/*

⚠⚠⚠ WARNING WARNING WARNING ⚠⚠⚠

This is a TARGET contract - DO NOT CONNECT TO IT DIRECTLY IN YOUR CONTRACTS or DAPPS!

This contract has an associated PROXY that MUST be used for all integrations - this TARGET will be REPLACED in an upcoming Synthetix release!
The proxy for this contract can be found here:

https://contracts.synthetix.io/ProxyERC20

*//*
   ____            __   __        __   _
  / __/__ __ ___  / /_ / /  ___  / /_ (_)__ __
 _\ \ / // // _ \/ __// _ \/ -_)/ __// / \ \ /
/___/ \_, //_//_/\__//_//_/\__/ \__//_/ /_\_\
     /___/

* Synthetix: Synthetix.sol
*
* Latest source (may be newer): https://github.com/Synthetixio/synthetix/blob/master/contracts/Synthetix.sol
* Docs: https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Synthetix
*
* Contract Dependencies: 
*	- ExternStateToken
*	- IAddressResolver
*	- IERC20
*	- ISynthetix
*	- MixinResolver
*	- Owned
*	- Proxyable
*	- SelfDestructible
*	- State
* Libraries: 
*	- Math
*	- SafeDecimalMath
*	- SafeMath
*
* MIT License
* ===========
*
* Copyright (c) 2020 Synthetix
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
*/

/* ===============================================
* Flattened with Solidifier by Coinage
* 
* https://solidifier.coina.ge
* ===============================================
*/


pragma solidity >=0.4.24;


interface IERC20 {
    // ERC20 Optional Views
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);

    // Views
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint);

    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint);

    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function transfer(address to, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function approve(address spender, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) external returns (bool);

    // Events
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);

    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
}


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Owned
contract Owned {
    address public owner;
    address public nominatedOwner;

    constructor(address _owner) public {
        require(_owner != address(0), "Owner address cannot be 0");
        owner = _owner;
        emit OwnerChanged(address(0), _owner);
    }

    function nominateNewOwner(address _owner) external onlyOwner {
        nominatedOwner = _owner;
        emit OwnerNominated(_owner);
    }

    function acceptOwnership() external {
        require(msg.sender == nominatedOwner, "You must be nominated before you can accept ownership");
        emit OwnerChanged(owner, nominatedOwner);
        owner = nominatedOwner;
        nominatedOwner = address(0);
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "Only the contract owner may perform this action");
        _;
    }

    event OwnerNominated(address newOwner);
    event OwnerChanged(address oldOwner, address newOwner);
}


// Inheritance


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/SelfDestructible
contract SelfDestructible is Owned {
    uint public constant SELFDESTRUCT_DELAY = 4 weeks;

    uint public initiationTime;
    bool public selfDestructInitiated;

    address public selfDestructBeneficiary;

    constructor() internal {
        // This contract is abstract, and thus cannot be instantiated directly
        require(owner != address(0), "Owner must be set");
        selfDestructBeneficiary = owner;
        emit SelfDestructBeneficiaryUpdated(owner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the beneficiary address of this contract.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this. The provided beneficiary must be non-null.
     * @param _beneficiary The address to pay any eth contained in this contract to upon self-destruction.
     */
    function setSelfDestructBeneficiary(address payable _beneficiary) external onlyOwner {
        require(_beneficiary != address(0), "Beneficiary must not be zero");
        selfDestructBeneficiary = _beneficiary;
        emit SelfDestructBeneficiaryUpdated(_beneficiary);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Begin the self-destruction counter of this contract.
     * Once the delay has elapsed, the contract may be self-destructed.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this.
     */
    function initiateSelfDestruct() external onlyOwner {
        initiationTime = now;
        selfDestructInitiated = true;
        emit SelfDestructInitiated(SELFDESTRUCT_DELAY);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Terminate and reset the self-destruction timer.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this.
     */
    function terminateSelfDestruct() external onlyOwner {
        initiationTime = 0;
        selfDestructInitiated = false;
        emit SelfDestructTerminated();
    }

    /**
     * @notice If the self-destruction delay has elapsed, destroy this contract and
     * remit any ether it owns to the beneficiary address.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this.
     */
    function selfDestruct() external onlyOwner {
        require(selfDestructInitiated, "Self Destruct not yet initiated");
        require(initiationTime + SELFDESTRUCT_DELAY < now, "Self destruct delay not met");
        emit SelfDestructed(selfDestructBeneficiary);
        selfdestruct(address(uint160(selfDestructBeneficiary)));
    }

    event SelfDestructTerminated();
    event SelfDestructed(address beneficiary);
    event SelfDestructInitiated(uint selfDestructDelay);
    event SelfDestructBeneficiaryUpdated(address newBeneficiary);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Proxy
contract Proxy is Owned {
    Proxyable public target;

    constructor(address _owner) public Owned(_owner) {}

    function setTarget(Proxyable _target) external onlyOwner {
        target = _target;
        emit TargetUpdated(_target);
    }

    function _emit(
        bytes calldata callData,
        uint numTopics,
        bytes32 topic1,
        bytes32 topic2,
        bytes32 topic3,
        bytes32 topic4
    ) external onlyTarget {
        uint size = callData.length;
        bytes memory _callData = callData;

        assembly {
            /* The first 32 bytes of callData contain its length (as specified by the abi).
             * Length is assumed to be a uint256 and therefore maximum of 32 bytes
             * in length. It is also leftpadded to be a multiple of 32 bytes.
             * This means moving call_data across 32 bytes guarantees we correctly access
             * the data itself. */
            switch numTopics
                case 0 {
                    log0(add(_callData, 32), size)
                }
                case 1 {
                    log1(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1)
                }
                case 2 {
                    log2(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2)
                }
                case 3 {
                    log3(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2, topic3)
                }
                case 4 {
                    log4(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2, topic3, topic4)
                }
        }
    }

