/* ===============================================
* Flattened with Solidifier by Coinage
* 
* https://solidifier.coina.ge
* ===============================================
*/


pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that revert on error
 */
library SafeMath {

  /**
  * @dev Multiplies two numbers, reverts on overflow.
  */
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
    // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
    // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }

    uint256 c = a * b;
    require(c / a == b);

    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Integer division of two numbers truncating the quotient, reverts on division by zero.
  */
  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    require(b > 0); // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
    uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold

    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Subtracts two numbers, reverts on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
  */
  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    require(b <= a);
    uint256 c = a - b;

    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Adds two numbers, reverts on overflow.
  */
  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a + b;
    require(c >= a);

    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Divides two numbers and returns the remainder (unsigned integer modulo),
  * reverts when dividing by zero.
  */
  function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    require(b != 0);
    return a % b;
  }
}


/*

-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       SafeDecimalMath.sol
version:    2.0
author:     Kevin Brown
            Gavin Conway
date:       2018-10-18

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

A library providing safe mathematical operations for division and
multiplication with the capability to round or truncate the results
to the nearest increment. Operations can return a standard precision
or high precision decimal. High precision decimals are useful for
example when attempting to calculate percentages or fractions
accurately.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/**
 * @title Safely manipulate unsigned fixed-point decimals at a given precision level.
 * @dev Functions accepting uints in this contract and derived contracts
 * are taken to be such fixed point decimals of a specified precision (either standard
 * or high).
 */
library SafeDecimalMath {

    using SafeMath for uint;

    /* Number of decimal places in the representations. */
    uint8 public constant decimals = 18;
    uint8 public constant highPrecisionDecimals = 27;

    /* The number representing 1.0. */
    uint public constant UNIT = 10 ** uint(decimals);

    /* The number representing 1.0 for higher fidelity numbers. */
    uint public constant PRECISE_UNIT = 10 ** uint(highPrecisionDecimals);
    uint private constant UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR = 10 ** uint(highPrecisionDecimals - decimals);

    /** 
     * @return Provides an interface to UNIT.
     */
    function unit()
        external
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        return UNIT;
    }

    /** 
     * @return Provides an interface to PRECISE_UNIT.
     */
    function preciseUnit()
        external
        pure 
        returns (uint)
    {
        return PRECISE_UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands as fixed-point
     * decimals.
     * 
     * @dev A unit factor is divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated,
     * so that product must be less than 2**256. As this is an integer division,
     * the internal division always rounds down. This helps save on gas. Rounding
     * is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function multiplyDecimal(uint x, uint y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        return x.mul(y) / UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of the specified precision unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the form of a the specified unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function _multiplyDecimalRound(uint x, uint y, uint precisionUnit)
        private
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        /* Divide by UNIT to remove the extra factor introduced by the product. */
        uint quotientTimesTen = x.mul(y) / (precisionUnit / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a precise unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the precise unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely multiplying x and y, interpreting the operands
     * as fixed-point decimals of a standard unit.
     *
     * @dev The operands should be in the standard unit factor which will be
     * divided out after the product of x and y is evaluated, so that product must be
     * less than 2**256.
     *
     * Unlike multiplyDecimal, this function rounds the result to the nearest increment.
     * Rounding is useful when you need to retain fidelity for small decimal numbers
     * (eg. small fractions or percentages).
     */
    function multiplyDecimalRound(uint x, uint y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        return _multiplyDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is a high
     * precision decimal.
     * 
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and UNIT must be less than 2**256. As
     * this is an integer division, the result is always rounded down.
     * This helps save on gas. Rounding is more expensive on gas.
     */
    function divideDecimal(uint x, uint y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        /* Reintroduce the UNIT factor that will be divided out by y. */
        return x.mul(UNIT).div(y);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * decimal in the precision unit specified in the parameter.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the specified precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the specified precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function _divideDecimalRound(uint x, uint y, uint precisionUnit)
        private
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        uint resultTimesTen = x.mul(precisionUnit * 10).div(y);

        if (resultTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            resultTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return resultTimesTen / 10;
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * standard precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the standard precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the standard precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRound(uint x, uint y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @return The result of safely dividing x and y. The return value is as a rounded
     * high precision decimal.
     *
     * @dev y is divided after the product of x and the high precision unit
     * is evaluated, so the product of x and the high precision unit must
     * be less than 2**256. The result is rounded to the nearest increment.
     */
    function divideDecimalRoundPrecise(uint x, uint y)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        return _divideDecimalRound(x, y, PRECISE_UNIT);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a standard decimal representation to a high precision one.
     */
    function decimalToPreciseDecimal(uint i)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        return i.mul(UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Convert a high precision decimal to a standard decimal representation.
     */
    function preciseDecimalToDecimal(uint i)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint)
    {
        uint quotientTimesTen = i / (UNIT_TO_HIGH_PRECISION_CONVERSION_FACTOR / 10);

        if (quotientTimesTen % 10 >= 5) {
            quotientTimesTen += 10;
        }

        return quotientTimesTen / 10;
    }

}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       Owned.sol
version:    1.1
author:     Anton Jurisevic
            Dominic Romanowski

date:       2018-2-26

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

An Owned contract, to be inherited by other contracts.
Requires its owner to be explicitly set in the constructor.
Provides an onlyOwner access modifier.

To change owner, the current owner must nominate the next owner,
who then has to accept the nomination. The nomination can be
cancelled before it is accepted by the new owner by having the
previous owner change the nomination (setting it to 0).

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/**
 * @title A contract with an owner.
 * @notice Contract ownership can be transferred by first nominating the new owner,
 * who must then accept the ownership, which prevents accidental incorrect ownership transfers.
 */
contract Owned {
    address public owner;
    address public nominatedOwner;

    /**
     * @dev Owned Constructor
     */
    constructor(address _owner)
        public
    {
        require(_owner != address(0), "Owner address cannot be 0");
        owner = _owner;
        emit OwnerChanged(address(0), _owner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Nominate a new owner of this contract.
     * @dev Only the current owner may nominate a new owner.
     */
    function nominateNewOwner(address _owner)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        nominatedOwner = _owner;
        emit OwnerNominated(_owner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Accept the nomination to be owner.
     */
    function acceptOwnership()
        external
    {
        require(msg.sender == nominatedOwner, "You must be nominated before you can accept ownership");
        emit OwnerChanged(owner, nominatedOwner);
        owner = nominatedOwner;
        nominatedOwner = address(0);
    }

    modifier onlyOwner
    {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "Only the contract owner may perform this action");
        _;
    }

    event OwnerNominated(address newOwner);
    event OwnerChanged(address oldOwner, address newOwner);
}

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       SelfDestructible.sol
version:    1.2
author:     Anton Jurisevic

date:       2018-05-29

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

This contract allows an inheriting contract to be destroyed after
its owner indicates an intention and then waits for a period
without changing their mind. All ether contained in the contract
is forwarded to a nominated beneficiary upon destruction.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/**
 * @title A contract that can be destroyed by its owner after a delay elapses.
 */
contract SelfDestructible is Owned {
    
    uint public initiationTime;
    bool public selfDestructInitiated;
    address public selfDestructBeneficiary;
    uint public constant SELFDESTRUCT_DELAY = 4 weeks;

