pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
  address public owner;

  event OwnershipRenounced(address indexed previousOwner);
  event OwnershipTransferred(
    address indexed previousOwner,
    address indexed newOwner
  );


  /**
   * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
   * account.
   */
  constructor() public {
    owner = msg.sender;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
   */
  modifier onlyOwner() {
    require(msg.sender == owner);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
   * @notice Renouncing to ownership will leave the contract without an owner.
   * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
   * modifier anymore.
   */
  function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
    emit OwnershipRenounced(owner);
    owner = address(0);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function transferOwnership(address _newOwner) public onlyOwner {
    _transferOwnership(_newOwner);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param _newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function _transferOwnership(address _newOwner) internal {
    require(_newOwner != address(0));
    emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, _newOwner);
    owner = _newOwner;
  }
}


/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {

  /**
  * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
    // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than asserting 'a' not being zero, but the
    // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
    // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }

    c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
  */
  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    // uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return a / b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
  */
  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
    c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}


/**
 * @title ERC20Basic
 * @dev Simpler version of ERC20 interface
 * See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/179
 */
contract ERC20Basic {
  function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
  function balanceOf(address who) public view returns (uint256);
  function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}


/**
 * @title ERC20 interface
 * @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 */
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
  function allowance(address owner, address spender)
    public view returns (uint256);

  function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value)
    public returns (bool);

  function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
  event Approval(
    address indexed owner,
    address indexed spender,
    uint256 value
  );
}


/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for ERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
  function safeTransfer(ERC20Basic token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
    require(token.transfer(to, value));
  }

  function safeTransferFrom(
    ERC20 token,
    address from,
    address to,
    uint256 value
  )
    internal
  {
    require(token.transferFrom(from, to, value));
  }

  function safeApprove(ERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
    require(token.approve(spender, value));
  }
}


/**
 * @title Basic token
 * @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
 */
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  mapping(address => uint256) balances;

  uint256 totalSupply_;

  /**
  * @dev Total number of tokens in existence
  */
  function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
    return totalSupply_;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Transfer token for a specified address
  * @param _to The address to transfer to.
  * @param _value The amount to be transferred.
  */
  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    require(_to != address(0));
    require(_value <= balances[msg.sender]);

    balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
  * @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
  * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
  */
  function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
    return balances[_owner];
  }
}


/**
 * @title Standard ERC20 token
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
 * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
 * Based on code by FirstBlood: https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
 */
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {

  mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal allowed;


  /**
   * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
   * @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
   * @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
   * @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
   */
  function transferFrom(
    address _from,
    address _to,
    uint256 _value
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    require(_to != address(0));
    require(_value <= balances[_from]);
    require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender]);

    balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
    allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
    emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
   * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
   * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
   * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
   * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
   */
  function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   * @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
   * @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
   * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
   */
  function allowance(
    address _owner,
    address _spender
   )
    public
    view
    returns (uint256)
  {
    return allowed[_owner][_spender];
  }

  /**
   * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
   */
  function increaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint256 _addedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = (
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue));
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
   * approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
   * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
   * the first transaction is mined)
   * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
   * @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
   * @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
   */
  function decreaseApproval(
    address _spender,
    uint256 _subtractedValue
  )
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    uint256 oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
    if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
    } else {
      allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
    }
    emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
    return true;
  }
}


/**
 * @title Mintable token
 * @dev Simple ERC20 Token example, with mintable token creation
 * Based on code by TokenMarketNet: https://github.com/TokenMarketNet/ico/blob/master/contracts/MintableToken.sol
 */
contract MintableToken is StandardToken, Ownable {
  event Mint(address indexed to, uint256 amount);
  event MintFinished();

  bool public mintingFinished = false;


  modifier canMint() {
    require(!mintingFinished);
    _;
  }

  modifier hasMintPermission() {
    require(msg.sender == owner);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to mint tokens
   * @param _to The address that will receive the minted tokens.
   * @param _amount The amount of tokens to mint.
   * @return A boolean that indicates if the operation was successful.
   */
  function mint(
    address _to,
    uint256 _amount
  )
    hasMintPermission
    canMint
    public
    returns (bool)
  {
    totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(_amount);
    balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_amount);
    emit Mint(_to, _amount);
    emit Transfer(address(0), _to, _amount);
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Function to stop minting new tokens.
   * @return True if the operation was successful.
   */
  function finishMinting() onlyOwner canMint public returns (bool) {
    mintingFinished = true;
    emit MintFinished();
    return true;
  }
}