    // solhint-disable no-complex-fallback
    function() external payable {
        // Mutable call setting Proxyable.messageSender as this is using call not delegatecall
        target.setMessageSender(msg.sender);

        assembly {
            let free_ptr := mload(0x40)
            calldatacopy(free_ptr, 0, calldatasize)

            /* We must explicitly forward ether to the underlying contract as well. */
            let result := call(gas, sload(target_slot), callvalue, free_ptr, calldatasize, 0, 0)
            returndatacopy(free_ptr, 0, returndatasize)

            if iszero(result) {
                revert(free_ptr, returndatasize)
            }
            return(free_ptr, returndatasize)
        }
    }

    modifier onlyTarget {
        require(Proxyable(msg.sender) == target, "Must be proxy target");
        _;
    }

    event TargetUpdated(Proxyable newTarget);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Proxyable
contract Proxyable is Owned {
    // This contract should be treated like an abstract contract

    /* The proxy this contract exists behind. */
    Proxy public proxy;
    Proxy public integrationProxy;

    /* The caller of the proxy, passed through to this contract.
     * Note that every function using this member must apply the onlyProxy or
     * optionalProxy modifiers, otherwise their invocations can use stale values. */
    address public messageSender;

    constructor(address payable _proxy) internal {
        // This contract is abstract, and thus cannot be instantiated directly
        require(owner != address(0), "Owner must be set");

        proxy = Proxy(_proxy);
        emit ProxyUpdated(_proxy);
    }

    function setProxy(address payable _proxy) external onlyOwner {
        proxy = Proxy(_proxy);
        emit ProxyUpdated(_proxy);
    }

    function setIntegrationProxy(address payable _integrationProxy) external onlyOwner {
        integrationProxy = Proxy(_integrationProxy);
    }

    function setMessageSender(address sender) external onlyProxy {
        messageSender = sender;
    }

    modifier onlyProxy {
        require(Proxy(msg.sender) == proxy || Proxy(msg.sender) == integrationProxy, "Only the proxy can call");
        _;
    }

    modifier optionalProxy {
        if (Proxy(msg.sender) != proxy && Proxy(msg.sender) != integrationProxy && messageSender != msg.sender) {
            messageSender = msg.sender;
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier optionalProxy_onlyOwner {
        if (Proxy(msg.sender) != proxy && Proxy(msg.sender) != integrationProxy && messageSender != msg.sender) {
            messageSender = msg.sender;
        }
        require(messageSender == owner, "Owner only function");
        _;
    }

    event ProxyUpdated(address proxyAddress);
}


/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's arithmetic operations with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result
 * in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an
 * error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages.
 * `SafeMath` restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an
 * operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Addition cannot overflow.
     */
    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow (when the result is negative).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.
     */
    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b <= a, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");
        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on
     * overflow.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.
     */
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
        // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        uint256 c = a * b;
        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on
     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a
     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity
     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
        require(b > 0, "SafeMath: division by zero");
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

        return c;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),
     * Reverts when dividing by zero.
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`
     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an
     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The divisor cannot be zero.
     */
    function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(b != 0, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");
        return a % b;
    }
}


// Libraries


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/SafeDecimalMath
library SafeDecimalMath {
    using SafeMath for uint;

    /* Number of decimal places in the representations. */
    uint8 public constant decimals = 18;
    uint8 public constant highPrecisionDecimals = 27;

    /* The number representing 1.0. */
    uint public constant UNIT = 10**uint(decimals);

    /* The number representing 1.0 for higher fidelity numbers. */
    uint public constant PRECISE_UNIT = 10**uint(highPrecisionDecimals);
    uint private constant UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR = 10**uint(highPrecisionDecimals - decimals);

    /**
     * @return Provides an interface to UNIT.
     */
    function unit() external pure returns (uint) {
        return UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return Provides an interface to PRECISE_UNIT.
     */
    function preciseUnit() external pure returns (uint) {
        return PRECISE_UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands as fixed-point
     * decimals.
     *
     * @dev A unit factor is divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated,
     * so that product must be less than 2**256. As this is an integer division,
     * the internal division always rounds down. This helps save on gas. Rounding
     * is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function multiplyDecimal(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        return x.mul(y) / UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of the specified precision unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the form of a the specified unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function _multiplyDecimalRound(
        uint x,
        uint y,
        uint precisionUnit
    ) private pure returns (uint) {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        uint quotientTimesTen = x.mul(y) / (precisionUnit / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a precise unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the precise unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a standard unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the standard unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRound(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is a high
     * precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and UNIT must be less than 2**256. As
     * this is an integer division, the result is always rounded down.
     * This helps save on gas. Rounding is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function divideDecimal(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        /* Reintroduce the UNIT factor that will be divided out by y. */
        return x.mul(UNIT).div(y);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * decimal in the precision unit specified in the parameter.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the specified precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the specified precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function _divideDecimalRound(
        uint x,
        uint y,
        uint precisionUnit
    ) private pure returns (uint) {
        uint resultTimesTen = x.mul(precisionUnit * 10).div(y);

        if (resultTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            resultTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return resultTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * standard precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the standard precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRound(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * high precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the high precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the high precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a standard decimal representation to a high precision one.
     */
    function decimalToPreciseDecimal(uint i) internal pure returns (uint) {
        return i.mul(UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a high precision decimal to a standard decimal representation.
     */
    function preciseDecimalToDecimal(uint i) internal pure returns (uint) {
        uint quotientTimesTen = i / (UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }
}


// Inheritance


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/State
contract State is Owned {
    // the address of the contract that can modify variables
    // this can only be changed by the owner of this contract
    address public associatedContract;

    constructor(address _associatedContract) internal {
        // This contract is abstract, and thus cannot be instantiated directly
        require(owner != address(0), "Owner must be set");

        associatedContract = _associatedContract;
        emit AssociatedContractUpdated(_associatedContract);
    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    // Change the associated contract to a new address
    function setAssociatedContract(address _associatedContract) external onlyOwner {
        associatedContract = _associatedContract;
        emit AssociatedContractUpdated(_associatedContract);
    }