    /**
     * @dev Constructor
     * @param _owner The account which controls this contract.
     */
    constructor(address _owner)
        Owned(_owner)
        public
    {
        require(_owner != address(0), "Owner must not be zero");
        selfDestructBeneficiary = _owner;
        emit SelfDestructBeneficiaryUpdated(_owner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the beneficiary address of this contract.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this. The provided beneficiary must be non-null.
     * @param _beneficiary The address to pay any eth contained in this contract to upon self-destruction.
     */
    function setSelfDestructBeneficiary(address _beneficiary)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        require(_beneficiary != address(0), "Beneficiary must not be zero");
        selfDestructBeneficiary = _beneficiary;
        emit SelfDestructBeneficiaryUpdated(_beneficiary);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Begin the self-destruction counter of this contract.
     * Once the delay has elapsed, the contract may be self-destructed.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this.
     */
    function initiateSelfDestruct()
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        initiationTime = now;
        selfDestructInitiated = true;
        emit SelfDestructInitiated(SELFDESTRUCT_DELAY);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Terminate and reset the self-destruction timer.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this.
     */
    function terminateSelfDestruct()
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        initiationTime = 0;
        selfDestructInitiated = false;
        emit SelfDestructTerminated();
    }

    /**
     * @notice If the self-destruction delay has elapsed, destroy this contract and
     * remit any ether it owns to the beneficiary address.
     * @dev Only the contract owner may call this.
     */
    function selfDestruct()
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        require(selfDestructInitiated, "Self Destruct not yet initiated");
        require(initiationTime + SELFDESTRUCT_DELAY < now, "Self destruct delay not met");
        address beneficiary = selfDestructBeneficiary;
        emit SelfDestructed(beneficiary);
        selfdestruct(beneficiary);
    }

    event SelfDestructTerminated();
    event SelfDestructed(address beneficiary);
    event SelfDestructInitiated(uint selfDestructDelay);
    event SelfDestructBeneficiaryUpdated(address newBeneficiary);
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

A contract that any other contract in the Synthetix system can query
for the current market value of various assets, including
crypto assets as well as various fiat assets.

This contract assumes that rate updates will completely update
all rates to their current values. If a rate shock happens
on a single asset, the oracle will still push updated rates
for all other assets.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/**
 * @title The repository for exchange rates
 */

contract ExchangeRates is SelfDestructible {


    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    struct RateAndUpdatedTime {
        uint216 rate;
        uint40 time;
    }

    // Exchange rates and update times stored by currency code, e.g. 'SNX', or 'sUSD'
    mapping(bytes32 => RateAndUpdatedTime) private _rates;

    // The address of the oracle which pushes rate updates to this contract
    address public oracle;

    // Do not allow the oracle to submit times any further forward into the future than this constant.
    uint constant ORACLE_FUTURE_LIMIT = 10 minutes;

    // How long will the contract assume the rate of any asset is correct
    uint public rateStalePeriod = 3 hours;


    // Each participating currency in the XDR basket is represented as a currency key with
    // equal weighting.
    // There are 5 participating currencies, so we'll declare that clearly.
    bytes32[5] public xdrParticipants;

    // A conveience mapping for checking if a rate is a XDR participant
    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public isXDRParticipant;

    // For inverted prices, keep a mapping of their entry, limits and frozen status
    struct InversePricing {
        uint entryPoint;
        uint upperLimit;
        uint lowerLimit;
        bool frozen;
    }
    mapping(bytes32 => InversePricing) public inversePricing;
    bytes32[] public invertedKeys;

    //
    // ========== CONSTRUCTOR ==========

    /**
     * @dev Constructor
     * @param _owner The owner of this contract.
     * @param _oracle The address which is able to update rate information.
     * @param _currencyKeys The initial currency keys to store (in order).
     * @param _newRates The initial currency amounts for each currency (in order).
     */
    constructor(
        // SelfDestructible (Ownable)
        address _owner,

        // Oracle values - Allows for rate updates
        address _oracle,
        bytes32[] _currencyKeys,
        uint[] _newRates
    )
        /* Owned is initialised in SelfDestructible */
        SelfDestructible(_owner)
        public
    {
        require(_currencyKeys.length == _newRates.length, "Currency key length and rate length must match.");

        oracle = _oracle;

        // The sUSD rate is always 1 and is never stale.
        _setRate("sUSD", SafeDecimalMath.unit(), now);

        // These are the currencies that make up the XDR basket.
        // These are hard coded because:
        //  - This way users can depend on the calculation and know it won't change for this deployment of the contract.
        //  - Adding new currencies would likely introduce some kind of weighting factor, which
        //    isn't worth preemptively adding when all of the currencies in the current basket are weighted at 1.
        //  - The expectation is if this logic needs to be updated, we'll simply deploy a new version of this contract
        //    then point the system at the new version.
        xdrParticipants = [
            bytes32("sUSD"),
            bytes32("sAUD"),
            bytes32("sCHF"),
            bytes32("sEUR"),
            bytes32("sGBP")
        ];

        // Mapping the XDR participants is cheaper than looping the xdrParticipants array to check if they exist
        isXDRParticipant[bytes32("sUSD")] = true;
        isXDRParticipant[bytes32("sAUD")] = true;
        isXDRParticipant[bytes32("sCHF")] = true;
        isXDRParticipant[bytes32("sEUR")] = true;
        isXDRParticipant[bytes32("sGBP")] = true;

        internalUpdateRates(_currencyKeys, _newRates, now);
    }

    function rates(bytes32 code) public view returns(uint256) {
        return uint256(_rates[code].rate);
    }

    function lastRateUpdateTimes(bytes32 code) public view returns(uint256) {
        return uint256(_rates[code].time);
    }

    function _setRate(bytes32 code, uint256 rate, uint256 time) internal {
        _rates[code] = RateAndUpdatedTime({
            rate: uint216(rate),
            time: uint40(time)
        });
    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set the rates stored in this contract
     * @param currencyKeys The currency keys you wish to update the rates for (in order)
     * @param newRates The rates for each currency (in order)
     * @param timeSent The timestamp of when the update was sent, specified in seconds since epoch (e.g. the same as the now keyword in solidity).contract
     *                 This is useful because transactions can take a while to confirm, so this way we know how old the oracle's datapoint was exactly even
     *                 if it takes a long time for the transaction to confirm.
     */
    function updateRates(bytes32[] currencyKeys, uint[] newRates, uint timeSent)
        external
        onlyOracle
        returns(bool)
    {
        return internalUpdateRates(currencyKeys, newRates, timeSent);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal function which sets the rates stored in this contract
     * @param currencyKeys The currency keys you wish to update the rates for (in order)
     * @param newRates The rates for each currency (in order)
     * @param timeSent The timestamp of when the update was sent, specified in seconds since epoch (e.g. the same as the now keyword in solidity).contract
     *                 This is useful because transactions can take a while to confirm, so this way we know how old the oracle's datapoint was exactly even
     *                 if it takes a long time for the transaction to confirm.
     */
    function internalUpdateRates(bytes32[] currencyKeys, uint[] newRates, uint timeSent)
        internal
        returns(bool)
    {
        require(currencyKeys.length == newRates.length, "Currency key array length must match rates array length.");
        require(timeSent < (now + ORACLE_FUTURE_LIMIT), "Time is too far into the future");

        bool recomputeXDRRate = false;