/**
 * @title Crowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale is a base contract for managing a token crowdsale,
 * allowing investors to purchase tokens with ether. This contract implements
 * such functionality in its most fundamental form and can be extended to provide additional
 * functionality and/or custom behavior.
 * The external interface represents the basic interface for purchasing tokens, and conform
 * the base architecture for crowdsales. They are *not* intended to be modified / overriden.
 * The internal interface conforms the extensible and modifiable surface of crowdsales. Override
 * the methods to add functionality. Consider using 'super' where appropiate to concatenate
 * behavior.
 */
contract Crowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;
  using SafeERC20 for ERC20;

  // The token being sold
  ERC20 public token;

  // Address where funds are collected
  address public wallet;

  // How many token units a buyer gets per wei.
  // The rate is the conversion between wei and the smallest and indivisible token unit.
  // So, if you are using a rate of 1 with a DetailedERC20 token with 3 decimals called TOK
  // 1 wei will give you 1 unit, or 0.001 TOK.
  uint256 public rate;

  // Amount of wei raised
  uint256 public weiRaised;

  /**
   * Event for token purchase logging
   * @param purchaser who paid for the tokens
   * @param beneficiary who got the tokens
   * @param value weis paid for purchase
   * @param amount amount of tokens purchased
   */
  event TokenPurchase(
    address indexed purchaser,
    address indexed beneficiary,
    uint256 value,
    uint256 amount
  );

  /**
   * @param _wallet Address where collected funds will be forwarded to
   */
  constructor(address _wallet) public {
    require(_wallet != address(0));
    wallet = _wallet;
  }

  // -----------------------------------------
  // Crowdsale external interface
  // -----------------------------------------

  /**
   * @dev fallback function ***DO NOT OVERRIDE***
   */
  function () external payable {
    buyTokens(msg.sender);
  }

  /**
   * @dev low level token purchase ***DO NOT OVERRIDE***
   * @param _beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
   */
  function buyTokens(address _beneficiary) public payable {

    uint256 weiAmount = msg.value;
    _preValidatePurchase(_beneficiary, weiAmount);

    // calculate token amount to be created
    uint256 tokens = _getTokenAmount(weiAmount);

    // update state
    weiRaised = weiRaised.add(weiAmount);

    _processPurchase(_beneficiary, tokens);
    emit TokenPurchase(
      msg.sender,
      _beneficiary,
      weiAmount,
      tokens
    );

    _updatePurchasingState(_beneficiary, weiAmount);

    _forwardFunds();
    _postValidatePurchase(_beneficiary, weiAmount);
  }

  // -----------------------------------------
  // Internal interface (extensible)
  // -----------------------------------------

  /**
   * @dev Validation of an incoming purchase. Use require statements to revert state when conditions are not met. Use super to concatenate validations.
   * @param _beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
   * @param _weiAmount Value in wei involved in the purchase
   */
  function _preValidatePurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _weiAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    require(_beneficiary != address(0));
    require(_weiAmount != 0);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Validation of an executed purchase. Observe state and use revert statements to undo rollback when valid conditions are not met.
   * @param _beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
   * @param _weiAmount Value in wei involved in the purchase
   */
  function _postValidatePurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _weiAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    // optional override
  }

  /**
   * @dev Source of tokens. Override this method to modify the way in which the crowdsale ultimately gets and sends its tokens.
   * @param _beneficiary Address performing the token purchase
   * @param _tokenAmount Number of tokens to be emitted
   */
  function _deliverTokens(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _tokenAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    token.safeTransfer(_beneficiary, _tokenAmount);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Executed when a purchase has been validated and is ready to be executed. Not necessarily emits/sends tokens.
   * @param _beneficiary Address receiving the tokens
   * @param _tokenAmount Number of tokens to be purchased
   */
  function _processPurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _tokenAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    _deliverTokens(_beneficiary, _tokenAmount);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Override for extensions that require an internal state to check for validity (current user contributions, etc.)
   * @param _beneficiary Address receiving the tokens
   * @param _weiAmount Value in wei involved in the purchase
   */
  function _updatePurchasingState(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _weiAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    // optional override
  }

