pragma solidity ^0.4.18;

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// _       _  _  __  _   _          ___ __ ___ _   _ 
//   / _ \     |  \/  |/ _ \| \ | |   /\   / ____/ _ \_   _| \ | |
//  | | | |_  _| \  / | |  | |  \| |  /  \ | |   | |  | || | |  \| |
//  | | | \ \/ / |\/| | |  | | . ` | / /\ \| |   | |  | || | | . ` |
//  | |_| |>  <| |  | | |__| | |\  |/ __ \ |___| |__| || |_| |\  |
//   \___//_/\_\_|  |_|\____/|_| \_/_/    \_\_____\____/_____|_| \_|
//
//  Official website: http://0xmonacoin.org
// '0xMonacoin' contract
// Mineable ERC20 Token using Proof Of Work
// Symbol      : 0xMONA
// Name        : 0xMonacoin Token
// Total supply: 200,000,000.00
// Decimals    : 8
//
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Safe maths
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
library SafeMath {
    function add(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
        c = a + b;
        require(c >= a);
    }

    function sub(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
        require(b <= a);
        c = a - b;
    }

    function mul(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
        c = a * b;
        require(a == 0 || c / a == b);
    }

    function div(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
        require(b > 0);
        c = a / b;
    }
}

library ExtendedMath {
    // return the smaller of the two inputs (a or b)
    function limitLessThan(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
        if(a > b) return b;
        return a;
    }
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ERC Token Standard #20 Interface
// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
contract ERC20Interface {
    function totalSupply() public constant returns (uint);
    function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public constant returns (uint balance);
    function allowance(address tokenOwner, address spender) public constant returns (uint remaining);
    function transfer(address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
    function approve(address spender, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint tokens);
    event Approval(address indexed tokenOwner, address indexed spender, uint tokens);
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Contract function to receive approval and execute function in one call
//
// Borrowed from MiniMeToken
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
contract ApproveAndCallFallBack {
    function receiveApproval(address from, uint256 tokens, address token, bytes data) public;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Owned contract
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
contract Owned {
    address public owner;
    address public newOwner;

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed _from, address indexed _to);

    function Owned() public {
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        require(msg.sender == owner);
        _;
    }

    function transferOwnership(address _newOwner) public onlyOwner {
        newOwner = _newOwner;
    }

    function acceptOwnership() public {
        require(msg.sender == newOwner);
        OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
        owner = newOwner;
        newOwner = address(0);
    }
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ERC20 Token, with the addition of symbol, name and decimals and an
// initial fixed supply
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
contract _0xMonacoinToken is ERC20Interface, Owned {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using ExtendedMath for uint;

    string public symbol;
    string public name;
    uint8 public decimals;
    uint public _totalSupply;

    uint public latestDifficultyPeriodStarted;
    uint public epochCount; // number of 'blocks' mined
    uint public _BLOCKS_PER_READJUSTMENT = 1024;

    // a little number
    uint public _MINIMUM_TARGET = 2**16;

    // a big number is easier ; just find a solution that is smaller
    // uint public  _MAXIMUM_TARGET = 2**224; bitcoin uses 224
    uint public _MAXIMUM_TARGET = 2**234;

    uint public miningTarget;

    bytes32 public challengeNumber; // generate a new one when a new reward is minted

    uint public rewardEra;
    uint public maxSupplyForEra;

    address public lastRewardTo;
    uint public lastRewardAmount;
    uint public lastRewardEthBlockNumber;

    bool locked = false;

    mapping(bytes32 => bytes32) solutionForChallenge;

    uint public tokensMinted;

    mapping(address => uint) balances;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint)) allowed;

    event Mint(address indexed from, uint reward_amount, uint epochCount, bytes32 newChallengeNumber);

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Constructor
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function _0xMonacoinToken() public onlyOwner{
        symbol = "0xMONA";
        name = "0xMonacoin Token";
        decimals = 8;
        _totalSupply = 200000000 * 10**uint(decimals);

        if(locked) revert();
        locked = true;

        tokensMinted = 0;

        rewardEra = 0;
        maxSupplyForEra = _totalSupply.div(2);

        miningTarget = _MAXIMUM_TARGET;

        latestDifficultyPeriodStarted = block.number;