        // Loop through each key and perform update.
        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            bytes32 currencyKey = currencyKeys[i];

            // Should not set any rate to zero ever, as no asset will ever be
            // truely worthless and still valid. In this scenario, we should
            // delete the rate and remove it from the system.
            require(newRates[i] != 0, "Zero is not a valid rate, please call deleteRate instead.");
            require(currencyKey != "sUSD", "Rate of sUSD cannot be updated, it's always UNIT.");

            // We should only update the rate if it's at least the same age as the last rate we've got.
            if (timeSent < lastRateUpdateTimes(currencyKey)) {
                continue;
            }

            newRates[i] = rateOrInverted(currencyKey, newRates[i]);

            // Ok, go ahead with the update.
            _setRate(currencyKey, newRates[i], timeSent);

            // Flag if XDR needs to be recomputed. Note: sUSD is not sent and assumed $1
            if (!recomputeXDRRate && isXDRParticipant[currencyKey]) {
                recomputeXDRRate = true;
            }
        }

        emit RatesUpdated(currencyKeys, newRates);

        if (recomputeXDRRate) {
            // Now update our XDR rate.
            updateXDRRate(timeSent);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal function to get the inverted rate, if any, and mark an inverted
     *  key as frozen if either limits are reached.
     *
     * Inverted rates are ones that take a regular rate, perform a simple calculation (double entryPrice and
     * subtract the rate) on them and if the result of the calculation is over or under predefined limits, it freezes the
     * rate at that limit, preventing any future rate updates.
     *
     * For example, if we have an inverted rate iBTC with the following parameters set:
     * - entryPrice of 200
     * - upperLimit of 300
     * - lower of 100
     *
     * if this function is invoked with params iETH and 184 (or rather 184e18),
     * then the rate would be: 200 * 2 - 184 = 216. 100 < 216 < 200, so the rate would be 216,
     * and remain unfrozen.
     *
     * If this function is then invoked with params iETH and 301 (or rather 301e18),
     * then the rate would be: 200 * 2 - 301 = 99. 99 < 100, so the rate would be 100 and the
     * rate would become frozen, no longer accepting future price updates until the synth is unfrozen
     * by the owner function: setInversePricing().
     *
     * @param currencyKey The price key to lookup
     * @param rate The rate for the given price key
     */
    function rateOrInverted(bytes32 currencyKey, uint rate) internal returns (uint) {
        // if an inverse mapping exists, adjust the price accordingly
        InversePricing storage inverse = inversePricing[currencyKey];
        if (inverse.entryPoint <= 0) {
            return rate;
        }

        // set the rate to the current rate initially (if it's frozen, this is what will be returned)
        uint newInverseRate = rates(currencyKey);

        // get the new inverted rate if not frozen
        if (!inverse.frozen) {
            uint doubleEntryPoint = inverse.entryPoint.mul(2);
            if (doubleEntryPoint <= rate) {
                // avoid negative numbers for unsigned ints, so set this to 0
                // which by the requirement that lowerLimit be > 0 will
                // cause this to freeze the price to the lowerLimit
                newInverseRate = 0;
            } else {
                newInverseRate = doubleEntryPoint.sub(rate);
            }

            // now if new rate hits our limits, set it to the limit and freeze
            if (newInverseRate >= inverse.upperLimit) {
                newInverseRate = inverse.upperLimit;
            } else if (newInverseRate <= inverse.lowerLimit) {
                newInverseRate = inverse.lowerLimit;
            }

            if (newInverseRate == inverse.upperLimit || newInverseRate == inverse.lowerLimit) {
                inverse.frozen = true;
                emit InversePriceFrozen(currencyKey);
            }
        }

        return newInverseRate;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Update the Synthetix Drawing Rights exchange rate based on other rates already updated.
     */
    function updateXDRRate(uint timeSent)
        internal
    {
        uint total = 0;

        for (uint i = 0; i < xdrParticipants.length; i++) {
            total = rates(xdrParticipants[i]).add(total);
        }

        // Set the rate and update time
        _setRate("XDR", total, timeSent);

        // Emit our updated event separate to the others to save
        // moving data around between arrays.
        bytes32[] memory eventCurrencyCode = new bytes32[](1);
        eventCurrencyCode[0] = "XDR";

        uint[] memory eventRate = new uint[](1);
        eventRate[0] = rates("XDR");

        emit RatesUpdated(eventCurrencyCode, eventRate);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Delete a rate stored in the contract
     * @param currencyKey The currency key you wish to delete the rate for
     */
    function deleteRate(bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        onlyOracle
    {
        require(rates(currencyKey) > 0, "Rate is zero");

        delete _rates[currencyKey];

        emit RateDeleted(currencyKey);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the Oracle that pushes the rate information to this contract
     * @param _oracle The new oracle address
     */
    function setOracle(address _oracle)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        oracle = _oracle;
        emit OracleUpdated(oracle);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the stale period on the updated rate variables
     * @param _time The new rateStalePeriod
     */
    function setRateStalePeriod(uint _time)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        rateStalePeriod = _time;
        emit RateStalePeriodUpdated(rateStalePeriod);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set an inverse price up for the currency key.
     *
     * An inverse price is one which has an entryPoint, an uppper and a lower limit. Each update, the
     * rate is calculated as double the entryPrice minus the current rate. If this calculation is
     * above or below the upper or lower limits respectively, then the rate is frozen, and no more
     * rate updates will be accepted.
     *
     * @param currencyKey The currency to update
     * @param entryPoint The entry price point of the inverted price
     * @param upperLimit The upper limit, at or above which the price will be frozen
     * @param lowerLimit The lower limit, at or below which the price will be frozen
     * @param freeze Whether or not to freeze this rate immediately. Note: no frozen event will be configured
     * @param freezeAtUpperLimit When the freeze flag is true, this flag indicates whether the rate
     * to freeze at is the upperLimit or lowerLimit..
     */
    function setInversePricing(bytes32 currencyKey, uint entryPoint, uint upperLimit, uint lowerLimit, bool freeze, bool freezeAtUpperLimit)
        external onlyOwner
    {
        require(entryPoint > 0, "entryPoint must be above 0");
        require(lowerLimit > 0, "lowerLimit must be above 0");
        require(upperLimit > entryPoint, "upperLimit must be above the entryPoint");
        require(upperLimit < entryPoint.mul(2), "upperLimit must be less than double entryPoint");
        require(lowerLimit < entryPoint, "lowerLimit must be below the entryPoint");

        if (inversePricing[currencyKey].entryPoint <= 0) {
            // then we are adding a new inverse pricing, so add this
            invertedKeys.push(currencyKey);
        }
        inversePricing[currencyKey].entryPoint = entryPoint;
        inversePricing[currencyKey].upperLimit = upperLimit;
        inversePricing[currencyKey].lowerLimit = lowerLimit;
        inversePricing[currencyKey].frozen = freeze;

        emit InversePriceConfigured(currencyKey, entryPoint, upperLimit, lowerLimit);