  /**
   * @dev Override to extend the way in which ether is converted to tokens.
   * @param _weiAmount Value in wei to be converted into tokens
   * @return Number of tokens that can be purchased with the specified _weiAmount
   */
  function _getTokenAmount(uint256 _weiAmount)
    internal view returns (uint256)
  {
    return _weiAmount.mul(rate);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Determines how ETH is stored/forwarded on purchases.
   */
  function _forwardFunds() internal {
    wallet.transfer(msg.value);
  }
}


/**
 * @title TimedCrowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale accepting contributions only within a time frame.
 */
contract TimedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  uint256 public openingTime;
  uint256 public closingTime;

  /**
   * @dev Reverts if not in crowdsale time range.
   */
  modifier onlyWhileOpen {
    // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
    require(block.timestamp >= openingTime && block.timestamp <= closingTime);
    _;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Constructor, takes crowdsale opening and closing times.
   * @param _openingTime Crowdsale opening time
   * @param _closingTime Crowdsale closing time
   */
  constructor(uint256 _openingTime, uint256 _closingTime) public {
    // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
    require(_openingTime >= block.timestamp);
    require(_closingTime >= _openingTime);

    openingTime = _openingTime;
    closingTime = _closingTime;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Checks whether the period in which the crowdsale is open has already elapsed.
   * @return Whether crowdsale period has elapsed
   */
  function hasClosed() public view returns (bool) {
    // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
    return block.timestamp > closingTime;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Extend parent behavior requiring to be within contributing period
   * @param _beneficiary Token purchaser
   * @param _weiAmount Amount of wei contributed
   */
  function _preValidatePurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _weiAmount
  )
    internal
    onlyWhileOpen
  {
    super._preValidatePurchase(_beneficiary, _weiAmount);
  }
}


/**
 * @title MintedCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale contract whose tokens are minted in each purchase.
 * Token ownership should be transferred to MintedCrowdsale for minting.
 */
contract MintedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {

  /**
   * @dev Overrides delivery by minting tokens upon purchase.
   * @param _beneficiary Token purchaser
   * @param _tokenAmount Number of tokens to be minted
   */
  function _deliverTokens(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _tokenAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    require(MintableToken(token).mint(_beneficiary, _tokenAmount));
  }
}



/**
 * @title PostDeliveryCrowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale that locks tokens from withdrawal until it ends.
 */
contract PostDeliveryCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  mapping(address => uint256) public balances;

  /**
   * @dev Withdraw tokens only after crowdsale ends.
   */
  function withdrawTokens() public {
    require(hasClosed());
    uint256 amount = balances[msg.sender];
    require(amount > 0);
    balances[msg.sender] = 0;
    _deliverTokens(msg.sender, amount);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent by storing balances instead of issuing tokens right away.
   * @param _beneficiary Token purchaser
   * @param _tokenAmount Amount of tokens purchased
   */
  function _processPurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _tokenAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    balances[_beneficiary] = balances[_beneficiary].add(_tokenAmount);
  }
}


/**
 * @title FinalizableCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale where an owner can do extra work
 * after finishing.
 */
contract FinalizableCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale, Ownable {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  bool public isFinalized = false;

  event Finalized();

  /**
   * @dev Must be called after crowdsale ends, to do some extra finalization
   * work. Calls the contract's finalization function.
   */
  function finalize() onlyOwner public {
    require(!isFinalized);
    require(token != address(0x0));
    require(hasClosed());

    finalization();
    emit Finalized();

    isFinalized = true;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Can be overridden to add finalization logic. The overriding function
   * should call super.finalization() to ensure the chain of finalization is
   * executed entirely.
   */
  function finalization() internal {
  }
}


/**
 * @title CappedCrowdsale
 * @dev Crowdsale with a limit on number of tokens for sale.
 */
contract CappedTokenCrowdsale is Crowdsale
{
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  uint256 public tokenCap;
  uint256 public tokensSold;

