("externalTokenTransferFrom", address(_avatar))
    returns(bool)
    {
        return _avatar.externalTokenTransferFrom(_externalToken, _from, _to, _value);
    }

    /**
    * @dev externalTokenApproval approve the spender address to spend a specified amount of tokens
    *      on behalf of msg.sender.
    * @param _externalToken the address of the Token Contract
    * @param _spender address
    * @param _value the amount of ether (in Wei) which the approval is referring to.
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function externalTokenApproval(IERC20 _externalToken, address _spender, uint256 _value, Avatar _avatar)
    external
    onlyRegisteredScheme(address(_avatar))
    onlySubjectToConstraint("externalTokenApproval", address(_avatar))
    returns(bool)
    {
        return _avatar.externalTokenApproval(_externalToken, _spender, _value);
    }

    /**
    * @dev metaData emits an event with a string, should contain the hash of some meta data.
    * @param _metaData a string representing a hash of the meta data
    * @param _avatar Avatar
    * @return bool which represents a success
    */
    function metaData(string calldata _metaData, Avatar _avatar)
        external
        onlyMetaDataScheme(address(_avatar))
        returns(bool)
        {
        return _avatar.metaData(_metaData);
    }

    function isSchemeRegistered( address _scheme, address _avatar) external view returns(bool) {
        return _isSchemeRegistered(_scheme, _avatar);
    }

    function getSchemeParameters(address _scheme, address _avatar) external view returns(bytes32) {
        return organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme].paramsHash;
    }

    function getSchemePermissions(address _scheme, address _avatar) external view returns(bytes4) {
        return organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme].permissions;
    }

    function getGlobalConstraintParameters(address _globalConstraint, address _avatar) external view returns(bytes32) {

        Organization storage organization = organizations[_avatar];

        GlobalConstraintRegister memory register = organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint];

        if (register.isRegistered) {
            return organization.globalConstraintsPre[register.index].params;
        }

        register = organization.globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint];

        if (register.isRegistered) {
            return organization.globalConstraintsPost[register.index].params;
        }
    }

   /**
   * @dev globalConstraintsCount return the global constraint pre and post count
   * @return uint256 globalConstraintsPre count.
   * @return uint256 globalConstraintsPost count.
   */
    function globalConstraintsCount(address _avatar) external view returns(uint, uint) {
        return (
        organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsPre.length,
        organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsPost.length
        );
    }

    function isGlobalConstraintRegistered(address _globalConstraint, address _avatar) external view returns(bool) {
        return (organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint].isRegistered ||
        organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint].isRegistered);
    }

    /**
     * @dev getNativeReputation
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return organization native reputation
     */
    function getNativeReputation(address _avatar) external view returns(address) {
        return address(organizations[_avatar].nativeReputation);
    }

    /**
     * @dev removeGlobalConstraintPre
     * @param _globalConstraint the address of the global constraint to be remove.
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function removeGlobalConstraintPre(address _globalConstraint, address _avatar)
    private returns(bool)
    {
        GlobalConstraintRegister memory globalConstraintRegister =
        organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint];
        GlobalConstraint[] storage globalConstraints = organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsPre;

        if (globalConstraintRegister.isRegistered) {
            if (globalConstraintRegister.index < globalConstraints.length-1) {
                GlobalConstraint memory globalConstraint = globalConstraints[globalConstraints.length-1];
                globalConstraints[globalConstraintRegister.index] = globalConstraint;
                organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPre[globalConstraint.gcAddress].index =
                globalConstraintRegister.index;
            }
            globalConstraints.length--;
            delete organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPre[_globalConstraint];
            emit RemoveGlobalConstraint(_globalConstraint, globalConstraintRegister.index, true, _avatar);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev removeGlobalConstraintPost
     * @param _globalConstraint the address of the global constraint to be remove.
     * @param _avatar the organization avatar.
     * @return bool which represents a success
     */
    function removeGlobalConstraintPost(address _globalConstraint, address _avatar)
    private returns(bool)
    {
        GlobalConstraintRegister memory globalConstraintRegister =
        organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint];
        GlobalConstraint[] storage globalConstraints = organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsPost;

        if (globalConstraintRegister.isRegistered) {
            if (globalConstraintRegister.index < globalConstraints.length-1) {
                GlobalConstraint memory globalConstraint = globalConstraints[globalConstraints.length-1];
                globalConstraints[globalConstraintRegister.index] = globalConstraint;
                organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPost[globalConstraint.gcAddress].index =
                globalConstraintRegister.index;
            }
            globalConstraints.length--;
            delete organizations[_avatar].globalConstraintsRegisterPost[_globalConstraint];
            emit RemoveGlobalConstraint(_globalConstraint, globalConstraintRegister.index, false, _avatar);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    function _isSchemeRegistered( address _scheme, address _avatar) private view returns(bool) {
        return (organizations[_avatar].schemes[_scheme].permissions&bytes4(0x00000001) != bytes4(0));
    }
}