        // When indicating to freeze, we need to know the rate to freeze it at - either upper or lower
        // this is useful in situations where ExchangeRates is updated and there are existing inverted
        // rates already frozen in the current contract that need persisting across the upgrade
        if (freeze) {
            emit InversePriceFrozen(currencyKey);

            _setRate(currencyKey, freezeAtUpperLimit ? upperLimit : lowerLimit, now);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Remove an inverse price for the currency key
     * @param currencyKey The currency to remove inverse pricing for
     */
    function removeInversePricing(bytes32 currencyKey) external onlyOwner
    {
        require(inversePricing[currencyKey].entryPoint > 0, "No inverted price exists");

        inversePricing[currencyKey].entryPoint = 0;
        inversePricing[currencyKey].upperLimit = 0;
        inversePricing[currencyKey].lowerLimit = 0;
        inversePricing[currencyKey].frozen = false;

        // now remove inverted key from array
        for (uint i = 0; i < invertedKeys.length; i++) {
            if (invertedKeys[i] == currencyKey) {
                delete invertedKeys[i];

                // Copy the last key into the place of the one we just deleted
                // If there's only one key, this is array[0] = array[0].
                // If we're deleting the last one, it's also a NOOP in the same way.
                invertedKeys[i] = invertedKeys[invertedKeys.length - 1];

                // Decrease the size of the array by one.
                invertedKeys.length--;

                // Track the event
                emit InversePriceConfigured(currencyKey, 0, 0, 0);

                return;
            }
        }
    }
    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice A function that lets you easily convert an amount in a source currency to an amount in the destination currency
     * @param sourceCurrencyKey The currency the amount is specified in
     * @param sourceAmount The source amount, specified in UNIT base
     * @param destinationCurrencyKey The destination currency
     */
    function effectiveValue(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, uint sourceAmount, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey)
        public
        view
        rateNotStale(sourceCurrencyKey)
        rateNotStale(destinationCurrencyKey)
        returns (uint)
    {
        // If there's no change in the currency, then just return the amount they gave us
        if (sourceCurrencyKey == destinationCurrencyKey) return sourceAmount;

        // Calculate the effective value by going from source -> USD -> destination
        return sourceAmount.multiplyDecimalRound(rateForCurrency(sourceCurrencyKey))
            .divideDecimalRound(rateForCurrency(destinationCurrencyKey));
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieve the rate for a specific currency
     */
    function rateForCurrency(bytes32 currencyKey)
        public
        view
        returns (uint)
    {
        return rates(currencyKey);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieve the rates for a list of currencies
     */
    function ratesForCurrencies(bytes32[] currencyKeys)
        public
        view
        returns (uint[])
    {
        uint[] memory _localRates = new uint[](currencyKeys.length);

        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            _localRates[i] = rates(currencyKeys[i]);
        }

        return _localRates;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieve the rates and isAnyStale for a list of currencies
     */
    function ratesAndStaleForCurrencies(bytes32[] currencyKeys)
        public
        view
        returns (uint[], bool)
    {
        uint[] memory _localRates = new uint[](currencyKeys.length);

        bool anyRateStale = false;
        uint period = rateStalePeriod;
        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            RateAndUpdatedTime memory rateAndUpdateTime = _rates[currencyKeys[i]];
            _localRates[i] = uint256(rateAndUpdateTime.rate);
            if (!anyRateStale) {
                anyRateStale = (currencyKeys[i] != "sUSD" && uint256(rateAndUpdateTime.time).add(period) < now);
            }
        }

        return (_localRates, anyRateStale);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieve a list of last update times for specific currencies
     */
    function lastRateUpdateTimeForCurrency(bytes32 currencyKey)
        public
        view
        returns (uint)
    {
        return lastRateUpdateTimes(currencyKey);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieve the last update time for a specific currency
     */
    function lastRateUpdateTimesForCurrencies(bytes32[] currencyKeys)
        public
        view
        returns (uint[])
    {
        uint[] memory lastUpdateTimes = new uint[](currencyKeys.length);

        for (uint i = 0; i < currencyKeys.length; i++) {
            lastUpdateTimes[i] = lastRateUpdateTimes(currencyKeys[i]);
        }

        return lastUpdateTimes;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Check if a specific currency's rate hasn't been updated for longer than the stale period.
     */
    function rateIsStale(bytes32 currencyKey)
        public
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        // sUSD is a special case and is never stale.
        if (currencyKey == "sUSD") return false;

        return lastRateUpdateTimes(currencyKey).add(rateStalePeriod) < now;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Check if any rate is frozen (cannot be exchanged into)
     */
    function rateIsFrozen(bytes32 currencyKey)
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        return inversePricing[currencyKey].frozen;
    }


    /**
     * @notice Check if any of the currency rates passed in haven't been updated for longer than the stale period.
     */
    function anyRateIsStale(bytes32[] currencyKeys)
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        // Loop through each key and check whether the data point is stale.
        uint256 i = 0;

        while (i < currencyKeys.length) {
            // sUSD is a special case and is never false
            if (currencyKeys[i] != "sUSD" && lastRateUpdateTimes(currencyKeys[i]).add(rateStalePeriod) < now) {
                return true;
            }
            i += 1;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */

    modifier rateNotStale(bytes32 currencyKey) {
        require(!rateIsStale(currencyKey), "Rate stale or nonexistant currency");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyOracle
    {
        require(msg.sender == oracle, "Only the oracle can perform this action");
        _;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event OracleUpdated(address newOracle);
    event RateStalePeriodUpdated(uint rateStalePeriod);
    event RatesUpdated(bytes32[] currencyKeys, uint[] newRates);
    event RateDeleted(bytes32 currencyKey);
    event InversePriceConfigured(bytes32 currencyKey, uint entryPoint, uint upperLimit, uint lowerLimit);
    event InversePriceFrozen(bytes32 currencyKey);
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       State.sol
version:    1.1
author:     Dominic Romanowski
            Anton Jurisevic

date:       2018-05-15

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

This contract is used side by side with external state token
contracts, such as Synthetix and Synth.
It provides an easy way to upgrade contract logic while
maintaining all user balances and allowances. This is designed
to make the changeover as easy as possible, since mappings
are not so cheap or straightforward to migrate.

The first deployed contract would create this state contract,
using it as its store of balances.
When a new contract is deployed, it links to the existing
state contract, whose owner would then change its associated
contract to the new one.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


contract State is Owned {
    // the address of the contract that can modify variables
    // this can only be changed by the owner of this contract
    address public associatedContract;


    constructor(address _owner, address _associatedContract)
        Owned(_owner)
        public
    {
        associatedContract = _associatedContract;
        emit AssociatedContractUpdated(_associatedContract);
    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    // Change the associated contract to a new address
    function setAssociatedContract(address _associatedContract)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        associatedContract = _associatedContract;
        emit AssociatedContractUpdated(_associatedContract);
    }

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */

    modifier onlyAssociatedContract
    {
        require(msg.sender == associatedContract, "Only the associated contract can perform this action");
        _;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event AssociatedContractUpdated(address associatedContract);
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       TokenState.sol
version:    1.1
author:     Dominic Romanowski
            Anton Jurisevic

date:       2018-05-15

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

A contract that holds the state of an ERC20 compliant token.