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */

    modifier onlyAssociatedContract {
        require(msg.sender == associatedContract, "Only the associated contract can perform this action");
        _;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event AssociatedContractUpdated(address associatedContract);
}


// Inheritance


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/TokenState
contract TokenState is Owned, State {
    /* ERC20 fields. */
    mapping(address => uint) public balanceOf;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint)) public allowance;

    constructor(address _owner, address _associatedContract) public Owned(_owner) State(_associatedContract) {}

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set ERC20 allowance.
     * @dev Only the associated contract may call this.
     * @param tokenOwner The authorising party.
     * @param spender The authorised party.
     * @param value The total value the authorised party may spend on the
     * authorising party's behalf.
     */
    function setAllowance(
        address tokenOwner,
        address spender,
        uint value
    ) external onlyAssociatedContract {
        allowance[tokenOwner][spender] = value;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the balance in a given account
     * @dev Only the associated contract may call this.
     * @param account The account whose value to set.
     * @param value The new balance of the given account.
     */
    function setBalanceOf(address account, uint value) external onlyAssociatedContract {
        balanceOf[account] = value;
    }
}


// Inheritance


// Libraries


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/ExternStateToken
contract ExternStateToken is Owned, SelfDestructible, Proxyable {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    /* ========== STATE VARIABLES ========== */

    /* Stores balances and allowances. */
    TokenState public tokenState;

    /* Other ERC20 fields. */
    string public name;
    string public symbol;
    uint public totalSupply;
    uint8 public decimals;

    constructor(
        address payable _proxy,
        TokenState _tokenState,
        string memory _name,
        string memory _symbol,
        uint _totalSupply,
        uint8 _decimals,
        address _owner
    ) public Owned(_owner) SelfDestructible() Proxyable(_proxy) {
        tokenState = _tokenState;

        name = _name;
        symbol = _symbol;
        totalSupply = _totalSupply;
        decimals = _decimals;
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Returns the ERC20 allowance of one party to spend on behalf of another.
     * @param owner The party authorising spending of their funds.
     * @param spender The party spending tokenOwner's funds.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint) {
        return tokenState.allowance(owner, spender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the ERC20 token balance of a given account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint) {
        return tokenState.balanceOf(account);
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set the address of the TokenState contract.
     * @dev This can be used to "pause" transfer functionality, by pointing the tokenState at 0x000..
     * as balances would be unreachable.
     */
    function setTokenState(TokenState _tokenState) external optionalProxy_onlyOwner {
        tokenState = _tokenState;
        emitTokenStateUpdated(address(_tokenState));
    }

    function _internalTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) internal returns (bool) {
        /* Disallow transfers to irretrievable-addresses. */
        require(to != address(0) && to != address(this) && to != address(proxy), "Cannot transfer to this address");

        // Insufficient balance will be handled by the safe subtraction.
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(from, tokenState.balanceOf(from).sub(value));
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(to, tokenState.balanceOf(to).add(value));

        // Emit a standard ERC20 transfer event
        emitTransfer(from, to, value);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform an ERC20 token transfer. Designed to be called by transfer functions possessing
     * the onlyProxy or optionalProxy modifiers.
     */
    function _transferByProxy(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) internal returns (bool) {
        return _internalTransfer(from, to, value);
    }

    /*
     * @dev Perform an ERC20 token transferFrom. Designed to be called by transferFrom functions
     * possessing the optionalProxy or optionalProxy modifiers.
     */
    function _transferFromByProxy(
        address sender,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) internal returns (bool) {
        /* Insufficient allowance will be handled by the safe subtraction. */
        tokenState.setAllowance(from, sender, tokenState.allowance(from, sender).sub(value));
        return _internalTransfer(from, to, value);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Approves spender to transfer on the message sender's behalf.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint value) public optionalProxy returns (bool) {
        address sender = messageSender;

        tokenState.setAllowance(sender, spender, value);
        emitApproval(sender, spender, value);
        return true;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */
    function addressToBytes32(address input) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return bytes32(uint256(uint160(input)));
    }

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);
    bytes32 internal constant TRANSFER_SIG = keccak256("Transfer(address,address,uint256)");

    function emitTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 3, TRANSFER_SIG, addressToBytes32(from), addressToBytes32(to), 0);
    }

    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
    bytes32 internal constant APPROVAL_SIG = keccak256("Approval(address,address,uint256)");

    function emitApproval(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint value
    ) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 3, APPROVAL_SIG, addressToBytes32(owner), addressToBytes32(spender), 0);
    }

    event TokenStateUpdated(address newTokenState);
    bytes32 internal constant TOKENSTATEUPDATED_SIG = keccak256("TokenStateUpdated(address)");

    function emitTokenStateUpdated(address newTokenState) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(newTokenState), 1, TOKENSTATEUPDATED_SIG, 0, 0, 0);
    }
}


interface IAddressResolver {
    function getAddress(bytes32 name) external view returns (address);

    function getSynth(bytes32 key) external view returns (address);

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string calldata reason) external view returns (address);
}


interface ISynth {
    // Views
    function currencyKey() external view returns (bytes32);

    function transferableSynths(address account) external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function transferAndSettle(address to, uint value) external returns (bool);

    function transferFromAndSettle(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) external returns (bool);

    // Restricted: used internally to Synthetix
    function burn(address account, uint amount) external;

    function issue(address account, uint amount) external;
}


interface IIssuer {
    // Views
    function anySynthOrSNXRateIsStale() external view returns (bool anyRateStale);

    function availableCurrencyKeys() external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    function availableSynthCount() external view returns (uint);

    function availableSynths(uint index) external view returns (ISynth);

    function canBurnSynths(address account) external view returns (bool);

    function collateral(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatio(address issuer) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatioAndAnyRatesStale(address _issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (uint cratio, bool anyRateIsStale);

    function debtBalanceOf(address issuer, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint debtBalance);

    function lastIssueEvent(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function maxIssuableSynths(address issuer) external view returns (uint maxIssuable);

    function remainingIssuableSynths(address issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt
        );

    function synths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (ISynth);

    function synthsByAddress(address synthAddress) external view returns (bytes32);

    function totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey, bool excludeEtherCollateral) external view returns (uint);

    function transferableSynthetixAndAnyRateIsStale(address account, uint balance)
        external
        view
        returns (uint transferable, bool anyRateIsStale);