        _startNewMiningEpoch();

        //The owner gets nothing! You must mine this ERC20 token
        //balances[owner] = _totalSupply;
        //Transfer(address(0), owner, _totalSupply);
    }

    function mint(uint256 nonce, bytes32 challenge_digest) public returns (bool success) {
        // the PoW must contain work that includes a recent ethereum block hash (challenge number) and the msg.sender's address to prevent MITM attacks
        bytes32 digest = keccak256(challengeNumber, msg.sender, nonce);

        // the challenge digest must match the expected
        if (digest != challenge_digest) revert();

        // the digest must be smaller than the target
        if(uint256(digest) > miningTarget) revert();

        // only allow one reward for each challenge
        bytes32 solution = solutionForChallenge[challengeNumber];
        solutionForChallenge[challengeNumber] = digest;
        if(solution != 0x0) revert(); // prevent the same answer from awarding twice

        uint reward_amount = getMiningReward();

        balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].add(reward_amount);

        tokensMinted = tokensMinted.add(reward_amount);

        // Cannot mint more tokens than there are
        assert(tokensMinted <= maxSupplyForEra);

        // set readonly diagnostics data
        lastRewardTo = msg.sender;
        lastRewardAmount = reward_amount;
        lastRewardEthBlockNumber = block.number;

        _startNewMiningEpoch();

        Mint(msg.sender, reward_amount, epochCount, challengeNumber);

        return true;
    }

    // a new 'block' to be mined
    function _startNewMiningEpoch() internal {
        // if max supply for the era will be exceeded next reward round then enter the new era before that happens

        // 80 is the final reward era, almost all tokens minted
        // once the final era is reached, more tokens will not be given out because the assert function
        if(tokensMinted.add(getMiningReward()) > maxSupplyForEra && rewardEra < 79)
        {
            rewardEra = rewardEra + 1;
        }

        // set the next minted supply at which the era will change
        // total supply is 20000000000000000  because of 8 decimal places
        maxSupplyForEra = _totalSupply - _totalSupply.div(2**(rewardEra + 1));

        epochCount = epochCount.add(1);

        // every so often, readjust difficulty. Dont readjust when deploying
        if(epochCount % _BLOCKS_PER_READJUSTMENT == 0)
        {
            _reAdjustDifficulty();
        }

        // make the latest ethereum block hash a part of the next challenge for PoW to prevent pre-mining future blocks
        // do this last since this is a protection mechanism in the mint() function
        challengeNumber = block.blockhash(block.number - 1);
    }

    // https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Difficulty#What_is_the_formula_for_difficulty.3F
    // as of 2017 the bitcoin difficulty was up to 17 zeroes, it was only 8 in the early days
    // readjust the target by 5 percent
    function _reAdjustDifficulty() internal {
        uint ethBlocksSinceLastDifficultyPeriod = block.number - latestDifficultyPeriodStarted;
        // assume 360 ethereum blocks per hour

        // we want miners to spend 10 minutes to mine each 'block', about 60 ethereum blocks = one atlantis epoch
        uint epochsMined = _BLOCKS_PER_READJUSTMENT;

        uint targetEthBlocksPerDiffPeriod = epochsMined * 60; // should be 60 times slower than ethereum

        // if there were less eth blocks passed in time than expected
        if(ethBlocksSinceLastDifficultyPeriod < targetEthBlocksPerDiffPeriod)
        {
            uint excess_block_pct = (targetEthBlocksPerDiffPeriod.mul(100)).div(ethBlocksSinceLastDifficultyPeriod);

            uint excess_block_pct_extra = excess_block_pct.sub(100).limitLessThan(1000);
            // If there were 5% more blocks mined than expected then this is 5.
            // If there were 100% more blocks mined than expected then this is 100.