  /**
   * @dev Constructor, takes maximum amount of tokens to be sold in the crowdsale.
   * @param _tokenCap Max amount of tokens to be sold
   */
  constructor(uint256 _tokenCap) public {
    require(_tokenCap > 0);
    tokenCap = _tokenCap;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Checks whether the cap has been reached.
   * @return Whether the cap was reached
   */
  function tokenCapReached() public view returns (bool) {
      return tokensSold >= tokenCap;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Extend parent behavior requiring purchase to respect the token cap.
   * @param _beneficiary Token purchaser
   * @param _weiAmount Amount of wei contributed
   */
  function _preValidatePurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _weiAmount
  )
    internal
  {
      super._preValidatePurchase(_beneficiary, _weiAmount);
      require(!tokenCapReached());
  }

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent to increase the number of tokensSold.
   * @param _beneficiary Address receiving the tokens
   * @param _tokenAmount Number of tokens to be purchased
   */
  function _processPurchase(
    address _beneficiary,
    uint256 _tokenAmount
  )
    internal
  {
    tokensSold = tokensSold.add(_tokenAmount);
    super._processPurchase(_beneficiary, _tokenAmount);
  }
}


/**
 * @title IncreasingTokenPriceCrowdsale
 * @dev Extension of Crowdsale contract that increases the price of one token linearly in time.
 * Note that what should be provided to the constructor is the initial and final _rates_, that is,
 * the amount of wei per one token. Thus, the initial rate must be less than the final rate.
 */
contract IncreasingTokenPriceCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale
{
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  uint256 public initialRate;
  uint256 public finalRate;

  /**
   * @dev Constructor, takes initial and final rates of wei contributed per token.
   * @param _initialRate Number of wei it costs for one token at the start of the crowdsale
   * @param _finalRate Number of wei it costs for one token at the end of the crowdsale
   */
  constructor(uint256 _initialRate, uint256 _finalRate) public {
    require(_finalRate >= _initialRate);
    require(_initialRate > 0);
    initialRate = _initialRate;
    finalRate = _finalRate;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Returns the rate of wei per token at the present time.
   * @return The number of wei it costs for one token at a given time
   */
  function getCurrentRate() public view returns (uint256) {
    // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
    uint256 elapsedTime = block.timestamp.sub(openingTime);
    uint256 timeRange = closingTime.sub(openingTime);
    uint256 rateRange = finalRate.sub(initialRate);
    return initialRate.add(elapsedTime.mul(rateRange).div(timeRange));
  }

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent method taking into account variable rate.
   * @param _weiAmount The value in wei to be converted into tokens
   * @return The number of tokens _weiAmount wei will buy at present time
   */
  function _getTokenAmount(uint256 _weiAmount)
    internal view returns (uint256)
  {
    uint256 currentRate = getCurrentRate();
    return _weiAmount.div(currentRate);
  }
}


/**
 * @title FOIChainCrowdsale
 * @dev The FOI crowdsale contract. It inherits from several other crowdsale contracts to provide the required functionality.
 * The crowdsale runs from 12:00 am GMT, August 13th, to 11:59 pm GMT, October 12th.
 * The price increases linearly from 0.05 ether per token, to 0.25 ether per token.
 * A maximum of 200,000 tokens can be purchased.
 * 50,000 tokens are reserved for the FOIChain organization to fund the on-going development of the web app front end.
 * Any unsold tokens will go to the FOIChain organization.
 */
contract FOIChainCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale, MintedCrowdsale, IncreasingTokenPriceCrowdsale, PostDeliveryCrowdsale, CappedTokenCrowdsale, FinalizableCrowdsale {
  using SafeMath for uint256;

  address constant internal walletAddress   = 0x870c6bd22325673D28d9a5da465dFef3073AB3E7;
  uint256 constant internal startOfAugust13 = 1534118400;
  uint256 constant internal endOfOctober12  = 1539388740;