    // Restricted: used internally to Synthetix
    function issueSynths(address from, uint amount) external;

    function issueSynthsOnBehalf(
        address issueFor,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external;

    function issueMaxSynths(address from) external;

    function issueMaxSynthsOnBehalf(address issueFor, address from) external;

    function burnSynths(address from, uint amount) external;

    function burnSynthsOnBehalf(
        address burnForAddress,
        address from,
        uint amount
    ) external;

    function burnSynthsToTarget(address from) external;

    function burnSynthsToTargetOnBehalf(address burnForAddress, address from) external;

    function liquidateDelinquentAccount(address account, uint susdAmount, address liquidator) external returns (uint totalRedeemed, uint amountToLiquidate);
}


// Inheritance


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/AddressResolver
contract AddressResolver is Owned, IAddressResolver {
    mapping(bytes32 => address) public repository;

    constructor(address _owner) public Owned(_owner) {}

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    function importAddresses(bytes32[] calldata names, address[] calldata destinations) external onlyOwner {
        require(names.length == destinations.length, "Input lengths must match");

        for (uint i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
            repository[names[i]] = destinations[i];
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function getAddress(bytes32 name) external view returns (address) {
        return repository[name];
    }

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string calldata reason) external view returns (address) {
        address _foundAddress = repository[name];
        require(_foundAddress != address(0), reason);
        return _foundAddress;
    }

    function getSynth(bytes32 key) external view returns (address) {
        IIssuer issuer = IIssuer(repository["Issuer"]);
        require(address(issuer) != address(0), "Cannot find Issuer address");
        return address(issuer.synths(key));
    }
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/MixinResolver
contract MixinResolver is Owned {
    AddressResolver public resolver;

    mapping(bytes32 => address) private addressCache;

    bytes32[] public resolverAddressesRequired;

    uint public constant MAX_ADDRESSES_FROM_RESOLVER = 24;

    constructor(address _resolver, bytes32[MAX_ADDRESSES_FROM_RESOLVER] memory _addressesToCache) internal {
        // This contract is abstract, and thus cannot be instantiated directly
        require(owner != address(0), "Owner must be set");

        for (uint i = 0; i < _addressesToCache.length; i++) {
            if (_addressesToCache[i] != bytes32(0)) {
                resolverAddressesRequired.push(_addressesToCache[i]);
            } else {
                // End early once an empty item is found - assumes there are no empty slots in
                // _addressesToCache
                break;
            }
        }
        resolver = AddressResolver(_resolver);
        // Do not sync the cache as addresses may not be in the resolver yet
    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */
    function setResolverAndSyncCache(AddressResolver _resolver) external onlyOwner {
        resolver = _resolver;

        for (uint i = 0; i < resolverAddressesRequired.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = resolverAddressesRequired[i];
            // Note: can only be invoked once the resolver has all the targets needed added
            addressCache[name] = resolver.requireAndGetAddress(name, "Resolver missing target");
        }
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function requireAndGetAddress(bytes32 name, string memory reason) internal view returns (address) {
        address _foundAddress = addressCache[name];
        require(_foundAddress != address(0), reason);
        return _foundAddress;
    }

    // Note: this could be made external in a utility contract if addressCache was made public
    // (used for deployment)
    function isResolverCached(AddressResolver _resolver) external view returns (bool) {
        if (resolver != _resolver) {
            return false;
        }

        // otherwise, check everything
        for (uint i = 0; i < resolverAddressesRequired.length; i++) {
            bytes32 name = resolverAddressesRequired[i];
            // false if our cache is invalid or if the resolver doesn't have the required address
            if (resolver.getAddress(name) != addressCache[name] || addressCache[name] == address(0)) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    // Note: can be made external into a utility contract (used for deployment)
    function getResolverAddressesRequired()
        external
        view
        returns (bytes32[MAX_ADDRESSES_FROM_RESOLVER] memory addressesRequired)
    {
        for (uint i = 0; i < resolverAddressesRequired.length; i++) {
            addressesRequired[i] = resolverAddressesRequired[i];
        }
    }

    /* ========== INTERNAL FUNCTIONS ========== */
    function appendToAddressCache(bytes32 name) internal {
        resolverAddressesRequired.push(name);
        require(resolverAddressesRequired.length < MAX_ADDRESSES_FROM_RESOLVER, "Max resolver cache size met");
        // Because this is designed to be called internally in constructors, we don't
        // check the address exists already in the resolver
        addressCache[name] = resolver.getAddress(name);
    }
}


interface ISynthetix {
    // Views
    function anySynthOrSNXRateIsStale() external view returns (bool anyRateStale);

    function availableCurrencyKeys() external view returns (bytes32[] memory);

    function availableSynthCount() external view returns (uint);

    function availableSynths(uint index) external view returns (ISynth);

    function collateral(address account) external view returns (uint);

    function collateralisationRatio(address issuer) external view returns (uint);

    function debtBalanceOf(address issuer, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function isWaitingPeriod(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function maxIssuableSynths(address issuer) external view returns (uint maxIssuable);

    function remainingIssuableSynths(address issuer)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt
        );

    function synths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (ISynth);

    function synthsByAddress(address synthAddress) external view returns (bytes32);

    function totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function totalIssuedSynthsExcludeEtherCollateral(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function transferableSynthetix(address account) external view returns (uint transferable);