This contract is used side by side with external state token
contracts, such as Synthetix and Synth.
It provides an easy way to upgrade contract logic while
maintaining all user balances and allowances. This is designed
to make the changeover as easy as possible, since mappings
are not so cheap or straightforward to migrate.

The first deployed contract would create this state contract,
using it as its store of balances.
When a new contract is deployed, it links to the existing
state contract, whose owner would then change its associated
contract to the new one.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/**
 * @title ERC20 Token State
 * @notice Stores balance information of an ERC20 token contract.
 */
contract TokenState is State {

    /* ERC20 fields. */
    mapping(address => uint) public balanceOf;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint)) public allowance;

    /**
     * @dev Constructor
     * @param _owner The address which controls this contract.
     * @param _associatedContract The ERC20 contract whose state this composes.
     */
    constructor(address _owner, address _associatedContract)
        State(_owner, _associatedContract)
        public
    {}

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set ERC20 allowance.
     * @dev Only the associated contract may call this.
     * @param tokenOwner The authorising party.
     * @param spender The authorised party.
     * @param value The total value the authorised party may spend on the
     * authorising party's behalf.
     */
    function setAllowance(address tokenOwner, address spender, uint value)
        external
        onlyAssociatedContract
    {
        allowance[tokenOwner][spender] = value;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the balance in a given account
     * @dev Only the associated contract may call this.
     * @param account The account whose value to set.
     * @param value The new balance of the given account.
     */
    function setBalanceOf(address account, uint value)
        external
        onlyAssociatedContract
    {
        balanceOf[account] = value;
    }
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       Proxy.sol
version:    1.3
author:     Anton Jurisevic

date:       2018-05-29

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

A proxy contract that, if it does not recognise the function
being called on it, passes all value and call data to an
underlying target contract.

This proxy has the capacity to toggle between DELEGATECALL
and CALL style proxy functionality.

The former executes in the proxy's context, and so will preserve 
msg.sender and store data at the proxy address. The latter will not.
Therefore, any contract the proxy wraps in the CALL style must
implement the Proxyable interface, in order that it can pass msg.sender
into the underlying contract as the state parameter, messageSender.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


contract Proxy is Owned {

    Proxyable public target;
    bool public useDELEGATECALL;

    constructor(address _owner)
        Owned(_owner)
        public
    {}

    function setTarget(Proxyable _target)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        target = _target;
        emit TargetUpdated(_target);
    }

    function setUseDELEGATECALL(bool value) 
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        useDELEGATECALL = value;
    }

    function _emit(bytes callData, uint numTopics, bytes32 topic1, bytes32 topic2, bytes32 topic3, bytes32 topic4)
        external
        onlyTarget
    {
        uint size = callData.length;
        bytes memory _callData = callData;

        assembly {
            /* The first 32 bytes of callData contain its length (as specified by the abi). 
             * Length is assumed to be a uint256 and therefore maximum of 32 bytes
             * in length. It is also leftpadded to be a multiple of 32 bytes.
             * This means moving call_data across 32 bytes guarantees we correctly access
             * the data itself. */
            switch numTopics
            case 0 {
                log0(add(_callData, 32), size)
            } 
            case 1 {
                log1(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1)
            }
            case 2 {
                log2(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2)
            }
            case 3 {
                log3(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2, topic3)
            }
            case 4 {
                log4(add(_callData, 32), size, topic1, topic2, topic3, topic4)
            }
        }
    }

    function()
        external
        payable
    {
        if (useDELEGATECALL) {
            assembly {
                /* Copy call data into free memory region. */
                let free_ptr := mload(0x40)
                calldatacopy(free_ptr, 0, calldatasize)

                /* Forward all gas and call data to the target contract. */
                let result := delegatecall(gas, sload(target_slot), free_ptr, calldatasize, 0, 0)
                returndatacopy(free_ptr, 0, returndatasize)

                /* Revert if the call failed, otherwise return the result. */
                if iszero(result) { revert(free_ptr, returndatasize) }
                return(free_ptr, returndatasize)
            }
        } else {
            /* Here we are as above, but must send the messageSender explicitly 
             * since we are using CALL rather than DELEGATECALL. */
            target.setMessageSender(msg.sender);
            assembly {
                let free_ptr := mload(0x40)
                calldatacopy(free_ptr, 0, calldatasize)

                /* We must explicitly forward ether to the underlying contract as well. */
                let result := call(gas, sload(target_slot), callvalue, free_ptr, calldatasize, 0, 0)
                returndatacopy(free_ptr, 0, returndatasize)

                if iszero(result) { revert(free_ptr, returndatasize) }
                return(free_ptr, returndatasize)
            }
        }
    }

    modifier onlyTarget {
        require(Proxyable(msg.sender) == target, "Must be proxy target");
        _;
    }

    event TargetUpdated(Proxyable newTarget);
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       Proxyable.sol
version:    1.1
author:     Anton Jurisevic

date:       2018-05-15

checked:    Mike Spain
approved:   Samuel Brooks

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

A proxyable contract that works hand in hand with the Proxy contract
to allow for anyone to interact with the underlying contract both
directly and through the proxy.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


// This contract should be treated like an abstract contract
contract Proxyable is Owned {
    /* The proxy this contract exists behind. */
    Proxy public proxy;
    Proxy public integrationProxy;

    /* The caller of the proxy, passed through to this contract.
     * Note that every function using this member must apply the onlyProxy or
     * optionalProxy modifiers, otherwise their invocations can use stale values. */
    address public messageSender;

    constructor(address _proxy, address _owner)
        Owned(_owner)
        public
    {
        proxy = Proxy(_proxy);
        emit ProxyUpdated(_proxy);
    }

    function setProxy(address _proxy)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        proxy = Proxy(_proxy);
        emit ProxyUpdated(_proxy);
    }

    function setIntegrationProxy(address _integrationProxy)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        integrationProxy = Proxy(_integrationProxy);
    }

    function setMessageSender(address sender)
        external
        onlyProxy
    {
        messageSender = sender;
    }

    modifier onlyProxy {
        require(Proxy(msg.sender) == proxy || Proxy(msg.sender) == integrationProxy, "Only the proxy can call");
        _;
    }

    modifier optionalProxy
    {
        if (Proxy(msg.sender) != proxy && Proxy(msg.sender) != integrationProxy && messageSender != msg.sender) {
            messageSender = msg.sender;
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        if (Proxy(msg.sender) != proxy && Proxy(msg.sender) != integrationProxy && messageSender != msg.sender) {
            messageSender = msg.sender;
        }
        require(messageSender == owner, "Owner only function");
        _;
    }

    event ProxyUpdated(address proxyAddress);
}


/**
 * @title Helps contracts guard against reentrancy attacks.
 * @author Remco Bloemen <remco@2π.com>, Eenae <alexey@mixbytes.io>
 * @dev If you mark a function `nonReentrant`, you should also
 * mark it `external`.
 */
contract ReentrancyGuard {