            // make it harder
            miningTarget = miningTarget.sub(miningTarget.div(2000).mul(excess_block_pct_extra)); // by up to 50 %
        } else {
            uint shortage_block_pct = (ethBlocksSinceLastDifficultyPeriod.mul(100)).div(targetEthBlocksPerDiffPeriod);
            uint shortage_block_pct_extra = shortage_block_pct.sub(100).limitLessThan(1000); // always between 0 and 1000

            // make it easier
            miningTarget = miningTarget.add(miningTarget.div(2000).mul(shortage_block_pct_extra)); // by up to 50 %
        }

        latestDifficultyPeriodStarted = block.number;

        if(miningTarget < _MINIMUM_TARGET) // very difficult
        {
            miningTarget = _MINIMUM_TARGET;
        }

        if(miningTarget > _MAXIMUM_TARGET) // very easy
        {
            miningTarget = _MAXIMUM_TARGET;
        }
    }

    // this is a recent ethereum block hash, used to prevent pre-mining future blocks
    function getChallengeNumber() public constant returns (bytes32) {
        return challengeNumber;
    }

    // the number of zeroes the digest of the PoW solution requires.  Auto adjusts
    function getMiningDifficulty() public constant returns (uint) {
        return _MAXIMUM_TARGET.div(miningTarget);
    }

    function getMiningTarget() public constant returns (uint) {
        return miningTarget;
    }

    // 200m coins total
    // reward begins at 500 and is cut in half every reward era (as tokens are mined)
    function getMiningReward() public constant returns (uint) {
        // once we get half way thru the coins, only get 250 per block
        // every reward era, the reward amount halves.
        return (500 * 10**uint(decimals)).div(2**rewardEra);
    }

    // help debug mining software
    function getMintDigest(uint256 nonce, bytes32 challenge_digest, bytes32 challenge_number) public view returns (bytes32 digesttest) {
        bytes32 digest = keccak256(challenge_number, msg.sender, nonce);
        return digest;
    }

    // help debug mining software
    function checkMintSolution(uint256 nonce, bytes32 challenge_digest, bytes32 challenge_number, uint testTarget) public view returns (bool success) {
        bytes32 digest = keccak256(challenge_number, msg.sender, nonce);
        if(uint256(digest) > testTarget) revert();
        return (digest == challenge_digest);
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Total supply
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function totalSupply() public constant returns (uint) {
        return _totalSupply  - balances[address(0)];
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Get the token balance for account `tokenOwner`
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public constant returns (uint balance) {
        return balances[tokenOwner];
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Transfer the balance from token owner's account to `to` account
    // - Owner's account must have sufficient balance to transfer
    // - 0 value transfers are allowed
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function transfer(address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
        balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(tokens);
        balances[to] = balances[to].add(tokens);
        Transfer(msg.sender, to, tokens);
        return true;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Token owner can approve for `spender` to transferFrom(...) `tokens`
    // from the token owner's account
    //
    // https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md
    // recommends that there are no checks for the approval double-spend attack
    // as this should be implemented in user interfaces
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function approve(address spender, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
        allowed[msg.sender][spender] = tokens;
        Approval(msg.sender, spender, tokens);
        return true;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Transfer `tokens` from the `from` account to the `to` account
    //
    // The calling account must already have sufficient tokens approve(...)-d
    // for spending from the `from` account and
    // - From account must have sufficient balance to transfer
    // - Spender must have sufficient allowance to transfer
    // - 0 value transfers are allowed
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
        balances[from] = balances[from].sub(tokens);
        allowed[from][msg.sender] = allowed[from][msg.sender].sub(tokens);
        balances[to] = balances[to].add(tokens);
        Transfer(from, to, tokens);
        return true;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Returns the amount of tokens approved by the owner that can be
    // transferred to the spender's account
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function allowance(address tokenOwner, address spender) public constant returns (uint remaining) {
        return allowed[tokenOwner][spender];
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Token owner can approve for `spender` to transferFrom(...) `tokens`
    // from the token owner's account. The `spender` contract function
    // `receiveApproval(...)` is then executed
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function approveAndCall(address spender, uint tokens, bytes data) public returns (bool success) {
        allowed[msg.sender][spender] = tokens;
        Approval(msg.sender, spender, tokens);
        ApproveAndCallFallBack(spender).receiveApproval(msg.sender, tokens, this, data);
        return true;
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Don't accept ETH
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function () public payable {
        revert();
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Owner can transfer out any accidentally sent ERC20 tokens
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    function transferAnyERC20Token(address tokenAddress, uint tokens) public onlyOwner returns (bool success) {
        return ERC20Interface(tokenAddress).transfer(owner, tokens);
    }
}