    // Mutative Functions
    function burnSynths(uint amount) external;

    function burnSynthsOnBehalf(address burnForAddress, uint amount) external;

    function burnSynthsToTarget() external;

    function burnSynthsToTargetOnBehalf(address burnForAddress) external;

    function exchange(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function exchangeOnBehalf(
        address exchangeForAddress,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function issueMaxSynths() external;

    function issueMaxSynthsOnBehalf(address issueForAddress) external;

    function issueSynths(uint amount) external;

    function issueSynthsOnBehalf(address issueForAddress, uint amount) external;

    function mint() external returns (bool);

    function settle(bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        returns (
            uint reclaimed,
            uint refunded,
            uint numEntries
        );

    function liquidateDelinquentAccount(address account, uint susdAmount) external returns (bool);
}


interface ISynthetixState {
    // Views
    function debtLedger(uint index) external view returns (uint);

    function issuanceRatio() external view returns (uint);

    function issuanceData(address account) external view returns (uint initialDebtOwnership, uint debtEntryIndex);

    function debtLedgerLength() external view returns (uint);

    function hasIssued(address account) external view returns (bool);

    function lastDebtLedgerEntry() external view returns (uint);

    // Mutative functions
    function incrementTotalIssuerCount() external;

    function decrementTotalIssuerCount() external;

    function setCurrentIssuanceData(address account, uint initialDebtOwnership) external;

    function appendDebtLedgerValue(uint value) external;

    function clearIssuanceData(address account) external;
}


interface ISystemStatus {
    // Views
    function requireSystemActive() external view;

    function requireIssuanceActive() external view;

    function requireExchangeActive() external view;

    function requireSynthActive(bytes32 currencyKey) external view;

    function requireSynthsActive(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) external view;
}


interface IExchanger {
    // Views
    function calculateAmountAfterSettlement(
        address from,
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint amount,
        uint refunded
    ) external view returns (uint amountAfterSettlement);

    function maxSecsLeftInWaitingPeriod(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function settlementOwing(address account, bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint reclaimAmount,
            uint rebateAmount,
            uint numEntries
        );

    function hasWaitingPeriodOrSettlementOwing(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);

    function feeRateForExchange(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (uint exchangeFeeRate);

    function getAmountsForExchange(
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    )
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint amountReceived,
            uint fee,
            uint exchangeFeeRate
        );

    // Mutative functions
    function exchange(
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function exchangeOnBehalf(
        address exchangeForAddress,
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external returns (uint amountReceived);

    function settle(address from, bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        returns (
            uint reclaimed,
            uint refunded,
            uint numEntries
        );
}


// Libraries


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Math
library Math {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    /**
     * @dev Uses "exponentiation by squaring" algorithm where cost is 0(logN)
     * vs 0(N) for naive repeated multiplication.
     * Calculates x^n with x as fixed-point and n as regular unsigned int.
     * Calculates to 18 digits of precision with SafeDecimalMath.unit()
     */
    function powDecimal(uint x, uint n) internal pure returns (uint) {
        // https://mpark.github.io/programming/2014/08/18/exponentiation-by-squaring/

        uint result = SafeDecimalMath.unit();
        while (n > 0) {
            if (n % 2 != 0) {
                result = result.multiplyDecimal(x);
            }
            x = x.multiplyDecimal(x);
            n /= 2;
        }
        return result;
    }
}


// Inheritance


// Libraries


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/SupplySchedule
contract SupplySchedule is Owned {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;
    using Math for uint;

    // Time of the last inflation supply mint event
    uint public lastMintEvent;

    // Counter for number of weeks since the start of supply inflation
    uint public weekCounter;

    // The number of SNX rewarded to the caller of Synthetix.mint()
    uint public minterReward = 200 * SafeDecimalMath.unit();

    // The initial weekly inflationary supply is 75m / 52 until the start of the decay rate.
    // 75e6 * SafeDecimalMath.unit() / 52
    uint public constant INITIAL_WEEKLY_SUPPLY = 1442307692307692307692307;

    // Address of the SynthetixProxy for the onlySynthetix modifier
    address payable public synthetixProxy;

    // Max SNX rewards for minter
    uint public constant MAX_MINTER_REWARD = 200 * 1e18;

    // How long each inflation period is before mint can be called
    uint public constant MINT_PERIOD_DURATION = 1 weeks;

    uint public constant INFLATION_START_DATE = 1551830400; // 2019-03-06T00:00:00+00:00
    uint public constant MINT_BUFFER = 1 days;
    uint8 public constant SUPPLY_DECAY_START = 40; // Week 40
    uint8 public constant SUPPLY_DECAY_END = 234; //  Supply Decay ends on Week 234 (inclusive of Week 234 for a total of 195 weeks of inflation decay)

    // Weekly percentage decay of inflationary supply from the first 40 weeks of the 75% inflation rate
    uint public constant DECAY_RATE = 12500000000000000; // 1.25% weekly

    // Percentage growth of terminal supply per annum
    uint public constant TERMINAL_SUPPLY_RATE_ANNUAL = 25000000000000000; // 2.5% pa

    constructor(
        address _owner,
        uint _lastMintEvent,
        uint _currentWeek
    ) public Owned(_owner) {
        lastMintEvent = _lastMintEvent;
        weekCounter = _currentWeek;
    }

    // ========== VIEWS ==========

    /**
     * @return The amount of SNX mintable for the inflationary supply
     */
    function mintableSupply() external view returns (uint) {
        uint totalAmount;

        if (!isMintable()) {
            return totalAmount;
        }

        uint remainingWeeksToMint = weeksSinceLastIssuance();

        uint currentWeek = weekCounter;