  /// @dev counter to allow mutex lock with only one SSTORE operation
  uint256 private _guardCounter;

  constructor() internal {
    // The counter starts at one to prevent changing it from zero to a non-zero
    // value, which is a more expensive operation.
    _guardCounter = 1;
  }

  /**
   * @dev Prevents a contract from calling itself, directly or indirectly.
   * Calling a `nonReentrant` function from another `nonReentrant`
   * function is not supported. It is possible to prevent this from happening
   * by making the `nonReentrant` function external, and make it call a
   * `private` function that does the actual work.
   */
  modifier nonReentrant() {
    _guardCounter += 1;
    uint256 localCounter = _guardCounter;
    _;
    require(localCounter == _guardCounter);
  }

}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       TokenFallback.sol
version:    1.0
author:     Kevin Brown
date:       2018-08-10

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

This contract provides the logic that's used to call ERC223
tokenFallback() when SNX or Synth transfers happen.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


contract TokenFallbackCaller is ReentrancyGuard {
    uint constant MAX_GAS_SUB_CALL = 100000;
    function callTokenFallbackIfNeeded(address sender, address recipient, uint amount, bytes data)
        internal
        nonReentrant
    {
        /*
            If we're transferring to a contract and it implements the tokenFallback function, call it.
            This isn't ERC223 compliant because we don't revert if the contract doesn't implement tokenFallback.
            This is because many DEXes and other contracts that expect to work with the standard
            approve / transferFrom workflow don't implement tokenFallback but can still process our tokens as
            usual, so it feels very harsh and likely to cause trouble if we add this restriction after having
            previously gone live with a vanilla ERC20.
        */

        // Is the to address a contract? We can check the code size on that address and know.
        uint length;

        // solium-disable-next-line security/no-inline-assembly
        assembly {
            // Retrieve the size of the code on the recipient address
            length := extcodesize(recipient)
        }

        // If there's code there, it's a contract
        if (length > 0) {
            // Limit contract sub call to 200000 gas
            uint gasLimit = gasleft() < MAX_GAS_SUB_CALL ? gasleft() : MAX_GAS_SUB_CALL;
            // Now we need to optionally call tokenFallback(address from, uint value).
            // We can't call it the normal way because that reverts when the recipient doesn't implement the function.
            // solium-disable-next-line security/no-low-level-calls
            recipient.call.gas(gasLimit)(abi.encodeWithSignature("tokenFallback(address,uint256,bytes)", sender, amount, data));

            // And yes, we specifically don't care if this call fails, so we're not checking the return value.
        }
    }
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       ExternStateToken.sol
version:    1.3
author:     Anton Jurisevic
            Dominic Romanowski
            Kevin Brown

date:       2018-05-29

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

A partial ERC20 token contract, designed to operate with a proxy.
To produce a complete ERC20 token, transfer and transferFrom
tokens must be implemented, using the provided _byProxy internal
functions.
This contract utilises an external state for upgradeability.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/**
 * @title ERC20 Token contract, with detached state and designed to operate behind a proxy.
 */
contract ExternStateToken is SelfDestructible, Proxyable, TokenFallbackCaller {

    using SafeMath for uint;
    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    /* ========== STATE VARIABLES ========== */

    /* Stores balances and allowances. */
    TokenState public tokenState;

    /* Other ERC20 fields. */
    string public name;
    string public symbol;
    uint public totalSupply;
    uint8 public decimals;

    /**
     * @dev Constructor.
     * @param _proxy The proxy associated with this contract.
     * @param _name Token's ERC20 name.
     * @param _symbol Token's ERC20 symbol.
     * @param _totalSupply The total supply of the token.
     * @param _tokenState The TokenState contract address.
     * @param _owner The owner of this contract.
     */
    constructor(address _proxy, TokenState _tokenState,
                string _name, string _symbol, uint _totalSupply,
                uint8 _decimals, address _owner)
        SelfDestructible(_owner)
        Proxyable(_proxy, _owner)
        public
    {
        tokenState = _tokenState;

        name = _name;
        symbol = _symbol;
        totalSupply = _totalSupply;
        decimals = _decimals;
    }

    /* ========== VIEWS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Returns the ERC20 allowance of one party to spend on behalf of another.
     * @param owner The party authorising spending of their funds.
     * @param spender The party spending tokenOwner's funds.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender)
        public
        view
        returns (uint)
    {
        return tokenState.allowance(owner, spender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the ERC20 token balance of a given account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account)
        public
        view
        returns (uint)
    {
        return tokenState.balanceOf(account);
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set the address of the TokenState contract.
     * @dev This can be used to "pause" transfer functionality, by pointing the tokenState at 0x000..
     * as balances would be unreachable.
     */
    function setTokenState(TokenState _tokenState)
        external
        optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        tokenState = _tokenState;
        emitTokenStateUpdated(_tokenState);
    }

    function _internalTransfer(address from, address to, uint value, bytes data)
        internal
        returns (bool)
    {
        /* Disallow transfers to irretrievable-addresses. */
        require(to != address(0), "Cannot transfer to the 0 address");
        require(to != address(this), "Cannot transfer to the contract");
        require(to != address(proxy), "Cannot transfer to the proxy");

        // Insufficient balance will be handled by the safe subtraction.
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(from, tokenState.balanceOf(from).sub(value));
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(to, tokenState.balanceOf(to).add(value));

        // Emit a standard ERC20 transfer event
        emitTransfer(from, to, value);

        // If the recipient is a contract, we need to call tokenFallback on it so they can do ERC223
        // actions when receiving our tokens. Unlike the standard, however, we don't revert if the
        // recipient contract doesn't implement tokenFallback.
        callTokenFallbackIfNeeded(from, to, value, data);
        
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform an ERC20 token transfer. Designed to be called by transfer functions possessing
     * the onlyProxy or optionalProxy modifiers.
     */
    function _transfer_byProxy(address from, address to, uint value, bytes data)
        internal
        returns (bool)
    {
        return _internalTransfer(from, to, value, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Perform an ERC20 token transferFrom. Designed to be called by transferFrom functions
     * possessing the optionalProxy or optionalProxy modifiers.
     */
    function _transferFrom_byProxy(address sender, address from, address to, uint value, bytes data)
        internal
        returns (bool)
    {
        /* Insufficient allowance will be handled by the safe subtraction. */
        tokenState.setAllowance(from, sender, tokenState.allowance(from, sender).sub(value));
        return _internalTransfer(from, to, value, data);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Approves spender to transfer on the message sender's behalf.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint value)
        public
        optionalProxy
        returns (bool)
    {
        address sender = messageSender;

        tokenState.setAllowance(sender, spender, value);
        emitApproval(sender, spender, value);
        return true;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);
    bytes32 constant TRANSFER_SIG = keccak256("Transfer(address,address,uint256)");
    function emitTransfer(address from, address to, uint value) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 3, TRANSFER_SIG, bytes32(from), bytes32(to), 0);
    }