  /**
   * @dev Constructor, creates crowdsale contract with wallet to send funds to,
   * an opening and closing time, an initialRate and finalRate, and a token cap.
   */
  constructor()
    public
    Crowdsale(walletAddress)
    TimedCrowdsale(startOfAugust13, endOfOctober12)
    IncreasingTokenPriceCrowdsale(0.05 ether, 0.25 ether)
    PostDeliveryCrowdsale()
    CappedTokenCrowdsale(200000)
    FinalizableCrowdsale() {

  }

  /**
   * @dev Allows the owner to update the address of the to-be-written FOI token contract.
   * When the pre-sale is over, this contract will mint the tokens for people who purchased
   * in the pre-sale.
   * Make sure that this contract is the owner of the token contract.
   * @param _token The address of the FOI token contract
   */
  function updateTokenAddress(MintableToken _token) onlyOwner public {
    require(!isFinalized);
    require(_token.owner() == address(this));
    token = _token;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Validate that enough ether was sent to buy at least one token.
  * @param _beneficiary Token purchaser
  * @param _weiAmount Amount of wei sent to the contract
  */
  function _preValidatePurchase(address _beneficiary, uint256 _weiAmount) internal {
    super._preValidatePurchase(_beneficiary, _weiAmount);

    uint256 currentRate = getCurrentRate();
    uint256 tokenAmount = _weiAmount.div(currentRate);
    require(tokenAmount > 0);
  }

  /**
  * @dev Public function for getting the number of tokens _weiAmount contributed would purchase.
  * @param _weiAmount Amount of wei sent to the contract
  * @return Number of tokens _weiAmount contributed would purchase
  */
  function getTokenAmount(uint256 _weiAmount) public view returns(uint256) {
    return _getTokenAmount(_weiAmount);
  }

  /**
  * @dev Overrides parent method taking into account the token cap.
  * @param _weiAmount Amount of wei sent to the contract
  * @return Number of tokens _weiAmount contributed would purchase
  */
  function _getTokenAmount(uint256 _weiAmount) internal view returns(uint256) {
    uint256 tokenAmount = super._getTokenAmount(_weiAmount);

    uint256 unsold = unsoldTokens();

    if(tokenAmount > unsold)
    {
        tokenAmount = unsold;
    }

    return tokenAmount;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Calculates how many tokens have not been sold in the pre-sale
  * @return Number of tokens that have not been sold in the pre-sale.
  */
  function unsoldTokens() public view returns (uint256) {
    return tokenCap.sub(tokensSold);
  }

  /**
  * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
  * @param _user The address to query the the balance of.
  * @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
  */
  function getBalance(address _user) public view returns(uint256) {
    return balances[_user];
  }

  event EtherRefund(
    address indexed purchaser,
    uint256 refund
  );

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent to calculate how much extra wei was sent, and issues a refund.
   * @param _beneficiary Token purchaser
   * @param _tokenAmount Amount of tokens purchased
   */
  function _processPurchase(address _beneficiary, uint256 _tokenAmount) internal {
    super._processPurchase(_beneficiary, _tokenAmount);

    uint256 currentRate = getCurrentRate();

    uint256 weiSpent = currentRate.mul(_tokenAmount);

    uint256 weiAmount = msg.value;

    uint256 refund = weiAmount.sub(weiSpent);

    if(refund > 0)
    {
        weiRaised = weiRaised.sub(refund);
        msg.sender.transfer(refund);

        emit EtherRefund(
            msg.sender,
            refund
        );
    }
  }

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent to forward the complete balance to the wallet.
   * This contract should never contain any ether.
   */
  function _forwardFunds() internal {
    wallet.transfer(address(this).balance);
  }

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent to only allow withdraws after the pre-sale has been finalized.
   */
  function withdrawTokens() public  {
    require(isFinalized);
    super.withdrawTokens();
  }

  /**
   * @dev Overrides parent to perform custom finalization logic.
   * After the pre-sale is over, 50,000 tokens will be allocated to the FOI organization
   * to support the on-going development of the FOI smart contract and web app front end.
   * Note that any unsold tokens will also be allocated to the FOI organization.
   */
  function finalization() internal {
    uint256 reserve = 50000;

    uint256 remaining = tokenCap.sub(tokensSold).add(reserve);

    balances[wallet] = balances[wallet].add(remaining);

    super.finalization();
  }
}