        // Calculate total mintable supply from exponential decay function
        // The decay function stops after week 234
        while (remainingWeeksToMint > 0) {
            currentWeek++;

            if (currentWeek < SUPPLY_DECAY_START) {
                // If current week is before supply decay we add initial supply to mintableSupply
                totalAmount = totalAmount.add(INITIAL_WEEKLY_SUPPLY);
                remainingWeeksToMint--;
            } else if (currentWeek <= SUPPLY_DECAY_END) {
                // if current week before supply decay ends we add the new supply for the week
                // diff between current week and (supply decay start week - 1)
                uint decayCount = currentWeek.sub(SUPPLY_DECAY_START - 1);

                totalAmount = totalAmount.add(tokenDecaySupplyForWeek(decayCount));
                remainingWeeksToMint--;
            } else {
                // Terminal supply is calculated on the total supply of Synthetix including any new supply
                // We can compound the remaining week's supply at the fixed terminal rate
                uint totalSupply = IERC20(synthetixProxy).totalSupply();
                uint currentTotalSupply = totalSupply.add(totalAmount);

                totalAmount = totalAmount.add(terminalInflationSupply(currentTotalSupply, remainingWeeksToMint));
                remainingWeeksToMint = 0;
            }
        }

        return totalAmount;
    }

    /**
     * @return A unit amount of decaying inflationary supply from the INITIAL_WEEKLY_SUPPLY
     * @dev New token supply reduces by the decay rate each week calculated as supply = INITIAL_WEEKLY_SUPPLY * ()
     */
    function tokenDecaySupplyForWeek(uint counter) public pure returns (uint) {
        // Apply exponential decay function to number of weeks since
        // start of inflation smoothing to calculate diminishing supply for the week.
        uint effectiveDecay = (SafeDecimalMath.unit().sub(DECAY_RATE)).powDecimal(counter);
        uint supplyForWeek = INITIAL_WEEKLY_SUPPLY.multiplyDecimal(effectiveDecay);

        return supplyForWeek;
    }

    /**
     * @return A unit amount of terminal inflation supply
     * @dev Weekly compound rate based on number of weeks
     */
    function terminalInflationSupply(uint totalSupply, uint numOfWeeks) public pure returns (uint) {
        // rate = (1 + weekly rate) ^ num of weeks
        uint effectiveCompoundRate = SafeDecimalMath.unit().add(TERMINAL_SUPPLY_RATE_ANNUAL.div(52)).powDecimal(numOfWeeks);

        // return Supply * (effectiveRate - 1) for extra supply to issue based on number of weeks
        return totalSupply.multiplyDecimal(effectiveCompoundRate.sub(SafeDecimalMath.unit()));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Take timeDiff in seconds (Dividend) and MINT_PERIOD_DURATION as (Divisor)
     * @return Calculate the numberOfWeeks since last mint rounded down to 1 week
     */
    function weeksSinceLastIssuance() public view returns (uint) {
        // Get weeks since lastMintEvent
        // If lastMintEvent not set or 0, then start from inflation start date.
        uint timeDiff = lastMintEvent > 0 ? now.sub(lastMintEvent) : now.sub(INFLATION_START_DATE);
        return timeDiff.div(MINT_PERIOD_DURATION);
    }

    /**
     * @return boolean whether the MINT_PERIOD_DURATION (7 days)
     * has passed since the lastMintEvent.
     * */
    function isMintable() public view returns (bool) {
        if (now - lastMintEvent > MINT_PERIOD_DURATION) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    // ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ==========

    /**
     * @notice Record the mint event from Synthetix by incrementing the inflation
     * week counter for the number of weeks minted (probabaly always 1)
     * and store the time of the event.
     * @param supplyMinted the amount of SNX the total supply was inflated by.
     * */
    function recordMintEvent(uint supplyMinted) external onlySynthetix returns (bool) {
        uint numberOfWeeksIssued = weeksSinceLastIssuance();

        // add number of weeks minted to weekCounter
        weekCounter = weekCounter.add(numberOfWeeksIssued);

        // Update mint event to latest week issued (start date + number of weeks issued * seconds in week)
        // 1 day time buffer is added so inflation is minted after feePeriod closes
        lastMintEvent = INFLATION_START_DATE.add(weekCounter.mul(MINT_PERIOD_DURATION)).add(MINT_BUFFER);

        emit SupplyMinted(supplyMinted, numberOfWeeksIssued, lastMintEvent, now);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the reward amount of SNX for the caller of the public
     * function Synthetix.mint().
     * This incentivises anyone to mint the inflationary supply and the mintr
     * Reward will be deducted from the inflationary supply and sent to the caller.
     * @param amount the amount of SNX to reward the minter.
     * */
    function setMinterReward(uint amount) external onlyOwner {
        require(amount <= MAX_MINTER_REWARD, "Reward cannot exceed max minter reward");
        minterReward = amount;
        emit MinterRewardUpdated(minterReward);
    }

    // ========== SETTERS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set the SynthetixProxy should it ever change.
     * SupplySchedule requires Synthetix address as it has the authority
     * to record mint event.
     * */
    function setSynthetixProxy(ISynthetix _synthetixProxy) external onlyOwner {
        require(address(_synthetixProxy) != address(0), "Address cannot be 0");
        synthetixProxy = address(uint160(address(_synthetixProxy)));
        emit SynthetixProxyUpdated(synthetixProxy);
    }

    // ========== MODIFIERS ==========

    /**
     * @notice Only the Synthetix contract is authorised to call this function
     * */
    modifier onlySynthetix() {
        require(
            msg.sender == address(Proxy(address(synthetixProxy)).target()),
            "Only the synthetix contract can perform this action"
        );
        _;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */
    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the inflationary supply is minted
     * */
    event SupplyMinted(uint supplyMinted, uint numberOfWeeksIssued, uint lastMintEvent, uint timestamp);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the SNX minter reward amount is updated
     * */
    event MinterRewardUpdated(uint newRewardAmount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when setSynthetixProxy is called changing the Synthetix Proxy address
     * */
    event SynthetixProxyUpdated(address newAddress);
}


interface IRewardsDistribution {
    // Mutative functions
    function distributeRewards(uint amount) external returns (bool);
}


// Inheritance


// Internal references


// https://docs.synthetix.io/contracts/Synthetix
contract Synthetix is IERC20, ExternStateToken, MixinResolver, ISynthetix {
    // ========== STATE VARIABLES ==========

    // Available Synths which can be used with the system
    string public constant TOKEN_NAME = "Synthetix Network Token";
    string public constant TOKEN_SYMBOL = "SNX";
    uint8 public constant DECIMALS = 18;
    bytes32 public constant sUSD = "sUSD";