    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
    bytes32 constant APPROVAL_SIG = keccak256("Approval(address,address,uint256)");
    function emitApproval(address owner, address spender, uint value) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 3, APPROVAL_SIG, bytes32(owner), bytes32(spender), 0);
    }

    event TokenStateUpdated(address newTokenState);
    bytes32 constant TOKENSTATEUPDATED_SIG = keccak256("TokenStateUpdated(address)");
    function emitTokenStateUpdated(address newTokenState) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(newTokenState), 1, TOKENSTATEUPDATED_SIG, 0, 0, 0);
    }
}


/**
 * @title FeePool Interface
 * @notice Abstract contract to hold public getters
 */
contract IFeePool {
    address public FEE_ADDRESS;
    uint public exchangeFeeRate;
    function amountReceivedFromExchange(uint value) external view returns (uint);
    function amountReceivedFromTransfer(uint value) external view returns (uint);
    function recordFeePaid(uint xdrAmount) external;
    function appendAccountIssuanceRecord(address account, uint lockedAmount, uint debtEntryIndex) external;
    function setRewardsToDistribute(uint amount) external;
}


/**
 * @title SynthetixState interface contract
 * @notice Abstract contract to hold public getters
 */
contract ISynthetixState {
    // A struct for handing values associated with an individual user's debt position
    struct IssuanceData {
        // Percentage of the total debt owned at the time
        // of issuance. This number is modified by the global debt
        // delta array. You can figure out a user's exit price and
        // collateralisation ratio using a combination of their initial
        // debt and the slice of global debt delta which applies to them.
        uint initialDebtOwnership;
        // This lets us know when (in relative terms) the user entered
        // the debt pool so we can calculate their exit price and
        // collateralistion ratio
        uint debtEntryIndex;
    }

    uint[] public debtLedger;
    uint public issuanceRatio;
    mapping(address => IssuanceData) public issuanceData;

    function debtLedgerLength() external view returns (uint);
    function hasIssued(address account) external view returns (bool);
    function incrementTotalIssuerCount() external;
    function decrementTotalIssuerCount() external;
    function setCurrentIssuanceData(address account, uint initialDebtOwnership) external;
    function lastDebtLedgerEntry() external view returns (uint);
    function appendDebtLedgerValue(uint value) external;
    function clearIssuanceData(address account) external;
}


interface ISynth {
    function burn(address account, uint amount) external;
    function issue(address account, uint amount) external;
    function transfer(address to, uint value) public returns (bool);
    function triggerTokenFallbackIfNeeded(address sender, address recipient, uint amount) external;
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint value) public returns (bool);
}


/**
 * @title SynthetixEscrow interface
 */
interface ISynthetixEscrow {
    function balanceOf(address account) public view returns (uint);
    function appendVestingEntry(address account, uint quantity) public;
}


/**
 * @title ExchangeRates interface
 */
interface IExchangeRates {
    function effectiveValue(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, uint sourceAmount, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) external view returns (uint);

    function rateForCurrency(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (uint);
    function ratesForCurrencies(bytes32[] currencyKeys) external view returns (uint[] memory);

    function rateIsStale(bytes32 currencyKey) external view returns (bool);
    function anyRateIsStale(bytes32[] currencyKeys) external view returns (bool);
}


/**
 * @title Synthetix interface contract
 * @notice Abstract contract to hold public getters
 * @dev pseudo interface, actually declared as contract to hold the public getters 
 */


contract ISynthetix {

    // ========== PUBLIC STATE VARIABLES ==========

    IFeePool public feePool;
    ISynthetixEscrow public escrow;
    ISynthetixEscrow public rewardEscrow;
    ISynthetixState public synthetixState;
    IExchangeRates public exchangeRates;

    mapping(bytes32 => Synth) public synths;

    // ========== PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ==========

    function balanceOf(address account) public view returns (uint);
    function transfer(address to, uint value) public returns (bool);
    function effectiveValue(bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey, uint sourceAmount, bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) public view returns (uint);

    function synthInitiatedExchange(
        address from,
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey,
        address destinationAddress) external returns (bool);
    function exchange(
        bytes32 sourceCurrencyKey,
        uint sourceAmount,
        bytes32 destinationCurrencyKey) external returns (bool);
    function collateralisationRatio(address issuer) public view returns (uint);
    function totalIssuedSynths(bytes32 currencyKey)
        public
        view
        returns (uint);
    function getSynth(bytes32 currencyKey) public view returns (ISynth);
    function debtBalanceOf(address issuer, bytes32 currencyKey) public view returns (uint);
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       Synth.sol
version:    2.0
author:     Kevin Brown
date:       2018-09-13

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Synthetix-backed stablecoin contract.

This contract issues synths, which are tokens that mirror various
flavours of fiat currency.

Synths are issuable by Synthetix Network Token (SNX) holders who
have to lock up some value of their SNX to issue S * Cmax synths.
Where Cmax issome value less than 1.

A configurable fee is charged on synth transfers and deposited
into a common pot, which Synthetix holders may withdraw from once
per fee period.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


contract Synth is ExternStateToken {

    /* ========== STATE VARIABLES ========== */

    // Address of the FeePoolProxy
    address public feePoolProxy;
    // Address of the SynthetixProxy
    address public synthetixProxy;

    // Currency key which identifies this Synth to the Synthetix system
    bytes32 public currencyKey;

    uint8 constant DECIMALS = 18;

    /* ========== CONSTRUCTOR ========== */

    constructor(address _proxy, TokenState _tokenState, address _synthetixProxy, address _feePoolProxy,
        string _tokenName, string _tokenSymbol, address _owner, bytes32 _currencyKey, uint _totalSupply
    )
        ExternStateToken(_proxy, _tokenState, _tokenName, _tokenSymbol, _totalSupply, DECIMALS, _owner)
        public
    {
        require(_proxy != address(0), "_proxy cannot be 0");
        require(_synthetixProxy != address(0), "_synthetixProxy cannot be 0");
        require(_feePoolProxy != address(0), "_feePoolProxy cannot be 0");
        require(_owner != 0, "_owner cannot be 0");
        require(ISynthetix(_synthetixProxy).synths(_currencyKey) == Synth(0), "Currency key is already in use");

        feePoolProxy = _feePoolProxy;
        synthetixProxy = _synthetixProxy;
        currencyKey = _currencyKey;
    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Set the SynthetixProxy should it ever change.
     * The Synth requires Synthetix address as it has the authority
     * to mint and burn synths
     * */
    function setSynthetixProxy(ISynthetix _synthetixProxy)
        external
        optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        synthetixProxy = _synthetixProxy;
        emitSynthetixUpdated(_synthetixProxy);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the FeePoolProxy should it ever change.
     * The Synth requires FeePool address as it has the authority
     * to mint and burn for FeePool.claimFees()
     * */
    function setFeePoolProxy(address _feePoolProxy)
        external
        optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        feePoolProxy = _feePoolProxy;
        emitFeePoolUpdated(_feePoolProxy);
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice ERC20 transfer function
     * forward call on to _internalTransfer */
    function transfer(address to, uint value)
        public
        optionalProxy
        returns (bool)
    {
        bytes memory empty;
        return super._internalTransfer(messageSender, to, value, empty);
    }