    /* ========== ADDRESS RESOLVER CONFIGURATION ========== */

    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXSTATE = "SynthetixState";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SYSTEMSTATUS = "SystemStatus";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_EXCHANGER = "Exchanger";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_ISSUER = "Issuer";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_SUPPLYSCHEDULE = "SupplySchedule";
    bytes32 private constant CONTRACT_REWARDSDISTRIBUTION = "RewardsDistribution";

    bytes32[24] private addressesToCache = [
        CONTRACT_SYSTEMSTATUS,
        CONTRACT_EXCHANGER,
        CONTRACT_ISSUER,
        CONTRACT_SUPPLYSCHEDULE,
        CONTRACT_REWARDSDISTRIBUTION,
        CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXSTATE
    ];

    // ========== CONSTRUCTOR ==========

    constructor(
        address payable _proxy,
        TokenState _tokenState,
        address _owner,
        uint _totalSupply,
        address _resolver
    )
        public
        ExternStateToken(_proxy, _tokenState, TOKEN_NAME, TOKEN_SYMBOL, _totalSupply, DECIMALS, _owner)
        MixinResolver(_resolver, addressesToCache)
    {}

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    function synthetixState() internal view returns (ISynthetixState) {
        return ISynthetixState(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_SYNTHETIXSTATE, "Missing SynthetixState address"));
    }

    function systemStatus() internal view returns (ISystemStatus) {
        return ISystemStatus(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_SYSTEMSTATUS, "Missing SystemStatus address"));
    }

    function exchanger() internal view returns (IExchanger) {
        return IExchanger(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_EXCHANGER, "Missing Exchanger address"));
    }

    function issuer() internal view returns (IIssuer) {
        return IIssuer(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_ISSUER, "Missing Issuer address"));
    }

    function supplySchedule() internal view returns (SupplySchedule) {
        return SupplySchedule(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_SUPPLYSCHEDULE, "Missing SupplySchedule address"));
    }

    function rewardsDistribution() internal view returns (IRewardsDistribution) {
        return
            IRewardsDistribution(requireAndGetAddress(CONTRACT_REWARDSDISTRIBUTION, "Missing RewardsDistribution address"));
    }

    function debtBalanceOf(address account, bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint) {
        return issuer().debtBalanceOf(account, currencyKey);
    }

    function totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint) {
        return issuer().totalIssuedSynths(currencyKey, false);
    }

    function totalIssuedSynthsExcludeEtherCollateral(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint) {
        return issuer().totalIssuedSynths(currencyKey, true);
    }

    function availableCurrencyKeys() external view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return issuer().availableCurrencyKeys();
    }

    function availableSynthCount() external view returns (uint) {
        return issuer().availableSynthCount();
    }

    function availableSynths(uint index) external view returns (ISynth) {
        return issuer().availableSynths(index);
    }

    function synths(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (ISynth) {
        return issuer().synths(currencyKey);
    }

    function synthsByAddress(address synthAddress) external view returns (bytes32) {
        return issuer().synthsByAddress(synthAddress);
    }

    function isWaitingPeriod(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool) {
        return exchanger().maxSecsLeftInWaitingPeriod(messageSender, currencyKey) > 0;
    }

    function anySynthOrSNXRateIsStale() external view returns (bool anyRateStale) {
        return issuer().anySynthOrSNXRateIsStale();
    }

    function maxIssuableSynths(address account) external view returns (uint maxIssuable) {
        return issuer().maxIssuableSynths(account);
    }

    function remainingIssuableSynths(address account)
        external
        view
        returns (
            uint maxIssuable,
            uint alreadyIssued,
            uint totalSystemDebt
        )
    {
        return issuer().remainingIssuableSynths(account);
    }

    function _canTransfer(address account, uint value) internal view returns (bool) {
        (uint initialDebtOwnership, ) = synthetixState().issuanceData(account);

        if (initialDebtOwnership > 0) {
            (uint transferable, bool anyRateIsStale) = issuer().transferableSynthetixAndAnyRateIsStale(
                account,
                tokenState.balanceOf(account)
            );
            require(value <= transferable, "Cannot transfer staked or escrowed SNX");
            require(!anyRateIsStale, "A synth or SNX rate is stale");
        }
        return true;
    }

    // ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ==========

    function transfer(address to, uint value) external optionalProxy systemActive returns (bool) {
        // Ensure they're not trying to exceed their locked amount -- only if they have debt.
        _canTransfer(messageSender, value);

        // Perform the transfer: if there is a problem an exception will be thrown in this call.
        _transferByProxy(messageSender, to, value);

        return true;
    }

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint value
    ) external optionalProxy systemActive returns (bool) {
        // Ensure they're not trying to exceed their locked amount -- only if they have debt.
        _canTransfer(from, value);

        // Perform the transfer: if there is a problem,
        // an exception will be thrown in this call.
        return _transferFromByProxy(messageSender, from, to, value);
    }

    function issueSynths(uint amount) external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().issueSynths(messageSender, amount);
    }

    function issueSynthsOnBehalf(address issueForAddress, uint amount) external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().issueSynthsOnBehalf(issueForAddress, messageSender, amount);
    }

    function issueMaxSynths() external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().issueMaxSynths(messageSender);
    }

    function issueMaxSynthsOnBehalf(address issueForAddress) external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().issueMaxSynthsOnBehalf(issueForAddress, messageSender);
    }

    function burnSynths(uint amount) external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().burnSynths(messageSender, amount);
    }

    function burnSynthsOnBehalf(address burnForAddress, uint amount) external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().burnSynthsOnBehalf(burnForAddress, messageSender, amount);
    }

    function burnSynthsToTarget() external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().burnSynthsToTarget(messageSender);
    }

    function burnSynthsToTargetOnBehalf(address burnForAddress) external issuanceActive optionalProxy {
        return issuer().burnSynthsToTargetOnBehalf(burnForAddress, messageSender);
    }

    function exchange(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external exchangeActive(sourceCurrencyKey, destinationCurrencyKey) optionalProxy returns (uint amountReceived) {
        return exchanger().exchange(messageSender, sourceCurrencyKey, sourceAmount, destinationCurrencyKey, messageSender);
    }

    function exchangeOnBehalf(
        address exchangeForAddress,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey
    ) external exchangeActive(sourceCurrencyKey, destinationCurrencyKey) optionalProxy returns (uint amountReceived) {
        return
            exchanger().exchangeOnBehalf(
                exchangeForAddress,
                messageSender,
                sourceCurrencyKey,
                sourceAmount,
                destinationCurrencyKey
            );
    }

    function settle(bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        optionalProxy
        returns (
            uint reclaimed,
            uint refunded,
            uint numEntriesSettled
        )
    {
        return exchanger().settle(messageSender, currencyKey);
    }

    function collateralisationRatio(address _issuer) external view returns (uint) {
        return issuer().collateralisationRatio(_issuer);
    }

    function collateral(address account) external view returns (uint) {
        return issuer().collateral(account);
    }

    function transferableSynthetix(address account) external view returns (uint transferable) {
        (transferable, ) = issuer().transferableSynthetixAndAnyRateIsStale(account, tokenState.balanceOf(account));
    }

    function mint() external issuanceActive returns (bool) {
        require(address(rewardsDistribution()) != address(0), "RewardsDistribution not set");

        SupplySchedule _supplySchedule = supplySchedule();
        IRewardsDistribution _rewardsDistribution = rewardsDistribution();

        uint supplyToMint = _supplySchedule.mintableSupply();
        require(supplyToMint > 0, "No supply is mintable");

        // record minting event before mutation to token supply
        _supplySchedule.recordMintEvent(supplyToMint);

        // Set minted SNX balance to RewardEscrow's balance
        // Minus the minterReward and set balance of minter to add reward
        uint minterReward = _supplySchedule.minterReward();
        // Get the remainder
        uint amountToDistribute = supplyToMint.sub(minterReward);

        // Set the token balance to the RewardsDistribution contract
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(
            address(_rewardsDistribution),
            tokenState.balanceOf(address(_rewardsDistribution)).add(amountToDistribute)
        );
        emitTransfer(address(this), address(_rewardsDistribution), amountToDistribute);

        // Kick off the distribution of rewards
        _rewardsDistribution.distributeRewards(amountToDistribute);

        // Assign the minters reward.
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(msg.sender, tokenState.balanceOf(msg.sender).add(minterReward));
        emitTransfer(address(this), msg.sender, minterReward);

        totalSupply = totalSupply.add(supplyToMint);

        return true;
    }

    function liquidateDelinquentAccount(address account, uint susdAmount)
        external
        systemActive
        optionalProxy
        returns (bool)
    {
        (uint totalRedeemed, uint amountLiquidated) = issuer().liquidateDelinquentAccount(
            account,
            susdAmount,
            messageSender
        );

        emitAccountLiquidated(account, totalRedeemed, amountLiquidated, messageSender);

        // Transfer SNX redeemed to messageSender
        // Reverts if amount to redeem is more than balanceOf account, ie due to escrowed balance
        return _transferByProxy(account, messageSender, totalRedeemed);
    }

    // ========== MODIFIERS ==========

    modifier onlyExchanger() {
        require(msg.sender == address(exchanger()), "Only Exchanger can invoke this");
        _;
    }

    modifier systemActive() {
        systemStatus().requireSystemActive();
        _;
    }

    modifier issuanceActive() {
        systemStatus().requireIssuanceActive();
        _;
    }

    modifier exchangeActive(bytes32 src, bytes32 dest) {
        systemStatus().requireExchangeActive();
        systemStatus().requireSynthsActive(src, dest);
        _;
    }

    // ========== EVENTS ==========

    event SynthExchange(
        address indexed account,
        bytes32 fromCurrencyKey,
        uint256 fromAmount,
        bytes32 toCurrencyKey,
        uint256 toAmount,
        address toAddress
    );
    bytes32 internal constant SYNTHEXCHANGE_SIG = keccak256(
        "SynthExchange(address,bytes32,uint256,bytes32,uint256,address)"
    );

    function emitSynthExchange(
        address account,
        bytes32 fromCurrencyKey,
        uint256 fromAmount,
        bytes32 toCurrencyKey,
        uint256 toAmount,
        address toAddress
    ) external onlyExchanger {
        proxy._emit(
            abi.encode(fromCurrencyKey, fromAmount, toCurrencyKey, toAmount, toAddress),
            2,
            SYNTHEXCHANGE_SIG,
            addressToBytes32(account),
            0,
            0
        );
    }

    event ExchangeReclaim(address indexed account, bytes32 currencyKey, uint amount);
    bytes32 internal constant EXCHANGERECLAIM_SIG = keccak256("ExchangeReclaim(address,bytes32,uint256)");

    function emitExchangeReclaim(
        address account,
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint256 amount
    ) external onlyExchanger {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(currencyKey, amount), 2, EXCHANGERECLAIM_SIG, addressToBytes32(account), 0, 0);
    }

    event ExchangeRebate(address indexed account, bytes32 currencyKey, uint amount);
    bytes32 internal constant EXCHANGEREBATE_SIG = keccak256("ExchangeRebate(address,bytes32,uint256)");

    function emitExchangeRebate(
        address account,
        bytes32 currencyKey,
        uint256 amount
    ) external onlyExchanger {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(currencyKey, amount), 2, EXCHANGEREBATE_SIG, addressToBytes32(account), 0, 0);
    }

    event AccountLiquidated(address indexed account, uint snxRedeemed, uint amountLiquidated, address liquidator);
    bytes32 internal constant ACCOUNTLIQUIDATED_SIG = keccak256("AccountLiquidated(address,uint256,uint256,address)");

    function emitAccountLiquidated(
        address account,
        uint256 snxRedeemed,
        uint256 amountLiquidated,
        address liquidator
    ) internal {
        proxy._emit(
            abi.encode(snxRedeemed, amountLiquidated, liquidator),
            2,
            ACCOUNTLIQUIDATED_SIG,
            addressToBytes32(account),
            0,
            0
        );
    }
}