    /**
     * @notice ERC223 transfer function
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint value, bytes data)
        public
        optionalProxy
        returns (bool)
    {
        // And send their result off to the destination address
        return super._internalTransfer(messageSender, to, value, data);
    }

    /**
     * @notice ERC20 transferFrom function
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint value)
        public
        optionalProxy
        returns (bool)
    {
        require(from != 0xfeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeef, "The fee address is not allowed");
        // Skip allowance update in case of infinite allowance
        if (tokenState.allowance(from, messageSender) != uint(-1)) {
            // Reduce the allowance by the amount we're transferring.
            // The safeSub call will handle an insufficient allowance.
            tokenState.setAllowance(from, messageSender, tokenState.allowance(from, messageSender).sub(value));
        }

        bytes memory empty;
        return super._internalTransfer(from, to, value, empty);
    }

    /**
     * @notice ERC223 transferFrom function
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint value, bytes data)
        public
        optionalProxy
        returns (bool)
    {
        require(from != 0xfeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeefeef, "The fee address is not allowed");

        // Skip allowance update in case of infinite allowance
        if (tokenState.allowance(from, messageSender) != uint(-1)) {
            // Reduce the allowance by the amount we're transferring.
            // The safeSub call will handle an insufficient allowance.
            tokenState.setAllowance(from, messageSender, tokenState.allowance(from, messageSender).sub(value));
        }

        return super._internalTransfer(from, to, value, data);
    }

    // Allow synthetix to issue a certain number of synths from an account.
    function issue(address account, uint amount)
        external
        onlySynthetixOrFeePool
    {
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(account, tokenState.balanceOf(account).add(amount));
        totalSupply = totalSupply.add(amount);
        emitTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
        emitIssued(account, amount);
    }

    // Allow synthetix or another synth contract to burn a certain number of synths from an account.
    function burn(address account, uint amount)
        external
        onlySynthetixOrFeePool
    {
        tokenState.setBalanceOf(account, tokenState.balanceOf(account).sub(amount));
        totalSupply = totalSupply.sub(amount);
        emitTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
        emitBurned(account, amount);
    }

    // Allow owner to set the total supply on import.
    function setTotalSupply(uint amount)
        external
        optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        totalSupply = amount;
    }

    // Allow synthetix to trigger a token fallback call from our synths so users get notified on
    // exchange as well as transfer
    function triggerTokenFallbackIfNeeded(address sender, address recipient, uint amount)
        external
        onlySynthetixOrFeePool
    {
        bytes memory empty;
        callTokenFallbackIfNeeded(sender, recipient, amount, empty);
    }

    /* ========== MODIFIERS ========== */

    modifier onlySynthetixOrFeePool() {
        bool isSynthetix = msg.sender == address(Proxy(synthetixProxy).target());
        bool isFeePool = msg.sender == address(Proxy(feePoolProxy).target());

        require(isSynthetix || isFeePool, "Only Synthetix, FeePool allowed");
        _;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event SynthetixUpdated(address newSynthetix);
    bytes32 constant SYNTHETIXUPDATED_SIG = keccak256("SynthetixUpdated(address)");
    function emitSynthetixUpdated(address newSynthetix) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(newSynthetix), 1, SYNTHETIXUPDATED_SIG, 0, 0, 0);
    }

    event FeePoolUpdated(address newFeePool);
    bytes32 constant FEEPOOLUPDATED_SIG = keccak256("FeePoolUpdated(address)");
    function emitFeePoolUpdated(address newFeePool) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(newFeePool), 1, FEEPOOLUPDATED_SIG, 0, 0, 0);
    }

    event Issued(address indexed account, uint value);
    bytes32 constant ISSUED_SIG = keccak256("Issued(address,uint256)");
    function emitIssued(address account, uint value) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 2, ISSUED_SIG, bytes32(account), 0, 0);
    }

    event Burned(address indexed account, uint value);
    bytes32 constant BURNED_SIG = keccak256("Burned(address,uint256)");
    function emitBurned(address account, uint value) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 2, BURNED_SIG, bytes32(account), 0, 0);
    }
}


/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FILE INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

file:       PurgeableSynth.sol
version:    1.0
author:     Justin J. Moses
date:       2019-05-22

-----------------------------------------------------------------
MODULE DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Purgeable synths are a subclass of Synth that allows the owner
to exchange all holders of the Synth back into sUSD.

In order to reduce gas load on the system, and to repurpose older synths
no longer used, purge allows the owner to purge all holders balances into sUSD

-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/


contract PurgeableSynth is Synth {

    using SafeDecimalMath for uint;

    // The maximum allowed amount of tokenSupply in equivalent sUSD value for this synth to permit purging
    uint public maxSupplyToPurgeInUSD = 100000 * SafeDecimalMath.unit(); // 100,000

    // Track exchange rates so we can determine if supply in USD is below threshold at purge time
    ExchangeRates public exchangeRates;

    /* ========== CONSTRUCTOR ========== */

    constructor(address _proxy, TokenState _tokenState, address _synthetixProxy, IFeePool _feePool,
        string _tokenName, string _tokenSymbol, address _owner, bytes32 _currencyKey, ExchangeRates _exchangeRates, uint _totalSupply
    )
        Synth(_proxy, _tokenState, _synthetixProxy, _feePool, _tokenName, _tokenSymbol, _owner, _currencyKey, _totalSupply)
        public
    {
        exchangeRates = _exchangeRates;
    }

    /* ========== MUTATIVE FUNCTIONS ========== */

    /**
     * @notice Function that allows owner to exchange any number of holders back to sUSD (for frozen or deprecated synths)
     * @param addresses The list of holders to purge
     */
    function purge(address[] addresses)
        external
        optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        uint maxSupplyToPurge = exchangeRates.effectiveValue("sUSD", maxSupplyToPurgeInUSD, currencyKey);

        // Only allow purge when total supply is lte the max or the rate is frozen in ExchangeRates
        require(
            totalSupply <= maxSupplyToPurge || exchangeRates.rateIsFrozen(currencyKey),
            "Cannot purge as total supply is above threshold and rate is not frozen."
        );

        for (uint i = 0; i < addresses.length; i++) {
            address holder = addresses[i];

            uint amountHeld = balanceOf(holder);

            if (amountHeld > 0) {
                ISynthetix(synthetixProxy).synthInitiatedExchange(holder, currencyKey, amountHeld, "sUSD", holder);
                emitPurged(holder, amountHeld);
            }

        }

    }

    /* ========== SETTERS ========== */

    function setExchangeRates(ExchangeRates _exchangeRates)
        external
        optionalProxy_onlyOwner
    {
        exchangeRates = _exchangeRates;
    }

    /* ========== EVENTS ========== */

    event Purged(address indexed account, uint value);
    bytes32 constant PURGED_SIG = keccak256("Purged(address,uint256)");
    function emitPurged(address account, uint value) internal {
        proxy._emit(abi.encode(value), 2, PURGED_SIG, bytes32(account), 0, 0);
    }
}